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Story of the Season
-------------------
### August
Dumbarton began the season at Boghead with a benefit match for long serving player John Brander against Abercorn on 15 August. Hill and triallist McCallum scored the goals in a 2\-0 win.
Two days later a pre\-season friendly was played at Boghead against county champions Dumbarton Harp. Hill, Brander returnee Greer and an own goal were enough for a comfortable 4\-1 win.
On 20 August Dumbarton opened the competitive season at Millburn Park with a league game against Vale of Leven. The team lined up as follows: McCormick (goal); Muirhead and Gordon (full backs); Hynds, Crawford and Hendry (half backs) and Watson, Rowan, Sneddon, Greer and Hill (forwards}. The game opened brightly with Vale opening the scoring within the first ten minutes. The Sons were quick to respond as Rowan equalised five minutes later. No further scoring took place and the game ended in a1\-1 draw..
During the week that followed Dumbarton played a further two ‘trial’ matches against Shettleston on 23 August and Vale of Leven on 25 August to try out new players. The match at Shettleston finished 2\-2 with Watson scoring both goals and at Millburn Park the Vale took the honours 1\-0\.
On 27 August the first league fixture against last season’s relegated side Port Glasgow Athletic was played. William Clark (ex Lennox) was tried at right half in place of Hynds who had picked up an injury against Vale of Leven. The game was a poor one from the Sons perspective as a goal in each half handed Port Glasgow a 2\-0 win, although the loss of Brander to injury was a factor.
### September
The first round of the Qualifying Cup draw saw Dumbarton come up against Dykehead and this was played out on 3 September. Hynds returned, and Speedie came in at left back. In addition new signing Andrew Potter (ex Ayr) came in on the left wing. The game had plenty of excitement but no goals so went to a replay. This match marked Bob Gordon's 100th appearance for the club in national competitions
The replay was played a week later at Boghead. Another new face was introduced at inside left – Herbert MacPherson (ex Liverpool). Dumbarton opened strongly and Watson opened the scoring which is how things stood at half time. Things got a little rough in the second half with Muirhead and a Dykehead player being ordered from the field but no further scoring took place.
On 17 September Dumbarton played their away league fixture against early league leaders St Bernards. Yet another new signing took the field being former Rangers back Andrew Cochrane taking suspended Muirhead’s place with Clark returning in place of Hynds. The Saints were first to the attack and scored early on, only for Crawford to equalise shortly thereafter. St Bernards went ahead again before half time and though the Sons played the entire second half with 10 men – losing Brander to injury – they had most of the game but were unable to score again. The match finished in a 2\-1 defeat.
Dumbarton’s first home league fixture was played against Vale of Leven on 24 September. Hynds returned to the half back line and Greer took the place of injured Brander. A tough match was expected and no quarter was given by either side. Speedie and a Vale player were ordered from the field for rough play in the first half and shortly thereafter the Vale right back was carried off with a broken collar bone. So the 10 men of Dumbarton resumed against the nine of the Vale, but it was not until the last minutes of the game that Hill struck for the winner and the Sons first league win of the season.
### October
On 1 October the second round of the Qualifying Cup was played with an away tie against Galston. Suspended Speedie was replaced by Bob Gordon, Lithgow took Hynds place in the half back line while Duncan Ritchie, who had been signed from Hibernian, was preferred to Greer in the attack. The Ayrshire side quickly took the lead but goals from Hill and then Ritchie gave the Sons the lead before half time. The home side had the better of the play in the second half and equalised before full time for a 2\-2 draw.
The following Saturday the replay was played at Boghead with an unchanged side taking the field. Cochrane missed an early penalty kick and Galston took full advantage by taking the lead before half time. Watson got the equaliser for Dumbarton with 15 minutes left but no further scoring took place with the tie still undecided after the 1\-1 draw.
Neutral Ibrox Park was the venue for the second replay on 15 October. Greer came in at inside left to replace MacPherson. Both teams had a number of goal chances throughout the 90 minutes but neither side could find an opening, although Galston missed a penalty. Extra time was played and again in the first 15 minutes there was no breakthrough. However Galston scored early in the second half of extra time and this was followed by another. In the closing minutes McCormick was sent off with Galston scoring a third from the resultant penalty.
A week later it was back to league business with an away tie against Albion Rovers. Muirhead returned from his suspension and Brander came back from injury. In addition ex Rangers John Dickie was tried out on the right wing. On the day Rovers outclassed the Sons with two goals in the first half and another in the second for a comfortable 3\-0 win. However were it not for McCormick in goal the defeat may have been worse.
On 29 October Dumbarton played their home league fixture against Port Glasgow Athletic. Winless for the past four weeks changes were made to the squad. Wallace got his first game in goal to replace suspended McCormick, Hendry returned to the half back line while Speedie took Hill’s place up front. The Sons started brightly and Rowan (under the pseudonym ‘Robertson’) scored before Port Glasgow equalised before half time. This time however Dumbarton were not to be denied and Brander scored the winner just before the final whistle. This match marked John Brander's 100th appearance for the club in national competitions
October ended with Dumbarton holding 8th place in the league after 6 games, with Albion Rovers on top with 12 points having played 8\.
### November
The newly formed Ayr United (Ayr and Ayr Parkhouse having amalgamated) were the visitors to Boghead on 5 November in the league. Clark was the only change to the team in place of Lithgow. The Sons started off the better and two goals from Rowan had hem comfortably ahead at the interval. Brander scored a third early in the second half but then Dumbarton slackened off. Ayr came back with two goals but Dumbarton held on for a 3\-2 win.
The following week Dumbarton travelled to Arthurlie to play the away league fixture. One change was made with Crawford returning in place of Clark. The home side were first to score after 15 minutes but Ritchie got the equaliser within a minute. Just before half time Rowan pounced to score and in a scrappy second half he managed another for a 3\-1 win.
On 19 November Dumbarton played their first ever match against Dundee Hibernian at Tannadice. Watson and MacPherson came into the attack in place of Dickie and Brander. The Sons pushed forward immediately and goals from Rowan and Ritchie had them two ahead by half time. Another from MacPherson wrapped up a fine 3\-0 win.
The county cup competition began for Dumbarton on 26 November with a home fixture against town rivals and cup holders Dumbarton Harp. The Harp began well and scored after 20 minutes but Potter responded for the Sons before the interval, Fifteen minutes into the second half saw the Harp retake the lead and despite a number of near misses by Dumbarton the game finished 2\-1 for the visitors.
The three successive victories in the league during the month had raised Dumbarton to 6th with 11 points from 9 games. Albion Rovers still led with 16 points from 12 matches.
### December
Dumbarton played their away league fixture against Abercorn on 3 December, The only change to the team saw Brander return in place of MacPherson. The Sons started strongly and had a number of chances before, against the run of play, Abercorn scored, a shot coming off Muirhead into his own goal. After a Rowan effort was ruled offside, Abercorn scored again and despite further pressure it was the home team that scored a third. Just before half time Speedie got the goal that rewarded the Dumbarton play. Brander notched a second after 65 minutes but all further efforts were dealt with by the home defence – resulting in a 3\-2 defeat for the Sons.
League leaders Albion Rovers were next up a week later at Boghead. Ritchie switched wings to make way for Hill with Watson dropping out. The game was a fast and exciting one with the Rovers showing up better in the first half though no goals were scored at half time. The second half had just started when Rowan scored the Sons opener and this spurred on the home team, it being no surprise that Rowan scored again to wrap up a 2\-0 win.
The opponents from two weeks ago, Abercorn, came to Boghead to play off the return league fixture on 17 December. MacPherson returned to the team and replaced Potter in the half back line. For a time it looked as if the Sons would have the same luck as in the previous match as in the first half they had most of the play but Abercorn scored the only goal. The second half however was a different story – with Brander levelling within five minutes of the restart. Further goals from Brander, Rowan and Hill put the result beyond doubt and a fine 4\-1 win was recorded.
On Christmas Eve, Dumbarton entertained Renton for the second qualifying match in the county championship. Muirhead and Rowan were rested with Cochrane and Potter returning to the team. The game opened well for the Sons with MacPherson scoring within two minutes. Renton equalised soon thereafter but Speedie scored to retake the lead with MacPherson scoring again before half time. Another goal for Dumbarton settled the tie with the home team winning 4\-1\.
On the last day of 1910 Dumbarton played their home league fixture against Arthurlie. Muirhead took Cochrane’s place in the defence. Hill was first to score after 20 minutes but then Ritchie had to leave the field injured. The 10 man Sons however continued to pressurise the Arthurlie defence and Brander scored a second before half time. Arthurlie scored early in the second half but the Sosn replied through goals by MacPherson and Hill again for a third successive 4\-1 win.
So at the end of 1910 Dumbarton had improved to 3rd place in the league with 17 points from 13 games played. Albion Rovers still headed the table with 21 points from their 16 matches.
### January
The first game of 1911 on 7 January saw Dumbarton play their fifth successive home match this time in the league against Leith Athletic. New signing former internationalist Alex Menzies (ex Port Glasgow Athletic) took injured Ritchie’s place. The Sons played well from the start but it was not until early in the second half that Hill opened the scoring from a penalty. Brander scored a second and Dumbarton gained another two league points in a comfortable 2\-0 win.
Dumbarton opened their Consolation Cup campaign on 14 January with a first round home tie against Wishaw Thistle. Rowan returned at centre forward in an otherwise unchanged team. Again it was a confident display by the Sons but the front line unfortunately were unable to convert the numerous chances that were presented to them. Ultimately MacPherson scored but Wishaw were able to equalise quite soon afterwards. Hill missed a penalty and in the end Dumbarton had to settle for a 1\-1 draw and a replay. This match marked Johnny Hill's 100th appearance for the club in national competitions
And so a week later Dumbarton travelled to Wishaw with an unchanged side. Due to a late train Speedie arrived late and the Sons played with 10 men for the first ten minutes. Notwithstanding, Dumbarton were the better team but it was Wishaw that led at half time with a goal scored against the run of play. The second half began with a lot of rough play, so much so that the referee called both teams together for a stern lecture. The score was unchanged until the 80th minute when MacPherson then Speedie scored. Wishaw quickly equalised but with 2 minutes remaining MacPherson scored what proved to be the winner.
On 28 January Dumbarton were drawn in the second round of the Consolation Cup to play Dykehead at Boghead. Ritchie replaced Rowan in the attack. Dykehead started well and one of their early attacks resulted in Speedie heading past his own keeper. Hill however equalised before half time. In the second half the Sons played the better but it was not until the 83rd minute that Speedie made up for his earlier blunder with a goal at the right end. MacPherson and Hill again completed the scoring for a 4\-1 win.
The league at the end of January had Dumbarton well placed in 3rd with 19 points from 14 games, while Albion Rovers were still ahead with 21 points from 17 matches played.
### February
It was an away league fixture against Cowdenbeath that was played on 4 February. One change was made to the team with Menzies replacing Brander. And it was Menzies who opened the scoring after 5 minutes. Shortly afterwards the Cowdenbeath captain was ordered off but despite the handicap the Fifers equalised before half time. Speedie gave the Sons back the lead early in the second half but again 10 man Cowdenbeath replied with their second. However Dumbarton had the last word as MacPherson scored the winner in a 3\-2 victory. The result took Dumbarton to the top of the league for the first time this season.
On 11 February St Bernards were the visitors to Boghead on league business. An unchanged side took to the field. As it was the new league leaders had no difficulty in accounting for the Saints. Certainly St Bernards were a man short for the first 15 minutes but even with a full team they were no match for the Sons who piled on four goals before half time. The second half started with a Saints goal but this rallied the Sons to score a further four goals to win in the end 8\-2 – Menzies scoring four himself. This match marked Bob Gordon's 118th competitive game for the club \- overtaking [Alex Miller](/wiki/Alex_Miller_%281890s_footballer%29 "Alex Miller (1890s footballer)")'s record set in 1897\.
East Stirling were the visitors to Boghead on 18 February for the home league fixture but the pitch was declared unplayable. Nonetheless the teams resolved to play a friendly fixture which Dumbarton duly won by 4\-0\.
The following week Dumbarton headed to Edinburgh to play Leith Athletic in their away league fixture. Rowan was the only change replacing Menzies. Dumbarton continued with their fine vein of form and were two ahead at the interval. MacPherson scored a third before Leith scored a consolation goal at the end for a 3\-1 win.
So February ended with Dumbarton at the top of the league with 25 points from 17 games – two ahead of Albion Rovers and with two games in hand.
### March
On 4 March Dumbarton faced stiff opposition in their third round tie of the Consolation Cup at Boghead against Abercorn. The team was unchanged and started out strongly although at half time in the game they had no goals to show for their efforts. The second half had however barely started when Speedie put Dumbarton ahead and with a second from Rowan the Sons moved into the next round with a 2\-0 win.
Dumbarton were favoured with another home tie in the fourth round of the Consolation Cup against Ayrshire side Hurlford on 11 March. Brander replacing Rowan was the only change made to the team. The Sons were in sparkling form and were four in front by the interval. Another two in the second half counted towards an easy 6\-1 win. The only black spot being Ritchie and the Hurlford left back being sent off in the dying minutes of the game.
The following week Dumbarton faced a long journey to play Forres Mechanics in the semi\-final of the Consolation Cup. Lithgow was included in the team in place of Bob Gordon. The Sons had offered Forres a financial incentive to have the game played at Boghead but they needn’t have worried as Potter and MacPherson had the visitors two in front by half time. A further three goals countered by a home penalty gave Dumbarton a fine 5\-1 win and a second Consolation Cup final appearance.
On 25 March Dumbarton played Cowdenbeath in their home league fixture knowing that a win would almost certainly guarantee them the Second Division title. An unchanged side took to the field and within five minutes of the start Ritchie put the Sons into the lead. Hill scored a second after 57 minutes but these goals were enough for a 2\-0 win and the two vital points.
So with 4 games to play Dumbarton led with 27 points. Albion Rovers were two behind with only one game to play and a vastly inferior goal average.
### April
On 1 April Dumbarton hoped to confirm their league championship with an away match against Ayr United. Gordon replaced Lithgow in the defence while Brander came in for Speedie in the attack. The game was a disappointment as Dumbarton fell to their first league defeat since 3 December and also a surprise in the size of the defeat – by 5\-1\. This would be Bob Gordon's final game for the club \- during his six seasons with the club he set a new record of 122 appearances in all national competitive matches.
A week later Dumbarton travelled to Falkirk to make amends against East Stirling. Lithgow was back in at left back as was Speedie at inside left. Still requiring a point to make the league title official the Sons began positively but could find no way past the Shire defence. The home team took the lead midway through the first half and scored again early in the second for a 2\-0 win.
At a meeting of the Dumbartonshire Association on 14 April, Dumbarton intimated that due to their league and cup commitments they could take no further part in this season’s county cup competition.
Dumbarton’s penultimate league fixture took place on 15 April against Dundee Hibs at Boghead. The only change was Rowan playing in place of Brander. And so it was at the third time of asking the Sons managed to gain the all important points to confirm the championship. MacPherson and Rowan scored in the first half and Ritchie scored another in the second for a comfortable 3\-1 win.
Two days later Dumbarton played a benefit for long serving full back Bob Muirhead against Glasgow Perthshire, the junior side where he began his career. The game finished in a 1\-1 draw with Muirhead scoring the Sons goal.
Ibrox Park was the venue of the Consolation Cup final on 22 April. No changes were made to the team that lifted the Second Division title. The Sons began in spectacular style and the only surprise at half time was that they only led by a single Rowan goal. As poor as St Johnstone were in the first half, they came out in the second a different team. The Dumbarton goal came under severe pressure and ultimately the Perthshire team equalised. Before the Sons had time to reform they were behind and despite a number of raids on the St Johnstone goal it was to be runners up spot once again.
The final game of the season took place at Boghead on 29 April with the final league game against East Stirling. With the league won, a number of changes were made to the team with Cochrane and new face George Thomas taking over at full backs, with Lithgow and Menzies coming into the half back line and attack respectively. The game was to have taken place in February but because of an unplayable pitch a friendly was played which Dumbarton won 4\-0\. As it was history repeated itself as far as the result was concerned as doubles in each half gave the Sons a 4\-0 victory. The win ensured that Dumbarton maintained a 100% home record during the league campaign.
### May
Dumbarton were the only applicants from the Second Division for promotion. Nevertheless, it was the bottom two First Division clubs \- Motherwell and Queen's Park \- that maintained their' top flight' status in the end\-of\-season elections. In addition for the second year in succession a vote to apply automatic promotion and relegation failed.
|
[
"Story of the Season\n-------------------",
"### August",
"Dumbarton began the season at Boghead with a benefit match for long serving player John Brander against Abercorn on 15 August. Hill and triallist McCallum scored the goals in a 2\\-0 win.",
"Two days later a pre\\-season friendly was played at Boghead against county champions Dumbarton Harp. Hill, Brander returnee Greer and an own goal were enough for a comfortable 4\\-1 win.",
"On 20 August Dumbarton opened the competitive season at Millburn Park with a league game against Vale of Leven. The team lined up as follows: McCormick (goal); Muirhead and Gordon (full backs); Hynds, Crawford and Hendry (half backs) and Watson, Rowan, Sneddon, Greer and Hill (forwards}. The game opened brightly with Vale opening the scoring within the first ten minutes. The Sons were quick to respond as Rowan equalised five minutes later. No further scoring took place and the game ended in a1\\-1 draw..",
"During the week that followed Dumbarton played a further two ‘trial’ matches against Shettleston on 23 August and Vale of Leven on 25 August to try out new players. The match at Shettleston finished 2\\-2 with Watson scoring both goals and at Millburn Park the Vale took the honours 1\\-0\\.\nOn 27 August the first league fixture against last season’s relegated side Port Glasgow Athletic was played. William Clark (ex Lennox) was tried at right half in place of Hynds who had picked up an injury against Vale of Leven. The game was a poor one from the Sons perspective as a goal in each half handed Port Glasgow a 2\\-0 win, although the loss of Brander to injury was a factor.",
"### September",
"The first round of the Qualifying Cup draw saw Dumbarton come up against Dykehead and this was played out on 3 September. Hynds returned, and Speedie came in at left back. In addition new signing Andrew Potter (ex Ayr) came in on the left wing. The game had plenty of excitement but no goals so went to a replay. This match marked Bob Gordon's 100th appearance for the club in national competitions",
"The replay was played a week later at Boghead. Another new face was introduced at inside left – Herbert MacPherson (ex Liverpool). Dumbarton opened strongly and Watson opened the scoring which is how things stood at half time. Things got a little rough in the second half with Muirhead and a Dykehead player being ordered from the field but no further scoring took place.",
"On 17 September Dumbarton played their away league fixture against early league leaders St Bernards. Yet another new signing took the field being former Rangers back Andrew Cochrane taking suspended Muirhead’s place with Clark returning in place of Hynds. The Saints were first to the attack and scored early on, only for Crawford to equalise shortly thereafter. St Bernards went ahead again before half time and though the Sons played the entire second half with 10 men – losing Brander to injury – they had most of the game but were unable to score again. The match finished in a 2\\-1 defeat.",
"Dumbarton’s first home league fixture was played against Vale of Leven on 24 September. Hynds returned to the half back line and Greer took the place of injured Brander. A tough match was expected and no quarter was given by either side. Speedie and a Vale player were ordered from the field for rough play in the first half and shortly thereafter the Vale right back was carried off with a broken collar bone. So the 10 men of Dumbarton resumed against the nine of the Vale, but it was not until the last minutes of the game that Hill struck for the winner and the Sons first league win of the season.",
"### October",
"On 1 October the second round of the Qualifying Cup was played with an away tie against Galston. Suspended Speedie was replaced by Bob Gordon, Lithgow took Hynds place in the half back line while Duncan Ritchie, who had been signed from Hibernian, was preferred to Greer in the attack. The Ayrshire side quickly took the lead but goals from Hill and then Ritchie gave the Sons the lead before half time. The home side had the better of the play in the second half and equalised before full time for a 2\\-2 draw.",
"The following Saturday the replay was played at Boghead with an unchanged side taking the field. Cochrane missed an early penalty kick and Galston took full advantage by taking the lead before half time. Watson got the equaliser for Dumbarton with 15 minutes left but no further scoring took place with the tie still undecided after the 1\\-1 draw.",
"Neutral Ibrox Park was the venue for the second replay on 15 October. Greer came in at inside left to replace MacPherson. Both teams had a number of goal chances throughout the 90 minutes but neither side could find an opening, although Galston missed a penalty. Extra time was played and again in the first 15 minutes there was no breakthrough. However Galston scored early in the second half of extra time and this was followed by another. In the closing minutes McCormick was sent off with Galston scoring a third from the resultant penalty.",
"A week later it was back to league business with an away tie against Albion Rovers. Muirhead returned from his suspension and Brander came back from injury. In addition ex Rangers John Dickie was tried out on the right wing. On the day Rovers outclassed the Sons with two goals in the first half and another in the second for a comfortable 3\\-0 win. However were it not for McCormick in goal the defeat may have been worse.",
"On 29 October Dumbarton played their home league fixture against Port Glasgow Athletic. Winless for the past four weeks changes were made to the squad. Wallace got his first game in goal to replace suspended McCormick, Hendry returned to the half back line while Speedie took Hill’s place up front. The Sons started brightly and Rowan (under the pseudonym ‘Robertson’) scored before Port Glasgow equalised before half time. This time however Dumbarton were not to be denied and Brander scored the winner just before the final whistle. This match marked John Brander's 100th appearance for the club in national competitions",
"October ended with Dumbarton holding 8th place in the league after 6 games, with Albion Rovers on top with 12 points having played 8\\.",
"### November",
"The newly formed Ayr United (Ayr and Ayr Parkhouse having amalgamated) were the visitors to Boghead on 5 November in the league. Clark was the only change to the team in place of Lithgow. The Sons started off the better and two goals from Rowan had hem comfortably ahead at the interval. Brander scored a third early in the second half but then Dumbarton slackened off. Ayr came back with two goals but Dumbarton held on for a 3\\-2 win.",
"The following week Dumbarton travelled to Arthurlie to play the away league fixture. One change was made with Crawford returning in place of Clark. The home side were first to score after 15 minutes but Ritchie got the equaliser within a minute. Just before half time Rowan pounced to score and in a scrappy second half he managed another for a 3\\-1 win.",
"On 19 November Dumbarton played their first ever match against Dundee Hibernian at Tannadice. Watson and MacPherson came into the attack in place of Dickie and Brander. The Sons pushed forward immediately and goals from Rowan and Ritchie had them two ahead by half time. Another from MacPherson wrapped up a fine 3\\-0 win.",
"The county cup competition began for Dumbarton on 26 November with a home fixture against town rivals and cup holders Dumbarton Harp. The Harp began well and scored after 20 minutes but Potter responded for the Sons before the interval, Fifteen minutes into the second half saw the Harp retake the lead and despite a number of near misses by Dumbarton the game finished 2\\-1 for the visitors.",
"The three successive victories in the league during the month had raised Dumbarton to 6th with 11 points from 9 games. Albion Rovers still led with 16 points from 12 matches.",
"### December",
"Dumbarton played their away league fixture against Abercorn on 3 December, The only change to the team saw Brander return in place of MacPherson. The Sons started strongly and had a number of chances before, against the run of play, Abercorn scored, a shot coming off Muirhead into his own goal. After a Rowan effort was ruled offside, Abercorn scored again and despite further pressure it was the home team that scored a third. Just before half time Speedie got the goal that rewarded the Dumbarton play. Brander notched a second after 65 minutes but all further efforts were dealt with by the home defence – resulting in a 3\\-2 defeat for the Sons.",
"League leaders Albion Rovers were next up a week later at Boghead. Ritchie switched wings to make way for Hill with Watson dropping out. The game was a fast and exciting one with the Rovers showing up better in the first half though no goals were scored at half time. The second half had just started when Rowan scored the Sons opener and this spurred on the home team, it being no surprise that Rowan scored again to wrap up a 2\\-0 win.",
"The opponents from two weeks ago, Abercorn, came to Boghead to play off the return league fixture on 17 December. MacPherson returned to the team and replaced Potter in the half back line. For a time it looked as if the Sons would have the same luck as in the previous match as in the first half they had most of the play but Abercorn scored the only goal. The second half however was a different story – with Brander levelling within five minutes of the restart. Further goals from Brander, Rowan and Hill put the result beyond doubt and a fine 4\\-1 win was recorded.",
"On Christmas Eve, Dumbarton entertained Renton for the second qualifying match in the county championship. Muirhead and Rowan were rested with Cochrane and Potter returning to the team. The game opened well for the Sons with MacPherson scoring within two minutes. Renton equalised soon thereafter but Speedie scored to retake the lead with MacPherson scoring again before half time. Another goal for Dumbarton settled the tie with the home team winning 4\\-1\\.",
"On the last day of 1910 Dumbarton played their home league fixture against Arthurlie. Muirhead took Cochrane’s place in the defence. Hill was first to score after 20 minutes but then Ritchie had to leave the field injured. The 10 man Sons however continued to pressurise the Arthurlie defence and Brander scored a second before half time. Arthurlie scored early in the second half but the Sosn replied through goals by MacPherson and Hill again for a third successive 4\\-1 win.",
"So at the end of 1910 Dumbarton had improved to 3rd place in the league with 17 points from 13 games played. Albion Rovers still headed the table with 21 points from their 16 matches.",
"### January",
"The first game of 1911 on 7 January saw Dumbarton play their fifth successive home match this time in the league against Leith Athletic. New signing former internationalist Alex Menzies (ex Port Glasgow Athletic) took injured Ritchie’s place. The Sons played well from the start but it was not until early in the second half that Hill opened the scoring from a penalty. Brander scored a second and Dumbarton gained another two league points in a comfortable 2\\-0 win.",
"Dumbarton opened their Consolation Cup campaign on 14 January with a first round home tie against Wishaw Thistle. Rowan returned at centre forward in an otherwise unchanged team. Again it was a confident display by the Sons but the front line unfortunately were unable to convert the numerous chances that were presented to them. Ultimately MacPherson scored but Wishaw were able to equalise quite soon afterwards. Hill missed a penalty and in the end Dumbarton had to settle for a 1\\-1 draw and a replay. This match marked Johnny Hill's 100th appearance for the club in national competitions",
"And so a week later Dumbarton travelled to Wishaw with an unchanged side. Due to a late train Speedie arrived late and the Sons played with 10 men for the first ten minutes. Notwithstanding, Dumbarton were the better team but it was Wishaw that led at half time with a goal scored against the run of play. The second half began with a lot of rough play, so much so that the referee called both teams together for a stern lecture. The score was unchanged until the 80th minute when MacPherson then Speedie scored. Wishaw quickly equalised but with 2 minutes remaining MacPherson scored what proved to be the winner.",
"On 28 January Dumbarton were drawn in the second round of the Consolation Cup to play Dykehead at Boghead. Ritchie replaced Rowan in the attack. Dykehead started well and one of their early attacks resulted in Speedie heading past his own keeper. Hill however equalised before half time. In the second half the Sons played the better but it was not until the 83rd minute that Speedie made up for his earlier blunder with a goal at the right end. MacPherson and Hill again completed the scoring for a 4\\-1 win.",
"The league at the end of January had Dumbarton well placed in 3rd with 19 points from 14 games, while Albion Rovers were still ahead with 21 points from 17 matches played.",
"### February",
"It was an away league fixture against Cowdenbeath that was played on 4 February. One change was made to the team with Menzies replacing Brander. And it was Menzies who opened the scoring after 5 minutes. Shortly afterwards the Cowdenbeath captain was ordered off but despite the handicap the Fifers equalised before half time. Speedie gave the Sons back the lead early in the second half but again 10 man Cowdenbeath replied with their second. However Dumbarton had the last word as MacPherson scored the winner in a 3\\-2 victory. The result took Dumbarton to the top of the league for the first time this season.",
"On 11 February St Bernards were the visitors to Boghead on league business. An unchanged side took to the field. As it was the new league leaders had no difficulty in accounting for the Saints. Certainly St Bernards were a man short for the first 15 minutes but even with a full team they were no match for the Sons who piled on four goals before half time. The second half started with a Saints goal but this rallied the Sons to score a further four goals to win in the end 8\\-2 – Menzies scoring four himself. This match marked Bob Gordon's 118th competitive game for the club \\- overtaking [Alex Miller](/wiki/Alex_Miller_%281890s_footballer%29 \"Alex Miller (1890s footballer)\")'s record set in 1897\\.",
"East Stirling were the visitors to Boghead on 18 February for the home league fixture but the pitch was declared unplayable. Nonetheless the teams resolved to play a friendly fixture which Dumbarton duly won by 4\\-0\\.",
"The following week Dumbarton headed to Edinburgh to play Leith Athletic in their away league fixture. Rowan was the only change replacing Menzies. Dumbarton continued with their fine vein of form and were two ahead at the interval. MacPherson scored a third before Leith scored a consolation goal at the end for a 3\\-1 win.",
"So February ended with Dumbarton at the top of the league with 25 points from 17 games – two ahead of Albion Rovers and with two games in hand.",
"### March",
"On 4 March Dumbarton faced stiff opposition in their third round tie of the Consolation Cup at Boghead against Abercorn. The team was unchanged and started out strongly although at half time in the game they had no goals to show for their efforts. The second half had however barely started when Speedie put Dumbarton ahead and with a second from Rowan the Sons moved into the next round with a 2\\-0 win.",
"Dumbarton were favoured with another home tie in the fourth round of the Consolation Cup against Ayrshire side Hurlford on 11 March. Brander replacing Rowan was the only change made to the team. The Sons were in sparkling form and were four in front by the interval. Another two in the second half counted towards an easy 6\\-1 win. The only black spot being Ritchie and the Hurlford left back being sent off in the dying minutes of the game.",
"The following week Dumbarton faced a long journey to play Forres Mechanics in the semi\\-final of the Consolation Cup. Lithgow was included in the team in place of Bob Gordon. The Sons had offered Forres a financial incentive to have the game played at Boghead but they needn’t have worried as Potter and MacPherson had the visitors two in front by half time. A further three goals countered by a home penalty gave Dumbarton a fine 5\\-1 win and a second Consolation Cup final appearance.",
"On 25 March Dumbarton played Cowdenbeath in their home league fixture knowing that a win would almost certainly guarantee them the Second Division title. An unchanged side took to the field and within five minutes of the start Ritchie put the Sons into the lead. Hill scored a second after 57 minutes but these goals were enough for a 2\\-0 win and the two vital points.",
"So with 4 games to play Dumbarton led with 27 points. Albion Rovers were two behind with only one game to play and a vastly inferior goal average.",
"### April",
"On 1 April Dumbarton hoped to confirm their league championship with an away match against Ayr United. Gordon replaced Lithgow in the defence while Brander came in for Speedie in the attack. The game was a disappointment as Dumbarton fell to their first league defeat since 3 December and also a surprise in the size of the defeat – by 5\\-1\\. This would be Bob Gordon's final game for the club \\- during his six seasons with the club he set a new record of 122 appearances in all national competitive matches.",
"A week later Dumbarton travelled to Falkirk to make amends against East Stirling. Lithgow was back in at left back as was Speedie at inside left. Still requiring a point to make the league title official the Sons began positively but could find no way past the Shire defence. The home team took the lead midway through the first half and scored again early in the second for a 2\\-0 win.",
"At a meeting of the Dumbartonshire Association on 14 April, Dumbarton intimated that due to their league and cup commitments they could take no further part in this season’s county cup competition.",
"Dumbarton’s penultimate league fixture took place on 15 April against Dundee Hibs at Boghead. The only change was Rowan playing in place of Brander. And so it was at the third time of asking the Sons managed to gain the all important points to confirm the championship. MacPherson and Rowan scored in the first half and Ritchie scored another in the second for a comfortable 3\\-1 win.",
"Two days later Dumbarton played a benefit for long serving full back Bob Muirhead against Glasgow Perthshire, the junior side where he began his career. The game finished in a 1\\-1 draw with Muirhead scoring the Sons goal.",
"Ibrox Park was the venue of the Consolation Cup final on 22 April. No changes were made to the team that lifted the Second Division title. The Sons began in spectacular style and the only surprise at half time was that they only led by a single Rowan goal. As poor as St Johnstone were in the first half, they came out in the second a different team. The Dumbarton goal came under severe pressure and ultimately the Perthshire team equalised. Before the Sons had time to reform they were behind and despite a number of raids on the St Johnstone goal it was to be runners up spot once again.",
"The final game of the season took place at Boghead on 29 April with the final league game against East Stirling. With the league won, a number of changes were made to the team with Cochrane and new face George Thomas taking over at full backs, with Lithgow and Menzies coming into the half back line and attack respectively. The game was to have taken place in February but because of an unplayable pitch a friendly was played which Dumbarton won 4\\-0\\. As it was history repeated itself as far as the result was concerned as doubles in each half gave the Sons a 4\\-0 victory. The win ensured that Dumbarton maintained a 100% home record during the league campaign.",
"### May",
"Dumbarton were the only applicants from the Second Division for promotion. Nevertheless, it was the bottom two First Division clubs \\- Motherwell and Queen's Park \\- that maintained their' top flight' status in the end\\-of\\-season elections. In addition for the second year in succession a vote to apply automatic promotion and relegation failed.",
""
] |
### October
On 1 October the second round of the Qualifying Cup was played with an away tie against Galston. Suspended Speedie was replaced by Bob Gordon, Lithgow took Hynds place in the half back line while Duncan Ritchie, who had been signed from Hibernian, was preferred to Greer in the attack. The Ayrshire side quickly took the lead but goals from Hill and then Ritchie gave the Sons the lead before half time. The home side had the better of the play in the second half and equalised before full time for a 2\-2 draw.
The following Saturday the replay was played at Boghead with an unchanged side taking the field. Cochrane missed an early penalty kick and Galston took full advantage by taking the lead before half time. Watson got the equaliser for Dumbarton with 15 minutes left but no further scoring took place with the tie still undecided after the 1\-1 draw.
Neutral Ibrox Park was the venue for the second replay on 15 October. Greer came in at inside left to replace MacPherson. Both teams had a number of goal chances throughout the 90 minutes but neither side could find an opening, although Galston missed a penalty. Extra time was played and again in the first 15 minutes there was no breakthrough. However Galston scored early in the second half of extra time and this was followed by another. In the closing minutes McCormick was sent off with Galston scoring a third from the resultant penalty.
A week later it was back to league business with an away tie against Albion Rovers. Muirhead returned from his suspension and Brander came back from injury. In addition ex Rangers John Dickie was tried out on the right wing. On the day Rovers outclassed the Sons with two goals in the first half and another in the second for a comfortable 3\-0 win. However were it not for McCormick in goal the defeat may have been worse.
On 29 October Dumbarton played their home league fixture against Port Glasgow Athletic. Winless for the past four weeks changes were made to the squad. Wallace got his first game in goal to replace suspended McCormick, Hendry returned to the half back line while Speedie took Hill’s place up front. The Sons started brightly and Rowan (under the pseudonym ‘Robertson’) scored before Port Glasgow equalised before half time. This time however Dumbarton were not to be denied and Brander scored the winner just before the final whistle. This match marked John Brander's 100th appearance for the club in national competitions
October ended with Dumbarton holding 8th place in the league after 6 games, with Albion Rovers on top with 12 points having played 8\.
|
[
"### October",
"On 1 October the second round of the Qualifying Cup was played with an away tie against Galston. Suspended Speedie was replaced by Bob Gordon, Lithgow took Hynds place in the half back line while Duncan Ritchie, who had been signed from Hibernian, was preferred to Greer in the attack. The Ayrshire side quickly took the lead but goals from Hill and then Ritchie gave the Sons the lead before half time. The home side had the better of the play in the second half and equalised before full time for a 2\\-2 draw.",
"The following Saturday the replay was played at Boghead with an unchanged side taking the field. Cochrane missed an early penalty kick and Galston took full advantage by taking the lead before half time. Watson got the equaliser for Dumbarton with 15 minutes left but no further scoring took place with the tie still undecided after the 1\\-1 draw.",
"Neutral Ibrox Park was the venue for the second replay on 15 October. Greer came in at inside left to replace MacPherson. Both teams had a number of goal chances throughout the 90 minutes but neither side could find an opening, although Galston missed a penalty. Extra time was played and again in the first 15 minutes there was no breakthrough. However Galston scored early in the second half of extra time and this was followed by another. In the closing minutes McCormick was sent off with Galston scoring a third from the resultant penalty.",
"A week later it was back to league business with an away tie against Albion Rovers. Muirhead returned from his suspension and Brander came back from injury. In addition ex Rangers John Dickie was tried out on the right wing. On the day Rovers outclassed the Sons with two goals in the first half and another in the second for a comfortable 3\\-0 win. However were it not for McCormick in goal the defeat may have been worse.",
"On 29 October Dumbarton played their home league fixture against Port Glasgow Athletic. Winless for the past four weeks changes were made to the squad. Wallace got his first game in goal to replace suspended McCormick, Hendry returned to the half back line while Speedie took Hill’s place up front. The Sons started brightly and Rowan (under the pseudonym ‘Robertson’) scored before Port Glasgow equalised before half time. This time however Dumbarton were not to be denied and Brander scored the winner just before the final whistle. This match marked John Brander's 100th appearance for the club in national competitions",
"October ended with Dumbarton holding 8th place in the league after 6 games, with Albion Rovers on top with 12 points having played 8\\.",
""
] |
### November
The newly formed Ayr United (Ayr and Ayr Parkhouse having amalgamated) were the visitors to Boghead on 5 November in the league. Clark was the only change to the team in place of Lithgow. The Sons started off the better and two goals from Rowan had hem comfortably ahead at the interval. Brander scored a third early in the second half but then Dumbarton slackened off. Ayr came back with two goals but Dumbarton held on for a 3\-2 win.
The following week Dumbarton travelled to Arthurlie to play the away league fixture. One change was made with Crawford returning in place of Clark. The home side were first to score after 15 minutes but Ritchie got the equaliser within a minute. Just before half time Rowan pounced to score and in a scrappy second half he managed another for a 3\-1 win.
On 19 November Dumbarton played their first ever match against Dundee Hibernian at Tannadice. Watson and MacPherson came into the attack in place of Dickie and Brander. The Sons pushed forward immediately and goals from Rowan and Ritchie had them two ahead by half time. Another from MacPherson wrapped up a fine 3\-0 win.
The county cup competition began for Dumbarton on 26 November with a home fixture against town rivals and cup holders Dumbarton Harp. The Harp began well and scored after 20 minutes but Potter responded for the Sons before the interval, Fifteen minutes into the second half saw the Harp retake the lead and despite a number of near misses by Dumbarton the game finished 2\-1 for the visitors.
The three successive victories in the league during the month had raised Dumbarton to 6th with 11 points from 9 games. Albion Rovers still led with 16 points from 12 matches.
|
[
"### November",
"The newly formed Ayr United (Ayr and Ayr Parkhouse having amalgamated) were the visitors to Boghead on 5 November in the league. Clark was the only change to the team in place of Lithgow. The Sons started off the better and two goals from Rowan had hem comfortably ahead at the interval. Brander scored a third early in the second half but then Dumbarton slackened off. Ayr came back with two goals but Dumbarton held on for a 3\\-2 win.",
"The following week Dumbarton travelled to Arthurlie to play the away league fixture. One change was made with Crawford returning in place of Clark. The home side were first to score after 15 minutes but Ritchie got the equaliser within a minute. Just before half time Rowan pounced to score and in a scrappy second half he managed another for a 3\\-1 win.",
"On 19 November Dumbarton played their first ever match against Dundee Hibernian at Tannadice. Watson and MacPherson came into the attack in place of Dickie and Brander. The Sons pushed forward immediately and goals from Rowan and Ritchie had them two ahead by half time. Another from MacPherson wrapped up a fine 3\\-0 win.",
"The county cup competition began for Dumbarton on 26 November with a home fixture against town rivals and cup holders Dumbarton Harp. The Harp began well and scored after 20 minutes but Potter responded for the Sons before the interval, Fifteen minutes into the second half saw the Harp retake the lead and despite a number of near misses by Dumbarton the game finished 2\\-1 for the visitors.",
"The three successive victories in the league during the month had raised Dumbarton to 6th with 11 points from 9 games. Albion Rovers still led with 16 points from 12 matches.",
""
] |
### December
Dumbarton played their away league fixture against Abercorn on 3 December, The only change to the team saw Brander return in place of MacPherson. The Sons started strongly and had a number of chances before, against the run of play, Abercorn scored, a shot coming off Muirhead into his own goal. After a Rowan effort was ruled offside, Abercorn scored again and despite further pressure it was the home team that scored a third. Just before half time Speedie got the goal that rewarded the Dumbarton play. Brander notched a second after 65 minutes but all further efforts were dealt with by the home defence – resulting in a 3\-2 defeat for the Sons.
League leaders Albion Rovers were next up a week later at Boghead. Ritchie switched wings to make way for Hill with Watson dropping out. The game was a fast and exciting one with the Rovers showing up better in the first half though no goals were scored at half time. The second half had just started when Rowan scored the Sons opener and this spurred on the home team, it being no surprise that Rowan scored again to wrap up a 2\-0 win.
The opponents from two weeks ago, Abercorn, came to Boghead to play off the return league fixture on 17 December. MacPherson returned to the team and replaced Potter in the half back line. For a time it looked as if the Sons would have the same luck as in the previous match as in the first half they had most of the play but Abercorn scored the only goal. The second half however was a different story – with Brander levelling within five minutes of the restart. Further goals from Brander, Rowan and Hill put the result beyond doubt and a fine 4\-1 win was recorded.
On Christmas Eve, Dumbarton entertained Renton for the second qualifying match in the county championship. Muirhead and Rowan were rested with Cochrane and Potter returning to the team. The game opened well for the Sons with MacPherson scoring within two minutes. Renton equalised soon thereafter but Speedie scored to retake the lead with MacPherson scoring again before half time. Another goal for Dumbarton settled the tie with the home team winning 4\-1\.
On the last day of 1910 Dumbarton played their home league fixture against Arthurlie. Muirhead took Cochrane’s place in the defence. Hill was first to score after 20 minutes but then Ritchie had to leave the field injured. The 10 man Sons however continued to pressurise the Arthurlie defence and Brander scored a second before half time. Arthurlie scored early in the second half but the Sosn replied through goals by MacPherson and Hill again for a third successive 4\-1 win.
So at the end of 1910 Dumbarton had improved to 3rd place in the league with 17 points from 13 games played. Albion Rovers still headed the table with 21 points from their 16 matches.
|
[
"### December",
"Dumbarton played their away league fixture against Abercorn on 3 December, The only change to the team saw Brander return in place of MacPherson. The Sons started strongly and had a number of chances before, against the run of play, Abercorn scored, a shot coming off Muirhead into his own goal. After a Rowan effort was ruled offside, Abercorn scored again and despite further pressure it was the home team that scored a third. Just before half time Speedie got the goal that rewarded the Dumbarton play. Brander notched a second after 65 minutes but all further efforts were dealt with by the home defence – resulting in a 3\\-2 defeat for the Sons.",
"League leaders Albion Rovers were next up a week later at Boghead. Ritchie switched wings to make way for Hill with Watson dropping out. The game was a fast and exciting one with the Rovers showing up better in the first half though no goals were scored at half time. The second half had just started when Rowan scored the Sons opener and this spurred on the home team, it being no surprise that Rowan scored again to wrap up a 2\\-0 win.",
"The opponents from two weeks ago, Abercorn, came to Boghead to play off the return league fixture on 17 December. MacPherson returned to the team and replaced Potter in the half back line. For a time it looked as if the Sons would have the same luck as in the previous match as in the first half they had most of the play but Abercorn scored the only goal. The second half however was a different story – with Brander levelling within five minutes of the restart. Further goals from Brander, Rowan and Hill put the result beyond doubt and a fine 4\\-1 win was recorded.",
"On Christmas Eve, Dumbarton entertained Renton for the second qualifying match in the county championship. Muirhead and Rowan were rested with Cochrane and Potter returning to the team. The game opened well for the Sons with MacPherson scoring within two minutes. Renton equalised soon thereafter but Speedie scored to retake the lead with MacPherson scoring again before half time. Another goal for Dumbarton settled the tie with the home team winning 4\\-1\\.",
"On the last day of 1910 Dumbarton played their home league fixture against Arthurlie. Muirhead took Cochrane’s place in the defence. Hill was first to score after 20 minutes but then Ritchie had to leave the field injured. The 10 man Sons however continued to pressurise the Arthurlie defence and Brander scored a second before half time. Arthurlie scored early in the second half but the Sosn replied through goals by MacPherson and Hill again for a third successive 4\\-1 win.",
"So at the end of 1910 Dumbarton had improved to 3rd place in the league with 17 points from 13 games played. Albion Rovers still headed the table with 21 points from their 16 matches.",
""
] |
### February
It was an away league fixture against Cowdenbeath that was played on 4 February. One change was made to the team with Menzies replacing Brander. And it was Menzies who opened the scoring after 5 minutes. Shortly afterwards the Cowdenbeath captain was ordered off but despite the handicap the Fifers equalised before half time. Speedie gave the Sons back the lead early in the second half but again 10 man Cowdenbeath replied with their second. However Dumbarton had the last word as MacPherson scored the winner in a 3\-2 victory. The result took Dumbarton to the top of the league for the first time this season.
On 11 February St Bernards were the visitors to Boghead on league business. An unchanged side took to the field. As it was the new league leaders had no difficulty in accounting for the Saints. Certainly St Bernards were a man short for the first 15 minutes but even with a full team they were no match for the Sons who piled on four goals before half time. The second half started with a Saints goal but this rallied the Sons to score a further four goals to win in the end 8\-2 – Menzies scoring four himself. This match marked Bob Gordon's 118th competitive game for the club \- overtaking [Alex Miller](/wiki/Alex_Miller_%281890s_footballer%29 "Alex Miller (1890s footballer)")'s record set in 1897\.
East Stirling were the visitors to Boghead on 18 February for the home league fixture but the pitch was declared unplayable. Nonetheless the teams resolved to play a friendly fixture which Dumbarton duly won by 4\-0\.
The following week Dumbarton headed to Edinburgh to play Leith Athletic in their away league fixture. Rowan was the only change replacing Menzies. Dumbarton continued with their fine vein of form and were two ahead at the interval. MacPherson scored a third before Leith scored a consolation goal at the end for a 3\-1 win.
So February ended with Dumbarton at the top of the league with 25 points from 17 games – two ahead of Albion Rovers and with two games in hand.
|
[
"### February",
"It was an away league fixture against Cowdenbeath that was played on 4 February. One change was made to the team with Menzies replacing Brander. And it was Menzies who opened the scoring after 5 minutes. Shortly afterwards the Cowdenbeath captain was ordered off but despite the handicap the Fifers equalised before half time. Speedie gave the Sons back the lead early in the second half but again 10 man Cowdenbeath replied with their second. However Dumbarton had the last word as MacPherson scored the winner in a 3\\-2 victory. The result took Dumbarton to the top of the league for the first time this season.",
"On 11 February St Bernards were the visitors to Boghead on league business. An unchanged side took to the field. As it was the new league leaders had no difficulty in accounting for the Saints. Certainly St Bernards were a man short for the first 15 minutes but even with a full team they were no match for the Sons who piled on four goals before half time. The second half started with a Saints goal but this rallied the Sons to score a further four goals to win in the end 8\\-2 – Menzies scoring four himself. This match marked Bob Gordon's 118th competitive game for the club \\- overtaking [Alex Miller](/wiki/Alex_Miller_%281890s_footballer%29 \"Alex Miller (1890s footballer)\")'s record set in 1897\\.",
"East Stirling were the visitors to Boghead on 18 February for the home league fixture but the pitch was declared unplayable. Nonetheless the teams resolved to play a friendly fixture which Dumbarton duly won by 4\\-0\\.",
"The following week Dumbarton headed to Edinburgh to play Leith Athletic in their away league fixture. Rowan was the only change replacing Menzies. Dumbarton continued with their fine vein of form and were two ahead at the interval. MacPherson scored a third before Leith scored a consolation goal at the end for a 3\\-1 win.",
"So February ended with Dumbarton at the top of the league with 25 points from 17 games – two ahead of Albion Rovers and with two games in hand.",
""
] |
### March
On 4 March Dumbarton faced stiff opposition in their third round tie of the Consolation Cup at Boghead against Abercorn. The team was unchanged and started out strongly although at half time in the game they had no goals to show for their efforts. The second half had however barely started when Speedie put Dumbarton ahead and with a second from Rowan the Sons moved into the next round with a 2\-0 win.
Dumbarton were favoured with another home tie in the fourth round of the Consolation Cup against Ayrshire side Hurlford on 11 March. Brander replacing Rowan was the only change made to the team. The Sons were in sparkling form and were four in front by the interval. Another two in the second half counted towards an easy 6\-1 win. The only black spot being Ritchie and the Hurlford left back being sent off in the dying minutes of the game.
The following week Dumbarton faced a long journey to play Forres Mechanics in the semi\-final of the Consolation Cup. Lithgow was included in the team in place of Bob Gordon. The Sons had offered Forres a financial incentive to have the game played at Boghead but they needn’t have worried as Potter and MacPherson had the visitors two in front by half time. A further three goals countered by a home penalty gave Dumbarton a fine 5\-1 win and a second Consolation Cup final appearance.
On 25 March Dumbarton played Cowdenbeath in their home league fixture knowing that a win would almost certainly guarantee them the Second Division title. An unchanged side took to the field and within five minutes of the start Ritchie put the Sons into the lead. Hill scored a second after 57 minutes but these goals were enough for a 2\-0 win and the two vital points.
So with 4 games to play Dumbarton led with 27 points. Albion Rovers were two behind with only one game to play and a vastly inferior goal average.
|
[
"### March",
"On 4 March Dumbarton faced stiff opposition in their third round tie of the Consolation Cup at Boghead against Abercorn. The team was unchanged and started out strongly although at half time in the game they had no goals to show for their efforts. The second half had however barely started when Speedie put Dumbarton ahead and with a second from Rowan the Sons moved into the next round with a 2\\-0 win.",
"Dumbarton were favoured with another home tie in the fourth round of the Consolation Cup against Ayrshire side Hurlford on 11 March. Brander replacing Rowan was the only change made to the team. The Sons were in sparkling form and were four in front by the interval. Another two in the second half counted towards an easy 6\\-1 win. The only black spot being Ritchie and the Hurlford left back being sent off in the dying minutes of the game.",
"The following week Dumbarton faced a long journey to play Forres Mechanics in the semi\\-final of the Consolation Cup. Lithgow was included in the team in place of Bob Gordon. The Sons had offered Forres a financial incentive to have the game played at Boghead but they needn’t have worried as Potter and MacPherson had the visitors two in front by half time. A further three goals countered by a home penalty gave Dumbarton a fine 5\\-1 win and a second Consolation Cup final appearance.",
"On 25 March Dumbarton played Cowdenbeath in their home league fixture knowing that a win would almost certainly guarantee them the Second Division title. An unchanged side took to the field and within five minutes of the start Ritchie put the Sons into the lead. Hill scored a second after 57 minutes but these goals were enough for a 2\\-0 win and the two vital points.",
"So with 4 games to play Dumbarton led with 27 points. Albion Rovers were two behind with only one game to play and a vastly inferior goal average.",
""
] |
### April
On 1 April Dumbarton hoped to confirm their league championship with an away match against Ayr United. Gordon replaced Lithgow in the defence while Brander came in for Speedie in the attack. The game was a disappointment as Dumbarton fell to their first league defeat since 3 December and also a surprise in the size of the defeat – by 5\-1\. This would be Bob Gordon's final game for the club \- during his six seasons with the club he set a new record of 122 appearances in all national competitive matches.
A week later Dumbarton travelled to Falkirk to make amends against East Stirling. Lithgow was back in at left back as was Speedie at inside left. Still requiring a point to make the league title official the Sons began positively but could find no way past the Shire defence. The home team took the lead midway through the first half and scored again early in the second for a 2\-0 win.
At a meeting of the Dumbartonshire Association on 14 April, Dumbarton intimated that due to their league and cup commitments they could take no further part in this season’s county cup competition.
Dumbarton’s penultimate league fixture took place on 15 April against Dundee Hibs at Boghead. The only change was Rowan playing in place of Brander. And so it was at the third time of asking the Sons managed to gain the all important points to confirm the championship. MacPherson and Rowan scored in the first half and Ritchie scored another in the second for a comfortable 3\-1 win.
Two days later Dumbarton played a benefit for long serving full back Bob Muirhead against Glasgow Perthshire, the junior side where he began his career. The game finished in a 1\-1 draw with Muirhead scoring the Sons goal.
Ibrox Park was the venue of the Consolation Cup final on 22 April. No changes were made to the team that lifted the Second Division title. The Sons began in spectacular style and the only surprise at half time was that they only led by a single Rowan goal. As poor as St Johnstone were in the first half, they came out in the second a different team. The Dumbarton goal came under severe pressure and ultimately the Perthshire team equalised. Before the Sons had time to reform they were behind and despite a number of raids on the St Johnstone goal it was to be runners up spot once again.
The final game of the season took place at Boghead on 29 April with the final league game against East Stirling. With the league won, a number of changes were made to the team with Cochrane and new face George Thomas taking over at full backs, with Lithgow and Menzies coming into the half back line and attack respectively. The game was to have taken place in February but because of an unplayable pitch a friendly was played which Dumbarton won 4\-0\. As it was history repeated itself as far as the result was concerned as doubles in each half gave the Sons a 4\-0 victory. The win ensured that Dumbarton maintained a 100% home record during the league campaign.
|
[
"### April",
"On 1 April Dumbarton hoped to confirm their league championship with an away match against Ayr United. Gordon replaced Lithgow in the defence while Brander came in for Speedie in the attack. The game was a disappointment as Dumbarton fell to their first league defeat since 3 December and also a surprise in the size of the defeat – by 5\\-1\\. This would be Bob Gordon's final game for the club \\- during his six seasons with the club he set a new record of 122 appearances in all national competitive matches.",
"A week later Dumbarton travelled to Falkirk to make amends against East Stirling. Lithgow was back in at left back as was Speedie at inside left. Still requiring a point to make the league title official the Sons began positively but could find no way past the Shire defence. The home team took the lead midway through the first half and scored again early in the second for a 2\\-0 win.",
"At a meeting of the Dumbartonshire Association on 14 April, Dumbarton intimated that due to their league and cup commitments they could take no further part in this season’s county cup competition.",
"Dumbarton’s penultimate league fixture took place on 15 April against Dundee Hibs at Boghead. The only change was Rowan playing in place of Brander. And so it was at the third time of asking the Sons managed to gain the all important points to confirm the championship. MacPherson and Rowan scored in the first half and Ritchie scored another in the second for a comfortable 3\\-1 win.",
"Two days later Dumbarton played a benefit for long serving full back Bob Muirhead against Glasgow Perthshire, the junior side where he began his career. The game finished in a 1\\-1 draw with Muirhead scoring the Sons goal.",
"Ibrox Park was the venue of the Consolation Cup final on 22 April. No changes were made to the team that lifted the Second Division title. The Sons began in spectacular style and the only surprise at half time was that they only led by a single Rowan goal. As poor as St Johnstone were in the first half, they came out in the second a different team. The Dumbarton goal came under severe pressure and ultimately the Perthshire team equalised. Before the Sons had time to reform they were behind and despite a number of raids on the St Johnstone goal it was to be runners up spot once again.",
"The final game of the season took place at Boghead on 29 April with the final league game against East Stirling. With the league won, a number of changes were made to the team with Cochrane and new face George Thomas taking over at full backs, with Lithgow and Menzies coming into the half back line and attack respectively. The game was to have taken place in February but because of an unplayable pitch a friendly was played which Dumbarton won 4\\-0\\. As it was history repeated itself as far as the result was concerned as doubles in each half gave the Sons a 4\\-0 victory. The win ensured that Dumbarton maintained a 100% home record during the league campaign.",
""
] |
Conversion of Hniliczki residents
---------------------------------
### Circumstances of the event
According to {{Interlanguage link\|Włodzimierz Osadczy\|pl\|Włodzimierz Osadczy}}, the entire situation was the result of the involvement of [Russophile](/wiki/Galician_Russophilia "Galician Russophilia") activists in the conflict between the [parson](/wiki/Parson "Parson") of the Greek Catholic parish in Hniliczki and the residents of the village of Hniliczki Małe.{{Harvard citation text\|Osadczy\|2007\|pp\=246\-249}} Since 1877, the Greek Catholic population living in this village had been requesting the establishment of a filial parish due to their insufficient number according to the Church regulations (800 people). The former parson in Hniliczki, Jan Herasimowicz (Harasimowicz), advised submitting a request on this matter to the county authorities and the [consistory](/wiki/Consistory_%28Catholicism%29 "Consistory (Catholicism)").
### Conversion
At the turn of 1881 and 1882, the Galician press reported that 129 inhabitants of the village of Hniliczki Małe in the [Zbarazh](/wiki/Zbarazh "Zbarazh") district submitted a request to convert from [Eastern Catholicism](/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church") to [Orthodoxy](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy "Eastern Orthodoxy"). The application addressed to the county administration was dated 25 December 1881, and was signed by 21 individuals. They declared a change of faith from Greek Catholicism to Orthodox on behalf of themselves and their underage children. A longer letter was sent to the Greek Catholic consistory, in which the same individuals accused the Pope of violating the provisions of the [Union of Brest](/wiki/Union_of_Brest "Union of Brest"), imposing it by force, and destroying churches. Latin rite priests working in Galicia were also accused of having a negative attitude towards the Ruthenian population. Particularly negative statements were made against the [Jesuits](/wiki/Jesuits "Jesuits"), likening them to [Pharisees](/wiki/Pharisees "Pharisees") and wolves in sheep's clothing.{{Harvard citation text\|Himka\|1999\|pp\=74\-77}} The application ended with a declaration of loyalty to the Emperor of Austria. A separate letter was addressed to the parish priest of the Orthodox parish of St. George in Lviv.
The investigation conducted by the Greek Catholic consistory in Lviv showed that the residents of Hniliczki Małe were unaware of the consequences of the conversion. They did not understand the word "Orthodoxy" and believed that the applications they submitted were only about establishing a separate Greek Catholic parish in the village. They had never read the letter to the consistory, which was written by either Father Naumovich or his son Mykola. After a visit from a commission of the Greek Catholic consistory to Hniliczki Małe, they revoked the decision to change their faith.{{Harvard citation text\|Osadczy\|2007\|pp\=251\-253}} The commission was satisfied with this declaration and did not conduct a deeper investigation to find the inspirators of the conversion. They accepted the version that the transition to Orthodoxy was suggested to the peasants by a local landowner, Count Della Scala, whose mother belonged to that faith.
The change of faith itself was not a crime under Austro\-Hungarian law. However, in the case of the Hniliczki conversion, the authorities concluded that the authors of the applications were not motivated by religious reasons but by political ones. They also found that the consistorial commission did not sufficiently investigate the circumstances of the case. It was acknowledged that the accusations against Catholicism in the application indicated that the text was not written by the peasants of Hniliczki but by a well\-known Russophile activist, the parson of the Greek Catholic parish in [Skalat](/wiki/Skalat "Skalat"), [Ivan Naumovich](/wiki/Ivan_Naumovich "Ivan Naumovich"). Further investigation allowed for the identification of the host Ivan Szpunder as the actual leader of the group of converts. Szpunder maintained close contacts with Father Naumovich and shared his political views. Another important figure in the case was Oleksa Załuski, also a Russophile and a friend of Father Naumovich, who was in conflict with the Hniliczki parson due to his repeated articulation of unequivocally anti\-Orthodox views. Seeing the dissatisfaction of the inhabitants of Hniliczki Małe with the lack of a church in their village, Szpunder began to promote the idea of adopting Orthodoxy, which was passed on to him by Father Naumovich. Ultimately, he convinced the residents of Hniliczki Małe when they learned about the plans to build a new Greek Catholic church in Hniliczki Wielkie; as parishioners, they would have to financially contribute to the investment.{{Harvard citation text\|Wójtowicz\-Huber\|2008\|pp\=134\-135}} The clergyman himself, according to Włodzimierz Osadczy, wanted to show the consequences of the policies of the Austrian authorities, intervening in the religious life of the Galician Ruthenian population, and thus to force the authorities to choose: promoting the Latin rite or agreeing to the spread of Orthodoxy.
### Reaction of the Galician authorities and the press
[thumb\|Governor of Galicia Andrzej Potocki, after the Hniliczek affair, decided to act decisively against Russophiles](/wiki/File:Andrzej_Potocki.jpg "Andrzej Potocki.jpg")
The district administrator of Zbarazh, in a report to the High Imperial and Royal Governorship in Lviv, stated that the events in Hniliczki were a long\-planned act of anti\-state activity, as well as that:
> This attack is only an outburst of the widespread Russophile agitation to disturb the minds of peasants, to disrupt peace and order, and to incite hatred against nationalities.
At the same time, this administrator, like the Greek Catholic priest of Hniliczki, claimed that there had never been any Russophile propaganda in the village, and the population did not express particular sympathy for Orthodoxy. In contrast, the gendarmerie from the town of [Nowe Sioło](/wiki/Nowe_Sio%C5%82o "Nowe Sioło"), in a report to the district command in [Zbarazh](/wiki/Zbarazh "Zbarazh"), stated that:
> Hniliczki had long suffered poverty and distress because they did not have their own local priest, which they had requested, and the authorities could not delegate one to them, so they sent a declaration to the authorities that they would convert to Orthodoxy.{{Harvard citation text\|Wójtowicz\-Huber\|2008\|pp\=134\-136}}
The Lviv press extensively covered the Hniliczki affair, accusing Russophiles of an anti\-state conspiracy. *[Dziennik Polski](/wiki/Dziennik_Polski "Dziennik Polski")* stated that the agitation conducted by this group had become dangerous for the Austrian state and required a decisive counteraction. Similar comments appeared in other Polish newspapers. Kraków *Czas* interpreted the conversion as evidence of the internal decline of the Greek Catholic Church. Similar remarks were made in *Gazeta Narodowa*, *Przegląd Lwowski*, *[Gazeta Krakowska](/wiki/Gazeta_Krakowska "Gazeta Krakowska")*, *Gazeta Kościelna*, and *Kurier Poznański*.
The Greek Catholic Church itself sought to defuse the situation. Metropolitan [Joseph Sembratovych](/wiki/Joseph_Sembratovych "Joseph Sembratovych") issued a letter in defense of Catholicism on 31 December 1881, and two days earlier condemned the Russophile newspapers *Prolom* and *Wicze*. He also claimed that the critical opinions about the Church he led were exaggerated. However, after conducting preliminary investigations, which unequivocally established that the converts from Hniliczki were not motivated by religious reasons, the Austrian authorities decided to take decisive action against the Russophiles. This constituted a radical change from the previous attitude of the authorities towards this movement. Throughout the 1870s, Russophilia had been tolerated because it did not undermine the loyalty of Galician Ukrainians to Austria. The authorities only began to perceive it as dangerous at the end of the decade, with the development of the Russian [pan\-Slavic](/wiki/Pan-Slavism "Pan-Slavism") movement.{{Harvard citation text\|Partacz\|1997\|pp\=37\-39}} Bernadetta Wójtowicz\-Huber emphasizes that at the time of the scandal, Austro\-Russian relations were particularly tense due to conflicting interests of both states in the Balkan region. Therefore, the Austrian authorities decided to use the entire affair as a pretext to eliminate the movement promoting the unification of Galicia with Russia.
In late January 1882, Father Ivan Naumovich, the editors of Russophile publications Josyf Markov and Wenedykt Płoszczański, court counselor Adolf Dobrianski (Dobrzański) and his daughter Olha Hrabar, as well as Ivan Szpunder and Oleksa Załuski, were arrested. Ultimately, Father Mykola Ohonowski, Russophile activist Apołon Nyczaj, and journalist Isydor Trembycki also stood accused. According to [Stefan Kieniewicz](/wiki/Stefan_Kieniewicz "Stefan Kieniewicz"), the Governor of Galicia, [Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki](/wiki/Andrzej_Kazimierz_Potocki "Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki"), who had hitherto tolerated Russophile activities, now decided to repress them. The police searched the homes of the arrested individuals, finding a number of their letters and writings in which they expressed even more radical criticism of the Union of Brest and the Catholic Church in general than in their published texts, openly expressing their pro\-Russian views. These materials were considered sufficient evidence to bring the most serious charges, including treason.
### Reaction of church authorities
Provincial of the Jesuit Order, {{Interlanguage link\|Henryk Nostitz\-Jackowski\|pl\|Henryk Nostitz\-Jackowski (1834–1905\)}}, in a letter to the papal [nuncio](/wiki/Nuncio "Nuncio") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Serafino Vannutelli](/wiki/Serafino_Vannutelli "Serafino Vannutelli"), described the Greek Catholic Church as "riddled with schism". This letter prompted Vannutelli to inform the [Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples](/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples "Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples"), whose prefect, Cardinal [Giovanni Simeoni](/wiki/Giovanni_Simeoni "Giovanni Simeoni"), was perplexed by the attitude of Greek Catholic clergy professing Russophile views. Vannutelli also contacted Metropolitan Joseph Sembratovych, urging him to take decisive action.
|
[
"Conversion of Hniliczki residents\n---------------------------------",
"### Circumstances of the event",
"According to {{Interlanguage link\\|Włodzimierz Osadczy\\|pl\\|Włodzimierz Osadczy}}, the entire situation was the result of the involvement of [Russophile](/wiki/Galician_Russophilia \"Galician Russophilia\") activists in the conflict between the [parson](/wiki/Parson \"Parson\") of the Greek Catholic parish in Hniliczki and the residents of the village of Hniliczki Małe.{{Harvard citation text\\|Osadczy\\|2007\\|pp\\=246\\-249}} Since 1877, the Greek Catholic population living in this village had been requesting the establishment of a filial parish due to their insufficient number according to the Church regulations (800 people). The former parson in Hniliczki, Jan Herasimowicz (Harasimowicz), advised submitting a request on this matter to the county authorities and the [consistory](/wiki/Consistory_%28Catholicism%29 \"Consistory (Catholicism)\").",
"### Conversion",
"At the turn of 1881 and 1882, the Galician press reported that 129 inhabitants of the village of Hniliczki Małe in the [Zbarazh](/wiki/Zbarazh \"Zbarazh\") district submitted a request to convert from [Eastern Catholicism](/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church \"Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church\") to [Orthodoxy](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy \"Eastern Orthodoxy\"). The application addressed to the county administration was dated 25 December 1881, and was signed by 21 individuals. They declared a change of faith from Greek Catholicism to Orthodox on behalf of themselves and their underage children. A longer letter was sent to the Greek Catholic consistory, in which the same individuals accused the Pope of violating the provisions of the [Union of Brest](/wiki/Union_of_Brest \"Union of Brest\"), imposing it by force, and destroying churches. Latin rite priests working in Galicia were also accused of having a negative attitude towards the Ruthenian population. Particularly negative statements were made against the [Jesuits](/wiki/Jesuits \"Jesuits\"), likening them to [Pharisees](/wiki/Pharisees \"Pharisees\") and wolves in sheep's clothing.{{Harvard citation text\\|Himka\\|1999\\|pp\\=74\\-77}} The application ended with a declaration of loyalty to the Emperor of Austria. A separate letter was addressed to the parish priest of the Orthodox parish of St. George in Lviv.",
"The investigation conducted by the Greek Catholic consistory in Lviv showed that the residents of Hniliczki Małe were unaware of the consequences of the conversion. They did not understand the word \"Orthodoxy\" and believed that the applications they submitted were only about establishing a separate Greek Catholic parish in the village. They had never read the letter to the consistory, which was written by either Father Naumovich or his son Mykola. After a visit from a commission of the Greek Catholic consistory to Hniliczki Małe, they revoked the decision to change their faith.{{Harvard citation text\\|Osadczy\\|2007\\|pp\\=251\\-253}} The commission was satisfied with this declaration and did not conduct a deeper investigation to find the inspirators of the conversion. They accepted the version that the transition to Orthodoxy was suggested to the peasants by a local landowner, Count Della Scala, whose mother belonged to that faith.",
"The change of faith itself was not a crime under Austro\\-Hungarian law. However, in the case of the Hniliczki conversion, the authorities concluded that the authors of the applications were not motivated by religious reasons but by political ones. They also found that the consistorial commission did not sufficiently investigate the circumstances of the case. It was acknowledged that the accusations against Catholicism in the application indicated that the text was not written by the peasants of Hniliczki but by a well\\-known Russophile activist, the parson of the Greek Catholic parish in [Skalat](/wiki/Skalat \"Skalat\"), [Ivan Naumovich](/wiki/Ivan_Naumovich \"Ivan Naumovich\"). Further investigation allowed for the identification of the host Ivan Szpunder as the actual leader of the group of converts. Szpunder maintained close contacts with Father Naumovich and shared his political views. Another important figure in the case was Oleksa Załuski, also a Russophile and a friend of Father Naumovich, who was in conflict with the Hniliczki parson due to his repeated articulation of unequivocally anti\\-Orthodox views. Seeing the dissatisfaction of the inhabitants of Hniliczki Małe with the lack of a church in their village, Szpunder began to promote the idea of adopting Orthodoxy, which was passed on to him by Father Naumovich. Ultimately, he convinced the residents of Hniliczki Małe when they learned about the plans to build a new Greek Catholic church in Hniliczki Wielkie; as parishioners, they would have to financially contribute to the investment.{{Harvard citation text\\|Wójtowicz\\-Huber\\|2008\\|pp\\=134\\-135}} The clergyman himself, according to Włodzimierz Osadczy, wanted to show the consequences of the policies of the Austrian authorities, intervening in the religious life of the Galician Ruthenian population, and thus to force the authorities to choose: promoting the Latin rite or agreeing to the spread of Orthodoxy.",
"### Reaction of the Galician authorities and the press",
"[thumb\\|Governor of Galicia Andrzej Potocki, after the Hniliczek affair, decided to act decisively against Russophiles](/wiki/File:Andrzej_Potocki.jpg \"Andrzej Potocki.jpg\")\nThe district administrator of Zbarazh, in a report to the High Imperial and Royal Governorship in Lviv, stated that the events in Hniliczki were a long\\-planned act of anti\\-state activity, as well as that:\n> This attack is only an outburst of the widespread Russophile agitation to disturb the minds of peasants, to disrupt peace and order, and to incite hatred against nationalities.",
"At the same time, this administrator, like the Greek Catholic priest of Hniliczki, claimed that there had never been any Russophile propaganda in the village, and the population did not express particular sympathy for Orthodoxy. In contrast, the gendarmerie from the town of [Nowe Sioło](/wiki/Nowe_Sio%C5%82o \"Nowe Sioło\"), in a report to the district command in [Zbarazh](/wiki/Zbarazh \"Zbarazh\"), stated that:\n> Hniliczki had long suffered poverty and distress because they did not have their own local priest, which they had requested, and the authorities could not delegate one to them, so they sent a declaration to the authorities that they would convert to Orthodoxy.{{Harvard citation text\\|Wójtowicz\\-Huber\\|2008\\|pp\\=134\\-136}}",
"The Lviv press extensively covered the Hniliczki affair, accusing Russophiles of an anti\\-state conspiracy. *[Dziennik Polski](/wiki/Dziennik_Polski \"Dziennik Polski\")* stated that the agitation conducted by this group had become dangerous for the Austrian state and required a decisive counteraction. Similar comments appeared in other Polish newspapers. Kraków *Czas* interpreted the conversion as evidence of the internal decline of the Greek Catholic Church. Similar remarks were made in *Gazeta Narodowa*, *Przegląd Lwowski*, *[Gazeta Krakowska](/wiki/Gazeta_Krakowska \"Gazeta Krakowska\")*, *Gazeta Kościelna*, and *Kurier Poznański*.",
"The Greek Catholic Church itself sought to defuse the situation. Metropolitan [Joseph Sembratovych](/wiki/Joseph_Sembratovych \"Joseph Sembratovych\") issued a letter in defense of Catholicism on 31 December 1881, and two days earlier condemned the Russophile newspapers *Prolom* and *Wicze*. He also claimed that the critical opinions about the Church he led were exaggerated. However, after conducting preliminary investigations, which unequivocally established that the converts from Hniliczki were not motivated by religious reasons, the Austrian authorities decided to take decisive action against the Russophiles. This constituted a radical change from the previous attitude of the authorities towards this movement. Throughout the 1870s, Russophilia had been tolerated because it did not undermine the loyalty of Galician Ukrainians to Austria. The authorities only began to perceive it as dangerous at the end of the decade, with the development of the Russian [pan\\-Slavic](/wiki/Pan-Slavism \"Pan-Slavism\") movement.{{Harvard citation text\\|Partacz\\|1997\\|pp\\=37\\-39}} Bernadetta Wójtowicz\\-Huber emphasizes that at the time of the scandal, Austro\\-Russian relations were particularly tense due to conflicting interests of both states in the Balkan region. Therefore, the Austrian authorities decided to use the entire affair as a pretext to eliminate the movement promoting the unification of Galicia with Russia.",
"In late January 1882, Father Ivan Naumovich, the editors of Russophile publications Josyf Markov and Wenedykt Płoszczański, court counselor Adolf Dobrianski (Dobrzański) and his daughter Olha Hrabar, as well as Ivan Szpunder and Oleksa Załuski, were arrested. Ultimately, Father Mykola Ohonowski, Russophile activist Apołon Nyczaj, and journalist Isydor Trembycki also stood accused. According to [Stefan Kieniewicz](/wiki/Stefan_Kieniewicz \"Stefan Kieniewicz\"), the Governor of Galicia, [Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki](/wiki/Andrzej_Kazimierz_Potocki \"Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki\"), who had hitherto tolerated Russophile activities, now decided to repress them. The police searched the homes of the arrested individuals, finding a number of their letters and writings in which they expressed even more radical criticism of the Union of Brest and the Catholic Church in general than in their published texts, openly expressing their pro\\-Russian views. These materials were considered sufficient evidence to bring the most serious charges, including treason.",
"### Reaction of church authorities",
"Provincial of the Jesuit Order, {{Interlanguage link\\|Henryk Nostitz\\-Jackowski\\|pl\\|Henryk Nostitz\\-Jackowski (1834–1905\\)}}, in a letter to the papal [nuncio](/wiki/Nuncio \"Nuncio\") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Serafino Vannutelli](/wiki/Serafino_Vannutelli \"Serafino Vannutelli\"), described the Greek Catholic Church as \"riddled with schism\". This letter prompted Vannutelli to inform the [Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples](/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples \"Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples\"), whose prefect, Cardinal [Giovanni Simeoni](/wiki/Giovanni_Simeoni \"Giovanni Simeoni\"), was perplexed by the attitude of Greek Catholic clergy professing Russophile views. Vannutelli also contacted Metropolitan Joseph Sembratovych, urging him to take decisive action.",
""
] |
Trial of the Russophiles
------------------------
The [indictment](/wiki/Indictment "Indictment") against the Russophile group included charges of [treason](/wiki/Treason "Treason"), [espionage](/wiki/Espionage "Espionage"), and aspirations to detach [Bukovina](/wiki/Bukovina "Bukovina"), parts of [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"), and [Eastern Galicia](/wiki/Eastern_Galicia "Eastern Galicia") from Austria. The prosecutor accused the defendants of spreading [Slavophile](/wiki/Slavophilia "Slavophilia") concepts in cooperation with the Slavic Charitable Committee, thereby engaging in activities favoring Russia. The involvement of some of the accused in the ceremonial movement in Galicia was also considered part of pro\-Russian propaganda.{{Harvard citation text\|Himka\|1999\|pp\=78\-80}} According to Włodzimierz Osadczy, the charges were entirely unbelievable, and the alleged intentions of the accused went beyond the capabilities of the Russophiles. [John\-Paul Himka](/wiki/John-Paul_Himka "John-Paul Himka") expressed a similar view.
The trial of the Russophiles, also known as the Olha (Olga) Hrabar and companions trial, began before the Regional Criminal Court in Lviv on 12 June 1882\. The presiding judge of the tribunal was Lew Budzynowski, a Ukrainian nationalist.
The accused treated the trial as an opportunity to publicly express their political views. Testifying in court, Father Ivan Naumovich claimed that he acted out of "humanism, religion, love", convinced of the negative influence of the "Jesuits" on the Ruthenian population. He argued that Galician Ruthenians did not differentiate between their religion (Greek Catholicism) and Orthodoxy, regarding both as one "Ruthenian faith". He presented the view that fascination with Russian culture did not undermine loyalty to the Austrian state.{{Harvard citation text\|Wójtowicz\-Huber\|2008\|pp\=137\-139}} He emphasized that he was not the organizer of a broader movement for conversion to Orthodoxy but merely hoped that such an act by the inhabitants of one village would prompt the Metropolitan of Lviv to convene a provincial Synod and the Pope to withdraw Jesuit and Resurrectionist orders from Galicia, which, in his opinion, contributed to the [Polonization](/wiki/Polonization "Polonization") of the Ukrainian population. He also referred to issues not directly related to the trial, claiming that Polish\-Ukrainian cooperation in Galicia would be possible if Ukrainians were guaranteed 47 seats in the [Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria](/wiki/Diet_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria "Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria"), giving them a real opportunity to defend their own interests.
The Russophile press referred to the defendants as martyrs suffering from Polish intrigue. Even newspapers aligned with Ukrainian Russophile factions, usually hostile to Russophiles, expressed solidarity with the defendants and emphasized that the trial concerned the problems of the entire Ruthenian community in Galicia (this support waned after the trial). In some Polish circles, the case was also seen as artificially inflated. The Russian press and diplomacy protested strongly against the trial of the Russophiles. [Konstantin Pobedonostsev](/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev "Konstantin Pobedonostsev"), Ober\-Procurator of the [Most Holy Synod](/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod "Most Holy Synod"), personally lodged a protest letter at the Austro\-Hungarian embassy. According to Czesław Partacz, it was only after the Hniliczek trial that the Austrian government realized the significant support the Russophiles received from Russia, the extent of pro\-Orthodox and pro\-Russian propaganda in their press, and the substantial support the movement received from the Greek Catholic Church hierarchy.
According to Osadczy, the stance of the Russian diplomacy, and thus Austria's fear of worsening bilateral relations with Russia, may have influenced the final low sentences in the trial. On 29 July 1882, the court acquitted the defendants of the charge of treason. The evidence of their Russophile views did not support the prosecution's thesis of the existence of a widespread conspiracy to detach Galicia from Austria. Only M. Dobrianski was found guilty of collecting information about Ukrainian nationalists and socialists operating in Galicia. The court upheld the charge of disturbing public order. As a result, Father Naumovich was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment, Płoszczański to five, Szpunder and Załuski to three. The convicted were also burdened with court costs. The Supreme Court in Vienna confirmed the verdict of the lower court.
|
[
"Trial of the Russophiles\n------------------------",
"The [indictment](/wiki/Indictment \"Indictment\") against the Russophile group included charges of [treason](/wiki/Treason \"Treason\"), [espionage](/wiki/Espionage \"Espionage\"), and aspirations to detach [Bukovina](/wiki/Bukovina \"Bukovina\"), parts of [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"), and [Eastern Galicia](/wiki/Eastern_Galicia \"Eastern Galicia\") from Austria. The prosecutor accused the defendants of spreading [Slavophile](/wiki/Slavophilia \"Slavophilia\") concepts in cooperation with the Slavic Charitable Committee, thereby engaging in activities favoring Russia. The involvement of some of the accused in the ceremonial movement in Galicia was also considered part of pro\\-Russian propaganda.{{Harvard citation text\\|Himka\\|1999\\|pp\\=78\\-80}} According to Włodzimierz Osadczy, the charges were entirely unbelievable, and the alleged intentions of the accused went beyond the capabilities of the Russophiles. [John\\-Paul Himka](/wiki/John-Paul_Himka \"John-Paul Himka\") expressed a similar view.",
"The trial of the Russophiles, also known as the Olha (Olga) Hrabar and companions trial, began before the Regional Criminal Court in Lviv on 12 June 1882\\. The presiding judge of the tribunal was Lew Budzynowski, a Ukrainian nationalist.",
"The accused treated the trial as an opportunity to publicly express their political views. Testifying in court, Father Ivan Naumovich claimed that he acted out of \"humanism, religion, love\", convinced of the negative influence of the \"Jesuits\" on the Ruthenian population. He argued that Galician Ruthenians did not differentiate between their religion (Greek Catholicism) and Orthodoxy, regarding both as one \"Ruthenian faith\". He presented the view that fascination with Russian culture did not undermine loyalty to the Austrian state.{{Harvard citation text\\|Wójtowicz\\-Huber\\|2008\\|pp\\=137\\-139}} He emphasized that he was not the organizer of a broader movement for conversion to Orthodoxy but merely hoped that such an act by the inhabitants of one village would prompt the Metropolitan of Lviv to convene a provincial Synod and the Pope to withdraw Jesuit and Resurrectionist orders from Galicia, which, in his opinion, contributed to the [Polonization](/wiki/Polonization \"Polonization\") of the Ukrainian population. He also referred to issues not directly related to the trial, claiming that Polish\\-Ukrainian cooperation in Galicia would be possible if Ukrainians were guaranteed 47 seats in the [Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria](/wiki/Diet_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria \"Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria\"), giving them a real opportunity to defend their own interests.",
"The Russophile press referred to the defendants as martyrs suffering from Polish intrigue. Even newspapers aligned with Ukrainian Russophile factions, usually hostile to Russophiles, expressed solidarity with the defendants and emphasized that the trial concerned the problems of the entire Ruthenian community in Galicia (this support waned after the trial). In some Polish circles, the case was also seen as artificially inflated. The Russian press and diplomacy protested strongly against the trial of the Russophiles. [Konstantin Pobedonostsev](/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev \"Konstantin Pobedonostsev\"), Ober\\-Procurator of the [Most Holy Synod](/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod \"Most Holy Synod\"), personally lodged a protest letter at the Austro\\-Hungarian embassy. According to Czesław Partacz, it was only after the Hniliczek trial that the Austrian government realized the significant support the Russophiles received from Russia, the extent of pro\\-Orthodox and pro\\-Russian propaganda in their press, and the substantial support the movement received from the Greek Catholic Church hierarchy.",
"According to Osadczy, the stance of the Russian diplomacy, and thus Austria's fear of worsening bilateral relations with Russia, may have influenced the final low sentences in the trial. On 29 July 1882, the court acquitted the defendants of the charge of treason. The evidence of their Russophile views did not support the prosecution's thesis of the existence of a widespread conspiracy to detach Galicia from Austria. Only M. Dobrianski was found guilty of collecting information about Ukrainian nationalists and socialists operating in Galicia. The court upheld the charge of disturbing public order. As a result, Father Naumovich was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment, Płoszczański to five, Szpunder and Załuski to three. The convicted were also burdened with court costs. The Supreme Court in Vienna confirmed the verdict of the lower court.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Bischof began in the TSG Reutlingen with judo. He became German champion at the age of 18 in 1997 in the age\-group U21\. Four years later, in 2001, he won the title of German champion in the Men's category. Following this, he won medals on more international competitions and became 2005 European champion.
Since 2001, Bischof has been competing in the team competitions for the TSV Abensberg. With the TSV Abensberg, he became team champion and 2006 European cup winner from 2002 to 2008\.
For the Olympic Games 2004 in Athens, Ole was replaced [Florian Wanner](/wiki/Florian_Wanner "Florian Wanner"). Bischof was the best placed German in the world rankings, with Wanner holding the title of world champion (2003 in Osaka/Japan).
During the Olympics, Ole defeated judokas such as [Tiago Camilo](/wiki/Tiago_Camilo "Tiago Camilo") who was the silver medallist in Sydney 2000 and [Roman Gontyuk](/wiki/Roman_Gontyuk "Roman Gontyuk"), the silver medallist of Athens 2004\. Ole won the \-81 kg Olympic game by defeating [Kim Jae\-Bum](/wiki/Kim_Jae-Bum "Kim Jae-Bum") of South Korea. In the 2012 London Olympics Bischof won the silver medal, being defeated in the final by Kim Jae\-Bum.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16134486,00\.html\|title\=German Judoka Bischof falls short in the final \|website\=DW.de \|date\=31 July 2012}} He announced his retirement in September 2012\.
In 2008 he appeared on the game show *[Schlag den Raab](/wiki/Schlag_den_Raab "Schlag den Raab")*. He lost to Raab 3\-63\.
During his career he studied economics and graduated as a [Diplom Volkswirt](/wiki/Diplom_Volkswirt "Diplom Volkswirt").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Bischof began in the TSG Reutlingen with judo. He became German champion at the age of 18 in 1997 in the age\\-group U21\\. Four years later, in 2001, he won the title of German champion in the Men's category. Following this, he won medals on more international competitions and became 2005 European champion.",
"Since 2001, Bischof has been competing in the team competitions for the TSV Abensberg. With the TSV Abensberg, he became team champion and 2006 European cup winner from 2002 to 2008\\.",
"For the Olympic Games 2004 in Athens, Ole was replaced [Florian Wanner](/wiki/Florian_Wanner \"Florian Wanner\"). Bischof was the best placed German in the world rankings, with Wanner holding the title of world champion (2003 in Osaka/Japan).",
"During the Olympics, Ole defeated judokas such as [Tiago Camilo](/wiki/Tiago_Camilo \"Tiago Camilo\") who was the silver medallist in Sydney 2000 and [Roman Gontyuk](/wiki/Roman_Gontyuk \"Roman Gontyuk\"), the silver medallist of Athens 2004\\. Ole won the \\-81 kg Olympic game by defeating [Kim Jae\\-Bum](/wiki/Kim_Jae-Bum \"Kim Jae-Bum\") of South Korea. In the 2012 London Olympics Bischof won the silver medal, being defeated in the final by Kim Jae\\-Bum.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16134486,00\\.html\\|title\\=German Judoka Bischof falls short in the final \\|website\\=DW.de \\|date\\=31 July 2012}} He announced his retirement in September 2012\\.",
"In 2008 he appeared on the game show *[Schlag den Raab](/wiki/Schlag_den_Raab \"Schlag den Raab\")*. He lost to Raab 3\\-63\\.",
"During his career he studied economics and graduated as a [Diplom Volkswirt](/wiki/Diplom_Volkswirt \"Diplom Volkswirt\").",
""
] |
Culture and tourism
-------------------
### Cultural monuments
[thumb\|right\|Serbian Orthodox monastery in [Vraćevšnica](/wiki/Vra%C4%87ev%C5%A1nica_monastery "Vraćevšnica monastery"), built in 1428–29](/wiki/File:Manastir_Vracevsnica%2C_Srbija.jpg "Manastir Vracevsnica, Srbija.jpg")
[Cultural Monuments of Great Importance](/wiki/Cultural_Monuments_of_Great_Importance "Cultural Monuments of Great Importance") in Gornji Milanovac are:
* Church of the Holy Trinity.
* Church of St. Nicholas in the village of [Brusnica](/wiki/Brusnica_%28Gornji_Milanovac%29 "Brusnica (Gornji Milanovac)") and the family tomb of [Obrenović dynasty](/wiki/Obrenovi%C4%87_dynasty "Obrenović dynasty").
* District Building ("The Old Court building").
* Monuments in the center of the municipality.
* "Hill of Peace" (*Brdo mira*) Memorial Park.
* Tank as a monument of liberation in Nevade from the Second World War ([Sherman Firefly](/wiki/Sherman_Firefly "Sherman Firefly")).
* Orthodox Christian monasteries of [Vraćevšnica](/wiki/Vra%C4%87ev%C5%A1nica_monastery "Vraćevšnica monastery"), [Šilopaj](/wiki/%C5%A0ilopaj_monastery "Šilopaj monastery") and [Vujan](/wiki/Vujan_monastery "Vujan monastery").
* Takovo complex devoted to the heroes from [Second Serbian Uprising](/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising "Second Serbian Uprising").
* Ruins of Orthodox monasteries "Ješevac", Catholic church "Misa" (later mosque) on Rudnik.
* Ruins of [Irene Kantakouzene](/wiki/Irene_Kantakouzene "Irene Kantakouzene") on Treska Hill.
* Family house of [Miloš Obrenović](/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87 "Miloš Obrenović") in Gornja Crnuća.
* Family house of national hero Dragan Jeftić\-Škepo.
* Family house of the Lunjevica family (Revolutionary [Nikola](/wiki/Nikola_Lunjevica "Nikola Lunjevica"), politician [Panta](/wiki/Panta_Lunjevica "Panta Lunjevica") and Queen consort [Draga Obrenović](/wiki/Draga_Ma%C5%A1in "Draga Mašin")).
* Family house of Djordjevic built in old Serbian architectural style.
* Family house and inheritance of [Archibald Reiss](/wiki/Archibald_Reiss "Archibald Reiss")'s son\- "Dobro polje II".
* Monument on city cemetery of fallen soldiers of Austro\-Hungary and Serbian Army in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").
* Monument for the participants in [Operation Halyard](/wiki/Operation_Halyard "Operation Halyard") and the other monuments in the rest of municipality.
### Culture institutions
[thumb\|right\|Culture center "Mija Aleksić"](/wiki/File:Grad_Gornji_Milanovac_%2812%29.jpg "Grad Gornji Milanovac (12).jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Museum of Rudnik and Takovo area in Gornji Milanovac](/wiki/File:Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_VII_Muzej_rudni%C4%8Dko-takovskog_kraja_813.jpg "Wiki Šumadija VII Muzej rudničko-takovskog kraja 813.jpg")
The first library in Gornji Milanovac was established in 1857 and is called "Braća Nastasijević" (English: "Brothers Nastasijević").[http://www.bibliotekagm.com/BN/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=52\&Itemid\=34\|Library{{Dead link\|date\=December 2022 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.bibliotekagm.com/BN/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=34|Library{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) "Brothers Nastasijević", October, 2014 Headquarters is in the building of Old District Administration. It has separate classes in Rudnik (the oldest), Pranjani, Brdjani, and Vraćešnica. Librarian fond has over 100,000 books. Also "Braća Nastasijević" library is engaged in the publishing business.
The main theater in this municipality is "Milanovačko amatersko pozorište (Milanovac amateur theater)". Milanovac amateur theater, GM cinema, art gallery and administrative center of all settlements cultural clubs has headquarters in the center of municipality witch satisfy modern standards for one cultural institution. In the area of photography and cinema, Gornji Milanovac is represented with a big number of art members of the Photo\-cinema club Gornji Milanovac.
The Museum of Rudnik and Takovo area is a subsidiary of the culture center of Gornji Milanovac. It has established the Gallerie of Arts in 2008, and a modern gallery in the building of old district administration.
### Music and folklore
In this municipality there are two folklore groups: "Tipoplastika"\-Folklore ensemble and Culture\-Arts Community "Šumadija". There are also rock bends that were established in this town, like: "[Bjesovi](/wiki/Bjesovi "Bjesovi")", "An Fas", ″Pastir Pan″, "GM Undergrounders",<https://www.youtube.com/user/GMUndergrounders> GM Undergrounders official Youtube page "Skarlet" and "Čudna Šuma". As for punk\-rock bands in '90s and 80's there are: "Trula koalicija", In '00s there were established new rock and reggae music bands and groups: "Plišani mališan",{{Cite web \|url\=http://demofest.org/mtv\-premijera\-plisani\-malisan\-mc3/ \|title\=Плишани малишан, победник Јелен Демофеста \|access\-date\=2014\-09\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607001913/http://demofest.org/mtv\-premijera\-plisani\-malisan\-mc3/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-06\-07 \|url\-status\=dead }} "Morbid Cow", "Parnasus", "Strah od Džeki ČenaWinner of Demo Fest 2014 \|[Demo Fest Live 2014: Pobednici – Strah od Džeki Čena](http://www.danubeogradu.rs/2014/06/demo-fest-live-2014-pobednici-strah-od-dzeki-cena/)", IMT 666 (Featuring Bjesovi band's singers child, Stevan Marinkovic), etc.
### Tourism, ecology and events
[thumb\|right\|Norwegian House in Gornji Milanovac](/wiki/File:Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_VII_Ku%C4%87a_srpsko-norve%C5%A1kog_prijateljstva_806.jpg "Wiki Šumadija VII Kuća srpsko-norveškog prijateljstva 806.jpg")
Whilst part of [Yugoslavia](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia "SFR Yugoslavia"), Gornji Milanovac was known as the "economic miracle" and "Beli Labud" (English: "White Swan") as the ecologically cleanest city. There is great potential for further rural and spa (Svračkovci, Brđani, Mlakovac and Savinac) tourism progress in future times. Today's Gornji Milanovac on its territory has a lot of small, categorized rural hotels, one hostel and motels. Close to Gornji Milanovac is a spa and resort "Atomska Banja" [Donja Trepča](/wiki/Donja_Trep%C4%8Da%2C_Serbia "Donja Trepča, Serbia"). Major Hotels in this town are newly opened hotel "IG Hotel" (4 stars) and "MD Neda" (3 stars) in the settlement Rudnik. In the past, there was one of the biggest hotels "Šumadija" (3 stars) bankrupted in 2004\.
[thumb\|left\|Ostrvica peak on the Rudnik mountain](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%95%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg "Силаѕак са Островице, Рудник крај Горњег Милановца, Србија.jpg")
Gornji Milanovac was a pioneer in the application of sorting waste, recycling and [water purification](/wiki/Water_purification "Water purification") in Serbia and previously in Yugoslavia. Also, Gornji Milanovac is a great antagonist of [GM food](/wiki/Genetically_modified_food "Genetically modified food") why it has adopted declaration and municipality statute about prohibition of this type of food.Gornji Milanovac and 72 municipalities in Serbia are great antagonist of GM food and they adopted prohibition \|[http://www.studiob.rs/info/tema.php?id\=459\|Retrieved{{Dead link\|date\=December 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.studiob.rs/info/tema.php?id=459|Retrieved{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}): February, 2015
Tourists from around the world visit this municipality for its clean air, small and quiet places, inner and family vacations. Gornji Milanovac every other year is the host of International Biennial of [miniature](/wiki/Portrait_miniature "Portrait miniature") Art, founded in 1989\. In village [Takovo](/wiki/Takovo "Takovo") is the host of the World Music Festival, every May, June or July. Known trip places are: Takovo, Grabovica (peak of Ždreban), Savinac and Rudnik. These places are popular during the celebration of the May 1st or world\-known [International Workers' Day](/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day "International Workers' Day") as a collegial picnic in union organization. Other significant cultural and tourism events on its territory are World Testicle Cooking Championship, the "Milanovac bowl tournament" (Fish soup cooking) and the Goulash tournament ("Gulašijada"). In some settlements are held various art colonies. Also, there are held and village gymnastic competition in some disciplines during the celebration of some patron day of that village.
Gornji Milanovac is a touristic sense has to offer to the lovers of bright starry nights (in December–January and May–June) and beautiful sunrises, various monuments, clean air, healing water resources and much more. It has a reputation for offering a vibrant nightlife which is also developed and safer than in the rest of Serbia. On the January, 7th ( [Orthodox Christmas](/wiki/Serbian_Christmas_traditions "Serbian Christmas traditions")) Gornji Milanovas Tourist organization and its citizens (transport operators companies, local company owners, farmworkers, musician and orchestra artist, motorcycle and ATV clubs, taxi drivers, firefighters, police and military) every year organize the one\-day festival, because it's believed that if they start something on that holiday they will succeed in all days in that year.[https://gminfo.rs/bozicna\-voznja\-ulicama\-milanovca/](https://gminfo.rs/bozicna-voznja-ulicama-milanovca/) \| News about the organization of the Traditional Orthodox Christmas Festival; Retrieved: January 2020
Also in Gornji Milanovac are 3 [fairs](/wiki/Fair "Fair") per year, on May 22, August 2 and October 15\. After 70 years Gornji Milanovac as municipality celebrates its Patron day. It is [Trinity](/wiki/Trinity "Trinity"), where on that day is being held pageant. Locals are advocating to build a mini [cable car](/wiki/Aerial_lift "Aerial lift") system for Rudnik and [biathlon stadium](/wiki/Biathlon "Biathlon") on the Ravna Gora, given that project had failed during the 90's economical and international political problems of Yugoslavia and Serbia as a federal republic.
|
[
"Culture and tourism\n-------------------",
"### Cultural monuments",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Serbian Orthodox monastery in [Vraćevšnica](/wiki/Vra%C4%87ev%C5%A1nica_monastery \"Vraćevšnica monastery\"), built in 1428–29](/wiki/File:Manastir_Vracevsnica%2C_Srbija.jpg \"Manastir Vracevsnica, Srbija.jpg\")\n[Cultural Monuments of Great Importance](/wiki/Cultural_Monuments_of_Great_Importance \"Cultural Monuments of Great Importance\") in Gornji Milanovac are:\n* Church of the Holy Trinity.\n* Church of St. Nicholas in the village of [Brusnica](/wiki/Brusnica_%28Gornji_Milanovac%29 \"Brusnica (Gornji Milanovac)\") and the family tomb of [Obrenović dynasty](/wiki/Obrenovi%C4%87_dynasty \"Obrenović dynasty\").\n* District Building (\"The Old Court building\").\n* Monuments in the center of the municipality.\n* \"Hill of Peace\" (*Brdo mira*) Memorial Park.\n* Tank as a monument of liberation in Nevade from the Second World War ([Sherman Firefly](/wiki/Sherman_Firefly \"Sherman Firefly\")).\n* Orthodox Christian monasteries of [Vraćevšnica](/wiki/Vra%C4%87ev%C5%A1nica_monastery \"Vraćevšnica monastery\"), [Šilopaj](/wiki/%C5%A0ilopaj_monastery \"Šilopaj monastery\") and [Vujan](/wiki/Vujan_monastery \"Vujan monastery\").\n* Takovo complex devoted to the heroes from [Second Serbian Uprising](/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising \"Second Serbian Uprising\").\n* Ruins of Orthodox monasteries \"Ješevac\", Catholic church \"Misa\" (later mosque) on Rudnik.\n* Ruins of [Irene Kantakouzene](/wiki/Irene_Kantakouzene \"Irene Kantakouzene\") on Treska Hill.\n* Family house of [Miloš Obrenović](/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87 \"Miloš Obrenović\") in Gornja Crnuća.\n* Family house of national hero Dragan Jeftić\\-Škepo.\n* Family house of the Lunjevica family (Revolutionary [Nikola](/wiki/Nikola_Lunjevica \"Nikola Lunjevica\"), politician [Panta](/wiki/Panta_Lunjevica \"Panta Lunjevica\") and Queen consort [Draga Obrenović](/wiki/Draga_Ma%C5%A1in \"Draga Mašin\")).\n* Family house of Djordjevic built in old Serbian architectural style.\n* Family house and inheritance of [Archibald Reiss](/wiki/Archibald_Reiss \"Archibald Reiss\")'s son\\- \"Dobro polje II\".\n* Monument on city cemetery of fallen soldiers of Austro\\-Hungary and Serbian Army in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").\n* Monument for the participants in [Operation Halyard](/wiki/Operation_Halyard \"Operation Halyard\") and the other monuments in the rest of municipality.",
"### Culture institutions",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Culture center \"Mija Aleksić\"](/wiki/File:Grad_Gornji_Milanovac_%2812%29.jpg \"Grad Gornji Milanovac (12).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Museum of Rudnik and Takovo area in Gornji Milanovac](/wiki/File:Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_VII_Muzej_rudni%C4%8Dko-takovskog_kraja_813.jpg \"Wiki Šumadija VII Muzej rudničko-takovskog kraja 813.jpg\")\nThe first library in Gornji Milanovac was established in 1857 and is called \"Braća Nastasijević\" (English: \"Brothers Nastasijević\").[http://www.bibliotekagm.com/BN/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=52\\&Itemid\\=34\\|Library{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2022 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.bibliotekagm.com/BN/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=34|Library{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) \"Brothers Nastasijević\", October, 2014 Headquarters is in the building of Old District Administration. It has separate classes in Rudnik (the oldest), Pranjani, Brdjani, and Vraćešnica. Librarian fond has over 100,000 books. Also \"Braća Nastasijević\" library is engaged in the publishing business.",
"The main theater in this municipality is \"Milanovačko amatersko pozorište (Milanovac amateur theater)\". Milanovac amateur theater, GM cinema, art gallery and administrative center of all settlements cultural clubs has headquarters in the center of municipality witch satisfy modern standards for one cultural institution. In the area of photography and cinema, Gornji Milanovac is represented with a big number of art members of the Photo\\-cinema club Gornji Milanovac.",
"The Museum of Rudnik and Takovo area is a subsidiary of the culture center of Gornji Milanovac. It has established the Gallerie of Arts in 2008, and a modern gallery in the building of old district administration.",
"### Music and folklore",
"In this municipality there are two folklore groups: \"Tipoplastika\"\\-Folklore ensemble and Culture\\-Arts Community \"Šumadija\". There are also rock bends that were established in this town, like: \"[Bjesovi](/wiki/Bjesovi \"Bjesovi\")\", \"An Fas\", ″Pastir Pan″, \"GM Undergrounders\",<https://www.youtube.com/user/GMUndergrounders> GM Undergrounders official Youtube page \"Skarlet\" and \"Čudna Šuma\". As for punk\\-rock bands in '90s and 80's there are: \"Trula koalicija\", In '00s there were established new rock and reggae music bands and groups: \"Plišani mališan\",{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://demofest.org/mtv\\-premijera\\-plisani\\-malisan\\-mc3/ \\|title\\=Плишани малишан, победник Јелен Демофеста \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607001913/http://demofest.org/mtv\\-premijera\\-plisani\\-malisan\\-mc3/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} \"Morbid Cow\", \"Parnasus\", \"Strah od Džeki ČenaWinner of Demo Fest 2014 \\|[Demo Fest Live 2014: Pobednici – Strah od Džeki Čena](http://www.danubeogradu.rs/2014/06/demo-fest-live-2014-pobednici-strah-od-dzeki-cena/)\", IMT 666 (Featuring Bjesovi band's singers child, Stevan Marinkovic), etc.",
"### Tourism, ecology and events",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Norwegian House in Gornji Milanovac](/wiki/File:Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_VII_Ku%C4%87a_srpsko-norve%C5%A1kog_prijateljstva_806.jpg \"Wiki Šumadija VII Kuća srpsko-norveškog prijateljstva 806.jpg\")\nWhilst part of [Yugoslavia](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia \"SFR Yugoslavia\"), Gornji Milanovac was known as the \"economic miracle\" and \"Beli Labud\" (English: \"White Swan\") as the ecologically cleanest city. There is great potential for further rural and spa (Svračkovci, Brđani, Mlakovac and Savinac) tourism progress in future times. Today's Gornji Milanovac on its territory has a lot of small, categorized rural hotels, one hostel and motels. Close to Gornji Milanovac is a spa and resort \"Atomska Banja\" [Donja Trepča](/wiki/Donja_Trep%C4%8Da%2C_Serbia \"Donja Trepča, Serbia\"). Major Hotels in this town are newly opened hotel \"IG Hotel\" (4 stars) and \"MD Neda\" (3 stars) in the settlement Rudnik. In the past, there was one of the biggest hotels \"Šumadija\" (3 stars) bankrupted in 2004\\.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Ostrvica peak on the Rudnik mountain](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%95%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg \"Силаѕак са Островице, Рудник крај Горњег Милановца, Србија.jpg\")\nGornji Milanovac was a pioneer in the application of sorting waste, recycling and [water purification](/wiki/Water_purification \"Water purification\") in Serbia and previously in Yugoslavia. Also, Gornji Milanovac is a great antagonist of [GM food](/wiki/Genetically_modified_food \"Genetically modified food\") why it has adopted declaration and municipality statute about prohibition of this type of food.Gornji Milanovac and 72 municipalities in Serbia are great antagonist of GM food and they adopted prohibition \\|[http://www.studiob.rs/info/tema.php?id\\=459\\|Retrieved{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.studiob.rs/info/tema.php?id=459|Retrieved{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}): February, 2015",
"Tourists from around the world visit this municipality for its clean air, small and quiet places, inner and family vacations. Gornji Milanovac every other year is the host of International Biennial of [miniature](/wiki/Portrait_miniature \"Portrait miniature\") Art, founded in 1989\\. In village [Takovo](/wiki/Takovo \"Takovo\") is the host of the World Music Festival, every May, June or July. Known trip places are: Takovo, Grabovica (peak of Ždreban), Savinac and Rudnik. These places are popular during the celebration of the May 1st or world\\-known [International Workers' Day](/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day \"International Workers' Day\") as a collegial picnic in union organization. Other significant cultural and tourism events on its territory are World Testicle Cooking Championship, the \"Milanovac bowl tournament\" (Fish soup cooking) and the Goulash tournament (\"Gulašijada\"). In some settlements are held various art colonies. Also, there are held and village gymnastic competition in some disciplines during the celebration of some patron day of that village.",
"Gornji Milanovac is a touristic sense has to offer to the lovers of bright starry nights (in December–January and May–June) and beautiful sunrises, various monuments, clean air, healing water resources and much more. It has a reputation for offering a vibrant nightlife which is also developed and safer than in the rest of Serbia. On the January, 7th ( [Orthodox Christmas](/wiki/Serbian_Christmas_traditions \"Serbian Christmas traditions\")) Gornji Milanovas Tourist organization and its citizens (transport operators companies, local company owners, farmworkers, musician and orchestra artist, motorcycle and ATV clubs, taxi drivers, firefighters, police and military) every year organize the one\\-day festival, because it's believed that if they start something on that holiday they will succeed in all days in that year.[https://gminfo.rs/bozicna\\-voznja\\-ulicama\\-milanovca/](https://gminfo.rs/bozicna-voznja-ulicama-milanovca/) \\| News about the organization of the Traditional Orthodox Christmas Festival; Retrieved: January 2020",
"Also in Gornji Milanovac are 3 [fairs](/wiki/Fair \"Fair\") per year, on May 22, August 2 and October 15\\. After 70 years Gornji Milanovac as municipality celebrates its Patron day. It is [Trinity](/wiki/Trinity \"Trinity\"), where on that day is being held pageant. Locals are advocating to build a mini [cable car](/wiki/Aerial_lift \"Aerial lift\") system for Rudnik and [biathlon stadium](/wiki/Biathlon \"Biathlon\") on the Ravna Gora, given that project had failed during the 90's economical and international political problems of Yugoslavia and Serbia as a federal republic.",
""
] |
Economy and industry
--------------------
[thumb\|right\|The South industrial zone](/wiki/File:GM_juzna_industrijska_zona.jpg "GM juzna industrijska zona.jpg")
1890 was significant as journalism began in this area. After World War I, Gornji Milanovac was connected with the other and important areas and cities in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes thanks to the narrow gauge railway. Before World War II the population was involved in mining, agronomy and with a few industrial workers (conditory and graphic\-printing industry). During the World War II Gornji Milanovac was destroyed, but in the 1950s Gornji Milanovac begin with rapid progress, the rest of [SFR Yugoslavia](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia "SFR Yugoslavia") called this area an economic miracle.
In that time there were established two industrial zones (in the South and South\-West parts). Companies and corporations that were established in these zones were: Zvezda (now known as Zvezda\-Helios), [Metalac](/wiki/Metalac_a.d. "Metalac a.d."), PIK Takovo (now known as [Swisslion\-Takovo](/wiki/Swisslion_Group "Swisslion Group")), MK Rudnik (Fashion Stationery), FAD (automotive parts for all European cars), Tipoplastika (plastics, paper production), Metal Seko (now known as Mersteel), GRO Graditelj (construction company), Minos (railway equipment), Rudnik Flotation (mining production), [Dečje novine](/wiki/De%C4%8Dje_novine "Dečje novine") (popular youth newspaper and publisher in SFR Yugoslavia), Proleter (department store), Kablar (cooperative agronomy company), Sigma (cardboard producer), Šipad Sarajevo\-Gornji Milanovac (construction carpentry), [Imlek](/wiki/Imlek_a.d. "Imlek a.d.") (dairy products; subsidiary), Mlinsko\-Pekarska Industrija Beograd (food industry; subsidiary), JTv Gornji Milanovac (local broadcasting company), KDS "Despotovica" (cable TV distribution systems).
Gornji Milanovac in the '80s and '90s was a real "nursery" of a mixed economy. Despite the 90's break up of SFR Yugoslavia and UN sanctions, Gornji Milanovac was the only city in that time in newly formed [FR Yugoslavia](/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia "FR Yugoslavia") whose companies were operated with a profit. New date companies are: "9\. Septembar", "[Tetra Pak](/wiki/Tetra_Pak "Tetra Pak")", "Papir Print", "Spektar", "Flint Group Balkan", "Planeta računari", "FOKA", "S\-group", "Semix Techno", "Interplet Gradnja", "Rapid", "AzVirt", "Rolopast", "RM Pak", "RGM Pak", "Apex", "MetalMont","Kej komerc", "Neven","Agrouniverzal", DAM 93", "RP Štamparija", "PCM Graf", "CIS Ecopoint", "Maksimil", "Jomla Group","Digitel", "Alfa Support", etc.
After 2001 and 2002, most workers organizations (that was the name for companies who were state and/or workers owned) from a period of 1950–1990 (mentioned above) were privatized. Only a few bankrupted: GRO Graditelj, Mlinsko\-Pekarska Industrija Beograd (subsidiary), Imlek (subsidiary), [Dečje novine](/wiki/De%C4%8Dje_novine "Dečje novine"), Minos and JTv Gornji Milanovac.
Here department stores, two mini\-supermarkets, elegant boutiques, and restaurants can be found. Also, there is 1 [flea markets](/wiki/Flea_market "Flea market"), where local farmers are selling vegetables, products and 1 market of farm animals.
Today Gornji Milanovac valid for the biggest exporter of goods, services and products in the Republic of Serbia and one of the few cities and municipalities with the budget surplus. During the period of June 2014 unemployment rate in Gornji Milanovac was 25\.28%.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.gornjimilanovac.rs/lat/za\-investitore.html \| title\=Opština Gornji Milanovac \- Zvanična internet prezentacija }} Most of municipality economy relies on:Industry of Gornji Milanovac\|[http://www.gornjimilanovac.rs/privreda.html\|Retrieved{{Dead link\|date\=December 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.gornjimilanovac.rs/privreda.html|Retrieved{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) in January 2014
* 329 [Small business](/wiki/Small_business "Small business"),
* 22 Medium size business,
* 9 [Big business](/wiki/Big_business "Big business").
Human Poverty Index ([HPI](/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index "Human Poverty Index")) in Gornji Milanovac, according to the 2011 Census of the Republic of Serbia and World Bank is 24\.00%, while [GINI ratio](/wiki/Gini_coefficient "Gini coefficient") is 0\.336 and [Poverty gap index](/wiki/Poverty_gap_index "Poverty gap index") is 0\.039\.Map of Poverty in Serbia \|[http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/418641477472334751/Mapa\-siromastva\-u\-Srbiji.pdf?%3Fcid%3DECA\_FB\_Serbia\_\_EXT\=](http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/418641477472334751/Mapa-siromastva-u-Srbiji.pdf?%3Fcid%3DECA_FB_Serbia__EXT=) \|Retrieved: November 2016
Economic preview
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022\):{{cite web\|title\=MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2023\.\|url\=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G202313050\.pdf\|website\=stat.gov.rs\|publisher\=\[\[Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia]]\|access\-date\=20 September 2024}}
| Activity | Total |
| --- | --- |
| Agriculture, forestry and fishing |101
| Mining and quarrying |543
| Manufacturing |5,043
| Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |56
| Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities |165
| Construction |450
| Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles |1,606
| Transportation and storage |435
| Accommodation and food services |403
| Information and communication |108
| Financial and insurance activities |220
| Real estate activities |10
| Professional, scientific and technical activities |441
| Administrative and support service activities |256
| Public administration and defense; compulsory social security |372
| Education |782
| Human health and social work activities |881
| Arts, entertainment and recreation |161
| Other service activities |188
| Individual agricultural workers |389
| **Total** |**12,612**
|
[
"Economy and industry\n--------------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The South industrial zone](/wiki/File:GM_juzna_industrijska_zona.jpg \"GM juzna industrijska zona.jpg\")\n1890 was significant as journalism began in this area. After World War I, Gornji Milanovac was connected with the other and important areas and cities in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes thanks to the narrow gauge railway. Before World War II the population was involved in mining, agronomy and with a few industrial workers (conditory and graphic\\-printing industry). During the World War II Gornji Milanovac was destroyed, but in the 1950s Gornji Milanovac begin with rapid progress, the rest of [SFR Yugoslavia](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia \"SFR Yugoslavia\") called this area an economic miracle.",
"In that time there were established two industrial zones (in the South and South\\-West parts). Companies and corporations that were established in these zones were: Zvezda (now known as Zvezda\\-Helios), [Metalac](/wiki/Metalac_a.d. \"Metalac a.d.\"), PIK Takovo (now known as [Swisslion\\-Takovo](/wiki/Swisslion_Group \"Swisslion Group\")), MK Rudnik (Fashion Stationery), FAD (automotive parts for all European cars), Tipoplastika (plastics, paper production), Metal Seko (now known as Mersteel), GRO Graditelj (construction company), Minos (railway equipment), Rudnik Flotation (mining production), [Dečje novine](/wiki/De%C4%8Dje_novine \"Dečje novine\") (popular youth newspaper and publisher in SFR Yugoslavia), Proleter (department store), Kablar (cooperative agronomy company), Sigma (cardboard producer), Šipad Sarajevo\\-Gornji Milanovac (construction carpentry), [Imlek](/wiki/Imlek_a.d. \"Imlek a.d.\") (dairy products; subsidiary), Mlinsko\\-Pekarska Industrija Beograd (food industry; subsidiary), JTv Gornji Milanovac (local broadcasting company), KDS \"Despotovica\" (cable TV distribution systems).",
"Gornji Milanovac in the '80s and '90s was a real \"nursery\" of a mixed economy. Despite the 90's break up of SFR Yugoslavia and UN sanctions, Gornji Milanovac was the only city in that time in newly formed [FR Yugoslavia](/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia \"FR Yugoslavia\") whose companies were operated with a profit. New date companies are: \"9\\. Septembar\", \"[Tetra Pak](/wiki/Tetra_Pak \"Tetra Pak\")\", \"Papir Print\", \"Spektar\", \"Flint Group Balkan\", \"Planeta računari\", \"FOKA\", \"S\\-group\", \"Semix Techno\", \"Interplet Gradnja\", \"Rapid\", \"AzVirt\", \"Rolopast\", \"RM Pak\", \"RGM Pak\", \"Apex\", \"MetalMont\",\"Kej komerc\", \"Neven\",\"Agrouniverzal\", DAM 93\", \"RP Štamparija\", \"PCM Graf\", \"CIS Ecopoint\", \"Maksimil\", \"Jomla Group\",\"Digitel\", \"Alfa Support\", etc.",
"After 2001 and 2002, most workers organizations (that was the name for companies who were state and/or workers owned) from a period of 1950–1990 (mentioned above) were privatized. Only a few bankrupted: GRO Graditelj, Mlinsko\\-Pekarska Industrija Beograd (subsidiary), Imlek (subsidiary), [Dečje novine](/wiki/De%C4%8Dje_novine \"Dečje novine\"), Minos and JTv Gornji Milanovac.",
"Here department stores, two mini\\-supermarkets, elegant boutiques, and restaurants can be found. Also, there is 1 [flea markets](/wiki/Flea_market \"Flea market\"), where local farmers are selling vegetables, products and 1 market of farm animals.",
"Today Gornji Milanovac valid for the biggest exporter of goods, services and products in the Republic of Serbia and one of the few cities and municipalities with the budget surplus. During the period of June 2014 unemployment rate in Gornji Milanovac was 25\\.28%.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.gornjimilanovac.rs/lat/za\\-investitore.html \\| title\\=Opština Gornji Milanovac \\- Zvanična internet prezentacija }} Most of municipality economy relies on:Industry of Gornji Milanovac\\|[http://www.gornjimilanovac.rs/privreda.html\\|Retrieved{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.gornjimilanovac.rs/privreda.html|Retrieved{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) in January 2014\n* 329 [Small business](/wiki/Small_business \"Small business\"),\n* 22 Medium size business,\n* 9 [Big business](/wiki/Big_business \"Big business\").",
"Human Poverty Index ([HPI](/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index \"Human Poverty Index\")) in Gornji Milanovac, according to the 2011 Census of the Republic of Serbia and World Bank is 24\\.00%, while [GINI ratio](/wiki/Gini_coefficient \"Gini coefficient\") is 0\\.336 and [Poverty gap index](/wiki/Poverty_gap_index \"Poverty gap index\") is 0\\.039\\.Map of Poverty in Serbia \\|[http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/418641477472334751/Mapa\\-siromastva\\-u\\-Srbiji.pdf?%3Fcid%3DECA\\_FB\\_Serbia\\_\\_EXT\\=](http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/418641477472334751/Mapa-siromastva-u-Srbiji.pdf?%3Fcid%3DECA_FB_Serbia__EXT=) \\|Retrieved: November 2016",
"Economic preview\nThe following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022\\):{{cite web\\|title\\=MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2023\\.\\|url\\=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G202313050\\.pdf\\|website\\=stat.gov.rs\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia]]\\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2024}}",
"| Activity | Total |\n| --- | --- |\n| Agriculture, forestry and fishing |101",
"| Mining and quarrying |543",
"| Manufacturing |5,043",
"| Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |56",
"| Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities |165",
"| Construction |450",
"| Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles |1,606",
"| Transportation and storage |435",
"| Accommodation and food services |403",
"| Information and communication |108",
"| Financial and insurance activities |220",
"| Real estate activities |10",
"| Professional, scientific and technical activities |441",
"| Administrative and support service activities |256",
"| Public administration and defense; compulsory social security |372",
"| Education |782",
"| Human health and social work activities |881",
"| Arts, entertainment and recreation |161",
"| Other service activities |188",
"| Individual agricultural workers |389",
"| **Total** |**12,612**",
"",
""
] |
Characters
----------
### INET
{{Overly detailed\|section\|date\=November 2015}}
The {{nihongo\|International Network of Excel\-Science and Technology\|世界科学者連邦\|Sekai Kagakusha Renpō\|INET}} is the company responsible for the *Megaranger* video game used to identify five people to become the Megarangers.
#### Megarangers
[thumb\|250px\|The Megarangers transformed. From left to right: Kouichirou Endo, Chisato Jougasaki, Kenta Date, Miku Imamura, and Shun Namiki.](/wiki/File:Megaranger.jpg "Megaranger.jpg")
Five high school students chosen by INET become the titular Denji Sentai Megaranger, with one additional member who is an INET agent. Their base of operations is the Digital Research Club at Moroboshi High School.
##### Kenta Date
{{nihongo\|Kenta Date/Mega Red\|伊達 健太/メガレッド\|Date Kenta/Mega Reddo}}: 18 years old, Kenta is a slacker and knucklehead who likes [yakiniku](/wiki/Yakiniku "Yakiniku") (to a point where he will ask Dr. Kubota to treat him to a yakiniku lunch for every mission accomplished), but is also friendly, playful, and has a good heart. He becomes an ideal candidate to become a Megaranger after beating a skilled opponent on INET's *Megaranger* [arcade game](/wiki/Arcade_game "Arcade game"), which was actually a tool used to recruit Megarangers.
Mega Red's forehead symbol is a Personal computer; ironically, Kenta is the only member who does not like computers. This symbol allows him to upload data and program skills into his mind, making him an adaptable warrior.
##### Kouichirou Endo
{{nihongo\|Kouichirou Endo/Mega Black\|遠藤 耕一郎/メガブラック\|Endō Kōichirō/Mega Burakku}}: 18 years old, Kouichirou is the functioning leader and overachiever of the team. Aside from being a keen [soccer player](/wiki/Soccer_player "Soccer player"), he is a member of the class committee and is concerned about his schoolwork. He balances his duties as a Megaranger and a student. He has a younger brother, Koujiro, who also plays soccer. A natural leader but extremely bossy, he once created an hour by hour schedule for all the Megarangers to follow but they ignored it. During his stay at the Epinard Nasu hotel in Tochigi, Kouichirou encounters a mysterious boy who is a spiritual representation of the forest that is not only in danger of Kinoko Nejire's attack on it but INET's Relay Base. He eventually gains the forest spirit's trust as he uses up all his power to help the Megarangers as Kouichirou promises to have INET relocate the relay base.
Mega Black's forehead symbol is a digital [satellite](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite"), which enables him to trace communication sources and transmissions.
* Special attacks: *Satellite Search*, *Satellite Scan*, {{nihongo\|''Miracle Shoot''\|ミラクルシュート\|Mirakuru Shūto}} (soccer ball kicking attack).
##### Shun Namiki
{{nihongo\|Shun Namiki/Mega Blue\|並樹 瞬/メガブルー\|Namiki Shun/Mega Burū}}: 18 years old, Shun is a loner who aspires to become a computer\-graphics artist and initially refuses to become a Megaranger. After seeing Kenta attempt to keep the Kune Kune from interfering in his lifelong dreams, Shun reconsiders and becomes good friends with Kenta. He plays the flute, as his late mother was a world\-renowned flautist. Shun is adept at creating battle strategies, such as confusing the Nejirangers by making the other Megaranger suits look like his. Shun is a [Virgo](/wiki/Virgo_%28astrology%29 "Virgo (astrology)"), according to Miku.
Mega Blue's forehead symbol is a [Digital TV](/wiki/Digital_television "Digital television"), which allows him to create [CG](/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics") images and trap enemies in a movie dimension where characters from that dimension attack the enemy.
* Special attacks: *Virtual Vision*, *Virtual Holograph*.
##### Chisato Jougasaki
{{nihongo\|Chisato Jougasaki/Mega Yellow \|城ヶ崎 千里/メガイエロー\|}}: 18 years old, Chisato dreams of becoming a professional photographer. Aside from photography, she is also into singing. She is attracted to Kouichirou. Compared to the rest of her teammates, she gets the least amount of focus (sans from the episode previews).
Mega Yellow's forehead symbol is a [Digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera "Digital camera"), which can telescopically search for people and things – even allowing her to see through walls. This symbol also allows her to record and playback anything she sees.
* Special attacks: *Digicam Search*, *Galaxy Search*, {{nihongo\|''Blade Arm''\|ブレードアーム\|Burēdo Āmu}}.
##### Miku Imamura
{{nihongo\|Miku Imamura/Mega Pink\|今村 みく/メガピンク\|Imamura Miku/Mega Pinku}}: 18 years old, Miku eats a lot, but is very self\-conscious about her weight. She dislikes schoolwork just as much as Kenta, and because of this, the two of them are very good friends. She is attracted to Shun. During the Megarangers' encounter with Bibidevi on episode 17, Miku is accidentally hit by an evolution beam and becomes {{nihongo\|"Super Mega Pink"\|超メガピンク\|Chō Mega Pinku\|17}}, which makes the colored squares on her costume turn gold. As Super Mega Pink, Miku gains [super strength](/wiki/Superhuman_strength "Superhuman strength") and can wield the other Megarangers' weapons. Additionally, her intelligence increases to an [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient "Intelligence quotient") of 800, along with a change in her personality. However, after suffering painful side effects, Miku manages to return to her normal self. In *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*, she lectures [Sae Taiga (Gao White)](/wiki/The_Gaorangers%23White "The Gaorangers#White") on the Super Sentai franchise's many female warriors and their shared skill at changing their clothes in the blink of an eye, something that Sae had never done before.
Mega Pink's forehead symbol is a [Cell phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone"), which can track and analyze sound waves.
* Special attacks: *Telephone Search*.
##### Yuusaku Hayakawa
{{nihongo\|Yuusaku Hayakawa/Mega Silver\|早川 裕作/メガシルバー\|Hayakawa Yūsaku/Mega Shirubā\|24–29, 32, 33, 35–38, 40–43, 46, 48–51 \& ''Megaranger vs. Carranger''}}: The 25\-year\-old chief of INET's Special Development Division, Yuusaku is one of the scientists under Kubota who created the Mega Suits, including Mega Silver which was the [prototype](/wiki/Prototype "Prototype") Mega Suit. Though he is placed in charge of the Super Mega Project, Yuusaku secretly took the Mega Silver powers for his own use in helping the Megarangers despite Kubota's insistence that he gets back to work. Initially, Yuusaku's transformation into Mega Silver lasts for 2\.5 minutes due to how powerful it was, but he was able to repair it by the time Nejirejia discovers this. When the primary Megarangers alter their costumes to look like Shun's to trick the Nejirangers, Yuusaku confuses them even further by disguising himself as {{nihongo\|Neji Silver\|ネジシルバー\|Neji Shirubā\|41}}, armed with a twisted version of his Silver Blazer (weapon). Yuusaku also pilots his own mecha, Mega Winger. He has also demonstrated his culinary skills by preparing a lavish meal to distract a Nezire Beast before Mega Pink defeats it. In the final battle, he is able to assist the Megarangers by using his damaged Mega Winger to free the Voyager Machines from the rubble of the INET Moonbase to give the Megarangers a chance of defeating Death Nejiro and attend their high school graduation ceremony.
Mega Silver's forehead symbol is a [microchip](/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit").
### Arsenal
* {{nihongo\|Degitaizer\|デジタイザー\|Dejitaizā}}: The primary Megarangers' special tool. By dialing certain number codes into the Degitaizer (worn on the wrist), they can activate their {{nihongo\|Digital Suits\|デジタルスーツ\|Degitaru Sutsu}}, call their Cyber Sliders, and launch their mecha.
+ 335: Ranger transformation. (Transformation call is {{nihongo\|"Install! Megaranger!"\|「 インストール！メガレンジャー ！」\|"Insutōru! Megarenjā!"}})
+ 259: Calls the Cyber Sliders.
+ 761: Calls the Digitank.
+ 108: Launches the Mega Shuttle.
+ 541: Starts the Galaxy Mega formation.
* {{nihongo\|Mega Sniper\|メガスナイパー\|Mega Sunaipā}}: The primary Megarangers' handgun which can be split into the {{nihongo\|Mega Magnum\|メガマグナム\|Mega Magunamu}} and the {{nihongo\|Mega Shot\|メガショット\|Mega Shotto}} for the {{nihongo\|Twin Shoot\|ツインシュート\|Tsuin Shūto}} attack. It can also be attached to the {{nihongo\|\[\[Signature weapon\|Mega Weapons]]\|メガウエポン\|Mega Uepon}} to increase the Mega Sniper's power and the enhanced Mega Snipers can be fired together for the {{nihongo\|Final Shoot\|ファイナルシュート\|Fainaru Shūto}} finisher.
* {{nihongo\|Drill Saber\|ドリルセイバー\|Doriru Seibā}}: Mega Red's Mega Weapon with which he can perform the {{nihongo\|Saber Slash\|セイバースラッシュ\|Seibā Surasshu}} and {{nihongo\|Screw Drill Saber\|スクリュードリルセイバー\|Sukuryū Doriru Seibā}} attacks. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\|Drill Sniper\|ドリルスナイパー\|Doriru Sunaipā}}. The Drill Saber is broken by Yugande but soon repaired with a new capability, becoming the {{nihongo\|Drill Sniper Custom\|ドリルスナイパーカスタム\|Doriru Sunaipā Kasutamu}} – formed when the Drill Sniper is combined with a small screw. Most of the time, this weapon is used alongside the Multi Attack Rifle. It can also be powered into the Super Drill Sniper Custom by pressing "03" on the Battle Riser to transfer its energy into the Drill Saber.
* {{nihongo\|Mega Rod\|メガロッド\|Mega Roddo}}: Mega Black's Mega Weapon with which he can perform the {{nihongo\|Rod Break\|ロッドブレいき\|Roddo Bureiki}} attack. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\|Rod Sniper\|ロッドスナイパー\|Roddo Sunaipā}}.
* {{nihongo\|Mega Tomahawk\|メガトマホーク\|Mega Tomahōku}}: Mega Blue's Mega Weapon with which he can perform the {{nihongo\|Tomahawk Hurricane\|トマホークハリケーン\|Tomahōku Harikēn}} attack. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\|Tomahawk Sniper\|トマホークスナイパー\|Tomahōku Sunaipā}}.
* {{nihongo\|Mega Sling\|メガスリング\|Mega Suringu}}: Mega Yellow's Mega Weapon. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\|Sling Sniper\|スリングスナイパー\|Suringu Sunaipā}}.
* {{nihongo\|Mega Capture\|メガキャプチャー\|Mega Kyapuchā}}: Mega Pink's Mega Weapon. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\|Capture Sniper\| キャプチャースナイパー\|Kyapuchā Sunaipā}}.
* {{nihongo\|Cyber Sliders\|サイバースライダー\|Saibā Suraidā}}: [Surfboard](/wiki/Surfboard "Surfboard")\-like vehicles the Megarangers use to move through space.
+ {{nihongo\|Cyber Slider 1\|サイバースライダー１\|Saibā Suraidā Wan}}: Mega Red's Cyber Slider.
+ {{nihongo\|Cyber Slider 2\|サイバースライダー２\|Saibā Suraidā Tsū}}: Mega Black's Cyber Slider.
+ {{nihongo\|Cyber Slider 3\|サイバースライダー３\|Saibā Suraidā Surī}}: Mega Blue's Cyber Slider.
+ {{nihongo\|Cyber Slider 4\|サイバースライダー４\|Saibā Suraidā Fō}}: Mega Yellow's Cyber Slider.
+ {{nihongo\|Cyber Slider 5\|サイバースライダー５\|Saibā Suraidā Faibu}}: Mega Pink's Cyber Slider.
* {{nihongo\|Digitank\|デジタンク\|Dejitanku}}: A highly durable [armored vehicle](/wiki/Armored_vehicle "Armored vehicle") used by the Megarangers for transportation, as well as Prof. Kubota whenever he enters the battlefield on occasion. Created as the ultimate rescue tool. Can be used to enter dangerous areas or to burrow underground and has a scanner called the MultiView Searcher to scan through walls and a fire extinguishing spray. Its armaments consist of a long claw called the {{nihongo\|Digihand\|デジハンド\|Dejihando}} and a small [turret](/wiki/Turret_%28architecture%29 "Turret (architecture)") located on top called the {{nihongo\|Digital Particle Cannon\|メガバーティカルキャノン\|Dejitaru Pātikuru Kyanon}}. The Digitank was destroyed when Prof. Kubota tried to fight off Shibolena and Yugande near the finale.
* {{nihongo\|Multi Attack Rifle\|マルチアタックライフル\|Maruchi Atakku Raifuru}}: Combination of the Mega Rod, Mega Tomahawk, Mega Sling, and Mega Capture wielded by Mega Black. Most of the time, this weapon is used alongside the Drill Sniper Custom.
* {{nihongo\|Battle Riser\|バトルライザー\|Batoru Raizā}}: A special wrist\-worn device given to Kenta by Prof. Kubota. It allows for powered\-up chop, punch, and shooting attacks. It is also used to summon and control the Delta Mega, and to activate the Super Galaxy Mega formation. In the two final battles against the Nejirangers, Mega Silver receives his own Battle Riser to control the Delta Mega and to help fight with Mega Winger. Near the finale, Mega Black and Mega Yellow receive their own Battle Risers. In Episode 29 and *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*, Mega Pink has a Battle Riser. It is uncertain if Mega Blue received his own Battle Riser device, though Prof. Kubota once used the Battle Riser to command the Delta Mega in Episode 50 during the defense of the INET Moonbase.
+ 01: Enables a Megaranger to perform the {{nihongo\|Riser Punch\|ライザーパンチ\|Raizā Panchi}} and {{nihongo\|Riser Chop\|ライザーチョップ\|Raizā Choppu}} attacks, and Super Galaxy Mega to perform the {{nihongo\|Super Galaxy Knuckle\|スーパーギャラクシーナックル\|Sūpā Gyarakushī Nakkuru}} finisher.
+ 02: Fires Vulcan beams, even when a Megaranger does not have their Digital Suit on.
+ 03: Enhances the Mega Sniper's firepower by 15 times (mostly on the Super Drill Sniper Custom for the {{nihongo\|Full Power\|フルパワー\|Furu Pawā}} finisher). This ability was originally non\-functional until it was uploaded in Episode 33\.
* {{nihongo\|Keitaizer\|ケイタイザー\|Keitaizā}}: Mega Silver's transformation device. It uses many of the same features as the Degitaizer (but with Mega Silver's own unique vehicle) and is also used as an actual cellphone. The device's name is actually a play\-off of "Keitai Denwa", or "cellular phone".
+ 2580 – MEGA: Ranger transformation. (Transformation call is {{nihongo\|"Keitaizer, install!"\|「ケイタイザー、インストール ！」\|"Keitaizā, insutōru!"}})
+ 259: Calls the Auto Slider.
* {{nihongo\|Silver Blazer\|シルバーブレイザー\|Shirubā Bureizā}}: Mega Silver's arm\-mounted weapon that can switch between {{nihongo\|Gun Mode\|ガンモード\|Gan Mōdo}} and {{nihongo\|Sword Mode\|ソードモード\|Sōdo Mōdo}}. His finisher is the {{nihongo\|Blazer Impact\|ブレイザーインパクト\|Bureizā Inpakuto}} – a barrage of blasts in Gun Mode, followed by a close blade slash in Sword Mode. A variation of the Blazer Impact can be performed with just the sword slash alone.
* {{nihongo\|Auto Slider\|オートスライダー\|Ōto Suraidā}}: Mega Silver has his own Cyber Slider which is capable of transforming into [Bike Auto](/wiki/Motorcycle "Motorcycle") and can fire the {{nihongo\|Slider Beam\|スライダービーム\|Suraidā Bīmu}}.
* {{nihongo\|Mega Tector\|メガテクター\|Mega Tekutā}}: An upgrade armor that the Megarangers receive in *Megaranger vs. Carranger*. Their finisher, {{nihongo\|Rainbow Impulse\|レインボーインパルス\|Reinbō Inparusu}}, involves them turning into balls of light and destroying their enemies not unlike the [Lights of Ginga](/wiki/Seijuu_Sentai_Gingaman%23Arsenal "Seijuu Sentai Gingaman#Arsenal"). The armor was a movie exclusive and was never used in the actual TV series.
### INET Mecha
The mecha used by the Megaranger were made by INET.
#### Galaxy Mega
{{nihongo\|Electromagnetic Combination Galaxy Mega\|電磁合体ギャラクシーメガ\|Denji Gattai Gyarakushī Mega}}: Combination of Mega Ship and Mega Shuttle. Initially, INET thought the Megarangers did not fully use the robot's potential and had their tactics programmer, Professor Toyokawa, install a program that allows Galaxy Mega to fight without a human pilot. But the Shrimp Nezire incident helped Toyokama to understand the negative potential and he allows the robot to remain in Kubota's control. The Galaxy Mega's last appearance in the series was when it was rendered inoperable by Burning Yugande, but was repaired and used again in Gingaman vs. Megaranger. Galaxy Mega's power helped to power up GaoKing in *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*. The Galaxy Mega's weapons are the {{nihongo\|MegaSaber\|メガサーベル\|Mega Sāberu}}, a sword which the Galaxy Mega can use to perform a wide variety of attacks; {{nihongo\|Mega Side Cutter\|メガサイドカッター\|Mega Saido Kattā}} – a horizontal slash, {{nihongo\|Mega Flying Cutter\|メガフライングカッター\|Mega Furaingu Kattā}} – a jumping slash, {{nihongo\|Saber Electromagnetic Whip\|サーベル電磁ムチ\|Sāberu Denji Muchi}} – an energy whip that is used to weaken an opponent, {{nihongo\|Mega Dash Cutter\|メガダッシュカッター\|Mega Dasshu Kattā}} – a dashing horizontal slash, {{nihongo\|Mega Cross Cutter\|メガクロスカッター\|Mega Kurosu Kattā}} – a double diagonal slash attack that forms an X, {{nihongo\|Galaxy Lance\|ギャラクシーランス\|Gyarakushī Ransu}} – a sword extension attack that destroys its target from a distance, {{nihongo\|Mega Flash Arrow\|メガフラッシュアロー\|Mega Furasshu Arō}} – the saber is thrown like an arrow/spear to impale its enemy, {{nihongo\|Mega Straight Cutter\|メガストレートカッター\|Mega Sutorēto Katta}} and {{nihongo\|Saber Electromagnetic Snake\|サーベル電磁ヘビ\|Sāberu Denji Hebi}} – used against Toad Nejire, where Mega Pink took advantage of a toad's natural fear of snakes, by transforming the tip of the sword into a projection of a snake; {{nihongo\|Mega Shield\|メガシールド\|Mega Shīrudo}}, which can protect the Galaxy Mega and enable it to safely enter Earth's atmosphere; and {{nihongo\|Booster Rifle\|ブースターライフル\|Būsutā Raifuru}}, a gun created from the Shuttle Booster which originally enabled the Mega Shuttle to make it into space. The Booster Rifle can fire energy blasts or freezing gas to freeze opponents.
* {{nihongo\|Mega Ship\|メガシップ\|Mega Shippu}}: Orbital space station for Megarangers and Prof. Kubota. The sides and nose form Galaxy Mega's legs, and the undercarriage forms the arms while the underbelly becomes the shield. Armed with the Mega Particle Cannon. There are a hundred people who work inside Mega Ship. Following the near destruction of the Galaxy Mega by Mad Guirail and the debut of the Mega Voyager, Prof. Kubota sets up command at the INET Moonbase instead, and the Mega Ship was usually stored there in the docking bay unless if it was needed.
* {{nihongo\|Mega Shuttle\|メガシャトル\|Mega Shatoru}}: The orbiter forms Galaxy Mega's head (the engine becomes the "[mullet](/wiki/Mullet_%28haircut%29 "Mullet (haircut)")", and the cockpit becomes the [cranium](/wiki/Cranium "Cranium")). The Shuttle Booster forms the Booster Rifle (with the fuel tank holding the handle and muzzle). The orbiter docks in the nose. The Shuttle Booster can be docked to the underside of the Mega Ship. On the toy, the Shuttle Booster can also add weapons to the Mega Ship by separating into three pieces with the fuel tank becoming a cannon on the underbelly and the rocket boosters on the sides. This function is never seen in the series.
#### Delta Mega
{{nihongo\|Delta Mega\|デルタメガ\|Deruta Mega}}: An additional mecha created by Prof. Kubota that is activated and controlled by either Mega Red or Mega Silver using the Battle Riser. Its program was developed by Prof. Kawasaki. One panel in the central control room was for the program to start it with another to start a self\-destruct program. It made its debut in Episode 20\. Comes by the command "DeltaMega Install!". Its armaments consist of two small guns known as the {{nihongo\|Delta Laser\|デルタレーザー\|Deruta Rēzā}} and two {{nihongo\|\[\[Gatling gun\|Gatling]] Blaster\|ガトリングブラスター\|Gatoringu Burasutā}} arms. However, there is a flaw in the control system which Guirail takes advantage of and uses against the Megarangers. But after Galaxy Mega sent out a wave circuit to Delta Mega its Fusion System activated, later combining into Super Galaxy Mega. When the Battle Riser is placed into the Galaxy Mega's controls it allows for the Delta Mega to combine with it to form the Super Galaxy Mega. Much like the Mega Ship, the Delta Mega was also moved and stored in the INET Moonbase's docking bay unless if it was needed following the debut of the Mega Voyager. The Delta Mega was destroyed near the finale by a powered\-up Yugande, but rebuilt and reappeared in *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*.
#### Super Galaxy Mega
{{nihongo\|Super Electromagnetic Combination Super Galaxy Mega\|超電磁合体スーパーギャラクシーメガ\|Chō Denji Gattai Sūpā Gyarakushī Mega}}: Combination of Galaxy Mega and Delta Mega. First appeared in Episode 21\. In this mode the Delta Mega's Gatling Blasters are positioned on the shoulders of the Super Galaxy Mega and three times stronger than normal. The Super Galaxy Mega's finisher is called the {{nihongo\|Super Galaxy Knuckle\|スーパーギャラクシーナックル\|Sūpā Gyarakushī Nakkuru}} where it fires both fist like rockets to destroy the enemy. When the Super Galaxy Knuckle proved useless against Mad Guirail, a new attack was used; the {{nihongo\|Big Bang Attack\|ビッグバンアタック\|Biggu Ban Atakku}}. The Super Galaxy Mega spins around at high speeds, flies up into the air, and finally shots down like a comet and blasts through the Mad Guirail. Mad Guirail survived the attack.
#### Mega Voyager
{{nihongo\|Voyager Machines\|ボイジャーマシン\|Boijā Mashin}}: A series of mecha created by INET's Special Development Division in the Super Mega Project which Yuusaku oversees. When Mad Guirail overpowered the Super Galaxy Mega, the Megarangers obtain use of the Voyager Machines, which are launched from the INET Moonbase. The five Voyager Machines were combined into {{nihongo\|Galaxy Fusion Mega Voyager\|銀河合体メガボイジャー\|Ginga Gattai Mega Boijā}}. Mega Voyager used the top section of Rocket Voyager 3 as its main weapon for the {{nihongo\|Voyager Spartan\|ボイジャースパルタン\|Boijā Suparutan}} finisher. When Mega Winger donates its Mega Wing, Mega Voyager becomes {{nihongo\|Wing Mega Voyager\|ウイグメガボイジャー\|Uingu Mega Boijā}}, which could use the {{nihongo\|Winger Spartan\|ウインガースパルタン\|Uingā Suparutan}} (the Voyager Spartan shot in midair). A more powered\-up version, used to destroy the last three Nejiranger, was the {{nihongo\|Mega Spartan\|メガスパルタン\|Mega Suparutan}}. Other attacks include the {{nihongo\|Voyager Kick\|ボイジャーキック\|Boijā Kikku}}, {{nihongo\|Voyager Punch\|ボイジャーパンチ\|Boijā Panchi}}, and {{nihongo\|Voyager Pulsar\|ボイジャーパルサー\|Boijā Parusā}}. Aside from using Rocket Voyager 3 as a weapon, Mega Voyager has also used Galaxy Mega's Mega Saber. It continued to be the Megarangers' primary mecha until it was destroyed in the final battle with Hinelar and Death Nejiros in the series finale.
* {{nihongo\|Rovoyager 1\|ロボイジャー１\|Roboijā Wan}}: Piloted by Mega Red, Rovoyager 1 is a humanoid robot (based on an astronaut's spacesuit) with two large missile batteries on its shoulders. Forms the waist and upper legs of Mega Voyager.
* {{nihongo\|Shuttle Voyager\-2\|シャトルボウジャー２\|Shatoru Boijā Tsū}}: Piloted by Mega Black, Shuttle Voyager 2 is a space shuttle that can fire an energy blast from its nose. Forms Mega Voyager's head and shield.
* {{nihongo\|Rocket Voyager 3\|ロケットボイジャー３\|Roketto Boijā Surī}}: Piloted by Mega Blue, Rocket Voyager 3 is a large rocket ship that becomes the Voyager Spartan weapon for Mega Voyager, and also becomes Mega Voyager's lower legs and abdominal area. Kenta often used it as a surfboard for Rovoyager 1\.
* {{nihongo\|Saucer Voyager 4\|ソーサーボイジャー４\|Sōsā Boijā Fō}}: Piloted by Mega Yellow, Saucer Voyager 4 is a UFO\-like spaceship that can fire energy blasts from its wings. Forms Mega Voyager's body and arms, and the blasters on both sides of its thrusters attach to Mega Voyager's head. The jet engines also serve as the firing apparatus for the Mega Voyager's Voyager Pulsar.
* {{nihongo\|Tank Voyager 5\|タンクボイジャー５\|Tanku Boijā Faibu}}: Piloted by Mega Pink, Tank Voyager 5 is a covered tank with two large cannons on top. Forms Mega Voyager's feet.
#### Mega Winger
{{nihongo\|Mega Winger\|メガウインガー\|Mega Uingā}}: Personal mecha of Mega Silver, created by Yuusaku, allows him to operate as Mega Silver, as part of the Mega Space Project. It could change from {{nihongo\|Flyer Mode\|フライヤーモード\|Furaiyā Mōdo}} to {{nihongo\|Fighter Mode\|ファイターモード\|Faitā Mōdo}} at phenomenal speed with the command {{nihongo\|"Blitzkrieg Transformation"\|電撃変形\|Dengeki Henkei}}. It could donate its {{nihongo\|Mega Wing\|メガウイング\|Mega Uingu}} to Mega Voyager, transforming it into Wing Mega Voyager. Mega Winger's main weapon was the {{nihongo\|Winger Cannon\|ウインガーキャノン\|Uingā Kyanon}}, which required both hands to operate. The undercarriage forms the lower legs and the "nose" becomes the arms (the inside parts spinning to become the forearms), revealing the head. The Mega Winger's final battle was in Episode 50, where it was crippled in battle against Burning Yugande while defending the INET Moonbase. But Yuusaku was able to use the damaged Mega Winger to free the Voyager Machines from the rubble of the INET Moonbase before it finally collapsed due to the earlier damage.
### Allies
#### INET members
The following are known members of INET:
##### Prof. Eikichi Kubota
{{nihongo\|Prof. Eikichi Kubota\|久保田 衛吉博士\|Kubota Eikichi\-hakase}}: He is in charge of the Megaranger program – specifically the *Megaranger* video game. During a surprise attack on the NASADA base by the Nezirejia, he is forced to give the Degitaizers to five students – turning them into Megarangers. He was once friends with Dr. Samejima, who had left this dimension for Nezirejia – becoming Dr. Hinelar. Dr. Kubota is a former high school boxer and he plays the trumpet.
Eikichi Kubota is portrayed by Satoru Saitō.
##### Shougo Kawasaki
Shougo Kawasaki (川崎 省吾 *Kawasaki Shōgo*): A young man who is the head engineer of the Mega Ship's maintenance department. His father, Professor Kawasaki, is a world authority on robot control programs (helped create the program for Delta Mega) and wants Shougo to attend college, using the program he developed for Delta Mega to get his son back on Earth. However, after Mega Red saves Shougo from Guirail, he is allowed to remain with INET.
Shougo Kawasaki is portrayed by Yuki Tanaka.
##### Tachibana
Tachibana (立花): A member of INET and a crew member aboard the Galaxy Mega.
Tachibana is portrayed by Takao Miyashita (宮下 敬夫 *Miyashita Takao*).
##### Pop
Pop (ポップ *Poppu*) is a technician associated with I.N.E.T. who assists the Megarangers.
Pop is portrayed by Samuel Pop Aning.
#### Moroboshi High School
{{nihongo\|Moroboshi High School\|諸星学園\|Moroboshi Gakuen}}: The high school attended by the five Megarangers until the series finale. Each of the team's classmates and teachers ended up being involved in a Nejirejian scheme and they become enraged when they learned the identities of the Megarangers to which almost everyone turns against them. It was only in the final battle with Dr. Hinelar that the school realized the error of their stand and started to support the Megarangers.
#### Gen Ooiwa
Gen Ooiwa (大岩 厳 *Ōiwa Gen*): The class' lazy Homeroom/Science teacher. Despite his laziness, he manages to find ways to motivate his students – especially the well\-disciplined Kouichirou. In episode 12, while the Megarangers battle Mole Nezire Mr. Ooiwa stumbles upon a meteorite fragment and keeps it in his possession, making him a target of the Nejirejia. When he and Mega Black are captured by Mole Nezire, he tells the overachiever to never give up. As a result, Mr. Ooiwa inspires Mega Black to break free and foil the Nezirejian plans. During the finale, despite the Megarangers being expelled, he is the only staff member not to turn his back on the Megaranger and together with Jirou and Erina start the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on.
Gen Ooiwa is portrayed by Yoshihiro Nozoe.
##### Shintarou Wada
Shintarou Wada (和田 シンタロウ *Wada Shintarō,* 6, 45 \& 49–51\): An overweight shy boy who has a crush on Miku. He threatened to reveal some secret photos of Miku to the school unless she would go on a date with him. Miku agrees as she thought the photos were of her transforming into Mega Pink. The photos are of her sleeping in class and the nurse's office. Shintarou was placed under the control of the Thorn Nejilar to do Dr. Hinelar's bidding until he is freed by the Megarangers. Later after the Megaranger's secret identities are exposed and Jirou is injured during the Nejilars attack, Shintarou blames the Megarangers and turns his back on them. He comes around during the final battle and cheers his friends on. Afterwards, he graduates with his classmates.
Shintarou Wada is portrayed by Takenari Hirowara.
##### Jirou Iwamoto
Jirou Iwamoto (岩本 ジロウ *Iwamoto Jirō,* 6, 45, 49 \& 51\): Shintarou's best friend and spokesperson due to Shintarou's shy personality. He consoles Shintarou when Miku turns him down for a second date. Near the finale, he is injured when the Megarangers' secret identities are exposed. During the final battle, a bandaged Jirou returns to the school and together with Erina and Mr. Ōiwa started the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on. Afterwards, he graduates with his classmates.
Jirou Iwamoto is portrayed by Takumi Hashimoto.
##### Erina
Erina (恵理奈*,* 37 \& 49–51\): A classmate of the Megarangers. After the Megaranger's secret identities are exposed, she is among the few people in the school who still supports the Megarangers and tried unsuccessfully to convince the school staff not to expel them. It is heavily implied she is attracted to Kenta. Ultimately with Jirou and Mr. Ooiwa she started the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on, which would be instrumental in restoring the Megaranger's fighting spirit, contributing to their final victory against Dr. Hinelar and the Death Neziros. Afterwards, she graduates with her classmates.
Erina is portrayed by Emi Shigemitsu.
#### Other allies
##### Takeshi
Takeshi (タケシ): One of the arcade children Kenta befriended. He was used by Guirail in a scheme to break Mega Red's fighting spirit by having the boy receive the end of Mega Red's punch.
Takeshi is portrayed by Yōsuke Asari.
##### Picot
Space Fairy Picot (宇宙妖精ピコット *Uchū Yosei Pikotto*): Known as the "Light of Hope", Picot is a [dragon](/wiki/Dragon "Dragon")\-like [fairy](/wiki/Fairy "Fairy") who assumes a clam\-like form while traveling to a [planet](/wiki/Planet "Planet") where he can only grant five wishes. After fulfilling the wishes, Picot leaves the planet and would eventually return to the visited planet 100,004,000 years later. Though originally chased by Helmedor, Picot becomes targeted by the Nejireians as well. While on Earth, Picot granted Miku's giant cake wish, Kyosuke's wish for [katsudon](/wiki/Katsudon "Katsudon"), Helmedor's planet destroying [laser cannon](/wiki/Laser_cannon "Laser cannon"), and Kani Nejilar's wish to bring dead Psycho Nejilars [back to life](/wiki/Resurrection "Resurrection"). After granting Kenta's wish for the Megarangers to have for energy to keep fighting, giving them their Mega Tector armor and aiding the Carrangers, Picot leaves for the next planet.
Space Fairy Picot is voiced by Fushigi Yamada (山田 ふしぎ *Yamada Fushigi*).
### Evil Electric Kingdom Nezirejia
The {{nihongo\|Evil Electric Kingdom Nezirejia\|邪電王国ネジレジア\|Jaden Ōkoku Nejirejia}}{{efn\|Also spelt as "Nejirejia".{{cite web \|title\=電磁戦隊メガレンジャー Tシャツ ビビデビ柄 \|url\=https://p\-bandai.jp/item/item\-1000126189/ \|publisher\=Bandai \|access\-date\=December 30, 2023 \|language\=ja \|date\=}}}} are invaders from another dimension ruled by an entity called Javious. Their names and appearances are all twisted and distorted. They have stationed in the {{nihongo\|Death Neziros\|デスネジロ\|Desu Nejiro}} fortress which transforms into the giant robot {{nihongo\|Grand Neziros\|グランネジロス\|Guran Nejirosu\|51}} in the series finale. This robot can regenerate severed limbs as well as bind and electrocute his victims with cables and was finally destroyed along with the Mega Voyager in the finale. Hinelar self\-destructed the Death Neziros from the inside in an attempt to blow up the Megarangers, the people in their high school and the Mega Voyager. The Megarangers nearly sacrifice themselves to carry Death Neziros with the Mega Voyager into the sky to prevent any further damage to their high school.
* {{nihongo\|Evil Electro\-King Javious the First\|邪電王ジャビウス1世\|Jadenō Jabiusu Issei\|2–43}}{{efn\|Javious' name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\|"\[\[evil]]"\|邪\|Ja}} and {{nihongo\|"\[\[Möbius strip\|Moebius]]"\|メビウス\|Mebiusu}}.}} is the ruler of Nezirejia. He appears only as a giant eye on the screen of the Death Neziros. Very little is known about him and he is killed when the last of the Nejirangers, whose life forces are connected to his, are destroyed by the Megarangers. Upon his death, Javious was revealed to be the nucleus of Nejirejia which fades away upon his death. Only Javious' heart remained which Hinelar used to power his Hinelar City. Javious' heart was later destroyed along with Hinelar City. Javious the First is voiced by Ryūzaburō Ōtomo.
* {{nihongo\|Dr. Hinelar\|Ｄｒ．ヒネラー\|Dokutā Hinerā}}{{efn\|Dr. Hinelar's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\|"to twist"\|ひねる\|Hineru}}.}} is the leader of the Nezirejia invasion party. He was originally a cybernetics scientist named {{nihongo\|Dr. Samejima\|鮫島博士\|Samejima\-hakase}}, who studied space exploring suits and lost his beloved daughter in one of his experiments, destroying his reputation and scarring him. He later worked with Kubota on an interdimensional project, being the first to discover the existence of Nezirejia. A year later, Samejima decides to enter the dimension to prove its existence in spite of Kubota's pleas not to be reckless and ends up becoming Javious', right\-hand man. Kubota later realized that Dr. Hinelar and Samejima are one and the same when he recognizes that the suits of the Nejirangers are similar to the Power Suits Samejima had developed. Hinelar later plots and successfully kills Javious through the Nejirangers, to become the new high leader of the Nejirejians. After the destruction of Javious, the Nezire Dimension closes making Hinelar build {{nihongo\|Hinelar City\|ヒネラーシティ\|Hinerā Shiti}} in which he intended to concentrate all mankind as data cards. Soon after the destruction of his city, Hinelar began his personal attack on the Megarangers after learning their identities and making sure that they become outcasts to society. But Yugande's and Shibolena's demises drove Hinelar over the edge and gained a monster form to battle the Megarangers himself. However, the device that kept his body from warping on itself (a side effect from being in Nezirejia) was damaged and he retreated into the Death Neziros and turning it into Grand Neziros. When GrandNeziros exploded during the Mega Voyager's sacrifice, Hinelar dies, still inside while trying to will his body from collapsing onto itself. Dr. Hinelar is portrayed by Tetsuo Morishita.
* {{nihongo\|Shibolena\|シボレナ\|Shiborena\|1–50}}{{efn\|Shibolena's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\|"to squeeze"\|絞る\|Shiboru}}.}} is a cybernetic [gynoid](/wiki/Gynoid "Gynoid") modeled after Hinelar's long dead daughter, Shizuka. Considers herself the masterpiece of Dr. Hinelar's work. She was [second\-in\-command](/wiki/Second-in-command "Second-in-command") to Hinelar on the Death Neziros, a mistress of disguise and illusions. Armed with a [rapier](/wiki/Rapier "Rapier"), she was also the smart one, often initiating plans for conquest. Creating Rose Nezire through her own DNA, Shibolena poses as a [nun](/wiki/Nun "Nun") to give her offshoot's roses to children, turning them into slaves and subject them to [Demon Therapy](/wiki/Aromatherapy "Aromatherapy") to create "Little Rose Nezire". But with one of the children being her new friend Ruri, Chisato arrives and nearly exposes herself as Mega Yellow (whom Shibolena establishes a rivalry with) to wound Shibolena with her Blade Arm. Fortunately, Mega Blue creates a holographic duplicate of Chisato to confuse Shibolena. She was critically wounded near the finale, by Mega Red, while protecting Yugande. She makes it back to the Death Neziros, to inform Hinelar of Yugande's death. Her body explodes right before Dr. Hinelar's eyes after she says goodbye to her master. The design of her hairstyle\-like helmet is based on an American CG illustration used as a reference.{{Cite book \|title\=Toei Super Sentai Series, 35th Anniversary, Official Picture Book, Hyakka Ryoran \[Shimonomaki] Sentai Kaijin Design\-Daikan 1995\-2012 \|date\=16 October 2012 \|publisher\=Glide Media \|isbn\=978\-4\-8130\-2180\-3 \|script\-title\=ja:アニメムック 東映スーパー戦隊シリーズ35周年作品公式図録 百化繚乱 \[下之巻] 戦隊怪人デザイン大鑑1995\-2012 \|trans\-title\=Toei Super Sentai Series, 35 th Anniversary, Official Picture Book, Hyakka Ryoran\[Volume 2] Sentai Monster Design Encyclopedia 1995\-2012}} Shibolena is portrayed by Asami Jo.
* {{nihongo\|Bibidevi\|ビビデビ\|Bibidebi}}{{efn\|Bibidevi's name is derived from the song {{nihongo\|"\[\[Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo]]"\|ビビデバビデブー\|Bibide Babide Bū}} from Walt Disney's 1950 animated adaptation of ''\[\[Cinderella]]'' and {{nihongo\|"\[\[devil]]"\|デビル\|Debiru}}.}} is a little annoying [imp](/wiki/Imp "Imp") monster that begins his sentences with "Bibi" and ends them with "debi". In episode 3, Dr. Hinelar modified him with the ability to make the Nezire Beasts grow by biting them and injecting them with a {{nihongo\|Giganto Virus\|巨大化ウィルス\|Kyodaika Wirusu}} whenever they are destroyed or are nearing defeat at the hands of the Megarangers. In secret, Bibidevi wanted to be the head of Nejirejia and has some affection for Shibolena, secretly sending Canary Nezire to act on his behalf. He appears to have died in the Grand Neziros when it was destroyed, by Mega Voyager's suicide attempt. Later, it is revealed that he teleported Hizumina out of the giant robot before the destruction.
* {{nihongo\|Yugande\|ユガンデ\|\|1–8}}{{efn\|Yugande's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\|"to warp"\|歪む\|Yugamu}}.}} is a prideful [wire\-frame model](/wiki/Wire-frame_model "Wire-frame model")\-themed robot general created by Hinelar whom he admires and unconditionally obeys. He wields the {{nihongo\|Dark Thunder\|ダークサンダー\|Dāku Sandā}} sword. Being high\-strung, Yugande offers to handle the Megarangers himself. Using a divide and conquer strategy to take out the Megaranger members one by one, Yugande gets Mega Red to fight him in subspace so no one would interfere and nearly kills him before the others manage to breach the barrier. Mega Black is badly injured as they get their teammate to safety. Later, Yugande calls Mega Red out, attacking him in his enlarged form as the others arrive to aid him. Using Galaxy Mega, the Megarangers weaken him with the Saber Electromagnetic Whip before killing him with the Mega Side Cutter. However, Yugande is later rebuilt through the Nejzre Circle in a stronger form, {{nihongo\|Yugande Relive\|ユガンデ・リライブ\|Yugande Riraibu\|9–31}}. But as he needs to get used to his upgrade, Yugande remained on the sidelines until the "Ultimate Lifeform" incident, attempting to exact revenge on Mega Red while the monster feeds. Though he manages to destroy Mega Red's Drill Saber and nearly kills him, Yugande is driven off by the Megarangers' Multi Attack Rifle. Later, he was critically wounded in Episode 30 when Guirail uses him as a shield to protect him from the Super Galaxy Mega's Super Galaxy Knuckle. Yugande was modified in a form called {{nihongo\|Yugande Strong\|ユガンデ・ストロング\|Yugande Sutorongu\|33–50}}, with various mechanical implants placed on him to survive, and is given a better sword called the {{nihongo\|Dark Crisis\|ダーククライシス\|Dāku Kuraishisu}}, which has three buttons on its handle to activate different attacks such as Dark Blade, Dark Fire, Dark Lightning, and Dark Triple Crisis (all three attacks combined). Yugande uses a special chip to take on a more powerful, red\-colored form called {{nihongo\|Burning Yugande\|バーニング・ユガンデ\|Bāningu Yugande\|50}}. With this new power, Yugande proves to be a difficult challenge for the Megarangers, as he destroys the Delta Mega, badly damages the Galaxy Mega and Mega Winger and nearly destroys the Voyager Machines when he damages the INET Moonbase. Yugande, however, meets his end when the Nezi Reactor inside him is damaged and he is killed by Mega Red. Yugande is voiced by Hirotaka Suzuoki.
* {{nihongo\|Guirail\|ギレール\|Girēru\|19–32}}{{efn\|Guirail's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\|"to cut"\|切れる\|Kireru}}.}} is a bandaged warrior was one of Javious' trusted minions, he is sent to Earth to aid Hinelar with the Megarangers. Guirail used crueler methods than Dr. Hinelar's (an example of this is in his first appearance where he used children as shields), even performing unusual experiments on the Nezire Beasts. Prior to revealing himself to Hinelar's group, Guirail stages an attack to capture the children of a city district while breaking Kenta's will to fight by having him hit Takeshi by accident. However, while leading a new attack on a communication building, Guirail messes with Mega Red until he is beaten by him with the Battle Rizer. Later on, he infected Yugande to become {{nihongo\|Giga\-Guirail\|ギガギレール\|Giga Girēru\|30}}. But when the Super Galaxy Mega used its Super Galaxy Knuckle attack, Guirail canceled out the fusion to use Yugande as a shield to protect himself. An angry Shibolena tries to kill him but Dr. Hinelar stopped and tricked Guirail into taking the Nezire Source Capsule that gives him tremendous power and robs him of his sanity. This mutated Guirail into an insane beast called {{nihongo\|Mad Guirail\|マッドギレール\|Maddo Girēru\|31 \& 32}} who was so powerful that the Super Galaxy Mega was no match for it. Using full power, the Super Galaxy Mega only caused him to break off a piece of his body that formed into Gigire. The Megarangers were able to escape to the INET Moonbase on the Delta Mega where Yuusaku gave them the Voyager Machines. In the end, Gigire, and later Mad Guirail, were the first two to be killed by the Mega Voyager. Guirail is voiced by Tatsuyuki Jinnai.
* {{nihongo\|Hizumina\|ヒズミナ\|\|Gingaman vs. Megaranger}}{{efn\|Hizumina's name comes from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\|"to distort"\|歪む\|Hizumu}}, which can also be read as "Yugamu" – the base for Yugande's name.}} is the last of Hinelar's creations and Shibolena's "Younger Sister", mostly identical save for her armor being purplish. She secretly wished to revive Hinelar having grown to miss him with Shibolena's memories, but was betrayed by Gregory when participating in reviving the Balban space pirates. Surviving the treachery, Hizumina attempts to take advantage of the fight to kill the Megarangers, only to be ultimately killed by Mega Red.
* {{nihongo\|Kunekune\|クネクネ}}{{efn\|The Kunekune's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\|"wringling"\|くねくね\|Kunekune}}.}} are Nezirejia's grunts, having twisted faces and using twisted blades as their weapons. They are also able to assume human form.
+ {{nihongo\|Boss Kunekune\|ボスクネクネ\|Bosu Kunekune\|14}}: A black\-headed version of the Kunekune able to fire energy from his hands. Posing as a police officer, Boss Kunekune leads his Nezire Army into taking over the Yuhigaoka Apartment Building in the H Ward as part of a plan to secretly replace every person on Earth with Kunkune. When Megarangers uncover the plan, the Kunekune attempt to kill off Mega Red and Mega Pink with their massive numbers before Boss Kunekune arrives to finish them off. However, after being defeated by Mega Red's Drill Sniper Custom, Boss Kunekune calls his army to group around him to form {{nihongo\|King Kunekune\|キングクネクネ\|Kingu Kunekune}}, with his head in the heart area. Because he was composed of many Kunekune, King Kunekune could close wounds in seconds. When Boss Kunekune was destroyed by the Galaxy Mega with the Booster Rifle, King Kunekune disassembled in the explosion.
#### Nezirangers
The {{nihongo\|Jaden Sentai Neziranger\|邪電戦隊ネジレンジャー\|Jaden Sentai Nejirenjā\| 38–43, 48}} are cyborgs were created by Dr. Hinelar from Javious I's DNA as evil counterparts to the Megarangers. Their suits are similar to power suits that Dr. Hinelar had developed back when he was known as Samejima. They share an attack called Neji Energy Attack. Unfortunately, the Nezirangers were impatient and wanted nothing more than to kill their Megaranger counterparts. The Nezirangers were used by Hinelar not only to kill the Megarangers in suicide attacks, but also to kill Javious by slowly draining him of his "life energy" which they siphoned. When badly damaged or enlarged, they transformed into their monstrous true forms. The Nezirangers' urge to kill managed to keep them from dying as they used Hinelar's data\-card machine to regain physical form. They not only resume their original goal, but also to try to kill Hinelar for using them in the first place. The Megarangers manage to digitize them, preserving them as Data Cards, which were destroyed along with Hinelar City.
* {{nihongo\|Nezi Red\|ネジレッド\|Neji Reddo\|38–43, 47 \& 48}} is the leader and most arrogant of the Nezirangers who is armed with a {{nihongo\|Nezi Saber\|ネジセイバー\|Neji Seibā}}. His true form of {{nihongo\|Nezi Phantom\|ネジファントム\|Neji Fantomu\| 42, 43 \& 48}} is a [fire](/wiki/Fire "Fire") monster with pyrokinetic abilities. Once turned on Dr. Hinelar when he discovered that the Nezirangers were mere pawns in Hinelar's plans, but had his free will removed. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega, Mega Voyager and Mega Winger, later turned into a Data Card.
* {{nihongo\|Nezi Black\|ネジブラック\|Neji Burakku\|38–43, 47 \& 48}} is the fiercest member of the five who is armed with {{nihongo\|Nezi Rod\|ネジロッド\|Neji Roddo}}. His true form is {{nihongo\|Nezi Vulgar\|ネジヴァルガー\|Neji Varugā\| 42, 43 \& 48}} is a [rock](/wiki/Rock_%28geology%29 "Rock (geology)") monster that can use a rock\-like tentacle. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega, Mega Voyager and Mega Winger, later turned into a Data Card.
* {{nihongo\|Nezi Blue\|ネジブルー\|Neji Burū\|38–41, 47 \& 48}} is armed with {{nihongo\|Nezi Tomahawk\|ネジトマホーク\|Neji Tomahōku}}. As the most sadistic of the five, he became obsessed with specifically fighting and killing Mega Blue. His true form of {{nihongo\|Nezi Bizzare\|ネジビザール\|Neji Bizāru\|41 \& 48}} is a crystalline [ice](/wiki/Ice "Ice") monster with freezing abilities. Killed by Wing Mega Voyager, later turned into a Data Card.
* {{nihongo\|Nezi Yellow\|ネジイエロー\|Neji Ierō\|38–43, 47 \& 48}} is armed with {{nihongo\|Nezi Sling\|ネジスリング\|Neji Suringu}}. She is the most cunning member and rival of Nezi Pink. Her true form of {{nihongo\|Nezi Sophia\|ネジソフィア\|Neji Sofia\| 42, 43 \& 48}} is a [spider](/wiki/Spider "Spider") monster with the ability to control electronics or anything powered by electricity, most notably taking control over the Mega Voyager. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega, Mega Voyager and Mega Winger, later turned into a Data Card.
* {{nihongo\|Nezi Pink\|ネジピンク\|Neji Pinku\|38–40, 47 \& 48}} is the most brutal member who is armed with {{nihongo\|Nezi Arrow\|ネジアロー\|Neji Arō}}. After making a bet with Nezi Yellow to see which one of them would take away the mask of their respective Megaranger counterparts and bringing them back, Nezi Pink faced off against both Mega Yellow and Mega Pink who defeated her with a Capture Sniper and Blade Arm combo. Unfortunately, Nezi Pink managed to show them her true form of {{nihongo\|Nezi Jealous\|ネジジェラス\|Neji Jerasu\|40 \& 48}}, a [plant](/wiki/Plant "Plant") monster who gave Mega Voyager and Mega Winger a hard battle. With Mega Silver using Mega Winger as a shield while the Megarangers channeled all of Mega Voyager's power into their Voyager Spartan, they managed to use the super\-powered Voyager Spartan to finally destroy Nezi Jealous. Later turned into a Data Card.
#### Nezire Beasts
The {{nihongo\|Nezire Beasts\|ネジレ獣\|Nejirejū\|''Twist Beasts''}} are monsters created by Dr. Hinelar when a Nezire Egg, a capsule holding genetically altered DNA, is placed on the {{nihongo\|Nezire Magic Circle\|ネジレ魔法陣\|Nejire Mahōjin}} and exposed to great amounts of energy, twisting and twirling while Shibolena chants a spell, "Twist and Turn. Assume physical form". Once the process is complete, a Nezire Beast is born and fully matured. There is always some part on the body of the Nezire Beast that is twisted.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Manta ray\|Ei]] Nezire\|エイネジレ\|Ei Nejire\|2}}: The first Nezire Beast to be sent down to earth, attacking the Musashi district. The Ei Nezire could fly through space as well as fire laser blasts from his eyes. Kenta held the monster at bay until the rest of team arrives. Wounded by Mega Red with the Drill Saber, Ei Nezire retreated into the Nezi Crusher, killed off when Galaxy Mega destroyed the giant machine.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Rhinoceros\|Sai]] Nezire\|サイネジレ\|Sai Nejire\|3, 21}}: This Nezire could create earthquakes when he walked as well as drill through large buildings with the drill on his face. Rhino Nezire could also deflect blasts from the drill when it was spinning fast. Rhino Nezire was sent to flush out the Megarangers, attacking the CG Center where Shun was located. Though Kenta attempted to keep him way from Shun Namiki while he was saving his program, Rhino Nezire destroyed the disc when Shun decided to save Kenta and fight alongside the team. Though defeated by MegaRed's Screw Drill Saber/Saber Slash combo, Dr. Hinelar arrives with the modified Bibidevi to infect the Nezire Beast with the Enlarging Virus integrated in Bibidevi's DNA. In the end, the Galaxy Mega destroyed it with Mega Flying Cutter.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Chameleon]] Nezire\|カメレオンネジレ\|Kamereon Nejire\|4}}: This Nezire was used by Shibolena to project her image across the internet with the digital camera on his shoulder, which in the process would take control of people and have them undergo "Nezirian Teaching" to make them into blood\-thirsty sadists. After freeing Miss Nishiyama from the mind control with Kouichirou unconscious, Shun managed to pinpoint the address, only to fall into a trap as they were sucked into a pocket dimension where Chameleon Nezire is omnipotent as he electrocuted the four. Koichiro managed to find the real location and battled Chameleon Nezire, overwhelmed by the monster's camouflage until Mega Black use Satellite Searcher to negate the effect and managed to free the others. The others arrived in time and used their Final Shoot attack to defeat the Chameleon Nezire. Bibidevi arrived soon afterwards and infected Chameleon Nezire into a giant, only to be killed by Galaxy Mega's Saber Electromagnetic Whip and Mega Dash Cutter. However, only the Nezire's arm remained with a shard from the Mega Saber in it.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Shrimp\|Ebi]] Nezire\|エビネジレ\|Ebi Nejire\|5, 21}}: This Nezire, able to launch his pinchers like boomerags, had his DNA modified with the shard of the MegaSaber found from Chameleon Nezire's remains, making his shell impervious to the Galaxy Mega's sword. He attacked the volcanic mountainside to lure out the Megarangers and allowed himself to be infected by Bibidevi. The programmed Galaxy Mega arrives, only to be overpowered as Shrimp Nezire attempted to send it into the volcano. Once the Megarangers regained control, the GalaxyMega turned the tables and ripped the Nezire's whiskers off. Using the Saber Electromagnetic Whip, the Galaxy Mega grabbed Shrimp Nezire and threw him into the volcano to destroy him.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Elephant\|Zou]] Nezire\|ゾウネジレ\|Zō Nejire\|6}}: This Nezire possessed superhuman strength, ideal for his mission to knock over an energy system tower in an act of terrorism, resulting with the building's generator undergoing a meltdown that would destroy the city. With Miku in the tower, Mega Black and Mega Blue had to deal with Elephant Nezire while Mega Red and Chisato used the Digi Tank to get her and Shintaro out of the building before taking the cooling the energy rods to stop the meltdown. By then, Elephant Nezire was enlarged by Bibidevi and tore the tower down as the Digi Tank escaped. With Mega Pink, the Megarangers formed the Galaxy Mega and defeated the Nezire with swift punches before killing him with Galaxy Mega's Mega Flying Cutter attack.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Bee\|Hachi]] Nezire\|ハチネジレ\|Hachi Nejire\|7, 21}}: A stealth Nezire Beast Shibolena sends into space to cause lightning to strike down on every major city in the world. This Nezire Beast could also shoot beams from his eyes and launch a barrage of Space Bees from his "hive blade" on his hand. As Mega Red and the others investigate the Van Allen belt, Kouchirou and Chisato uncover Shibolena's plan to use the mind\-controlled staff at the Space Observation Center and other space centers to create an Attack Dispersion Net which Hachi Nezire would use to take out every city at one time. He is then blasted back to Earth with the Final Shoot and defeated with the Digital Combination. After being bitten by Bibidevi, Hachi Nezire battles Galaxy Mega and is destroyed by the Booster Rifle.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Bat\|Koumori]] Nezire\|コウモリネジレ\|Koumori Nejire\|9}}: A Nezire Beast that could manipulate sound and signals. Koumori Nezire uses his bats to burns a special soundwave into CDs that cause those who hear it to commit acts of violence without any memory of it as part of Shibolena's plan to perfect brainwashing of humanity. When Saeko learned of it and attempts to gather the CDs, Shibolena sends Koumori Nezire after her to force her to commit suicide. But Chisato manages to free Saeko from Koumori Nezire's hold before she joins the fight against him, overpowering him by using the Mega Sling to defeat him. After being bitten by Bibidevi, Koumori Nezire attempts to overpower Galaxy Mega with his soundwaves until Saeko's intervention allows Galaxy Mega to destroy Koumori Nezire with the Mega Cross Cutter.
+ {{nihongo\|Neo Koumori Nezire\|ネオコウモリネジレ\|Neo Koumori Nejire\|10}}: Koumori Nezire's remains were gathered and he was recreated. With a series of female androids at his disposal, Neo Koumori Nezire provides them with flutes and send them across the world to play the Murderous Soundwave, an enhanced version of the Rage Soundwave. However, one of his robots, Number 167 who looks exactly like Shun's deceased mother, develops a mind of her own as a result of being hit by a truck. Attempting too destroy her, he is forced to fallback after Mega Blue overpowers her. Tracking his creation down, Neo Koumori Nezire uses his Murderous Soundwaves on the Megarangers until 167 comes to their aid and uses Shun's flute to negate the Nezire Beast's attack before she self\-destructs to protect him. Enraged, Mega Blue attacks Neo Koumori Nezire in full fury before defeating him with the Tomahawk Sniper. Once enlarged by Bibidevi, Neo Koumori Nezire is easily destroyed by Galaxy Mega's Mega Dash Cutter.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Rose\|Bara]] Nezire\|バラネジレ\|Bara Nejire\| 11}}: This Nezire was partially created from Shibolena's DNA, linking them via the rose on Shibolena's rapier. As a result, Bara Nezire could recover from any wound as long as Shibolena was all right. While Chisato goes off after Shibolena, the other Megarangers have a hard time fighting Bara Nezire who whips the Megarangers with her vines and blast them with her shoulder flowers. Deciding to finish the fight, Bara Nezire allows Bibidevi to bite her and she overpowers Galaxy Mega. However, when Mega Yellow destroys Shibolena's rose, Bara Nezire loses her advantage and is destroyed by Galaxy Mega's Galaxy Lance.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Mole (animal)\|Mogura]] Nezire\|モグラネジレ\|Mogura Nejire\| 12}}: This subterranean\-combat Nezire builds a machine to attract a piece of a heat\-guiding meteor to Tokyo to use its energy to destroy the city in one blow. Managing to overpower Mega Black, but losing a fragment of the meteor, Mogura Nezire falls back and later abducts Mr. Ooiwa and Mega Black. With Mega Black regaining his composure, he saves Ooiwa and fights Mogura Nezire as the others arrive and destroy Mogura Nezire's base. Mega Black then breaks Mogura Nezire's claws off and was about to kill him when Bibidevi intervenes and bites the Nezire Beast. With Mega Black piloting Galaxy Mega, Mogura Nezire is destroyed by the giant robot's Galaxy Lance.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Owl\|Fukurou]] Nezire\|フクロウネジレ\|Fukurō Nejire\| 15}}: This Nezire could hypnotize people and blind/blast them with harsh rays from his large eyes. Fukurou Nezire infiltrates Gojounin Academy's Digital Research to brainwash the genius students through their monitors and have them build digital blueprints for a weapon of mass destruction, which he builds within the school's basement. Investigating the school as a favor to his friend Souichi, who is possessed by the Nezire Beast, Shun uncovers Fukurou Nezire's plan and fakes being hypnotized to sabotage the weapon. Enraged at being tricked, Fukurou Nezire battles the Megarangers until they defeat him with the Digital Formation. After being bitten by Bibidevi and bursting out the school, Fukurou Nezire battles Galaxy Mega. Improvising a counterattack, Mega Blue places a mirror coating on Galaxy Mega's Mega Shield to deflect the attack back at Nezire Beast's eyes before the robot uses the Mega Dash Cutter attack to finish him off.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Moth\|Dokuga]] Nezire\|ドクガネジレ\|Dokuga Nejire\| 16, 21}}: A Nezire Beast that is fed Hinelar's Nezire Poison, a deadly toxin he is immune to, which takes effect after 24 hours. He is to spread it around to kill as many as he can. Dokuga Nezire flies around the city, distributing the Nezire Poison on his wings, with the Megarangers affected along with 10,000 people and have until 6 pm to find an antidote. After a brief falling out, the Megarangers regroup and manage to break off a piece of antenna as the poison takes effect on them with Mega Black managing to deliver the item to INET to prepares an antidote from the Nezire Beast's immunity. By the time the Megarangers almost lose to Dokuga Nezire without their Mega Suits, they receive the antidote. Using the Drill Sniper Custom and Multi Attack Rifle, they defeat Dokuga Nezire as Bibidevi arrives to bite him. After ripping off his wing and learning that his death would cover the entire city, Galaxy Mega takes Dokuga Nezire into space and uses the Booster Rifle to destroy him.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Toad\|Gama]] Nezire\|ガマネジレ\|Gama Nejire\| 17, 21}}: A Nezire Beast that appears in Tochigi's Rindou Lake while the Megarangers were on a field trip as one of hundreds of eggs which Bibidevi was sent to mature with a red\-liquid acceleration gun and deal with the Megarangers through a blue\-liquid retrograde gun. However, after Bibidevi drops the acceleration gun into the lake during the fight after blasting Miku with it my mistake, it causes one of the eggs to quickly mature. Armed with the acceleration and retrograde guns, Gama Nezire was about to mature his siblings when the Megarangers led by the enhanced Super Mega Pink arrive and destroy the eggs. After being spirited off by Shibolena, Gama Nezire decides to use his acceleration gun to cause a volcanic eruption to call out the Megarangers and exact his revenge on them. Suffering side effects from her enhancement, Super Mega Pink eventually arrives to her team's aid and teams with Mega Yellow to defeat Gama Nezire to return to normal. After being bitten by Bibidevi, Gama Nezire is caught off guard by Galaxy Mega's Super Denji Snake before being destroyed by the Mega Flying Cutter attack.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Mushroom\|Kinoko]] Nezire\|キノコネジレ\|Kinoko Nejire\| 18}}: A Nezire Beast that appears in the Nasu Plateau to burn down a forest to for the Nezirejians to obtain a meteor that fell there years ago. Confronted by Mega Black, Kinoko Nezire battles the Megarangers until the forest boy's interference drives them out of the forest. After having his wounds healed, Kinoko Nezire resumes his attack as a giant before Galaxy Mega appears destroy him with the Mega Straight Cutter attack.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Scorpion\|Sasori]] Nezire\|サソリネジレ\|Sasori Nejire\| 19}}: A Nejire Beast used by Shibolena to use his stinger to brainwash the children Guirail captured for his plan to take out a communications building. Though held off by Guirail, Mega Red defeats Sasori Nezire with the Battle Rizer to break his hold over the children. Bitten by Bibidevi, Sasori Nezire is destroyed by Galaxy Mega's Mega Dash Cutter.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Alligator\|Wani]] Nezire 1 and 2\|ワニネジレ1\&2\|Wani Nejire 1 and 2\| 20}}: Created by Shibolena, the Nezire Beast was modified by Guirail against her wishes to split into two separate monsters: The tail\-armed Wani Nezire 1 and the head\-armed Wani Nezire 2\. Catching the Megarangers off guard, Wani Nezire fights them until Bibidevi bites him and then splits after being hit by Galaxy Mega's Mega Flying Cutter. The splintered monster overpowers Galaxy Mega until the completed Delta Mega arrives to even the odds as the two robots destroy the Wani Nezires with their fire power.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Centipede\|Mukade]] Nezire\|ムカデネジレ\|Mukade Nejire\| 21}}: A Nezire Beast used by Guirail in a plan to pirate Delta Mega with the Grand Neziros. "Resurrecting" fallen Nezire Beasts, Mukade Nezire enlarges as his revived Nezires overwhelm the Megarangers, to keep them from using Galaxy Mega and force Mega Red to call Delta Mega, springing Guirail's trap. Managing to form Super Galaxy Mega to break Nezirejia's hold over Delta Mega, the Megarangers use their newly formed robot to destroy Mukade Nezire, causing his revived Nezires to dissolve away, in the process.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Antlion\|Airjigoku]] Nezire\|アリジゴクネジレ\|Arijigoku Nejire\| 22}}: This Nezire could create holes in the ground that would trap victims who fell into them. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Anglerfish\|Ankou]] Nezire\|アンコウネジレ\|Ankō Nejire\| 23}}: This Nezire Beast could turn people into stone with the antennae on his head. He was sent to absorb his younger sibling Komutan on Earth (who'd been befriend by Kenta) to reach his full potential and power. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Water buffalo\|Buffalo]] Nezire\|バッファローネジレ\|Baffarō Nejire\|24}}: A dummy of the superstrong Nezire Beast was sent by Yugande to record the data on the Megarangers on the gem on its head, which survived the dummy's destruction and was inserted into the real Nezire Beast later in the same episode. Using it, Buffalo Nezire could deflect any attacks the Megarangers tried to inflict on him. His arrival signified the arrival of Mega Silver, whose moves were not analyzed by the dummy so the real Buffalo Nezire had no defense against his attacks. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Moray eel\|Utsubo]] Nezire\|ウツボネジレ\|Utsubo Nejire\| 25}}: A Nezire species that was being bred by Guirail. Their mission was to poison the humans' water supply on Earth. The original creature was red, but a blue\-colored clone was later created, seen, and used by Guirail. The blue one was killed by Super Galaxy Mega, while the red one was killed by Mega Silver (who shot Bibidevi before he could bite it too).
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Cicada\|Semi]] Nezire\|セミネジレ\|Semi Nejire\| 26}}: A renegade Nezire who stole a device to amplify its power. This Nezire could blast powerful sound waves and was very treacherous, not unlike Guirail. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Coral\|Sango]] Nezire\|サンゴネジレ\|Sango Nejire\| 27}}: A Nezire that could slowly transform people into coral, which would eventually kill them in the process. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Termite\|Shiroari]] Nezire\|シロアリネジレ\|Shiroari Nejire\| 28}}: A Nezire who could lay eggs and power them up to grow quickly. Killed by the combined efforts of Mega Red, Mega Black, Mega Blue, Mega Pink and Mega Silver. Her larvae, however, hatched and fused together to become Soldier Shiroari Nezire. This Nezire was stronger that his mother, and could turn into a swarm of termites to eat through anything (including the Megarangers weapons) and/or avoid the Megaranger's attacks. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega with a combination of using the Booster Rifle set on freezing gas and then using Super Galaxy Knuckle.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Pig\|Buta]] Nezire\|ブタネジレ\|Buta Nejire\| 29}}: A monster who created and sold special "Diet Crêpes", while disguised as a chef, that actually induced people to eat anything nearby. While he was a formidable monster despite being quite comical, ButaNezire's weakness was hunger. He would abandon a fight, even if he was winning, to look for food if he became hungry. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.
##### Psycho Nezilar
The {{nihongo\|Psycho Nezilar\|サイコネジラー\|Saiko Nejirā}} are more powerful monsters that Doctor Hinelar creates using his "piano." What makes them different from the Nezire Beasts is that they are more robotic and have a heightened psychotic nature.
* {{nihongo\|Lion Nezilar\|ライオンネジラー\|Raion Nejirā\| 33, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A superstrong Psycho Nezilar who could blast the Megarangers with his large cannon and could detonate bombs if the Megarangers attacked him. Mega Red, with an upgrade to his Battle Raizer, was able to use this new energy to power up his Drill Sniper Custom into the Super Drill Sniper Custom, allowing him to kill Lion Nezilar fast enough before he could detonate any of his bombs. Killed by Mega Voyager. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Porcupine\|Yamaarashi]] Nezilar\|ヤマアラシネジラー\|Yamaarashi Nejirā\| 34, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A Psycho Nezilar who could turn soccer balls into explosive devices and kick them at humans to blow them up. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Mantis\|Kamakiri]] Nezilar\|カマキリネジラー\|Kamakiri Nejirā\| 35, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A Psycho Nezilar that took advantage of Mega Silver's short transformation weakness by affixing a time bomb to him set to go off when he reverted to normal. However, Mega Silver managed to upgrade his powers so he no longer had the time limit and was able to defeat him. Killed by Mega Voyager. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Condor]] Nezilar\|コンドルネジラー\|Kondoru Nejirā\| 36, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A Psycho Nezilar that could fly really fast and blast enemies with his beak lasers. First to be killed by Wing Mega Voyager. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Yellow canary\|Canary]] Nezilar\|カナリアネジラー\|Kanaria Nejirā\| 37}}: A Psycho Nezilar that had an "exchanging beam," allowing him to swap something he had for something someone else had, like his "old man" voice for Chisato's voice and goofy objects for the Megarangers' weapons. Kanaria Nezilar was sent by an unappreciated Bibidedi and stole Chisato's voice. Killed by Wing Mega Voyager.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Lizard\|Tokage]] Nezilar\|トカゲネジラー\|Tokage Nejirā\| 39, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A Psycho Nezilar with a satellite\-like frill on his neck who could photograph the Megarangers through their helmets threatening to blackmail them, although it didn't work. He could also blast lasers from his mouth. Killed by Wing Mega Voyager. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Crab\|Kani]] Nezilar\|カニネジラー\|Kani Nejirā\| Megaranger vs Carranger}}: Had a high\-pressure water cannon concealed in his claw firing his "Crab Bubble" attack, and a strong shell on his back that could deflect his opponent's attacks. Killed by Wing Mega Voyager.
* {{nihongo\|Toge\[\[Sewing needle\|bari]] Nezilar\|トゲバリネジラー\|Togebari Nejirā\| 45}}: A plant\-themed Psycho Nezilar whose power grew stronger from the thorns on his hand. It attached a small, mind\-controlling earring to people, including Kenta and his classmate Shintaro, causing them to serve Dr. Hinelar and attack their friends. This happened until Kouichirou and the others destroyed the earrings. When Thorn\-Needle Nezilar's thorns were destroyed, he lost most of his power and was able to be killed by Mega Voyager.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Illusion\|Maboroshi]] Nezilar\|マボロシネジラー\|Maboroshi Nejirā\| 46}}: This Psycho Nezilar could make himself disappear and reappear in various locations. At one point, he confused the Megarangers by going to the southern end of Japan, and then back to Sapporo only to appear behind them afterwards. Killed by Mega Voyager.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Transport\|Tensou]] Nezilar\|マボロシネジラー\|Tensō Nejirā\| 47}}: A Psycho Nezilar who could suck up earthlings in his vacuum\-like laser and transport them into Hinelar City. Killed by Mega Voyager.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Hell\|Jigoku]] Nezilar\|ジゴクネジラー\|Jigoku Nejirā\| 49}}: A bat/[Grim Reaper](/wiki/Death_%28personification%29 "Death (personification)")\-designed Psycho Nezilar who was created to force the Megarangers to expose themselves in their High School, which they did. Though he died at the hands of Mega Voyager, he did manage to turn the heroes' schoolmates and friends against them.
##### Other Beasts
* {{nihongo\|Ultimate Lifeform\|究極生命体\|Kyūkyoku Seimeitai\|13}}: The result of the Tanaka Project to produce an artificial creature which can endure in outer space and feed on energy from its feelers, almost all research relating to the entity was destroyed except a pendant containing an IC Chip holding the DNA sequence. After Shibolena acquires it, she use the data to create a Nezire Beast so that it would destroy humanity after absorbing enough electricity. After losing one of its feelers to the Megarangers, the Ultimate Lifeform enlarges and battles Galaxy Mega until it is destroyed by the robot's Mega Flash Arrow.
* {{nihongo\|Gigire\|ギギレ\|Girēru\|31 \& 32}}: A [squid](/wiki/Squid "Squid")\-like monster grown from a fragment of Mad Guirail who could fly through space and blast a powerful laser from his forehead. Both of them were destroyed by the Mega Voyager.
|
[
"Characters\n----------",
"### INET",
"{{Overly detailed\\|section\\|date\\=November 2015}}\nThe {{nihongo\\|International Network of Excel\\-Science and Technology\\|世界科学者連邦\\|Sekai Kagakusha Renpō\\|INET}} is the company responsible for the *Megaranger* video game used to identify five people to become the Megarangers.",
"#### Megarangers",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|The Megarangers transformed. From left to right: Kouichirou Endo, Chisato Jougasaki, Kenta Date, Miku Imamura, and Shun Namiki.](/wiki/File:Megaranger.jpg \"Megaranger.jpg\")\nFive high school students chosen by INET become the titular Denji Sentai Megaranger, with one additional member who is an INET agent. Their base of operations is the Digital Research Club at Moroboshi High School.",
"##### Kenta Date",
"{{nihongo\\|Kenta Date/Mega Red\\|伊達 健太/メガレッド\\|Date Kenta/Mega Reddo}}: 18 years old, Kenta is a slacker and knucklehead who likes [yakiniku](/wiki/Yakiniku \"Yakiniku\") (to a point where he will ask Dr. Kubota to treat him to a yakiniku lunch for every mission accomplished), but is also friendly, playful, and has a good heart. He becomes an ideal candidate to become a Megaranger after beating a skilled opponent on INET's *Megaranger* [arcade game](/wiki/Arcade_game \"Arcade game\"), which was actually a tool used to recruit Megarangers.",
"Mega Red's forehead symbol is a Personal computer; ironically, Kenta is the only member who does not like computers. This symbol allows him to upload data and program skills into his mind, making him an adaptable warrior.",
"##### Kouichirou Endo",
"{{nihongo\\|Kouichirou Endo/Mega Black\\|遠藤 耕一郎/メガブラック\\|Endō Kōichirō/Mega Burakku}}: 18 years old, Kouichirou is the functioning leader and overachiever of the team. Aside from being a keen [soccer player](/wiki/Soccer_player \"Soccer player\"), he is a member of the class committee and is concerned about his schoolwork. He balances his duties as a Megaranger and a student. He has a younger brother, Koujiro, who also plays soccer. A natural leader but extremely bossy, he once created an hour by hour schedule for all the Megarangers to follow but they ignored it. During his stay at the Epinard Nasu hotel in Tochigi, Kouichirou encounters a mysterious boy who is a spiritual representation of the forest that is not only in danger of Kinoko Nejire's attack on it but INET's Relay Base. He eventually gains the forest spirit's trust as he uses up all his power to help the Megarangers as Kouichirou promises to have INET relocate the relay base.",
"Mega Black's forehead symbol is a digital [satellite](/wiki/Satellite \"Satellite\"), which enables him to trace communication sources and transmissions.\n* Special attacks: *Satellite Search*, *Satellite Scan*, {{nihongo\\|''Miracle Shoot''\\|ミラクルシュート\\|Mirakuru Shūto}} (soccer ball kicking attack).",
"##### Shun Namiki",
"{{nihongo\\|Shun Namiki/Mega Blue\\|並樹 瞬/メガブルー\\|Namiki Shun/Mega Burū}}: 18 years old, Shun is a loner who aspires to become a computer\\-graphics artist and initially refuses to become a Megaranger. After seeing Kenta attempt to keep the Kune Kune from interfering in his lifelong dreams, Shun reconsiders and becomes good friends with Kenta. He plays the flute, as his late mother was a world\\-renowned flautist. Shun is adept at creating battle strategies, such as confusing the Nejirangers by making the other Megaranger suits look like his. Shun is a [Virgo](/wiki/Virgo_%28astrology%29 \"Virgo (astrology)\"), according to Miku.",
"Mega Blue's forehead symbol is a [Digital TV](/wiki/Digital_television \"Digital television\"), which allows him to create [CG](/wiki/Computer_graphics \"Computer graphics\") images and trap enemies in a movie dimension where characters from that dimension attack the enemy.",
"* Special attacks: *Virtual Vision*, *Virtual Holograph*.",
"##### Chisato Jougasaki",
"{{nihongo\\|Chisato Jougasaki/Mega Yellow \\|城ヶ崎 千里/メガイエロー\\|}}: 18 years old, Chisato dreams of becoming a professional photographer. Aside from photography, she is also into singing. She is attracted to Kouichirou. Compared to the rest of her teammates, she gets the least amount of focus (sans from the episode previews).",
"Mega Yellow's forehead symbol is a [Digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera \"Digital camera\"), which can telescopically search for people and things – even allowing her to see through walls. This symbol also allows her to record and playback anything she sees.\n* Special attacks: *Digicam Search*, *Galaxy Search*, {{nihongo\\|''Blade Arm''\\|ブレードアーム\\|Burēdo Āmu}}.",
"##### Miku Imamura",
"{{nihongo\\|Miku Imamura/Mega Pink\\|今村 みく/メガピンク\\|Imamura Miku/Mega Pinku}}: 18 years old, Miku eats a lot, but is very self\\-conscious about her weight. She dislikes schoolwork just as much as Kenta, and because of this, the two of them are very good friends. She is attracted to Shun. During the Megarangers' encounter with Bibidevi on episode 17, Miku is accidentally hit by an evolution beam and becomes {{nihongo\\|\"Super Mega Pink\"\\|超メガピンク\\|Chō Mega Pinku\\|17}}, which makes the colored squares on her costume turn gold. As Super Mega Pink, Miku gains [super strength](/wiki/Superhuman_strength \"Superhuman strength\") and can wield the other Megarangers' weapons. Additionally, her intelligence increases to an [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient \"Intelligence quotient\") of 800, along with a change in her personality. However, after suffering painful side effects, Miku manages to return to her normal self. In *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*, she lectures [Sae Taiga (Gao White)](/wiki/The_Gaorangers%23White \"The Gaorangers#White\") on the Super Sentai franchise's many female warriors and their shared skill at changing their clothes in the blink of an eye, something that Sae had never done before.",
"Mega Pink's forehead symbol is a [Cell phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\"), which can track and analyze sound waves.\n* Special attacks: *Telephone Search*.",
"##### Yuusaku Hayakawa",
"{{nihongo\\|Yuusaku Hayakawa/Mega Silver\\|早川 裕作/メガシルバー\\|Hayakawa Yūsaku/Mega Shirubā\\|24–29, 32, 33, 35–38, 40–43, 46, 48–51 \\& ''Megaranger vs. Carranger''}}: The 25\\-year\\-old chief of INET's Special Development Division, Yuusaku is one of the scientists under Kubota who created the Mega Suits, including Mega Silver which was the [prototype](/wiki/Prototype \"Prototype\") Mega Suit. Though he is placed in charge of the Super Mega Project, Yuusaku secretly took the Mega Silver powers for his own use in helping the Megarangers despite Kubota's insistence that he gets back to work. Initially, Yuusaku's transformation into Mega Silver lasts for 2\\.5 minutes due to how powerful it was, but he was able to repair it by the time Nejirejia discovers this. When the primary Megarangers alter their costumes to look like Shun's to trick the Nejirangers, Yuusaku confuses them even further by disguising himself as {{nihongo\\|Neji Silver\\|ネジシルバー\\|Neji Shirubā\\|41}}, armed with a twisted version of his Silver Blazer (weapon). Yuusaku also pilots his own mecha, Mega Winger. He has also demonstrated his culinary skills by preparing a lavish meal to distract a Nezire Beast before Mega Pink defeats it. In the final battle, he is able to assist the Megarangers by using his damaged Mega Winger to free the Voyager Machines from the rubble of the INET Moonbase to give the Megarangers a chance of defeating Death Nejiro and attend their high school graduation ceremony.",
"Mega Silver's forehead symbol is a [microchip](/wiki/Integrated_circuit \"Integrated circuit\").",
"### Arsenal",
"* {{nihongo\\|Degitaizer\\|デジタイザー\\|Dejitaizā}}: The primary Megarangers' special tool. By dialing certain number codes into the Degitaizer (worn on the wrist), they can activate their {{nihongo\\|Digital Suits\\|デジタルスーツ\\|Degitaru Sutsu}}, call their Cyber Sliders, and launch their mecha.\n\t+ 335: Ranger transformation. (Transformation call is {{nihongo\\|\"Install! Megaranger!\"\\|「 インストール！メガレンジャー ！」\\|\"Insutōru! Megarenjā!\"}})\n\t+ 259: Calls the Cyber Sliders.\n\t+ 761: Calls the Digitank.\n\t+ 108: Launches the Mega Shuttle.\n\t+ 541: Starts the Galaxy Mega formation.\n* {{nihongo\\|Mega Sniper\\|メガスナイパー\\|Mega Sunaipā}}: The primary Megarangers' handgun which can be split into the {{nihongo\\|Mega Magnum\\|メガマグナム\\|Mega Magunamu}} and the {{nihongo\\|Mega Shot\\|メガショット\\|Mega Shotto}} for the {{nihongo\\|Twin Shoot\\|ツインシュート\\|Tsuin Shūto}} attack. It can also be attached to the {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Signature weapon\\|Mega Weapons]]\\|メガウエポン\\|Mega Uepon}} to increase the Mega Sniper's power and the enhanced Mega Snipers can be fired together for the {{nihongo\\|Final Shoot\\|ファイナルシュート\\|Fainaru Shūto}} finisher.\n* {{nihongo\\|Drill Saber\\|ドリルセイバー\\|Doriru Seibā}}: Mega Red's Mega Weapon with which he can perform the {{nihongo\\|Saber Slash\\|セイバースラッシュ\\|Seibā Surasshu}} and {{nihongo\\|Screw Drill Saber\\|スクリュードリルセイバー\\|Sukuryū Doriru Seibā}} attacks. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\\|Drill Sniper\\|ドリルスナイパー\\|Doriru Sunaipā}}. The Drill Saber is broken by Yugande but soon repaired with a new capability, becoming the {{nihongo\\|Drill Sniper Custom\\|ドリルスナイパーカスタム\\|Doriru Sunaipā Kasutamu}} – formed when the Drill Sniper is combined with a small screw. Most of the time, this weapon is used alongside the Multi Attack Rifle. It can also be powered into the Super Drill Sniper Custom by pressing \"03\" on the Battle Riser to transfer its energy into the Drill Saber.\n* {{nihongo\\|Mega Rod\\|メガロッド\\|Mega Roddo}}: Mega Black's Mega Weapon with which he can perform the {{nihongo\\|Rod Break\\|ロッドブレいき\\|Roddo Bureiki}} attack. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\\|Rod Sniper\\|ロッドスナイパー\\|Roddo Sunaipā}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Mega Tomahawk\\|メガトマホーク\\|Mega Tomahōku}}: Mega Blue's Mega Weapon with which he can perform the {{nihongo\\|Tomahawk Hurricane\\|トマホークハリケーン\\|Tomahōku Harikēn}} attack. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\\|Tomahawk Sniper\\|トマホークスナイパー\\|Tomahōku Sunaipā}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Mega Sling\\|メガスリング\\|Mega Suringu}}: Mega Yellow's Mega Weapon. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\\|Sling Sniper\\|スリングスナイパー\\|Suringu Sunaipā}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Mega Capture\\|メガキャプチャー\\|Mega Kyapuchā}}: Mega Pink's Mega Weapon. When combined with the Mega Sniper, it becomes the {{nihongo\\|Capture Sniper\\| キャプチャースナイパー\\|Kyapuchā Sunaipā}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Cyber Sliders\\|サイバースライダー\\|Saibā Suraidā}}: [Surfboard](/wiki/Surfboard \"Surfboard\")\\-like vehicles the Megarangers use to move through space.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Cyber Slider 1\\|サイバースライダー１\\|Saibā Suraidā Wan}}: Mega Red's Cyber Slider.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Cyber Slider 2\\|サイバースライダー２\\|Saibā Suraidā Tsū}}: Mega Black's Cyber Slider.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Cyber Slider 3\\|サイバースライダー３\\|Saibā Suraidā Surī}}: Mega Blue's Cyber Slider.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Cyber Slider 4\\|サイバースライダー４\\|Saibā Suraidā Fō}}: Mega Yellow's Cyber Slider.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Cyber Slider 5\\|サイバースライダー５\\|Saibā Suraidā Faibu}}: Mega Pink's Cyber Slider.\n* {{nihongo\\|Digitank\\|デジタンク\\|Dejitanku}}: A highly durable [armored vehicle](/wiki/Armored_vehicle \"Armored vehicle\") used by the Megarangers for transportation, as well as Prof. Kubota whenever he enters the battlefield on occasion. Created as the ultimate rescue tool. Can be used to enter dangerous areas or to burrow underground and has a scanner called the MultiView Searcher to scan through walls and a fire extinguishing spray. Its armaments consist of a long claw called the {{nihongo\\|Digihand\\|デジハンド\\|Dejihando}} and a small [turret](/wiki/Turret_%28architecture%29 \"Turret (architecture)\") located on top called the {{nihongo\\|Digital Particle Cannon\\|メガバーティカルキャノン\\|Dejitaru Pātikuru Kyanon}}. The Digitank was destroyed when Prof. Kubota tried to fight off Shibolena and Yugande near the finale.\n* {{nihongo\\|Multi Attack Rifle\\|マルチアタックライフル\\|Maruchi Atakku Raifuru}}: Combination of the Mega Rod, Mega Tomahawk, Mega Sling, and Mega Capture wielded by Mega Black. Most of the time, this weapon is used alongside the Drill Sniper Custom.\n* {{nihongo\\|Battle Riser\\|バトルライザー\\|Batoru Raizā}}: A special wrist\\-worn device given to Kenta by Prof. Kubota. It allows for powered\\-up chop, punch, and shooting attacks. It is also used to summon and control the Delta Mega, and to activate the Super Galaxy Mega formation. In the two final battles against the Nejirangers, Mega Silver receives his own Battle Riser to control the Delta Mega and to help fight with Mega Winger. Near the finale, Mega Black and Mega Yellow receive their own Battle Risers. In Episode 29 and *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*, Mega Pink has a Battle Riser. It is uncertain if Mega Blue received his own Battle Riser device, though Prof. Kubota once used the Battle Riser to command the Delta Mega in Episode 50 during the defense of the INET Moonbase.\n\t+ 01: Enables a Megaranger to perform the {{nihongo\\|Riser Punch\\|ライザーパンチ\\|Raizā Panchi}} and {{nihongo\\|Riser Chop\\|ライザーチョップ\\|Raizā Choppu}} attacks, and Super Galaxy Mega to perform the {{nihongo\\|Super Galaxy Knuckle\\|スーパーギャラクシーナックル\\|Sūpā Gyarakushī Nakkuru}} finisher.\n\t+ 02: Fires Vulcan beams, even when a Megaranger does not have their Digital Suit on.\n\t+ 03: Enhances the Mega Sniper's firepower by 15 times (mostly on the Super Drill Sniper Custom for the {{nihongo\\|Full Power\\|フルパワー\\|Furu Pawā}} finisher). This ability was originally non\\-functional until it was uploaded in Episode 33\\.\n* {{nihongo\\|Keitaizer\\|ケイタイザー\\|Keitaizā}}: Mega Silver's transformation device. It uses many of the same features as the Degitaizer (but with Mega Silver's own unique vehicle) and is also used as an actual cellphone. The device's name is actually a play\\-off of \"Keitai Denwa\", or \"cellular phone\".\n\t+ 2580 – MEGA: Ranger transformation. (Transformation call is {{nihongo\\|\"Keitaizer, install!\"\\|「ケイタイザー、インストール ！」\\|\"Keitaizā, insutōru!\"}})\n\t+ 259: Calls the Auto Slider.\n* {{nihongo\\|Silver Blazer\\|シルバーブレイザー\\|Shirubā Bureizā}}: Mega Silver's arm\\-mounted weapon that can switch between {{nihongo\\|Gun Mode\\|ガンモード\\|Gan Mōdo}} and {{nihongo\\|Sword Mode\\|ソードモード\\|Sōdo Mōdo}}. His finisher is the {{nihongo\\|Blazer Impact\\|ブレイザーインパクト\\|Bureizā Inpakuto}} – a barrage of blasts in Gun Mode, followed by a close blade slash in Sword Mode. A variation of the Blazer Impact can be performed with just the sword slash alone.\n* {{nihongo\\|Auto Slider\\|オートスライダー\\|Ōto Suraidā}}: Mega Silver has his own Cyber Slider which is capable of transforming into [Bike Auto](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\") and can fire the {{nihongo\\|Slider Beam\\|スライダービーム\\|Suraidā Bīmu}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Mega Tector\\|メガテクター\\|Mega Tekutā}}: An upgrade armor that the Megarangers receive in *Megaranger vs. Carranger*. Their finisher, {{nihongo\\|Rainbow Impulse\\|レインボーインパルス\\|Reinbō Inparusu}}, involves them turning into balls of light and destroying their enemies not unlike the [Lights of Ginga](/wiki/Seijuu_Sentai_Gingaman%23Arsenal \"Seijuu Sentai Gingaman#Arsenal\"). The armor was a movie exclusive and was never used in the actual TV series.",
"### INET Mecha",
"The mecha used by the Megaranger were made by INET.",
"#### Galaxy Mega",
"{{nihongo\\|Electromagnetic Combination Galaxy Mega\\|電磁合体ギャラクシーメガ\\|Denji Gattai Gyarakushī Mega}}: Combination of Mega Ship and Mega Shuttle. Initially, INET thought the Megarangers did not fully use the robot's potential and had their tactics programmer, Professor Toyokawa, install a program that allows Galaxy Mega to fight without a human pilot. But the Shrimp Nezire incident helped Toyokama to understand the negative potential and he allows the robot to remain in Kubota's control. The Galaxy Mega's last appearance in the series was when it was rendered inoperable by Burning Yugande, but was repaired and used again in Gingaman vs. Megaranger. Galaxy Mega's power helped to power up GaoKing in *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*. The Galaxy Mega's weapons are the {{nihongo\\|MegaSaber\\|メガサーベル\\|Mega Sāberu}}, a sword which the Galaxy Mega can use to perform a wide variety of attacks; {{nihongo\\|Mega Side Cutter\\|メガサイドカッター\\|Mega Saido Kattā}} – a horizontal slash, {{nihongo\\|Mega Flying Cutter\\|メガフライングカッター\\|Mega Furaingu Kattā}} – a jumping slash, {{nihongo\\|Saber Electromagnetic Whip\\|サーベル電磁ムチ\\|Sāberu Denji Muchi}} – an energy whip that is used to weaken an opponent, {{nihongo\\|Mega Dash Cutter\\|メガダッシュカッター\\|Mega Dasshu Kattā}} – a dashing horizontal slash, {{nihongo\\|Mega Cross Cutter\\|メガクロスカッター\\|Mega Kurosu Kattā}} – a double diagonal slash attack that forms an X, {{nihongo\\|Galaxy Lance\\|ギャラクシーランス\\|Gyarakushī Ransu}} – a sword extension attack that destroys its target from a distance, {{nihongo\\|Mega Flash Arrow\\|メガフラッシュアロー\\|Mega Furasshu Arō}} – the saber is thrown like an arrow/spear to impale its enemy, {{nihongo\\|Mega Straight Cutter\\|メガストレートカッター\\|Mega Sutorēto Katta}} and {{nihongo\\|Saber Electromagnetic Snake\\|サーベル電磁ヘビ\\|Sāberu Denji Hebi}} – used against Toad Nejire, where Mega Pink took advantage of a toad's natural fear of snakes, by transforming the tip of the sword into a projection of a snake; {{nihongo\\|Mega Shield\\|メガシールド\\|Mega Shīrudo}}, which can protect the Galaxy Mega and enable it to safely enter Earth's atmosphere; and {{nihongo\\|Booster Rifle\\|ブースターライフル\\|Būsutā Raifuru}}, a gun created from the Shuttle Booster which originally enabled the Mega Shuttle to make it into space. The Booster Rifle can fire energy blasts or freezing gas to freeze opponents.",
"* {{nihongo\\|Mega Ship\\|メガシップ\\|Mega Shippu}}: Orbital space station for Megarangers and Prof. Kubota. The sides and nose form Galaxy Mega's legs, and the undercarriage forms the arms while the underbelly becomes the shield. Armed with the Mega Particle Cannon. There are a hundred people who work inside Mega Ship. Following the near destruction of the Galaxy Mega by Mad Guirail and the debut of the Mega Voyager, Prof. Kubota sets up command at the INET Moonbase instead, and the Mega Ship was usually stored there in the docking bay unless if it was needed.\n* {{nihongo\\|Mega Shuttle\\|メガシャトル\\|Mega Shatoru}}: The orbiter forms Galaxy Mega's head (the engine becomes the \"[mullet](/wiki/Mullet_%28haircut%29 \"Mullet (haircut)\")\", and the cockpit becomes the [cranium](/wiki/Cranium \"Cranium\")). The Shuttle Booster forms the Booster Rifle (with the fuel tank holding the handle and muzzle). The orbiter docks in the nose. The Shuttle Booster can be docked to the underside of the Mega Ship. On the toy, the Shuttle Booster can also add weapons to the Mega Ship by separating into three pieces with the fuel tank becoming a cannon on the underbelly and the rocket boosters on the sides. This function is never seen in the series.",
"#### Delta Mega",
"{{nihongo\\|Delta Mega\\|デルタメガ\\|Deruta Mega}}: An additional mecha created by Prof. Kubota that is activated and controlled by either Mega Red or Mega Silver using the Battle Riser. Its program was developed by Prof. Kawasaki. One panel in the central control room was for the program to start it with another to start a self\\-destruct program. It made its debut in Episode 20\\. Comes by the command \"DeltaMega Install!\". Its armaments consist of two small guns known as the {{nihongo\\|Delta Laser\\|デルタレーザー\\|Deruta Rēzā}} and two {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Gatling gun\\|Gatling]] Blaster\\|ガトリングブラスター\\|Gatoringu Burasutā}} arms. However, there is a flaw in the control system which Guirail takes advantage of and uses against the Megarangers. But after Galaxy Mega sent out a wave circuit to Delta Mega its Fusion System activated, later combining into Super Galaxy Mega. When the Battle Riser is placed into the Galaxy Mega's controls it allows for the Delta Mega to combine with it to form the Super Galaxy Mega. Much like the Mega Ship, the Delta Mega was also moved and stored in the INET Moonbase's docking bay unless if it was needed following the debut of the Mega Voyager. The Delta Mega was destroyed near the finale by a powered\\-up Yugande, but rebuilt and reappeared in *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*.",
"#### Super Galaxy Mega",
"{{nihongo\\|Super Electromagnetic Combination Super Galaxy Mega\\|超電磁合体スーパーギャラクシーメガ\\|Chō Denji Gattai Sūpā Gyarakushī Mega}}: Combination of Galaxy Mega and Delta Mega. First appeared in Episode 21\\. In this mode the Delta Mega's Gatling Blasters are positioned on the shoulders of the Super Galaxy Mega and three times stronger than normal. The Super Galaxy Mega's finisher is called the {{nihongo\\|Super Galaxy Knuckle\\|スーパーギャラクシーナックル\\|Sūpā Gyarakushī Nakkuru}} where it fires both fist like rockets to destroy the enemy. When the Super Galaxy Knuckle proved useless against Mad Guirail, a new attack was used; the {{nihongo\\|Big Bang Attack\\|ビッグバンアタック\\|Biggu Ban Atakku}}. The Super Galaxy Mega spins around at high speeds, flies up into the air, and finally shots down like a comet and blasts through the Mad Guirail. Mad Guirail survived the attack.",
"#### Mega Voyager",
"{{nihongo\\|Voyager Machines\\|ボイジャーマシン\\|Boijā Mashin}}: A series of mecha created by INET's Special Development Division in the Super Mega Project which Yuusaku oversees. When Mad Guirail overpowered the Super Galaxy Mega, the Megarangers obtain use of the Voyager Machines, which are launched from the INET Moonbase. The five Voyager Machines were combined into {{nihongo\\|Galaxy Fusion Mega Voyager\\|銀河合体メガボイジャー\\|Ginga Gattai Mega Boijā}}. Mega Voyager used the top section of Rocket Voyager 3 as its main weapon for the {{nihongo\\|Voyager Spartan\\|ボイジャースパルタン\\|Boijā Suparutan}} finisher. When Mega Winger donates its Mega Wing, Mega Voyager becomes {{nihongo\\|Wing Mega Voyager\\|ウイグメガボイジャー\\|Uingu Mega Boijā}}, which could use the {{nihongo\\|Winger Spartan\\|ウインガースパルタン\\|Uingā Suparutan}} (the Voyager Spartan shot in midair). A more powered\\-up version, used to destroy the last three Nejiranger, was the {{nihongo\\|Mega Spartan\\|メガスパルタン\\|Mega Suparutan}}. Other attacks include the {{nihongo\\|Voyager Kick\\|ボイジャーキック\\|Boijā Kikku}}, {{nihongo\\|Voyager Punch\\|ボイジャーパンチ\\|Boijā Panchi}}, and {{nihongo\\|Voyager Pulsar\\|ボイジャーパルサー\\|Boijā Parusā}}. Aside from using Rocket Voyager 3 as a weapon, Mega Voyager has also used Galaxy Mega's Mega Saber. It continued to be the Megarangers' primary mecha until it was destroyed in the final battle with Hinelar and Death Nejiros in the series finale.",
"* {{nihongo\\|Rovoyager 1\\|ロボイジャー１\\|Roboijā Wan}}: Piloted by Mega Red, Rovoyager 1 is a humanoid robot (based on an astronaut's spacesuit) with two large missile batteries on its shoulders. Forms the waist and upper legs of Mega Voyager.\n* {{nihongo\\|Shuttle Voyager\\-2\\|シャトルボウジャー２\\|Shatoru Boijā Tsū}}: Piloted by Mega Black, Shuttle Voyager 2 is a space shuttle that can fire an energy blast from its nose. Forms Mega Voyager's head and shield.\n* {{nihongo\\|Rocket Voyager 3\\|ロケットボイジャー３\\|Roketto Boijā Surī}}: Piloted by Mega Blue, Rocket Voyager 3 is a large rocket ship that becomes the Voyager Spartan weapon for Mega Voyager, and also becomes Mega Voyager's lower legs and abdominal area. Kenta often used it as a surfboard for Rovoyager 1\\.\n* {{nihongo\\|Saucer Voyager 4\\|ソーサーボイジャー４\\|Sōsā Boijā Fō}}: Piloted by Mega Yellow, Saucer Voyager 4 is a UFO\\-like spaceship that can fire energy blasts from its wings. Forms Mega Voyager's body and arms, and the blasters on both sides of its thrusters attach to Mega Voyager's head. The jet engines also serve as the firing apparatus for the Mega Voyager's Voyager Pulsar.\n* {{nihongo\\|Tank Voyager 5\\|タンクボイジャー５\\|Tanku Boijā Faibu}}: Piloted by Mega Pink, Tank Voyager 5 is a covered tank with two large cannons on top. Forms Mega Voyager's feet.",
"#### Mega Winger",
"{{nihongo\\|Mega Winger\\|メガウインガー\\|Mega Uingā}}: Personal mecha of Mega Silver, created by Yuusaku, allows him to operate as Mega Silver, as part of the Mega Space Project. It could change from {{nihongo\\|Flyer Mode\\|フライヤーモード\\|Furaiyā Mōdo}} to {{nihongo\\|Fighter Mode\\|ファイターモード\\|Faitā Mōdo}} at phenomenal speed with the command {{nihongo\\|\"Blitzkrieg Transformation\"\\|電撃変形\\|Dengeki Henkei}}. It could donate its {{nihongo\\|Mega Wing\\|メガウイング\\|Mega Uingu}} to Mega Voyager, transforming it into Wing Mega Voyager. Mega Winger's main weapon was the {{nihongo\\|Winger Cannon\\|ウインガーキャノン\\|Uingā Kyanon}}, which required both hands to operate. The undercarriage forms the lower legs and the \"nose\" becomes the arms (the inside parts spinning to become the forearms), revealing the head. The Mega Winger's final battle was in Episode 50, where it was crippled in battle against Burning Yugande while defending the INET Moonbase. But Yuusaku was able to use the damaged Mega Winger to free the Voyager Machines from the rubble of the INET Moonbase before it finally collapsed due to the earlier damage.",
"### Allies",
"#### INET members",
"The following are known members of INET:",
"##### Prof. Eikichi Kubota",
"{{nihongo\\|Prof. Eikichi Kubota\\|久保田 衛吉博士\\|Kubota Eikichi\\-hakase}}: He is in charge of the Megaranger program – specifically the *Megaranger* video game. During a surprise attack on the NASADA base by the Nezirejia, he is forced to give the Degitaizers to five students – turning them into Megarangers. He was once friends with Dr. Samejima, who had left this dimension for Nezirejia – becoming Dr. Hinelar. Dr. Kubota is a former high school boxer and he plays the trumpet.",
"Eikichi Kubota is portrayed by Satoru Saitō.",
"##### Shougo Kawasaki",
"Shougo Kawasaki (川崎 省吾 *Kawasaki Shōgo*): A young man who is the head engineer of the Mega Ship's maintenance department. His father, Professor Kawasaki, is a world authority on robot control programs (helped create the program for Delta Mega) and wants Shougo to attend college, using the program he developed for Delta Mega to get his son back on Earth. However, after Mega Red saves Shougo from Guirail, he is allowed to remain with INET.",
"Shougo Kawasaki is portrayed by Yuki Tanaka.",
"##### Tachibana",
"Tachibana (立花): A member of INET and a crew member aboard the Galaxy Mega.",
"Tachibana is portrayed by Takao Miyashita (宮下 敬夫 *Miyashita Takao*).",
"##### Pop",
"Pop (ポップ *Poppu*) is a technician associated with I.N.E.T. who assists the Megarangers.",
"Pop is portrayed by Samuel Pop Aning.",
"#### Moroboshi High School",
"{{nihongo\\|Moroboshi High School\\|諸星学園\\|Moroboshi Gakuen}}: The high school attended by the five Megarangers until the series finale. Each of the team's classmates and teachers ended up being involved in a Nejirejian scheme and they become enraged when they learned the identities of the Megarangers to which almost everyone turns against them. It was only in the final battle with Dr. Hinelar that the school realized the error of their stand and started to support the Megarangers.",
"#### Gen Ooiwa",
"Gen Ooiwa (大岩 厳 *Ōiwa Gen*): The class' lazy Homeroom/Science teacher. Despite his laziness, he manages to find ways to motivate his students – especially the well\\-disciplined Kouichirou. In episode 12, while the Megarangers battle Mole Nezire Mr. Ooiwa stumbles upon a meteorite fragment and keeps it in his possession, making him a target of the Nejirejia. When he and Mega Black are captured by Mole Nezire, he tells the overachiever to never give up. As a result, Mr. Ooiwa inspires Mega Black to break free and foil the Nezirejian plans. During the finale, despite the Megarangers being expelled, he is the only staff member not to turn his back on the Megaranger and together with Jirou and Erina start the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on.",
"Gen Ooiwa is portrayed by Yoshihiro Nozoe.",
"##### Shintarou Wada",
"Shintarou Wada (和田 シンタロウ *Wada Shintarō,* 6, 45 \\& 49–51\\): An overweight shy boy who has a crush on Miku. He threatened to reveal some secret photos of Miku to the school unless she would go on a date with him. Miku agrees as she thought the photos were of her transforming into Mega Pink. The photos are of her sleeping in class and the nurse's office. Shintarou was placed under the control of the Thorn Nejilar to do Dr. Hinelar's bidding until he is freed by the Megarangers. Later after the Megaranger's secret identities are exposed and Jirou is injured during the Nejilars attack, Shintarou blames the Megarangers and turns his back on them. He comes around during the final battle and cheers his friends on. Afterwards, he graduates with his classmates.",
"Shintarou Wada is portrayed by Takenari Hirowara.",
"##### Jirou Iwamoto",
"Jirou Iwamoto (岩本 ジロウ *Iwamoto Jirō,* 6, 45, 49 \\& 51\\): Shintarou's best friend and spokesperson due to Shintarou's shy personality. He consoles Shintarou when Miku turns him down for a second date. Near the finale, he is injured when the Megarangers' secret identities are exposed. During the final battle, a bandaged Jirou returns to the school and together with Erina and Mr. Ōiwa started the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on. Afterwards, he graduates with his classmates.",
"Jirou Iwamoto is portrayed by Takumi Hashimoto.",
"##### Erina",
"Erina (恵理奈*,* 37 \\& 49–51\\): A classmate of the Megarangers. After the Megaranger's secret identities are exposed, she is among the few people in the school who still supports the Megarangers and tried unsuccessfully to convince the school staff not to expel them. It is heavily implied she is attracted to Kenta. Ultimately with Jirou and Mr. Ooiwa she started the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on, which would be instrumental in restoring the Megaranger's fighting spirit, contributing to their final victory against Dr. Hinelar and the Death Neziros. Afterwards, she graduates with her classmates.",
"Erina is portrayed by Emi Shigemitsu.",
"#### Other allies",
"##### Takeshi",
"Takeshi (タケシ): One of the arcade children Kenta befriended. He was used by Guirail in a scheme to break Mega Red's fighting spirit by having the boy receive the end of Mega Red's punch.",
"Takeshi is portrayed by Yōsuke Asari.",
"##### Picot",
"Space Fairy Picot (宇宙妖精ピコット *Uchū Yosei Pikotto*): Known as the \"Light of Hope\", Picot is a [dragon](/wiki/Dragon \"Dragon\")\\-like [fairy](/wiki/Fairy \"Fairy\") who assumes a clam\\-like form while traveling to a [planet](/wiki/Planet \"Planet\") where he can only grant five wishes. After fulfilling the wishes, Picot leaves the planet and would eventually return to the visited planet 100,004,000 years later. Though originally chased by Helmedor, Picot becomes targeted by the Nejireians as well. While on Earth, Picot granted Miku's giant cake wish, Kyosuke's wish for [katsudon](/wiki/Katsudon \"Katsudon\"), Helmedor's planet destroying [laser cannon](/wiki/Laser_cannon \"Laser cannon\"), and Kani Nejilar's wish to bring dead Psycho Nejilars [back to life](/wiki/Resurrection \"Resurrection\"). After granting Kenta's wish for the Megarangers to have for energy to keep fighting, giving them their Mega Tector armor and aiding the Carrangers, Picot leaves for the next planet.",
"Space Fairy Picot is voiced by Fushigi Yamada (山田 ふしぎ *Yamada Fushigi*).",
"### Evil Electric Kingdom Nezirejia",
"The {{nihongo\\|Evil Electric Kingdom Nezirejia\\|邪電王国ネジレジア\\|Jaden Ōkoku Nejirejia}}{{efn\\|Also spelt as \"Nejirejia\".{{cite web \\|title\\=電磁戦隊メガレンジャー Tシャツ ビビデビ柄 \\|url\\=https://p\\-bandai.jp/item/item\\-1000126189/ \\|publisher\\=Bandai \\|access\\-date\\=December 30, 2023 \\|language\\=ja \\|date\\=}}}} are invaders from another dimension ruled by an entity called Javious. Their names and appearances are all twisted and distorted. They have stationed in the {{nihongo\\|Death Neziros\\|デスネジロ\\|Desu Nejiro}} fortress which transforms into the giant robot {{nihongo\\|Grand Neziros\\|グランネジロス\\|Guran Nejirosu\\|51}} in the series finale. This robot can regenerate severed limbs as well as bind and electrocute his victims with cables and was finally destroyed along with the Mega Voyager in the finale. Hinelar self\\-destructed the Death Neziros from the inside in an attempt to blow up the Megarangers, the people in their high school and the Mega Voyager. The Megarangers nearly sacrifice themselves to carry Death Neziros with the Mega Voyager into the sky to prevent any further damage to their high school.",
"* {{nihongo\\|Evil Electro\\-King Javious the First\\|邪電王ジャビウス1世\\|Jadenō Jabiusu Issei\\|2–43}}{{efn\\|Javious' name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\\|\"\\[\\[evil]]\"\\|邪\\|Ja}} and {{nihongo\\|\"\\[\\[Möbius strip\\|Moebius]]\"\\|メビウス\\|Mebiusu}}.}} is the ruler of Nezirejia. He appears only as a giant eye on the screen of the Death Neziros. Very little is known about him and he is killed when the last of the Nejirangers, whose life forces are connected to his, are destroyed by the Megarangers. Upon his death, Javious was revealed to be the nucleus of Nejirejia which fades away upon his death. Only Javious' heart remained which Hinelar used to power his Hinelar City. Javious' heart was later destroyed along with Hinelar City. Javious the First is voiced by Ryūzaburō Ōtomo.\n* {{nihongo\\|Dr. Hinelar\\|Ｄｒ．ヒネラー\\|Dokutā Hinerā}}{{efn\\|Dr. Hinelar's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\\|\"to twist\"\\|ひねる\\|Hineru}}.}} is the leader of the Nezirejia invasion party. He was originally a cybernetics scientist named {{nihongo\\|Dr. Samejima\\|鮫島博士\\|Samejima\\-hakase}}, who studied space exploring suits and lost his beloved daughter in one of his experiments, destroying his reputation and scarring him. He later worked with Kubota on an interdimensional project, being the first to discover the existence of Nezirejia. A year later, Samejima decides to enter the dimension to prove its existence in spite of Kubota's pleas not to be reckless and ends up becoming Javious', right\\-hand man. Kubota later realized that Dr. Hinelar and Samejima are one and the same when he recognizes that the suits of the Nejirangers are similar to the Power Suits Samejima had developed. Hinelar later plots and successfully kills Javious through the Nejirangers, to become the new high leader of the Nejirejians. After the destruction of Javious, the Nezire Dimension closes making Hinelar build {{nihongo\\|Hinelar City\\|ヒネラーシティ\\|Hinerā Shiti}} in which he intended to concentrate all mankind as data cards. Soon after the destruction of his city, Hinelar began his personal attack on the Megarangers after learning their identities and making sure that they become outcasts to society. But Yugande's and Shibolena's demises drove Hinelar over the edge and gained a monster form to battle the Megarangers himself. However, the device that kept his body from warping on itself (a side effect from being in Nezirejia) was damaged and he retreated into the Death Neziros and turning it into Grand Neziros. When GrandNeziros exploded during the Mega Voyager's sacrifice, Hinelar dies, still inside while trying to will his body from collapsing onto itself. Dr. Hinelar is portrayed by Tetsuo Morishita.\n* {{nihongo\\|Shibolena\\|シボレナ\\|Shiborena\\|1–50}}{{efn\\|Shibolena's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\\|\"to squeeze\"\\|絞る\\|Shiboru}}.}} is a cybernetic [gynoid](/wiki/Gynoid \"Gynoid\") modeled after Hinelar's long dead daughter, Shizuka. Considers herself the masterpiece of Dr. Hinelar's work. She was [second\\-in\\-command](/wiki/Second-in-command \"Second-in-command\") to Hinelar on the Death Neziros, a mistress of disguise and illusions. Armed with a [rapier](/wiki/Rapier \"Rapier\"), she was also the smart one, often initiating plans for conquest. Creating Rose Nezire through her own DNA, Shibolena poses as a [nun](/wiki/Nun \"Nun\") to give her offshoot's roses to children, turning them into slaves and subject them to [Demon Therapy](/wiki/Aromatherapy \"Aromatherapy\") to create \"Little Rose Nezire\". But with one of the children being her new friend Ruri, Chisato arrives and nearly exposes herself as Mega Yellow (whom Shibolena establishes a rivalry with) to wound Shibolena with her Blade Arm. Fortunately, Mega Blue creates a holographic duplicate of Chisato to confuse Shibolena. She was critically wounded near the finale, by Mega Red, while protecting Yugande. She makes it back to the Death Neziros, to inform Hinelar of Yugande's death. Her body explodes right before Dr. Hinelar's eyes after she says goodbye to her master. The design of her hairstyle\\-like helmet is based on an American CG illustration used as a reference.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Toei Super Sentai Series, 35th Anniversary, Official Picture Book, Hyakka Ryoran \\[Shimonomaki] Sentai Kaijin Design\\-Daikan 1995\\-2012 \\|date\\=16 October 2012 \\|publisher\\=Glide Media \\|isbn\\=978\\-4\\-8130\\-2180\\-3 \\|script\\-title\\=ja:アニメムック 東映スーパー戦隊シリーズ35周年作品公式図録 百化繚乱 \\[下之巻] 戦隊怪人デザイン大鑑1995\\-2012 \\|trans\\-title\\=Toei Super Sentai Series, 35 th Anniversary, Official Picture Book, Hyakka Ryoran\\[Volume 2] Sentai Monster Design Encyclopedia 1995\\-2012}} Shibolena is portrayed by Asami Jo.\n* {{nihongo\\|Bibidevi\\|ビビデビ\\|Bibidebi}}{{efn\\|Bibidevi's name is derived from the song {{nihongo\\|\"\\[\\[Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo]]\"\\|ビビデバビデブー\\|Bibide Babide Bū}} from Walt Disney's 1950 animated adaptation of ''\\[\\[Cinderella]]'' and {{nihongo\\|\"\\[\\[devil]]\"\\|デビル\\|Debiru}}.}} is a little annoying [imp](/wiki/Imp \"Imp\") monster that begins his sentences with \"Bibi\" and ends them with \"debi\". In episode 3, Dr. Hinelar modified him with the ability to make the Nezire Beasts grow by biting them and injecting them with a {{nihongo\\|Giganto Virus\\|巨大化ウィルス\\|Kyodaika Wirusu}} whenever they are destroyed or are nearing defeat at the hands of the Megarangers. In secret, Bibidevi wanted to be the head of Nejirejia and has some affection for Shibolena, secretly sending Canary Nezire to act on his behalf. He appears to have died in the Grand Neziros when it was destroyed, by Mega Voyager's suicide attempt. Later, it is revealed that he teleported Hizumina out of the giant robot before the destruction.\n* {{nihongo\\|Yugande\\|ユガンデ\\|\\|1–8}}{{efn\\|Yugande's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\\|\"to warp\"\\|歪む\\|Yugamu}}.}} is a prideful [wire\\-frame model](/wiki/Wire-frame_model \"Wire-frame model\")\\-themed robot general created by Hinelar whom he admires and unconditionally obeys. He wields the {{nihongo\\|Dark Thunder\\|ダークサンダー\\|Dāku Sandā}} sword. Being high\\-strung, Yugande offers to handle the Megarangers himself. Using a divide and conquer strategy to take out the Megaranger members one by one, Yugande gets Mega Red to fight him in subspace so no one would interfere and nearly kills him before the others manage to breach the barrier. Mega Black is badly injured as they get their teammate to safety. Later, Yugande calls Mega Red out, attacking him in his enlarged form as the others arrive to aid him. Using Galaxy Mega, the Megarangers weaken him with the Saber Electromagnetic Whip before killing him with the Mega Side Cutter. However, Yugande is later rebuilt through the Nejzre Circle in a stronger form, {{nihongo\\|Yugande Relive\\|ユガンデ・リライブ\\|Yugande Riraibu\\|9–31}}. But as he needs to get used to his upgrade, Yugande remained on the sidelines until the \"Ultimate Lifeform\" incident, attempting to exact revenge on Mega Red while the monster feeds. Though he manages to destroy Mega Red's Drill Saber and nearly kills him, Yugande is driven off by the Megarangers' Multi Attack Rifle. Later, he was critically wounded in Episode 30 when Guirail uses him as a shield to protect him from the Super Galaxy Mega's Super Galaxy Knuckle. Yugande was modified in a form called {{nihongo\\|Yugande Strong\\|ユガンデ・ストロング\\|Yugande Sutorongu\\|33–50}}, with various mechanical implants placed on him to survive, and is given a better sword called the {{nihongo\\|Dark Crisis\\|ダーククライシス\\|Dāku Kuraishisu}}, which has three buttons on its handle to activate different attacks such as Dark Blade, Dark Fire, Dark Lightning, and Dark Triple Crisis (all three attacks combined). Yugande uses a special chip to take on a more powerful, red\\-colored form called {{nihongo\\|Burning Yugande\\|バーニング・ユガンデ\\|Bāningu Yugande\\|50}}. With this new power, Yugande proves to be a difficult challenge for the Megarangers, as he destroys the Delta Mega, badly damages the Galaxy Mega and Mega Winger and nearly destroys the Voyager Machines when he damages the INET Moonbase. Yugande, however, meets his end when the Nezi Reactor inside him is damaged and he is killed by Mega Red. Yugande is voiced by Hirotaka Suzuoki.\n* {{nihongo\\|Guirail\\|ギレール\\|Girēru\\|19–32}}{{efn\\|Guirail's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\\|\"to cut\"\\|切れる\\|Kireru}}.}} is a bandaged warrior was one of Javious' trusted minions, he is sent to Earth to aid Hinelar with the Megarangers. Guirail used crueler methods than Dr. Hinelar's (an example of this is in his first appearance where he used children as shields), even performing unusual experiments on the Nezire Beasts. Prior to revealing himself to Hinelar's group, Guirail stages an attack to capture the children of a city district while breaking Kenta's will to fight by having him hit Takeshi by accident. However, while leading a new attack on a communication building, Guirail messes with Mega Red until he is beaten by him with the Battle Rizer. Later on, he infected Yugande to become {{nihongo\\|Giga\\-Guirail\\|ギガギレール\\|Giga Girēru\\|30}}. But when the Super Galaxy Mega used its Super Galaxy Knuckle attack, Guirail canceled out the fusion to use Yugande as a shield to protect himself. An angry Shibolena tries to kill him but Dr. Hinelar stopped and tricked Guirail into taking the Nezire Source Capsule that gives him tremendous power and robs him of his sanity. This mutated Guirail into an insane beast called {{nihongo\\|Mad Guirail\\|マッドギレール\\|Maddo Girēru\\|31 \\& 32}} who was so powerful that the Super Galaxy Mega was no match for it. Using full power, the Super Galaxy Mega only caused him to break off a piece of his body that formed into Gigire. The Megarangers were able to escape to the INET Moonbase on the Delta Mega where Yuusaku gave them the Voyager Machines. In the end, Gigire, and later Mad Guirail, were the first two to be killed by the Mega Voyager. Guirail is voiced by Tatsuyuki Jinnai.\n* {{nihongo\\|Hizumina\\|ヒズミナ\\|\\|Gingaman vs. Megaranger}}{{efn\\|Hizumina's name comes from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\\|\"to distort\"\\|歪む\\|Hizumu}}, which can also be read as \"Yugamu\" – the base for Yugande's name.}} is the last of Hinelar's creations and Shibolena's \"Younger Sister\", mostly identical save for her armor being purplish. She secretly wished to revive Hinelar having grown to miss him with Shibolena's memories, but was betrayed by Gregory when participating in reviving the Balban space pirates. Surviving the treachery, Hizumina attempts to take advantage of the fight to kill the Megarangers, only to be ultimately killed by Mega Red.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kunekune\\|クネクネ}}{{efn\\|The Kunekune's name is derived from the Japanese word for {{nihongo\\|\"wringling\"\\|くねくね\\|Kunekune}}.}} are Nezirejia's grunts, having twisted faces and using twisted blades as their weapons. They are also able to assume human form.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Boss Kunekune\\|ボスクネクネ\\|Bosu Kunekune\\|14}}: A black\\-headed version of the Kunekune able to fire energy from his hands. Posing as a police officer, Boss Kunekune leads his Nezire Army into taking over the Yuhigaoka Apartment Building in the H Ward as part of a plan to secretly replace every person on Earth with Kunkune. When Megarangers uncover the plan, the Kunekune attempt to kill off Mega Red and Mega Pink with their massive numbers before Boss Kunekune arrives to finish them off. However, after being defeated by Mega Red's Drill Sniper Custom, Boss Kunekune calls his army to group around him to form {{nihongo\\|King Kunekune\\|キングクネクネ\\|Kingu Kunekune}}, with his head in the heart area. Because he was composed of many Kunekune, King Kunekune could close wounds in seconds. When Boss Kunekune was destroyed by the Galaxy Mega with the Booster Rifle, King Kunekune disassembled in the explosion.",
"#### Nezirangers",
"The {{nihongo\\|Jaden Sentai Neziranger\\|邪電戦隊ネジレンジャー\\|Jaden Sentai Nejirenjā\\| 38–43, 48}} are cyborgs were created by Dr. Hinelar from Javious I's DNA as evil counterparts to the Megarangers. Their suits are similar to power suits that Dr. Hinelar had developed back when he was known as Samejima. They share an attack called Neji Energy Attack. Unfortunately, the Nezirangers were impatient and wanted nothing more than to kill their Megaranger counterparts. The Nezirangers were used by Hinelar not only to kill the Megarangers in suicide attacks, but also to kill Javious by slowly draining him of his \"life energy\" which they siphoned. When badly damaged or enlarged, they transformed into their monstrous true forms. The Nezirangers' urge to kill managed to keep them from dying as they used Hinelar's data\\-card machine to regain physical form. They not only resume their original goal, but also to try to kill Hinelar for using them in the first place. The Megarangers manage to digitize them, preserving them as Data Cards, which were destroyed along with Hinelar City.",
"* {{nihongo\\|Nezi Red\\|ネジレッド\\|Neji Reddo\\|38–43, 47 \\& 48}} is the leader and most arrogant of the Nezirangers who is armed with a {{nihongo\\|Nezi Saber\\|ネジセイバー\\|Neji Seibā}}. His true form of {{nihongo\\|Nezi Phantom\\|ネジファントム\\|Neji Fantomu\\| 42, 43 \\& 48}} is a [fire](/wiki/Fire \"Fire\") monster with pyrokinetic abilities. Once turned on Dr. Hinelar when he discovered that the Nezirangers were mere pawns in Hinelar's plans, but had his free will removed. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega, Mega Voyager and Mega Winger, later turned into a Data Card.\n* {{nihongo\\|Nezi Black\\|ネジブラック\\|Neji Burakku\\|38–43, 47 \\& 48}} is the fiercest member of the five who is armed with {{nihongo\\|Nezi Rod\\|ネジロッド\\|Neji Roddo}}. His true form is {{nihongo\\|Nezi Vulgar\\|ネジヴァルガー\\|Neji Varugā\\| 42, 43 \\& 48}} is a [rock](/wiki/Rock_%28geology%29 \"Rock (geology)\") monster that can use a rock\\-like tentacle. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega, Mega Voyager and Mega Winger, later turned into a Data Card.\n* {{nihongo\\|Nezi Blue\\|ネジブルー\\|Neji Burū\\|38–41, 47 \\& 48}} is armed with {{nihongo\\|Nezi Tomahawk\\|ネジトマホーク\\|Neji Tomahōku}}. As the most sadistic of the five, he became obsessed with specifically fighting and killing Mega Blue. His true form of {{nihongo\\|Nezi Bizzare\\|ネジビザール\\|Neji Bizāru\\|41 \\& 48}} is a crystalline [ice](/wiki/Ice \"Ice\") monster with freezing abilities. Killed by Wing Mega Voyager, later turned into a Data Card.\n* {{nihongo\\|Nezi Yellow\\|ネジイエロー\\|Neji Ierō\\|38–43, 47 \\& 48}} is armed with {{nihongo\\|Nezi Sling\\|ネジスリング\\|Neji Suringu}}. She is the most cunning member and rival of Nezi Pink. Her true form of {{nihongo\\|Nezi Sophia\\|ネジソフィア\\|Neji Sofia\\| 42, 43 \\& 48}} is a [spider](/wiki/Spider \"Spider\") monster with the ability to control electronics or anything powered by electricity, most notably taking control over the Mega Voyager. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega, Mega Voyager and Mega Winger, later turned into a Data Card.\n* {{nihongo\\|Nezi Pink\\|ネジピンク\\|Neji Pinku\\|38–40, 47 \\& 48}} is the most brutal member who is armed with {{nihongo\\|Nezi Arrow\\|ネジアロー\\|Neji Arō}}. After making a bet with Nezi Yellow to see which one of them would take away the mask of their respective Megaranger counterparts and bringing them back, Nezi Pink faced off against both Mega Yellow and Mega Pink who defeated her with a Capture Sniper and Blade Arm combo. Unfortunately, Nezi Pink managed to show them her true form of {{nihongo\\|Nezi Jealous\\|ネジジェラス\\|Neji Jerasu\\|40 \\& 48}}, a [plant](/wiki/Plant \"Plant\") monster who gave Mega Voyager and Mega Winger a hard battle. With Mega Silver using Mega Winger as a shield while the Megarangers channeled all of Mega Voyager's power into their Voyager Spartan, they managed to use the super\\-powered Voyager Spartan to finally destroy Nezi Jealous. Later turned into a Data Card.",
"#### Nezire Beasts",
"The {{nihongo\\|Nezire Beasts\\|ネジレ獣\\|Nejirejū\\|''Twist Beasts''}} are monsters created by Dr. Hinelar when a Nezire Egg, a capsule holding genetically altered DNA, is placed on the {{nihongo\\|Nezire Magic Circle\\|ネジレ魔法陣\\|Nejire Mahōjin}} and exposed to great amounts of energy, twisting and twirling while Shibolena chants a spell, \"Twist and Turn. Assume physical form\". Once the process is complete, a Nezire Beast is born and fully matured. There is always some part on the body of the Nezire Beast that is twisted.",
"* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Manta ray\\|Ei]] Nezire\\|エイネジレ\\|Ei Nejire\\|2}}: The first Nezire Beast to be sent down to earth, attacking the Musashi district. The Ei Nezire could fly through space as well as fire laser blasts from his eyes. Kenta held the monster at bay until the rest of team arrives. Wounded by Mega Red with the Drill Saber, Ei Nezire retreated into the Nezi Crusher, killed off when Galaxy Mega destroyed the giant machine.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Rhinoceros\\|Sai]] Nezire\\|サイネジレ\\|Sai Nejire\\|3, 21}}: This Nezire could create earthquakes when he walked as well as drill through large buildings with the drill on his face. Rhino Nezire could also deflect blasts from the drill when it was spinning fast. Rhino Nezire was sent to flush out the Megarangers, attacking the CG Center where Shun was located. Though Kenta attempted to keep him way from Shun Namiki while he was saving his program, Rhino Nezire destroyed the disc when Shun decided to save Kenta and fight alongside the team. Though defeated by MegaRed's Screw Drill Saber/Saber Slash combo, Dr. Hinelar arrives with the modified Bibidevi to infect the Nezire Beast with the Enlarging Virus integrated in Bibidevi's DNA. In the end, the Galaxy Mega destroyed it with Mega Flying Cutter.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Chameleon]] Nezire\\|カメレオンネジレ\\|Kamereon Nejire\\|4}}: This Nezire was used by Shibolena to project her image across the internet with the digital camera on his shoulder, which in the process would take control of people and have them undergo \"Nezirian Teaching\" to make them into blood\\-thirsty sadists. After freeing Miss Nishiyama from the mind control with Kouichirou unconscious, Shun managed to pinpoint the address, only to fall into a trap as they were sucked into a pocket dimension where Chameleon Nezire is omnipotent as he electrocuted the four. Koichiro managed to find the real location and battled Chameleon Nezire, overwhelmed by the monster's camouflage until Mega Black use Satellite Searcher to negate the effect and managed to free the others. The others arrived in time and used their Final Shoot attack to defeat the Chameleon Nezire. Bibidevi arrived soon afterwards and infected Chameleon Nezire into a giant, only to be killed by Galaxy Mega's Saber Electromagnetic Whip and Mega Dash Cutter. However, only the Nezire's arm remained with a shard from the Mega Saber in it.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Shrimp\\|Ebi]] Nezire\\|エビネジレ\\|Ebi Nejire\\|5, 21}}: This Nezire, able to launch his pinchers like boomerags, had his DNA modified with the shard of the MegaSaber found from Chameleon Nezire's remains, making his shell impervious to the Galaxy Mega's sword. He attacked the volcanic mountainside to lure out the Megarangers and allowed himself to be infected by Bibidevi. The programmed Galaxy Mega arrives, only to be overpowered as Shrimp Nezire attempted to send it into the volcano. Once the Megarangers regained control, the GalaxyMega turned the tables and ripped the Nezire's whiskers off. Using the Saber Electromagnetic Whip, the Galaxy Mega grabbed Shrimp Nezire and threw him into the volcano to destroy him.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Elephant\\|Zou]] Nezire\\|ゾウネジレ\\|Zō Nejire\\|6}}: This Nezire possessed superhuman strength, ideal for his mission to knock over an energy system tower in an act of terrorism, resulting with the building's generator undergoing a meltdown that would destroy the city. With Miku in the tower, Mega Black and Mega Blue had to deal with Elephant Nezire while Mega Red and Chisato used the Digi Tank to get her and Shintaro out of the building before taking the cooling the energy rods to stop the meltdown. By then, Elephant Nezire was enlarged by Bibidevi and tore the tower down as the Digi Tank escaped. With Mega Pink, the Megarangers formed the Galaxy Mega and defeated the Nezire with swift punches before killing him with Galaxy Mega's Mega Flying Cutter attack.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Bee\\|Hachi]] Nezire\\|ハチネジレ\\|Hachi Nejire\\|7, 21}}: A stealth Nezire Beast Shibolena sends into space to cause lightning to strike down on every major city in the world. This Nezire Beast could also shoot beams from his eyes and launch a barrage of Space Bees from his \"hive blade\" on his hand. As Mega Red and the others investigate the Van Allen belt, Kouchirou and Chisato uncover Shibolena's plan to use the mind\\-controlled staff at the Space Observation Center and other space centers to create an Attack Dispersion Net which Hachi Nezire would use to take out every city at one time. He is then blasted back to Earth with the Final Shoot and defeated with the Digital Combination. After being bitten by Bibidevi, Hachi Nezire battles Galaxy Mega and is destroyed by the Booster Rifle.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Bat\\|Koumori]] Nezire\\|コウモリネジレ\\|Koumori Nejire\\|9}}: A Nezire Beast that could manipulate sound and signals. Koumori Nezire uses his bats to burns a special soundwave into CDs that cause those who hear it to commit acts of violence without any memory of it as part of Shibolena's plan to perfect brainwashing of humanity. When Saeko learned of it and attempts to gather the CDs, Shibolena sends Koumori Nezire after her to force her to commit suicide. But Chisato manages to free Saeko from Koumori Nezire's hold before she joins the fight against him, overpowering him by using the Mega Sling to defeat him. After being bitten by Bibidevi, Koumori Nezire attempts to overpower Galaxy Mega with his soundwaves until Saeko's intervention allows Galaxy Mega to destroy Koumori Nezire with the Mega Cross Cutter.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Neo Koumori Nezire\\|ネオコウモリネジレ\\|Neo Koumori Nejire\\|10}}: Koumori Nezire's remains were gathered and he was recreated. With a series of female androids at his disposal, Neo Koumori Nezire provides them with flutes and send them across the world to play the Murderous Soundwave, an enhanced version of the Rage Soundwave. However, one of his robots, Number 167 who looks exactly like Shun's deceased mother, develops a mind of her own as a result of being hit by a truck. Attempting too destroy her, he is forced to fallback after Mega Blue overpowers her. Tracking his creation down, Neo Koumori Nezire uses his Murderous Soundwaves on the Megarangers until 167 comes to their aid and uses Shun's flute to negate the Nezire Beast's attack before she self\\-destructs to protect him. Enraged, Mega Blue attacks Neo Koumori Nezire in full fury before defeating him with the Tomahawk Sniper. Once enlarged by Bibidevi, Neo Koumori Nezire is easily destroyed by Galaxy Mega's Mega Dash Cutter.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Rose\\|Bara]] Nezire\\|バラネジレ\\|Bara Nejire\\| 11}}: This Nezire was partially created from Shibolena's DNA, linking them via the rose on Shibolena's rapier. As a result, Bara Nezire could recover from any wound as long as Shibolena was all right. While Chisato goes off after Shibolena, the other Megarangers have a hard time fighting Bara Nezire who whips the Megarangers with her vines and blast them with her shoulder flowers. Deciding to finish the fight, Bara Nezire allows Bibidevi to bite her and she overpowers Galaxy Mega. However, when Mega Yellow destroys Shibolena's rose, Bara Nezire loses her advantage and is destroyed by Galaxy Mega's Galaxy Lance.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Mole (animal)\\|Mogura]] Nezire\\|モグラネジレ\\|Mogura Nejire\\| 12}}: This subterranean\\-combat Nezire builds a machine to attract a piece of a heat\\-guiding meteor to Tokyo to use its energy to destroy the city in one blow. Managing to overpower Mega Black, but losing a fragment of the meteor, Mogura Nezire falls back and later abducts Mr. Ooiwa and Mega Black. With Mega Black regaining his composure, he saves Ooiwa and fights Mogura Nezire as the others arrive and destroy Mogura Nezire's base. Mega Black then breaks Mogura Nezire's claws off and was about to kill him when Bibidevi intervenes and bites the Nezire Beast. With Mega Black piloting Galaxy Mega, Mogura Nezire is destroyed by the giant robot's Galaxy Lance.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Owl\\|Fukurou]] Nezire\\|フクロウネジレ\\|Fukurō Nejire\\| 15}}: This Nezire could hypnotize people and blind/blast them with harsh rays from his large eyes. Fukurou Nezire infiltrates Gojounin Academy's Digital Research to brainwash the genius students through their monitors and have them build digital blueprints for a weapon of mass destruction, which he builds within the school's basement. Investigating the school as a favor to his friend Souichi, who is possessed by the Nezire Beast, Shun uncovers Fukurou Nezire's plan and fakes being hypnotized to sabotage the weapon. Enraged at being tricked, Fukurou Nezire battles the Megarangers until they defeat him with the Digital Formation. After being bitten by Bibidevi and bursting out the school, Fukurou Nezire battles Galaxy Mega. Improvising a counterattack, Mega Blue places a mirror coating on Galaxy Mega's Mega Shield to deflect the attack back at Nezire Beast's eyes before the robot uses the Mega Dash Cutter attack to finish him off.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Moth\\|Dokuga]] Nezire\\|ドクガネジレ\\|Dokuga Nejire\\| 16, 21}}: A Nezire Beast that is fed Hinelar's Nezire Poison, a deadly toxin he is immune to, which takes effect after 24 hours. He is to spread it around to kill as many as he can. Dokuga Nezire flies around the city, distributing the Nezire Poison on his wings, with the Megarangers affected along with 10,000 people and have until 6 pm to find an antidote. After a brief falling out, the Megarangers regroup and manage to break off a piece of antenna as the poison takes effect on them with Mega Black managing to deliver the item to INET to prepares an antidote from the Nezire Beast's immunity. By the time the Megarangers almost lose to Dokuga Nezire without their Mega Suits, they receive the antidote. Using the Drill Sniper Custom and Multi Attack Rifle, they defeat Dokuga Nezire as Bibidevi arrives to bite him. After ripping off his wing and learning that his death would cover the entire city, Galaxy Mega takes Dokuga Nezire into space and uses the Booster Rifle to destroy him.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Toad\\|Gama]] Nezire\\|ガマネジレ\\|Gama Nejire\\| 17, 21}}: A Nezire Beast that appears in Tochigi's Rindou Lake while the Megarangers were on a field trip as one of hundreds of eggs which Bibidevi was sent to mature with a red\\-liquid acceleration gun and deal with the Megarangers through a blue\\-liquid retrograde gun. However, after Bibidevi drops the acceleration gun into the lake during the fight after blasting Miku with it my mistake, it causes one of the eggs to quickly mature. Armed with the acceleration and retrograde guns, Gama Nezire was about to mature his siblings when the Megarangers led by the enhanced Super Mega Pink arrive and destroy the eggs. After being spirited off by Shibolena, Gama Nezire decides to use his acceleration gun to cause a volcanic eruption to call out the Megarangers and exact his revenge on them. Suffering side effects from her enhancement, Super Mega Pink eventually arrives to her team's aid and teams with Mega Yellow to defeat Gama Nezire to return to normal. After being bitten by Bibidevi, Gama Nezire is caught off guard by Galaxy Mega's Super Denji Snake before being destroyed by the Mega Flying Cutter attack.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Mushroom\\|Kinoko]] Nezire\\|キノコネジレ\\|Kinoko Nejire\\| 18}}: A Nezire Beast that appears in the Nasu Plateau to burn down a forest to for the Nezirejians to obtain a meteor that fell there years ago. Confronted by Mega Black, Kinoko Nezire battles the Megarangers until the forest boy's interference drives them out of the forest. After having his wounds healed, Kinoko Nezire resumes his attack as a giant before Galaxy Mega appears destroy him with the Mega Straight Cutter attack.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Scorpion\\|Sasori]] Nezire\\|サソリネジレ\\|Sasori Nejire\\| 19}}: A Nejire Beast used by Shibolena to use his stinger to brainwash the children Guirail captured for his plan to take out a communications building. Though held off by Guirail, Mega Red defeats Sasori Nezire with the Battle Rizer to break his hold over the children. Bitten by Bibidevi, Sasori Nezire is destroyed by Galaxy Mega's Mega Dash Cutter.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Alligator\\|Wani]] Nezire 1 and 2\\|ワニネジレ1\\&2\\|Wani Nejire 1 and 2\\| 20}}: Created by Shibolena, the Nezire Beast was modified by Guirail against her wishes to split into two separate monsters: The tail\\-armed Wani Nezire 1 and the head\\-armed Wani Nezire 2\\. Catching the Megarangers off guard, Wani Nezire fights them until Bibidevi bites him and then splits after being hit by Galaxy Mega's Mega Flying Cutter. The splintered monster overpowers Galaxy Mega until the completed Delta Mega arrives to even the odds as the two robots destroy the Wani Nezires with their fire power.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Centipede\\|Mukade]] Nezire\\|ムカデネジレ\\|Mukade Nejire\\| 21}}: A Nezire Beast used by Guirail in a plan to pirate Delta Mega with the Grand Neziros. \"Resurrecting\" fallen Nezire Beasts, Mukade Nezire enlarges as his revived Nezires overwhelm the Megarangers, to keep them from using Galaxy Mega and force Mega Red to call Delta Mega, springing Guirail's trap. Managing to form Super Galaxy Mega to break Nezirejia's hold over Delta Mega, the Megarangers use their newly formed robot to destroy Mukade Nezire, causing his revived Nezires to dissolve away, in the process.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Antlion\\|Airjigoku]] Nezire\\|アリジゴクネジレ\\|Arijigoku Nejire\\| 22}}: This Nezire could create holes in the ground that would trap victims who fell into them. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Anglerfish\\|Ankou]] Nezire\\|アンコウネジレ\\|Ankō Nejire\\| 23}}: This Nezire Beast could turn people into stone with the antennae on his head. He was sent to absorb his younger sibling Komutan on Earth (who'd been befriend by Kenta) to reach his full potential and power. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Water buffalo\\|Buffalo]] Nezire\\|バッファローネジレ\\|Baffarō Nejire\\|24}}: A dummy of the superstrong Nezire Beast was sent by Yugande to record the data on the Megarangers on the gem on its head, which survived the dummy's destruction and was inserted into the real Nezire Beast later in the same episode. Using it, Buffalo Nezire could deflect any attacks the Megarangers tried to inflict on him. His arrival signified the arrival of Mega Silver, whose moves were not analyzed by the dummy so the real Buffalo Nezire had no defense against his attacks. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Moray eel\\|Utsubo]] Nezire\\|ウツボネジレ\\|Utsubo Nejire\\| 25}}: A Nezire species that was being bred by Guirail. Their mission was to poison the humans' water supply on Earth. The original creature was red, but a blue\\-colored clone was later created, seen, and used by Guirail. The blue one was killed by Super Galaxy Mega, while the red one was killed by Mega Silver (who shot Bibidevi before he could bite it too).\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Cicada\\|Semi]] Nezire\\|セミネジレ\\|Semi Nejire\\| 26}}: A renegade Nezire who stole a device to amplify its power. This Nezire could blast powerful sound waves and was very treacherous, not unlike Guirail. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Coral\\|Sango]] Nezire\\|サンゴネジレ\\|Sango Nejire\\| 27}}: A Nezire that could slowly transform people into coral, which would eventually kill them in the process. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Termite\\|Shiroari]] Nezire\\|シロアリネジレ\\|Shiroari Nejire\\| 28}}: A Nezire who could lay eggs and power them up to grow quickly. Killed by the combined efforts of Mega Red, Mega Black, Mega Blue, Mega Pink and Mega Silver. Her larvae, however, hatched and fused together to become Soldier Shiroari Nezire. This Nezire was stronger that his mother, and could turn into a swarm of termites to eat through anything (including the Megarangers weapons) and/or avoid the Megaranger's attacks. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega with a combination of using the Booster Rifle set on freezing gas and then using Super Galaxy Knuckle.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Pig\\|Buta]] Nezire\\|ブタネジレ\\|Buta Nejire\\| 29}}: A monster who created and sold special \"Diet Crêpes\", while disguised as a chef, that actually induced people to eat anything nearby. While he was a formidable monster despite being quite comical, ButaNezire's weakness was hunger. He would abandon a fight, even if he was winning, to look for food if he became hungry. Killed by Super Galaxy Mega.",
"##### Psycho Nezilar",
"The {{nihongo\\|Psycho Nezilar\\|サイコネジラー\\|Saiko Nejirā}} are more powerful monsters that Doctor Hinelar creates using his \"piano.\" What makes them different from the Nezire Beasts is that they are more robotic and have a heightened psychotic nature.",
"* {{nihongo\\|Lion Nezilar\\|ライオンネジラー\\|Raion Nejirā\\| 33, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A superstrong Psycho Nezilar who could blast the Megarangers with his large cannon and could detonate bombs if the Megarangers attacked him. Mega Red, with an upgrade to his Battle Raizer, was able to use this new energy to power up his Drill Sniper Custom into the Super Drill Sniper Custom, allowing him to kill Lion Nezilar fast enough before he could detonate any of his bombs. Killed by Mega Voyager. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Porcupine\\|Yamaarashi]] Nezilar\\|ヤマアラシネジラー\\|Yamaarashi Nejirā\\| 34, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A Psycho Nezilar who could turn soccer balls into explosive devices and kick them at humans to blow them up. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Mantis\\|Kamakiri]] Nezilar\\|カマキリネジラー\\|Kamakiri Nejirā\\| 35, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A Psycho Nezilar that took advantage of Mega Silver's short transformation weakness by affixing a time bomb to him set to go off when he reverted to normal. However, Mega Silver managed to upgrade his powers so he no longer had the time limit and was able to defeat him. Killed by Mega Voyager. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Condor]] Nezilar\\|コンドルネジラー\\|Kondoru Nejirā\\| 36, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A Psycho Nezilar that could fly really fast and blast enemies with his beak lasers. First to be killed by Wing Mega Voyager. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yellow canary\\|Canary]] Nezilar\\|カナリアネジラー\\|Kanaria Nejirā\\| 37}}: A Psycho Nezilar that had an \"exchanging beam,\" allowing him to swap something he had for something someone else had, like his \"old man\" voice for Chisato's voice and goofy objects for the Megarangers' weapons. Kanaria Nezilar was sent by an unappreciated Bibidedi and stole Chisato's voice. Killed by Wing Mega Voyager.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Lizard\\|Tokage]] Nezilar\\|トカゲネジラー\\|Tokage Nejirā\\| 39, Megaranger vs Carranger}}: A Psycho Nezilar with a satellite\\-like frill on his neck who could photograph the Megarangers through their helmets threatening to blackmail them, although it didn't work. He could also blast lasers from his mouth. Killed by Wing Mega Voyager. Was resurrected by Kani Nezilar, killed by the Mega Tector powered Megarangers.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Crab\\|Kani]] Nezilar\\|カニネジラー\\|Kani Nejirā\\| Megaranger vs Carranger}}: Had a high\\-pressure water cannon concealed in his claw firing his \"Crab Bubble\" attack, and a strong shell on his back that could deflect his opponent's attacks. Killed by Wing Mega Voyager.\n* {{nihongo\\|Toge\\[\\[Sewing needle\\|bari]] Nezilar\\|トゲバリネジラー\\|Togebari Nejirā\\| 45}}: A plant\\-themed Psycho Nezilar whose power grew stronger from the thorns on his hand. It attached a small, mind\\-controlling earring to people, including Kenta and his classmate Shintaro, causing them to serve Dr. Hinelar and attack their friends. This happened until Kouichirou and the others destroyed the earrings. When Thorn\\-Needle Nezilar's thorns were destroyed, he lost most of his power and was able to be killed by Mega Voyager.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Illusion\\|Maboroshi]] Nezilar\\|マボロシネジラー\\|Maboroshi Nejirā\\| 46}}: This Psycho Nezilar could make himself disappear and reappear in various locations. At one point, he confused the Megarangers by going to the southern end of Japan, and then back to Sapporo only to appear behind them afterwards. Killed by Mega Voyager.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Transport\\|Tensou]] Nezilar\\|マボロシネジラー\\|Tensō Nejirā\\| 47}}: A Psycho Nezilar who could suck up earthlings in his vacuum\\-like laser and transport them into Hinelar City. Killed by Mega Voyager.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Hell\\|Jigoku]] Nezilar\\|ジゴクネジラー\\|Jigoku Nejirā\\| 49}}: A bat/[Grim Reaper](/wiki/Death_%28personification%29 \"Death (personification)\")\\-designed Psycho Nezilar who was created to force the Megarangers to expose themselves in their High School, which they did. Though he died at the hands of Mega Voyager, he did manage to turn the heroes' schoolmates and friends against them.",
"##### Other Beasts",
"* {{nihongo\\|Ultimate Lifeform\\|究極生命体\\|Kyūkyoku Seimeitai\\|13}}: The result of the Tanaka Project to produce an artificial creature which can endure in outer space and feed on energy from its feelers, almost all research relating to the entity was destroyed except a pendant containing an IC Chip holding the DNA sequence. After Shibolena acquires it, she use the data to create a Nezire Beast so that it would destroy humanity after absorbing enough electricity. After losing one of its feelers to the Megarangers, the Ultimate Lifeform enlarges and battles Galaxy Mega until it is destroyed by the robot's Mega Flash Arrow.\n* {{nihongo\\|Gigire\\|ギギレ\\|Girēru\\|31 \\& 32}}: A [squid](/wiki/Squid \"Squid\")\\-like monster grown from a fragment of Mad Guirail who could fly through space and blast a powerful laser from his forehead. Both of them were destroyed by the Mega Voyager."
] |
### INET
{{Overly detailed\|section\|date\=November 2015}}
The {{nihongo\|International Network of Excel\-Science and Technology\|世界科学者連邦\|Sekai Kagakusha Renpō\|INET}} is the company responsible for the *Megaranger* video game used to identify five people to become the Megarangers.
#### Megarangers
[thumb\|250px\|The Megarangers transformed. From left to right: Kouichirou Endo, Chisato Jougasaki, Kenta Date, Miku Imamura, and Shun Namiki.](/wiki/File:Megaranger.jpg "Megaranger.jpg")
Five high school students chosen by INET become the titular Denji Sentai Megaranger, with one additional member who is an INET agent. Their base of operations is the Digital Research Club at Moroboshi High School.
##### Kenta Date
{{nihongo\|Kenta Date/Mega Red\|伊達 健太/メガレッド\|Date Kenta/Mega Reddo}}: 18 years old, Kenta is a slacker and knucklehead who likes [yakiniku](/wiki/Yakiniku "Yakiniku") (to a point where he will ask Dr. Kubota to treat him to a yakiniku lunch for every mission accomplished), but is also friendly, playful, and has a good heart. He becomes an ideal candidate to become a Megaranger after beating a skilled opponent on INET's *Megaranger* [arcade game](/wiki/Arcade_game "Arcade game"), which was actually a tool used to recruit Megarangers.
Mega Red's forehead symbol is a Personal computer; ironically, Kenta is the only member who does not like computers. This symbol allows him to upload data and program skills into his mind, making him an adaptable warrior.
##### Kouichirou Endo
{{nihongo\|Kouichirou Endo/Mega Black\|遠藤 耕一郎/メガブラック\|Endō Kōichirō/Mega Burakku}}: 18 years old, Kouichirou is the functioning leader and overachiever of the team. Aside from being a keen [soccer player](/wiki/Soccer_player "Soccer player"), he is a member of the class committee and is concerned about his schoolwork. He balances his duties as a Megaranger and a student. He has a younger brother, Koujiro, who also plays soccer. A natural leader but extremely bossy, he once created an hour by hour schedule for all the Megarangers to follow but they ignored it. During his stay at the Epinard Nasu hotel in Tochigi, Kouichirou encounters a mysterious boy who is a spiritual representation of the forest that is not only in danger of Kinoko Nejire's attack on it but INET's Relay Base. He eventually gains the forest spirit's trust as he uses up all his power to help the Megarangers as Kouichirou promises to have INET relocate the relay base.
Mega Black's forehead symbol is a digital [satellite](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite"), which enables him to trace communication sources and transmissions.
* Special attacks: *Satellite Search*, *Satellite Scan*, {{nihongo\|''Miracle Shoot''\|ミラクルシュート\|Mirakuru Shūto}} (soccer ball kicking attack).
##### Shun Namiki
{{nihongo\|Shun Namiki/Mega Blue\|並樹 瞬/メガブルー\|Namiki Shun/Mega Burū}}: 18 years old, Shun is a loner who aspires to become a computer\-graphics artist and initially refuses to become a Megaranger. After seeing Kenta attempt to keep the Kune Kune from interfering in his lifelong dreams, Shun reconsiders and becomes good friends with Kenta. He plays the flute, as his late mother was a world\-renowned flautist. Shun is adept at creating battle strategies, such as confusing the Nejirangers by making the other Megaranger suits look like his. Shun is a [Virgo](/wiki/Virgo_%28astrology%29 "Virgo (astrology)"), according to Miku.
Mega Blue's forehead symbol is a [Digital TV](/wiki/Digital_television "Digital television"), which allows him to create [CG](/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics") images and trap enemies in a movie dimension where characters from that dimension attack the enemy.
* Special attacks: *Virtual Vision*, *Virtual Holograph*.
##### Chisato Jougasaki
{{nihongo\|Chisato Jougasaki/Mega Yellow \|城ヶ崎 千里/メガイエロー\|}}: 18 years old, Chisato dreams of becoming a professional photographer. Aside from photography, she is also into singing. She is attracted to Kouichirou. Compared to the rest of her teammates, she gets the least amount of focus (sans from the episode previews).
Mega Yellow's forehead symbol is a [Digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera "Digital camera"), which can telescopically search for people and things – even allowing her to see through walls. This symbol also allows her to record and playback anything she sees.
* Special attacks: *Digicam Search*, *Galaxy Search*, {{nihongo\|''Blade Arm''\|ブレードアーム\|Burēdo Āmu}}.
##### Miku Imamura
{{nihongo\|Miku Imamura/Mega Pink\|今村 みく/メガピンク\|Imamura Miku/Mega Pinku}}: 18 years old, Miku eats a lot, but is very self\-conscious about her weight. She dislikes schoolwork just as much as Kenta, and because of this, the two of them are very good friends. She is attracted to Shun. During the Megarangers' encounter with Bibidevi on episode 17, Miku is accidentally hit by an evolution beam and becomes {{nihongo\|"Super Mega Pink"\|超メガピンク\|Chō Mega Pinku\|17}}, which makes the colored squares on her costume turn gold. As Super Mega Pink, Miku gains [super strength](/wiki/Superhuman_strength "Superhuman strength") and can wield the other Megarangers' weapons. Additionally, her intelligence increases to an [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient "Intelligence quotient") of 800, along with a change in her personality. However, after suffering painful side effects, Miku manages to return to her normal self. In *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*, she lectures [Sae Taiga (Gao White)](/wiki/The_Gaorangers%23White "The Gaorangers#White") on the Super Sentai franchise's many female warriors and their shared skill at changing their clothes in the blink of an eye, something that Sae had never done before.
Mega Pink's forehead symbol is a [Cell phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone"), which can track and analyze sound waves.
* Special attacks: *Telephone Search*.
##### Yuusaku Hayakawa
{{nihongo\|Yuusaku Hayakawa/Mega Silver\|早川 裕作/メガシルバー\|Hayakawa Yūsaku/Mega Shirubā\|24–29, 32, 33, 35–38, 40–43, 46, 48–51 \& ''Megaranger vs. Carranger''}}: The 25\-year\-old chief of INET's Special Development Division, Yuusaku is one of the scientists under Kubota who created the Mega Suits, including Mega Silver which was the [prototype](/wiki/Prototype "Prototype") Mega Suit. Though he is placed in charge of the Super Mega Project, Yuusaku secretly took the Mega Silver powers for his own use in helping the Megarangers despite Kubota's insistence that he gets back to work. Initially, Yuusaku's transformation into Mega Silver lasts for 2\.5 minutes due to how powerful it was, but he was able to repair it by the time Nejirejia discovers this. When the primary Megarangers alter their costumes to look like Shun's to trick the Nejirangers, Yuusaku confuses them even further by disguising himself as {{nihongo\|Neji Silver\|ネジシルバー\|Neji Shirubā\|41}}, armed with a twisted version of his Silver Blazer (weapon). Yuusaku also pilots his own mecha, Mega Winger. He has also demonstrated his culinary skills by preparing a lavish meal to distract a Nezire Beast before Mega Pink defeats it. In the final battle, he is able to assist the Megarangers by using his damaged Mega Winger to free the Voyager Machines from the rubble of the INET Moonbase to give the Megarangers a chance of defeating Death Nejiro and attend their high school graduation ceremony.
Mega Silver's forehead symbol is a [microchip](/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit").
|
[
"### INET",
"{{Overly detailed\\|section\\|date\\=November 2015}}\nThe {{nihongo\\|International Network of Excel\\-Science and Technology\\|世界科学者連邦\\|Sekai Kagakusha Renpō\\|INET}} is the company responsible for the *Megaranger* video game used to identify five people to become the Megarangers.",
"#### Megarangers",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|The Megarangers transformed. From left to right: Kouichirou Endo, Chisato Jougasaki, Kenta Date, Miku Imamura, and Shun Namiki.](/wiki/File:Megaranger.jpg \"Megaranger.jpg\")\nFive high school students chosen by INET become the titular Denji Sentai Megaranger, with one additional member who is an INET agent. Their base of operations is the Digital Research Club at Moroboshi High School.",
"##### Kenta Date",
"{{nihongo\\|Kenta Date/Mega Red\\|伊達 健太/メガレッド\\|Date Kenta/Mega Reddo}}: 18 years old, Kenta is a slacker and knucklehead who likes [yakiniku](/wiki/Yakiniku \"Yakiniku\") (to a point where he will ask Dr. Kubota to treat him to a yakiniku lunch for every mission accomplished), but is also friendly, playful, and has a good heart. He becomes an ideal candidate to become a Megaranger after beating a skilled opponent on INET's *Megaranger* [arcade game](/wiki/Arcade_game \"Arcade game\"), which was actually a tool used to recruit Megarangers.",
"Mega Red's forehead symbol is a Personal computer; ironically, Kenta is the only member who does not like computers. This symbol allows him to upload data and program skills into his mind, making him an adaptable warrior.",
"##### Kouichirou Endo",
"{{nihongo\\|Kouichirou Endo/Mega Black\\|遠藤 耕一郎/メガブラック\\|Endō Kōichirō/Mega Burakku}}: 18 years old, Kouichirou is the functioning leader and overachiever of the team. Aside from being a keen [soccer player](/wiki/Soccer_player \"Soccer player\"), he is a member of the class committee and is concerned about his schoolwork. He balances his duties as a Megaranger and a student. He has a younger brother, Koujiro, who also plays soccer. A natural leader but extremely bossy, he once created an hour by hour schedule for all the Megarangers to follow but they ignored it. During his stay at the Epinard Nasu hotel in Tochigi, Kouichirou encounters a mysterious boy who is a spiritual representation of the forest that is not only in danger of Kinoko Nejire's attack on it but INET's Relay Base. He eventually gains the forest spirit's trust as he uses up all his power to help the Megarangers as Kouichirou promises to have INET relocate the relay base.",
"Mega Black's forehead symbol is a digital [satellite](/wiki/Satellite \"Satellite\"), which enables him to trace communication sources and transmissions.\n* Special attacks: *Satellite Search*, *Satellite Scan*, {{nihongo\\|''Miracle Shoot''\\|ミラクルシュート\\|Mirakuru Shūto}} (soccer ball kicking attack).",
"##### Shun Namiki",
"{{nihongo\\|Shun Namiki/Mega Blue\\|並樹 瞬/メガブルー\\|Namiki Shun/Mega Burū}}: 18 years old, Shun is a loner who aspires to become a computer\\-graphics artist and initially refuses to become a Megaranger. After seeing Kenta attempt to keep the Kune Kune from interfering in his lifelong dreams, Shun reconsiders and becomes good friends with Kenta. He plays the flute, as his late mother was a world\\-renowned flautist. Shun is adept at creating battle strategies, such as confusing the Nejirangers by making the other Megaranger suits look like his. Shun is a [Virgo](/wiki/Virgo_%28astrology%29 \"Virgo (astrology)\"), according to Miku.",
"Mega Blue's forehead symbol is a [Digital TV](/wiki/Digital_television \"Digital television\"), which allows him to create [CG](/wiki/Computer_graphics \"Computer graphics\") images and trap enemies in a movie dimension where characters from that dimension attack the enemy.",
"* Special attacks: *Virtual Vision*, *Virtual Holograph*.",
"##### Chisato Jougasaki",
"{{nihongo\\|Chisato Jougasaki/Mega Yellow \\|城ヶ崎 千里/メガイエロー\\|}}: 18 years old, Chisato dreams of becoming a professional photographer. Aside from photography, she is also into singing. She is attracted to Kouichirou. Compared to the rest of her teammates, she gets the least amount of focus (sans from the episode previews).",
"Mega Yellow's forehead symbol is a [Digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera \"Digital camera\"), which can telescopically search for people and things – even allowing her to see through walls. This symbol also allows her to record and playback anything she sees.\n* Special attacks: *Digicam Search*, *Galaxy Search*, {{nihongo\\|''Blade Arm''\\|ブレードアーム\\|Burēdo Āmu}}.",
"##### Miku Imamura",
"{{nihongo\\|Miku Imamura/Mega Pink\\|今村 みく/メガピンク\\|Imamura Miku/Mega Pinku}}: 18 years old, Miku eats a lot, but is very self\\-conscious about her weight. She dislikes schoolwork just as much as Kenta, and because of this, the two of them are very good friends. She is attracted to Shun. During the Megarangers' encounter with Bibidevi on episode 17, Miku is accidentally hit by an evolution beam and becomes {{nihongo\\|\"Super Mega Pink\"\\|超メガピンク\\|Chō Mega Pinku\\|17}}, which makes the colored squares on her costume turn gold. As Super Mega Pink, Miku gains [super strength](/wiki/Superhuman_strength \"Superhuman strength\") and can wield the other Megarangers' weapons. Additionally, her intelligence increases to an [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient \"Intelligence quotient\") of 800, along with a change in her personality. However, after suffering painful side effects, Miku manages to return to her normal self. In *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*, she lectures [Sae Taiga (Gao White)](/wiki/The_Gaorangers%23White \"The Gaorangers#White\") on the Super Sentai franchise's many female warriors and their shared skill at changing their clothes in the blink of an eye, something that Sae had never done before.",
"Mega Pink's forehead symbol is a [Cell phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\"), which can track and analyze sound waves.\n* Special attacks: *Telephone Search*.",
"##### Yuusaku Hayakawa",
"{{nihongo\\|Yuusaku Hayakawa/Mega Silver\\|早川 裕作/メガシルバー\\|Hayakawa Yūsaku/Mega Shirubā\\|24–29, 32, 33, 35–38, 40–43, 46, 48–51 \\& ''Megaranger vs. Carranger''}}: The 25\\-year\\-old chief of INET's Special Development Division, Yuusaku is one of the scientists under Kubota who created the Mega Suits, including Mega Silver which was the [prototype](/wiki/Prototype \"Prototype\") Mega Suit. Though he is placed in charge of the Super Mega Project, Yuusaku secretly took the Mega Silver powers for his own use in helping the Megarangers despite Kubota's insistence that he gets back to work. Initially, Yuusaku's transformation into Mega Silver lasts for 2\\.5 minutes due to how powerful it was, but he was able to repair it by the time Nejirejia discovers this. When the primary Megarangers alter their costumes to look like Shun's to trick the Nejirangers, Yuusaku confuses them even further by disguising himself as {{nihongo\\|Neji Silver\\|ネジシルバー\\|Neji Shirubā\\|41}}, armed with a twisted version of his Silver Blazer (weapon). Yuusaku also pilots his own mecha, Mega Winger. He has also demonstrated his culinary skills by preparing a lavish meal to distract a Nezire Beast before Mega Pink defeats it. In the final battle, he is able to assist the Megarangers by using his damaged Mega Winger to free the Voyager Machines from the rubble of the INET Moonbase to give the Megarangers a chance of defeating Death Nejiro and attend their high school graduation ceremony.",
"Mega Silver's forehead symbol is a [microchip](/wiki/Integrated_circuit \"Integrated circuit\").",
""
] |
#### Megarangers
[thumb\|250px\|The Megarangers transformed. From left to right: Kouichirou Endo, Chisato Jougasaki, Kenta Date, Miku Imamura, and Shun Namiki.](/wiki/File:Megaranger.jpg "Megaranger.jpg")
Five high school students chosen by INET become the titular Denji Sentai Megaranger, with one additional member who is an INET agent. Their base of operations is the Digital Research Club at Moroboshi High School.
##### Kenta Date
{{nihongo\|Kenta Date/Mega Red\|伊達 健太/メガレッド\|Date Kenta/Mega Reddo}}: 18 years old, Kenta is a slacker and knucklehead who likes [yakiniku](/wiki/Yakiniku "Yakiniku") (to a point where he will ask Dr. Kubota to treat him to a yakiniku lunch for every mission accomplished), but is also friendly, playful, and has a good heart. He becomes an ideal candidate to become a Megaranger after beating a skilled opponent on INET's *Megaranger* [arcade game](/wiki/Arcade_game "Arcade game"), which was actually a tool used to recruit Megarangers.
Mega Red's forehead symbol is a Personal computer; ironically, Kenta is the only member who does not like computers. This symbol allows him to upload data and program skills into his mind, making him an adaptable warrior.
##### Kouichirou Endo
{{nihongo\|Kouichirou Endo/Mega Black\|遠藤 耕一郎/メガブラック\|Endō Kōichirō/Mega Burakku}}: 18 years old, Kouichirou is the functioning leader and overachiever of the team. Aside from being a keen [soccer player](/wiki/Soccer_player "Soccer player"), he is a member of the class committee and is concerned about his schoolwork. He balances his duties as a Megaranger and a student. He has a younger brother, Koujiro, who also plays soccer. A natural leader but extremely bossy, he once created an hour by hour schedule for all the Megarangers to follow but they ignored it. During his stay at the Epinard Nasu hotel in Tochigi, Kouichirou encounters a mysterious boy who is a spiritual representation of the forest that is not only in danger of Kinoko Nejire's attack on it but INET's Relay Base. He eventually gains the forest spirit's trust as he uses up all his power to help the Megarangers as Kouichirou promises to have INET relocate the relay base.
Mega Black's forehead symbol is a digital [satellite](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite"), which enables him to trace communication sources and transmissions.
* Special attacks: *Satellite Search*, *Satellite Scan*, {{nihongo\|''Miracle Shoot''\|ミラクルシュート\|Mirakuru Shūto}} (soccer ball kicking attack).
##### Shun Namiki
{{nihongo\|Shun Namiki/Mega Blue\|並樹 瞬/メガブルー\|Namiki Shun/Mega Burū}}: 18 years old, Shun is a loner who aspires to become a computer\-graphics artist and initially refuses to become a Megaranger. After seeing Kenta attempt to keep the Kune Kune from interfering in his lifelong dreams, Shun reconsiders and becomes good friends with Kenta. He plays the flute, as his late mother was a world\-renowned flautist. Shun is adept at creating battle strategies, such as confusing the Nejirangers by making the other Megaranger suits look like his. Shun is a [Virgo](/wiki/Virgo_%28astrology%29 "Virgo (astrology)"), according to Miku.
Mega Blue's forehead symbol is a [Digital TV](/wiki/Digital_television "Digital television"), which allows him to create [CG](/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics") images and trap enemies in a movie dimension where characters from that dimension attack the enemy.
* Special attacks: *Virtual Vision*, *Virtual Holograph*.
##### Chisato Jougasaki
{{nihongo\|Chisato Jougasaki/Mega Yellow \|城ヶ崎 千里/メガイエロー\|}}: 18 years old, Chisato dreams of becoming a professional photographer. Aside from photography, she is also into singing. She is attracted to Kouichirou. Compared to the rest of her teammates, she gets the least amount of focus (sans from the episode previews).
Mega Yellow's forehead symbol is a [Digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera "Digital camera"), which can telescopically search for people and things – even allowing her to see through walls. This symbol also allows her to record and playback anything she sees.
* Special attacks: *Digicam Search*, *Galaxy Search*, {{nihongo\|''Blade Arm''\|ブレードアーム\|Burēdo Āmu}}.
##### Miku Imamura
{{nihongo\|Miku Imamura/Mega Pink\|今村 みく/メガピンク\|Imamura Miku/Mega Pinku}}: 18 years old, Miku eats a lot, but is very self\-conscious about her weight. She dislikes schoolwork just as much as Kenta, and because of this, the two of them are very good friends. She is attracted to Shun. During the Megarangers' encounter with Bibidevi on episode 17, Miku is accidentally hit by an evolution beam and becomes {{nihongo\|"Super Mega Pink"\|超メガピンク\|Chō Mega Pinku\|17}}, which makes the colored squares on her costume turn gold. As Super Mega Pink, Miku gains [super strength](/wiki/Superhuman_strength "Superhuman strength") and can wield the other Megarangers' weapons. Additionally, her intelligence increases to an [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient "Intelligence quotient") of 800, along with a change in her personality. However, after suffering painful side effects, Miku manages to return to her normal self. In *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*, she lectures [Sae Taiga (Gao White)](/wiki/The_Gaorangers%23White "The Gaorangers#White") on the Super Sentai franchise's many female warriors and their shared skill at changing their clothes in the blink of an eye, something that Sae had never done before.
Mega Pink's forehead symbol is a [Cell phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone"), which can track and analyze sound waves.
* Special attacks: *Telephone Search*.
##### Yuusaku Hayakawa
{{nihongo\|Yuusaku Hayakawa/Mega Silver\|早川 裕作/メガシルバー\|Hayakawa Yūsaku/Mega Shirubā\|24–29, 32, 33, 35–38, 40–43, 46, 48–51 \& ''Megaranger vs. Carranger''}}: The 25\-year\-old chief of INET's Special Development Division, Yuusaku is one of the scientists under Kubota who created the Mega Suits, including Mega Silver which was the [prototype](/wiki/Prototype "Prototype") Mega Suit. Though he is placed in charge of the Super Mega Project, Yuusaku secretly took the Mega Silver powers for his own use in helping the Megarangers despite Kubota's insistence that he gets back to work. Initially, Yuusaku's transformation into Mega Silver lasts for 2\.5 minutes due to how powerful it was, but he was able to repair it by the time Nejirejia discovers this. When the primary Megarangers alter their costumes to look like Shun's to trick the Nejirangers, Yuusaku confuses them even further by disguising himself as {{nihongo\|Neji Silver\|ネジシルバー\|Neji Shirubā\|41}}, armed with a twisted version of his Silver Blazer (weapon). Yuusaku also pilots his own mecha, Mega Winger. He has also demonstrated his culinary skills by preparing a lavish meal to distract a Nezire Beast before Mega Pink defeats it. In the final battle, he is able to assist the Megarangers by using his damaged Mega Winger to free the Voyager Machines from the rubble of the INET Moonbase to give the Megarangers a chance of defeating Death Nejiro and attend their high school graduation ceremony.
Mega Silver's forehead symbol is a [microchip](/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit").
|
[
"#### Megarangers",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|The Megarangers transformed. From left to right: Kouichirou Endo, Chisato Jougasaki, Kenta Date, Miku Imamura, and Shun Namiki.](/wiki/File:Megaranger.jpg \"Megaranger.jpg\")\nFive high school students chosen by INET become the titular Denji Sentai Megaranger, with one additional member who is an INET agent. Their base of operations is the Digital Research Club at Moroboshi High School.",
"##### Kenta Date",
"{{nihongo\\|Kenta Date/Mega Red\\|伊達 健太/メガレッド\\|Date Kenta/Mega Reddo}}: 18 years old, Kenta is a slacker and knucklehead who likes [yakiniku](/wiki/Yakiniku \"Yakiniku\") (to a point where he will ask Dr. Kubota to treat him to a yakiniku lunch for every mission accomplished), but is also friendly, playful, and has a good heart. He becomes an ideal candidate to become a Megaranger after beating a skilled opponent on INET's *Megaranger* [arcade game](/wiki/Arcade_game \"Arcade game\"), which was actually a tool used to recruit Megarangers.",
"Mega Red's forehead symbol is a Personal computer; ironically, Kenta is the only member who does not like computers. This symbol allows him to upload data and program skills into his mind, making him an adaptable warrior.",
"##### Kouichirou Endo",
"{{nihongo\\|Kouichirou Endo/Mega Black\\|遠藤 耕一郎/メガブラック\\|Endō Kōichirō/Mega Burakku}}: 18 years old, Kouichirou is the functioning leader and overachiever of the team. Aside from being a keen [soccer player](/wiki/Soccer_player \"Soccer player\"), he is a member of the class committee and is concerned about his schoolwork. He balances his duties as a Megaranger and a student. He has a younger brother, Koujiro, who also plays soccer. A natural leader but extremely bossy, he once created an hour by hour schedule for all the Megarangers to follow but they ignored it. During his stay at the Epinard Nasu hotel in Tochigi, Kouichirou encounters a mysterious boy who is a spiritual representation of the forest that is not only in danger of Kinoko Nejire's attack on it but INET's Relay Base. He eventually gains the forest spirit's trust as he uses up all his power to help the Megarangers as Kouichirou promises to have INET relocate the relay base.",
"Mega Black's forehead symbol is a digital [satellite](/wiki/Satellite \"Satellite\"), which enables him to trace communication sources and transmissions.\n* Special attacks: *Satellite Search*, *Satellite Scan*, {{nihongo\\|''Miracle Shoot''\\|ミラクルシュート\\|Mirakuru Shūto}} (soccer ball kicking attack).",
"##### Shun Namiki",
"{{nihongo\\|Shun Namiki/Mega Blue\\|並樹 瞬/メガブルー\\|Namiki Shun/Mega Burū}}: 18 years old, Shun is a loner who aspires to become a computer\\-graphics artist and initially refuses to become a Megaranger. After seeing Kenta attempt to keep the Kune Kune from interfering in his lifelong dreams, Shun reconsiders and becomes good friends with Kenta. He plays the flute, as his late mother was a world\\-renowned flautist. Shun is adept at creating battle strategies, such as confusing the Nejirangers by making the other Megaranger suits look like his. Shun is a [Virgo](/wiki/Virgo_%28astrology%29 \"Virgo (astrology)\"), according to Miku.",
"Mega Blue's forehead symbol is a [Digital TV](/wiki/Digital_television \"Digital television\"), which allows him to create [CG](/wiki/Computer_graphics \"Computer graphics\") images and trap enemies in a movie dimension where characters from that dimension attack the enemy.",
"* Special attacks: *Virtual Vision*, *Virtual Holograph*.",
"##### Chisato Jougasaki",
"{{nihongo\\|Chisato Jougasaki/Mega Yellow \\|城ヶ崎 千里/メガイエロー\\|}}: 18 years old, Chisato dreams of becoming a professional photographer. Aside from photography, she is also into singing. She is attracted to Kouichirou. Compared to the rest of her teammates, she gets the least amount of focus (sans from the episode previews).",
"Mega Yellow's forehead symbol is a [Digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera \"Digital camera\"), which can telescopically search for people and things – even allowing her to see through walls. This symbol also allows her to record and playback anything she sees.\n* Special attacks: *Digicam Search*, *Galaxy Search*, {{nihongo\\|''Blade Arm''\\|ブレードアーム\\|Burēdo Āmu}}.",
"##### Miku Imamura",
"{{nihongo\\|Miku Imamura/Mega Pink\\|今村 みく/メガピンク\\|Imamura Miku/Mega Pinku}}: 18 years old, Miku eats a lot, but is very self\\-conscious about her weight. She dislikes schoolwork just as much as Kenta, and because of this, the two of them are very good friends. She is attracted to Shun. During the Megarangers' encounter with Bibidevi on episode 17, Miku is accidentally hit by an evolution beam and becomes {{nihongo\\|\"Super Mega Pink\"\\|超メガピンク\\|Chō Mega Pinku\\|17}}, which makes the colored squares on her costume turn gold. As Super Mega Pink, Miku gains [super strength](/wiki/Superhuman_strength \"Superhuman strength\") and can wield the other Megarangers' weapons. Additionally, her intelligence increases to an [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient \"Intelligence quotient\") of 800, along with a change in her personality. However, after suffering painful side effects, Miku manages to return to her normal self. In *Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai*, she lectures [Sae Taiga (Gao White)](/wiki/The_Gaorangers%23White \"The Gaorangers#White\") on the Super Sentai franchise's many female warriors and their shared skill at changing their clothes in the blink of an eye, something that Sae had never done before.",
"Mega Pink's forehead symbol is a [Cell phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\"), which can track and analyze sound waves.\n* Special attacks: *Telephone Search*.",
"##### Yuusaku Hayakawa",
"{{nihongo\\|Yuusaku Hayakawa/Mega Silver\\|早川 裕作/メガシルバー\\|Hayakawa Yūsaku/Mega Shirubā\\|24–29, 32, 33, 35–38, 40–43, 46, 48–51 \\& ''Megaranger vs. Carranger''}}: The 25\\-year\\-old chief of INET's Special Development Division, Yuusaku is one of the scientists under Kubota who created the Mega Suits, including Mega Silver which was the [prototype](/wiki/Prototype \"Prototype\") Mega Suit. Though he is placed in charge of the Super Mega Project, Yuusaku secretly took the Mega Silver powers for his own use in helping the Megarangers despite Kubota's insistence that he gets back to work. Initially, Yuusaku's transformation into Mega Silver lasts for 2\\.5 minutes due to how powerful it was, but he was able to repair it by the time Nejirejia discovers this. When the primary Megarangers alter their costumes to look like Shun's to trick the Nejirangers, Yuusaku confuses them even further by disguising himself as {{nihongo\\|Neji Silver\\|ネジシルバー\\|Neji Shirubā\\|41}}, armed with a twisted version of his Silver Blazer (weapon). Yuusaku also pilots his own mecha, Mega Winger. He has also demonstrated his culinary skills by preparing a lavish meal to distract a Nezire Beast before Mega Pink defeats it. In the final battle, he is able to assist the Megarangers by using his damaged Mega Winger to free the Voyager Machines from the rubble of the INET Moonbase to give the Megarangers a chance of defeating Death Nejiro and attend their high school graduation ceremony.",
"Mega Silver's forehead symbol is a [microchip](/wiki/Integrated_circuit \"Integrated circuit\").",
""
] |
### Allies
#### INET members
The following are known members of INET:
##### Prof. Eikichi Kubota
{{nihongo\|Prof. Eikichi Kubota\|久保田 衛吉博士\|Kubota Eikichi\-hakase}}: He is in charge of the Megaranger program – specifically the *Megaranger* video game. During a surprise attack on the NASADA base by the Nezirejia, he is forced to give the Degitaizers to five students – turning them into Megarangers. He was once friends with Dr. Samejima, who had left this dimension for Nezirejia – becoming Dr. Hinelar. Dr. Kubota is a former high school boxer and he plays the trumpet.
Eikichi Kubota is portrayed by Satoru Saitō.
##### Shougo Kawasaki
Shougo Kawasaki (川崎 省吾 *Kawasaki Shōgo*): A young man who is the head engineer of the Mega Ship's maintenance department. His father, Professor Kawasaki, is a world authority on robot control programs (helped create the program for Delta Mega) and wants Shougo to attend college, using the program he developed for Delta Mega to get his son back on Earth. However, after Mega Red saves Shougo from Guirail, he is allowed to remain with INET.
Shougo Kawasaki is portrayed by Yuki Tanaka.
##### Tachibana
Tachibana (立花): A member of INET and a crew member aboard the Galaxy Mega.
Tachibana is portrayed by Takao Miyashita (宮下 敬夫 *Miyashita Takao*).
##### Pop
Pop (ポップ *Poppu*) is a technician associated with I.N.E.T. who assists the Megarangers.
Pop is portrayed by Samuel Pop Aning.
#### Moroboshi High School
{{nihongo\|Moroboshi High School\|諸星学園\|Moroboshi Gakuen}}: The high school attended by the five Megarangers until the series finale. Each of the team's classmates and teachers ended up being involved in a Nejirejian scheme and they become enraged when they learned the identities of the Megarangers to which almost everyone turns against them. It was only in the final battle with Dr. Hinelar that the school realized the error of their stand and started to support the Megarangers.
#### Gen Ooiwa
Gen Ooiwa (大岩 厳 *Ōiwa Gen*): The class' lazy Homeroom/Science teacher. Despite his laziness, he manages to find ways to motivate his students – especially the well\-disciplined Kouichirou. In episode 12, while the Megarangers battle Mole Nezire Mr. Ooiwa stumbles upon a meteorite fragment and keeps it in his possession, making him a target of the Nejirejia. When he and Mega Black are captured by Mole Nezire, he tells the overachiever to never give up. As a result, Mr. Ooiwa inspires Mega Black to break free and foil the Nezirejian plans. During the finale, despite the Megarangers being expelled, he is the only staff member not to turn his back on the Megaranger and together with Jirou and Erina start the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on.
Gen Ooiwa is portrayed by Yoshihiro Nozoe.
##### Shintarou Wada
Shintarou Wada (和田 シンタロウ *Wada Shintarō,* 6, 45 \& 49–51\): An overweight shy boy who has a crush on Miku. He threatened to reveal some secret photos of Miku to the school unless she would go on a date with him. Miku agrees as she thought the photos were of her transforming into Mega Pink. The photos are of her sleeping in class and the nurse's office. Shintarou was placed under the control of the Thorn Nejilar to do Dr. Hinelar's bidding until he is freed by the Megarangers. Later after the Megaranger's secret identities are exposed and Jirou is injured during the Nejilars attack, Shintarou blames the Megarangers and turns his back on them. He comes around during the final battle and cheers his friends on. Afterwards, he graduates with his classmates.
Shintarou Wada is portrayed by Takenari Hirowara.
##### Jirou Iwamoto
Jirou Iwamoto (岩本 ジロウ *Iwamoto Jirō,* 6, 45, 49 \& 51\): Shintarou's best friend and spokesperson due to Shintarou's shy personality. He consoles Shintarou when Miku turns him down for a second date. Near the finale, he is injured when the Megarangers' secret identities are exposed. During the final battle, a bandaged Jirou returns to the school and together with Erina and Mr. Ōiwa started the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on. Afterwards, he graduates with his classmates.
Jirou Iwamoto is portrayed by Takumi Hashimoto.
##### Erina
Erina (恵理奈*,* 37 \& 49–51\): A classmate of the Megarangers. After the Megaranger's secret identities are exposed, she is among the few people in the school who still supports the Megarangers and tried unsuccessfully to convince the school staff not to expel them. It is heavily implied she is attracted to Kenta. Ultimately with Jirou and Mr. Ooiwa she started the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on, which would be instrumental in restoring the Megaranger's fighting spirit, contributing to their final victory against Dr. Hinelar and the Death Neziros. Afterwards, she graduates with her classmates.
Erina is portrayed by Emi Shigemitsu.
#### Other allies
##### Takeshi
Takeshi (タケシ): One of the arcade children Kenta befriended. He was used by Guirail in a scheme to break Mega Red's fighting spirit by having the boy receive the end of Mega Red's punch.
Takeshi is portrayed by Yōsuke Asari.
##### Picot
Space Fairy Picot (宇宙妖精ピコット *Uchū Yosei Pikotto*): Known as the "Light of Hope", Picot is a [dragon](/wiki/Dragon "Dragon")\-like [fairy](/wiki/Fairy "Fairy") who assumes a clam\-like form while traveling to a [planet](/wiki/Planet "Planet") where he can only grant five wishes. After fulfilling the wishes, Picot leaves the planet and would eventually return to the visited planet 100,004,000 years later. Though originally chased by Helmedor, Picot becomes targeted by the Nejireians as well. While on Earth, Picot granted Miku's giant cake wish, Kyosuke's wish for [katsudon](/wiki/Katsudon "Katsudon"), Helmedor's planet destroying [laser cannon](/wiki/Laser_cannon "Laser cannon"), and Kani Nejilar's wish to bring dead Psycho Nejilars [back to life](/wiki/Resurrection "Resurrection"). After granting Kenta's wish for the Megarangers to have for energy to keep fighting, giving them their Mega Tector armor and aiding the Carrangers, Picot leaves for the next planet.
Space Fairy Picot is voiced by Fushigi Yamada (山田 ふしぎ *Yamada Fushigi*).
|
[
"### Allies",
"#### INET members",
"The following are known members of INET:",
"##### Prof. Eikichi Kubota",
"{{nihongo\\|Prof. Eikichi Kubota\\|久保田 衛吉博士\\|Kubota Eikichi\\-hakase}}: He is in charge of the Megaranger program – specifically the *Megaranger* video game. During a surprise attack on the NASADA base by the Nezirejia, he is forced to give the Degitaizers to five students – turning them into Megarangers. He was once friends with Dr. Samejima, who had left this dimension for Nezirejia – becoming Dr. Hinelar. Dr. Kubota is a former high school boxer and he plays the trumpet.",
"Eikichi Kubota is portrayed by Satoru Saitō.",
"##### Shougo Kawasaki",
"Shougo Kawasaki (川崎 省吾 *Kawasaki Shōgo*): A young man who is the head engineer of the Mega Ship's maintenance department. His father, Professor Kawasaki, is a world authority on robot control programs (helped create the program for Delta Mega) and wants Shougo to attend college, using the program he developed for Delta Mega to get his son back on Earth. However, after Mega Red saves Shougo from Guirail, he is allowed to remain with INET.",
"Shougo Kawasaki is portrayed by Yuki Tanaka.",
"##### Tachibana",
"Tachibana (立花): A member of INET and a crew member aboard the Galaxy Mega.",
"Tachibana is portrayed by Takao Miyashita (宮下 敬夫 *Miyashita Takao*).",
"##### Pop",
"Pop (ポップ *Poppu*) is a technician associated with I.N.E.T. who assists the Megarangers.",
"Pop is portrayed by Samuel Pop Aning.",
"#### Moroboshi High School",
"{{nihongo\\|Moroboshi High School\\|諸星学園\\|Moroboshi Gakuen}}: The high school attended by the five Megarangers until the series finale. Each of the team's classmates and teachers ended up being involved in a Nejirejian scheme and they become enraged when they learned the identities of the Megarangers to which almost everyone turns against them. It was only in the final battle with Dr. Hinelar that the school realized the error of their stand and started to support the Megarangers.",
"#### Gen Ooiwa",
"Gen Ooiwa (大岩 厳 *Ōiwa Gen*): The class' lazy Homeroom/Science teacher. Despite his laziness, he manages to find ways to motivate his students – especially the well\\-disciplined Kouichirou. In episode 12, while the Megarangers battle Mole Nezire Mr. Ooiwa stumbles upon a meteorite fragment and keeps it in his possession, making him a target of the Nejirejia. When he and Mega Black are captured by Mole Nezire, he tells the overachiever to never give up. As a result, Mr. Ooiwa inspires Mega Black to break free and foil the Nezirejian plans. During the finale, despite the Megarangers being expelled, he is the only staff member not to turn his back on the Megaranger and together with Jirou and Erina start the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on.",
"Gen Ooiwa is portrayed by Yoshihiro Nozoe.",
"##### Shintarou Wada",
"Shintarou Wada (和田 シンタロウ *Wada Shintarō,* 6, 45 \\& 49–51\\): An overweight shy boy who has a crush on Miku. He threatened to reveal some secret photos of Miku to the school unless she would go on a date with him. Miku agrees as she thought the photos were of her transforming into Mega Pink. The photos are of her sleeping in class and the nurse's office. Shintarou was placed under the control of the Thorn Nejilar to do Dr. Hinelar's bidding until he is freed by the Megarangers. Later after the Megaranger's secret identities are exposed and Jirou is injured during the Nejilars attack, Shintarou blames the Megarangers and turns his back on them. He comes around during the final battle and cheers his friends on. Afterwards, he graduates with his classmates.",
"Shintarou Wada is portrayed by Takenari Hirowara.",
"##### Jirou Iwamoto",
"Jirou Iwamoto (岩本 ジロウ *Iwamoto Jirō,* 6, 45, 49 \\& 51\\): Shintarou's best friend and spokesperson due to Shintarou's shy personality. He consoles Shintarou when Miku turns him down for a second date. Near the finale, he is injured when the Megarangers' secret identities are exposed. During the final battle, a bandaged Jirou returns to the school and together with Erina and Mr. Ōiwa started the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on. Afterwards, he graduates with his classmates.",
"Jirou Iwamoto is portrayed by Takumi Hashimoto.",
"##### Erina",
"Erina (恵理奈*,* 37 \\& 49–51\\): A classmate of the Megarangers. After the Megaranger's secret identities are exposed, she is among the few people in the school who still supports the Megarangers and tried unsuccessfully to convince the school staff not to expel them. It is heavily implied she is attracted to Kenta. Ultimately with Jirou and Mr. Ooiwa she started the pep rally to cheer the Megarangers on, which would be instrumental in restoring the Megaranger's fighting spirit, contributing to their final victory against Dr. Hinelar and the Death Neziros. Afterwards, she graduates with her classmates.",
"Erina is portrayed by Emi Shigemitsu.",
"#### Other allies",
"##### Takeshi",
"Takeshi (タケシ): One of the arcade children Kenta befriended. He was used by Guirail in a scheme to break Mega Red's fighting spirit by having the boy receive the end of Mega Red's punch.",
"Takeshi is portrayed by Yōsuke Asari.",
"##### Picot",
"Space Fairy Picot (宇宙妖精ピコット *Uchū Yosei Pikotto*): Known as the \"Light of Hope\", Picot is a [dragon](/wiki/Dragon \"Dragon\")\\-like [fairy](/wiki/Fairy \"Fairy\") who assumes a clam\\-like form while traveling to a [planet](/wiki/Planet \"Planet\") where he can only grant five wishes. After fulfilling the wishes, Picot leaves the planet and would eventually return to the visited planet 100,004,000 years later. Though originally chased by Helmedor, Picot becomes targeted by the Nejireians as well. While on Earth, Picot granted Miku's giant cake wish, Kyosuke's wish for [katsudon](/wiki/Katsudon \"Katsudon\"), Helmedor's planet destroying [laser cannon](/wiki/Laser_cannon \"Laser cannon\"), and Kani Nejilar's wish to bring dead Psycho Nejilars [back to life](/wiki/Resurrection \"Resurrection\"). After granting Kenta's wish for the Megarangers to have for energy to keep fighting, giving them their Mega Tector armor and aiding the Carrangers, Picot leaves for the next planet.",
"Space Fairy Picot is voiced by Fushigi Yamada (山田 ふしぎ *Yamada Fushigi*).",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
| \+**Schulenburg racial composition as of 2020**{{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US4866188\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-25 \|website\=data.census.gov}} (NH \= Non\-Hispanic){{efn\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.{{cite web \|title\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \|url\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\-origin/about.html \|website\=www.census.gov \|access\-date\=18 May 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") (NH) | 1,406 | 53\.4% |
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") (NH) | 379 | 14\.39% |
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") (NH) | 3 | 0\.11% |
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") (NH) | 16 | 0\.61% |
| Some other race (NH) | 10 | 0\.38% |
| [Mixed/multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 43 | 1\.63% |
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 776 | 29\.47% |
| **Total** | **2,633** | |
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), 2,633 people, 964 households, and 600 families resided in the city.
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, 2,699 people, 1,052 households, and 655 families lived in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|427\.1\|/km2\|/mi2\|abbr\=on}}. The 1,226 housing units had an average density of {{convert\|194\.0\|/km2\|/mi2\|disp\=preunit\|units\|units\|abbr\=on}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of the city was 76\.29% White, 15\.45% African American, 0\.30% Native American, 0\.33% Asian, 6\.08% from other races, and 1\.56% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 13\.56% of the population.
Of the 1,052 households, 26\.8% had children under 18 living with them, 46\.9% were married couples living together, 11\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\.7% were not families. About 34\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.32, and the average family size was 2\.96\.
In the city, the age distribution was 21\.7% under 18, 6\.6% from 18 to 24, 23\.0% from 25 to 44, 21\.1% from 45 to 64, and 27\.6% who were 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 82\.0 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 76\.0 males.
The [median income](/wiki/Median_income "Median income") for a household in the city was $27,619, and for a family was $36,326\. Males had a median income of $26,111 versus $20,549 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $15,784\. About 6\.9% of families and 12\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 13\.6% of those under age 18 and 13\.5% of those age 65 or over.
### Climate
{{Weather box
\|location \= Muldoon, Texas
\|single line \= Y
\|collapsed \= yes
\| Jan record high F \= 90
\| Feb record high F \= 99
\| Mar record high F \= 98
\| Apr record high F \= 100
\| May record high F \= 103
\| Jun record high F \= 107
\| Jul record high F \= 110
\| Aug record high F \= 111
\| Sep record high F \= 108
\| Oct record high F \= 102
\| Nov record high F \= 92
\| Dec record high F \= 95
\|year record high F\= 111
\| Jan high F \= 61
\| Feb high F \= 65
\| Mar high F \= 71
\| Apr high F \= 78
\| May high F \= 84
\| Jun high F \= 90
\| Jul high F \= 93
\| Aug high F \= 95
\| Sep high F \= 89
\| Oct high F \= 81
\| Nov high F \= 71
\| Dec high F \= 62
\|year high F \=
\| Jan low F \= 42
\| Feb low F \= 45
\| Mar low F \= 51
\| Apr low F \= 60
\| May low F \= 67
\| Jun low F \= 73
\| Jul low F \= 74
\| Aug low F \= 74
\| Sep low F \= 70
\| Oct low F \= 62
\| Nov low F \= 52
\| Dec low F \= 44
\|year low F \=
\| Jan record low F \= 4
\| Feb record low F \= 12
\| Mar record low F \= 14
\| Apr record low F \= 30
\| May record low F \= 43
\| Jun record low F \= 50
\| Jul record low F \= 57
\| Aug record low F \= 57
\| Sep record low F \= 41
\| Oct record low F \= 27
\| Nov record low F \= 19
\| Dec record low F \= 3
\|year record low F \= 3
\| Jan precipitation inch \= 2\.47
\| Feb precipitation inch \= 2\.46
\| Mar precipitation inch \= 2\.76
\| Apr precipitation inch \= 2\.47
\| May precipitation inch \= 4\.42
\| Jun precipitation inch \= 4\.30
\| Jul precipitation inch \= 2\.35
\| Aug precipitation inch \= 2\.54
\| Sep precipitation inch \= 3\.45
\| Oct precipitation inch \= 4\.49
\| Nov precipitation inch \= 3\.45
\| Dec precipitation inch \= 2\.61
\|year precipitation inch\= 37\.77
\|source 1 \= weather.com{{cite web
\| url \=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USTX0928?from\=36hr\_bottomnav\_undeclared \| title \=Monthly Averages for Muldoon, TX \| access\-date \=2009\-09\-10 }}
\|date\=August 2010
}}
{{US Census population
\|1880\= 719
\|1890\= 816
\|1900\= 1149
\|1910\= 1091
\|1920\= 1246
\|1930\= 1604
\|1940\= 1970
\|1950\= 2005
\|1960\= 2207
\|1970\= 2294
\|1980\= 2469
\|1990\= 2455
\|2000\= 2699
\|2010\= 2852
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
\|2020\=2633}}
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"",
"| \\+**Schulenburg racial composition as of 2020**{{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US4866188\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-25 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} (NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic){{efn\\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.{{cite web \\|title\\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\\-origin/about.html \\|website\\=www.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") (NH) | 1,406 | 53\\.4% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") (NH) | 379 | 14\\.39% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") (NH) | 3 | 0\\.11% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") (NH) | 16 | 0\\.61% |\n| Some other race (NH) | 10 | 0\\.38% |\n| [Mixed/multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 43 | 1\\.63% |\n| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") | 776 | 29\\.47% |\n| **Total** | **2,633** | |",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), 2,633 people, 964 households, and 600 families resided in the city.",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, 2,699 people, 1,052 households, and 655 families lived in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|427\\.1\\|/km2\\|/mi2\\|abbr\\=on}}. The 1,226 housing units had an average density of {{convert\\|194\\.0\\|/km2\\|/mi2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|units\\|units\\|abbr\\=on}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of the city was 76\\.29% White, 15\\.45% African American, 0\\.30% Native American, 0\\.33% Asian, 6\\.08% from other races, and 1\\.56% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 13\\.56% of the population.",
"Of the 1,052 households, 26\\.8% had children under 18 living with them, 46\\.9% were married couples living together, 11\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\\.7% were not families. About 34\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.32, and the average family size was 2\\.96\\.",
"In the city, the age distribution was 21\\.7% under 18, 6\\.6% from 18 to 24, 23\\.0% from 25 to 44, 21\\.1% from 45 to 64, and 27\\.6% who were 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 82\\.0 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 76\\.0 males.",
"The [median income](/wiki/Median_income \"Median income\") for a household in the city was $27,619, and for a family was $36,326\\. Males had a median income of $26,111 versus $20,549 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $15,784\\. About 6\\.9% of families and 12\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 13\\.6% of those under age 18 and 13\\.5% of those age 65 or over.",
"### Climate",
"{{Weather box\n\\|location \\= Muldoon, Texas\n\\|single line \\= Y\n\\|collapsed \\= yes\n\\| Jan record high F \\= 90\n\\| Feb record high F \\= 99\n\\| Mar record high F \\= 98\n\\| Apr record high F \\= 100\n\\| May record high F \\= 103\n\\| Jun record high F \\= 107\n\\| Jul record high F \\= 110\n\\| Aug record high F \\= 111\n\\| Sep record high F \\= 108\n\\| Oct record high F \\= 102\n\\| Nov record high F \\= 92\n\\| Dec record high F \\= 95\n\\|year record high F\\= 111\n\\| Jan high F \\= 61\n\\| Feb high F \\= 65\n\\| Mar high F \\= 71\n\\| Apr high F \\= 78\n\\| May high F \\= 84\n\\| Jun high F \\= 90\n\\| Jul high F \\= 93\n\\| Aug high F \\= 95\n\\| Sep high F \\= 89\n\\| Oct high F \\= 81\n\\| Nov high F \\= 71\n\\| Dec high F \\= 62\n\\|year high F \\=\n\\| Jan low F \\= 42\n\\| Feb low F \\= 45\n\\| Mar low F \\= 51\n\\| Apr low F \\= 60\n\\| May low F \\= 67\n\\| Jun low F \\= 73\n\\| Jul low F \\= 74\n\\| Aug low F \\= 74\n\\| Sep low F \\= 70\n\\| Oct low F \\= 62\n\\| Nov low F \\= 52\n\\| Dec low F \\= 44\n\\|year low F \\=\n\\| Jan record low F \\= 4\n\\| Feb record low F \\= 12\n\\| Mar record low F \\= 14\n\\| Apr record low F \\= 30\n\\| May record low F \\= 43\n\\| Jun record low F \\= 50\n\\| Jul record low F \\= 57\n\\| Aug record low F \\= 57\n\\| Sep record low F \\= 41\n\\| Oct record low F \\= 27\n\\| Nov record low F \\= 19\n\\| Dec record low F \\= 3\n\\|year record low F \\= 3\n\\| Jan precipitation inch \\= 2\\.47\n\\| Feb precipitation inch \\= 2\\.46\n\\| Mar precipitation inch \\= 2\\.76\n\\| Apr precipitation inch \\= 2\\.47\n\\| May precipitation inch \\= 4\\.42\n\\| Jun precipitation inch \\= 4\\.30\n\\| Jul precipitation inch \\= 2\\.35\n\\| Aug precipitation inch \\= 2\\.54\n\\| Sep precipitation inch \\= 3\\.45\n\\| Oct precipitation inch \\= 4\\.49\n\\| Nov precipitation inch \\= 3\\.45\n\\| Dec precipitation inch \\= 2\\.61\n\\|year precipitation inch\\= 37\\.77\n\\|source 1 \\= weather.com{{cite web\n\\| url \\=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USTX0928?from\\=36hr\\_bottomnav\\_undeclared \\| title \\=Monthly Averages for Muldoon, TX \\| access\\-date \\=2009\\-09\\-10 }}\n\\|date\\=August 2010\n}}",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 719\n\\|1890\\= 816\n\\|1900\\= 1149\n\\|1910\\= 1091\n\\|1920\\= 1246\n\\|1930\\= 1604\n\\|1940\\= 1970\n\\|1950\\= 2005\n\\|1960\\= 2207\n\\|1970\\= 2294\n\\|1980\\= 2469\n\\|1990\\= 2455\n\\|2000\\= 2699\n\\|2010\\= 2852\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n\\|2020\\=2633}}",
""
] |
Complex ecosystems
------------------
In an ecosystem with many species and resources, the behavior of consumer\-resource models can be analyzed using tools from statistical physics, particularly [mean\-field theory](/wiki/Mean-field_theory "Mean-field theory") and the [cavity method](/wiki/Cavity_method "Cavity method").{{Cite journal \|last1\=Advani \|first1\=Madhu \|last2\=Bunin \|first2\=Guy \|last3\=Mehta \|first3\=Pankaj \|date\=2018\-03\-20 \|title\=Statistical physics of community ecology: a cavity solution to MacArthur's consumer resource model \|journal\=Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment \|volume\=2018 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=033406 \|doi\=10\.1088/1742\-5468/aab04e \|issn\=1742\-5468 \|pmc\=6329381 \|pmid\=30636966\|bibcode\=2018JSMTE..03\.3406A }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Marsland \|first1\=Robert \|last2\=Cui \|first2\=Wenping \|last3\=Mehta \|first3\=Pankaj \|date\=2020\-02\-24 \|title\=A minimal model for microbial biodiversity can reproduce experimentally observed ecological patterns \|journal\=Scientific Reports \|language\=en \|volume\=10 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=3308 \|doi\=10\.1038/s41598\-020\-60130\-2 \|pmid\=32094388 \|pmc\=7039880 \|arxiv\=1904\.12914 \|bibcode\=2020NatSR..10\.3308M \|issn\=2045\-2322}}{{Citation \|last1\=Mehta \|first1\=Pankaj \|title\=Cross\-feeding shapes both competition and cooperation in microbial ecosystems \|date\=2021\-10\-10 \|arxiv\=2110\.04965 \|last2\=Marsland III \|first2\=Robert}} In the large ecosystem limit, there is an explosion of the number of parameters. For example, in the MacArthur model, O(SM) parameters are needed. In this limit, parameters may be considered to be drawn from some distribution which leads to a distribution of steady\-state abundances. These distributions of steady\-state abundances can then be determined by deriving mean\-field equations for random variables representing the steady\-state abundances of a randomly selected species and resource.
### MacArthur consumer resource model cavity solution
In the MCRM, the model parameters can be taken to be random variables with means and variances:\\langle c\_{i\\alpha}\\rangle \= \\mu/M,\\quad \\operatorname{var}(c\_{i\\alpha}) \= \\sigma^2/M,
\\quad \\langle m\_i \\rangle \= m, \\quad \\operatorname{var}(m\_i) \= \\sigma\_m^2,
\\quad \\langle K\_\\alpha\\rangle \= K,\\quad\\operatorname{var}(K\_\\alpha) \= \\sigma\_K^2\.
With this parameterization, in the thermodynamic limit (i.e., M,S \\to \\infty with S/M \= \\Theta(1\)), the steady\-state resource and species abundances are modeled as a random variable, N, R, which satisfy the self\-consistent mean\-field equations,\\begin{aligned}
0 \&\= R(K \- \\mu \\tfrac{S}{M} \\langle N\\rangle \- R \+ \\sqrt{\\sigma\_K^2 \+ \\tfrac{S}{M} \\sigma^2 \\langle N^2\\rangle} Z\_R \+ \\sigma^2 \\tfrac{S}{M} \\nu R ), \\\\
0 \&\= N(\\mu \\langle R\\rangle \- m \- \\sigma^2 \\chi N \+ \\sqrt{\\sigma^2 \\langle R^2\\rangle \+ \\sigma\_m^2} Z\_N ),
\\end{aligned} where \\langle N\\rangle, \\langle N^2\\rangle, \\langle R\\rangle, \\rangle R^2\\rangle are all moments which are determined self\-consistently, Z\_R,Z\_N are independent [standard normal](/wiki/Standard_normal "Standard normal") random variables, and \\nu \= \\langle \\partial N/\\partial m \\rangle and \\chi \= \\langle \\partial R/\\partial K \\rangle are average susceptibilities which are also determined self\-consistently.
This mean\-field framework can determine the moments and exact form of the abundance distribution, the average susceptibilities, and the fraction of species and resources that survive at a steady state.
Similar mean\-field analyses have been performed for the externally supplied resources model, the Tilman model, and the microbial consumer\-resource model. These techniques were first developed to analyze the [random generalized Lotka–Volterra model](/wiki/Random_generalized_Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_model "Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model").
|
[
"Complex ecosystems\n------------------",
"In an ecosystem with many species and resources, the behavior of consumer\\-resource models can be analyzed using tools from statistical physics, particularly [mean\\-field theory](/wiki/Mean-field_theory \"Mean-field theory\") and the [cavity method](/wiki/Cavity_method \"Cavity method\").{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Advani \\|first1\\=Madhu \\|last2\\=Bunin \\|first2\\=Guy \\|last3\\=Mehta \\|first3\\=Pankaj \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-20 \\|title\\=Statistical physics of community ecology: a cavity solution to MacArthur's consumer resource model \\|journal\\=Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment \\|volume\\=2018 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=033406 \\|doi\\=10\\.1088/1742\\-5468/aab04e \\|issn\\=1742\\-5468 \\|pmc\\=6329381 \\|pmid\\=30636966\\|bibcode\\=2018JSMTE..03\\.3406A }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Marsland \\|first1\\=Robert \\|last2\\=Cui \\|first2\\=Wenping \\|last3\\=Mehta \\|first3\\=Pankaj \\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-24 \\|title\\=A minimal model for microbial biodiversity can reproduce experimentally observed ecological patterns \\|journal\\=Scientific Reports \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=3308 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41598\\-020\\-60130\\-2 \\|pmid\\=32094388 \\|pmc\\=7039880 \\|arxiv\\=1904\\.12914 \\|bibcode\\=2020NatSR..10\\.3308M \\|issn\\=2045\\-2322}}{{Citation \\|last1\\=Mehta \\|first1\\=Pankaj \\|title\\=Cross\\-feeding shapes both competition and cooperation in microbial ecosystems \\|date\\=2021\\-10\\-10 \\|arxiv\\=2110\\.04965 \\|last2\\=Marsland III \\|first2\\=Robert}} In the large ecosystem limit, there is an explosion of the number of parameters. For example, in the MacArthur model, O(SM) parameters are needed. In this limit, parameters may be considered to be drawn from some distribution which leads to a distribution of steady\\-state abundances. These distributions of steady\\-state abundances can then be determined by deriving mean\\-field equations for random variables representing the steady\\-state abundances of a randomly selected species and resource.",
"### MacArthur consumer resource model cavity solution",
"In the MCRM, the model parameters can be taken to be random variables with means and variances:\\\\langle c\\_{i\\\\alpha}\\\\rangle \\= \\\\mu/M,\\\\quad \\\\operatorname{var}(c\\_{i\\\\alpha}) \\= \\\\sigma^2/M,\n\\\\quad \\\\langle m\\_i \\\\rangle \\= m, \\\\quad \\\\operatorname{var}(m\\_i) \\= \\\\sigma\\_m^2,\n\\\\quad \\\\langle K\\_\\\\alpha\\\\rangle \\= K,\\\\quad\\\\operatorname{var}(K\\_\\\\alpha) \\= \\\\sigma\\_K^2\\.",
"With this parameterization, in the thermodynamic limit (i.e., M,S \\\\to \\\\infty with S/M \\= \\\\Theta(1\\)), the steady\\-state resource and species abundances are modeled as a random variable, N, R, which satisfy the self\\-consistent mean\\-field equations,\\\\begin{aligned}\n0 \\&\\= R(K \\- \\\\mu \\\\tfrac{S}{M} \\\\langle N\\\\rangle \\- R \\+ \\\\sqrt{\\\\sigma\\_K^2 \\+ \\\\tfrac{S}{M} \\\\sigma^2 \\\\langle N^2\\\\rangle} Z\\_R \\+ \\\\sigma^2 \\\\tfrac{S}{M} \\\\nu R ), \\\\\\\\\n0 \\&\\= N(\\\\mu \\\\langle R\\\\rangle \\- m \\- \\\\sigma^2 \\\\chi N \\+ \\\\sqrt{\\\\sigma^2 \\\\langle R^2\\\\rangle \\+ \\\\sigma\\_m^2} Z\\_N ),\n\\\\end{aligned} where \\\\langle N\\\\rangle, \\\\langle N^2\\\\rangle, \\\\langle R\\\\rangle, \\\\rangle R^2\\\\rangle are all moments which are determined self\\-consistently, Z\\_R,Z\\_N are independent [standard normal](/wiki/Standard_normal \"Standard normal\") random variables, and \\\\nu \\= \\\\langle \\\\partial N/\\\\partial m \\\\rangle and \\\\chi \\= \\\\langle \\\\partial R/\\\\partial K \\\\rangle are average susceptibilities which are also determined self\\-consistently.",
"This mean\\-field framework can determine the moments and exact form of the abundance distribution, the average susceptibilities, and the fraction of species and resources that survive at a steady state.",
"Similar mean\\-field analyses have been performed for the externally supplied resources model, the Tilman model, and the microbial consumer\\-resource model. These techniques were first developed to analyze the [random generalized Lotka–Volterra model](/wiki/Random_generalized_Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_model \"Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model\").",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Andrews was born in [Griffin, Georgia](/wiki/Griffin%2C_Georgia "Griffin, Georgia"), the son of an [Episcopal](/wiki/Episcopal_Church_%28United_States%29 "Episcopal Church (United States)") priest, and was raised in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh"), Pennsylvania, [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), Ohio and [Wheeling, West Virginia](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia "Wheeling, West Virginia"). At the age of 12, he won a [walk\-on role](/wiki/Bit_part "Bit part") in a [stock theater](/wiki/Repertory_theatre "Repertory theatre") production featuring [James Gleason](/wiki/James_Gleason "James Gleason").
He attended the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia"), and at age 21 made his stage debut in 1935, progressing to [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") that same year. During this period, Andrews starred in the short\-lived but well\-received military drama *So Proudly We Hail* in the lead role opposite [Richard Cromwell](/wiki/Richard_Cromwell_%28actor%29 "Richard Cromwell (actor)"). In 1936, Andrews debuted in the film *Rushin' Art*. In 1949 he made a brief, uncredited appearance as a neighbor to [David Wayne](/wiki/David_Wayne "David Wayne")'s character in *[Adam's Rib](/wiki/Adam%27s_Rib "Adam's Rib")*. His next film appearance came in 1955 as the subversive and corrupt Rhett Tanner, head of a violent political machine, in *[The Phenix City Story](/wiki/The_Phenix_City_Story "The Phenix City Story")*. This was soon followed by roles in other films such as *[The Harder They Fall](/wiki/The_Harder_They_Fall_%281956_film%29 "The Harder They Fall (1956 film)")* (1956\), *[These Wilder Years](/wiki/These_Wilder_Years "These Wilder Years")* (1956\), *[Tea and Sympathy](/wiki/Tea_and_Sympathy_%28film%29 "Tea and Sympathy (film)")* (1956\), *[Tension at Table Rock](/wiki/Tension_at_Table_Rock "Tension at Table Rock")* (1956\), *[The Unguarded Moment](/wiki/The_Unguarded_Moment_%28film%29 "The Unguarded Moment (film)")* (1956\), *[Hot Summer Night](/wiki/Hot_Summer_Night_%28film%29 "Hot Summer Night (film)")* (1957\), *[The Tattered Dress](/wiki/The_Tattered_Dress "The Tattered Dress")* (1957\), *[The Fiend Who Walked the West](/wiki/The_Fiend_Who_Walked_the_West "The Fiend Who Walked the West")* (1958\) and *[Night of the Quarter Moon](/wiki/Night_of_the_Quarter_Moon "Night of the Quarter Moon")* (1959\).
### Films
While Andrews' film acting career began in earnest in his forties, he appeared much older than he actually was and he was consistently typecast as a grandfatherly type. Though he often played amiable characters, Andrews was equally adept at portraying characters such as sleazy businessmen types or uptight bureaucrats.
Andrews appeared in several popular films, including *[Elmer Gantry](/wiki/Elmer_Gantry_%28film%29 "Elmer Gantry (film)")* (1960\) in which he was memorable as [George F. Babbitt](/wiki/Babbitt_%28novel%29 "Babbitt (novel)"), *[The Absent\-Minded Professor](/wiki/The_Absent-Minded_Professor "The Absent-Minded Professor")* (1961\) and *[Son of Flubber](/wiki/Son_of_Flubber "Son of Flubber")* (1963\) as the secretary of defense, *[The Thrill of It All](/wiki/The_Thrill_of_It_All_%28film%29 "The Thrill of It All (film)")* (1963\) with [Doris Day](/wiki/Doris_Day "Doris Day") and [James Garner](/wiki/James_Garner "James Garner"), *[Send Me No Flowers](/wiki/Send_Me_No_Flowers "Send Me No Flowers")* (1964\) with Doris Day and [Rock Hudson](/wiki/Rock_Hudson "Rock Hudson") and *[Avanti!](/wiki/Avanti%21 "Avanti!")* (1972\) as a government agent. Among his other film credits are *[The Young Savages](/wiki/The_Young_Savages "The Young Savages")* (1961\), *[The Young Doctors](/wiki/The_Young_Doctors_%28film%29 "The Young Doctors (film)")* (1961\), *[Advise \& Consent](/wiki/Advise_%26_Consent "Advise & Consent")* (1962\), *[Good Neighbor Sam](/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Sam "Good Neighbor Sam")* (1964\), *[Youngblood Hawke](/wiki/Youngblood_Hawke_%281964_film%29 "Youngblood Hawke (1964 film)")* (1964\), *[Kisses for My President](/wiki/Kisses_for_My_President "Kisses for My President")* (1964\), *[The Glass Bottom Boat](/wiki/The_Glass_Bottom_Boat "The Glass Bottom Boat")* (1966\); *[The Trouble with Girls](/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Girls_%28film%29 "The Trouble with Girls (film)")* (1969\) with [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley"), *[Tora! Tora! Tora!](/wiki/Tora%21_Tora%21_Tora%21 "Tora! Tora! Tora!")* (1970\) as Admiral [Harold R. Stark](/wiki/Harold_R._Stark "Harold R. Stark"), *[How to Frame a Figg](/wiki/How_to_Frame_a_Figg "How to Frame a Figg")* (1971\), *[The Million Dollar Duck](/wiki/The_Million_Dollar_Duck "The Million Dollar Duck")* (1971\), *[Now You See Him, Now You Don't](/wiki/Now_You_See_Him%2C_Now_You_Don%27t "Now You See Him, Now You Don't")* (1972\), *[Charley and the Angel](/wiki/Charley_and_the_Angel "Charley and the Angel")* (1973\) and *[The Seniors](/wiki/The_Seniors "The Seniors")* (1978\). He played [Molly Ringwald](/wiki/Molly_Ringwald "Molly Ringwald")'s grandfather in the [John Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28filmmaker%29 "John Hughes (filmmaker)") film *[Sixteen Candles](/wiki/Sixteen_Candles "Sixteen Candles")* (1984\) before making his final feature\-film appearance in *[Gremlins](/wiki/Gremlins "Gremlins")* (1984\).{{r\|don}}
### Television
Andrews guest\-starred on many television series including *[Mama](/wiki/Mama_%28American_TV_series%29 "Mama (American TV series)")*, *[Thriller](/wiki/Thriller_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Thriller (U.S. TV series)")*, *[Goodyear Television Playhouse](/wiki/Goodyear_Television_Playhouse "Goodyear Television Playhouse")*, *[Hands of Mystery](/wiki/Hands_of_Mystery "Hands of Mystery")*, *[The United States Steel Hour](/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour "The United States Steel Hour")*, *Justice* (1954 series), *[Cheyenne](/wiki/Cheyenne_%281955_TV_series%29 "Cheyenne (1955 TV series)")*, *[The Twilight Zone](/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_%281959_TV_series%29 "The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)")* (in the episodes "[Third From the Sun](/wiki/Third_From_the_Sun "Third From the Sun")" and "[You Drive](/wiki/You_Drive "You Drive")"), *[The Real McCoys](/wiki/The_Real_McCoys "The Real McCoys")*, *[The Eleventh Hour](/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_%281962_TV_series%29 "The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)")*, *[Route 66](/wiki/Route_66_%28TV_series%29 "Route 66 (TV series)")*, *[Naked City](/wiki/Naked_City_%28TV_series%29 "Naked City (TV series)")*, *[Gunsmoke](/wiki/Gunsmoke "Gunsmoke")*, *[Rawhide](/wiki/Rawhide_%28TV_series%29 "Rawhide (TV series)")*, *[The Untouchables](/wiki/The_Untouchables_%281959_TV_series%29 "The Untouchables (1959 TV series)")*, *[Bonanza](/wiki/Bonanza "Bonanza")*, *[Alias Smith and Jones](/wiki/Alias_Smith_and_Jones "Alias Smith and Jones")*, *[The Wild Wild West](/wiki/The_Wild_Wild_West "The Wild Wild West")*, *[Ironside](/wiki/Ironside_%28TV_series%29 "Ironside (TV series)")*, *[The F.B.I.](/wiki/The_F.B.I._%28TV_series%29 "The F.B.I. (TV series)")*, *[The Beverly Hillbillies](/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies "The Beverly Hillbillies")*, *[Mr. Novak](/wiki/Mr._Novak "Mr. Novak")*, *[Sanford and Son](/wiki/Sanford_and_Son "Sanford and Son")*, *[One Day at a Time](/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_%281975_TV_series%29 "One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)")*, *[Love American Style](/wiki/Love_American_Style "Love American Style")*, *[Ellery Queen](/wiki/Ellery_Queen_%28TV_series%29 "Ellery Queen (TV series)")*, *[The Invaders](/wiki/The_Invaders "The Invaders")*, *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched "Bewitched")*, *[Hawaii Five\-O](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_%281968_TV_series%29 "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)")*, *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels "Charlie's Angels")*, *[The Rookies](/wiki/The_Rookies "The Rookies")*, *[The Alfred Hitchcock Hour](/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour")*, *[Storefront Lawyers](/wiki/Storefront_Lawyers "Storefront Lawyers")*, *[Sergeant Bilko](/wiki/Sergeant_Bilko "Sergeant Bilko")*, *[The Love Boat](/wiki/The_Love_Boat "The Love Boat")*, *[The Andy Griffith Show](/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show "The Andy Griffith Show")*, *[Fantasy Island](/wiki/Fantasy_Island "Fantasy Island")*, *[Three's Company](/wiki/Three%27s_Company "Three's Company")*, *[The Bob Newhart Show](/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show "The Bob Newhart Show")* and *[Quincy, M.E.](/wiki/Quincy%2C_M.E. "Quincy, M.E.")*.
Andrews was a regular on the [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") series *[Broadside](/wiki/Broadside_%28TV_series%29 "Broadside (TV series)")* (1964–1965\) as Commander Roger Adrian. He had previously filmed the pilot for the popular series *[Hazel](/wiki/Hazel_%28TV_series%29 "Hazel (TV series)")* in the role of George Baxter. His was the only role recast when the pilot became a series; he was replaced by actor [Don DeFore](/wiki/Don_DeFore "Don DeFore").
Andrews played the character of Charley in the 1966 dramatization of *[Death of a Salesman](/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman "Death of a Salesman")*, and was active in television productions throughout the early 1980s. He played Elton Dykstra on *[The Intruders](/wiki/The_Intruders_%281970_film%29 "The Intruders (1970 film)")*, Ernest W. Stanley in *[The Man Who Came to Dinner](/wiki/The_Man_Who_Came_to_Dinner "The Man Who Came to Dinner")*, Mayor Robert Chisholm alongside [Don Knotts](/wiki/Don_Knotts "Don Knotts") in the film *[How to Frame a Figg](/wiki/How_to_Frame_a_Figg "How to Frame a Figg")* (1971\), and Mayor Massey on the television film *The Whiz Kid and the Mystery at Riverton*. In 1968, he played a [safecracker](/wiki/Safecracker "Safecracker") in a four\-part episode of *[I Dream of Jeannie](/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie "I Dream of Jeannie")* and in early 1969, he appeared as a drug\-dealing mortician on *[Mod Squad](/wiki/Mod_Squad "Mod Squad")*. He also had the lead role as Harry Flood in the [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") short\-lived 1979 series *[Supertrain](/wiki/Supertrain "Supertrain")*. In 1982, he appeared in an episode of ABC's *[Three's Company](/wiki/Three%27s_Company "Three's Company")*.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Andrews appeared in a series of popular commercials for [Bell Telephone](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company "Bell Telephone Company") as an overbearing executive.
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Andrews was born in [Griffin, Georgia](/wiki/Griffin%2C_Georgia \"Griffin, Georgia\"), the son of an [Episcopal](/wiki/Episcopal_Church_%28United_States%29 \"Episcopal Church (United States)\") priest, and was raised in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\"), Pennsylvania, [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\"), Ohio and [Wheeling, West Virginia](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia \"Wheeling, West Virginia\"). At the age of 12, he won a [walk\\-on role](/wiki/Bit_part \"Bit part\") in a [stock theater](/wiki/Repertory_theatre \"Repertory theatre\") production featuring [James Gleason](/wiki/James_Gleason \"James Gleason\").",
"He attended the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\"), and at age 21 made his stage debut in 1935, progressing to [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") that same year. During this period, Andrews starred in the short\\-lived but well\\-received military drama *So Proudly We Hail* in the lead role opposite [Richard Cromwell](/wiki/Richard_Cromwell_%28actor%29 \"Richard Cromwell (actor)\"). In 1936, Andrews debuted in the film *Rushin' Art*. In 1949 he made a brief, uncredited appearance as a neighbor to [David Wayne](/wiki/David_Wayne \"David Wayne\")'s character in *[Adam's Rib](/wiki/Adam%27s_Rib \"Adam's Rib\")*. His next film appearance came in 1955 as the subversive and corrupt Rhett Tanner, head of a violent political machine, in *[The Phenix City Story](/wiki/The_Phenix_City_Story \"The Phenix City Story\")*. This was soon followed by roles in other films such as *[The Harder They Fall](/wiki/The_Harder_They_Fall_%281956_film%29 \"The Harder They Fall (1956 film)\")* (1956\\), *[These Wilder Years](/wiki/These_Wilder_Years \"These Wilder Years\")* (1956\\), *[Tea and Sympathy](/wiki/Tea_and_Sympathy_%28film%29 \"Tea and Sympathy (film)\")* (1956\\), *[Tension at Table Rock](/wiki/Tension_at_Table_Rock \"Tension at Table Rock\")* (1956\\), *[The Unguarded Moment](/wiki/The_Unguarded_Moment_%28film%29 \"The Unguarded Moment (film)\")* (1956\\), *[Hot Summer Night](/wiki/Hot_Summer_Night_%28film%29 \"Hot Summer Night (film)\")* (1957\\), *[The Tattered Dress](/wiki/The_Tattered_Dress \"The Tattered Dress\")* (1957\\), *[The Fiend Who Walked the West](/wiki/The_Fiend_Who_Walked_the_West \"The Fiend Who Walked the West\")* (1958\\) and *[Night of the Quarter Moon](/wiki/Night_of_the_Quarter_Moon \"Night of the Quarter Moon\")* (1959\\).",
"### Films",
"While Andrews' film acting career began in earnest in his forties, he appeared much older than he actually was and he was consistently typecast as a grandfatherly type. Though he often played amiable characters, Andrews was equally adept at portraying characters such as sleazy businessmen types or uptight bureaucrats.",
"Andrews appeared in several popular films, including *[Elmer Gantry](/wiki/Elmer_Gantry_%28film%29 \"Elmer Gantry (film)\")* (1960\\) in which he was memorable as [George F. Babbitt](/wiki/Babbitt_%28novel%29 \"Babbitt (novel)\"), *[The Absent\\-Minded Professor](/wiki/The_Absent-Minded_Professor \"The Absent-Minded Professor\")* (1961\\) and *[Son of Flubber](/wiki/Son_of_Flubber \"Son of Flubber\")* (1963\\) as the secretary of defense, *[The Thrill of It All](/wiki/The_Thrill_of_It_All_%28film%29 \"The Thrill of It All (film)\")* (1963\\) with [Doris Day](/wiki/Doris_Day \"Doris Day\") and [James Garner](/wiki/James_Garner \"James Garner\"), *[Send Me No Flowers](/wiki/Send_Me_No_Flowers \"Send Me No Flowers\")* (1964\\) with Doris Day and [Rock Hudson](/wiki/Rock_Hudson \"Rock Hudson\") and *[Avanti!](/wiki/Avanti%21 \"Avanti!\")* (1972\\) as a government agent. Among his other film credits are *[The Young Savages](/wiki/The_Young_Savages \"The Young Savages\")* (1961\\), *[The Young Doctors](/wiki/The_Young_Doctors_%28film%29 \"The Young Doctors (film)\")* (1961\\), *[Advise \\& Consent](/wiki/Advise_%26_Consent \"Advise & Consent\")* (1962\\), *[Good Neighbor Sam](/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Sam \"Good Neighbor Sam\")* (1964\\), *[Youngblood Hawke](/wiki/Youngblood_Hawke_%281964_film%29 \"Youngblood Hawke (1964 film)\")* (1964\\), *[Kisses for My President](/wiki/Kisses_for_My_President \"Kisses for My President\")* (1964\\), *[The Glass Bottom Boat](/wiki/The_Glass_Bottom_Boat \"The Glass Bottom Boat\")* (1966\\); *[The Trouble with Girls](/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Girls_%28film%29 \"The Trouble with Girls (film)\")* (1969\\) with [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\"), *[Tora! Tora! Tora!](/wiki/Tora%21_Tora%21_Tora%21 \"Tora! Tora! Tora!\")* (1970\\) as Admiral [Harold R. Stark](/wiki/Harold_R._Stark \"Harold R. Stark\"), *[How to Frame a Figg](/wiki/How_to_Frame_a_Figg \"How to Frame a Figg\")* (1971\\), *[The Million Dollar Duck](/wiki/The_Million_Dollar_Duck \"The Million Dollar Duck\")* (1971\\), *[Now You See Him, Now You Don't](/wiki/Now_You_See_Him%2C_Now_You_Don%27t \"Now You See Him, Now You Don't\")* (1972\\), *[Charley and the Angel](/wiki/Charley_and_the_Angel \"Charley and the Angel\")* (1973\\) and *[The Seniors](/wiki/The_Seniors \"The Seniors\")* (1978\\). He played [Molly Ringwald](/wiki/Molly_Ringwald \"Molly Ringwald\")'s grandfather in the [John Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28filmmaker%29 \"John Hughes (filmmaker)\") film *[Sixteen Candles](/wiki/Sixteen_Candles \"Sixteen Candles\")* (1984\\) before making his final feature\\-film appearance in *[Gremlins](/wiki/Gremlins \"Gremlins\")* (1984\\).{{r\\|don}}",
"### Television",
"Andrews guest\\-starred on many television series including *[Mama](/wiki/Mama_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Mama (American TV series)\")*, *[Thriller](/wiki/Thriller_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Thriller (U.S. TV series)\")*, *[Goodyear Television Playhouse](/wiki/Goodyear_Television_Playhouse \"Goodyear Television Playhouse\")*, *[Hands of Mystery](/wiki/Hands_of_Mystery \"Hands of Mystery\")*, *[The United States Steel Hour](/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour \"The United States Steel Hour\")*, *Justice* (1954 series), *[Cheyenne](/wiki/Cheyenne_%281955_TV_series%29 \"Cheyenne (1955 TV series)\")*, *[The Twilight Zone](/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_%281959_TV_series%29 \"The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)\")* (in the episodes \"[Third From the Sun](/wiki/Third_From_the_Sun \"Third From the Sun\")\" and \"[You Drive](/wiki/You_Drive \"You Drive\")\"), *[The Real McCoys](/wiki/The_Real_McCoys \"The Real McCoys\")*, *[The Eleventh Hour](/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_%281962_TV_series%29 \"The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)\")*, *[Route 66](/wiki/Route_66_%28TV_series%29 \"Route 66 (TV series)\")*, *[Naked City](/wiki/Naked_City_%28TV_series%29 \"Naked City (TV series)\")*, *[Gunsmoke](/wiki/Gunsmoke \"Gunsmoke\")*, *[Rawhide](/wiki/Rawhide_%28TV_series%29 \"Rawhide (TV series)\")*, *[The Untouchables](/wiki/The_Untouchables_%281959_TV_series%29 \"The Untouchables (1959 TV series)\")*, *[Bonanza](/wiki/Bonanza \"Bonanza\")*, *[Alias Smith and Jones](/wiki/Alias_Smith_and_Jones \"Alias Smith and Jones\")*, *[The Wild Wild West](/wiki/The_Wild_Wild_West \"The Wild Wild West\")*, *[Ironside](/wiki/Ironside_%28TV_series%29 \"Ironside (TV series)\")*, *[The F.B.I.](/wiki/The_F.B.I._%28TV_series%29 \"The F.B.I. (TV series)\")*, *[The Beverly Hillbillies](/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies \"The Beverly Hillbillies\")*, *[Mr. Novak](/wiki/Mr._Novak \"Mr. Novak\")*, *[Sanford and Son](/wiki/Sanford_and_Son \"Sanford and Son\")*, *[One Day at a Time](/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_%281975_TV_series%29 \"One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)\")*, *[Love American Style](/wiki/Love_American_Style \"Love American Style\")*, *[Ellery Queen](/wiki/Ellery_Queen_%28TV_series%29 \"Ellery Queen (TV series)\")*, *[The Invaders](/wiki/The_Invaders \"The Invaders\")*, *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched \"Bewitched\")*, *[Hawaii Five\\-O](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_%281968_TV_series%29 \"Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)\")*, *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels \"Charlie's Angels\")*, *[The Rookies](/wiki/The_Rookies \"The Rookies\")*, *[The Alfred Hitchcock Hour](/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour \"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour\")*, *[Storefront Lawyers](/wiki/Storefront_Lawyers \"Storefront Lawyers\")*, *[Sergeant Bilko](/wiki/Sergeant_Bilko \"Sergeant Bilko\")*, *[The Love Boat](/wiki/The_Love_Boat \"The Love Boat\")*, *[The Andy Griffith Show](/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show \"The Andy Griffith Show\")*, *[Fantasy Island](/wiki/Fantasy_Island \"Fantasy Island\")*, *[Three's Company](/wiki/Three%27s_Company \"Three's Company\")*, *[The Bob Newhart Show](/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show \"The Bob Newhart Show\")* and *[Quincy, M.E.](/wiki/Quincy%2C_M.E. \"Quincy, M.E.\")*.",
"Andrews was a regular on the [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") series *[Broadside](/wiki/Broadside_%28TV_series%29 \"Broadside (TV series)\")* (1964–1965\\) as Commander Roger Adrian. He had previously filmed the pilot for the popular series *[Hazel](/wiki/Hazel_%28TV_series%29 \"Hazel (TV series)\")* in the role of George Baxter. His was the only role recast when the pilot became a series; he was replaced by actor [Don DeFore](/wiki/Don_DeFore \"Don DeFore\").",
"Andrews played the character of Charley in the 1966 dramatization of *[Death of a Salesman](/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman \"Death of a Salesman\")*, and was active in television productions throughout the early 1980s. He played Elton Dykstra on *[The Intruders](/wiki/The_Intruders_%281970_film%29 \"The Intruders (1970 film)\")*, Ernest W. Stanley in *[The Man Who Came to Dinner](/wiki/The_Man_Who_Came_to_Dinner \"The Man Who Came to Dinner\")*, Mayor Robert Chisholm alongside [Don Knotts](/wiki/Don_Knotts \"Don Knotts\") in the film *[How to Frame a Figg](/wiki/How_to_Frame_a_Figg \"How to Frame a Figg\")* (1971\\), and Mayor Massey on the television film *The Whiz Kid and the Mystery at Riverton*. In 1968, he played a [safecracker](/wiki/Safecracker \"Safecracker\") in a four\\-part episode of *[I Dream of Jeannie](/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie \"I Dream of Jeannie\")* and in early 1969, he appeared as a drug\\-dealing mortician on *[Mod Squad](/wiki/Mod_Squad \"Mod Squad\")*. He also had the lead role as Harry Flood in the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") short\\-lived 1979 series *[Supertrain](/wiki/Supertrain \"Supertrain\")*. In 1982, he appeared in an episode of ABC's *[Three's Company](/wiki/Three%27s_Company \"Three's Company\")*.",
"In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Andrews appeared in a series of popular commercials for [Bell Telephone](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company \"Bell Telephone Company\") as an overbearing executive.",
""
] |
Capsule summaries of Flexner's books
------------------------------------
### *American Playwrights, 1918\-1938: The Theater Retreats From Reality*
From Flexner's 1969 preface:
{{blockquote\|
When this book was first published the world thought it had escaped a second great war by the agreement at Munich, which recognized \[\[Adolf Hitler]]'s conquest of \[\[Czechoslovakia]]. The last Spanish Republican resistance to \[\[Francisco Franco\|Franco]] was crumbling, and the Japanese had only recently invaded \[\[China]].
But the gap between that time and today is even wider and deeper than these news items might suggest. My generation spent its early adult years looking for work when there were no jobs — quite simply no jobs at all, either for them or for their elders. Millions of people who had known ten or twenty years of security were suddenly reduced to joblessness. Nor were there any cushions against acute need, such as unemployment insurance or social security… Establishing such minimal bulwarks against hunger and homelessness as \[\[trade unions]] and \[\[social insurance]] were the elemental concerns of a generation of American workers…
Social concern was one of the principal yardsticks against which I measured the work of the leading playwrights of the twenties and thirties.
}}
Plays evaluated in *American Playwrights* are by dramatists [Sidney Howard](/wiki/Sidney_Howard "Sidney Howard"), [S.N. Behrman](/wiki/S.N._Behrman "S.N. Behrman"), [Maxwell Anderson](/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson "Maxwell Anderson"), [Eugene O'Neill](/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill "Eugene O'Neill"), by comedy writer [George S. Kaufman](/wiki/George_S._Kaufman "George S. Kaufman") (variously collaborating with [Marc Connelly](/wiki/Marc_Connelly "Marc Connelly"), [Edna Ferber](/wiki/Edna_Ferber "Edna Ferber"), [Moss Hart](/wiki/Moss_Hart "Moss Hart"), [Herman Mankiewicz](/wiki/Herman_Mankiewicz "Herman Mankiewicz"), [Morrie Ryskind](/wiki/Morrie_Ryskind "Morrie Ryskind"), [Howard Dietz](/wiki/Howard_Dietz "Howard Dietz"), [Katherine Dayton](/wiki/Katherine_Dayton "Katherine Dayton"), and others), and by comedy writers [George Kelly](/wiki/George_Edward_Kelly "George Edward Kelly"), [Rachel Crothers](/wiki/Rachel_Crothers "Rachel Crothers"), [Philip Barry](/wiki/Philip_Barry "Philip Barry"), and [Robert E. Sherwood](/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood "Robert E. Sherwood").
In the penultimate chapter, "The New Realism," brief attention is given to [Susan Glaspell](/wiki/Susan_Glaspell "Susan Glaspell"), [Arthur Richman](/wiki/Arthur_Richman_%28playwright%29 "Arthur Richman (playwright)"), [Elmer Rice](/wiki/Elmer_Rice "Elmer Rice"), [Sophie Treadwell](/wiki/Sophie_Treadwell "Sophie Treadwell"), [John Howard Lawson](/wiki/John_Howard_Lawson "John Howard Lawson"), [Paul Green](/wiki/Paul_Green_%28playwright%29 "Paul Green (playwright)"), [Paul \& Claire Sifton](/wiki/Paul_%26_Claire_Sifton "Paul & Claire Sifton"), [George Sklar](/wiki/George_Sklar "George Sklar") \& [Albert Maltz](/wiki/Albert_Maltz "Albert Maltz"), Paul Peters \& George Sklar, [John Wexley](/wiki/John_Wexley "John Wexley"), [Clifford Odets](/wiki/Clifford_Odets "Clifford Odets"), [Albert Bein](/wiki/Albert_Bein "Albert Bein"), [Irwin Shaw](/wiki/Irwin_Shaw "Irwin Shaw"), [Emanuel Eisenberg](/wiki/Emanuel_Eisenberg "Emanuel Eisenberg"), [Sidney Kingsley](/wiki/Sidney_Kingsley "Sidney Kingsley"), [Marc Blitzstein](/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein "Marc Blitzstein"), and [Ben Bengal](/wiki/Ben_Bengal "Ben Bengal").
Flexner regrets in her 1969 preface to the book that she did not include [Lorraine Hansberry](/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry "Lorraine Hansberry"), [Arthur Miller](/wiki/Arthur_Miller "Arthur Miller"), and [Lillian Hellman](/wiki/Lillian_Hellman "Lillian Hellman") among the playwrights singled out for special notice.
### *Century of Struggle: The Women's Rights Movement in the United States*
*Century of Struggle*, originally published in 1959, was the first authoritative narrative of the woman's rights movement.{{Cite news\|last\=DuBois\|first\=Ellen Carol\|date\=2020\-10\-16\|title\=Overlooked No More: Eleanor Flexner, Pioneering Feminist in an Anti\-Feminist Age\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/obituaries/eleanor\-flexner\-overlooked.html\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-01\|issn\=0362\-4331}} It became a point of departure for generations of historians who built the field of women's history. Professor [Ellen Carol DuBois](/wiki/Ellen_Carol_DuBois "Ellen Carol DuBois") (UCLA) wrote in 1991 that *Century of Struggle* "has stood for thirty years as the most comprehensive history of American feminism up to the enfranchisement of women in 1920\." Ellen Fitzpatrick (University of New Hampshire), another leading scholar and co\-author of the 1996 enlarged edition, wrote:
{{blockquote\|
There is a timelessness about \[''Century of Struggle''] that transcends the historical forces that shaped its construction as a work of history… \[I]t endures not just as a penetrating and learned study but as a work that contributed to the continued effort to enlarge the scope and deepen the foundation of history. \[''Century of Struggle''] offers readers not only a detailed and compelling account of the women's rights crusade but also an overview of women's historical experience from the Colonial period onward.
}}
The book covers the woman's rights movement from [Anne Hutchinson](/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson "Anne Hutchinson") in the 17th century through the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which ensured women's right to vote. For the book, Flexner interviewed [Clara Lemlich Shavelson](/wiki/Clara_Lemlich "Clara Lemlich") and the granddaughter of [Leonora Barry](/wiki/Leonora_Barry "Leonora Barry"), and did significant original research in the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress") and the Sophia Smith Collection of Women's History at [Smith College](/wiki/Smith_College "Smith College").
### *Mary Wollstonecraft: A Biography*
[Mary Wollstonecraft](/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft "Mary Wollstonecraft") Godwin (1759–1797\) was an English feminist, writer, and philosopher. There are at least three sources of her continuing renown in Britain and America: She is the author of *A Vindication of the Rights of Woman* (1792\). She opposed the eminent Edmund Burke's views concerning the French Revolution in her *A Vindication of the Rights of Men* (1790\) and was present in Paris in 1793 when England and France declared war. Finally, she is the mother of [Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin](/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Godwin "Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin") Shelley, who wrote *Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus* (1818\).
In this classic biography, which has not been reprinted, Flexner recounts the glories and miseries of Wollstonecraft's childhood and professional life. She describes Wollstonecraft's crushing self\-doubt and unstable temperament, as well as her capacity for hard work even in times of significant adversity. Drawing on contemporary letters and diaries, Flexner adds new material to earlier lives of Wollstonecraft, especially concerning Wollstonecraft's literary friendships and her relations with her sisters and brothers.
|
[
"Capsule summaries of Flexner's books\n------------------------------------",
"### *American Playwrights, 1918\\-1938: The Theater Retreats From Reality*",
"From Flexner's 1969 preface:",
"{{blockquote\\|\nWhen this book was first published the world thought it had escaped a second great war by the agreement at Munich, which recognized \\[\\[Adolf Hitler]]'s conquest of \\[\\[Czechoslovakia]]. The last Spanish Republican resistance to \\[\\[Francisco Franco\\|Franco]] was crumbling, and the Japanese had only recently invaded \\[\\[China]].",
"But the gap between that time and today is even wider and deeper than these news items might suggest. My generation spent its early adult years looking for work when there were no jobs — quite simply no jobs at all, either for them or for their elders. Millions of people who had known ten or twenty years of security were suddenly reduced to joblessness. Nor were there any cushions against acute need, such as unemployment insurance or social security… Establishing such minimal bulwarks against hunger and homelessness as \\[\\[trade unions]] and \\[\\[social insurance]] were the elemental concerns of a generation of American workers…",
"Social concern was one of the principal yardsticks against which I measured the work of the leading playwrights of the twenties and thirties.\n}}\n \nPlays evaluated in *American Playwrights* are by dramatists [Sidney Howard](/wiki/Sidney_Howard \"Sidney Howard\"), [S.N. Behrman](/wiki/S.N._Behrman \"S.N. Behrman\"), [Maxwell Anderson](/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson \"Maxwell Anderson\"), [Eugene O'Neill](/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill \"Eugene O'Neill\"), by comedy writer [George S. Kaufman](/wiki/George_S._Kaufman \"George S. Kaufman\") (variously collaborating with [Marc Connelly](/wiki/Marc_Connelly \"Marc Connelly\"), [Edna Ferber](/wiki/Edna_Ferber \"Edna Ferber\"), [Moss Hart](/wiki/Moss_Hart \"Moss Hart\"), [Herman Mankiewicz](/wiki/Herman_Mankiewicz \"Herman Mankiewicz\"), [Morrie Ryskind](/wiki/Morrie_Ryskind \"Morrie Ryskind\"), [Howard Dietz](/wiki/Howard_Dietz \"Howard Dietz\"), [Katherine Dayton](/wiki/Katherine_Dayton \"Katherine Dayton\"), and others), and by comedy writers [George Kelly](/wiki/George_Edward_Kelly \"George Edward Kelly\"), [Rachel Crothers](/wiki/Rachel_Crothers \"Rachel Crothers\"), [Philip Barry](/wiki/Philip_Barry \"Philip Barry\"), and [Robert E. Sherwood](/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood \"Robert E. Sherwood\").",
"In the penultimate chapter, \"The New Realism,\" brief attention is given to [Susan Glaspell](/wiki/Susan_Glaspell \"Susan Glaspell\"), [Arthur Richman](/wiki/Arthur_Richman_%28playwright%29 \"Arthur Richman (playwright)\"), [Elmer Rice](/wiki/Elmer_Rice \"Elmer Rice\"), [Sophie Treadwell](/wiki/Sophie_Treadwell \"Sophie Treadwell\"), [John Howard Lawson](/wiki/John_Howard_Lawson \"John Howard Lawson\"), [Paul Green](/wiki/Paul_Green_%28playwright%29 \"Paul Green (playwright)\"), [Paul \\& Claire Sifton](/wiki/Paul_%26_Claire_Sifton \"Paul & Claire Sifton\"), [George Sklar](/wiki/George_Sklar \"George Sklar\") \\& [Albert Maltz](/wiki/Albert_Maltz \"Albert Maltz\"), Paul Peters \\& George Sklar, [John Wexley](/wiki/John_Wexley \"John Wexley\"), [Clifford Odets](/wiki/Clifford_Odets \"Clifford Odets\"), [Albert Bein](/wiki/Albert_Bein \"Albert Bein\"), [Irwin Shaw](/wiki/Irwin_Shaw \"Irwin Shaw\"), [Emanuel Eisenberg](/wiki/Emanuel_Eisenberg \"Emanuel Eisenberg\"), [Sidney Kingsley](/wiki/Sidney_Kingsley \"Sidney Kingsley\"), [Marc Blitzstein](/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein \"Marc Blitzstein\"), and [Ben Bengal](/wiki/Ben_Bengal \"Ben Bengal\").",
"Flexner regrets in her 1969 preface to the book that she did not include [Lorraine Hansberry](/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry \"Lorraine Hansberry\"), [Arthur Miller](/wiki/Arthur_Miller \"Arthur Miller\"), and [Lillian Hellman](/wiki/Lillian_Hellman \"Lillian Hellman\") among the playwrights singled out for special notice.",
"### *Century of Struggle: The Women's Rights Movement in the United States*",
"*Century of Struggle*, originally published in 1959, was the first authoritative narrative of the woman's rights movement.{{Cite news\\|last\\=DuBois\\|first\\=Ellen Carol\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-16\\|title\\=Overlooked No More: Eleanor Flexner, Pioneering Feminist in an Anti\\-Feminist Age\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/obituaries/eleanor\\-flexner\\-overlooked.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-01\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} It became a point of departure for generations of historians who built the field of women's history. Professor [Ellen Carol DuBois](/wiki/Ellen_Carol_DuBois \"Ellen Carol DuBois\") (UCLA) wrote in 1991 that *Century of Struggle* \"has stood for thirty years as the most comprehensive history of American feminism up to the enfranchisement of women in 1920\\.\" Ellen Fitzpatrick (University of New Hampshire), another leading scholar and co\\-author of the 1996 enlarged edition, wrote:",
"{{blockquote\\|\nThere is a timelessness about \\[''Century of Struggle''] that transcends the historical forces that shaped its construction as a work of history… \\[I]t endures not just as a penetrating and learned study but as a work that contributed to the continued effort to enlarge the scope and deepen the foundation of history. \\[''Century of Struggle''] offers readers not only a detailed and compelling account of the women's rights crusade but also an overview of women's historical experience from the Colonial period onward.\n}}",
"The book covers the woman's rights movement from [Anne Hutchinson](/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson \"Anne Hutchinson\") in the 17th century through the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which ensured women's right to vote. For the book, Flexner interviewed [Clara Lemlich Shavelson](/wiki/Clara_Lemlich \"Clara Lemlich\") and the granddaughter of [Leonora Barry](/wiki/Leonora_Barry \"Leonora Barry\"), and did significant original research in the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\") and the Sophia Smith Collection of Women's History at [Smith College](/wiki/Smith_College \"Smith College\").",
"### *Mary Wollstonecraft: A Biography*",
"[Mary Wollstonecraft](/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft \"Mary Wollstonecraft\") Godwin (1759–1797\\) was an English feminist, writer, and philosopher. There are at least three sources of her continuing renown in Britain and America: She is the author of *A Vindication of the Rights of Woman* (1792\\). She opposed the eminent Edmund Burke's views concerning the French Revolution in her *A Vindication of the Rights of Men* (1790\\) and was present in Paris in 1793 when England and France declared war. Finally, she is the mother of [Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin](/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Godwin \"Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin\") Shelley, who wrote *Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus* (1818\\).",
"In this classic biography, which has not been reprinted, Flexner recounts the glories and miseries of Wollstonecraft's childhood and professional life. She describes Wollstonecraft's crushing self\\-doubt and unstable temperament, as well as her capacity for hard work even in times of significant adversity. Drawing on contemporary letters and diaries, Flexner adds new material to earlier lives of Wollstonecraft, especially concerning Wollstonecraft's literary friendships and her relations with her sisters and brothers.",
""
] |
Use of the test result
----------------------
### Asia
#### South Korea
In South Korea, it is used when hiring national civil servants, police officers, maritime police officers, firefighters, military officers, etc.{{cite journal \|last1\=Lee \|first1\=Jeeyeon \|date\=2018 \|title\=An Analysis Study of the Test Usefulness of Five Standardized EFL Tests for Korean Civil Service Employment Exam \|journal\=Studies in English Education \|volume\=23 \|pages\=739\-768}}{{Cite news\|url \= https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode\=LSD∣\=sec\&sid1\=100\&oid\=081\&aid\=0000009007/\|title \= 군무원시험도 영어대체제 도입\|publisher \= 서울경제\|date \= 2004\-08\-09}} In the case of educational institutions, it is being used as graduation requirements for major universities such as [Kyungpook National University](/wiki/Kyungpook_National_University "Kyungpook National University"), [Kyunghee University](/wiki/Kyunghee_University "Kyunghee University"), [Dongguk University](/wiki/Dongguk_University "Dongguk University"), [Sungkyunkwan University](/wiki/Sungkyunkwan_University "Sungkyunkwan University"), [Chung\-Ang University](/wiki/Chung-Ang_University "Chung-Ang University"), Daewon Foreign Languages High School, [Korea University](/wiki/Korea_University "Korea University"), Sogang University Sungbo High School, Yoido Girls High School, [Youngnam University](/wiki/Youngnam_University "Youngnam University") and [Hanyang University](/wiki/Hanyang_University "Hanyang University"), as well as for language talent selection tests and competitions.{{Cite news\|url \=https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode\=LSD∣\=sec\&sid1\=102\&oid\=015\&aid\=0000285729\|title \= 영어/컴퓨터 실력 없으면 '卒業못해'\|publisher \= 한국경제\|date \= 2000\-10\-08}} [CJ Group](/wiki/CJ_Group "CJ Group"), [LG Group](/wiki/LG_Group "LG Group"), [SK Group](/wiki/SK_Group "SK Group"), [Samsung Group](/wiki/Samsung_Group "Samsung Group"), [Shinsegae Group](/wiki/Shinsegae_Group "Shinsegae Group"), [Mirae Asset Financial Group](/wiki/Mirae_Asset_Financial_Group "Mirae Asset Financial Group"), [Hanwha Group](/wiki/Hanwha_Group "Hanwha Group"), [Hyundai Corporation](/wiki/Hyundai_Corporation "Hyundai Corporation"),3M Korea, [BC Card](/wiki/BC_Card "BC Card"), Daewoo Motors, Inc., DHL Korea, Digital Equipment Korea, Hyundai Shipping, KIA Group Korea Bank, [Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology](/wiki/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology "Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology"), Korea Exchange Bank Credit Card, Kunyoung Group, Kyongki Bank, Kyunghylang Dally Newspaper Inc., LG Electronics Academy, Longterm Credit Bank, Ministry of Agriculture, R.O.K., Ministry of General Affairs, R.O.K., Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.K., [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly "National Assembly"),P \& G Korea Research Institute, Agricultural Development, Center, R.O.K., Pohang Steel Company Human Resources Development, Center Rochet Electric Co., Samsung General Training Institute, Samsung Human Resources Development Center, Samyang Group Sangyong Group, [Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee](/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Organizing_Committee "Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee"), Sheraton Walker Hill Hotel, [Shilla Hotel](/wiki/Shilla_Hotel "Shilla Hotel"), [Shinhan Bank](/wiki/Shinhan_Bank "Shinhan Bank"), Sunkyong Group, Swiss Grand Hotel, etc. are using it for recruitment and promotion of new employees.
In the case of [Gwangju Metropolitan City](/wiki/Gwangju_Metropolitan_City "Gwangju Metropolitan City"), [Gwacheon](/wiki/Gwacheon "Gwacheon"), [Gunpo](/wiki/Gunpo "Gunpo"), [Gimpo](/wiki/Gimpo "Gimpo"), [Ansan](/wiki/Ansan "Ansan"), [Anyang](/wiki/Anyang "Anyang"), and [Pocheon](/wiki/Pocheon "Pocheon"), local governments themselves are implementing a policy to support the test fee for young people living in the area.
#### China
In China, it was used as a system to evaluate the communication skills of hotel and lodging establishments in the [China National Tourism Administration](/wiki/China_National_Tourism_Administration "China National Tourism Administration"), \[21] and is being used at the government level, such as being used for the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") Organizing Committee's English Language Proficiency Test and Volunteer Selection Test.
Also it was used Beijing Second College, Ladder College at East China Normal University, Shanghai National Tourism Administration, Department of Personnel and Education, Beijing, P.R.C., Shanghai Examination Authority, Shanghai Municipal and [Government](/wiki/Government "Government").
#### Japan
In Japan, it is used at [Tokyo Metropolitan University](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University "Tokyo Metropolitan University"), [Keio University](/wiki/Keio_University "Keio University"), [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University "Nihon University"), [Kagoshima University](/wiki/Kagoshima_University "Kagoshima University"), [Tokyo Seitoku University](/wiki/Tokyo_Seitoku_University "Tokyo Seitoku University"), [Tokyo City University](/wiki/Tokyo_City_University "Tokyo City University"), [Tokyo University of Agriculture](/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture "Tokyo University of Agriculture"), [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University "Nihon University"), [Fukuoka Prefectural University](/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefectural_University "Fukuoka Prefectural University"), [Hokkai Gakuen University](/wiki/Hokkai_Gakuen_University "Hokkai Gakuen University"), and [Nagasaki University](/wiki/Nagasaki_University "Nagasaki University").
Also it is used at Aichi Gakuin Junior College, [Atomi Junior College](/wiki/Atomi_Junior_College "Atomi Junior College"), AYUSA International Japan, Baika College, Baiko Gakuin Women's Junior College, Biwako Seikel Sports University, [Chuo University](/wiki/Chuo_University "Chuo University"), Doshisya University, Eiti University, [Fukuoka International University](/wiki/Fukuoka_International_University "Fukuoka International University"), Future University, Hakodate, [Gakushuin University](/wiki/Gakushuin_University "Gakushuin University"), [Gakushuin Women's College](/wiki/Gakushuin_Women%27s_College "Gakushuin Women's College"), Helan Jogakuin University, Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University Hiroshima Syudo University, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamisawa, [Hyogo University of Teacher Education](/wiki/Hyogo_University_of_Teacher_Education "Hyogo University of Teacher Education"), Ibaraki University, Ikuei Women's College, International Buddhist University Jumonji Gakuen Women's College, Jumonji Gakuen Women's University, Kansai International University Kansai University of International Studies, [Kanto Gakuin University](/wiki/Kanto_Gakuin_University "Kanto Gakuin University"), Kawarnura Gakuen Woman's University, Keio Gijuku University Keisen University, [Kinjo Gakuin University](/wiki/Kinjo_Gakuin_University "Kinjo Gakuin University"), [Kinran College](/wiki/Kinran_College "Kinran College"), [Kobe City College of Nursing](/wiki/Kobe_City_College_of_Nursing "Kobe City College of Nursing"), [Kobe International University](/wiki/Kobe_International_University "Kobe International University"), Kobe Jogakuin College, [Kobe Shinwa Women's UniversityKokusai](/wiki/Kobe_Shinwa_Women%27s_University "Kobe Shinwa Women's University") Aviation College, [Konan Women's University](/wiki/Konan_Women%27s_University "Konan Women's University"), Kove Shinwa Women's University, [Kumamoto University](/wiki/Kumamoto_University "Kumamoto University"), [Kyoei University](/wiki/Kyoei_University "Kyoei University"), [Kyoto Gakuen University](/wiki/Kyoto_Gakuen_University "Kyoto Gakuen University"), [Kyoto Koka Women's University](/wiki/Kyoto_Koka_Women%27s_University "Kyoto Koka Women's University"), [Kyoto Seika University](/wiki/Kyoto_Seika_University "Kyoto Seika University"), Kyoto Tachibana Women's University, [Kyushu Institute of Technology](/wiki/Kyushu_Institute_of_Technology "Kyushu Institute of Technology"), [Meikai University](/wiki/Meikai_University "Meikai University"), [Meisei University](/wiki/Meisei_University "Meisei University"), Mukogawa Women's College, Musashino Women's University, [Nagaoka University of Technology](/wiki/Nagaoka_University_of_Technology "Nagaoka University of Technology"), [Nagasaki Wesleyan University](/wiki/Nagasaki_Wesleyan_University "Nagasaki Wesleyan University"), Nagoya Gakuin University Nagoya Keizai University, [National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fitness_and_Sports_in_Kanoya "National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya"), Neopt College, Nihon College, [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University "Nihon University"), [Nippon Institute of Technology](/wiki/Nippon_Institute_of_Technology "Nippon Institute of Technology"), [Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Women%27s_College_of_Kyoto "Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto"), [Oita Tomei High School](/wiki/Oita_Tomei_High_School "Oita Tomei High School"), [Osaka Aoyama College](/wiki/Osaka_Aoyama_College "Osaka Aoyama College"), [Osaka Chiyoda Junior College](/wiki/Osaka_Chiyoda_Junior_College "Osaka Chiyoda Junior College"), [Osaka City University](/wiki/Osaka_City_University "Osaka City University"), Osaka Economic University, [Osaka International University](/wiki/Osaka_International_University "Osaka International University"), [Osaka Sangyo University](/wiki/Osaka_Sangyo_University "Osaka Sangyo University"), [Osaka Seikei College](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_College "Osaka Seikei College"), [Osaka Seikei University](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_University "Osaka Seikei University"), [Osaka Seikei Women's College](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_Women%27s_College "Osaka Seikei Women's College"), [Osaka Shoin Women's University](/wiki/Osaka_Shoin_Women%27s_University "Osaka Shoin Women's University"), [Osaka University of Arts Junior College](/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Arts_Junior_College "Osaka University of Arts Junior College"), Otani Junior College Otemae University, [Otemon Gakuin University](/wiki/Otemon_Gakuin_University "Otemon Gakuin University"), [Otsuma Women's University](/wiki/Otsuma_Women%27s_University "Otsuma Women's University"), [Ritsumeikan University](/wiki/Ritsumeikan_University "Ritsumeikan University"), Sagami Women's College, [Saitama Medical School](/wiki/Saitama_Medical_School "Saitama Medical School"), Saitama Prefectual University, [Saniku Gakuin College](/wiki/Saniku_Gakuin_College "Saniku Gakuin College"), [Sanyo Gakuen University](/wiki/Sanyo_Gakuen_University "Sanyo Gakuen University"), [Sapientia University](/wiki/Sapientia_University "Sapientia University"), [Sapporo International Junior College](/wiki/Sapporo_International_Junior_College "Sapporo International Junior College"), [Seibold University of Nagasaki](/wiki/Seibold_University_of_Nagasaki "Seibold University of Nagasaki"), [Seijo University](/wiki/Seijo_University "Seijo University"), [Senshu University](/wiki/Senshu_University "Senshu University"), Shobi Gakuen University, [Shobi University](/wiki/Shobi_University "Shobi University"), [Showa Pharmaceutical University](/wiki/Showa_Pharmaceutical_University "Showa Pharmaceutical University"), [Sugiyama Jogakuen University](/wiki/Sugiyama_Jogakuen_University "Sugiyama Jogakuen University"), [Takachiho University](/wiki/Takachiho_University "Takachiho University"), [Takasaki City University of Economics](/wiki/Takasaki_City_University_of_Economics "Takasaki City University of Economics"), [Takasaki University of Commerce](/wiki/Takasaki_University_of_Commerce "Takasaki University of Commerce"), [Takushoku University](/wiki/Takushoku_University "Takushoku University"), Tensi University, [Tezukayama University](/wiki/Tezukayama_University "Tezukayama University"), [Toho University](/wiki/Toho_University "Toho University"), Tohoku Institute of Technology Toin University of Yokohama, [Toita Women's College](/wiki/Toita_Women%27s_College "Toita Women's College"), [Tokiwakai Gakuen University](/wiki/Tokiwakai_Gakuen_University "Tokiwakai Gakuen University"), Tokiwakai University, [Tokyo Christian University](/wiki/Tokyo_Christian_University "Tokyo Christian University"), Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Women's University, [Tokyo Seitoku University](/wiki/Tokyo_Seitoku_University "Tokyo Seitoku University"), Tokyo Toritu University, [Tokyo University of Agriculture](/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture "Tokyo University of Agriculture"), [Tokyo University](/wiki/Tokyo_University "Tokyo University"), TOP English Schools, [Tottori University of Environmental Studies](/wiki/Tottori_University_of_Environmental_Studies "Tottori University of Environmental Studies"), Toyama Prefectual College, [Tsukuba International University](/wiki/Tsukuba_International_University "Tsukuba International University"), University of Marketing and Distribution Science, Wakayama Shinai Women's College, [Wako University](/wiki/Wako_University "Wako University"), [Wayo Women's University](/wiki/Wayo_Women%27s_University "Wayo Women's University"), and [Yamanashi College of Nursing](/wiki/Yamanashi_College_of_Nursing "Yamanashi College of Nursing")
#### Taiwan
In Taiwan, it is being used at [National Tainan University](/wiki/National_Tainan_University "National Tainan University"), [Taipei National University of Arts](/wiki/Taipei_National_University_of_Arts "Taipei National University of Arts"),Chern Gong High School, Chiang Shu High School Chung Shan High School, Keelung Girls High School, Ming Tao High School, San Hsin High School Shing Ming High School, Tainan Junior High School of Home Economics, Taipei First Girls High School Taipei National College of Business, Wen Tzao Junior College, URUGUAY, Victoria College Western Road, YES., and [Chinese Culture University](/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University "Chinese Culture University").
### America
#### United States
In United States, it is used as a qualification for official language proficiency in the Korean\-American college student training program also known as WEST, American Language Institute, San Diego State University, AYUSA International USA, [California State University, Los Angeles](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Los_Angeles "California State University, Los Angeles"), [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University"), National Education Corporation, [Spartan School of Aeronautics](/wiki/Spartan_School_of_Aeronautics "Spartan School of Aeronautics"), [University of Delaware](/wiki/University_of_Delaware "University of Delaware"), [University of South Florida](/wiki/University_of_South_Florida "University of South Florida")
#### Canada
In Canada, it is used when selecting exchange students at the [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria "University of Victoria").
#### Argentina
In Argentina, it is used at Academia Argentina School, Asociación Educativa Pío León, Buenos Aires English centre, centro educativo latinoamericano, Academia de Inglés Juan XXIII, Argentina School, Asociación Educativa Pio León, Asociación Puntana Eva Perón, B. H. Mondos, Bridge English, Buenos Aires English Centre (B.A.E.), Centro de Inglés Americano, Centro Educativo Latinoamericano, Colegio Alemán, Colegio Aula XXI, Colegio Goyena, Colegio Manuel Belgrano, Colegio North Hills, Colegio Pellegrini, Colegio San Pedro Apóstol, Colegio Sarmiento, Colegio Schönthal, Colegio Siglo XXI, Columbia School, Compu\-English, CR Language School, Cultural Inglesa Oxford, Dover High School, English Institute, Escuela Agropecuaria, Escuela Arco Iris, Escuela de Capacitación N° 10 "Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, Escuela de Lenguas (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Escuela del Sol, Escuelas Técnicas ORT 1, Escuelas Técnicas ORT 2, Ideas Institute Network, IICANA IICANA (Filial La Rioja), IICANA (Nuestra Señora del Carmen), Instituto Dialogue, Instituto Británico., Instituto Cardoso, Instituto Corazón de María, Instituto Newman, Instituto Saint Michael's, instituto Saint Thomas More, Instituto William Blake, Instituto Windsor, L.E.A. Institute, Landmark, Language Classroom, Language Network, Lincoln Institute, Link, Lugano English Institute, New Model International School, Pravia English Teaching Studio, Princeton School, Proyecto 3, [Salem, St. John's School](/wiki/Salem%2C_St._John%27s_School "Salem, St. John's School"), T. S. Eliot Bilingual Studies, Thomas Jefferson College, Traductorado Superior "Lenguas Vivas" and Unidad Educativa Maryland.
#### Mexico
In Mexico, it is used at Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior (BANCOMEX), Banco Nacional de México (BANAMEX), CETAC, Mexicali Universidad de Guadalajara, General Electric de México, S. A., Instituto de Lenguas Extranjeras ILE, [Instituto Politécnico Nacional](/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_Nacional "Instituto Politécnico Nacional"), Subsecretaria de Educación e Investigación Tecnológicas de México (SEIT, national adoption of G\-TELP for all,university\-level Institutos Tecnológicos and all CECATI and vocational centers)
### Europe
#### United Kingdom
In United Kingdom, it is used as a qualification for the official language proficiency of a [working holiday visa](/wiki/Working_holiday_visa "Working holiday visa").
|
[
"Use of the test result\n----------------------",
"### Asia",
"#### South Korea",
"In South Korea, it is used when hiring national civil servants, police officers, maritime police officers, firefighters, military officers, etc.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Lee \\|first1\\=Jeeyeon \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=An Analysis Study of the Test Usefulness of Five Standardized EFL Tests for Korean Civil Service Employment Exam \\|journal\\=Studies in English Education \\|volume\\=23 \\|pages\\=739\\-768}}{{Cite news\\|url \\= https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode\\=LSD∣\\=sec\\&sid1\\=100\\&oid\\=081\\&aid\\=0000009007/\\|title \\= 군무원시험도 영어대체제 도입\\|publisher \\= 서울경제\\|date \\= 2004\\-08\\-09}} In the case of educational institutions, it is being used as graduation requirements for major universities such as [Kyungpook National University](/wiki/Kyungpook_National_University \"Kyungpook National University\"), [Kyunghee University](/wiki/Kyunghee_University \"Kyunghee University\"), [Dongguk University](/wiki/Dongguk_University \"Dongguk University\"), [Sungkyunkwan University](/wiki/Sungkyunkwan_University \"Sungkyunkwan University\"), [Chung\\-Ang University](/wiki/Chung-Ang_University \"Chung-Ang University\"), Daewon Foreign Languages High School, [Korea University](/wiki/Korea_University \"Korea University\"), Sogang University Sungbo High School, Yoido Girls High School, [Youngnam University](/wiki/Youngnam_University \"Youngnam University\") and [Hanyang University](/wiki/Hanyang_University \"Hanyang University\"), as well as for language talent selection tests and competitions.{{Cite news\\|url \\=https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode\\=LSD∣\\=sec\\&sid1\\=102\\&oid\\=015\\&aid\\=0000285729\\|title \\= 영어/컴퓨터 실력 없으면 '卒業못해'\\|publisher \\= 한국경제\\|date \\= 2000\\-10\\-08}} [CJ Group](/wiki/CJ_Group \"CJ Group\"), [LG Group](/wiki/LG_Group \"LG Group\"), [SK Group](/wiki/SK_Group \"SK Group\"), [Samsung Group](/wiki/Samsung_Group \"Samsung Group\"), [Shinsegae Group](/wiki/Shinsegae_Group \"Shinsegae Group\"), [Mirae Asset Financial Group](/wiki/Mirae_Asset_Financial_Group \"Mirae Asset Financial Group\"), [Hanwha Group](/wiki/Hanwha_Group \"Hanwha Group\"), [Hyundai Corporation](/wiki/Hyundai_Corporation \"Hyundai Corporation\"),3M Korea, [BC Card](/wiki/BC_Card \"BC Card\"), Daewoo Motors, Inc., DHL Korea, Digital Equipment Korea, Hyundai Shipping, KIA Group Korea Bank, [Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology](/wiki/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology \"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology\"), Korea Exchange Bank Credit Card, Kunyoung Group, Kyongki Bank, Kyunghylang Dally Newspaper Inc., LG Electronics Academy, Longterm Credit Bank, Ministry of Agriculture, R.O.K., Ministry of General Affairs, R.O.K., Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.K., [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly \"National Assembly\"),P \\& G Korea Research Institute, Agricultural Development, Center, R.O.K., Pohang Steel Company Human Resources Development, Center Rochet Electric Co., Samsung General Training Institute, Samsung Human Resources Development Center, Samyang Group Sangyong Group, [Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee](/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Organizing_Committee \"Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee\"), Sheraton Walker Hill Hotel, [Shilla Hotel](/wiki/Shilla_Hotel \"Shilla Hotel\"), [Shinhan Bank](/wiki/Shinhan_Bank \"Shinhan Bank\"), Sunkyong Group, Swiss Grand Hotel, etc. are using it for recruitment and promotion of new employees.",
"In the case of [Gwangju Metropolitan City](/wiki/Gwangju_Metropolitan_City \"Gwangju Metropolitan City\"), [Gwacheon](/wiki/Gwacheon \"Gwacheon\"), [Gunpo](/wiki/Gunpo \"Gunpo\"), [Gimpo](/wiki/Gimpo \"Gimpo\"), [Ansan](/wiki/Ansan \"Ansan\"), [Anyang](/wiki/Anyang \"Anyang\"), and [Pocheon](/wiki/Pocheon \"Pocheon\"), local governments themselves are implementing a policy to support the test fee for young people living in the area.",
"#### China",
"In China, it was used as a system to evaluate the communication skills of hotel and lodging establishments in the [China National Tourism Administration](/wiki/China_National_Tourism_Administration \"China National Tourism Administration\"), \\[21] and is being used at the government level, such as being used for the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") Organizing Committee's English Language Proficiency Test and Volunteer Selection Test.\nAlso it was used Beijing Second College, Ladder College at East China Normal University, Shanghai National Tourism Administration, Department of Personnel and Education, Beijing, P.R.C., Shanghai Examination Authority, Shanghai Municipal and [Government](/wiki/Government \"Government\").",
"#### Japan",
"In Japan, it is used at [Tokyo Metropolitan University](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University \"Tokyo Metropolitan University\"), [Keio University](/wiki/Keio_University \"Keio University\"), [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University \"Nihon University\"), [Kagoshima University](/wiki/Kagoshima_University \"Kagoshima University\"), [Tokyo Seitoku University](/wiki/Tokyo_Seitoku_University \"Tokyo Seitoku University\"), [Tokyo City University](/wiki/Tokyo_City_University \"Tokyo City University\"), [Tokyo University of Agriculture](/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture \"Tokyo University of Agriculture\"), [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University \"Nihon University\"), [Fukuoka Prefectural University](/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefectural_University \"Fukuoka Prefectural University\"), [Hokkai Gakuen University](/wiki/Hokkai_Gakuen_University \"Hokkai Gakuen University\"), and [Nagasaki University](/wiki/Nagasaki_University \"Nagasaki University\").",
"Also it is used at Aichi Gakuin Junior College, [Atomi Junior College](/wiki/Atomi_Junior_College \"Atomi Junior College\"), AYUSA International Japan, Baika College, Baiko Gakuin Women's Junior College, Biwako Seikel Sports University, [Chuo University](/wiki/Chuo_University \"Chuo University\"), Doshisya University, Eiti University, [Fukuoka International University](/wiki/Fukuoka_International_University \"Fukuoka International University\"), Future University, Hakodate, [Gakushuin University](/wiki/Gakushuin_University \"Gakushuin University\"), [Gakushuin Women's College](/wiki/Gakushuin_Women%27s_College \"Gakushuin Women's College\"), Helan Jogakuin University, Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University Hiroshima Syudo University, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamisawa, [Hyogo University of Teacher Education](/wiki/Hyogo_University_of_Teacher_Education \"Hyogo University of Teacher Education\"), Ibaraki University, Ikuei Women's College, International Buddhist University Jumonji Gakuen Women's College, Jumonji Gakuen Women's University, Kansai International University Kansai University of International Studies, [Kanto Gakuin University](/wiki/Kanto_Gakuin_University \"Kanto Gakuin University\"), Kawarnura Gakuen Woman's University, Keio Gijuku University Keisen University, [Kinjo Gakuin University](/wiki/Kinjo_Gakuin_University \"Kinjo Gakuin University\"), [Kinran College](/wiki/Kinran_College \"Kinran College\"), [Kobe City College of Nursing](/wiki/Kobe_City_College_of_Nursing \"Kobe City College of Nursing\"), [Kobe International University](/wiki/Kobe_International_University \"Kobe International University\"), Kobe Jogakuin College, [Kobe Shinwa Women's UniversityKokusai](/wiki/Kobe_Shinwa_Women%27s_University \"Kobe Shinwa Women's University\") Aviation College, [Konan Women's University](/wiki/Konan_Women%27s_University \"Konan Women's University\"), Kove Shinwa Women's University, [Kumamoto University](/wiki/Kumamoto_University \"Kumamoto University\"), [Kyoei University](/wiki/Kyoei_University \"Kyoei University\"), [Kyoto Gakuen University](/wiki/Kyoto_Gakuen_University \"Kyoto Gakuen University\"), [Kyoto Koka Women's University](/wiki/Kyoto_Koka_Women%27s_University \"Kyoto Koka Women's University\"), [Kyoto Seika University](/wiki/Kyoto_Seika_University \"Kyoto Seika University\"), Kyoto Tachibana Women's University, [Kyushu Institute of Technology](/wiki/Kyushu_Institute_of_Technology \"Kyushu Institute of Technology\"), [Meikai University](/wiki/Meikai_University \"Meikai University\"), [Meisei University](/wiki/Meisei_University \"Meisei University\"), Mukogawa Women's College, Musashino Women's University, [Nagaoka University of Technology](/wiki/Nagaoka_University_of_Technology \"Nagaoka University of Technology\"), [Nagasaki Wesleyan University](/wiki/Nagasaki_Wesleyan_University \"Nagasaki Wesleyan University\"), Nagoya Gakuin University Nagoya Keizai University, [National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fitness_and_Sports_in_Kanoya \"National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya\"), Neopt College, Nihon College, [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University \"Nihon University\"), [Nippon Institute of Technology](/wiki/Nippon_Institute_of_Technology \"Nippon Institute of Technology\"), [Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Women%27s_College_of_Kyoto \"Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto\"), [Oita Tomei High School](/wiki/Oita_Tomei_High_School \"Oita Tomei High School\"), [Osaka Aoyama College](/wiki/Osaka_Aoyama_College \"Osaka Aoyama College\"), [Osaka Chiyoda Junior College](/wiki/Osaka_Chiyoda_Junior_College \"Osaka Chiyoda Junior College\"), [Osaka City University](/wiki/Osaka_City_University \"Osaka City University\"), Osaka Economic University, [Osaka International University](/wiki/Osaka_International_University \"Osaka International University\"), [Osaka Sangyo University](/wiki/Osaka_Sangyo_University \"Osaka Sangyo University\"), [Osaka Seikei College](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_College \"Osaka Seikei College\"), [Osaka Seikei University](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_University \"Osaka Seikei University\"), [Osaka Seikei Women's College](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_Women%27s_College \"Osaka Seikei Women's College\"), [Osaka Shoin Women's University](/wiki/Osaka_Shoin_Women%27s_University \"Osaka Shoin Women's University\"), [Osaka University of Arts Junior College](/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Arts_Junior_College \"Osaka University of Arts Junior College\"), Otani Junior College Otemae University, [Otemon Gakuin University](/wiki/Otemon_Gakuin_University \"Otemon Gakuin University\"), [Otsuma Women's University](/wiki/Otsuma_Women%27s_University \"Otsuma Women's University\"), [Ritsumeikan University](/wiki/Ritsumeikan_University \"Ritsumeikan University\"), Sagami Women's College, [Saitama Medical School](/wiki/Saitama_Medical_School \"Saitama Medical School\"), Saitama Prefectual University, [Saniku Gakuin College](/wiki/Saniku_Gakuin_College \"Saniku Gakuin College\"), [Sanyo Gakuen University](/wiki/Sanyo_Gakuen_University \"Sanyo Gakuen University\"), [Sapientia University](/wiki/Sapientia_University \"Sapientia University\"), [Sapporo International Junior College](/wiki/Sapporo_International_Junior_College \"Sapporo International Junior College\"), [Seibold University of Nagasaki](/wiki/Seibold_University_of_Nagasaki \"Seibold University of Nagasaki\"), [Seijo University](/wiki/Seijo_University \"Seijo University\"), [Senshu University](/wiki/Senshu_University \"Senshu University\"), Shobi Gakuen University, [Shobi University](/wiki/Shobi_University \"Shobi University\"), [Showa Pharmaceutical University](/wiki/Showa_Pharmaceutical_University \"Showa Pharmaceutical University\"), [Sugiyama Jogakuen University](/wiki/Sugiyama_Jogakuen_University \"Sugiyama Jogakuen University\"), [Takachiho University](/wiki/Takachiho_University \"Takachiho University\"), [Takasaki City University of Economics](/wiki/Takasaki_City_University_of_Economics \"Takasaki City University of Economics\"), [Takasaki University of Commerce](/wiki/Takasaki_University_of_Commerce \"Takasaki University of Commerce\"), [Takushoku University](/wiki/Takushoku_University \"Takushoku University\"), Tensi University, [Tezukayama University](/wiki/Tezukayama_University \"Tezukayama University\"), [Toho University](/wiki/Toho_University \"Toho University\"), Tohoku Institute of Technology Toin University of Yokohama, [Toita Women's College](/wiki/Toita_Women%27s_College \"Toita Women's College\"), [Tokiwakai Gakuen University](/wiki/Tokiwakai_Gakuen_University \"Tokiwakai Gakuen University\"), Tokiwakai University, [Tokyo Christian University](/wiki/Tokyo_Christian_University \"Tokyo Christian University\"), Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Women's University, [Tokyo Seitoku University](/wiki/Tokyo_Seitoku_University \"Tokyo Seitoku University\"), Tokyo Toritu University, [Tokyo University of Agriculture](/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture \"Tokyo University of Agriculture\"), [Tokyo University](/wiki/Tokyo_University \"Tokyo University\"), TOP English Schools, [Tottori University of Environmental Studies](/wiki/Tottori_University_of_Environmental_Studies \"Tottori University of Environmental Studies\"), Toyama Prefectual College, [Tsukuba International University](/wiki/Tsukuba_International_University \"Tsukuba International University\"), University of Marketing and Distribution Science, Wakayama Shinai Women's College, [Wako University](/wiki/Wako_University \"Wako University\"), [Wayo Women's University](/wiki/Wayo_Women%27s_University \"Wayo Women's University\"), and [Yamanashi College of Nursing](/wiki/Yamanashi_College_of_Nursing \"Yamanashi College of Nursing\")",
"#### Taiwan",
"In Taiwan, it is being used at [National Tainan University](/wiki/National_Tainan_University \"National Tainan University\"), [Taipei National University of Arts](/wiki/Taipei_National_University_of_Arts \"Taipei National University of Arts\"),Chern Gong High School, Chiang Shu High School Chung Shan High School, Keelung Girls High School, Ming Tao High School, San Hsin High School Shing Ming High School, Tainan Junior High School of Home Economics, Taipei First Girls High School Taipei National College of Business, Wen Tzao Junior College, URUGUAY, Victoria College Western Road, YES., and [Chinese Culture University](/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University \"Chinese Culture University\").",
"### America",
"#### United States",
"In United States, it is used as a qualification for official language proficiency in the Korean\\-American college student training program also known as WEST, American Language Institute, San Diego State University, AYUSA International USA, [California State University, Los Angeles](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Los_Angeles \"California State University, Los Angeles\"), [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\"), National Education Corporation, [Spartan School of Aeronautics](/wiki/Spartan_School_of_Aeronautics \"Spartan School of Aeronautics\"), [University of Delaware](/wiki/University_of_Delaware \"University of Delaware\"), [University of South Florida](/wiki/University_of_South_Florida \"University of South Florida\")",
"#### Canada",
"In Canada, it is used when selecting exchange students at the [University of Victoria](/wiki/University_of_Victoria \"University of Victoria\").",
"#### Argentina",
"In Argentina, it is used at Academia Argentina School, Asociación Educativa Pío León, Buenos Aires English centre, centro educativo latinoamericano, Academia de Inglés Juan XXIII, Argentina School, Asociación Educativa Pio León, Asociación Puntana Eva Perón, B. H. Mondos, Bridge English, Buenos Aires English Centre (B.A.E.), Centro de Inglés Americano, Centro Educativo Latinoamericano, Colegio Alemán, Colegio Aula XXI, Colegio Goyena, Colegio Manuel Belgrano, Colegio North Hills, Colegio Pellegrini, Colegio San Pedro Apóstol, Colegio Sarmiento, Colegio Schönthal, Colegio Siglo XXI, Columbia School, Compu\\-English, CR Language School, Cultural Inglesa Oxford, Dover High School, English Institute, Escuela Agropecuaria, Escuela Arco Iris, Escuela de Capacitación N° 10 \"Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, Escuela de Lenguas (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Escuela del Sol, Escuelas Técnicas ORT 1, Escuelas Técnicas ORT 2, Ideas Institute Network, IICANA IICANA (Filial La Rioja), IICANA (Nuestra Señora del Carmen), Instituto Dialogue, Instituto Británico., Instituto Cardoso, Instituto Corazón de María, Instituto Newman, Instituto Saint Michael's, instituto Saint Thomas More, Instituto William Blake, Instituto Windsor, L.E.A. Institute, Landmark, Language Classroom, Language Network, Lincoln Institute, Link, Lugano English Institute, New Model International School, Pravia English Teaching Studio, Princeton School, Proyecto 3, [Salem, St. John's School](/wiki/Salem%2C_St._John%27s_School \"Salem, St. John's School\"), T. S. Eliot Bilingual Studies, Thomas Jefferson College, Traductorado Superior \"Lenguas Vivas\" and Unidad Educativa Maryland.",
"#### Mexico",
"In Mexico, it is used at Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior (BANCOMEX), Banco Nacional de México (BANAMEX), CETAC, Mexicali Universidad de Guadalajara, General Electric de México, S. A., Instituto de Lenguas Extranjeras ILE, [Instituto Politécnico Nacional](/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_Nacional \"Instituto Politécnico Nacional\"), Subsecretaria de Educación e Investigación Tecnológicas de México (SEIT, national adoption of G\\-TELP for all,university\\-level Institutos Tecnológicos and all CECATI and vocational centers)",
"### Europe",
"#### United Kingdom",
"In United Kingdom, it is used as a qualification for the official language proficiency of a [working holiday visa](/wiki/Working_holiday_visa \"Working holiday visa\").",
""
] |
### Asia
#### South Korea
In South Korea, it is used when hiring national civil servants, police officers, maritime police officers, firefighters, military officers, etc.{{cite journal \|last1\=Lee \|first1\=Jeeyeon \|date\=2018 \|title\=An Analysis Study of the Test Usefulness of Five Standardized EFL Tests for Korean Civil Service Employment Exam \|journal\=Studies in English Education \|volume\=23 \|pages\=739\-768}}{{Cite news\|url \= https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode\=LSD∣\=sec\&sid1\=100\&oid\=081\&aid\=0000009007/\|title \= 군무원시험도 영어대체제 도입\|publisher \= 서울경제\|date \= 2004\-08\-09}} In the case of educational institutions, it is being used as graduation requirements for major universities such as [Kyungpook National University](/wiki/Kyungpook_National_University "Kyungpook National University"), [Kyunghee University](/wiki/Kyunghee_University "Kyunghee University"), [Dongguk University](/wiki/Dongguk_University "Dongguk University"), [Sungkyunkwan University](/wiki/Sungkyunkwan_University "Sungkyunkwan University"), [Chung\-Ang University](/wiki/Chung-Ang_University "Chung-Ang University"), Daewon Foreign Languages High School, [Korea University](/wiki/Korea_University "Korea University"), Sogang University Sungbo High School, Yoido Girls High School, [Youngnam University](/wiki/Youngnam_University "Youngnam University") and [Hanyang University](/wiki/Hanyang_University "Hanyang University"), as well as for language talent selection tests and competitions.{{Cite news\|url \=https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode\=LSD∣\=sec\&sid1\=102\&oid\=015\&aid\=0000285729\|title \= 영어/컴퓨터 실력 없으면 '卒業못해'\|publisher \= 한국경제\|date \= 2000\-10\-08}} [CJ Group](/wiki/CJ_Group "CJ Group"), [LG Group](/wiki/LG_Group "LG Group"), [SK Group](/wiki/SK_Group "SK Group"), [Samsung Group](/wiki/Samsung_Group "Samsung Group"), [Shinsegae Group](/wiki/Shinsegae_Group "Shinsegae Group"), [Mirae Asset Financial Group](/wiki/Mirae_Asset_Financial_Group "Mirae Asset Financial Group"), [Hanwha Group](/wiki/Hanwha_Group "Hanwha Group"), [Hyundai Corporation](/wiki/Hyundai_Corporation "Hyundai Corporation"),3M Korea, [BC Card](/wiki/BC_Card "BC Card"), Daewoo Motors, Inc., DHL Korea, Digital Equipment Korea, Hyundai Shipping, KIA Group Korea Bank, [Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology](/wiki/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology "Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology"), Korea Exchange Bank Credit Card, Kunyoung Group, Kyongki Bank, Kyunghylang Dally Newspaper Inc., LG Electronics Academy, Longterm Credit Bank, Ministry of Agriculture, R.O.K., Ministry of General Affairs, R.O.K., Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.K., [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly "National Assembly"),P \& G Korea Research Institute, Agricultural Development, Center, R.O.K., Pohang Steel Company Human Resources Development, Center Rochet Electric Co., Samsung General Training Institute, Samsung Human Resources Development Center, Samyang Group Sangyong Group, [Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee](/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Organizing_Committee "Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee"), Sheraton Walker Hill Hotel, [Shilla Hotel](/wiki/Shilla_Hotel "Shilla Hotel"), [Shinhan Bank](/wiki/Shinhan_Bank "Shinhan Bank"), Sunkyong Group, Swiss Grand Hotel, etc. are using it for recruitment and promotion of new employees.
In the case of [Gwangju Metropolitan City](/wiki/Gwangju_Metropolitan_City "Gwangju Metropolitan City"), [Gwacheon](/wiki/Gwacheon "Gwacheon"), [Gunpo](/wiki/Gunpo "Gunpo"), [Gimpo](/wiki/Gimpo "Gimpo"), [Ansan](/wiki/Ansan "Ansan"), [Anyang](/wiki/Anyang "Anyang"), and [Pocheon](/wiki/Pocheon "Pocheon"), local governments themselves are implementing a policy to support the test fee for young people living in the area.
#### China
In China, it was used as a system to evaluate the communication skills of hotel and lodging establishments in the [China National Tourism Administration](/wiki/China_National_Tourism_Administration "China National Tourism Administration"), \[21] and is being used at the government level, such as being used for the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") Organizing Committee's English Language Proficiency Test and Volunteer Selection Test.
Also it was used Beijing Second College, Ladder College at East China Normal University, Shanghai National Tourism Administration, Department of Personnel and Education, Beijing, P.R.C., Shanghai Examination Authority, Shanghai Municipal and [Government](/wiki/Government "Government").
#### Japan
In Japan, it is used at [Tokyo Metropolitan University](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University "Tokyo Metropolitan University"), [Keio University](/wiki/Keio_University "Keio University"), [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University "Nihon University"), [Kagoshima University](/wiki/Kagoshima_University "Kagoshima University"), [Tokyo Seitoku University](/wiki/Tokyo_Seitoku_University "Tokyo Seitoku University"), [Tokyo City University](/wiki/Tokyo_City_University "Tokyo City University"), [Tokyo University of Agriculture](/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture "Tokyo University of Agriculture"), [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University "Nihon University"), [Fukuoka Prefectural University](/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefectural_University "Fukuoka Prefectural University"), [Hokkai Gakuen University](/wiki/Hokkai_Gakuen_University "Hokkai Gakuen University"), and [Nagasaki University](/wiki/Nagasaki_University "Nagasaki University").
Also it is used at Aichi Gakuin Junior College, [Atomi Junior College](/wiki/Atomi_Junior_College "Atomi Junior College"), AYUSA International Japan, Baika College, Baiko Gakuin Women's Junior College, Biwako Seikel Sports University, [Chuo University](/wiki/Chuo_University "Chuo University"), Doshisya University, Eiti University, [Fukuoka International University](/wiki/Fukuoka_International_University "Fukuoka International University"), Future University, Hakodate, [Gakushuin University](/wiki/Gakushuin_University "Gakushuin University"), [Gakushuin Women's College](/wiki/Gakushuin_Women%27s_College "Gakushuin Women's College"), Helan Jogakuin University, Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University Hiroshima Syudo University, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamisawa, [Hyogo University of Teacher Education](/wiki/Hyogo_University_of_Teacher_Education "Hyogo University of Teacher Education"), Ibaraki University, Ikuei Women's College, International Buddhist University Jumonji Gakuen Women's College, Jumonji Gakuen Women's University, Kansai International University Kansai University of International Studies, [Kanto Gakuin University](/wiki/Kanto_Gakuin_University "Kanto Gakuin University"), Kawarnura Gakuen Woman's University, Keio Gijuku University Keisen University, [Kinjo Gakuin University](/wiki/Kinjo_Gakuin_University "Kinjo Gakuin University"), [Kinran College](/wiki/Kinran_College "Kinran College"), [Kobe City College of Nursing](/wiki/Kobe_City_College_of_Nursing "Kobe City College of Nursing"), [Kobe International University](/wiki/Kobe_International_University "Kobe International University"), Kobe Jogakuin College, [Kobe Shinwa Women's UniversityKokusai](/wiki/Kobe_Shinwa_Women%27s_University "Kobe Shinwa Women's University") Aviation College, [Konan Women's University](/wiki/Konan_Women%27s_University "Konan Women's University"), Kove Shinwa Women's University, [Kumamoto University](/wiki/Kumamoto_University "Kumamoto University"), [Kyoei University](/wiki/Kyoei_University "Kyoei University"), [Kyoto Gakuen University](/wiki/Kyoto_Gakuen_University "Kyoto Gakuen University"), [Kyoto Koka Women's University](/wiki/Kyoto_Koka_Women%27s_University "Kyoto Koka Women's University"), [Kyoto Seika University](/wiki/Kyoto_Seika_University "Kyoto Seika University"), Kyoto Tachibana Women's University, [Kyushu Institute of Technology](/wiki/Kyushu_Institute_of_Technology "Kyushu Institute of Technology"), [Meikai University](/wiki/Meikai_University "Meikai University"), [Meisei University](/wiki/Meisei_University "Meisei University"), Mukogawa Women's College, Musashino Women's University, [Nagaoka University of Technology](/wiki/Nagaoka_University_of_Technology "Nagaoka University of Technology"), [Nagasaki Wesleyan University](/wiki/Nagasaki_Wesleyan_University "Nagasaki Wesleyan University"), Nagoya Gakuin University Nagoya Keizai University, [National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fitness_and_Sports_in_Kanoya "National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya"), Neopt College, Nihon College, [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University "Nihon University"), [Nippon Institute of Technology](/wiki/Nippon_Institute_of_Technology "Nippon Institute of Technology"), [Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Women%27s_College_of_Kyoto "Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto"), [Oita Tomei High School](/wiki/Oita_Tomei_High_School "Oita Tomei High School"), [Osaka Aoyama College](/wiki/Osaka_Aoyama_College "Osaka Aoyama College"), [Osaka Chiyoda Junior College](/wiki/Osaka_Chiyoda_Junior_College "Osaka Chiyoda Junior College"), [Osaka City University](/wiki/Osaka_City_University "Osaka City University"), Osaka Economic University, [Osaka International University](/wiki/Osaka_International_University "Osaka International University"), [Osaka Sangyo University](/wiki/Osaka_Sangyo_University "Osaka Sangyo University"), [Osaka Seikei College](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_College "Osaka Seikei College"), [Osaka Seikei University](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_University "Osaka Seikei University"), [Osaka Seikei Women's College](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_Women%27s_College "Osaka Seikei Women's College"), [Osaka Shoin Women's University](/wiki/Osaka_Shoin_Women%27s_University "Osaka Shoin Women's University"), [Osaka University of Arts Junior College](/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Arts_Junior_College "Osaka University of Arts Junior College"), Otani Junior College Otemae University, [Otemon Gakuin University](/wiki/Otemon_Gakuin_University "Otemon Gakuin University"), [Otsuma Women's University](/wiki/Otsuma_Women%27s_University "Otsuma Women's University"), [Ritsumeikan University](/wiki/Ritsumeikan_University "Ritsumeikan University"), Sagami Women's College, [Saitama Medical School](/wiki/Saitama_Medical_School "Saitama Medical School"), Saitama Prefectual University, [Saniku Gakuin College](/wiki/Saniku_Gakuin_College "Saniku Gakuin College"), [Sanyo Gakuen University](/wiki/Sanyo_Gakuen_University "Sanyo Gakuen University"), [Sapientia University](/wiki/Sapientia_University "Sapientia University"), [Sapporo International Junior College](/wiki/Sapporo_International_Junior_College "Sapporo International Junior College"), [Seibold University of Nagasaki](/wiki/Seibold_University_of_Nagasaki "Seibold University of Nagasaki"), [Seijo University](/wiki/Seijo_University "Seijo University"), [Senshu University](/wiki/Senshu_University "Senshu University"), Shobi Gakuen University, [Shobi University](/wiki/Shobi_University "Shobi University"), [Showa Pharmaceutical University](/wiki/Showa_Pharmaceutical_University "Showa Pharmaceutical University"), [Sugiyama Jogakuen University](/wiki/Sugiyama_Jogakuen_University "Sugiyama Jogakuen University"), [Takachiho University](/wiki/Takachiho_University "Takachiho University"), [Takasaki City University of Economics](/wiki/Takasaki_City_University_of_Economics "Takasaki City University of Economics"), [Takasaki University of Commerce](/wiki/Takasaki_University_of_Commerce "Takasaki University of Commerce"), [Takushoku University](/wiki/Takushoku_University "Takushoku University"), Tensi University, [Tezukayama University](/wiki/Tezukayama_University "Tezukayama University"), [Toho University](/wiki/Toho_University "Toho University"), Tohoku Institute of Technology Toin University of Yokohama, [Toita Women's College](/wiki/Toita_Women%27s_College "Toita Women's College"), [Tokiwakai Gakuen University](/wiki/Tokiwakai_Gakuen_University "Tokiwakai Gakuen University"), Tokiwakai University, [Tokyo Christian University](/wiki/Tokyo_Christian_University "Tokyo Christian University"), Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Women's University, [Tokyo Seitoku University](/wiki/Tokyo_Seitoku_University "Tokyo Seitoku University"), Tokyo Toritu University, [Tokyo University of Agriculture](/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture "Tokyo University of Agriculture"), [Tokyo University](/wiki/Tokyo_University "Tokyo University"), TOP English Schools, [Tottori University of Environmental Studies](/wiki/Tottori_University_of_Environmental_Studies "Tottori University of Environmental Studies"), Toyama Prefectual College, [Tsukuba International University](/wiki/Tsukuba_International_University "Tsukuba International University"), University of Marketing and Distribution Science, Wakayama Shinai Women's College, [Wako University](/wiki/Wako_University "Wako University"), [Wayo Women's University](/wiki/Wayo_Women%27s_University "Wayo Women's University"), and [Yamanashi College of Nursing](/wiki/Yamanashi_College_of_Nursing "Yamanashi College of Nursing")
#### Taiwan
In Taiwan, it is being used at [National Tainan University](/wiki/National_Tainan_University "National Tainan University"), [Taipei National University of Arts](/wiki/Taipei_National_University_of_Arts "Taipei National University of Arts"),Chern Gong High School, Chiang Shu High School Chung Shan High School, Keelung Girls High School, Ming Tao High School, San Hsin High School Shing Ming High School, Tainan Junior High School of Home Economics, Taipei First Girls High School Taipei National College of Business, Wen Tzao Junior College, URUGUAY, Victoria College Western Road, YES., and [Chinese Culture University](/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University "Chinese Culture University").
|
[
"### Asia",
"#### South Korea",
"In South Korea, it is used when hiring national civil servants, police officers, maritime police officers, firefighters, military officers, etc.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Lee \\|first1\\=Jeeyeon \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=An Analysis Study of the Test Usefulness of Five Standardized EFL Tests for Korean Civil Service Employment Exam \\|journal\\=Studies in English Education \\|volume\\=23 \\|pages\\=739\\-768}}{{Cite news\\|url \\= https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode\\=LSD∣\\=sec\\&sid1\\=100\\&oid\\=081\\&aid\\=0000009007/\\|title \\= 군무원시험도 영어대체제 도입\\|publisher \\= 서울경제\\|date \\= 2004\\-08\\-09}} In the case of educational institutions, it is being used as graduation requirements for major universities such as [Kyungpook National University](/wiki/Kyungpook_National_University \"Kyungpook National University\"), [Kyunghee University](/wiki/Kyunghee_University \"Kyunghee University\"), [Dongguk University](/wiki/Dongguk_University \"Dongguk University\"), [Sungkyunkwan University](/wiki/Sungkyunkwan_University \"Sungkyunkwan University\"), [Chung\\-Ang University](/wiki/Chung-Ang_University \"Chung-Ang University\"), Daewon Foreign Languages High School, [Korea University](/wiki/Korea_University \"Korea University\"), Sogang University Sungbo High School, Yoido Girls High School, [Youngnam University](/wiki/Youngnam_University \"Youngnam University\") and [Hanyang University](/wiki/Hanyang_University \"Hanyang University\"), as well as for language talent selection tests and competitions.{{Cite news\\|url \\=https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode\\=LSD∣\\=sec\\&sid1\\=102\\&oid\\=015\\&aid\\=0000285729\\|title \\= 영어/컴퓨터 실력 없으면 '卒業못해'\\|publisher \\= 한국경제\\|date \\= 2000\\-10\\-08}} [CJ Group](/wiki/CJ_Group \"CJ Group\"), [LG Group](/wiki/LG_Group \"LG Group\"), [SK Group](/wiki/SK_Group \"SK Group\"), [Samsung Group](/wiki/Samsung_Group \"Samsung Group\"), [Shinsegae Group](/wiki/Shinsegae_Group \"Shinsegae Group\"), [Mirae Asset Financial Group](/wiki/Mirae_Asset_Financial_Group \"Mirae Asset Financial Group\"), [Hanwha Group](/wiki/Hanwha_Group \"Hanwha Group\"), [Hyundai Corporation](/wiki/Hyundai_Corporation \"Hyundai Corporation\"),3M Korea, [BC Card](/wiki/BC_Card \"BC Card\"), Daewoo Motors, Inc., DHL Korea, Digital Equipment Korea, Hyundai Shipping, KIA Group Korea Bank, [Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology](/wiki/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology \"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology\"), Korea Exchange Bank Credit Card, Kunyoung Group, Kyongki Bank, Kyunghylang Dally Newspaper Inc., LG Electronics Academy, Longterm Credit Bank, Ministry of Agriculture, R.O.K., Ministry of General Affairs, R.O.K., Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.K., [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly \"National Assembly\"),P \\& G Korea Research Institute, Agricultural Development, Center, R.O.K., Pohang Steel Company Human Resources Development, Center Rochet Electric Co., Samsung General Training Institute, Samsung Human Resources Development Center, Samyang Group Sangyong Group, [Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee](/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Organizing_Committee \"Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee\"), Sheraton Walker Hill Hotel, [Shilla Hotel](/wiki/Shilla_Hotel \"Shilla Hotel\"), [Shinhan Bank](/wiki/Shinhan_Bank \"Shinhan Bank\"), Sunkyong Group, Swiss Grand Hotel, etc. are using it for recruitment and promotion of new employees.",
"In the case of [Gwangju Metropolitan City](/wiki/Gwangju_Metropolitan_City \"Gwangju Metropolitan City\"), [Gwacheon](/wiki/Gwacheon \"Gwacheon\"), [Gunpo](/wiki/Gunpo \"Gunpo\"), [Gimpo](/wiki/Gimpo \"Gimpo\"), [Ansan](/wiki/Ansan \"Ansan\"), [Anyang](/wiki/Anyang \"Anyang\"), and [Pocheon](/wiki/Pocheon \"Pocheon\"), local governments themselves are implementing a policy to support the test fee for young people living in the area.",
"#### China",
"In China, it was used as a system to evaluate the communication skills of hotel and lodging establishments in the [China National Tourism Administration](/wiki/China_National_Tourism_Administration \"China National Tourism Administration\"), \\[21] and is being used at the government level, such as being used for the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") Organizing Committee's English Language Proficiency Test and Volunteer Selection Test.\nAlso it was used Beijing Second College, Ladder College at East China Normal University, Shanghai National Tourism Administration, Department of Personnel and Education, Beijing, P.R.C., Shanghai Examination Authority, Shanghai Municipal and [Government](/wiki/Government \"Government\").",
"#### Japan",
"In Japan, it is used at [Tokyo Metropolitan University](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University \"Tokyo Metropolitan University\"), [Keio University](/wiki/Keio_University \"Keio University\"), [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University \"Nihon University\"), [Kagoshima University](/wiki/Kagoshima_University \"Kagoshima University\"), [Tokyo Seitoku University](/wiki/Tokyo_Seitoku_University \"Tokyo Seitoku University\"), [Tokyo City University](/wiki/Tokyo_City_University \"Tokyo City University\"), [Tokyo University of Agriculture](/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture \"Tokyo University of Agriculture\"), [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University \"Nihon University\"), [Fukuoka Prefectural University](/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefectural_University \"Fukuoka Prefectural University\"), [Hokkai Gakuen University](/wiki/Hokkai_Gakuen_University \"Hokkai Gakuen University\"), and [Nagasaki University](/wiki/Nagasaki_University \"Nagasaki University\").",
"Also it is used at Aichi Gakuin Junior College, [Atomi Junior College](/wiki/Atomi_Junior_College \"Atomi Junior College\"), AYUSA International Japan, Baika College, Baiko Gakuin Women's Junior College, Biwako Seikel Sports University, [Chuo University](/wiki/Chuo_University \"Chuo University\"), Doshisya University, Eiti University, [Fukuoka International University](/wiki/Fukuoka_International_University \"Fukuoka International University\"), Future University, Hakodate, [Gakushuin University](/wiki/Gakushuin_University \"Gakushuin University\"), [Gakushuin Women's College](/wiki/Gakushuin_Women%27s_College \"Gakushuin Women's College\"), Helan Jogakuin University, Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University Hiroshima Syudo University, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamisawa, [Hyogo University of Teacher Education](/wiki/Hyogo_University_of_Teacher_Education \"Hyogo University of Teacher Education\"), Ibaraki University, Ikuei Women's College, International Buddhist University Jumonji Gakuen Women's College, Jumonji Gakuen Women's University, Kansai International University Kansai University of International Studies, [Kanto Gakuin University](/wiki/Kanto_Gakuin_University \"Kanto Gakuin University\"), Kawarnura Gakuen Woman's University, Keio Gijuku University Keisen University, [Kinjo Gakuin University](/wiki/Kinjo_Gakuin_University \"Kinjo Gakuin University\"), [Kinran College](/wiki/Kinran_College \"Kinran College\"), [Kobe City College of Nursing](/wiki/Kobe_City_College_of_Nursing \"Kobe City College of Nursing\"), [Kobe International University](/wiki/Kobe_International_University \"Kobe International University\"), Kobe Jogakuin College, [Kobe Shinwa Women's UniversityKokusai](/wiki/Kobe_Shinwa_Women%27s_University \"Kobe Shinwa Women's University\") Aviation College, [Konan Women's University](/wiki/Konan_Women%27s_University \"Konan Women's University\"), Kove Shinwa Women's University, [Kumamoto University](/wiki/Kumamoto_University \"Kumamoto University\"), [Kyoei University](/wiki/Kyoei_University \"Kyoei University\"), [Kyoto Gakuen University](/wiki/Kyoto_Gakuen_University \"Kyoto Gakuen University\"), [Kyoto Koka Women's University](/wiki/Kyoto_Koka_Women%27s_University \"Kyoto Koka Women's University\"), [Kyoto Seika University](/wiki/Kyoto_Seika_University \"Kyoto Seika University\"), Kyoto Tachibana Women's University, [Kyushu Institute of Technology](/wiki/Kyushu_Institute_of_Technology \"Kyushu Institute of Technology\"), [Meikai University](/wiki/Meikai_University \"Meikai University\"), [Meisei University](/wiki/Meisei_University \"Meisei University\"), Mukogawa Women's College, Musashino Women's University, [Nagaoka University of Technology](/wiki/Nagaoka_University_of_Technology \"Nagaoka University of Technology\"), [Nagasaki Wesleyan University](/wiki/Nagasaki_Wesleyan_University \"Nagasaki Wesleyan University\"), Nagoya Gakuin University Nagoya Keizai University, [National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fitness_and_Sports_in_Kanoya \"National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya\"), Neopt College, Nihon College, [Nihon University](/wiki/Nihon_University \"Nihon University\"), [Nippon Institute of Technology](/wiki/Nippon_Institute_of_Technology \"Nippon Institute of Technology\"), [Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Women%27s_College_of_Kyoto \"Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto\"), [Oita Tomei High School](/wiki/Oita_Tomei_High_School \"Oita Tomei High School\"), [Osaka Aoyama College](/wiki/Osaka_Aoyama_College \"Osaka Aoyama College\"), [Osaka Chiyoda Junior College](/wiki/Osaka_Chiyoda_Junior_College \"Osaka Chiyoda Junior College\"), [Osaka City University](/wiki/Osaka_City_University \"Osaka City University\"), Osaka Economic University, [Osaka International University](/wiki/Osaka_International_University \"Osaka International University\"), [Osaka Sangyo University](/wiki/Osaka_Sangyo_University \"Osaka Sangyo University\"), [Osaka Seikei College](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_College \"Osaka Seikei College\"), [Osaka Seikei University](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_University \"Osaka Seikei University\"), [Osaka Seikei Women's College](/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_Women%27s_College \"Osaka Seikei Women's College\"), [Osaka Shoin Women's University](/wiki/Osaka_Shoin_Women%27s_University \"Osaka Shoin Women's University\"), [Osaka University of Arts Junior College](/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Arts_Junior_College \"Osaka University of Arts Junior College\"), Otani Junior College Otemae University, [Otemon Gakuin University](/wiki/Otemon_Gakuin_University \"Otemon Gakuin University\"), [Otsuma Women's University](/wiki/Otsuma_Women%27s_University \"Otsuma Women's University\"), [Ritsumeikan University](/wiki/Ritsumeikan_University \"Ritsumeikan University\"), Sagami Women's College, [Saitama Medical School](/wiki/Saitama_Medical_School \"Saitama Medical School\"), Saitama Prefectual University, [Saniku Gakuin College](/wiki/Saniku_Gakuin_College \"Saniku Gakuin College\"), [Sanyo Gakuen University](/wiki/Sanyo_Gakuen_University \"Sanyo Gakuen University\"), [Sapientia University](/wiki/Sapientia_University \"Sapientia University\"), [Sapporo International Junior College](/wiki/Sapporo_International_Junior_College \"Sapporo International Junior College\"), [Seibold University of Nagasaki](/wiki/Seibold_University_of_Nagasaki \"Seibold University of Nagasaki\"), [Seijo University](/wiki/Seijo_University \"Seijo University\"), [Senshu University](/wiki/Senshu_University \"Senshu University\"), Shobi Gakuen University, [Shobi University](/wiki/Shobi_University \"Shobi University\"), [Showa Pharmaceutical University](/wiki/Showa_Pharmaceutical_University \"Showa Pharmaceutical University\"), [Sugiyama Jogakuen University](/wiki/Sugiyama_Jogakuen_University \"Sugiyama Jogakuen University\"), [Takachiho University](/wiki/Takachiho_University \"Takachiho University\"), [Takasaki City University of Economics](/wiki/Takasaki_City_University_of_Economics \"Takasaki City University of Economics\"), [Takasaki University of Commerce](/wiki/Takasaki_University_of_Commerce \"Takasaki University of Commerce\"), [Takushoku University](/wiki/Takushoku_University \"Takushoku University\"), Tensi University, [Tezukayama University](/wiki/Tezukayama_University \"Tezukayama University\"), [Toho University](/wiki/Toho_University \"Toho University\"), Tohoku Institute of Technology Toin University of Yokohama, [Toita Women's College](/wiki/Toita_Women%27s_College \"Toita Women's College\"), [Tokiwakai Gakuen University](/wiki/Tokiwakai_Gakuen_University \"Tokiwakai Gakuen University\"), Tokiwakai University, [Tokyo Christian University](/wiki/Tokyo_Christian_University \"Tokyo Christian University\"), Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Women's University, [Tokyo Seitoku University](/wiki/Tokyo_Seitoku_University \"Tokyo Seitoku University\"), Tokyo Toritu University, [Tokyo University of Agriculture](/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture \"Tokyo University of Agriculture\"), [Tokyo University](/wiki/Tokyo_University \"Tokyo University\"), TOP English Schools, [Tottori University of Environmental Studies](/wiki/Tottori_University_of_Environmental_Studies \"Tottori University of Environmental Studies\"), Toyama Prefectual College, [Tsukuba International University](/wiki/Tsukuba_International_University \"Tsukuba International University\"), University of Marketing and Distribution Science, Wakayama Shinai Women's College, [Wako University](/wiki/Wako_University \"Wako University\"), [Wayo Women's University](/wiki/Wayo_Women%27s_University \"Wayo Women's University\"), and [Yamanashi College of Nursing](/wiki/Yamanashi_College_of_Nursing \"Yamanashi College of Nursing\")",
"#### Taiwan",
"In Taiwan, it is being used at [National Tainan University](/wiki/National_Tainan_University \"National Tainan University\"), [Taipei National University of Arts](/wiki/Taipei_National_University_of_Arts \"Taipei National University of Arts\"),Chern Gong High School, Chiang Shu High School Chung Shan High School, Keelung Girls High School, Ming Tao High School, San Hsin High School Shing Ming High School, Tainan Junior High School of Home Economics, Taipei First Girls High School Taipei National College of Business, Wen Tzao Junior College, URUGUAY, Victoria College Western Road, YES., and [Chinese Culture University](/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University \"Chinese Culture University\").",
""
] |
Places of interest
------------------
The [Florence Nightingale Museum](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Museum "Florence Nightingale Museum") is at the west end of the street within the grounds of [St Thomas' Hospital](/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital "St Thomas' Hospital").
Between 1964 and 1994 the office block at 100 Westminster Bridge Road, then known as [Century House](/wiki/Century_House%2C_London "Century House, London"), was home to the UK's overseas intelligence agency, the [Secret Intelligence Service](/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service "Secret Intelligence Service") (SIS), or more commonly [MI6](/wiki/MI6 "MI6").[https://www.sis.gov.uk/our\-history/buildings.html](https://www.sis.gov.uk/our-history/buildings.html) Buildings page, Secret Intelligence Service web site The building was refurbished and converted into the residential Perspective Building, designed by [Assael Architecture](/wiki/Assael_Architecture "Assael Architecture").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theperspectivebuilding.com\|title\=The Perspective – Estate and Letting Agents – MyLondonHome – Property – London\|publisher\=}} in 2001\.
The [Lincoln Memorial Tower](/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Tower "Lincoln Memorial Tower") built by [Christopher Newman Hall](/wiki/Christopher_Newman_Hall "Christopher Newman Hall") in the late 19th century in memory of [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln") and the [Emancipation Proclamation](/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation "Emancipation Proclamation") stands close to the junction with [Kennington Road](/wiki/Kennington_Road "Kennington Road").
The Roman Catholic [St George's Cathedral, Southwark](/wiki/St_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Southwark "St George's Cathedral, Southwark"), is between Westminster Bridge Road and St George's Road, the frontage to the diocesan offices being on Westminster Bridge Road. [Morley College](/wiki/Morley_College "Morley College"), an adult education college, is located on the road, and so is the associated Morley Gallery.
### Former public buildings/landmarks
Remains visible
The [London Necropolis railway station](/wiki/London_Necropolis_railway_station "London Necropolis railway station") rebuilt its terminus in 1902, moving it to Westminster Bridge Road. The station was bombed in the [London Blitz](/wiki/London_Blitz "London Blitz") in 1941 and subsequently closed. Its entrance remains intact at 121 Westminster Bridge Road.
Entirely replaced
The [Canterbury Music Hall](/wiki/Canterbury_Music_Hall "Canterbury Music Hall") stood at 143 Westminster Bridge Road, commissioned by [Charles Morton](/wiki/Charles_Morton_%28impresario%29 "Charles Morton (impresario)") in 1852 when it was built adjacent to the Canterbury Tavern. It was destroyed by [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") [Axis powers](/wiki/Axis_powers "Axis powers") bombing in 1942\.
The later Gatti's\-in\-the\-Road [music hall](/wiki/Music_hall "Music hall") opposite was commissioned by [Carlo Gatti](/wiki/Carlo_Gatti "Carlo Gatti") and opened in 1865\. It later became a cinema and, after being badly damaged in the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), was demolished in 1950\.
[Astley's Amphitheatre](/wiki/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre "Astley's Amphitheatre") was a performance venue that once stood at 225 Westminster Bridge Road. It was opened in 1773, was burned and rebuilt several times, and was finally demolished in 1893\.
The [Overseas Development Institute](/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute "Overseas Development Institute")'s office was on Westminster Bridge Road until 2019, when it moved to Blackfriars Road.
|
[
"Places of interest\n------------------",
"The [Florence Nightingale Museum](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Museum \"Florence Nightingale Museum\") is at the west end of the street within the grounds of [St Thomas' Hospital](/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital \"St Thomas' Hospital\").",
"Between 1964 and 1994 the office block at 100 Westminster Bridge Road, then known as [Century House](/wiki/Century_House%2C_London \"Century House, London\"), was home to the UK's overseas intelligence agency, the [Secret Intelligence Service](/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service \"Secret Intelligence Service\") (SIS), or more commonly [MI6](/wiki/MI6 \"MI6\").[https://www.sis.gov.uk/our\\-history/buildings.html](https://www.sis.gov.uk/our-history/buildings.html) Buildings page, Secret Intelligence Service web site The building was refurbished and converted into the residential Perspective Building, designed by [Assael Architecture](/wiki/Assael_Architecture \"Assael Architecture\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theperspectivebuilding.com\\|title\\=The Perspective – Estate and Letting Agents – MyLondonHome – Property – London\\|publisher\\=}} in 2001\\.",
"The [Lincoln Memorial Tower](/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Tower \"Lincoln Memorial Tower\") built by [Christopher Newman Hall](/wiki/Christopher_Newman_Hall \"Christopher Newman Hall\") in the late 19th century in memory of [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") and the [Emancipation Proclamation](/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation \"Emancipation Proclamation\") stands close to the junction with [Kennington Road](/wiki/Kennington_Road \"Kennington Road\").",
"The Roman Catholic [St George's Cathedral, Southwark](/wiki/St_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Southwark \"St George's Cathedral, Southwark\"), is between Westminster Bridge Road and St George's Road, the frontage to the diocesan offices being on Westminster Bridge Road. [Morley College](/wiki/Morley_College \"Morley College\"), an adult education college, is located on the road, and so is the associated Morley Gallery.",
"### Former public buildings/landmarks",
"Remains visible\nThe [London Necropolis railway station](/wiki/London_Necropolis_railway_station \"London Necropolis railway station\") rebuilt its terminus in 1902, moving it to Westminster Bridge Road. The station was bombed in the [London Blitz](/wiki/London_Blitz \"London Blitz\") in 1941 and subsequently closed. Its entrance remains intact at 121 Westminster Bridge Road.\nEntirely replaced\nThe [Canterbury Music Hall](/wiki/Canterbury_Music_Hall \"Canterbury Music Hall\") stood at 143 Westminster Bridge Road, commissioned by [Charles Morton](/wiki/Charles_Morton_%28impresario%29 \"Charles Morton (impresario)\") in 1852 when it was built adjacent to the Canterbury Tavern. It was destroyed by [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") [Axis powers](/wiki/Axis_powers \"Axis powers\") bombing in 1942\\. \nThe later Gatti's\\-in\\-the\\-Road [music hall](/wiki/Music_hall \"Music hall\") opposite was commissioned by [Carlo Gatti](/wiki/Carlo_Gatti \"Carlo Gatti\") and opened in 1865\\. It later became a cinema and, after being badly damaged in the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), was demolished in 1950\\.",
"[Astley's Amphitheatre](/wiki/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre \"Astley's Amphitheatre\") was a performance venue that once stood at 225 Westminster Bridge Road. It was opened in 1773, was burned and rebuilt several times, and was finally demolished in 1893\\.",
"The [Overseas Development Institute](/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute \"Overseas Development Institute\")'s office was on Westminster Bridge Road until 2019, when it moved to Blackfriars Road.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1969–1970: Formation and first gigs
By the end of 1969, [the Nice](/wiki/The_Nice "The Nice") keyboardist [Keith Emerson](/wiki/Keith_Emerson "Keith Emerson") and [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson "King Crimson") bassist/vocalist [Greg Lake](/wiki/Greg_Lake "Greg Lake") were looking to leave their respective groups and form a new band. The pair first met in New York City and discussed the possibility of forming one together; they met again in December 1969 when the Nice and King Crimson were billed together for concerts at the [Fillmore West](/wiki/Fillmore_West "Fillmore West") in San Francisco. During a [soundcheck](/wiki/Soundcheck "Soundcheck") before one of the shows, Emerson described the first time he and Lake played together: "Greg was moving a bass line and I played the piano in back and Zap! It was there."{{cite web\|url\=http://archive.classicrockmagazine.com/view/may\_2002/55/welcome\-back\-my\-friends \|title\=Welcome back my friends\|page\=55\|work\=Classic Rock Magazine\|date\=May 2002\|access\-date\=16 February 2012 }}{{dead link\|date\=December 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} When the Nice split in March 1970 and Lake left King Crimson a month later, the pair began the search for a drummer, which turned out to be a difficult process.{{cite magazine\|title\=Emerson, Lake and Palmer – the group most likely to\|first\=Nick\|last\=Logan\|magazine\=New Musical Express\|date\=13 June 1970}} They initially approached [Mitch Mitchell](/wiki/Mitch_Mitchell "Mitch Mitchell"), who was at a loose end following the break\-up of [the Jimi Hendrix Experience](/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience "The Jimi Hendrix Experience") and suggested a jam session take place among the three of them and guitarist [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix "Jimi Hendrix"). The session never happened, but it caused the press to report rumours of a planned [supergroup](/wiki/Supergroup_%28music%29 "Supergroup (music)") named HELP, an acronym for "Hendrix Emerson Lake Palmer", which Lake later debunked.{{cite news\|url\=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2012/05/greg\_lake\_elp\_jimi\_hendrix\_prog\_rock.php?page\=2\|title\=Greg Lake Is Not a Fan of 'Progressive Rock'\|last\=Woodbury\|first\=Jason P.\|date\=10 May 2012\|work\=\[\[Phoenix New Times]]\|access\-date\=9 October 2013\|archive\-date\=6 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105617/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2012/05/greg\_lake\_elp\_jimi\_hendrix\_prog\_rock.php?page\=2\|url\-status\=dead}} As part of auditions for drummers at a studio by [Soho Square](/wiki/Soho_Square "Soho Square"),{{cite journal\|url\=http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v248/texasrose455/LOTL/marksykes/ELP\_027\.jpg\|title\=Emerson, Lake \& Palmer\|date\=c. 1971\|first\=Penny\|last\=Valentine\|journal\=Unknown\|access\-date\=18 December 2016}} Emerson's manager, [Tony Stratton Smith](/wiki/Tony_Stratton_Smith "Tony Stratton Smith"), suggested [Carl Palmer](/wiki/Carl_Palmer "Carl Palmer") of [Atomic Rooster](/wiki/Atomic_Rooster "Atomic Rooster") and previously [the Crazy World of Arthur Brown](/wiki/The_Crazy_World_of_Arthur_Brown "The Crazy World of Arthur Brown").{{cite journal\|title\=Welcome to the show! Emerson, Lake and Palmer – In their own words\|first\=Russell\|last\=Hall\|date\=6 December 1996\|volume\=22\|issue\=427\|journal\=Goldmine\|url\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/Goldmine.html\|access\-date\=19 December 2016\|archive\-date\=26 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926103936/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/Goldmine.html\|url\-status\=live}} Palmer turned up for a session and enjoyed the chemistry, but was reluctant to commit as Atomic Rooster were starting to gain attention in Europe. Emerson and Lake persisted, and after several weeks Palmer agreed to join.
The three named themselves Emerson, Lake \& Palmer to remove the focus on Emerson as the most famous of the three, and to ensure that they were not called the "new Nice".{{cite web\|url\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/beetle.html\|title\=Beetle interview with Robert Bowman\|publisher\=ladiesofthelake.com\|access\-date\=16 February 2012\|archive\-date\=4 September 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904024635/http://www.ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/beetle.html\|url\-status\=live}} Triton was a name that Emerson said "was buzzing around" for a little while,{{cite journal\|url\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/MM.html\|title\=Emerson, Lake, Palmer—an MM special preview\|date\=30 May 1970\|first\=Chris\|last\=Welch\|newspaper\=Melody Maker\|access\-date\=18 December 2016}} and Triumvirate and Seahorse were also in contention.Extended version of Emerson Lake and Palmer's documentary from their 40th Anniversary Concert DVD – 8m23s They moved to [Island Studios](/wiki/Island_Studios "Island Studios") in [Notting Hill](/wiki/Notting_Hill "Notting Hill") to rehearse and form a live set. Most of the numbers were rock adaptations and arrangements of classical pieces, including: *[Allegro barbaro](/wiki/Allegro_barbaro_%28Bart%C3%B3k%29 "Allegro barbaro (Bartók)")* by [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k "Béla Bartók") entitled "[The Barbarian](/wiki/The_Barbarian_%28song%29 "The Barbarian (song)")", the jazz standard "[Blue Rondo à la Turk](/wiki/Blue_Rondo_%C3%A0_la_Turk "Blue Rondo à la Turk")" by [Dave Brubeck](/wiki/Dave_Brubeck "Dave Brubeck") entitled "Rondo" that Emerson had recorded with the Nice, "[Nut Rocker](/wiki/Nut_Rocker "Nut Rocker")" as an encore,{{cite AV media notes\|title\=Live at the Isle of Wight 1970\|publisher\=Manticore Records\|date\=1997\|id\=M\-CD\-101}} and *[Pictures at an Exhibition](/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition "Pictures at an Exhibition")* by [Modest Mussorgsky](/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky "Modest Mussorgsky") that Emerson wanted to do after seeing it performed by an orchestra.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=175}} An original song from Lake, "[Take a Pebble](/wiki/Take_a_Pebble "Take a Pebble")", was also worked out. The group wished to enhance their live act, and spent £9,000 on a sound mixer and £4,000 on a [Moog modular synthesizer](/wiki/Moog_modular_synthesizer "Moog modular synthesizer") imported from America that was adapted for better performance on stage.
[thumb\|right\|The group's second gig was at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/File:1970-Isle_of_Wight_Festival-_5.JPG "1970-Isle of Wight Festival- 5.JPG")
The trio's first live gig followed at [Plymouth Guildhall](/wiki/Plymouth_Guildhall "Plymouth Guildhall") on 23 August 1970, supported by Earth, a local band.{{cite web\|url\=http://fetherston.tripod.com/tours.html\|title\=ELP Tour Details 1970–78\|publisher\=fetherston.tripod.com\|access\-date\=7 February 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asahi\-net.or.jp/\~rm2t\-smt/html/elp\-tour.htm\#anchor72336\|title\=Tour Date List\|publisher\=asahi\-net.or.jp\|access\-date\=7 February 2012}}{{sfn\|Van der Kiste\|2012\|p\=248}} They travelled to the venue in a transit van previously owned by fellow [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock "Progressive rock") band [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 "Yes (band)"), and were paid around £400 for the gig.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/ex\-elp\-drummer\-carl\-recalls\-debut\-guildhall/story\-16000108\-detail/story.html\|title\=Ex\-ELP drummer Carl recalls debut show at Guildhall\|date\=4 May 2012\|work\=Plymouth Herald\|access\-date\=18 December 2016}}{{dead link\|date\=March 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kentnews.co.uk/entertainment/carl\_palmer\_lord\_of\_the\_drums\_1\_1383516\|title\=Carl Palmer – Lord of the drums\|publisher\=Kent News\|first\=Nick\|last\=Ames\|date\=21 May 2012\|access\-date\=18 December 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152654/http://www.kentnews.co.uk/entertainment/carl\_palmer\_lord\_of\_the\_drums\_1\_1383516\|archive\-date\=20 December 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} A small venue outside London was deliberately chosen in case the concert was a failure, but the concert was well received.{{cite journal\|url\=http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v248/texasrose455/LOTL/marksykes/ELP\_028\.jpg\|title\=Emerson, Lake \& Palmer\|date\=c. 1971\|first\=Penny\|last\=Valentine\|journal\=Unknown\|access\-date\=18 December 2016\|archive\-date\=20 December 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220222015/http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v248/texasrose455/LOTL/marksykes/ELP\_028\.jpg\|url\-status\=live}} Their second gig took place on 29 August with a set at the [Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970 "Isle of Wight Festival 1970") which was attended by an estimated 600,000 people and drew considerable attention from the public and music press. At the end of "Pictures at an Exhibition", the band fired two cannons that Emerson had tested in a field near [Heathrow Airport](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport "Heathrow Airport").
The success of the group's debut, as well as Lake's prior association with King Crimson, led to the band signing management and recording contracts with [E.G. Records](/wiki/E.G._Records "E.G. Records"), who distributed their records through [Island](/wiki/Island_Records "Island Records") in the UK and [Cotillion](/wiki/Cotillion_Records "Cotillion Records"), a subsidiary of [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records "Atlantic Records"), in North America. Emerson believed that Atlantic's chief and co\-founder [Ahmet Ertegun](/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun "Ahmet Ertegun") agreed to take the band on "because we could sell out 20,000\-seaters before we even had a record out. That was enough for him to think that a lot of people would go out and buy the record when it did come out."
### 1970–1971: Debut album, *Tarkus*, and *Pictures at an Exhibition*
[thumb\|left\|Emerson performing in 1977](/wiki/File:Emerson_Lake_and_Palmer_two.jpg "Emerson Lake and Palmer two.jpg")
In the months surrounding their debut gigs, the band recorded their first album, *[Emerson Lake \& Palmer](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_%28album%29 "Emerson, Lake & Palmer (album)")*, at [Advision Studios](/wiki/Advision_Studios "Advision Studios"). Lake took on the role of producer, which he had also done in King Crimson, with [Eddy Offord](/wiki/Eddy_Offord "Eddy Offord") as their engineer. The album included studio versions of "The Barbarian" and "Take a Pebble", "[Knife\-Edge](/wiki/Knife-Edge_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_song%29 "Knife-Edge (Emerson, Lake & Palmer song)")", based on the first movement of *[Sinfonietta](/wiki/Sinfonietta_%28Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%29 "Sinfonietta (Janáček)")* by [Leoš Janáček](/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek "Leoš Janáček") and the [Allemande](/wiki/Allemande "Allemande") of [French Suite No. 1 in D minor](/wiki/French_Suites_%28Bach%29%23Structure "French Suites (Bach)#Structure") by [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach"), Palmer's drum solo "[Tank](/wiki/Tank_%28song%29 "Tank (song)")", the three\-part "The Three Fates", and "[Lucky Man](/wiki/Lucky_Man_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_song%29 "Lucky Man (Emerson, Lake & Palmer song)")", an acoustic ballad that Lake wrote when he was twelve.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/song/t1538224\|title\=AllMusic Review of Lucky Man\|website\=AllMusic\|access\-date\=15 February 2012\|archive\-date\=14 March 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314101214/http://www.allmusic.com/song/t1538224\|url\-status\=live}} The album was released in the UK in November 1970, and reached No. 4 in the UK and No. 18 in the US. "Lucky Man" was released as a single that peaked at No. 48 in the US.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/emerson\-lake\-palmer\-p4186/charts\-awards/billboard\-singles\|title\=Billboard Hot 100\|website\=AllMusic\|access\-date\=15 February 2012\|archive\-date\=10 December 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210122632/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/emerson\-lake\-palmer\-p4186/charts\-awards/billboard\-singles\|url\-status\=live}}
From September 1970 to March 1971, the band completed their first concert tour with shows across the UK, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Emerson used a large [Moog modular synthesizer](/wiki/Moog_modular%23Models "Moog modular#Models") on stage but it was unreliable as heat affected its sound.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.popeye\-x.com/tech/willalexander.htm\|title\=On'Board with Keith Emerson\|publisher\=popeye\-x.com\|access\-date\=15 February 2012}}"Bob Moog told Keith that it would never work live and that he was out of his mind for trying to take it out on the road." Their performance on 9 December 1970 at the [Lyceum Theatre](/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre%2C_London "Lyceum Theatre, London") in London was filmed and released in UK theatres in 1972 with added psychedelic effects including characters from [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics "Marvel Comics").{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=137}}
During a break in their first tour in January 1971, Emerson, Lake \& Palmer returned to Advision Studios with Offord to record their second album, *[Tarkus](/wiki/Tarkus "Tarkus")*. Friction between Emerson and Lake during the early recording sessions almost caused the group to disband as Lake disliked the material that Emerson was writing. Following a meeting with the band and management, Lake agreed to write his own songs and continue recording.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=143}} The album was recorded in six days.{{cite journal\|url\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/disc71\.html\|title\=ELP, they're all absolutely shattered!\|date\=10 July 1971\|first\=Roy\|last\=Shipston\|journal\=Disc and Music Echo\|access\-date\=18 December 2016\|archive\-date\=5 April 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405125433/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/disc71\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The album's first side is occupied by the 20\-minute [title track](/wiki/Tarkus_%28song%29 "Tarkus (song)"), a seven\-part song based on reverse evolution that was recorded in four days. Its [cover art](/wiki/Cover_art "Cover art") was designed by painter and graphic designer [William Neal](/wiki/William_Neal "William Neal"). *Tarkus* was released in June 1971 and was a commercial success, reaching No. 1 in the UK and No. 9 in the US. The band resumed touring with their first North American tour, starting 24 April 1971 at [Thiel College](/wiki/Thiel_College "Thiel College") in [Greenville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Greenville%2C_Pennsylvania "Greenville, Pennsylvania"),{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=170}} and continued until the end of May. Further dates across Europe followed until the end of the year.
The band's third album, *[Pictures at an Exhibition](/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_album%29 "Pictures at an Exhibition (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)")*, was released as a budget album in the UK in November 1971\. It features their version of the Mussorgsky suite performed live at [Newcastle City Hall](/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall "Newcastle City Hall") on 26 March 1971 plus the concert's encore, "Nut Rocker".{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=137}} It was to be released before *Tarkus*, but the group delayed its release on purpose to show the music press and public that they could write their own songs, and were not merely "the band that did classical music".{{cite web\|url\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/beetle.html\|title\=Lucky Men\|first\=Robert\|last\=Bowman\|magazine\=Beetle\|date\=1974\|access\-date\=20 December 2016}} Atlantic Records declined to release it in the US, claiming it would not sell or receive any radio airplay because of its classical orientation and offered to release it on its sister label [Nonesuch Records](/wiki/Nonesuch_Records "Nonesuch Records") which handled budget, classical, and avant\-garde albums. The band refused until Island imported 250,000 copies into the US which quickly sold, helped by radio DJ [Scott Muni](/wiki/Scott_Muni "Scott Muni") playing the entire album on [WNEW\-FM](/wiki/WNEW-FM "WNEW-FM") in New York City. The strong response prompted Atlantic to release it through Cotillion at a full price in January 1972\. The album peaked at No. 3 in the UK and No. 10 in the US.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=173}}
### 1971–1974: *Trilogy* and *Brain Salad Surgery*
*[Trilogy](/wiki/Trilogy_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_album%29 "Trilogy (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)")*, the band's third studio album, was recorded at Advision Studios with Offord between October 1971 and January 1972\.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=199}} Its cover art was designed by [Storm Thorgerson](/wiki/Storm_Thorgerson "Storm Thorgerson") and [Aubrey Powell](/wiki/Aubrey_Powell_%28designer%29 "Aubrey Powell (designer)") of [Hipgnosis](/wiki/Hipgnosis "Hipgnosis").{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=200}} "Hoedown" is an adaptation of *Rodeo* by [Aaron Copland](/wiki/Aaron_Copland "Aaron Copland"). Released in July 1972, *Trilogy* reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 5 in the US. "[From the Beginning](/wiki/From_the_Beginning_%28song%29 "From the Beginning (song)")", an acoustic ballad featuring an extended synthesizer solo, was released as a single which reached No. 39 in the US.{{cite magazine\|url\={{BillboardURLbyName\|artist\=emerson, lake \& palmer\|chart\=all}}\|title\=ELP USA chart history\|magazine\=Billboard \|access\-date\=4 April 2012}} Lake has picked *Trilogy* as his favourite studio album by the band.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vintagerock.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1305%3Athe\-greg\-lake\-interview\-2012\&catid\=3%3Ainterviews\&Itemid\=4\|title\=Vintage Rock Interview with Greg Lake\|publisher\=vintagerock.com\|access\-date\=12 March 2012\|quote\=I do like Trilogy. It is my favorite ELP album. It couldn't be anyone else. It truly is a definitive album. It is the very best of ELP in a way. It's got flashes of all the best things of what we were.\|archive\-date\=2 August 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162602/http://www.vintagerock.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1305%3Athe\-greg\-lake\-interview\-2012\&catid\=3%3Ainterviews\&Itemid\=4\|url\-status\=live}} The album was supported with a North American tour in March and April 1972 which included a spot at the [Mar y Sol Pop Festival](/wiki/Mar_y_Sol_Pop_Festival "Mar y Sol Pop Festival") in [Manatí](/wiki/Manat%C3%AD%2C_Puerto_Rico "Manatí, Puerto Rico"), Puerto Rico on 3 April.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=237}} Following dates across Europe, including their first in Italy, the band performed at the [Concert 10](/wiki/Concert_10 "Concert 10") Festival at [Pocono International Raceway](/wiki/Pocono_International_Raceway "Pocono International Raceway") in [Long Pond, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Long_Pond%2C_Pennsylvania "Long Pond, Pennsylvania"), on 9 July 1972\. This was followed by their first dates in Japan where a riot broke out during the show in Osaka, causing the power to be cut and the group fleeing the stage.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|pp\=237–238}}
[thumb\|upright\|Band logo designed by [H. R. Giger](/wiki/H._R._Giger "H. R. Giger"), introduced in 1973](/wiki/Image:Logo-Emerson%2C_Lake_and_Palmer.svg "Logo-Emerson, Lake and Palmer.svg")
In early 1973, the band formed their own record label, [Manticore Records](/wiki/Manticore_Records "Manticore Records"), and purchased an abandoned cinema as their own rehearsal hall in [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham "Fulham"), London. In June 1973, Emerson, Lake \& Palmer began recording *[Brain Salad Surgery](/wiki/Brain_Salad_Surgery "Brain Salad Surgery")* in London at Advision and [Olympic Studios](/wiki/Olympic_Studios "Olympic Studios") which lasted until September that year. Offord was not present for the recording sessions as he was working with [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 "Yes (band)"), leaving engineering and mixing duties to [Chris Kimsey](/wiki/Chris_Kimsey "Chris Kimsey") and Geoff Young. Lake wrote the album's lyrics with [Peter Sinfield](/wiki/Peter_Sinfield "Peter Sinfield") and its sleeve was designed by [H. R. Giger](/wiki/H._R._Giger "H. R. Giger") and includes the band's new logo. Formed of five tracks, the album includes a rendition of "[Jerusalem](/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time%23Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_version "And did those feet in ancient time#Emerson, Lake & Palmer version")" which features the debut of the [Moog Apollo](/wiki/Moog_Apollo "Moog Apollo"), a prototype [polyphonic synthesizer](/wiki/Polyphonic_synthesizer "Polyphonic synthesizer"). "Toccata" is a cover of the fourth movement of Piano Concerto No. 1 by Argentine composer [Alberto Ginastera](/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera "Alberto Ginastera") and contains synthesised percussion in the form of an acoustic drum kit fitted with pick\-ups that triggered electronic sounds. The 29\-minute track "[Karn Evil 9](/wiki/Karn_Evil_9 "Karn Evil 9")" is the longest song recorded by the group. *Brain Salad Surgery* was released in November 1973 and reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 11 in the US.
From November 1973 to August 1974, the band toured North America and Europe which saw them carry almost 40 tons of equipment.{{Cite journal\|title\=Welcome back my friends to the show that...\|first\=James\|last\=Johnson\|journal\=NME\|date\=27 April 1974\|url\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/nme74\.html\|access\-date\=12 December 2015\|archive\-date\=9 January 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109120557/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/nme74\.html\|url\-status\=live}} On 6 April 1974, the band headlined the inaugural [California Jam Festival](/wiki/California_Jam "California Jam") at the [Ontario Motor Speedway](/wiki/Ontario_Motor_Speedway "Ontario Motor Speedway"), California, to an attendance of 250,000 people. The show was filmed and broadcast across the US.{{cite web\|url\=http://donbranker.com/?q\=node/11\|title\=Don Branker\|publisher\=donbranker.com\|access\-date\=14 February 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116034531/http://donbranker.com/?q\=node%2F11\|archive\-date\=16 November 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} These shows exhibited a mix of virtuoso musicianship and over\-the\-top performances which some criticised as excessive, such as Emerson playing a piano as it spun, suspended, end\-over\-end; Palmer playing on a rotating drum platform; and Emerson throwing a Hammond organ around the stage to create [feedback](/wiki/Guitar_feedback "Guitar feedback"). Emerson often used a knife, given to him by [Lemmy Kilmister](/wiki/Lemmy "Lemmy"), who had roadied for the Nice, to force the keys on the organ to stay down.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/lemmy\_kilmister/biography.php\|title\=Lemmy Kilmister Biography\|publisher\=rottentomatoes.com\|access\-date\=15 February 2012\|archive\-date\=15 August 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815084811/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/lemmy\_kilmister/biography.php\|url\-status\=dead}}"According to Keith Emerson as written in his autobiography, two of Lemmy's Hitlerjugend knives were gifted to Keith Emerson himself during Lemmy's time spent as a roadie for the Nice. Emerson used these knives many times as "keyholders" during his famous wrestling sessions with the Hammond Organ during the shows with the Nice and Emerson, Lake \& Palmer." The tour was one of the top concert draws during for the 1973–1974 period.{{cite book \|last\=Stump \|first\=Paul \|title\=The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=Quartet Books Limited \|isbn\=0\-7043\-8036\-6 \|page\=184}} Performances from Anaheim, California, were documented in the live album, *[Welcome Back, My Friends, to the Show That Never Ends \~ Ladies and Gentlemen](/wiki/Welcome_Back%2C_My_Friends%2C_to_the_Show_That_Never_Ends_~_Ladies_and_Gentlemen "Welcome Back, My Friends, to the Show That Never Ends ~ Ladies and Gentlemen")*, released in August 1974 as a [triple LP](/wiki/Triple_album "Triple album"). The album peaked at No. 5 in the UK and No. 4 in the US.
### 1974–1978: Hiatus and *Works*
After touring in 1974, the band took an extended break. The three members bought homes overseas and became [tax exiles](/wiki/Tax_exile "Tax exile") in the process, but Emerson suffered a setback in 1975 when his Sussex home burned down and lost most of his possessions. The ordeal left him depressed, and he later credited his bandmates in helping him recover from drug misuse.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=98}}
They regrouped in 1976 to record *[Works Volume 1](/wiki/Works_Volume_1 "Works Volume 1")* at [Mountain Studios](/wiki/Mountain_Studios "Mountain Studios") in [Montreux](/wiki/Montreux "Montreux"), Switzerland and [EMI Studios](/wiki/EMI_Studios "EMI Studios") in Paris, France. It is a double album with one side of an LP containing songs by each member and a fourth of group material. Much of the album was recorded with an orchestral accompaniment; Emerson's side consists of his 18\-minute, three\-movement "[Piano Concerto No. 1](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_%28Emerson%29 "Piano Concerto No. 1 (Emerson)")". Lake contributed five songs he co\-wrote with Sinfield, and Palmer's includes two covers of classical pieces by [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev") and Bach. One of the two group tracks, "[Fanfare for the Common Man](/wiki/Fanfare_for_the_Common_Man_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_song%29 "Fanfare for the Common Man (Emerson, Lake & Palmer song)")", is a cover of the same\-titled [orchestral piece](/wiki/Fanfare_for_the_Common_Man "Fanfare for the Common Man") by [Aaron Copland](/wiki/Aaron_Copland "Aaron Copland"), who gave permission to have the band release it. *Works Volume 1* was released in March 1977 and peaked at No. 9 in the UK and No. 12 in the US. A single of "Fanfare for the Common Man" was released and reached No. 2 in the UK, the band's highest charting UK single.{{Cite web\|title\=Artists\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/artists/emerson,\-lake\-\&\-palmer/\|access\-date\=25 February 2023\|website\=www.officialcharts.com}} In November 1977, *[Works Volume 2](/wiki/Works_Volume_2 "Works Volume 2")* was released as a compilation of shorter tracks recorded from 1973 to 1976 during various album recording sessions. The album was not as commercially successful as the band's previous albums; it reached No. 20 in the UK and No. 37 in the US. Three tracks from the album were released as singles: "[Tiger in a Spotlight](/wiki/Tiger_in_a_Spotlight "Tiger in a Spotlight")", "Maple Leaf Rag", and "Watching Over You".
[thumb\|left\|Palmer performing on the *Works* tour, in 1978](/wiki/File:Emerson_Lake_and_Palmer_three.jpg "Emerson Lake and Palmer three.jpg")
The two *Works* albums were supported by North American tours which lasted from May 1977 to February 1978, spanning over 120 dates.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=415}} The original plan was to have an orchestra on stage with the band each night, but the idea was dropped after 11 shows due to the high costs and difficulties with the orchestra unions. The 64\-piece orchestra and choir were formed from the 500 who auditioned for a position.{{Cite journal\|title\=Ladies and Gentlemen... Emerson, Lake \& Palmer (Part One)\|first\=Barbara\|last\=Charone\|date\=September 1977\|journal\=Gig\|url\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/77Tour.html\|access\-date\=12 December 2015\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090903/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/77Tour.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite magazine\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919213652/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/people.html\|url\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/people.html\|magazine\=People\|date\=1 August 1977\|title\=For a Song\|first\=Jim\|last\=Jerome\|access\-date\=17 December 2022\|archive\-date\=19 September 2015}} The orchestra was used two other times on the tour: for three dates at [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden") in New York City and the August 1977 show at the [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_%28Montreal%29 "Olympic Stadium (Montreal)") in Montreal that was attended by an estimated 78,000 people, the highest attended Emerson, Lake \& Palmer concert as a solo act.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=401}} The concert was filmed and released as a live album in 1979 entitled *[Emerson, Lake \& Palmer in Concert](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_in_Concert "Emerson, Lake & Palmer in Concert")* that reached No. 73 in the US. Emerson wished for a double album release, but Atlantic Records decided against it due to the band's pending dissolution at its time of release. In 1993, the album was repackaged with additional tracks as *Works Live*, and put out on video in 1998\.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=401}} Emerson later said that his insistence on the band using an orchestra was a mistake, but he was unwilling to tour without one. Lake looked back on this period as the beginning of the end of the group's original run.
### 1978–1979: *Love Beach* and first break\-up
After their 1977–78 tour, the band discussed their next move. Emerson recalled that in order for the group to continue, "we would have to do a lot of cutting down" and considered the possibility of producing music with just a piano, bass guitar, and drums.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=417}} As the group were contractually obliged to record one more studio album, the band relocated to Emerson's home near [Nassau](/wiki/Nassau%2C_Bahamas "Nassau, Bahamas") in the [Bahamas](/wiki/Bahamas "Bahamas") and recorded *[Love Beach](/wiki/Love_Beach "Love Beach")* at the nearby [Compass Point Studios](/wiki/Compass_Point_Studios "Compass Point Studios") in 1978\.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=237}} Lake did not carry out the production duties, leaving Emerson to complete the record on his own after his bandmates returned home when recording was complete.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=419}} The album has been dismissed by the band, who explained it was produced to fulfil a contractual obligation.{{cite video \|people\=Emerson Lake \& Palmer \|year\=2008 \|title\=Beyond The Beginning \|url\=http://www.emersonlakepalmer.com/beyondbegin\_press.htm \|medium\=DVD \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620063424/http://www.emersonlakepalmer.com/beyondbegin\_press.htm \|archive\-date\=20 June 2009 }} Sinfield is credited on the majority of the tracks as a lyricist except "Canario", an instrumental based on *[Fantasía para un gentilhombre](/wiki/Fantas%C3%ADa_para_un_gentilhombre "Fantasía para un gentilhombre")* by Spanish composer [Joaquín Rodrigo](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rodrigo "Joaquín Rodrigo"). The second side is taken up with "Memoirs of an Officer and a Gentleman", a four\-part 20\-minute track that tells a [coming of age](/wiki/Coming_of_age "Coming of age") story of a soldier during the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II")\-era.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=419}} Its cover is a photograph of the group at a beach off an island from [Salt Cay, Turks Islands](/wiki/Salt_Cay%2C_Turks_Islands "Salt Cay, Turks Islands"), "decked out as bare\-chested late\-seventies disco stars".{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=419}} Despite Emerson expressing his disapproval on the album's title and cover to Ertegun, neither was changed.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=419}}
*Love Beach* was released in November 1978 and was poorly received by the music press. "All I Want Is You" was released as a single in the UK, but failed to chart. It did sell enough to be certified gold in the US for 500,000 copies sold, in January 1979\. In early 1979, Palmer attempted to organise a farewell summer tour and have the group disband at its conclusion. Due to internal problems, such as "what we should play and how we should play it", the tour never materialised.{{sfn\|Macan\|2006\|p\=432}} The band made no announcement of their break\-up,{{cite news\|url\=https://elparchive.com/articles/1982\-01\-24%20Los%20Angeles%20Times.jpg\|title\=Greg Lake tests new solo wings\|first\=Dennis\|last\=Hunt\|date\=24 January 1982\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=16 December 2022}} and Palmer moved on by forming a band, PM, which released one album entitled *1PM*.{{cite web \|title\=Carl Palmer \|url\=http://www.emersonlakepalmer.com/CPBiography.html \|website\=Emerson, Lake \& Palmer \|access\-date\=24 July 2018 \|archive\-date\=23 November 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123233520/http://emersonlakepalmer.com/CPBiography.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
### 1985–1989: Related activity
In 1985, Emerson and Lake formed [Emerson, Lake \& Powell](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Powell "Emerson, Lake & Powell") with former [Rainbow](/wiki/Rainbow_%28rock_band%29 "Rainbow (rock band)") drummer [Cozy Powell](/wiki/Cozy_Powell "Cozy Powell"). Palmer declined to participate in a reunion as he was busy with commitments with [Asia](/wiki/Asia_%28band%29 "Asia (band)"). Rumours also linked [Bill Bruford](/wiki/Bill_Bruford "Bill Bruford") to their new line\-up, but he was committed to [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson "King Crimson") and [Earthworks](/wiki/Earthworks_%28band%29 "Earthworks (band)"). The group's only album, *[Emerson Lake \& Powell](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Powell_%28album%29 "Emerson, Lake & Powell (album)")*, was released in June 1986 and charted at No. 35 in the UK and No. 23 in the US. The single "Touch and Go" went to No. 60 in the US and No. 2 on the *Billboard* [Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 "Mainstream Rock (chart)") chart. The trio toured the album in 1986, playing material by the Nice and Emerson, Lake \& Palmer.
In 1988, Emerson and Palmer joined with [Robert Berry](/wiki/Robert_Berry "Robert Berry") to form the band [3](/wiki/3_%281980s_band%29 "3 (1980s band)"). They released an album, *[To the Power of Three](/wiki/To_the_Power_of_Three "To the Power of Three")*, in 1988\.
### 1990–1998: Re\-formation, *Black Moon*, *In the Hot Seat*, and second break\-up
In 1990, former [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records "Atlantic Records") executive [Phil Carson](/wiki/Phil_Carson "Phil Carson") approached Emerson, Lake \& Palmer to reunite and produce music for a proposed film. The project never developed, but the trio remained in London and started to come up with new musical ideas. The sessions were productive, with the band working as much as five to six days a week for three months, which convinced them to abandon soundtrack work in favour of putting out a new album.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114703212/elp\-1992/\|title\=Emerson Lake \& Palmer: 3 Men and a Reunion\|first\=Barbara\|last\=Jaeger\|date\=24 July 1992\|newspaper\=The Record\|page\=3\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date\=16 December 2022}} By mid\-1991, Carson had secured them with a two\-album deal with his new independent label, Victory Music.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114703997/elp\-1992/\|title\=Emerson Lake \& Palmer band together again\|first\=Chuck\|last\=Darrow\|date\=23 July 1992\|pages\=1D–2D\|newspaper\=Courier\-Post\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|access\-date\=16 December 2022\|archive\-date\=9 October 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009030726/https://www.newspapers.com/article/courier\-post\-elp\-1992/114703997/\|url\-status\=live}} Lake's voice had deepened by this point, and the band took greater care in the key that songs were written to better suit his vocals. They also utilised modern recording technology to complement the songs, including MIDI and digital sampling, which Palmer said kept their material fresh. Atlantic capitalised on the reunion by releasing *The Atlantic Years*, a two\-and\-a\-half hour compilation of their early material.
[thumb\|Emerson, Lake and Palmer performing in 1992](/wiki/File:Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_01.jpg "Emerson, Lake & Palmer 01.jpg")
*[Black Moon](/wiki/Black_Moon_%28album%29 "Black Moon (album)")* was released in July 1992; it peaked at No. 78 in the US but failed to chart in the UK. The group supported it with a world tour between July 1992 and April 1993, which included their first shows in England since 1974\. The concerts at London's [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall "Royal Albert Hall") were broadcast on BBC radio and released as a live album in 1993, entitled *[Live at the Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Live_at_the_Royal_Albert_Hall_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_and_Palmer_album%29 "Live at the Royal Albert Hall (Emerson, Lake and Palmer album)")*. The shows were also filmed and subsequently released on DVD. Later in 1993, Victory Music released *[The Return of the Manticore](/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Manticore "The Return of the Manticore")* a 4\-disc box set retrospective of the band's career and previously unreleased studio tracks, including a new studio recording of "Pictures at an Exhibition" in Dolby surround sound.
The band's final studio album, *[In the Hot Seat](/wiki/In_the_Hot_Seat "In the Hot Seat")*, was released in September 1994\. Victory Music was in financial trouble by this time, as albums by fellow label acts [Tin Machine](/wiki/Tin_Machine "Tin Machine") and [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 "Yes (band)") failed to generate strong enough sales, causing Victory and producer [Keith Olsen](/wiki/Keith_Olsen "Keith Olsen") to put pressure on Emerson to make a more commercially oriented album with the band.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=164}} When Emerson reluctantly agreed, Victory and Olsen brought in several individuals to assist in the songwriting; Olsen received a credit on four tracks and [Bill Wray](/wiki/Bill_Wray_%28composer%29 "Bill Wray (composer)") on two.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=165}} In the summer of 1994, the band cancelled an upcoming North American and Japanese tour, and the group split for a short period to pursue solo projects.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=166}} Emerson underwent surgery to correct a compressed nerve in his arm in October, which left him able to play at only half his previous capacity.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=171}} Palmer also had an operation to fix his [carpal tunnel syndrome](/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome "Carpal tunnel syndrome"). Initial plans to commemorate the band's 25th anniversary in 1995 were shelved. Following the demise of Victory Music, their back catalogue transferred to [Rhino Records](/wiki/Rhino_Records "Rhino Records").{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=173}}
Emerson and Palmer eventually recovered enough to start touring again from August 1996, beginning with a 33\-date US tour opening for [Jethro Tull](/wiki/Jethro_Tull_%28band%29 "Jethro Tull (band)"). This was followed by a Japanese tour in October, where the group played a full set.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=176}} In 1997, the band completed a 50\-date world tour.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=177}} It is noted for Emerson's [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ "Hammond organ") catching fire during the show in Boston. The remains were donated to the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame").{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=177}} In May 1998, Lake's manager announced that the band had started work on a new studio album. This was followed by a North American tour in August as openers for [Deep Purple](/wiki/Deep_Purple "Deep Purple") and [Dream Theater](/wiki/Dream_Theater "Dream Theater"), which included the "Tarkus" suite performed in its entirety for the first time since 1974\.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=178}} After the tour, friction arose within the group as Lake wanted to relinquish his role as producer on the new album, and blamed the band's recent creative lull on this fact. Emerson and Palmer were against the idea, and claimed Lake had not presented any tangible material for them to work on despite knowing he was collecting ideas for a solo album. The rift resulted in the trio's split by the end of 1998, and a tour booked for the spring of 1999 was cancelled.{{sfn\|Forrester\|Hanson\|Askew\|2001\|p\=178}}
### 2010–present: 40th anniversary concert, deaths of Emerson and Lake, and aftermath
In April and May 2010, Emerson and Lake embarked on a North American tour with stripped\-down versions of Emerson, Lake \& Palmer, the Nice, and King Crimson songs. It originated when the pair got together at Lake's home studio earlier in the year to write new songs. When they stopped for a break, they occasionally played an Emerson, Lake \& Palmer song which led to the idea of recreating it on stage as it gave the songs a different feel to the originals. Later in 2010, the 4\-CD box set *[A Time and a Place](/wiki/A_Time_and_a_Place "A Time and a Place")* was released that features live tracks from 1970 to 1998\. Two archival concerts followed in 2011: *[Live at Nassau Coliseum '78](/wiki/Live_at_Nassau_Coliseum_%2778 "Live at Nassau Coliseum '78")* and *[Live at the Mar Y Sol Festival '72](/wiki/Live_at_the_Mar_Y_Sol_Festival_%2772 "Live at the Mar Y Sol Festival '72")*.{{cite web \|last\=Adams \|first\=Bret \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/live\-at\-the\-mar\-y\-sol\-festival\-72\-r2322205 \|title\=Live at the Mar y Sol Festival '72 – Emerson, Lake \& Palmer \|website\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=28 March 2012 \|archive\-date\=31 December 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231023614/http://allmusic.com/album/live\-at\-the\-mar\-y\-sol\-festival\-72\-r2322205 \|url\-status\=live }}
In September 2009, Palmer announced that the band had planned to reform earlier in the year, but it had to be pushed back for Emerson to receive medical attention on one of his hands.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.business\-live.co.uk/retail\-consumer/emerson\-lake\-palmer\-planning\-reunion\-3940027\|title\=Emerson, Lake and Palmer planning reunion tour\|publisher\=Business Live\|first\=Tony\|last\=Collins\|date\=18 September 2009\|access\-date\=19 December 2022}} The three got together for a one\-off concert for their 40th anniversary, headlining the [High Voltage Festival](/wiki/High_Voltage_Festival "High Voltage Festival") at London's [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_London "Victoria Park, London") on 25 July 2010\. The show was recorded and filmed; a live album was released as *[High Voltage](/wiki/High_Voltage_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_album%29 "High Voltage (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)")*. The DVD and Blu\-ray of the concert followed in August 2011, which also contained a documentary on the band's career.{{cite web\|url\=http://audaud.com/2011/11/emerson\-lake\-and\-palmer%E2%80%A6welcome\-back\-my\-friends\-40th\-anniversary\-reunion\-concert/ \|title\=Emerson, Lake \& Palmer... Welcome Back My Friends: 40th Anniversary Reunion Concert (2010/2011\) – Audiophile Audition \|publisher\=Audaud.com \|access\-date\=28 March 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406104527/http://audaud.com/2011/11/emerson\-lake\-and\-palmer%E2%80%A6welcome\-back\-my\-friends\-40th\-anniversary\-reunion\-concert/ \|archive\-date\=6 April 2012 }} Lake said that despite the band having "tremendous technical problems" on stage and struggled at points, the audience were enthusiastic and people enjoyed their performance.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.innerviews.org/inner/lake.html\|title\=Greg Lake: New Perspectives\|publisher\=Innerviews\|first\=Anil\|last\=Prasad\|date\=2011\|access\-date\=19 December 2022\|archive\-date\=9 October 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009030754/https://www.innerviews.org/inner/lake\-1\|url\-status\=live}} Palmer held a more critical view, and said the group rehearsed for five weeks before the show, which he initially considered excessive, but upon hearing the recording, "maybe five weeks was not long enough. It wasn't to the standard that I liked and I didn't think it sounded that good."{{cite web\|url\=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/carl\-palmer\-2010\-elp\-reunion/\|title\=Carl Palmer says failed 2010 show killed chances for larger ELP reunion\|publisher\=Ultimate Classic Rock\|first\=Nick\|last\=DeRiso\|date\=11 April 2013\|access\-date\=19 December 2022}}
Following their 2010 reunion, the band expressed differing opinions regarding their future. In early 2010, Emerson and Lake had not ruled out further Emerson, Lake \& Palmer concerts or the possibility of a new studio album; the former said: "I see no reason why we shouldn't be doing more."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cleveland.com/popmusic/2010/03/keith\_emerson\_and\_greg\_lake\_la.html\|title\=Keith Emerson and Greg Lake launch two\-man tour Thursday, April 1, at Lakewood Civic Auditorium\|publisher\=Cleveland.com\|first\=John\|last\=Soeder\|date\=25 March 2010\|access\-date\=19 December 2022\|archive\-date\=19 December 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219180058/https://www.cleveland.com/popmusic/2010/03/keith\_emerson\_and\_greg\_lake\_la.html\|url\-status\=live}} In 2011, Lake said that Emerson and he were open to the idea of more group activity, but acknowledged Palmer's more negative comments to the press shortly before the 40th anniversary concert. Lake said: "I don't know why Carl has a propensity to dwell on negative issues... Keith and I have had our differences over the years, but we've certainly put them behind us and just forgot about them... I'm waiting for Carl to reach the point of wisdom in his life when he realises that carrying around grudges from the past is pointless." In 2012, Lake was unsure that a reunion could take place: "I doubt very much it will happen because I don't think Carl and Keith are in that same frame of mind."{{cite web\|url\=https://vintagerock.com/the\-greg\-lake\-interview\-2012/\|title\=The Greg Lake Interview (2012\)\|first\=Shawn\|last\=Perry\|date\=2012\|publisher\=Vintage Rock\|access\-date\=19 December 2022\|archive\-date\=19 December 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219191604/https://vintagerock.com/the\-greg\-lake\-interview\-2012/\|url\-status\=live}} In 2013, Palmer revealed that he put a stop on further group plans.
In December 2010, Emerson, Lake \& Palmer signed a worldwide licensing deal with [Sony Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment "Sony Music Entertainment").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.classicrockmagazine.com/news/elp\-sign\-major\-new\-deal/ \|title\=ELP Sign Major New Deal \|work\=Classic Rock Magazine \|date\=11 December 2010 \|access\-date\=9 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215002748/http://www.classicrockmagazine.com/news/elp\-sign\-major\-new\-deal/ \|archive\-date\=15 December 2010 }} In 2012, they secured a new back catalogue agreement with American\-based [Razor \& Tie](/wiki/Razor_%26_Tie "Razor & Tie"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.razorandtie.com/news/legendary\-prog\-rockers\-emerson\-lake\-palmer\-razor\-tie\-announce\-exclusive\-new\-catalog\-partnership/ \|title\=Legendary Prog Rockers Emerson, Lake \& Palmer and Razor \& Tie Announce Exclusive New Catalog Partner \|publisher\=RazorandTie.com \|date\=21 February 2012 \|access\-date\=25 February 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225051917/http://www.razorandtie.com/news/legendary\-prog\-rockers\-emerson\-lake\-palmer\-razor\-tie\-announce\-exclusive\-new\-catalog\-partnership \|archive\-date\=25 February 2012 }} and acquired a worldwide catalogue distribution deal with [BMG Rights Management](/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management "BMG Rights Management") three years later.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/bmg\-signs\-emerson\-lake\-palmer\-global\-catalogue\-deal/\|title\=BMG signs Emerson, Lake \& Palmer global catalogue deal – Music Business Worldwide\|date\=25 November 2015\|access\-date\=27 November 2015\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092401/http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/bmg\-signs\-emerson\-lake\-palmer\-global\-catalogue\-deal/\|url\-status\=live}}
On 11 March 2016, Emerson died by suicide from a self\-inflicted gunshot wound to his head.{{cite web\|last1\=Savage\|first1\=Mark\|title\=Keith Emerson's death ruled suicide\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-35806414\|website\=BBC News\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=15 March 2016 \|access\-date\=15 March 2016 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315142625/http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment\-arts\-35806414 \|archive\-date\=15 March 2016}} On 7 December, Lake died from cancer.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/arts/music/greg\-lake\-dies.html?\_r\=0 \|title\=Greg Lake, of King Crimson and Emerson, Lake and Palmer, Dies at 69 \|first\=William \|last\=Grimes \|author\-link\=William Grimes (journalist) \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=8 December 2016 \|access\-date\=4 March 2022 \|archive\-date\=7 February 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207031610/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/arts/music/greg\-lake\-dies.html?\_r\=0 \|url\-status\=live }}
In October 2021, Rocket 88 Books released *Emerson, Lake \& Palmer*, the first official book about the band that was made in co\-operation with Palmer and Emerson and Lake's families, with Palmer as executive editor. It was available in three editions, Classic, Signature, and Ultimate, all containing rare and previously unpublished interviews and photographs.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.loudersound.com/news/watch\-carl\-palmer\-unbox\-the\-elp\-book\-in\-new\-video\|title\=Watch Carl Palmer unbox the ELP book in new video\|first\=Jerry\|last\=Ewing\|date\=28 October 2021\|publisher\=Loudersound\|access\-date\=21 December 2022\|archive\-date\=9 October 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009030834/https://www.loudersound.com/news/watch\-carl\-palmer\-unbox\-the\-elp\-book\-in\-new\-video\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1969–1970: Formation and first gigs",
"By the end of 1969, [the Nice](/wiki/The_Nice \"The Nice\") keyboardist [Keith Emerson](/wiki/Keith_Emerson \"Keith Emerson\") and [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson \"King Crimson\") bassist/vocalist [Greg Lake](/wiki/Greg_Lake \"Greg Lake\") were looking to leave their respective groups and form a new band. The pair first met in New York City and discussed the possibility of forming one together; they met again in December 1969 when the Nice and King Crimson were billed together for concerts at the [Fillmore West](/wiki/Fillmore_West \"Fillmore West\") in San Francisco. During a [soundcheck](/wiki/Soundcheck \"Soundcheck\") before one of the shows, Emerson described the first time he and Lake played together: \"Greg was moving a bass line and I played the piano in back and Zap! It was there.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archive.classicrockmagazine.com/view/may\\_2002/55/welcome\\-back\\-my\\-friends \\|title\\=Welcome back my friends\\|page\\=55\\|work\\=Classic Rock Magazine\\|date\\=May 2002\\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2012 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=December 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} When the Nice split in March 1970 and Lake left King Crimson a month later, the pair began the search for a drummer, which turned out to be a difficult process.{{cite magazine\\|title\\=Emerson, Lake and Palmer – the group most likely to\\|first\\=Nick\\|last\\=Logan\\|magazine\\=New Musical Express\\|date\\=13 June 1970}} They initially approached [Mitch Mitchell](/wiki/Mitch_Mitchell \"Mitch Mitchell\"), who was at a loose end following the break\\-up of [the Jimi Hendrix Experience](/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience \"The Jimi Hendrix Experience\") and suggested a jam session take place among the three of them and guitarist [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix \"Jimi Hendrix\"). The session never happened, but it caused the press to report rumours of a planned [supergroup](/wiki/Supergroup_%28music%29 \"Supergroup (music)\") named HELP, an acronym for \"Hendrix Emerson Lake Palmer\", which Lake later debunked.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2012/05/greg\\_lake\\_elp\\_jimi\\_hendrix\\_prog\\_rock.php?page\\=2\\|title\\=Greg Lake Is Not a Fan of 'Progressive Rock'\\|last\\=Woodbury\\|first\\=Jason P.\\|date\\=10 May 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[Phoenix New Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105617/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2012/05/greg\\_lake\\_elp\\_jimi\\_hendrix\\_prog\\_rock.php?page\\=2\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} As part of auditions for drummers at a studio by [Soho Square](/wiki/Soho_Square \"Soho Square\"),{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v248/texasrose455/LOTL/marksykes/ELP\\_027\\.jpg\\|title\\=Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer\\|date\\=c. 1971\\|first\\=Penny\\|last\\=Valentine\\|journal\\=Unknown\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2016}} Emerson's manager, [Tony Stratton Smith](/wiki/Tony_Stratton_Smith \"Tony Stratton Smith\"), suggested [Carl Palmer](/wiki/Carl_Palmer \"Carl Palmer\") of [Atomic Rooster](/wiki/Atomic_Rooster \"Atomic Rooster\") and previously [the Crazy World of Arthur Brown](/wiki/The_Crazy_World_of_Arthur_Brown \"The Crazy World of Arthur Brown\").{{cite journal\\|title\\=Welcome to the show! Emerson, Lake and Palmer – In their own words\\|first\\=Russell\\|last\\=Hall\\|date\\=6 December 1996\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=427\\|journal\\=Goldmine\\|url\\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/Goldmine.html\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926103936/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/Goldmine.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Palmer turned up for a session and enjoyed the chemistry, but was reluctant to commit as Atomic Rooster were starting to gain attention in Europe. Emerson and Lake persisted, and after several weeks Palmer agreed to join.",
"The three named themselves Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer to remove the focus on Emerson as the most famous of the three, and to ensure that they were not called the \"new Nice\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/beetle.html\\|title\\=Beetle interview with Robert Bowman\\|publisher\\=ladiesofthelake.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904024635/http://www.ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/beetle.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Triton was a name that Emerson said \"was buzzing around\" for a little while,{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/MM.html\\|title\\=Emerson, Lake, Palmer—an MM special preview\\|date\\=30 May 1970\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Welch\\|newspaper\\=Melody Maker\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2016}} and Triumvirate and Seahorse were also in contention.Extended version of Emerson Lake and Palmer's documentary from their 40th Anniversary Concert DVD – 8m23s They moved to [Island Studios](/wiki/Island_Studios \"Island Studios\") in [Notting Hill](/wiki/Notting_Hill \"Notting Hill\") to rehearse and form a live set. Most of the numbers were rock adaptations and arrangements of classical pieces, including: *[Allegro barbaro](/wiki/Allegro_barbaro_%28Bart%C3%B3k%29 \"Allegro barbaro (Bartók)\")* by [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k \"Béla Bartók\") entitled \"[The Barbarian](/wiki/The_Barbarian_%28song%29 \"The Barbarian (song)\")\", the jazz standard \"[Blue Rondo à la Turk](/wiki/Blue_Rondo_%C3%A0_la_Turk \"Blue Rondo à la Turk\")\" by [Dave Brubeck](/wiki/Dave_Brubeck \"Dave Brubeck\") entitled \"Rondo\" that Emerson had recorded with the Nice, \"[Nut Rocker](/wiki/Nut_Rocker \"Nut Rocker\")\" as an encore,{{cite AV media notes\\|title\\=Live at the Isle of Wight 1970\\|publisher\\=Manticore Records\\|date\\=1997\\|id\\=M\\-CD\\-101}} and *[Pictures at an Exhibition](/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition \"Pictures at an Exhibition\")* by [Modest Mussorgsky](/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky \"Modest Mussorgsky\") that Emerson wanted to do after seeing it performed by an orchestra.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=175}} An original song from Lake, \"[Take a Pebble](/wiki/Take_a_Pebble \"Take a Pebble\")\", was also worked out. The group wished to enhance their live act, and spent £9,000 on a sound mixer and £4,000 on a [Moog modular synthesizer](/wiki/Moog_modular_synthesizer \"Moog modular synthesizer\") imported from America that was adapted for better performance on stage.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The group's second gig was at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/File:1970-Isle_of_Wight_Festival-_5.JPG \"1970-Isle of Wight Festival- 5.JPG\")\nThe trio's first live gig followed at [Plymouth Guildhall](/wiki/Plymouth_Guildhall \"Plymouth Guildhall\") on 23 August 1970, supported by Earth, a local band.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fetherston.tripod.com/tours.html\\|title\\=ELP Tour Details 1970–78\\|publisher\\=fetherston.tripod.com\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asahi\\-net.or.jp/\\~rm2t\\-smt/html/elp\\-tour.htm\\#anchor72336\\|title\\=Tour Date List\\|publisher\\=asahi\\-net.or.jp\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2012}}{{sfn\\|Van der Kiste\\|2012\\|p\\=248}} They travelled to the venue in a transit van previously owned by fellow [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\") band [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 \"Yes (band)\"), and were paid around £400 for the gig.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/ex\\-elp\\-drummer\\-carl\\-recalls\\-debut\\-guildhall/story\\-16000108\\-detail/story.html\\|title\\=Ex\\-ELP drummer Carl recalls debut show at Guildhall\\|date\\=4 May 2012\\|work\\=Plymouth Herald\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2016}}{{dead link\\|date\\=March 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kentnews.co.uk/entertainment/carl\\_palmer\\_lord\\_of\\_the\\_drums\\_1\\_1383516\\|title\\=Carl Palmer – Lord of the drums\\|publisher\\=Kent News\\|first\\=Nick\\|last\\=Ames\\|date\\=21 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152654/http://www.kentnews.co.uk/entertainment/carl\\_palmer\\_lord\\_of\\_the\\_drums\\_1\\_1383516\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} A small venue outside London was deliberately chosen in case the concert was a failure, but the concert was well received.{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v248/texasrose455/LOTL/marksykes/ELP\\_028\\.jpg\\|title\\=Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer\\|date\\=c. 1971\\|first\\=Penny\\|last\\=Valentine\\|journal\\=Unknown\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220222015/http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v248/texasrose455/LOTL/marksykes/ELP\\_028\\.jpg\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Their second gig took place on 29 August with a set at the [Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970 \"Isle of Wight Festival 1970\") which was attended by an estimated 600,000 people and drew considerable attention from the public and music press. At the end of \"Pictures at an Exhibition\", the band fired two cannons that Emerson had tested in a field near [Heathrow Airport](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport \"Heathrow Airport\").",
"The success of the group's debut, as well as Lake's prior association with King Crimson, led to the band signing management and recording contracts with [E.G. Records](/wiki/E.G._Records \"E.G. Records\"), who distributed their records through [Island](/wiki/Island_Records \"Island Records\") in the UK and [Cotillion](/wiki/Cotillion_Records \"Cotillion Records\"), a subsidiary of [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records \"Atlantic Records\"), in North America. Emerson believed that Atlantic's chief and co\\-founder [Ahmet Ertegun](/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun \"Ahmet Ertegun\") agreed to take the band on \"because we could sell out 20,000\\-seaters before we even had a record out. That was enough for him to think that a lot of people would go out and buy the record when it did come out.\"",
"### 1970–1971: Debut album, *Tarkus*, and *Pictures at an Exhibition*",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Emerson performing in 1977](/wiki/File:Emerson_Lake_and_Palmer_two.jpg \"Emerson Lake and Palmer two.jpg\")\nIn the months surrounding their debut gigs, the band recorded their first album, *[Emerson Lake \\& Palmer](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_%28album%29 \"Emerson, Lake & Palmer (album)\")*, at [Advision Studios](/wiki/Advision_Studios \"Advision Studios\"). Lake took on the role of producer, which he had also done in King Crimson, with [Eddy Offord](/wiki/Eddy_Offord \"Eddy Offord\") as their engineer. The album included studio versions of \"The Barbarian\" and \"Take a Pebble\", \"[Knife\\-Edge](/wiki/Knife-Edge_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_song%29 \"Knife-Edge (Emerson, Lake & Palmer song)\")\", based on the first movement of *[Sinfonietta](/wiki/Sinfonietta_%28Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%29 \"Sinfonietta (Janáček)\")* by [Leoš Janáček](/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek \"Leoš Janáček\") and the [Allemande](/wiki/Allemande \"Allemande\") of [French Suite No. 1 in D minor](/wiki/French_Suites_%28Bach%29%23Structure \"French Suites (Bach)#Structure\") by [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\"), Palmer's drum solo \"[Tank](/wiki/Tank_%28song%29 \"Tank (song)\")\", the three\\-part \"The Three Fates\", and \"[Lucky Man](/wiki/Lucky_Man_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_song%29 \"Lucky Man (Emerson, Lake & Palmer song)\")\", an acoustic ballad that Lake wrote when he was twelve.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/song/t1538224\\|title\\=AllMusic Review of Lucky Man\\|website\\=AllMusic\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=14 March 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314101214/http://www.allmusic.com/song/t1538224\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album was released in the UK in November 1970, and reached No. 4 in the UK and No. 18 in the US. \"Lucky Man\" was released as a single that peaked at No. 48 in the US.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/emerson\\-lake\\-palmer\\-p4186/charts\\-awards/billboard\\-singles\\|title\\=Billboard Hot 100\\|website\\=AllMusic\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210122632/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/emerson\\-lake\\-palmer\\-p4186/charts\\-awards/billboard\\-singles\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"From September 1970 to March 1971, the band completed their first concert tour with shows across the UK, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Emerson used a large [Moog modular synthesizer](/wiki/Moog_modular%23Models \"Moog modular#Models\") on stage but it was unreliable as heat affected its sound.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.popeye\\-x.com/tech/willalexander.htm\\|title\\=On'Board with Keith Emerson\\|publisher\\=popeye\\-x.com\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2012}}\"Bob Moog told Keith that it would never work live and that he was out of his mind for trying to take it out on the road.\" Their performance on 9 December 1970 at the [Lyceum Theatre](/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre%2C_London \"Lyceum Theatre, London\") in London was filmed and released in UK theatres in 1972 with added psychedelic effects including characters from [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics \"Marvel Comics\").{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=137}}",
"During a break in their first tour in January 1971, Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer returned to Advision Studios with Offord to record their second album, *[Tarkus](/wiki/Tarkus \"Tarkus\")*. Friction between Emerson and Lake during the early recording sessions almost caused the group to disband as Lake disliked the material that Emerson was writing. Following a meeting with the band and management, Lake agreed to write his own songs and continue recording.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=143}} The album was recorded in six days.{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/disc71\\.html\\|title\\=ELP, they're all absolutely shattered!\\|date\\=10 July 1971\\|first\\=Roy\\|last\\=Shipston\\|journal\\=Disc and Music Echo\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=5 April 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405125433/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/disc71\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album's first side is occupied by the 20\\-minute [title track](/wiki/Tarkus_%28song%29 \"Tarkus (song)\"), a seven\\-part song based on reverse evolution that was recorded in four days. Its [cover art](/wiki/Cover_art \"Cover art\") was designed by painter and graphic designer [William Neal](/wiki/William_Neal \"William Neal\"). *Tarkus* was released in June 1971 and was a commercial success, reaching No. 1 in the UK and No. 9 in the US. The band resumed touring with their first North American tour, starting 24 April 1971 at [Thiel College](/wiki/Thiel_College \"Thiel College\") in [Greenville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Greenville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Greenville, Pennsylvania\"),{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=170}} and continued until the end of May. Further dates across Europe followed until the end of the year.",
"The band's third album, *[Pictures at an Exhibition](/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_album%29 \"Pictures at an Exhibition (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)\")*, was released as a budget album in the UK in November 1971\\. It features their version of the Mussorgsky suite performed live at [Newcastle City Hall](/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall \"Newcastle City Hall\") on 26 March 1971 plus the concert's encore, \"Nut Rocker\".{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=137}} It was to be released before *Tarkus*, but the group delayed its release on purpose to show the music press and public that they could write their own songs, and were not merely \"the band that did classical music\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/beetle.html\\|title\\=Lucky Men\\|first\\=Robert\\|last\\=Bowman\\|magazine\\=Beetle\\|date\\=1974\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2016}} Atlantic Records declined to release it in the US, claiming it would not sell or receive any radio airplay because of its classical orientation and offered to release it on its sister label [Nonesuch Records](/wiki/Nonesuch_Records \"Nonesuch Records\") which handled budget, classical, and avant\\-garde albums. The band refused until Island imported 250,000 copies into the US which quickly sold, helped by radio DJ [Scott Muni](/wiki/Scott_Muni \"Scott Muni\") playing the entire album on [WNEW\\-FM](/wiki/WNEW-FM \"WNEW-FM\") in New York City. The strong response prompted Atlantic to release it through Cotillion at a full price in January 1972\\. The album peaked at No. 3 in the UK and No. 10 in the US.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=173}}",
"### 1971–1974: *Trilogy* and *Brain Salad Surgery*",
"*[Trilogy](/wiki/Trilogy_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_album%29 \"Trilogy (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)\")*, the band's third studio album, was recorded at Advision Studios with Offord between October 1971 and January 1972\\.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=199}} Its cover art was designed by [Storm Thorgerson](/wiki/Storm_Thorgerson \"Storm Thorgerson\") and [Aubrey Powell](/wiki/Aubrey_Powell_%28designer%29 \"Aubrey Powell (designer)\") of [Hipgnosis](/wiki/Hipgnosis \"Hipgnosis\").{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=200}} \"Hoedown\" is an adaptation of *Rodeo* by [Aaron Copland](/wiki/Aaron_Copland \"Aaron Copland\"). Released in July 1972, *Trilogy* reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 5 in the US. \"[From the Beginning](/wiki/From_the_Beginning_%28song%29 \"From the Beginning (song)\")\", an acoustic ballad featuring an extended synthesizer solo, was released as a single which reached No. 39 in the US.{{cite magazine\\|url\\={{BillboardURLbyName\\|artist\\=emerson, lake \\& palmer\\|chart\\=all}}\\|title\\=ELP USA chart history\\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2012}} Lake has picked *Trilogy* as his favourite studio album by the band.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vintagerock.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1305%3Athe\\-greg\\-lake\\-interview\\-2012\\&catid\\=3%3Ainterviews\\&Itemid\\=4\\|title\\=Vintage Rock Interview with Greg Lake\\|publisher\\=vintagerock.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2012\\|quote\\=I do like Trilogy. It is my favorite ELP album. It couldn't be anyone else. It truly is a definitive album. It is the very best of ELP in a way. It's got flashes of all the best things of what we were.\\|archive\\-date\\=2 August 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162602/http://www.vintagerock.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1305%3Athe\\-greg\\-lake\\-interview\\-2012\\&catid\\=3%3Ainterviews\\&Itemid\\=4\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album was supported with a North American tour in March and April 1972 which included a spot at the [Mar y Sol Pop Festival](/wiki/Mar_y_Sol_Pop_Festival \"Mar y Sol Pop Festival\") in [Manatí](/wiki/Manat%C3%AD%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Manatí, Puerto Rico\"), Puerto Rico on 3 April.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=237}} Following dates across Europe, including their first in Italy, the band performed at the [Concert 10](/wiki/Concert_10 \"Concert 10\") Festival at [Pocono International Raceway](/wiki/Pocono_International_Raceway \"Pocono International Raceway\") in [Long Pond, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Long_Pond%2C_Pennsylvania \"Long Pond, Pennsylvania\"), on 9 July 1972\\. This was followed by their first dates in Japan where a riot broke out during the show in Osaka, causing the power to be cut and the group fleeing the stage.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|pp\\=237–238}}",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Band logo designed by [H. R. Giger](/wiki/H._R._Giger \"H. R. Giger\"), introduced in 1973](/wiki/Image:Logo-Emerson%2C_Lake_and_Palmer.svg \"Logo-Emerson, Lake and Palmer.svg\")\nIn early 1973, the band formed their own record label, [Manticore Records](/wiki/Manticore_Records \"Manticore Records\"), and purchased an abandoned cinema as their own rehearsal hall in [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham \"Fulham\"), London. In June 1973, Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer began recording *[Brain Salad Surgery](/wiki/Brain_Salad_Surgery \"Brain Salad Surgery\")* in London at Advision and [Olympic Studios](/wiki/Olympic_Studios \"Olympic Studios\") which lasted until September that year. Offord was not present for the recording sessions as he was working with [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 \"Yes (band)\"), leaving engineering and mixing duties to [Chris Kimsey](/wiki/Chris_Kimsey \"Chris Kimsey\") and Geoff Young. Lake wrote the album's lyrics with [Peter Sinfield](/wiki/Peter_Sinfield \"Peter Sinfield\") and its sleeve was designed by [H. R. Giger](/wiki/H._R._Giger \"H. R. Giger\") and includes the band's new logo. Formed of five tracks, the album includes a rendition of \"[Jerusalem](/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time%23Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_version \"And did those feet in ancient time#Emerson, Lake & Palmer version\")\" which features the debut of the [Moog Apollo](/wiki/Moog_Apollo \"Moog Apollo\"), a prototype [polyphonic synthesizer](/wiki/Polyphonic_synthesizer \"Polyphonic synthesizer\"). \"Toccata\" is a cover of the fourth movement of Piano Concerto No. 1 by Argentine composer [Alberto Ginastera](/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera \"Alberto Ginastera\") and contains synthesised percussion in the form of an acoustic drum kit fitted with pick\\-ups that triggered electronic sounds. The 29\\-minute track \"[Karn Evil 9](/wiki/Karn_Evil_9 \"Karn Evil 9\")\" is the longest song recorded by the group. *Brain Salad Surgery* was released in November 1973 and reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 11 in the US.",
"From November 1973 to August 1974, the band toured North America and Europe which saw them carry almost 40 tons of equipment.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=Welcome back my friends to the show that...\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Johnson\\|journal\\=NME\\|date\\=27 April 1974\\|url\\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/nme74\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109120557/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/nme74\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 6 April 1974, the band headlined the inaugural [California Jam Festival](/wiki/California_Jam \"California Jam\") at the [Ontario Motor Speedway](/wiki/Ontario_Motor_Speedway \"Ontario Motor Speedway\"), California, to an attendance of 250,000 people. The show was filmed and broadcast across the US.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://donbranker.com/?q\\=node/11\\|title\\=Don Branker\\|publisher\\=donbranker.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116034531/http://donbranker.com/?q\\=node%2F11\\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} These shows exhibited a mix of virtuoso musicianship and over\\-the\\-top performances which some criticised as excessive, such as Emerson playing a piano as it spun, suspended, end\\-over\\-end; Palmer playing on a rotating drum platform; and Emerson throwing a Hammond organ around the stage to create [feedback](/wiki/Guitar_feedback \"Guitar feedback\"). Emerson often used a knife, given to him by [Lemmy Kilmister](/wiki/Lemmy \"Lemmy\"), who had roadied for the Nice, to force the keys on the organ to stay down.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/lemmy\\_kilmister/biography.php\\|title\\=Lemmy Kilmister Biography\\|publisher\\=rottentomatoes.com\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815084811/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/lemmy\\_kilmister/biography.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\"According to Keith Emerson as written in his autobiography, two of Lemmy's Hitlerjugend knives were gifted to Keith Emerson himself during Lemmy's time spent as a roadie for the Nice. Emerson used these knives many times as \"keyholders\" during his famous wrestling sessions with the Hammond Organ during the shows with the Nice and Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer.\" The tour was one of the top concert draws during for the 1973–1974 period.{{cite book \\|last\\=Stump \\|first\\=Paul \\|title\\=The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=Quartet Books Limited \\|isbn\\=0\\-7043\\-8036\\-6 \\|page\\=184}} Performances from Anaheim, California, were documented in the live album, *[Welcome Back, My Friends, to the Show That Never Ends \\~ Ladies and Gentlemen](/wiki/Welcome_Back%2C_My_Friends%2C_to_the_Show_That_Never_Ends_~_Ladies_and_Gentlemen \"Welcome Back, My Friends, to the Show That Never Ends ~ Ladies and Gentlemen\")*, released in August 1974 as a [triple LP](/wiki/Triple_album \"Triple album\"). The album peaked at No. 5 in the UK and No. 4 in the US.",
"### 1974–1978: Hiatus and *Works*",
"After touring in 1974, the band took an extended break. The three members bought homes overseas and became [tax exiles](/wiki/Tax_exile \"Tax exile\") in the process, but Emerson suffered a setback in 1975 when his Sussex home burned down and lost most of his possessions. The ordeal left him depressed, and he later credited his bandmates in helping him recover from drug misuse.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=98}}",
"They regrouped in 1976 to record *[Works Volume 1](/wiki/Works_Volume_1 \"Works Volume 1\")* at [Mountain Studios](/wiki/Mountain_Studios \"Mountain Studios\") in [Montreux](/wiki/Montreux \"Montreux\"), Switzerland and [EMI Studios](/wiki/EMI_Studios \"EMI Studios\") in Paris, France. It is a double album with one side of an LP containing songs by each member and a fourth of group material. Much of the album was recorded with an orchestral accompaniment; Emerson's side consists of his 18\\-minute, three\\-movement \"[Piano Concerto No. 1](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_%28Emerson%29 \"Piano Concerto No. 1 (Emerson)\")\". Lake contributed five songs he co\\-wrote with Sinfield, and Palmer's includes two covers of classical pieces by [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\") and Bach. One of the two group tracks, \"[Fanfare for the Common Man](/wiki/Fanfare_for_the_Common_Man_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_song%29 \"Fanfare for the Common Man (Emerson, Lake & Palmer song)\")\", is a cover of the same\\-titled [orchestral piece](/wiki/Fanfare_for_the_Common_Man \"Fanfare for the Common Man\") by [Aaron Copland](/wiki/Aaron_Copland \"Aaron Copland\"), who gave permission to have the band release it. *Works Volume 1* was released in March 1977 and peaked at No. 9 in the UK and No. 12 in the US. A single of \"Fanfare for the Common Man\" was released and reached No. 2 in the UK, the band's highest charting UK single.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Artists\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/artists/emerson,\\-lake\\-\\&\\-palmer/\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2023\\|website\\=www.officialcharts.com}} In November 1977, *[Works Volume 2](/wiki/Works_Volume_2 \"Works Volume 2\")* was released as a compilation of shorter tracks recorded from 1973 to 1976 during various album recording sessions. The album was not as commercially successful as the band's previous albums; it reached No. 20 in the UK and No. 37 in the US. Three tracks from the album were released as singles: \"[Tiger in a Spotlight](/wiki/Tiger_in_a_Spotlight \"Tiger in a Spotlight\")\", \"Maple Leaf Rag\", and \"Watching Over You\".",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Palmer performing on the *Works* tour, in 1978](/wiki/File:Emerson_Lake_and_Palmer_three.jpg \"Emerson Lake and Palmer three.jpg\")\nThe two *Works* albums were supported by North American tours which lasted from May 1977 to February 1978, spanning over 120 dates.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=415}} The original plan was to have an orchestra on stage with the band each night, but the idea was dropped after 11 shows due to the high costs and difficulties with the orchestra unions. The 64\\-piece orchestra and choir were formed from the 500 who auditioned for a position.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=Ladies and Gentlemen... Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer (Part One)\\|first\\=Barbara\\|last\\=Charone\\|date\\=September 1977\\|journal\\=Gig\\|url\\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/77Tour.html\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090903/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/77Tour.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite magazine\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919213652/http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/people.html\\|url\\=http://ladiesofthelake.com/cabinet/people.html\\|magazine\\=People\\|date\\=1 August 1977\\|title\\=For a Song\\|first\\=Jim\\|last\\=Jerome\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2015}} The orchestra was used two other times on the tour: for three dates at [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\") in New York City and the August 1977 show at the [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_%28Montreal%29 \"Olympic Stadium (Montreal)\") in Montreal that was attended by an estimated 78,000 people, the highest attended Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer concert as a solo act.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=401}} The concert was filmed and released as a live album in 1979 entitled *[Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer in Concert](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_in_Concert \"Emerson, Lake & Palmer in Concert\")* that reached No. 73 in the US. Emerson wished for a double album release, but Atlantic Records decided against it due to the band's pending dissolution at its time of release. In 1993, the album was repackaged with additional tracks as *Works Live*, and put out on video in 1998\\.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=401}} Emerson later said that his insistence on the band using an orchestra was a mistake, but he was unwilling to tour without one. Lake looked back on this period as the beginning of the end of the group's original run.",
"### 1978–1979: *Love Beach* and first break\\-up",
"After their 1977–78 tour, the band discussed their next move. Emerson recalled that in order for the group to continue, \"we would have to do a lot of cutting down\" and considered the possibility of producing music with just a piano, bass guitar, and drums.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=417}} As the group were contractually obliged to record one more studio album, the band relocated to Emerson's home near [Nassau](/wiki/Nassau%2C_Bahamas \"Nassau, Bahamas\") in the [Bahamas](/wiki/Bahamas \"Bahamas\") and recorded *[Love Beach](/wiki/Love_Beach \"Love Beach\")* at the nearby [Compass Point Studios](/wiki/Compass_Point_Studios \"Compass Point Studios\") in 1978\\.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=237}} Lake did not carry out the production duties, leaving Emerson to complete the record on his own after his bandmates returned home when recording was complete.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=419}} The album has been dismissed by the band, who explained it was produced to fulfil a contractual obligation.{{cite video \\|people\\=Emerson Lake \\& Palmer \\|year\\=2008 \\|title\\=Beyond The Beginning \\|url\\=http://www.emersonlakepalmer.com/beyondbegin\\_press.htm \\|medium\\=DVD \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620063424/http://www.emersonlakepalmer.com/beyondbegin\\_press.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2009 }} Sinfield is credited on the majority of the tracks as a lyricist except \"Canario\", an instrumental based on *[Fantasía para un gentilhombre](/wiki/Fantas%C3%ADa_para_un_gentilhombre \"Fantasía para un gentilhombre\")* by Spanish composer [Joaquín Rodrigo](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rodrigo \"Joaquín Rodrigo\"). The second side is taken up with \"Memoirs of an Officer and a Gentleman\", a four\\-part 20\\-minute track that tells a [coming of age](/wiki/Coming_of_age \"Coming of age\") story of a soldier during the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\")\\-era.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=419}} Its cover is a photograph of the group at a beach off an island from [Salt Cay, Turks Islands](/wiki/Salt_Cay%2C_Turks_Islands \"Salt Cay, Turks Islands\"), \"decked out as bare\\-chested late\\-seventies disco stars\".{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=419}} Despite Emerson expressing his disapproval on the album's title and cover to Ertegun, neither was changed.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=419}}",
"*Love Beach* was released in November 1978 and was poorly received by the music press. \"All I Want Is You\" was released as a single in the UK, but failed to chart. It did sell enough to be certified gold in the US for 500,000 copies sold, in January 1979\\. In early 1979, Palmer attempted to organise a farewell summer tour and have the group disband at its conclusion. Due to internal problems, such as \"what we should play and how we should play it\", the tour never materialised.{{sfn\\|Macan\\|2006\\|p\\=432}} The band made no announcement of their break\\-up,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://elparchive.com/articles/1982\\-01\\-24%20Los%20Angeles%20Times.jpg\\|title\\=Greg Lake tests new solo wings\\|first\\=Dennis\\|last\\=Hunt\\|date\\=24 January 1982\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2022}} and Palmer moved on by forming a band, PM, which released one album entitled *1PM*.{{cite web \\|title\\=Carl Palmer \\|url\\=http://www.emersonlakepalmer.com/CPBiography.html \\|website\\=Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123233520/http://emersonlakepalmer.com/CPBiography.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### 1985–1989: Related activity",
"In 1985, Emerson and Lake formed [Emerson, Lake \\& Powell](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Powell \"Emerson, Lake & Powell\") with former [Rainbow](/wiki/Rainbow_%28rock_band%29 \"Rainbow (rock band)\") drummer [Cozy Powell](/wiki/Cozy_Powell \"Cozy Powell\"). Palmer declined to participate in a reunion as he was busy with commitments with [Asia](/wiki/Asia_%28band%29 \"Asia (band)\"). Rumours also linked [Bill Bruford](/wiki/Bill_Bruford \"Bill Bruford\") to their new line\\-up, but he was committed to [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson \"King Crimson\") and [Earthworks](/wiki/Earthworks_%28band%29 \"Earthworks (band)\"). The group's only album, *[Emerson Lake \\& Powell](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Powell_%28album%29 \"Emerson, Lake & Powell (album)\")*, was released in June 1986 and charted at No. 35 in the UK and No. 23 in the US. The single \"Touch and Go\" went to No. 60 in the US and No. 2 on the *Billboard* [Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 \"Mainstream Rock (chart)\") chart. The trio toured the album in 1986, playing material by the Nice and Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer.",
"In 1988, Emerson and Palmer joined with [Robert Berry](/wiki/Robert_Berry \"Robert Berry\") to form the band [3](/wiki/3_%281980s_band%29 \"3 (1980s band)\"). They released an album, *[To the Power of Three](/wiki/To_the_Power_of_Three \"To the Power of Three\")*, in 1988\\.",
"### 1990–1998: Re\\-formation, *Black Moon*, *In the Hot Seat*, and second break\\-up",
"In 1990, former [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records \"Atlantic Records\") executive [Phil Carson](/wiki/Phil_Carson \"Phil Carson\") approached Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer to reunite and produce music for a proposed film. The project never developed, but the trio remained in London and started to come up with new musical ideas. The sessions were productive, with the band working as much as five to six days a week for three months, which convinced them to abandon soundtrack work in favour of putting out a new album.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114703212/elp\\-1992/\\|title\\=Emerson Lake \\& Palmer: 3 Men and a Reunion\\|first\\=Barbara\\|last\\=Jaeger\\|date\\=24 July 1992\\|newspaper\\=The Record\\|page\\=3\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2022}} By mid\\-1991, Carson had secured them with a two\\-album deal with his new independent label, Victory Music.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114703997/elp\\-1992/\\|title\\=Emerson Lake \\& Palmer band together again\\|first\\=Chuck\\|last\\=Darrow\\|date\\=23 July 1992\\|pages\\=1D–2D\\|newspaper\\=Courier\\-Post\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009030726/https://www.newspapers.com/article/courier\\-post\\-elp\\-1992/114703997/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lake's voice had deepened by this point, and the band took greater care in the key that songs were written to better suit his vocals. They also utilised modern recording technology to complement the songs, including MIDI and digital sampling, which Palmer said kept their material fresh. Atlantic capitalised on the reunion by releasing *The Atlantic Years*, a two\\-and\\-a\\-half hour compilation of their early material.",
"[thumb\\|Emerson, Lake and Palmer performing in 1992](/wiki/File:Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_01.jpg \"Emerson, Lake & Palmer 01.jpg\")\n*[Black Moon](/wiki/Black_Moon_%28album%29 \"Black Moon (album)\")* was released in July 1992; it peaked at No. 78 in the US but failed to chart in the UK. The group supported it with a world tour between July 1992 and April 1993, which included their first shows in England since 1974\\. The concerts at London's [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall \"Royal Albert Hall\") were broadcast on BBC radio and released as a live album in 1993, entitled *[Live at the Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Live_at_the_Royal_Albert_Hall_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_and_Palmer_album%29 \"Live at the Royal Albert Hall (Emerson, Lake and Palmer album)\")*. The shows were also filmed and subsequently released on DVD. Later in 1993, Victory Music released *[The Return of the Manticore](/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Manticore \"The Return of the Manticore\")* a 4\\-disc box set retrospective of the band's career and previously unreleased studio tracks, including a new studio recording of \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in Dolby surround sound.",
"The band's final studio album, *[In the Hot Seat](/wiki/In_the_Hot_Seat \"In the Hot Seat\")*, was released in September 1994\\. Victory Music was in financial trouble by this time, as albums by fellow label acts [Tin Machine](/wiki/Tin_Machine \"Tin Machine\") and [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 \"Yes (band)\") failed to generate strong enough sales, causing Victory and producer [Keith Olsen](/wiki/Keith_Olsen \"Keith Olsen\") to put pressure on Emerson to make a more commercially oriented album with the band.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=164}} When Emerson reluctantly agreed, Victory and Olsen brought in several individuals to assist in the songwriting; Olsen received a credit on four tracks and [Bill Wray](/wiki/Bill_Wray_%28composer%29 \"Bill Wray (composer)\") on two.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=165}} In the summer of 1994, the band cancelled an upcoming North American and Japanese tour, and the group split for a short period to pursue solo projects.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=166}} Emerson underwent surgery to correct a compressed nerve in his arm in October, which left him able to play at only half his previous capacity.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=171}} Palmer also had an operation to fix his [carpal tunnel syndrome](/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome \"Carpal tunnel syndrome\"). Initial plans to commemorate the band's 25th anniversary in 1995 were shelved. Following the demise of Victory Music, their back catalogue transferred to [Rhino Records](/wiki/Rhino_Records \"Rhino Records\").{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=173}}",
"Emerson and Palmer eventually recovered enough to start touring again from August 1996, beginning with a 33\\-date US tour opening for [Jethro Tull](/wiki/Jethro_Tull_%28band%29 \"Jethro Tull (band)\"). This was followed by a Japanese tour in October, where the group played a full set.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=176}} In 1997, the band completed a 50\\-date world tour.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=177}} It is noted for Emerson's [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\") catching fire during the show in Boston. The remains were donated to the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\").{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=177}} In May 1998, Lake's manager announced that the band had started work on a new studio album. This was followed by a North American tour in August as openers for [Deep Purple](/wiki/Deep_Purple \"Deep Purple\") and [Dream Theater](/wiki/Dream_Theater \"Dream Theater\"), which included the \"Tarkus\" suite performed in its entirety for the first time since 1974\\.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=178}} After the tour, friction arose within the group as Lake wanted to relinquish his role as producer on the new album, and blamed the band's recent creative lull on this fact. Emerson and Palmer were against the idea, and claimed Lake had not presented any tangible material for them to work on despite knowing he was collecting ideas for a solo album. The rift resulted in the trio's split by the end of 1998, and a tour booked for the spring of 1999 was cancelled.{{sfn\\|Forrester\\|Hanson\\|Askew\\|2001\\|p\\=178}}",
"### 2010–present: 40th anniversary concert, deaths of Emerson and Lake, and aftermath",
"In April and May 2010, Emerson and Lake embarked on a North American tour with stripped\\-down versions of Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer, the Nice, and King Crimson songs. It originated when the pair got together at Lake's home studio earlier in the year to write new songs. When they stopped for a break, they occasionally played an Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer song which led to the idea of recreating it on stage as it gave the songs a different feel to the originals. Later in 2010, the 4\\-CD box set *[A Time and a Place](/wiki/A_Time_and_a_Place \"A Time and a Place\")* was released that features live tracks from 1970 to 1998\\. Two archival concerts followed in 2011: *[Live at Nassau Coliseum '78](/wiki/Live_at_Nassau_Coliseum_%2778 \"Live at Nassau Coliseum '78\")* and *[Live at the Mar Y Sol Festival '72](/wiki/Live_at_the_Mar_Y_Sol_Festival_%2772 \"Live at the Mar Y Sol Festival '72\")*.{{cite web \\|last\\=Adams \\|first\\=Bret \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/live\\-at\\-the\\-mar\\-y\\-sol\\-festival\\-72\\-r2322205 \\|title\\=Live at the Mar y Sol Festival '72 – Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer \\|website\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231023614/http://allmusic.com/album/live\\-at\\-the\\-mar\\-y\\-sol\\-festival\\-72\\-r2322205 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In September 2009, Palmer announced that the band had planned to reform earlier in the year, but it had to be pushed back for Emerson to receive medical attention on one of his hands.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.business\\-live.co.uk/retail\\-consumer/emerson\\-lake\\-palmer\\-planning\\-reunion\\-3940027\\|title\\=Emerson, Lake and Palmer planning reunion tour\\|publisher\\=Business Live\\|first\\=Tony\\|last\\=Collins\\|date\\=18 September 2009\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2022}} The three got together for a one\\-off concert for their 40th anniversary, headlining the [High Voltage Festival](/wiki/High_Voltage_Festival \"High Voltage Festival\") at London's [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_London \"Victoria Park, London\") on 25 July 2010\\. The show was recorded and filmed; a live album was released as *[High Voltage](/wiki/High_Voltage_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_album%29 \"High Voltage (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)\")*. The DVD and Blu\\-ray of the concert followed in August 2011, which also contained a documentary on the band's career.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://audaud.com/2011/11/emerson\\-lake\\-and\\-palmer%E2%80%A6welcome\\-back\\-my\\-friends\\-40th\\-anniversary\\-reunion\\-concert/ \\|title\\=Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer... Welcome Back My Friends: 40th Anniversary Reunion Concert (2010/2011\\) – Audiophile Audition \\|publisher\\=Audaud.com \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406104527/http://audaud.com/2011/11/emerson\\-lake\\-and\\-palmer%E2%80%A6welcome\\-back\\-my\\-friends\\-40th\\-anniversary\\-reunion\\-concert/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2012 }} Lake said that despite the band having \"tremendous technical problems\" on stage and struggled at points, the audience were enthusiastic and people enjoyed their performance.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.innerviews.org/inner/lake.html\\|title\\=Greg Lake: New Perspectives\\|publisher\\=Innerviews\\|first\\=Anil\\|last\\=Prasad\\|date\\=2011\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009030754/https://www.innerviews.org/inner/lake\\-1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Palmer held a more critical view, and said the group rehearsed for five weeks before the show, which he initially considered excessive, but upon hearing the recording, \"maybe five weeks was not long enough. It wasn't to the standard that I liked and I didn't think it sounded that good.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/carl\\-palmer\\-2010\\-elp\\-reunion/\\|title\\=Carl Palmer says failed 2010 show killed chances for larger ELP reunion\\|publisher\\=Ultimate Classic Rock\\|first\\=Nick\\|last\\=DeRiso\\|date\\=11 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2022}}",
"Following their 2010 reunion, the band expressed differing opinions regarding their future. In early 2010, Emerson and Lake had not ruled out further Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer concerts or the possibility of a new studio album; the former said: \"I see no reason why we shouldn't be doing more.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cleveland.com/popmusic/2010/03/keith\\_emerson\\_and\\_greg\\_lake\\_la.html\\|title\\=Keith Emerson and Greg Lake launch two\\-man tour Thursday, April 1, at Lakewood Civic Auditorium\\|publisher\\=Cleveland.com\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Soeder\\|date\\=25 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=19 December 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219180058/https://www.cleveland.com/popmusic/2010/03/keith\\_emerson\\_and\\_greg\\_lake\\_la.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2011, Lake said that Emerson and he were open to the idea of more group activity, but acknowledged Palmer's more negative comments to the press shortly before the 40th anniversary concert. Lake said: \"I don't know why Carl has a propensity to dwell on negative issues... Keith and I have had our differences over the years, but we've certainly put them behind us and just forgot about them... I'm waiting for Carl to reach the point of wisdom in his life when he realises that carrying around grudges from the past is pointless.\" In 2012, Lake was unsure that a reunion could take place: \"I doubt very much it will happen because I don't think Carl and Keith are in that same frame of mind.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://vintagerock.com/the\\-greg\\-lake\\-interview\\-2012/\\|title\\=The Greg Lake Interview (2012\\)\\|first\\=Shawn\\|last\\=Perry\\|date\\=2012\\|publisher\\=Vintage Rock\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=19 December 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219191604/https://vintagerock.com/the\\-greg\\-lake\\-interview\\-2012/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2013, Palmer revealed that he put a stop on further group plans.",
"In December 2010, Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer signed a worldwide licensing deal with [Sony Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment \"Sony Music Entertainment\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.classicrockmagazine.com/news/elp\\-sign\\-major\\-new\\-deal/ \\|title\\=ELP Sign Major New Deal \\|work\\=Classic Rock Magazine \\|date\\=11 December 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215002748/http://www.classicrockmagazine.com/news/elp\\-sign\\-major\\-new\\-deal/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2010 }} In 2012, they secured a new back catalogue agreement with American\\-based [Razor \\& Tie](/wiki/Razor_%26_Tie \"Razor & Tie\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.razorandtie.com/news/legendary\\-prog\\-rockers\\-emerson\\-lake\\-palmer\\-razor\\-tie\\-announce\\-exclusive\\-new\\-catalog\\-partnership/ \\|title\\=Legendary Prog Rockers Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer and Razor \\& Tie Announce Exclusive New Catalog Partner \\|publisher\\=RazorandTie.com \\|date\\=21 February 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225051917/http://www.razorandtie.com/news/legendary\\-prog\\-rockers\\-emerson\\-lake\\-palmer\\-razor\\-tie\\-announce\\-exclusive\\-new\\-catalog\\-partnership \\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2012 }} and acquired a worldwide catalogue distribution deal with [BMG Rights Management](/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management \"BMG Rights Management\") three years later.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/bmg\\-signs\\-emerson\\-lake\\-palmer\\-global\\-catalogue\\-deal/\\|title\\=BMG signs Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer global catalogue deal – Music Business Worldwide\\|date\\=25 November 2015\\|access\\-date\\=27 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092401/http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/bmg\\-signs\\-emerson\\-lake\\-palmer\\-global\\-catalogue\\-deal/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 11 March 2016, Emerson died by suicide from a self\\-inflicted gunshot wound to his head.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Savage\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=Keith Emerson's death ruled suicide\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-35806414\\|website\\=BBC News\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=15 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315142625/http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-35806414 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2016}} On 7 December, Lake died from cancer.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/arts/music/greg\\-lake\\-dies.html?\\_r\\=0 \\|title\\=Greg Lake, of King Crimson and Emerson, Lake and Palmer, Dies at 69 \\|first\\=William \\|last\\=Grimes \\|author\\-link\\=William Grimes (journalist) \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=8 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207031610/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/arts/music/greg\\-lake\\-dies.html?\\_r\\=0 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In October 2021, Rocket 88 Books released *Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer*, the first official book about the band that was made in co\\-operation with Palmer and Emerson and Lake's families, with Palmer as executive editor. It was available in three editions, Classic, Signature, and Ultimate, all containing rare and previously unpublished interviews and photographs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.loudersound.com/news/watch\\-carl\\-palmer\\-unbox\\-the\\-elp\\-book\\-in\\-new\\-video\\|title\\=Watch Carl Palmer unbox the ELP book in new video\\|first\\=Jerry\\|last\\=Ewing\\|date\\=28 October 2021\\|publisher\\=Loudersound\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009030834/https://www.loudersound.com/news/watch\\-carl\\-palmer\\-unbox\\-the\\-elp\\-book\\-in\\-new\\-video\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[right\|thumb\|Royal Avenue, [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast"). [Photochrom](/wiki/Photochrom "Photochrom") print {{Circa\|1890–1900}}.](/wiki/File:Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg "Royal Avenue Belfast2.jpg")
At what date the county of Antrim was formed is not known, but it appears that a certain district bore this name before the reign of [Edward II](/wiki/Edward_II_of_England "Edward II of England") (early 14th century), and when the shiring of Ulster was undertaken by Sir [John Perrot](/wiki/John_Perrot "John Perrot") in the 16th century, Antrim and Down were already recognised divisions, in contradistinction to the remainder of the province. The earliest known inhabitants were [Mesolithic](/wiki/Mesolithic "Mesolithic") [hunter\-gatherers](/wiki/Hunter-gatherer "Hunter-gatherer") of pre\-[Celtic](/wiki/Celt "Celt") origin,{{cite book \|title\=The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland \|last\=Waddell \|first\=John \|year\=1998 \|publisher\=Galway University Press Limited \|location\=Galway \|pages\=11–24}} but the names of the [townlands](/wiki/Townland "Townland") or subdivisions, supposed to have been made in the 13th century, are all of Celtic derivation.
In ancient times, Antrim was inhabited by a Celtic people called the [Darini](/wiki/Darini "Darini").{{cite book \|title\=Early Irish History and Mythology \|last\=O'Rahilly \|first\=Thomas F. \|author\-link\=Thomas F. O'Rahilly \|year\=1946 \|publisher\=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies \|location\=Dublin \|page\=7}} In the early Middle Ages, southern County Antrim was part of the Kingdom of [Ulidia](/wiki/Ulster "Ulster"), ruled by the [Dál Fiatach](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach "Dál Fiatach") clans Keenan and MacDonlevy/McDunlavey; the north was part of [Dál Riada](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riada "Dál Riada"), which stretched into what is now western Scotland over the Irish Sea. Dál Riada was ruled by the O'Lynch clan, who were [vassals](/wiki/Vassals "Vassals") of the Ulidians. Besides the Ulidians and Dál Riada, there were the [Dál nAraide](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraide "Dál nAraide") of lower County Antrim, and the [Cruthin](/wiki/Cruthin "Cruthin"), who were pre\-Gaelic Celts and probably related to the Picts of Britain.{{cite book \|title\=Early Irish History and Mythology \|last\=O'Rahilly \|first\=Thomas F. \|author\-link\=Thomas F. O'Rahilly \|year\=1946 \|publisher\=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies \|location\=Dublin \|pages\=341–352}} Between the 8th and 11th centuries Antrim was exposed to the inroads of the [Vikings](/wiki/Vikings "Vikings").
In the late 12th century Antrim became part of the [Earldom of Ulster](/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster "Earldom of Ulster"), conquered by [Anglo\-Norman](/wiki/Anglo-Normans "Anglo-Normans") invaders. A revival of Gaelic power followed the campaign of [Edward Bruce](/wiki/Edward_Bruce "Edward Bruce") in 1315, leaving [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus "Carrickfergus") as the only significant English stronghold. In the late Middle Ages, Antrim was divided into three parts: northern Clandeboye, the Glynnes and the Route. The [Cambro\-Norman](/wiki/Cambro-Norman "Cambro-Norman") [MacQuillans](/wiki/MacQuillan "MacQuillan") were powerful in the Route.
A branch of the O'Neills of Tirconnell (modern Tyrone) migrated to Clandeboye in the 14th century, and ruled it for a time from their castle on Lough Neagh. Their family was called Clandeboye O'Neills. Donald Balloch, who succeeded his father John Mor Macdonald, Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens, married the daughter of Conn O'Neill of the Clandeboye O'Neills sometime after the Battle of Inverlochy. In 1433, Alexander of Islay, Lord of the Isles, joined with his cousin, Donald Balloch, Conn O'Neill of the Clandeboye O'Neills, and Eoghan O'Neill, king of Tirowen (modern Tyrone) to defend against an attack on Antrim by the O'Donnells of Tirconnell. Alexander Macdonald led the attack that was successful, so that the O'Donnells became subject to the O'Neills of Tirowen.Egan, S. (2018\) *The Early Stewart Kings, the Lordship of the Isles, and Ireland*, c.1371\-c.1433\. Northern Studies, 49, pp. 61\-78\. A [Gallowglass](/wiki/Gallowglass "Gallowglass") sept, the MacDonnells (they were "Macdonalds" in Scotland), became the most powerful in the Glens in the 15th century.
During the [Tudor era](/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland "Tudor conquest of Ireland") (16th century) numerous adventurers from Britain attempted to colonise the region; many Scots settled in Antrim around this time.{{cite book \|title\=A History of the Town of Belfast \|url\=https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofb00benn \|last\=Benn \|first\=George \|author\-link\=George Benn \|year\=1877 \|publisher\=Marcus Ward \& Company \|location\=Belfast \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofb00benn/page/21 21] ff}}; *Encyclopædia Britannica* (14th edition), **Antrim**. In 1588 the Antrim coast was the scene of one of the 24 wrecks of the [Spanish Armada in Ireland](/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland "Spanish Armada in Ireland"). The Spanish vessel *[La Girona](/wiki/Girona_%28ship%29 "Girona (ship)")* was wrecked off Lacana Point, Giant's Causeway in 1588 with the loss of nearly 1,300 lives.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.english\-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/ACHWS\_annual\_report\_2005\.pdf \|title\=La Girona \|work\=\# Annual Report of the Advisory Committee on Historic Wrecks, 2005 \|publisher\=Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites \|pages\=35 \|access\-date\=1 November 2008 \|archive\-date\=14 January 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114115741/http://www.english\-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/ACHWS\_annual\_report\_2005\.pdf \|url\-status\=live}}
Antrim is divided into sixteen baronies. Lower Antrim, part of Lower Clandeboye, was settled by the sept O'Flynn/O'Lynn. Upper Antrim, part of Lower Clandeboye, was the home of the O'Keevans. Belfast was part of Lower Clandeboye and was held by the O'Neill\-Clannaboys. Lower Belfast, Upper Belfast, and Carrickfergus were also part of Lower Clandeboye. Cary was part of the Glynnes; ruled originally by the O'Quinn sept, the MacDonnell galloglasses from Scotland took power here in the late Middle Ages and some of the O'Haras also migrated from [Connaught](/wiki/Connacht "Connacht"). Upper and Lower [Dunluce](/wiki/Dunluce%2C_County_Antrim "Dunluce, County Antrim") were part of the Route, and were ruled by the MacQuillans. Upper and Lower [Glenarm](/wiki/Glenarm "Glenarm") was ruled by the O'Flynn/O'Lynn sept, considered part of the Glynns. In addition to that sept and that of O'Quinn, both of which were native, the Scottish [Gallowglass](/wiki/Gallowglass "Gallowglass") septs of MacKeown, MacAlister, and MacGee, are found there. Kilconway was originally O'Flynn/O'Lynn territory, but was held by the MacQuillans as part of the Route, and later by the [gallowglass](/wiki/Gallowglass "Gallowglass") sept of MacNeill. Lower Massereene was part of Lower Clandeboye and was ruled by the O'Flynns and the O'Heircs. Upper Massereene was part of Lower Clandeboye, ruled by the O'Heircs. Upper and Lower Toome, part of the Route, were O'Flynn/O'Lynn territory. Misc was first ruled by the MacQuillans. Later, the Scottish Gallowglass MacDonnells and MacAlisters invaded. The MacDonnells were a branch of the Scottish Clan MacDonald; the MacAlisters traced their origin back to the Irish Colla Uais, eldest of the Three Collas.
[Islandmagee](/wiki/Islandmagee "Islandmagee") had, besides antiquarian remains, a notoriety as a home of witchcraft, and during the [Irish Rebellion of 1641](/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641 "Irish Rebellion of 1641") was the scene of an act of reprisal (for the massacre of [Protestants](/wiki/Protestants "Protestants")) against the Catholic population by the Scottish [Covenanter](/wiki/Covenanter "Covenanter") soldiery of [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus "Carrickfergus").
In 1689 during the [Williamite War in Ireland](/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland "Williamite War in Ireland"), County Antrim was a centre of Protestant resistance against the rule of the Catholic [James II](/wiki/James_II_of_Ireland "James II of Ireland"). During the developing crisis James' garrison at [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus "Carrickfergus") successfully repulsed an attempt by local Protestants to storm it. After the advance of the [Irish Army](/wiki/Irish_Army_%28Kingdom_of_Ireland%29 "Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)") under [Richard Hamilton](/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_%28officer%29 "Richard Hamilton (officer)"), all of County Antrim was brought under [Jacobite](/wiki/Jacobitism "Jacobitism") control. Later in the year a major expedition from England under [Marshal Schomberg](/wiki/Marshal_Schomberg "Marshal Schomberg") landed in [Belfast Lough](/wiki/Belfast_Lough "Belfast Lough") and successfully [laid siege to Carrickfergus](/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus "Siege of Carrickfergus"). Having captured most of the largest towns of the area, they then marched southwards towards [Dundalk](/wiki/Dundalk_Camp "Dundalk Camp").
### Historic monuments
[thumb\|250px\|Dunluce Castle.](/wiki/Image:Dunluce_Castle.jpg "Dunluce Castle.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|Carrickfergus Castle (1177\)](/wiki/Image:Carrickferguscastle.jpg "Carrickferguscastle.jpg")
{{See also\|:Category:Castles in County Antrim\|l1\=Castles in County Antrim}}
The antiquities of the county consist of [cairns](/wiki/Cairn "Cairn"), mounts or forts, remains of ecclesiastical and military structures, and [round towers](/wiki/Irish_round_tower "Irish round tower").
There are three round towers: one at Antrim, one at [Armoy](/wiki/Armoy "Armoy"), and one on [Ram's Island](/wiki/Ram%27s_Island%2C_Northern_Ireland "Ram's Island, Northern Ireland") in Lough Neagh, only that at Antrim being perfect. There are some remains of the ecclesiastic establishments at [Bonamargy](/wiki/Bonamargy "Bonamargy"), where the earls of Antrim are buried, [Kells](/wiki/Kells%2C_County_Antrim "Kells, County Antrim"), Glenarm, [Glynn](/wiki/Glynn%2C_County_Antrim "Glynn, County Antrim"), [Muckamore](/wiki/Muckamore "Muckamore") and Whiteabbey.
The castle at [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle "Carrickfergus Castle"), dating from the [Norman invasion of Ireland](/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland "Norman invasion of Ireland"), is one of the best preserved medieval structures in Ireland. There are, however, remains of other ancient castles, as [Olderfleet](/wiki/Olderfleet "Olderfleet"), Cam's, [Shane's](/wiki/Shane%27s_Castle "Shane's Castle"), Glenarm, Garron Tower, Red Bay, and [Dunluce Castle](/wiki/Dunluce_Castle "Dunluce Castle"), notable for its dramatic location on a rocky outcrop.
The principal cairns are: one on Colin mountain, near Lisburn; one on [Slieve True](/wiki/Slieve_True "Slieve True"), near Carrickfergus; and two on Colinward. The [cromlechs](/wiki/Dolmen "Dolmen") most worthy of notice are: one near [Cairngrainey](/wiki/Cairngrainey "Cairngrainey"), to the north\-east of the old road from Belfast to [Templepatrick](/wiki/Templepatrick "Templepatrick"); the large cromlech at Mount Druid, near [Ballintoy](/wiki/Ballintoy "Ballintoy"); and one at the northern extremity of Islandmagee. The mounts, forts and entrenchments are very numerous.
The natural rock formations of [Giant's Causeway](/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway "Giant's Causeway") on the Antrim coast are now designated a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site").
### Saint Patrick
[Slemish](/wiki/Slemish "Slemish"), about {{convert\|8\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}} east of Ballymena, is notable as being the scene of St Patrick's early life. According to tradition [Saint Patrick](/wiki/Saint_Patrick "Saint Patrick") was a slave for seven years, near the hill of Slemish, until he escaped back to Great Britain.
### Linen
[Linen](/wiki/Irish_linen "Irish linen") manufacturing was previously an important industry in the county. At the time Ireland produced a large amount of [flax](/wiki/Flax "Flax"). Cotton\-spinning by [jennies](/wiki/Spinning_jenny "Spinning jenny") was first introduced to Belfast by industrialists Robert Joy and Thomas M'Cabe in 1777; and twenty\-three years later it was estimated that more than 27,000 people were employed in the industry within {{convert\|10\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}} of Belfast. Women were employed in the working of patterns on [muslin](/wiki/Muslin "Muslin").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Royal Avenue, [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"). [Photochrom](/wiki/Photochrom \"Photochrom\") print {{Circa\\|1890–1900}}.](/wiki/File:Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg \"Royal Avenue Belfast2.jpg\")\nAt what date the county of Antrim was formed is not known, but it appears that a certain district bore this name before the reign of [Edward II](/wiki/Edward_II_of_England \"Edward II of England\") (early 14th century), and when the shiring of Ulster was undertaken by Sir [John Perrot](/wiki/John_Perrot \"John Perrot\") in the 16th century, Antrim and Down were already recognised divisions, in contradistinction to the remainder of the province. The earliest known inhabitants were [Mesolithic](/wiki/Mesolithic \"Mesolithic\") [hunter\\-gatherers](/wiki/Hunter-gatherer \"Hunter-gatherer\") of pre\\-[Celtic](/wiki/Celt \"Celt\") origin,{{cite book \\|title\\=The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland \\|last\\=Waddell \\|first\\=John \\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Galway University Press Limited \\|location\\=Galway \\|pages\\=11–24}} but the names of the [townlands](/wiki/Townland \"Townland\") or subdivisions, supposed to have been made in the 13th century, are all of Celtic derivation.",
"In ancient times, Antrim was inhabited by a Celtic people called the [Darini](/wiki/Darini \"Darini\").{{cite book \\|title\\=Early Irish History and Mythology \\|last\\=O'Rahilly \\|first\\=Thomas F. \\|author\\-link\\=Thomas F. O'Rahilly \\|year\\=1946 \\|publisher\\=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies \\|location\\=Dublin \\|page\\=7}} In the early Middle Ages, southern County Antrim was part of the Kingdom of [Ulidia](/wiki/Ulster \"Ulster\"), ruled by the [Dál Fiatach](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach \"Dál Fiatach\") clans Keenan and MacDonlevy/McDunlavey; the north was part of [Dál Riada](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riada \"Dál Riada\"), which stretched into what is now western Scotland over the Irish Sea. Dál Riada was ruled by the O'Lynch clan, who were [vassals](/wiki/Vassals \"Vassals\") of the Ulidians. Besides the Ulidians and Dál Riada, there were the [Dál nAraide](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraide \"Dál nAraide\") of lower County Antrim, and the [Cruthin](/wiki/Cruthin \"Cruthin\"), who were pre\\-Gaelic Celts and probably related to the Picts of Britain.{{cite book \\|title\\=Early Irish History and Mythology \\|last\\=O'Rahilly \\|first\\=Thomas F. \\|author\\-link\\=Thomas F. O'Rahilly \\|year\\=1946 \\|publisher\\=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies \\|location\\=Dublin \\|pages\\=341–352}} Between the 8th and 11th centuries Antrim was exposed to the inroads of the [Vikings](/wiki/Vikings \"Vikings\").",
"In the late 12th century Antrim became part of the [Earldom of Ulster](/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster \"Earldom of Ulster\"), conquered by [Anglo\\-Norman](/wiki/Anglo-Normans \"Anglo-Normans\") invaders. A revival of Gaelic power followed the campaign of [Edward Bruce](/wiki/Edward_Bruce \"Edward Bruce\") in 1315, leaving [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus \"Carrickfergus\") as the only significant English stronghold. In the late Middle Ages, Antrim was divided into three parts: northern Clandeboye, the Glynnes and the Route. The [Cambro\\-Norman](/wiki/Cambro-Norman \"Cambro-Norman\") [MacQuillans](/wiki/MacQuillan \"MacQuillan\") were powerful in the Route.",
"A branch of the O'Neills of Tirconnell (modern Tyrone) migrated to Clandeboye in the 14th century, and ruled it for a time from their castle on Lough Neagh. Their family was called Clandeboye O'Neills. Donald Balloch, who succeeded his father John Mor Macdonald, Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens, married the daughter of Conn O'Neill of the Clandeboye O'Neills sometime after the Battle of Inverlochy. In 1433, Alexander of Islay, Lord of the Isles, joined with his cousin, Donald Balloch, Conn O'Neill of the Clandeboye O'Neills, and Eoghan O'Neill, king of Tirowen (modern Tyrone) to defend against an attack on Antrim by the O'Donnells of Tirconnell. Alexander Macdonald led the attack that was successful, so that the O'Donnells became subject to the O'Neills of Tirowen.Egan, S. (2018\\) *The Early Stewart Kings, the Lordship of the Isles, and Ireland*, c.1371\\-c.1433\\. Northern Studies, 49, pp. 61\\-78\\. A [Gallowglass](/wiki/Gallowglass \"Gallowglass\") sept, the MacDonnells (they were \"Macdonalds\" in Scotland), became the most powerful in the Glens in the 15th century.",
"During the [Tudor era](/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland \"Tudor conquest of Ireland\") (16th century) numerous adventurers from Britain attempted to colonise the region; many Scots settled in Antrim around this time.{{cite book \\|title\\=A History of the Town of Belfast \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofb00benn \\|last\\=Benn \\|first\\=George \\|author\\-link\\=George Benn \\|year\\=1877 \\|publisher\\=Marcus Ward \\& Company \\|location\\=Belfast \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofb00benn/page/21 21] ff}}; *Encyclopædia Britannica* (14th edition), **Antrim**. In 1588 the Antrim coast was the scene of one of the 24 wrecks of the [Spanish Armada in Ireland](/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland \"Spanish Armada in Ireland\"). The Spanish vessel *[La Girona](/wiki/Girona_%28ship%29 \"Girona (ship)\")* was wrecked off Lacana Point, Giant's Causeway in 1588 with the loss of nearly 1,300 lives.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.english\\-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/ACHWS\\_annual\\_report\\_2005\\.pdf \\|title\\=La Girona \\|work\\=\\# Annual Report of the Advisory Committee on Historic Wrecks, 2005 \\|publisher\\=Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites \\|pages\\=35 \\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114115741/http://www.english\\-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/ACHWS\\_annual\\_report\\_2005\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Antrim is divided into sixteen baronies. Lower Antrim, part of Lower Clandeboye, was settled by the sept O'Flynn/O'Lynn. Upper Antrim, part of Lower Clandeboye, was the home of the O'Keevans. Belfast was part of Lower Clandeboye and was held by the O'Neill\\-Clannaboys. Lower Belfast, Upper Belfast, and Carrickfergus were also part of Lower Clandeboye. Cary was part of the Glynnes; ruled originally by the O'Quinn sept, the MacDonnell galloglasses from Scotland took power here in the late Middle Ages and some of the O'Haras also migrated from [Connaught](/wiki/Connacht \"Connacht\"). Upper and Lower [Dunluce](/wiki/Dunluce%2C_County_Antrim \"Dunluce, County Antrim\") were part of the Route, and were ruled by the MacQuillans. Upper and Lower [Glenarm](/wiki/Glenarm \"Glenarm\") was ruled by the O'Flynn/O'Lynn sept, considered part of the Glynns. In addition to that sept and that of O'Quinn, both of which were native, the Scottish [Gallowglass](/wiki/Gallowglass \"Gallowglass\") septs of MacKeown, MacAlister, and MacGee, are found there. Kilconway was originally O'Flynn/O'Lynn territory, but was held by the MacQuillans as part of the Route, and later by the [gallowglass](/wiki/Gallowglass \"Gallowglass\") sept of MacNeill. Lower Massereene was part of Lower Clandeboye and was ruled by the O'Flynns and the O'Heircs. Upper Massereene was part of Lower Clandeboye, ruled by the O'Heircs. Upper and Lower Toome, part of the Route, were O'Flynn/O'Lynn territory. Misc was first ruled by the MacQuillans. Later, the Scottish Gallowglass MacDonnells and MacAlisters invaded. The MacDonnells were a branch of the Scottish Clan MacDonald; the MacAlisters traced their origin back to the Irish Colla Uais, eldest of the Three Collas.",
"[Islandmagee](/wiki/Islandmagee \"Islandmagee\") had, besides antiquarian remains, a notoriety as a home of witchcraft, and during the [Irish Rebellion of 1641](/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641 \"Irish Rebellion of 1641\") was the scene of an act of reprisal (for the massacre of [Protestants](/wiki/Protestants \"Protestants\")) against the Catholic population by the Scottish [Covenanter](/wiki/Covenanter \"Covenanter\") soldiery of [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus \"Carrickfergus\").",
"In 1689 during the [Williamite War in Ireland](/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland \"Williamite War in Ireland\"), County Antrim was a centre of Protestant resistance against the rule of the Catholic [James II](/wiki/James_II_of_Ireland \"James II of Ireland\"). During the developing crisis James' garrison at [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus \"Carrickfergus\") successfully repulsed an attempt by local Protestants to storm it. After the advance of the [Irish Army](/wiki/Irish_Army_%28Kingdom_of_Ireland%29 \"Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)\") under [Richard Hamilton](/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_%28officer%29 \"Richard Hamilton (officer)\"), all of County Antrim was brought under [Jacobite](/wiki/Jacobitism \"Jacobitism\") control. Later in the year a major expedition from England under [Marshal Schomberg](/wiki/Marshal_Schomberg \"Marshal Schomberg\") landed in [Belfast Lough](/wiki/Belfast_Lough \"Belfast Lough\") and successfully [laid siege to Carrickfergus](/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus \"Siege of Carrickfergus\"). Having captured most of the largest towns of the area, they then marched southwards towards [Dundalk](/wiki/Dundalk_Camp \"Dundalk Camp\").",
"### Historic monuments",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Dunluce Castle.](/wiki/Image:Dunluce_Castle.jpg \"Dunluce Castle.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Carrickfergus Castle (1177\\)](/wiki/Image:Carrickferguscastle.jpg \"Carrickferguscastle.jpg\")\n{{See also\\|:Category:Castles in County Antrim\\|l1\\=Castles in County Antrim}}",
"The antiquities of the county consist of [cairns](/wiki/Cairn \"Cairn\"), mounts or forts, remains of ecclesiastical and military structures, and [round towers](/wiki/Irish_round_tower \"Irish round tower\").",
"There are three round towers: one at Antrim, one at [Armoy](/wiki/Armoy \"Armoy\"), and one on [Ram's Island](/wiki/Ram%27s_Island%2C_Northern_Ireland \"Ram's Island, Northern Ireland\") in Lough Neagh, only that at Antrim being perfect. There are some remains of the ecclesiastic establishments at [Bonamargy](/wiki/Bonamargy \"Bonamargy\"), where the earls of Antrim are buried, [Kells](/wiki/Kells%2C_County_Antrim \"Kells, County Antrim\"), Glenarm, [Glynn](/wiki/Glynn%2C_County_Antrim \"Glynn, County Antrim\"), [Muckamore](/wiki/Muckamore \"Muckamore\") and Whiteabbey.",
"The castle at [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle \"Carrickfergus Castle\"), dating from the [Norman invasion of Ireland](/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland \"Norman invasion of Ireland\"), is one of the best preserved medieval structures in Ireland. There are, however, remains of other ancient castles, as [Olderfleet](/wiki/Olderfleet \"Olderfleet\"), Cam's, [Shane's](/wiki/Shane%27s_Castle \"Shane's Castle\"), Glenarm, Garron Tower, Red Bay, and [Dunluce Castle](/wiki/Dunluce_Castle \"Dunluce Castle\"), notable for its dramatic location on a rocky outcrop.",
"The principal cairns are: one on Colin mountain, near Lisburn; one on [Slieve True](/wiki/Slieve_True \"Slieve True\"), near Carrickfergus; and two on Colinward. The [cromlechs](/wiki/Dolmen \"Dolmen\") most worthy of notice are: one near [Cairngrainey](/wiki/Cairngrainey \"Cairngrainey\"), to the north\\-east of the old road from Belfast to [Templepatrick](/wiki/Templepatrick \"Templepatrick\"); the large cromlech at Mount Druid, near [Ballintoy](/wiki/Ballintoy \"Ballintoy\"); and one at the northern extremity of Islandmagee. The mounts, forts and entrenchments are very numerous.",
"The natural rock formations of [Giant's Causeway](/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway \"Giant's Causeway\") on the Antrim coast are now designated a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site \"World Heritage Site\").",
"### Saint Patrick",
"[Slemish](/wiki/Slemish \"Slemish\"), about {{convert\\|8\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}} east of Ballymena, is notable as being the scene of St Patrick's early life. According to tradition [Saint Patrick](/wiki/Saint_Patrick \"Saint Patrick\") was a slave for seven years, near the hill of Slemish, until he escaped back to Great Britain.",
"### Linen",
"[Linen](/wiki/Irish_linen \"Irish linen\") manufacturing was previously an important industry in the county. At the time Ireland produced a large amount of [flax](/wiki/Flax \"Flax\"). Cotton\\-spinning by [jennies](/wiki/Spinning_jenny \"Spinning jenny\") was first introduced to Belfast by industrialists Robert Joy and Thomas M'Cabe in 1777; and twenty\\-three years later it was estimated that more than 27,000 people were employed in the industry within {{convert\\|10\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}} of Belfast. Women were employed in the working of patterns on [muslin](/wiki/Muslin \"Muslin\").",
""
] |
### Historic monuments
[thumb\|250px\|Dunluce Castle.](/wiki/Image:Dunluce_Castle.jpg "Dunluce Castle.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|Carrickfergus Castle (1177\)](/wiki/Image:Carrickferguscastle.jpg "Carrickferguscastle.jpg")
{{See also\|:Category:Castles in County Antrim\|l1\=Castles in County Antrim}}
The antiquities of the county consist of [cairns](/wiki/Cairn "Cairn"), mounts or forts, remains of ecclesiastical and military structures, and [round towers](/wiki/Irish_round_tower "Irish round tower").
There are three round towers: one at Antrim, one at [Armoy](/wiki/Armoy "Armoy"), and one on [Ram's Island](/wiki/Ram%27s_Island%2C_Northern_Ireland "Ram's Island, Northern Ireland") in Lough Neagh, only that at Antrim being perfect. There are some remains of the ecclesiastic establishments at [Bonamargy](/wiki/Bonamargy "Bonamargy"), where the earls of Antrim are buried, [Kells](/wiki/Kells%2C_County_Antrim "Kells, County Antrim"), Glenarm, [Glynn](/wiki/Glynn%2C_County_Antrim "Glynn, County Antrim"), [Muckamore](/wiki/Muckamore "Muckamore") and Whiteabbey.
The castle at [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle "Carrickfergus Castle"), dating from the [Norman invasion of Ireland](/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland "Norman invasion of Ireland"), is one of the best preserved medieval structures in Ireland. There are, however, remains of other ancient castles, as [Olderfleet](/wiki/Olderfleet "Olderfleet"), Cam's, [Shane's](/wiki/Shane%27s_Castle "Shane's Castle"), Glenarm, Garron Tower, Red Bay, and [Dunluce Castle](/wiki/Dunluce_Castle "Dunluce Castle"), notable for its dramatic location on a rocky outcrop.
The principal cairns are: one on Colin mountain, near Lisburn; one on [Slieve True](/wiki/Slieve_True "Slieve True"), near Carrickfergus; and two on Colinward. The [cromlechs](/wiki/Dolmen "Dolmen") most worthy of notice are: one near [Cairngrainey](/wiki/Cairngrainey "Cairngrainey"), to the north\-east of the old road from Belfast to [Templepatrick](/wiki/Templepatrick "Templepatrick"); the large cromlech at Mount Druid, near [Ballintoy](/wiki/Ballintoy "Ballintoy"); and one at the northern extremity of Islandmagee. The mounts, forts and entrenchments are very numerous.
The natural rock formations of [Giant's Causeway](/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway "Giant's Causeway") on the Antrim coast are now designated a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site").
|
[
"### Historic monuments",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Dunluce Castle.](/wiki/Image:Dunluce_Castle.jpg \"Dunluce Castle.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Carrickfergus Castle (1177\\)](/wiki/Image:Carrickferguscastle.jpg \"Carrickferguscastle.jpg\")\n{{See also\\|:Category:Castles in County Antrim\\|l1\\=Castles in County Antrim}}",
"The antiquities of the county consist of [cairns](/wiki/Cairn \"Cairn\"), mounts or forts, remains of ecclesiastical and military structures, and [round towers](/wiki/Irish_round_tower \"Irish round tower\").",
"There are three round towers: one at Antrim, one at [Armoy](/wiki/Armoy \"Armoy\"), and one on [Ram's Island](/wiki/Ram%27s_Island%2C_Northern_Ireland \"Ram's Island, Northern Ireland\") in Lough Neagh, only that at Antrim being perfect. There are some remains of the ecclesiastic establishments at [Bonamargy](/wiki/Bonamargy \"Bonamargy\"), where the earls of Antrim are buried, [Kells](/wiki/Kells%2C_County_Antrim \"Kells, County Antrim\"), Glenarm, [Glynn](/wiki/Glynn%2C_County_Antrim \"Glynn, County Antrim\"), [Muckamore](/wiki/Muckamore \"Muckamore\") and Whiteabbey.",
"The castle at [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle \"Carrickfergus Castle\"), dating from the [Norman invasion of Ireland](/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland \"Norman invasion of Ireland\"), is one of the best preserved medieval structures in Ireland. There are, however, remains of other ancient castles, as [Olderfleet](/wiki/Olderfleet \"Olderfleet\"), Cam's, [Shane's](/wiki/Shane%27s_Castle \"Shane's Castle\"), Glenarm, Garron Tower, Red Bay, and [Dunluce Castle](/wiki/Dunluce_Castle \"Dunluce Castle\"), notable for its dramatic location on a rocky outcrop.",
"The principal cairns are: one on Colin mountain, near Lisburn; one on [Slieve True](/wiki/Slieve_True \"Slieve True\"), near Carrickfergus; and two on Colinward. The [cromlechs](/wiki/Dolmen \"Dolmen\") most worthy of notice are: one near [Cairngrainey](/wiki/Cairngrainey \"Cairngrainey\"), to the north\\-east of the old road from Belfast to [Templepatrick](/wiki/Templepatrick \"Templepatrick\"); the large cromlech at Mount Druid, near [Ballintoy](/wiki/Ballintoy \"Ballintoy\"); and one at the northern extremity of Islandmagee. The mounts, forts and entrenchments are very numerous.",
"The natural rock formations of [Giant's Causeway](/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway \"Giant's Causeway\") on the Antrim coast are now designated a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site \"World Heritage Site\").",
""
] |
History of units
----------------
{{main\|Units of measurement\#History}}
{{see also\|System of units of measurement\#History}}
### Units of length
The Egyptian [cubit](/wiki/Cubit "Cubit"), the [Indus Valley](/wiki/Indus_Valley "Indus Valley") units of length referred to above, and the Mesopotamian cubit were used in the 3rd millennium BC and are the earliest known units used by ancient peoples to measure length. The units of length used in ancient India included the dhanus, or dhanush (bow), the krosa (cry, or cow\-call) and the [yojana](/wiki/Yojana "Yojana") (stage).
The common cubit was the length of the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It was divided into the span of the hand or the length between the tip of little finger to the tip of the thumb (one\-half cubit), the palm or width of the hand (one sixth), and the digit or width of the middle finger (one twenty\-fourth). The Royal Cubit, which was a standard cubit enhanced by an extra palm—thus 7 palms or 28 digits long—was used in constructing buildings and monuments and in surveying in ancient Egypt. The [inch](/wiki/Inch "Inch"), [foot](/wiki/Foot_%28length%29 "Foot (length)"), and [yard](/wiki/Yard "Yard") evolved from these units through a complicated transformation not yet fully understood. Some believe they evolved from cubic measures; others believe they were simple proportions or multiples of the cubit. In whichever case, the Greeks and Romans inherited the foot from the Egyptians. The Roman foot (\~296 mm) was divided into both 12 *unciae* (inches) (\~24\.7 mm) and 16 digits (\~18\.5 mm). The Romans also introduced the *mille passus* (1000 paces) or double steps, the pace being equal to five Roman feet (\~1480 mm). The Roman [mile](/wiki/Mile "Mile") of 5000 feet (1480 m) was introduced into England during the occupation. [Queen Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England "Elizabeth I of England") (reigned from 1558 to 1603\) changed, by statute, the mile to 5280 feet (\~1609 m) or 8 furlongs, a [furlong](/wiki/Furlong "Furlong") being 40 [rod (unit)s](/wiki/Rod_%28unit%29 "Rod (unit)") (\~201 m) of 5\.5 yards (\~5\.03 m) each.
The introduction of the yard (0\.9144 m) as a unit of length came later, but its origin is not definitely known. Some believe the origin was the double cubit, others believe that it originated from cubic measure. Whatever its origin, the early yard was divided by the binary method into 2, 4, 8, and 16 parts called the half\-yard, span, finger, and nail. The association of the yard with the "gird" or circumference of a person's waist or with the distance from the tip of the nose to the end of the thumb of [King Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England "Henry I of England") (reigned 1100–1135\) are probably standardizing actions, since several yards were in use in Britain.
There were also the rod, pole, perch and thumb for measurements of length. The following table lists the equivalents.
| components
unit
| |
| 12 lines | 1 inch |
| 12 inches | 1 foot |
| 3 feet | 1 yard |
| 1760 yards | 1 mile |
| 36 inches | 1 yard |
| 440 yards | quarter\-mile |
| 880 yards | half\-mile |
| 100 links | 1 chain |
| 10 chains | 1 furlong |
| 8 furlongs | 1 mile |
| 4 inches | 1 hand |
| 22 yards | 1 chain |
| 5\.5 yards | 1 rod, pole or perch |
| 4 poles | 1 chain |
| 40 poles | 1 furlong |
### Units of mass
The [grain](/wiki/Grain_%28mass%29 "Grain (mass)") was the earliest [unit of mass](/wiki/Mass%23Units_of_mass "Mass#Units of mass") and is the smallest unit in the [apothecary](/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system "Apothecaries' system"), [avoirdupois](/wiki/Avoirdupois "Avoirdupois"), Tower, and [troy](/wiki/Troy_weight "Troy weight") systems. The early unit was a grain of wheat or barleycorn used to weigh the precious metals silver and gold. Larger units preserved in stone standards were developed that were used as both units of mass and of monetary currency. The [pound](/wiki/Pound_%28mass%29 "Pound (mass)") was derived from the [mina (unit)](/wiki/Mina_%28unit%29 "Mina (unit)") used by ancient civilizations. A smaller unit was the [shekel](/wiki/Shekel "Shekel"), and a larger unit was the [talent](/wiki/Talent_%28measurement%29 "Talent (measurement)"). The magnitude of these units varied from place to place. The Babylonians and Sumerians had a system in which there were 60 shekels in a mina and 60 minas in a talent. The Roman talent consisted of 100 libra (pound) which were smaller in magnitude than the mina. The troy pound (\~373\.2 g) used in England and the United States for monetary purposes, like the Roman pound, was divided into 12 ounces, but the Roman uncia (ounce) was smaller. The carat is a unit for measuring gemstones that had its origin in the carob seed, which later was standardized at 1/144 ounce and then 0\.2 gram.
Goods of commerce were originally traded by number or volume. When weighing of goods began, units of mass based on a volume of grain or water were developed. The diverse magnitudes of units having the same name, which still appear today in our dry and liquid measures, could have arisen from the various commodities traded. The larger avoirdupois pound for goods of commerce might have been based on volume of water which has a higher [bulk density](/wiki/Bulk_density "Bulk density") than grain.
The stone, quarter, hundredweight, and ton were larger units of mass used in Britain. Today only the stone continues in customary use for measuring personal body weight. The present stone is 14 pounds (\~6\.35 kg), but an earlier unit appears to have been 16 pounds (\~7\.25 kg). The other units were multiples of 2, 8, and 160 times the stone, or 28, 112, and 2240 pounds (\~12\.7 kg, 50\.8 kg, 1016 kg), respectively. The hundredweight was approximately equal to two talents. The "long ton" is equal to 2240 pounds (1016\.047 kg), the "short ton" is equal to 2000 pounds (907\.18474 kg), and the tonne (or metric ton) (t) is equal to 1000 kg (or 1 megagram).
### Units of time and angle
The division of the circle into 360 degrees and the day into hours, minutes, and seconds can be traced to the Babylonians who had a [sexagesimal](/wiki/Sexagesimal "Sexagesimal") system of numbers. The 360 degrees may have been related to a [year of 360 days](/wiki/360-day_calendar "360-day calendar"). Many other [systems of measurement](/wiki/Systems_of_measurement "Systems of measurement") divided the day differently—[counting hours](/wiki/Hour%23Counting_hours "Hour#Counting hours"), [decimal time](/wiki/Decimal_time "Decimal time"), etc. Other [calendars](/wiki/Calendar "Calendar") divided the year differently.
|
[
"History of units\n----------------",
"{{main\\|Units of measurement\\#History}}\n{{see also\\|System of units of measurement\\#History}}",
"### Units of length",
"The Egyptian [cubit](/wiki/Cubit \"Cubit\"), the [Indus Valley](/wiki/Indus_Valley \"Indus Valley\") units of length referred to above, and the Mesopotamian cubit were used in the 3rd millennium BC and are the earliest known units used by ancient peoples to measure length. The units of length used in ancient India included the dhanus, or dhanush (bow), the krosa (cry, or cow\\-call) and the [yojana](/wiki/Yojana \"Yojana\") (stage).",
"The common cubit was the length of the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It was divided into the span of the hand or the length between the tip of little finger to the tip of the thumb (one\\-half cubit), the palm or width of the hand (one sixth), and the digit or width of the middle finger (one twenty\\-fourth). The Royal Cubit, which was a standard cubit enhanced by an extra palm—thus 7 palms or 28 digits long—was used in constructing buildings and monuments and in surveying in ancient Egypt. The [inch](/wiki/Inch \"Inch\"), [foot](/wiki/Foot_%28length%29 \"Foot (length)\"), and [yard](/wiki/Yard \"Yard\") evolved from these units through a complicated transformation not yet fully understood. Some believe they evolved from cubic measures; others believe they were simple proportions or multiples of the cubit. In whichever case, the Greeks and Romans inherited the foot from the Egyptians. The Roman foot (\\~296 mm) was divided into both 12 *unciae* (inches) (\\~24\\.7 mm) and 16 digits (\\~18\\.5 mm). The Romans also introduced the *mille passus* (1000 paces) or double steps, the pace being equal to five Roman feet (\\~1480 mm). The Roman [mile](/wiki/Mile \"Mile\") of 5000 feet (1480 m) was introduced into England during the occupation. [Queen Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England \"Elizabeth I of England\") (reigned from 1558 to 1603\\) changed, by statute, the mile to 5280 feet (\\~1609 m) or 8 furlongs, a [furlong](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") being 40 [rod (unit)s](/wiki/Rod_%28unit%29 \"Rod (unit)\") (\\~201 m) of 5\\.5 yards (\\~5\\.03 m) each.",
"The introduction of the yard (0\\.9144 m) as a unit of length came later, but its origin is not definitely known. Some believe the origin was the double cubit, others believe that it originated from cubic measure. Whatever its origin, the early yard was divided by the binary method into 2, 4, 8, and 16 parts called the half\\-yard, span, finger, and nail. The association of the yard with the \"gird\" or circumference of a person's waist or with the distance from the tip of the nose to the end of the thumb of [King Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England \"Henry I of England\") (reigned 1100–1135\\) are probably standardizing actions, since several yards were in use in Britain.",
"There were also the rod, pole, perch and thumb for measurements of length. The following table lists the equivalents.",
"",
"| components",
"unit",
"| |\n| 12 lines | 1 inch |\n| 12 inches | 1 foot |\n| 3 feet | 1 yard |\n| 1760 yards | 1 mile |\n| 36 inches | 1 yard |\n| 440 yards | quarter\\-mile |\n| 880 yards | half\\-mile |\n| 100 links | 1 chain |\n| 10 chains | 1 furlong |\n| 8 furlongs | 1 mile |\n| 4 inches | 1 hand |\n| 22 yards | 1 chain |\n| 5\\.5 yards | 1 rod, pole or perch |\n| 4 poles | 1 chain |\n| 40 poles | 1 furlong |",
"### Units of mass",
"The [grain](/wiki/Grain_%28mass%29 \"Grain (mass)\") was the earliest [unit of mass](/wiki/Mass%23Units_of_mass \"Mass#Units of mass\") and is the smallest unit in the [apothecary](/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system \"Apothecaries' system\"), [avoirdupois](/wiki/Avoirdupois \"Avoirdupois\"), Tower, and [troy](/wiki/Troy_weight \"Troy weight\") systems. The early unit was a grain of wheat or barleycorn used to weigh the precious metals silver and gold. Larger units preserved in stone standards were developed that were used as both units of mass and of monetary currency. The [pound](/wiki/Pound_%28mass%29 \"Pound (mass)\") was derived from the [mina (unit)](/wiki/Mina_%28unit%29 \"Mina (unit)\") used by ancient civilizations. A smaller unit was the [shekel](/wiki/Shekel \"Shekel\"), and a larger unit was the [talent](/wiki/Talent_%28measurement%29 \"Talent (measurement)\"). The magnitude of these units varied from place to place. The Babylonians and Sumerians had a system in which there were 60 shekels in a mina and 60 minas in a talent. The Roman talent consisted of 100 libra (pound) which were smaller in magnitude than the mina. The troy pound (\\~373\\.2 g) used in England and the United States for monetary purposes, like the Roman pound, was divided into 12 ounces, but the Roman uncia (ounce) was smaller. The carat is a unit for measuring gemstones that had its origin in the carob seed, which later was standardized at 1/144 ounce and then 0\\.2 gram.",
"Goods of commerce were originally traded by number or volume. When weighing of goods began, units of mass based on a volume of grain or water were developed. The diverse magnitudes of units having the same name, which still appear today in our dry and liquid measures, could have arisen from the various commodities traded. The larger avoirdupois pound for goods of commerce might have been based on volume of water which has a higher [bulk density](/wiki/Bulk_density \"Bulk density\") than grain.",
"The stone, quarter, hundredweight, and ton were larger units of mass used in Britain. Today only the stone continues in customary use for measuring personal body weight. The present stone is 14 pounds (\\~6\\.35 kg), but an earlier unit appears to have been 16 pounds (\\~7\\.25 kg). The other units were multiples of 2, 8, and 160 times the stone, or 28, 112, and 2240 pounds (\\~12\\.7 kg, 50\\.8 kg, 1016 kg), respectively. The hundredweight was approximately equal to two talents. The \"long ton\" is equal to 2240 pounds (1016\\.047 kg), the \"short ton\" is equal to 2000 pounds (907\\.18474 kg), and the tonne (or metric ton) (t) is equal to 1000 kg (or 1 megagram).",
"### Units of time and angle",
"The division of the circle into 360 degrees and the day into hours, minutes, and seconds can be traced to the Babylonians who had a [sexagesimal](/wiki/Sexagesimal \"Sexagesimal\") system of numbers. The 360 degrees may have been related to a [year of 360 days](/wiki/360-day_calendar \"360-day calendar\"). Many other [systems of measurement](/wiki/Systems_of_measurement \"Systems of measurement\") divided the day differently—[counting hours](/wiki/Hour%23Counting_hours \"Hour#Counting hours\"), [decimal time](/wiki/Decimal_time \"Decimal time\"), etc. Other [calendars](/wiki/Calendar \"Calendar\") divided the year differently.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
Wishart, who played both centre and wing in his junior years, grew up in his home town of [Gerringong](/wiki/Gerringong "Gerringong"). There he was coached by former international centre [Mick Cronin](/wiki/Mick_Cronin_%28rugby_league%29 "Mick Cronin (rugby league)"). He first came to attention in 1988 when he played for Country Firsts. Later in the year he played against [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Kumuls "Papua New Guinea Kumuls") for both Southern Division and [NSW Country](/wiki/Country_New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team "Country New South Wales rugby league team"), kicking goals in both victories.{{cite book\| author\=David Middleton\|title\=Rugby League 1988\-89\|year\=1989
\|publisher\=Lester\-Townsend Publishing\|location\=Paddington, New South Wales\|isbn\=0\-949853\-19\-4\|page\=77}}
### Illawarra Steelers
Wishart played his first match for the [Illawarra Steelers](/wiki/Illawarra_Steelers "Illawarra Steelers") in [1989](/wiki/1989_NSWRL_season "1989 NSWRL season"), finished his rookie season as the club's top point\-scorer with 84 from 2 tries and 37 goals from his 19 games. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} During the season he scored a try in the Steelers 18–20 loss to the [Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos "Brisbane Broncos") in the [1989 Panasonic Cup Final](/wiki/1989_Panasonic_Cup_%28rugby_league%29 "1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league)") at [Parramatta Stadium](/wiki/Parramatta_Stadium "Parramatta Stadium").
He made his State of Origin debut on the wing for New South Wales in [1990](/wiki/1990_State_of_Origin_series "1990 State of Origin series") and was considered a certain selection {{by whom\|date\=May 2016}} for the [1990 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/1990_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France "1990 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France") though he was ultimately ruled out through injury. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} In the second test of the [1991 Trans\-Tasman Test series](/wiki/1991_Trans-Tasman_Test_series "1991 Trans-Tasman Test series") against [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team "New Zealand national rugby league team") at the [Sydney Football Stadium](/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_%281988%29 "Sydney Football Stadium (1988)").
Wishart became the second Steelers player after [Alan McIndoe](/wiki/Alan_McIndoe "Alan McIndoe") to be selected to play for Australia and the first Steelers junior to do so. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} injury was not enough to keep him out of Australia's 40–12 win in the deciding third test at [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane")'s [Lang Park](/wiki/Lang_Park "Lang Park"), where he scored his second of an eventual 10 test career tries.
Wishart made 22 appearances for New South Wales between 1990 and 1998 in the [State of Origin](/wiki/State_of_Origin_series "State of Origin series"), scoring 66 points from 5 tries and 23 goals. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} He was NSW first choice goal kicker between 1992 and 1995\.
During the [1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand](/wiki/1992_Great_Britain_Lions_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand "1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand"), he helped Australia retain [The Ashes](/wiki/The_Ashes_%28rugby_league%29 "The Ashes (rugby league)"), playing in the first two tests before missing the third through injury. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} Injury would also keep him out of Australia's victorious [1992 Rugby League World Cup final](/wiki/1992_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final "1992 Rugby League World Cup final") team at the end of the [1992 season](/wiki/1992_NSWRL_season "1992 NSWRL season"), the first year in their history in which Illawarra had qualified for the NSWRL finals.
Wishart failed to regain his test place in 1993, despite good performances for the Steelers and NSW, who won their second Origin series in a row with selectors preferring the Brisbane Broncos pair of [Willie Carne](/wiki/Willie_Carne "Willie Carne") (who made his test debut in the same game as Wishart in 1991\) and [Michael Hancock](/wiki/Michael_Hancock_%28rugby_league%29 "Michael Hancock (rugby league)"). He was again the Steelers leading point and try scorer for the [1993 season](/wiki/1993_NSWRL_season "1993 NSWRL season"), scoring 118 points from 11 tries and 37 goals.
His goal kicking improved dramatically in the [1994 NSWRL season](/wiki/1994_NSWRL_season "1994 NSWRL season"), and his continued good form at club and state level saw him selected on the wing for NSW in their [State of Origin series](/wiki/1994_State_of_Origin_series "1994 State of Origin series") win over [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland_Maroons "Queensland Maroons"), while at the end of the season he was selected to go on the [1994 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/1994_Kangaroo_tour "1994 Kangaroo tour"). Wishart and teammate [Paul McGregor](/wiki/Paul_McGregor_%28rugby_league%29 "Paul McGregor (rugby league)") became the first two, and only, Illawarra Steelers players to be selected for a [Kangaroo Tour](/wiki/Kangaroo_Tour "Kangaroo Tour"). Rod Wishart went on to be the top point scorer on the tour, scoring a Kangaroo Tour points record of 174 points from 8 tries and 71 goals in 11 games played, beating the record of [Michael O'Connor](/wiki/Michael_O%27Connor_%28rugby%29 "Michael O'Connor (rugby)") who scored 170 points in [1986](/wiki/1986_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France "1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France"). He also played in three of the four tests on tour, coming into the side for the second test against [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_Lions "Great Britain Lions") at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford "Old Trafford"). Two weeks later Wishart was a try scorer in Australia's 23–4 win in the deciding third test at [Elland Road](/wiki/Elland_Road "Elland Road") two weeks later. He then played on the wing in Australia's 74\-0 demolition of [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_league_team "France national rugby league team"), scoring a personal best of 26 points from a try and 11 goals from 13 attempts. {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2017}} During the 1994 Kangaroo tour, Wishart also played in a non\-test international, scoring a try and kicking 7/9 goals as the Kangaroos demolished [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team "Wales national rugby league team") 46–4 in [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff "Cardiff").
In [1995](/wiki/1995_ARL_season "1995 ARL season") and [1996](/wiki/1996_ARL_season "1996 ARL season"), Wishart was awarded the BHP Medal as the Steelers' player of the year. During this time, Wishart remained loyal to the [Australian Rugby League](/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League "Australian Rugby League") during the [Super League War](/wiki/Super_League_War "Super League War"). He played in NSW's surprise 3–0 loss to Queensland in the [1995 State of Origin series](/wiki/1995_State_of_Origin_series "1995 State of Origin series"), though he retained his place on the wing for Australia in all three tests of the [1995 Trans\-Tasman series](/wiki/1995_Trans-Tasman_Test_series "1995 Trans-Tasman Test series") against New Zealand, won 3\-0 by the ARL only Australian's (the ARL had ruled that [Super League](/wiki/Super_League_%28Australia%29 "Super League (Australia)") aligned players were not eligible for selection). He top scored for Australia during the series with one try in the third test, and 17 goals, including kicking 5/5 in both the first and second tests. {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2017}}
At the end of 1995, Rod Wishart scored a try in Australia's 16–8 win over [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team "England national rugby league team") in front of 66,540 at [London](/wiki/London "London")'s [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 "Wembley Stadium (1923)") in the [1995 Rugby League World Cup final](/wiki/1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final "1995 Rugby League World Cup final").
A serious shoulder injury restricted Wishart to just 5 games in [1997](/wiki/1997_ARL_season "1997 ARL season"). Injury also restricted him to just 15 games in [1998](/wiki/1998_NRL_season "1998 NRL season"). {{Citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
By the end of the Illawarra Steelers final season in 1998, Rod Wishart had set a number of club point scoring records.
* Most career tries – 68
* Most career goals – 386
* Most points in a season – 176 (11 tries, 66 goals) in 1995
* Most career points – 1,044
### St. George Illawarra Dragons
When the Steelers formed the [St George Illawarra Dragons](/wiki/St_George_Illawarra_Dragons "St George Illawarra Dragons") in 1999 with [St George](/wiki/St_George_Dragons "St George Dragons"), Wishart was a part of the new 25\-man squad, however he mostly played from the Interchange bench, with former St George wingers [Jamie Ainscough](/wiki/Jamie_Ainscough "Jamie Ainscough") and [Nathan Blacklock](/wiki/Nathan_Blacklock "Nathan Blacklock") being selected ahead of him. Following the Dragons' [1999 NRL Grand Final](/wiki/1999_NRL_Grand_Final "1999 NRL Grand Final") loss, in which Wishart played from the bench, he retired from the NRL.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"Wishart, who played both centre and wing in his junior years, grew up in his home town of [Gerringong](/wiki/Gerringong \"Gerringong\"). There he was coached by former international centre [Mick Cronin](/wiki/Mick_Cronin_%28rugby_league%29 \"Mick Cronin (rugby league)\"). He first came to attention in 1988 when he played for Country Firsts. Later in the year he played against [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Kumuls \"Papua New Guinea Kumuls\") for both Southern Division and [NSW Country](/wiki/Country_New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team \"Country New South Wales rugby league team\"), kicking goals in both victories.{{cite book\\| author\\=David Middleton\\|title\\=Rugby League 1988\\-89\\|year\\=1989 \n\\|publisher\\=Lester\\-Townsend Publishing\\|location\\=Paddington, New South Wales\\|isbn\\=0\\-949853\\-19\\-4\\|page\\=77}}",
"### Illawarra Steelers",
"Wishart played his first match for the [Illawarra Steelers](/wiki/Illawarra_Steelers \"Illawarra Steelers\") in [1989](/wiki/1989_NSWRL_season \"1989 NSWRL season\"), finished his rookie season as the club's top point\\-scorer with 84 from 2 tries and 37 goals from his 19 games. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} During the season he scored a try in the Steelers 18–20 loss to the [Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos \"Brisbane Broncos\") in the [1989 Panasonic Cup Final](/wiki/1989_Panasonic_Cup_%28rugby_league%29 \"1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league)\") at [Parramatta Stadium](/wiki/Parramatta_Stadium \"Parramatta Stadium\").",
"He made his State of Origin debut on the wing for New South Wales in [1990](/wiki/1990_State_of_Origin_series \"1990 State of Origin series\") and was considered a certain selection {{by whom\\|date\\=May 2016}} for the [1990 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/1990_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France \"1990 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France\") though he was ultimately ruled out through injury. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} In the second test of the [1991 Trans\\-Tasman Test series](/wiki/1991_Trans-Tasman_Test_series \"1991 Trans-Tasman Test series\") against [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team \"New Zealand national rugby league team\") at the [Sydney Football Stadium](/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_%281988%29 \"Sydney Football Stadium (1988)\").",
"Wishart became the second Steelers player after [Alan McIndoe](/wiki/Alan_McIndoe \"Alan McIndoe\") to be selected to play for Australia and the first Steelers junior to do so. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} injury was not enough to keep him out of Australia's 40–12 win in the deciding third test at [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\")'s [Lang Park](/wiki/Lang_Park \"Lang Park\"), where he scored his second of an eventual 10 test career tries.",
"Wishart made 22 appearances for New South Wales between 1990 and 1998 in the [State of Origin](/wiki/State_of_Origin_series \"State of Origin series\"), scoring 66 points from 5 tries and 23 goals. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} He was NSW first choice goal kicker between 1992 and 1995\\.",
"During the [1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand](/wiki/1992_Great_Britain_Lions_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand \"1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand\"), he helped Australia retain [The Ashes](/wiki/The_Ashes_%28rugby_league%29 \"The Ashes (rugby league)\"), playing in the first two tests before missing the third through injury. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} Injury would also keep him out of Australia's victorious [1992 Rugby League World Cup final](/wiki/1992_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final \"1992 Rugby League World Cup final\") team at the end of the [1992 season](/wiki/1992_NSWRL_season \"1992 NSWRL season\"), the first year in their history in which Illawarra had qualified for the NSWRL finals.",
"Wishart failed to regain his test place in 1993, despite good performances for the Steelers and NSW, who won their second Origin series in a row with selectors preferring the Brisbane Broncos pair of [Willie Carne](/wiki/Willie_Carne \"Willie Carne\") (who made his test debut in the same game as Wishart in 1991\\) and [Michael Hancock](/wiki/Michael_Hancock_%28rugby_league%29 \"Michael Hancock (rugby league)\"). He was again the Steelers leading point and try scorer for the [1993 season](/wiki/1993_NSWRL_season \"1993 NSWRL season\"), scoring 118 points from 11 tries and 37 goals.",
"His goal kicking improved dramatically in the [1994 NSWRL season](/wiki/1994_NSWRL_season \"1994 NSWRL season\"), and his continued good form at club and state level saw him selected on the wing for NSW in their [State of Origin series](/wiki/1994_State_of_Origin_series \"1994 State of Origin series\") win over [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland_Maroons \"Queensland Maroons\"), while at the end of the season he was selected to go on the [1994 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/1994_Kangaroo_tour \"1994 Kangaroo tour\"). Wishart and teammate [Paul McGregor](/wiki/Paul_McGregor_%28rugby_league%29 \"Paul McGregor (rugby league)\") became the first two, and only, Illawarra Steelers players to be selected for a [Kangaroo Tour](/wiki/Kangaroo_Tour \"Kangaroo Tour\"). Rod Wishart went on to be the top point scorer on the tour, scoring a Kangaroo Tour points record of 174 points from 8 tries and 71 goals in 11 games played, beating the record of [Michael O'Connor](/wiki/Michael_O%27Connor_%28rugby%29 \"Michael O'Connor (rugby)\") who scored 170 points in [1986](/wiki/1986_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France \"1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France\"). He also played in three of the four tests on tour, coming into the side for the second test against [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_Lions \"Great Britain Lions\") at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\"). Two weeks later Wishart was a try scorer in Australia's 23–4 win in the deciding third test at [Elland Road](/wiki/Elland_Road \"Elland Road\") two weeks later. He then played on the wing in Australia's 74\\-0 demolition of [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_league_team \"France national rugby league team\"), scoring a personal best of 26 points from a try and 11 goals from 13 attempts. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}} During the 1994 Kangaroo tour, Wishart also played in a non\\-test international, scoring a try and kicking 7/9 goals as the Kangaroos demolished [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team \"Wales national rugby league team\") 46–4 in [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\").",
"In [1995](/wiki/1995_ARL_season \"1995 ARL season\") and [1996](/wiki/1996_ARL_season \"1996 ARL season\"), Wishart was awarded the BHP Medal as the Steelers' player of the year. During this time, Wishart remained loyal to the [Australian Rugby League](/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League \"Australian Rugby League\") during the [Super League War](/wiki/Super_League_War \"Super League War\"). He played in NSW's surprise 3–0 loss to Queensland in the [1995 State of Origin series](/wiki/1995_State_of_Origin_series \"1995 State of Origin series\"), though he retained his place on the wing for Australia in all three tests of the [1995 Trans\\-Tasman series](/wiki/1995_Trans-Tasman_Test_series \"1995 Trans-Tasman Test series\") against New Zealand, won 3\\-0 by the ARL only Australian's (the ARL had ruled that [Super League](/wiki/Super_League_%28Australia%29 \"Super League (Australia)\") aligned players were not eligible for selection). He top scored for Australia during the series with one try in the third test, and 17 goals, including kicking 5/5 in both the first and second tests. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}}",
"At the end of 1995, Rod Wishart scored a try in Australia's 16–8 win over [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team \"England national rugby league team\") in front of 66,540 at [London](/wiki/London \"London\")'s [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 \"Wembley Stadium (1923)\") in the [1995 Rugby League World Cup final](/wiki/1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final \"1995 Rugby League World Cup final\").",
"A serious shoulder injury restricted Wishart to just 5 games in [1997](/wiki/1997_ARL_season \"1997 ARL season\"). Injury also restricted him to just 15 games in [1998](/wiki/1998_NRL_season \"1998 NRL season\"). {{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"By the end of the Illawarra Steelers final season in 1998, Rod Wishart had set a number of club point scoring records.",
"* Most career tries – 68\n* Most career goals – 386\n* Most points in a season – 176 (11 tries, 66 goals) in 1995\n* Most career points – 1,044",
"### St. George Illawarra Dragons",
"When the Steelers formed the [St George Illawarra Dragons](/wiki/St_George_Illawarra_Dragons \"St George Illawarra Dragons\") in 1999 with [St George](/wiki/St_George_Dragons \"St George Dragons\"), Wishart was a part of the new 25\\-man squad, however he mostly played from the Interchange bench, with former St George wingers [Jamie Ainscough](/wiki/Jamie_Ainscough \"Jamie Ainscough\") and [Nathan Blacklock](/wiki/Nathan_Blacklock \"Nathan Blacklock\") being selected ahead of him. Following the Dragons' [1999 NRL Grand Final](/wiki/1999_NRL_Grand_Final \"1999 NRL Grand Final\") loss, in which Wishart played from the bench, he retired from the NRL.",
""
] |
### Illawarra Steelers
Wishart played his first match for the [Illawarra Steelers](/wiki/Illawarra_Steelers "Illawarra Steelers") in [1989](/wiki/1989_NSWRL_season "1989 NSWRL season"), finished his rookie season as the club's top point\-scorer with 84 from 2 tries and 37 goals from his 19 games. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} During the season he scored a try in the Steelers 18–20 loss to the [Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos "Brisbane Broncos") in the [1989 Panasonic Cup Final](/wiki/1989_Panasonic_Cup_%28rugby_league%29 "1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league)") at [Parramatta Stadium](/wiki/Parramatta_Stadium "Parramatta Stadium").
He made his State of Origin debut on the wing for New South Wales in [1990](/wiki/1990_State_of_Origin_series "1990 State of Origin series") and was considered a certain selection {{by whom\|date\=May 2016}} for the [1990 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/1990_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France "1990 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France") though he was ultimately ruled out through injury. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} In the second test of the [1991 Trans\-Tasman Test series](/wiki/1991_Trans-Tasman_Test_series "1991 Trans-Tasman Test series") against [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team "New Zealand national rugby league team") at the [Sydney Football Stadium](/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_%281988%29 "Sydney Football Stadium (1988)").
Wishart became the second Steelers player after [Alan McIndoe](/wiki/Alan_McIndoe "Alan McIndoe") to be selected to play for Australia and the first Steelers junior to do so. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} injury was not enough to keep him out of Australia's 40–12 win in the deciding third test at [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane")'s [Lang Park](/wiki/Lang_Park "Lang Park"), where he scored his second of an eventual 10 test career tries.
Wishart made 22 appearances for New South Wales between 1990 and 1998 in the [State of Origin](/wiki/State_of_Origin_series "State of Origin series"), scoring 66 points from 5 tries and 23 goals. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} He was NSW first choice goal kicker between 1992 and 1995\.
During the [1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand](/wiki/1992_Great_Britain_Lions_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand "1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand"), he helped Australia retain [The Ashes](/wiki/The_Ashes_%28rugby_league%29 "The Ashes (rugby league)"), playing in the first two tests before missing the third through injury. {{Citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} Injury would also keep him out of Australia's victorious [1992 Rugby League World Cup final](/wiki/1992_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final "1992 Rugby League World Cup final") team at the end of the [1992 season](/wiki/1992_NSWRL_season "1992 NSWRL season"), the first year in their history in which Illawarra had qualified for the NSWRL finals.
Wishart failed to regain his test place in 1993, despite good performances for the Steelers and NSW, who won their second Origin series in a row with selectors preferring the Brisbane Broncos pair of [Willie Carne](/wiki/Willie_Carne "Willie Carne") (who made his test debut in the same game as Wishart in 1991\) and [Michael Hancock](/wiki/Michael_Hancock_%28rugby_league%29 "Michael Hancock (rugby league)"). He was again the Steelers leading point and try scorer for the [1993 season](/wiki/1993_NSWRL_season "1993 NSWRL season"), scoring 118 points from 11 tries and 37 goals.
His goal kicking improved dramatically in the [1994 NSWRL season](/wiki/1994_NSWRL_season "1994 NSWRL season"), and his continued good form at club and state level saw him selected on the wing for NSW in their [State of Origin series](/wiki/1994_State_of_Origin_series "1994 State of Origin series") win over [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland_Maroons "Queensland Maroons"), while at the end of the season he was selected to go on the [1994 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/1994_Kangaroo_tour "1994 Kangaroo tour"). Wishart and teammate [Paul McGregor](/wiki/Paul_McGregor_%28rugby_league%29 "Paul McGregor (rugby league)") became the first two, and only, Illawarra Steelers players to be selected for a [Kangaroo Tour](/wiki/Kangaroo_Tour "Kangaroo Tour"). Rod Wishart went on to be the top point scorer on the tour, scoring a Kangaroo Tour points record of 174 points from 8 tries and 71 goals in 11 games played, beating the record of [Michael O'Connor](/wiki/Michael_O%27Connor_%28rugby%29 "Michael O'Connor (rugby)") who scored 170 points in [1986](/wiki/1986_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France "1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France"). He also played in three of the four tests on tour, coming into the side for the second test against [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_Lions "Great Britain Lions") at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford "Old Trafford"). Two weeks later Wishart was a try scorer in Australia's 23–4 win in the deciding third test at [Elland Road](/wiki/Elland_Road "Elland Road") two weeks later. He then played on the wing in Australia's 74\-0 demolition of [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_league_team "France national rugby league team"), scoring a personal best of 26 points from a try and 11 goals from 13 attempts. {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2017}} During the 1994 Kangaroo tour, Wishart also played in a non\-test international, scoring a try and kicking 7/9 goals as the Kangaroos demolished [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team "Wales national rugby league team") 46–4 in [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff "Cardiff").
In [1995](/wiki/1995_ARL_season "1995 ARL season") and [1996](/wiki/1996_ARL_season "1996 ARL season"), Wishart was awarded the BHP Medal as the Steelers' player of the year. During this time, Wishart remained loyal to the [Australian Rugby League](/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League "Australian Rugby League") during the [Super League War](/wiki/Super_League_War "Super League War"). He played in NSW's surprise 3–0 loss to Queensland in the [1995 State of Origin series](/wiki/1995_State_of_Origin_series "1995 State of Origin series"), though he retained his place on the wing for Australia in all three tests of the [1995 Trans\-Tasman series](/wiki/1995_Trans-Tasman_Test_series "1995 Trans-Tasman Test series") against New Zealand, won 3\-0 by the ARL only Australian's (the ARL had ruled that [Super League](/wiki/Super_League_%28Australia%29 "Super League (Australia)") aligned players were not eligible for selection). He top scored for Australia during the series with one try in the third test, and 17 goals, including kicking 5/5 in both the first and second tests. {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2017}}
At the end of 1995, Rod Wishart scored a try in Australia's 16–8 win over [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team "England national rugby league team") in front of 66,540 at [London](/wiki/London "London")'s [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 "Wembley Stadium (1923)") in the [1995 Rugby League World Cup final](/wiki/1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final "1995 Rugby League World Cup final").
A serious shoulder injury restricted Wishart to just 5 games in [1997](/wiki/1997_ARL_season "1997 ARL season"). Injury also restricted him to just 15 games in [1998](/wiki/1998_NRL_season "1998 NRL season"). {{Citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
By the end of the Illawarra Steelers final season in 1998, Rod Wishart had set a number of club point scoring records.
* Most career tries – 68
* Most career goals – 386
* Most points in a season – 176 (11 tries, 66 goals) in 1995
* Most career points – 1,044
|
[
"### Illawarra Steelers",
"Wishart played his first match for the [Illawarra Steelers](/wiki/Illawarra_Steelers \"Illawarra Steelers\") in [1989](/wiki/1989_NSWRL_season \"1989 NSWRL season\"), finished his rookie season as the club's top point\\-scorer with 84 from 2 tries and 37 goals from his 19 games. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} During the season he scored a try in the Steelers 18–20 loss to the [Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos \"Brisbane Broncos\") in the [1989 Panasonic Cup Final](/wiki/1989_Panasonic_Cup_%28rugby_league%29 \"1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league)\") at [Parramatta Stadium](/wiki/Parramatta_Stadium \"Parramatta Stadium\").",
"He made his State of Origin debut on the wing for New South Wales in [1990](/wiki/1990_State_of_Origin_series \"1990 State of Origin series\") and was considered a certain selection {{by whom\\|date\\=May 2016}} for the [1990 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/1990_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France \"1990 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France\") though he was ultimately ruled out through injury. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} In the second test of the [1991 Trans\\-Tasman Test series](/wiki/1991_Trans-Tasman_Test_series \"1991 Trans-Tasman Test series\") against [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team \"New Zealand national rugby league team\") at the [Sydney Football Stadium](/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_%281988%29 \"Sydney Football Stadium (1988)\").",
"Wishart became the second Steelers player after [Alan McIndoe](/wiki/Alan_McIndoe \"Alan McIndoe\") to be selected to play for Australia and the first Steelers junior to do so. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} injury was not enough to keep him out of Australia's 40–12 win in the deciding third test at [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\")'s [Lang Park](/wiki/Lang_Park \"Lang Park\"), where he scored his second of an eventual 10 test career tries.",
"Wishart made 22 appearances for New South Wales between 1990 and 1998 in the [State of Origin](/wiki/State_of_Origin_series \"State of Origin series\"), scoring 66 points from 5 tries and 23 goals. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} He was NSW first choice goal kicker between 1992 and 1995\\.",
"During the [1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand](/wiki/1992_Great_Britain_Lions_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand \"1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand\"), he helped Australia retain [The Ashes](/wiki/The_Ashes_%28rugby_league%29 \"The Ashes (rugby league)\"), playing in the first two tests before missing the third through injury. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} Injury would also keep him out of Australia's victorious [1992 Rugby League World Cup final](/wiki/1992_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final \"1992 Rugby League World Cup final\") team at the end of the [1992 season](/wiki/1992_NSWRL_season \"1992 NSWRL season\"), the first year in their history in which Illawarra had qualified for the NSWRL finals.",
"Wishart failed to regain his test place in 1993, despite good performances for the Steelers and NSW, who won their second Origin series in a row with selectors preferring the Brisbane Broncos pair of [Willie Carne](/wiki/Willie_Carne \"Willie Carne\") (who made his test debut in the same game as Wishart in 1991\\) and [Michael Hancock](/wiki/Michael_Hancock_%28rugby_league%29 \"Michael Hancock (rugby league)\"). He was again the Steelers leading point and try scorer for the [1993 season](/wiki/1993_NSWRL_season \"1993 NSWRL season\"), scoring 118 points from 11 tries and 37 goals.",
"His goal kicking improved dramatically in the [1994 NSWRL season](/wiki/1994_NSWRL_season \"1994 NSWRL season\"), and his continued good form at club and state level saw him selected on the wing for NSW in their [State of Origin series](/wiki/1994_State_of_Origin_series \"1994 State of Origin series\") win over [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland_Maroons \"Queensland Maroons\"), while at the end of the season he was selected to go on the [1994 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/1994_Kangaroo_tour \"1994 Kangaroo tour\"). Wishart and teammate [Paul McGregor](/wiki/Paul_McGregor_%28rugby_league%29 \"Paul McGregor (rugby league)\") became the first two, and only, Illawarra Steelers players to be selected for a [Kangaroo Tour](/wiki/Kangaroo_Tour \"Kangaroo Tour\"). Rod Wishart went on to be the top point scorer on the tour, scoring a Kangaroo Tour points record of 174 points from 8 tries and 71 goals in 11 games played, beating the record of [Michael O'Connor](/wiki/Michael_O%27Connor_%28rugby%29 \"Michael O'Connor (rugby)\") who scored 170 points in [1986](/wiki/1986_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France \"1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France\"). He also played in three of the four tests on tour, coming into the side for the second test against [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_Lions \"Great Britain Lions\") at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\"). Two weeks later Wishart was a try scorer in Australia's 23–4 win in the deciding third test at [Elland Road](/wiki/Elland_Road \"Elland Road\") two weeks later. He then played on the wing in Australia's 74\\-0 demolition of [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_league_team \"France national rugby league team\"), scoring a personal best of 26 points from a try and 11 goals from 13 attempts. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}} During the 1994 Kangaroo tour, Wishart also played in a non\\-test international, scoring a try and kicking 7/9 goals as the Kangaroos demolished [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team \"Wales national rugby league team\") 46–4 in [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\").",
"In [1995](/wiki/1995_ARL_season \"1995 ARL season\") and [1996](/wiki/1996_ARL_season \"1996 ARL season\"), Wishart was awarded the BHP Medal as the Steelers' player of the year. During this time, Wishart remained loyal to the [Australian Rugby League](/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League \"Australian Rugby League\") during the [Super League War](/wiki/Super_League_War \"Super League War\"). He played in NSW's surprise 3–0 loss to Queensland in the [1995 State of Origin series](/wiki/1995_State_of_Origin_series \"1995 State of Origin series\"), though he retained his place on the wing for Australia in all three tests of the [1995 Trans\\-Tasman series](/wiki/1995_Trans-Tasman_Test_series \"1995 Trans-Tasman Test series\") against New Zealand, won 3\\-0 by the ARL only Australian's (the ARL had ruled that [Super League](/wiki/Super_League_%28Australia%29 \"Super League (Australia)\") aligned players were not eligible for selection). He top scored for Australia during the series with one try in the third test, and 17 goals, including kicking 5/5 in both the first and second tests. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}}",
"At the end of 1995, Rod Wishart scored a try in Australia's 16–8 win over [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team \"England national rugby league team\") in front of 66,540 at [London](/wiki/London \"London\")'s [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 \"Wembley Stadium (1923)\") in the [1995 Rugby League World Cup final](/wiki/1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final \"1995 Rugby League World Cup final\").",
"A serious shoulder injury restricted Wishart to just 5 games in [1997](/wiki/1997_ARL_season \"1997 ARL season\"). Injury also restricted him to just 15 games in [1998](/wiki/1998_NRL_season \"1998 NRL season\"). {{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"By the end of the Illawarra Steelers final season in 1998, Rod Wishart had set a number of club point scoring records.",
"* Most career tries – 68\n* Most career goals – 386\n* Most points in a season – 176 (11 tries, 66 goals) in 1995\n* Most career points – 1,044"
] |
History
-------
Established under the terms of the [Treaty of Cession of French Territories in India](/wiki/French_India "French India"), the French Institute of Pondicherry was inaugurated on 21 March, 1955 under the name "Institut Français d'Indologie".{{Cite web \|url\=http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1956/chap133\.htm \|title\=India\-France 1956 Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India (Indian Ministry for External Affairs) \|access\-date\=2006\-05\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504075520/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1956/chap133\.htm \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-04 \|url\-status\=dead }}) It was engaged, under the leadership of its first director ([Jean Filliozat](/wiki/Jean_Filliozat "Jean Filliozat")), in the study of Indian civilization and culture, and more particularly in the history and the religions of [South India](/wiki/South_India "South India").
This culture had to be replaced in its natural environment – at least that was what Nehru encouraged the IFP to implement. Hence a department of Ecology was created to collect information on the conditions and evolution of the environment in South India (vegetation, soils, climate changes, etc.) with its focus on the Western Ghats, one of the world's 34 hotspots for [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity").
With the setting up of the department of Social Sciences in 1988, the institute extended its interest to the evolution and dynamics of the Indian society.
The Laboratory of Applied Informatics and Geomatics (LAIG) was set up in the 1990s. In 2017 it became the department GeoSMIT (GeoSpatial Monitoring and Information Technology).
The institute has a library with 70,000 books and more than 120 journals currently received. It is open to the public (catalogue on line).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Established under the terms of the [Treaty of Cession of French Territories in India](/wiki/French_India \"French India\"), the French Institute of Pondicherry was inaugurated on 21 March, 1955 under the name \"Institut Français d'Indologie\".{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1956/chap133\\.htm \\|title\\=India\\-France 1956 Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India (Indian Ministry for External Affairs) \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-05\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504075520/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1956/chap133\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}) It was engaged, under the leadership of its first director ([Jean Filliozat](/wiki/Jean_Filliozat \"Jean Filliozat\")), in the study of Indian civilization and culture, and more particularly in the history and the religions of [South India](/wiki/South_India \"South India\").",
"This culture had to be replaced in its natural environment – at least that was what Nehru encouraged the IFP to implement. Hence a department of Ecology was created to collect information on the conditions and evolution of the environment in South India (vegetation, soils, climate changes, etc.) with its focus on the Western Ghats, one of the world's 34 hotspots for [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity \"Biodiversity\").",
"With the setting up of the department of Social Sciences in 1988, the institute extended its interest to the evolution and dynamics of the Indian society.",
"The Laboratory of Applied Informatics and Geomatics (LAIG) was set up in the 1990s. In 2017 it became the department GeoSMIT (GeoSpatial Monitoring and Information Technology).",
"The institute has a library with 70,000 books and more than 120 journals currently received. It is open to the public (catalogue on line).",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Main\|Sound Dues}}
Political control of Øresund has been an important issue in Danish and [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") history. Denmark maintained [military](/wiki/Military "Military") control with the [coastal](/wiki/Coast "Coast") [fortress](/wiki/Fortress "Fortress") of [Kronborg](/wiki/Kronborg "Kronborg") at [Elsinore](/wiki/Elsinore "Elsinore") on the west side and [Kärnan](/wiki/K%C3%A4rnan "Kärnan") at [Helsingborg](/wiki/Helsingborg "Helsingborg") on the east, until the eastern shore was ceded to Sweden in 1658, based on the [Treaty of Roskilde](/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde "Treaty of Roskilde"). Both fortresses are located where the strait is 4 kilometres wide.
In 1429, King [Eric of Pomerania](/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania "Eric of Pomerania") introduced the [Sound Dues](/wiki/Sound_Dues "Sound Dues") which remained in effect for more than four centuries, until 1857\. Transitory dues on the use of waterways, roads, bridges and crossings were then an accepted way of taxing which could constitute a great part of a state's income.
The Strait Dues remained the most important source of income for the Danish Crown for several centuries, thus making Danish kings relatively independent of Denmark's [privy council](/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Denmark "Privy Council of Denmark") and [aristocracy](/wiki/Aristocracy "Aristocracy").
To be independent of the Øresund, Sweden carried out two great projects: the foundation of [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg") in 1621 and the construction of the [Göta Canal](/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_Canal "Göta Canal") from 1810 to 1832\.
The [Copenhagen Convention of 1857](/wiki/Copenhagen_Convention_of_1857 "Copenhagen Convention of 1857") abolished the Dues and made the Danish straits an [international waterway](/wiki/International_waterway "International waterway").
A fixed connection was opened across the strait in 2000, the [Øresund Bridge](/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge "Øresund Bridge").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Main\\|Sound Dues}}",
"Political control of Øresund has been an important issue in Danish and [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") history. Denmark maintained [military](/wiki/Military \"Military\") control with the [coastal](/wiki/Coast \"Coast\") [fortress](/wiki/Fortress \"Fortress\") of [Kronborg](/wiki/Kronborg \"Kronborg\") at [Elsinore](/wiki/Elsinore \"Elsinore\") on the west side and [Kärnan](/wiki/K%C3%A4rnan \"Kärnan\") at [Helsingborg](/wiki/Helsingborg \"Helsingborg\") on the east, until the eastern shore was ceded to Sweden in 1658, based on the [Treaty of Roskilde](/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde \"Treaty of Roskilde\"). Both fortresses are located where the strait is 4 kilometres wide.",
"In 1429, King [Eric of Pomerania](/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania \"Eric of Pomerania\") introduced the [Sound Dues](/wiki/Sound_Dues \"Sound Dues\") which remained in effect for more than four centuries, until 1857\\. Transitory dues on the use of waterways, roads, bridges and crossings were then an accepted way of taxing which could constitute a great part of a state's income. \nThe Strait Dues remained the most important source of income for the Danish Crown for several centuries, thus making Danish kings relatively independent of Denmark's [privy council](/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Denmark \"Privy Council of Denmark\") and [aristocracy](/wiki/Aristocracy \"Aristocracy\").",
"To be independent of the Øresund, Sweden carried out two great projects: the foundation of [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg \"Gothenburg\") in 1621 and the construction of the [Göta Canal](/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_Canal \"Göta Canal\") from 1810 to 1832\\.",
"The [Copenhagen Convention of 1857](/wiki/Copenhagen_Convention_of_1857 \"Copenhagen Convention of 1857\") abolished the Dues and made the Danish straits an [international waterway](/wiki/International_waterway \"International waterway\").",
"A fixed connection was opened across the strait in 2000, the [Øresund Bridge](/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge \"Øresund Bridge\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
From 1986 to 1995 he served in the [Airborne Forces](/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces "Soviet Airborne Forces") and the [KGB](/wiki/KGB "KGB"). From 1995 to 1998 he headed the CJSC "Antey Corporation" in Moscow.
From 1998 to 1999 \- First Vice President of Rosmyasomoltorg. In 1999, he joined the civil service. From 1999 to January 2000 he was First Deputy General Director of the State Unitary Enterprise "Federal Agency for Regulation of the Food Market" under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation.
From 2000 to 2001 \- First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Moscow Region.
Since 2001 \- the first deputy head of the Ivanovo region administration and the head of the regional office in Moscow and worked in this position until 2002\.
From November 2002 to February 2003 \- Chairman of the Government of the Chechen Republic.
In 2003 he was appointed Assistant Minister of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation.
December 7, 2003 he was elected to the [State Duma of the Russian Federation](/wiki/State_Duma_of_the_Russian_Federation "State Duma of the Russian Federation") of the fourth convocation for the Kineshma single\-mandate electoral district No. 81 (Ivanovo region).
December 2, 2007 was again elected to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the fifth convocation on the list of the party "United Russia" (Vladimir Regional Group). In the State Duma, he was deputy chairman of the Defense Committee and a member of the Commission for the Review of Federal Budget Expenditures, aimed at ensuring the defense and state security of the Russian Federation.
December 4, 2011 was elected to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the sixth convocation on the list of the party "United Russia" (Vladimir Regional Group).
December 15, 2011 by Presidential Decree No. 1626 was appointed Plenipotentiary Representative of the President in the Volga Federal District.
On December 29, 2011, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1709, he was appointed Chairman of the State Commission for Chemical Disarmament.
Since January 19, 2012 is the first state class adviser to the Russian Federation.
On the lifting of the issue on the approval of Mikhail Babich as ambassador to Ukraine
After the dismissal of Russia's ambassador to Ukraine [Mikhail Zurabov](/wiki/Mikhail_Zurabov "Mikhail Zurabov") on July 28, 2016, in the Russian press Mikhail Babich was named as a candidate for this post, which was publicly confirmed by Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary of Russian President Vladimir Putin. Preliminary procedures for coordinating the lower and upper chambers of the parliament by the profile committees were carried out.
The corresponding decision was made at a meeting of the International Affairs Committee on July 29, 2016\.
In turn, the Ukrainian expert community expressed a number of reasons why Mikhail Babich may be refused by the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry in obtaining an agronomist. One of them was that, as a member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Mikhail Babich in 2014 took part in the decision to support the Crimea, in his decision to secede from Ukraine and bring in \[Russian peacekeepers]. \[Attribution of opinion is needed] In addition, Ukrainian political scientists noted that Mikhail Babich "had previously been a military paratrooper, led the government of the republic during the Chechen war, worked in the FSB". The experts in Kiev stated that "Babich, whose biography is connected with the Soviet KGB and the Russian FSB, is called to become the" ambassador of the war ", is a" professional saboteur "and" classic Kremlin candidate for interaction with separatists in the Donbass for organizing military operations. "All these "Details", in their opinion, "could become an unconditional reason for refusal in the agrarian." There were also opinions that "the Ukrainian side is severely limited in its activities in Russia and there is no need to find a Russian ambassador in Ukraine. It is enough just temporarily an attorney. "On September 27, 2017, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, in a teleconference mode, heard a report by Mikhail Babich, chairman of the State Commission for Chemical Disarmament, on the completion of work on the elimination of Russian chemical weapons.
August 4, 2016 Kiev refused to agree on the candidacy of Mikhail Babich for the post of Russian Ambassador to Ukraine. The deputy head of the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry, Elena Zerkal, said that on their initiative the issue will not be discussed in principle. "This issue is removed from the agenda," she said.
The press secretary of the President of Russia [Dmitry Peskov](/wiki/Dmitry_Peskov "Dmitry Peskov"), in turn, said that Russia still stands for the appointment of Mikhail Babich as the new head of the diplomatic mission. "This is our approach to our bilateral relations. At the same time, if the Ukrainian side decides to lower the level of our diplomatic relations and considers such a reduced regime of diplomatic communication expedient, it is the choice of the Ukrainian side, "noted Dmitry Peskov.
According to the rules of international diplomatic etiquette, before the official appointment, the ambassador's candidacy passes mandatory preliminary voting with the country of destination. And only after that there is an official presentation and appointment, and not vice versa. In this case, there was no preliminary vote. In fact, the ambassador was trying to impose.
August 24, 2018 appointed [ambassador of Russia to Belarus](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_Belarus "List of ambassadors of Russia to Belarus").[Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 24\.08\.2018 № 495 «О Чрезвычайном и Полномочном После Российской Федерации в Республике Белоруссия»](http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201808240004)[Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 24\.08\.2018 № 496 «О специальном представителе Президента Российской Федерации по развитию торгово\-экономического сотрудничества с Республикой Белоруссия»](http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201808240002)
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"From 1986 to 1995 he served in the [Airborne Forces](/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces \"Soviet Airborne Forces\") and the [KGB](/wiki/KGB \"KGB\"). From 1995 to 1998 he headed the CJSC \"Antey Corporation\" in Moscow.",
"From 1998 to 1999 \\- First Vice President of Rosmyasomoltorg. In 1999, he joined the civil service. From 1999 to January 2000 he was First Deputy General Director of the State Unitary Enterprise \"Federal Agency for Regulation of the Food Market\" under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation.",
"From 2000 to 2001 \\- First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Moscow Region.",
"Since 2001 \\- the first deputy head of the Ivanovo region administration and the head of the regional office in Moscow and worked in this position until 2002\\.",
"From November 2002 to February 2003 \\- Chairman of the Government of the Chechen Republic.",
"In 2003 he was appointed Assistant Minister of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation.",
"December 7, 2003 he was elected to the [State Duma of the Russian Federation](/wiki/State_Duma_of_the_Russian_Federation \"State Duma of the Russian Federation\") of the fourth convocation for the Kineshma single\\-mandate electoral district No. 81 (Ivanovo region).",
"December 2, 2007 was again elected to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the fifth convocation on the list of the party \"United Russia\" (Vladimir Regional Group). In the State Duma, he was deputy chairman of the Defense Committee and a member of the Commission for the Review of Federal Budget Expenditures, aimed at ensuring the defense and state security of the Russian Federation.",
"December 4, 2011 was elected to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the sixth convocation on the list of the party \"United Russia\" (Vladimir Regional Group).",
"December 15, 2011 by Presidential Decree No. 1626 was appointed Plenipotentiary Representative of the President in the Volga Federal District.",
"On December 29, 2011, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1709, he was appointed Chairman of the State Commission for Chemical Disarmament.",
"Since January 19, 2012 is the first state class adviser to the Russian Federation.",
"On the lifting of the issue on the approval of Mikhail Babich as ambassador to Ukraine",
"After the dismissal of Russia's ambassador to Ukraine [Mikhail Zurabov](/wiki/Mikhail_Zurabov \"Mikhail Zurabov\") on July 28, 2016, in the Russian press Mikhail Babich was named as a candidate for this post, which was publicly confirmed by Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary of Russian President Vladimir Putin. Preliminary procedures for coordinating the lower and upper chambers of the parliament by the profile committees were carried out.",
"The corresponding decision was made at a meeting of the International Affairs Committee on July 29, 2016\\.",
"In turn, the Ukrainian expert community expressed a number of reasons why Mikhail Babich may be refused by the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry in obtaining an agronomist. One of them was that, as a member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Mikhail Babich in 2014 took part in the decision to support the Crimea, in his decision to secede from Ukraine and bring in \\[Russian peacekeepers]. \\[Attribution of opinion is needed] In addition, Ukrainian political scientists noted that Mikhail Babich \"had previously been a military paratrooper, led the government of the republic during the Chechen war, worked in the FSB\". The experts in Kiev stated that \"Babich, whose biography is connected with the Soviet KGB and the Russian FSB, is called to become the\" ambassador of the war \", is a\" professional saboteur \"and\" classic Kremlin candidate for interaction with separatists in the Donbass for organizing military operations. \"All these \"Details\", in their opinion, \"could become an unconditional reason for refusal in the agrarian.\" There were also opinions that \"the Ukrainian side is severely limited in its activities in Russia and there is no need to find a Russian ambassador in Ukraine. It is enough just temporarily an attorney. \"On September 27, 2017, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, in a teleconference mode, heard a report by Mikhail Babich, chairman of the State Commission for Chemical Disarmament, on the completion of work on the elimination of Russian chemical weapons.",
"August 4, 2016 Kiev refused to agree on the candidacy of Mikhail Babich for the post of Russian Ambassador to Ukraine. The deputy head of the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry, Elena Zerkal, said that on their initiative the issue will not be discussed in principle. \"This issue is removed from the agenda,\" she said.",
"The press secretary of the President of Russia [Dmitry Peskov](/wiki/Dmitry_Peskov \"Dmitry Peskov\"), in turn, said that Russia still stands for the appointment of Mikhail Babich as the new head of the diplomatic mission. \"This is our approach to our bilateral relations. At the same time, if the Ukrainian side decides to lower the level of our diplomatic relations and considers such a reduced regime of diplomatic communication expedient, it is the choice of the Ukrainian side, \"noted Dmitry Peskov.",
"According to the rules of international diplomatic etiquette, before the official appointment, the ambassador's candidacy passes mandatory preliminary voting with the country of destination. And only after that there is an official presentation and appointment, and not vice versa. In this case, there was no preliminary vote. In fact, the ambassador was trying to impose.",
"August 24, 2018 appointed [ambassador of Russia to Belarus](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_Belarus \"List of ambassadors of Russia to Belarus\").[Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 24\\.08\\.2018 № 495 «О Чрезвычайном и Полномочном После Российской Федерации в Республике Белоруссия»](http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201808240004)[Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 24\\.08\\.2018 № 496 «О специальном представителе Президента Российской Федерации по развитию торгово\\-экономического сотрудничества с Республикой Белоруссия»](http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201808240002)",
""
] |
Civil War
---------
After the start of the Civil War, Ayres was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States%29 "Captain (United States)") and commanded a battery in the 5th U.S. Artillery, which he led in the [First Bull Run Campaign](/wiki/First_Bull_Run_Campaign "First Bull Run Campaign"), and was heavily involved in the [Battle of Blackburn's Ford](/wiki/Battle_of_Blackburn%27s_Ford "Battle of Blackburn's Ford"), immediately before the larger [First Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run "First Battle of Bull Run"). At First Bull Run, his battery, attached to the brigade of [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman "William Tecumseh Sherman"), was held in reserve and he did not see action during the battle proper, but distinguished himself by providing cover for retreating [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") troops pursued by Confederate cavalry.
On October 3, 1861, Ayres was appointed chief of artillery for [William F. "Baldy" Smith's](/wiki/William_Farrar_Smith "William Farrar Smith") division (later designated the 2nd Division of the [VI Corps](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "VI Corps (Union Army)")) of the [Army of the Potomac](/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac "Army of the Potomac"). He served in that position in the [Peninsula Campaign](/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign "Peninsula Campaign"), the [Seven Days Battles](/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles "Seven Days Battles"), and at the [Battle of Antietam](/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam "Battle of Antietam"). Just before the [Battle of Fredericksburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg "Battle of Fredericksburg"), he was promoted to chief of artillery of the [VI Corps](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "VI Corps (Union Army)") as a [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)"), as of November 29, 1862\. At Fredericksburg he commanded the corps artillery stationed across the [Rappahannock River](/wiki/Rappahannock_River "Rappahannock River") on Falmouth Heights.
While recuperating from an injury caused when his horse fell, Ayres considered his military career and realized that artillery officers had a much slower rate of promotion than their colleagues in the [infantry](/wiki/Infantry "Infantry"). Thus, he arranged for a transfer and became a brigade commander in the 2nd Division of the [V Corps](/wiki/V_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "V Corps (Union Army)") as of April 21, 1863\. This division was known as the Regular Division because it consisted almost entirely of [regular army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 "Regular Army (United States)") (versus state volunteers) soldiers and he led its 1st Brigade in the [Battle of Chancellorsville](/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville "Battle of Chancellorsville"). On the first day of the battle (May 1, 1863\) his brigade formed the left flank of Sykes' division when it engaged Maj. Gen. [Lafayette McLaws](/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws "Lafayette McLaws")' division on the Orange Turnpike. Sykes' division was forced to retreat after being attacked on the right flank by Maj. Gen. [Robert E. Rodes](/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes "Robert E. Rodes")' division.
In the [Gettysburg Campaign](/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign "Gettysburg Campaign"), as part of a general shuffling of senior officers when [Maj. Gen.](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 "Major general (United States)") [George Meade](/wiki/George_Meade "George Meade") was promoted from commander of the V Corps to be commander of the Army of the Potomac and Maj. Gen. [George Sykes](/wiki/George_Sykes "George Sykes") took command of the corps, Ayres was promoted to command the Regular Division. He had risen to division command quickly for an officer with little infantry experience. At the [Battle of Gettysburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg "Battle of Gettysburg"), he did not have an opportunity to shine in his new assignment. His division arrived on the battlefield around midday on the second day of battle, July 2, 1863\. After a brief rest in camp near Power's Hill, two brigades from his division were sent to reinforce Union troops from Maj. Gen. [John C. Caldwell](/wiki/John_C._Caldwell "John C. Caldwell")'s division ([II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "II Corps (Union Army)")), which was counterattacking Confederate forces in the [Wheatfield](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg%2C_Second_Day%23Wheatfield "Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day#Wheatfield"). Due to a great Confederate assault nearby at the [Peach Orchard](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg%2C_Second_Day%23Peach_Orchard "Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day#Peach Orchard"), Caldwell's division retreated, because his two brigades were at risk of being surrounded. Ayres' troops were forced to retreat as well, suffering heavy casualties. Nevertheless, Ayres received praise for his performance and he received a brevet promotion to [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 "Major (United States)") in the regular army for his actions at Gettysburg. After the battle, the Regular Division was sent in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to suppress the [draft riots](/wiki/New_York_Draft_Riots "New York Draft Riots") there.
In March 1864, the Army of the Potomac was reorganized, reducing the number of corps commanders, and subordinates down the [chain of command](/wiki/Command_hierarchy "Command hierarchy") were affected. Ayres was reduced to commanding the 4th Brigade of the 1st Division, V Corps. He led the brigade in [Lt. Gen.](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant general (United States)") [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")'s [Overland Campaign](/wiki/Overland_Campaign "Overland Campaign") of 1864\. He received command of a new 2nd Division of the V Corps for the [Siege of Petersburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg "Siege of Petersburg"). On August 1, 1864, he received a brevet promotion to [major general](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 "Major general (United States)") for his contributions in these campaigns; he received particular commendations and brevet promotions for [Weldon Railroad](/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern "Battle of Globe Tavern") and [Five Forks](/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks "Battle of Five Forks"). Ayres continued to lead his division through the [Appomattox Campaign](/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign "Appomattox Campaign") and the Confederate surrender.
By the summer of 1864, the Regular Division no longer existed because it was hardly above brigade strength. Ayres was asked after the war if any of the regular troops he'd commanded were still serving. He replied "I had a division of regulars once. I buried half of them at Gettysburg and the other half in the Wilderness. There's no regulars left."
|
[
"Civil War\n---------",
"After the start of the Civil War, Ayres was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States%29 \"Captain (United States)\") and commanded a battery in the 5th U.S. Artillery, which he led in the [First Bull Run Campaign](/wiki/First_Bull_Run_Campaign \"First Bull Run Campaign\"), and was heavily involved in the [Battle of Blackburn's Ford](/wiki/Battle_of_Blackburn%27s_Ford \"Battle of Blackburn's Ford\"), immediately before the larger [First Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run \"First Battle of Bull Run\"). At First Bull Run, his battery, attached to the brigade of [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman \"William Tecumseh Sherman\"), was held in reserve and he did not see action during the battle proper, but distinguished himself by providing cover for retreating [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") troops pursued by Confederate cavalry.",
"On October 3, 1861, Ayres was appointed chief of artillery for [William F. \"Baldy\" Smith's](/wiki/William_Farrar_Smith \"William Farrar Smith\") division (later designated the 2nd Division of the [VI Corps](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"VI Corps (Union Army)\")) of the [Army of the Potomac](/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac \"Army of the Potomac\"). He served in that position in the [Peninsula Campaign](/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign \"Peninsula Campaign\"), the [Seven Days Battles](/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles \"Seven Days Battles\"), and at the [Battle of Antietam](/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam \"Battle of Antietam\"). Just before the [Battle of Fredericksburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg \"Battle of Fredericksburg\"), he was promoted to chief of artillery of the [VI Corps](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"VI Corps (Union Army)\") as a [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\"), as of November 29, 1862\\. At Fredericksburg he commanded the corps artillery stationed across the [Rappahannock River](/wiki/Rappahannock_River \"Rappahannock River\") on Falmouth Heights.",
"While recuperating from an injury caused when his horse fell, Ayres considered his military career and realized that artillery officers had a much slower rate of promotion than their colleagues in the [infantry](/wiki/Infantry \"Infantry\"). Thus, he arranged for a transfer and became a brigade commander in the 2nd Division of the [V Corps](/wiki/V_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"V Corps (Union Army)\") as of April 21, 1863\\. This division was known as the Regular Division because it consisted almost entirely of [regular army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 \"Regular Army (United States)\") (versus state volunteers) soldiers and he led its 1st Brigade in the [Battle of Chancellorsville](/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville \"Battle of Chancellorsville\"). On the first day of the battle (May 1, 1863\\) his brigade formed the left flank of Sykes' division when it engaged Maj. Gen. [Lafayette McLaws](/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws \"Lafayette McLaws\")' division on the Orange Turnpike. Sykes' division was forced to retreat after being attacked on the right flank by Maj. Gen. [Robert E. Rodes](/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes \"Robert E. Rodes\")' division.",
"In the [Gettysburg Campaign](/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign \"Gettysburg Campaign\"), as part of a general shuffling of senior officers when [Maj. Gen.](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 \"Major general (United States)\") [George Meade](/wiki/George_Meade \"George Meade\") was promoted from commander of the V Corps to be commander of the Army of the Potomac and Maj. Gen. [George Sykes](/wiki/George_Sykes \"George Sykes\") took command of the corps, Ayres was promoted to command the Regular Division. He had risen to division command quickly for an officer with little infantry experience. At the [Battle of Gettysburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg \"Battle of Gettysburg\"), he did not have an opportunity to shine in his new assignment. His division arrived on the battlefield around midday on the second day of battle, July 2, 1863\\. After a brief rest in camp near Power's Hill, two brigades from his division were sent to reinforce Union troops from Maj. Gen. [John C. Caldwell](/wiki/John_C._Caldwell \"John C. Caldwell\")'s division ([II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"II Corps (Union Army)\")), which was counterattacking Confederate forces in the [Wheatfield](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg%2C_Second_Day%23Wheatfield \"Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day#Wheatfield\"). Due to a great Confederate assault nearby at the [Peach Orchard](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg%2C_Second_Day%23Peach_Orchard \"Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day#Peach Orchard\"), Caldwell's division retreated, because his two brigades were at risk of being surrounded. Ayres' troops were forced to retreat as well, suffering heavy casualties. Nevertheless, Ayres received praise for his performance and he received a brevet promotion to [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 \"Major (United States)\") in the regular army for his actions at Gettysburg. After the battle, the Regular Division was sent in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to suppress the [draft riots](/wiki/New_York_Draft_Riots \"New York Draft Riots\") there.",
"In March 1864, the Army of the Potomac was reorganized, reducing the number of corps commanders, and subordinates down the [chain of command](/wiki/Command_hierarchy \"Command hierarchy\") were affected. Ayres was reduced to commanding the 4th Brigade of the 1st Division, V Corps. He led the brigade in [Lt. Gen.](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant general (United States)\") [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\")'s [Overland Campaign](/wiki/Overland_Campaign \"Overland Campaign\") of 1864\\. He received command of a new 2nd Division of the V Corps for the [Siege of Petersburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg \"Siege of Petersburg\"). On August 1, 1864, he received a brevet promotion to [major general](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 \"Major general (United States)\") for his contributions in these campaigns; he received particular commendations and brevet promotions for [Weldon Railroad](/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern \"Battle of Globe Tavern\") and [Five Forks](/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks \"Battle of Five Forks\"). Ayres continued to lead his division through the [Appomattox Campaign](/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign \"Appomattox Campaign\") and the Confederate surrender.",
"By the summer of 1864, the Regular Division no longer existed because it was hardly above brigade strength. Ayres was asked after the war if any of the regular troops he'd commanded were still serving. He replied \"I had a division of regulars once. I buried half of them at Gettysburg and the other half in the Wilderness. There's no regulars left.\"",
""
] |
Plot
----
In *Nikaah*, B.R Chopra makes a social comment on the [sharia](/wiki/Sharia "Sharia") laws of divorce ([Talaq](/wiki/Divorce_%28Islamic%29 "Divorce (Islamic)")) and its misuse in Indian Muslim society.
Haider and Nilofar are students in the [Osmania University](/wiki/Osmania_University "Osmania University"). Haider, an aspiring poet, falls in love with Nilofar without knowing she is already engaged to Wasim, who is a [Nawab](/wiki/Nawab "Nawab"). Nilofar and Wasim eventually marry while Haider becomes a successful poet and editor of a magazine.
After marriage, Nilofar learns that Wasim is a workaholic and also has the tendency of picking up fights on petty issues. During their honeymoon, Wasim gets a new business contract and spends most of his time at work. Nilofar, who was expecting a blissful married life is disappointed and feels neglected and lonely. Wasim repeatedly fails to keep his promises to Nilofar and keeps her in waiting on numerous occasions, often leaving her in tears. On the occasion of their first wedding anniversary, Wasim and Nilofar arrange a party for which Wasim fails to turn up. Nilofar can't face the guests and retires to her bedroom. The guests feel insulted by the absence of the hosts and leave the party. This leads to a heated argument between the couple and in a moment of rage Wasim divorces Nilofar by saying [Talaq](/wiki/Divorce_%28Islamic%29 "Divorce (Islamic)") three times.
Nilofar, now a divorcee is offered a job by Haider in his magazine. During this period, she realizes Haider is still in love with her. Wasim who has divorced her in a moment of anger, wants to reconcile and marry her again. He approaches the [Imam](/wiki/Imam "Imam") and asks his advice on the matter. The Imam tells him the complexity of the [Sharia](/wiki/Sharia "Sharia") law of [Nikah halala](/wiki/Nikah_halala "Nikah halala") for remarrying a woman after divorcing her. This requires her to marry someone else, consummate the union and get a divorce later. Only then will Wasim be able to remarry Nilofar.
During this time Haider expresses his love towards Nilofar and his desire to marry her. They marry with the consent of their parents. Wasim sends a letter to Nilofar asking her to divorce Haider and marry him. Haider reads this letter and thinks that Nilofar and Wasim are still in love. He decides to offer her a divorce, so that she can marry Wasim. He brings Wasim to her and offers his consent to divorce her through [Talaq](/wiki/Divorce_%28Islamic%29 "Divorce (Islamic)"). But Nilofar turns it down and questions both of them on their treating of her like a property rather than as a woman. She says she wants to continue her life with Haider. Wasim gives them his blessing and leaves.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In *Nikaah*, B.R Chopra makes a social comment on the [sharia](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\") laws of divorce ([Talaq](/wiki/Divorce_%28Islamic%29 \"Divorce (Islamic)\")) and its misuse in Indian Muslim society.",
"Haider and Nilofar are students in the [Osmania University](/wiki/Osmania_University \"Osmania University\"). Haider, an aspiring poet, falls in love with Nilofar without knowing she is already engaged to Wasim, who is a [Nawab](/wiki/Nawab \"Nawab\"). Nilofar and Wasim eventually marry while Haider becomes a successful poet and editor of a magazine.",
"After marriage, Nilofar learns that Wasim is a workaholic and also has the tendency of picking up fights on petty issues. During their honeymoon, Wasim gets a new business contract and spends most of his time at work. Nilofar, who was expecting a blissful married life is disappointed and feels neglected and lonely. Wasim repeatedly fails to keep his promises to Nilofar and keeps her in waiting on numerous occasions, often leaving her in tears. On the occasion of their first wedding anniversary, Wasim and Nilofar arrange a party for which Wasim fails to turn up. Nilofar can't face the guests and retires to her bedroom. The guests feel insulted by the absence of the hosts and leave the party. This leads to a heated argument between the couple and in a moment of rage Wasim divorces Nilofar by saying [Talaq](/wiki/Divorce_%28Islamic%29 \"Divorce (Islamic)\") three times.",
"Nilofar, now a divorcee is offered a job by Haider in his magazine. During this period, she realizes Haider is still in love with her. Wasim who has divorced her in a moment of anger, wants to reconcile and marry her again. He approaches the [Imam](/wiki/Imam \"Imam\") and asks his advice on the matter. The Imam tells him the complexity of the [Sharia](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\") law of [Nikah halala](/wiki/Nikah_halala \"Nikah halala\") for remarrying a woman after divorcing her. This requires her to marry someone else, consummate the union and get a divorce later. Only then will Wasim be able to remarry Nilofar.",
"During this time Haider expresses his love towards Nilofar and his desire to marry her. They marry with the consent of their parents. Wasim sends a letter to Nilofar asking her to divorce Haider and marry him. Haider reads this letter and thinks that Nilofar and Wasim are still in love. He decides to offer her a divorce, so that she can marry Wasim. He brings Wasim to her and offers his consent to divorce her through [Talaq](/wiki/Divorce_%28Islamic%29 \"Divorce (Islamic)\"). But Nilofar turns it down and questions both of them on their treating of her like a property rather than as a woman. She says she wants to continue her life with Haider. Wasim gives them his blessing and leaves.",
""
] |
Features
--------
[thumb\|Barbary Coast façade in 1983](/wiki/File:Barbary_coast_1983.jpg "Barbary coast 1983.jpg")
When it originally opened, the Barbary Coast had 150 rooms. Due to the small size of the site, the building included four floors of parking, located above the first\-floor casino and beneath the hotel floors. An additional 50 hotel rooms were added in 1983, by converting one floor of parking. By 1987, the casino had one of Las Vegas' most popular [sportsbooks](/wiki/Sportsbook "Sportsbook").{{cite news \|last\=Morrison \|first\=Jane Ann \|title\=Casino owner: Change broadcast panel \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/149332208/ \|work\=Reno Gazette\-Journal \|date\=1987\-07\-23 \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|via\=Newspapers.com \|url\-access\=subscription}} By 1999, the casino measured {{convert\|30000\|sqft\|abbr\=on}}.
The Barbary Coast featured Victorian décor and stained glass murals, including one known as Garden of Earthly Delights, measuring 30 feet long by 5 feet high. It was added on the casino floor in 1984, and required 10 artists who worked more than 10,000 hours to create it.{{cite news \|title\=Barbary Coast Casino has Victorian decor \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/245372929/ \|work\=The Desert Sun \|date\=1997\-11\-23 \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|via\=Newspapers.com \|url\-access\=subscription}}{{cite book \|last\=Stratton \|first\=David \|title\=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Las Vegas \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=Penguin \|isbn\=978\-0\-7566\-7419\-9 \|page\=51 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bXz\_lvH6BuEC\&pg\=PA51 \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13}} The mural was later moved to the [Suncoast Hotel and Casino](/wiki/Suncoast_Hotel_and_Casino "Suncoast Hotel and Casino").{{cite news \|last\=Simpson \|first\=Jeff \|title\=Hotel aims amenities at nongambling guests \|url\=http://www.lvrj.com:80/lvrj\_home/2000/Aug\-28\-Mon\-2000/business/14242799\.html \|work\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|date\=2000\-08\-28 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413121610/http://www.lvrj.com:80/lvrj\_home/2000/Aug\-28\-Mon\-2000/business/14242799\.html \|archive\-date\=2001\-04\-13}}{{cite news \|title\=Question of the Day \|url\=https://www.lasvegasadvisor.com/question/2015\-01\-12/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Advisor \|date\=2015\-01\-12}}
The west side of the Barbary Coast building featured a neon sign designed by Brian "Buzz" Leming, an employee of [YESCO](/wiki/YESCO "YESCO"). Leming said it was his favorite of all the casino signs he had designed.{{cite web \|title\=Neon Survey: Sunset to Sahara \|url\=https://gaming.unlv.edu/v\_museum/neon\_survey/surveys/barbary\_coast.html \|website\=University of Nevada, Las Vegas \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|date\=2002}}{{cite news \|last\=Cling \|first\=Carol \|title\=Neon Museum preserving Las Vegas history by giving old signs new life \|url\=https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts\-culture/neon\-museum\-preserving\-las\-vegas\-history\-by\-giving\-old\-signs\-new\-life/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|date\=2012\-10\-25}}{{cite news \|title\=Designer of Barbary Coast neon sign in Las Vegas dies \|url\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2015/apr/21/designer\-barbary\-coast\-neon\-sign\-las\-vegas\-dies/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Sun \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=2015\-04\-21}} Neon lettering from the Barbary Coast was eventually relocated to the city's [Neon Museum](/wiki/Neon_Museum "Neon Museum").{{cite web \|last\=Sprague \|first\=Tracey \|title\=Signs Behind Signs \|url\=https://www.neonmuseum.org/the\-collection/blog/behind\-the\-scenes \|website\=Neon Museum \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|date\=2017\-02\-14}} The Barbary Coast/Bill's façade also featured a large stained\-glass structure, which was removed during the Cromwell conversion and auctioned.
The Cromwell has a {{convert\|40010\|sqft\|abbr\=on}} casino,{{cite news \|last\=Glusac \|first\=Elaine \|title\=A Las Vegas Boutique Hotel With Star Power \|url\=https://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/a\-las\-vegas\-boutique\-hotel\-with\-star\-power/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=The New York Times}}{{cite web\|url\=http://gaming.nv.gov/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid\=3428\|title\=Listing of Financial Statements Square Footage\|publisher\=\[\[Nevada Gaming Control Board]]\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|date\=2018\-03\-06 \|page\=2}} and 188 hotel rooms.{{cite news \|last\=Jones \|first\=Jay \|title\=Las Vegas: The Cromwell to open May 21 \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la\-xpm\-2014\-feb\-25\-la\-trb\-las\-vegas\-cromwell\-20140224\-story.html \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=2014\-02\-25}} The property features classic and modern French designs.{{cite news \|last\=Jones \|first\=Jay \|title\=Las Vegas: The Cromwell resort hotel to open in spring on the Strip \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la\-xpm\-2014\-jan\-31\-la\-trb\-las\-vegas\-cromwell\-resorthotel\-open\-spring\-strip\-20140131\-story.html \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=2014\-01\-31}} It was meant to resemble Parisian apartments, and its design was inspired by the [Hôtel Costes](/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Costes "Hôtel Costes") in Paris.{{cite news \|last\=Leach \|first\=Robin \|title\=Gansevoort who? Caesars execs reveal The Cromwell; Giada discusses her Strip restaurant \|url\=http://www.lasvegassun.com:80/vegasdeluxe/2014/jan/31/gansevoort\-who\-caesars\-execs\-reveal\-cromwell\-giada \|work\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|date\=2014\-01\-31 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301211303/http://www.lasvegassun.com:80/vegasdeluxe/2014/jan/31/gansevoort\-who\-caesars\-execs\-reveal\-cromwell\-giada \|archive\-date\=2014\-03\-01}} In 2015, the Cromwell launched a [mobile app](/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app") which hotel guests could use to unlock their rooms, rather than using keys.{{cite news \|last\=Stapleton \|first\=Susan \|title\=Lose your room keys? There's an app for that at Cromwell Las Vegas \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/lasvegas/lasvegasnow/la\-tr\-lvn\-las\-vegas\-hotels\-20150129\-story.html \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=2015\-01\-30}}{{cite news \|title\=Cromwell debuts iPhone room key \|url\=https://businesspress.vegas/gaming\-hospitality/cromwell\-debuts\-iphone\-room\-key/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Business Press \|date\=2015\-02\-09}} Two years later, the Cromwell opened a new 50\-seat sportsbook.{{cite news \|last\=Moore \|first\=Thomas \|title\=Cromwell unveils new sports book, touts lower minimum bets at table games \|url\=https://vegasinc.lasvegassun.com/business/gaming/2017/aug/23/cromwell\-unveils\-sports\-book\-lower\-minimum\-bets/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=VegasInc \|date\=2017\-08\-23}}
### Restaurants
The Barbary Coast had a popular restaurant known as Michael's, which won several awards,{{cite news \|last\=Paskevich \|first\=Michael \|title\=Local eateries awarded for overall excellence \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/sites/lvrb/ \|website\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|date\=1997\-05\-23 \|url\-access\=subscription}}{{cite news \|last\=Przybys \|first\=John \|title\=Chef uses traditional approach to win customers \|url\=http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj\_home/1997/Oct\-22\-Wed\-1997/lifestyles/6253866\.html \|work\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|date\=1997\-10\-22 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000918185030/http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj\_home/1997/Oct\-22\-Wed\-1997/lifestyles/6253866\.html \|archive\-date\=2000\-09\-18}}{{cite news \|title\=Circus Circus' The Steak House makes Zagat list \|url\=http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj\_home/1999/Feb\-19\-Fri\-1999/weekly/10604259\.html \|work\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|date\=1999\-02\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000604190355/http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj\_home/1999/Feb\-19\-Fri\-1999/weekly/10604259\.html \|archive\-date\=2000\-06\-04}}{{cite news \|last\=Delaney \|first\=Joe \|title\=It's all in the family for the Coast Resorts team \|url\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/jan/31/columnist\-joe\-delaney\-its\-all\-in\-the\-family\-for\-th/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Sun \|date\=2002\-01\-31}} and was named after Gaughan. In addition, the casino featured the Victorian Room coffee shop.
In 1997, the Barbary Coast added an upscale French restaurant known as Drai's, operated by [Victor Drai](/wiki/Victor_Drai "Victor Drai"). It operated in the casino's basement, replacing a [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's") restaurant.{{cite news \|last\=Paskevich \|first\=Michael \|title\=French Underground: Upscale dining comes to lower level of Barbary Coast \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/sites/lvrb/ \|website\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|date\=1997\-10\-31 \|url\-access\=subscription}} Like Michael's, Drai's would also go on to win awards. As part of the Harrah's ownership change, Michael's was relocated in 2007, to Gaughan's newly purchased [South Point](/wiki/South_Point_Hotel%2C_Casino_%26_Spa "South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa") resort.{{cite news \|title\=Top Strip eatery moving South \|url\=https://nl.newsbank.com \|website\=Las Vegas Business Press \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|date\=2006\-10\-16 \|url\-access\=subscription \|via\=NewsLibrary}}{{cite news \|last\=Clarke \|first\=Norm \|title\=Michael's headed down the Strip \|url\=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj\_home/2006/Oct\-25\-Wed\-2006/news/10426136\.html \|work\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|date\=2006\-10\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201162054/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj\_home/2006/Oct\-25\-Wed\-2006/news/10426136\.html \|archive\-date\=2006\-12\-01}}{{cite news \|last\=White \|first\=Ken \|title\=Aside from location, little has changed at Michael's \|url\=https://www.reviewjournal.com/life/aside\-from\-location\-little\-has\-changed\-at\-michaels/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Review\-Journal \|date\=2007\-05\-09}} The property opened a new restaurant known as the Steakhouse at Bill's, which eventually closed in 2012\.{{cite web \|last\=Stapleton \|first\=Susan \|title\=The Shutter \|url\=https://vegas.eater.com/2012/9/17/6545089/the\-shutter \|website\=Eater \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|date\=2012\-09\-17}}
Chef [Giada De Laurentiis](/wiki/Giada_De_Laurentiis "Giada De Laurentiis") opened her first restaurant in June 2014, on the second floor of the Cromwell. The restaurant, named Giada, serves Italian food and seats 260 people.{{cite news \|last\=Wells \|first\=Pete \|title\=You Don't Need to Tell Them Giada Sent You \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/13/dining/you\-dont\-need\-to\-tell\-them\-giada\-sent\-you.html \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=2014\-08\-12}}{{cite news \|title\=Las Vegas: Giada De Laurentiis' new restaurant opens at the Cromwell \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/deals/la\-trb\-las\-vegas\-giada\-de\-laurentiis\-new\-restaurant\-20140603\-story.html \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=2014\-06\-04}}{{cite news \|title\=Lobster arancini with a view of the Vegas Strip at Giada at the Cromwell \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la\-dd\-giada\-at\-the\-cromwell\-20150327\-story.html \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=2015\-03\-27}}
### Entertainment
In 1999, two years after its opening, Drai's would convert nightly into a club called Drai's After Hours, starting around 2:00 a.m. It featured live music and alcohol, and became a popular attraction for the property.{{cite news \|last\=Adams \|first\=Mark \|title\=Victor Drai looks back on 15 years of nightlife success \|url\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2012/mar/14/victor\-drai\-looks\-back\-15\-years\-nightlife\-success/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Sun \|date\=2012\-03\-14}}{{cite news \|title\=Drai's After Hours bids farewell ... for now \|url\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2013/jan/31/drais\-after\-hours\-bids\-farewell\-las\-vegas\-now/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Sun \|date\=2013\-01\-31}}{{cite news \|last\=Radke \|first\=Brock \|title\=Late\-night institution Drai's After Hours marks 20 sizzling years \|url\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2017/jun/11/the\-las\-vegas\-late\-night\-institution\-drais\-after\-h/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Sun \|date\=2017\-06\-11}} Because of the restaurant's underground location, Drai had it designed like a club, stating that "the feeling was always more clubby than restaurant." The idea for an afterhours nightclub came when Drai agreed to let DJs perform in the restaurant after closing time, which led to immediate success.
As of 2004, most of the Barbary Coast's entertainment was free, including live music in its lounge. Among the notable performers was an [Elvis impersonator](/wiki/Elvis_impersonator "Elvis impersonator") named [Big Elvis](/wiki/Big_Elvis "Big Elvis").{{cite news \|last\=Fink \|first\=Jerry \|title\=At Barbary Coast, The King is still big \|url\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2003/jan/10/columnist\-jerry\-fink\-at\-barbary\-coast\-the\-king\-is\-/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Sun \|date\=2003\-01\-10}}{{cite news \|last\=Buhler \|first\=Brendan \|title\=Big Elvis: Big man, big voice \|url\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2009/may/24/big\-man\-big\-voice/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Sun \|date\=2009\-05\-24}} The property also offered karaoke nights.
The Cromwell's rooftop nightclub, known as Drai's Beach Club \& Night Club, opened in May 2014, with a lineup of DJs.{{cite web\|last\=Medved\|first\=Matt\|title\=Drai's Beach Club \& Night Club Las Vegas Announces Eric Prydz and More as First Residents: Exclusive\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/code/6049068/drais\-beach\-club\-night\-club\-las\-vegas\-announces\-eric\-prydz\-and\-more\-as\|publisher\=Billboard.com\|access\-date\=25 April 2014}} The club reportedly cost $100 million.{{cite news \|last\=Leach \|first\=Robin \|title\=Photos: Victor Drai's at Cromwell will be 'the most beautiful nightclub you have ever seen' \|url\=http://www.lasvegassun.com/vegasdeluxe/2014/mar/05/photos\-victor\-drais\-cromwell\-will\-be\-most\-beautifu/ \|work\=Las Vegas Sun \|date\=2014\-03\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425024825/http://www.lasvegassun.com/vegasdeluxe/2014/mar/05/photos\-victor\-drais\-cromwell\-will\-be\-most\-beautifu/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-04\-25}} The {{convert\|65000\|sqft\|abbr\=on}} venue is spread across two floors and includes several pools.{{cite web\|last\=Feldberg\|first\=Sarah\|title\=Drai's Beach Club and Nightclub Will Be More Than a 'Music Venue for Million\-Dollar DJs' \|url\=http://www.lasvegasweekly.com/nightlife/2014/feb/18/drais\-beach\-club\-and\-nightclub\-will\-be\-more\-music\-/\|publisher\=Las Vegas Weekly\|access\-date\=28 April 2014}}{{cite news \|last\=Radke \|first\=Brock \|title\=Drai's Beach Brings the Party Back to the Las Vegas Strip \|url\=https://lasvegasweekly.com/nightlife/2021/mar/29/drais\-beach\-cromwell\-reopens\-dayclub\-nightclub/ \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-13 \|work\=Las Vegas Weekly \|date\=2021\-03\-29}} It became popular for its live performances and hip\-hop music. Aside from the rooftop venue, Drai's After Hours also resumed operations in the Cromwell's basement level. It occupies {{convert\|13000\|sqft\|abbr\=on}}.
|
[
"Features\n--------",
"[thumb\\|Barbary Coast façade in 1983](/wiki/File:Barbary_coast_1983.jpg \"Barbary coast 1983.jpg\")\nWhen it originally opened, the Barbary Coast had 150 rooms. Due to the small size of the site, the building included four floors of parking, located above the first\\-floor casino and beneath the hotel floors. An additional 50 hotel rooms were added in 1983, by converting one floor of parking. By 1987, the casino had one of Las Vegas' most popular [sportsbooks](/wiki/Sportsbook \"Sportsbook\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Morrison \\|first\\=Jane Ann \\|title\\=Casino owner: Change broadcast panel \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/149332208/ \\|work\\=Reno Gazette\\-Journal \\|date\\=1987\\-07\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} By 1999, the casino measured {{convert\\|30000\\|sqft\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"The Barbary Coast featured Victorian décor and stained glass murals, including one known as Garden of Earthly Delights, measuring 30 feet long by 5 feet high. It was added on the casino floor in 1984, and required 10 artists who worked more than 10,000 hours to create it.{{cite news \\|title\\=Barbary Coast Casino has Victorian decor \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/245372929/ \\|work\\=The Desert Sun \\|date\\=1997\\-11\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Stratton \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Las Vegas \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Penguin \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7566\\-7419\\-9 \\|page\\=51 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bXz\\_lvH6BuEC\\&pg\\=PA51 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13}} The mural was later moved to the [Suncoast Hotel and Casino](/wiki/Suncoast_Hotel_and_Casino \"Suncoast Hotel and Casino\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Simpson \\|first\\=Jeff \\|title\\=Hotel aims amenities at nongambling guests \\|url\\=http://www.lvrj.com:80/lvrj\\_home/2000/Aug\\-28\\-Mon\\-2000/business/14242799\\.html \\|work\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|date\\=2000\\-08\\-28 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413121610/http://www.lvrj.com:80/lvrj\\_home/2000/Aug\\-28\\-Mon\\-2000/business/14242799\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2001\\-04\\-13}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Question of the Day \\|url\\=https://www.lasvegasadvisor.com/question/2015\\-01\\-12/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Advisor \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-12}}",
"The west side of the Barbary Coast building featured a neon sign designed by Brian \"Buzz\" Leming, an employee of [YESCO](/wiki/YESCO \"YESCO\"). Leming said it was his favorite of all the casino signs he had designed.{{cite web \\|title\\=Neon Survey: Sunset to Sahara \\|url\\=https://gaming.unlv.edu/v\\_museum/neon\\_survey/surveys/barbary\\_coast.html \\|website\\=University of Nevada, Las Vegas \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|date\\=2002}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Cling \\|first\\=Carol \\|title\\=Neon Museum preserving Las Vegas history by giving old signs new life \\|url\\=https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts\\-culture/neon\\-museum\\-preserving\\-las\\-vegas\\-history\\-by\\-giving\\-old\\-signs\\-new\\-life/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-25}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Designer of Barbary Coast neon sign in Las Vegas dies \\|url\\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2015/apr/21/designer\\-barbary\\-coast\\-neon\\-sign\\-las\\-vegas\\-dies/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Sun \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-21}} Neon lettering from the Barbary Coast was eventually relocated to the city's [Neon Museum](/wiki/Neon_Museum \"Neon Museum\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Sprague \\|first\\=Tracey \\|title\\=Signs Behind Signs \\|url\\=https://www.neonmuseum.org/the\\-collection/blog/behind\\-the\\-scenes \\|website\\=Neon Museum \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-14}} The Barbary Coast/Bill's façade also featured a large stained\\-glass structure, which was removed during the Cromwell conversion and auctioned.",
"The Cromwell has a {{convert\\|40010\\|sqft\\|abbr\\=on}} casino,{{cite news \\|last\\=Glusac \\|first\\=Elaine \\|title\\=A Las Vegas Boutique Hotel With Star Power \\|url\\=https://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/a\\-las\\-vegas\\-boutique\\-hotel\\-with\\-star\\-power/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=The New York Times}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gaming.nv.gov/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid\\=3428\\|title\\=Listing of Financial Statements Square Footage\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nevada Gaming Control Board]]\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-06 \\|page\\=2}} and 188 hotel rooms.{{cite news \\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Jay \\|title\\=Las Vegas: The Cromwell to open May 21 \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la\\-xpm\\-2014\\-feb\\-25\\-la\\-trb\\-las\\-vegas\\-cromwell\\-20140224\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-25}} The property features classic and modern French designs.{{cite news \\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Jay \\|title\\=Las Vegas: The Cromwell resort hotel to open in spring on the Strip \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la\\-xpm\\-2014\\-jan\\-31\\-la\\-trb\\-las\\-vegas\\-cromwell\\-resorthotel\\-open\\-spring\\-strip\\-20140131\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-31}} It was meant to resemble Parisian apartments, and its design was inspired by the [Hôtel Costes](/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Costes \"Hôtel Costes\") in Paris.{{cite news \\|last\\=Leach \\|first\\=Robin \\|title\\=Gansevoort who? Caesars execs reveal The Cromwell; Giada discusses her Strip restaurant \\|url\\=http://www.lasvegassun.com:80/vegasdeluxe/2014/jan/31/gansevoort\\-who\\-caesars\\-execs\\-reveal\\-cromwell\\-giada \\|work\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-31 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301211303/http://www.lasvegassun.com:80/vegasdeluxe/2014/jan/31/gansevoort\\-who\\-caesars\\-execs\\-reveal\\-cromwell\\-giada \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-01}} In 2015, the Cromwell launched a [mobile app](/wiki/Mobile_app \"Mobile app\") which hotel guests could use to unlock their rooms, rather than using keys.{{cite news \\|last\\=Stapleton \\|first\\=Susan \\|title\\=Lose your room keys? There's an app for that at Cromwell Las Vegas \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/lasvegas/lasvegasnow/la\\-tr\\-lvn\\-las\\-vegas\\-hotels\\-20150129\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-30}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Cromwell debuts iPhone room key \\|url\\=https://businesspress.vegas/gaming\\-hospitality/cromwell\\-debuts\\-iphone\\-room\\-key/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Business Press \\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-09}} Two years later, the Cromwell opened a new 50\\-seat sportsbook.{{cite news \\|last\\=Moore \\|first\\=Thomas \\|title\\=Cromwell unveils new sports book, touts lower minimum bets at table games \\|url\\=https://vegasinc.lasvegassun.com/business/gaming/2017/aug/23/cromwell\\-unveils\\-sports\\-book\\-lower\\-minimum\\-bets/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=VegasInc \\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-23}}",
"### Restaurants",
"The Barbary Coast had a popular restaurant known as Michael's, which won several awards,{{cite news \\|last\\=Paskevich \\|first\\=Michael \\|title\\=Local eateries awarded for overall excellence \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/sites/lvrb/ \\|website\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|date\\=1997\\-05\\-23 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Przybys \\|first\\=John \\|title\\=Chef uses traditional approach to win customers \\|url\\=http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj\\_home/1997/Oct\\-22\\-Wed\\-1997/lifestyles/6253866\\.html \\|work\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|date\\=1997\\-10\\-22 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000918185030/http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj\\_home/1997/Oct\\-22\\-Wed\\-1997/lifestyles/6253866\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2000\\-09\\-18}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Circus Circus' The Steak House makes Zagat list \\|url\\=http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj\\_home/1999/Feb\\-19\\-Fri\\-1999/weekly/10604259\\.html \\|work\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|date\\=1999\\-02\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000604190355/http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj\\_home/1999/Feb\\-19\\-Fri\\-1999/weekly/10604259\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2000\\-06\\-04}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Delaney \\|first\\=Joe \\|title\\=It's all in the family for the Coast Resorts team \\|url\\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/jan/31/columnist\\-joe\\-delaney\\-its\\-all\\-in\\-the\\-family\\-for\\-th/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Sun \\|date\\=2002\\-01\\-31}} and was named after Gaughan. In addition, the casino featured the Victorian Room coffee shop.",
"In 1997, the Barbary Coast added an upscale French restaurant known as Drai's, operated by [Victor Drai](/wiki/Victor_Drai \"Victor Drai\"). It operated in the casino's basement, replacing a [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s \"McDonald's\") restaurant.{{cite news \\|last\\=Paskevich \\|first\\=Michael \\|title\\=French Underground: Upscale dining comes to lower level of Barbary Coast \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/sites/lvrb/ \\|website\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|date\\=1997\\-10\\-31 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} Like Michael's, Drai's would also go on to win awards. As part of the Harrah's ownership change, Michael's was relocated in 2007, to Gaughan's newly purchased [South Point](/wiki/South_Point_Hotel%2C_Casino_%26_Spa \"South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa\") resort.{{cite news \\|title\\=Top Strip eatery moving South \\|url\\=https://nl.newsbank.com \\|website\\=Las Vegas Business Press \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|date\\=2006\\-10\\-16 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|via\\=NewsLibrary}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Clarke \\|first\\=Norm \\|title\\=Michael's headed down the Strip \\|url\\=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj\\_home/2006/Oct\\-25\\-Wed\\-2006/news/10426136\\.html \\|work\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|date\\=2006\\-10\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201162054/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj\\_home/2006/Oct\\-25\\-Wed\\-2006/news/10426136\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-12\\-01}}{{cite news \\|last\\=White \\|first\\=Ken \\|title\\=Aside from location, little has changed at Michael's \\|url\\=https://www.reviewjournal.com/life/aside\\-from\\-location\\-little\\-has\\-changed\\-at\\-michaels/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Review\\-Journal \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-09}} The property opened a new restaurant known as the Steakhouse at Bill's, which eventually closed in 2012\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Stapleton \\|first\\=Susan \\|title\\=The Shutter \\|url\\=https://vegas.eater.com/2012/9/17/6545089/the\\-shutter \\|website\\=Eater \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-17}}",
"Chef [Giada De Laurentiis](/wiki/Giada_De_Laurentiis \"Giada De Laurentiis\") opened her first restaurant in June 2014, on the second floor of the Cromwell. The restaurant, named Giada, serves Italian food and seats 260 people.{{cite news \\|last\\=Wells \\|first\\=Pete \\|title\\=You Don't Need to Tell Them Giada Sent You \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/13/dining/you\\-dont\\-need\\-to\\-tell\\-them\\-giada\\-sent\\-you.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-12}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Las Vegas: Giada De Laurentiis' new restaurant opens at the Cromwell \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/deals/la\\-trb\\-las\\-vegas\\-giada\\-de\\-laurentiis\\-new\\-restaurant\\-20140603\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-04}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Lobster arancini with a view of the Vegas Strip at Giada at the Cromwell \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la\\-dd\\-giada\\-at\\-the\\-cromwell\\-20150327\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-27}}",
"### Entertainment",
"In 1999, two years after its opening, Drai's would convert nightly into a club called Drai's After Hours, starting around 2:00 a.m. It featured live music and alcohol, and became a popular attraction for the property.{{cite news \\|last\\=Adams \\|first\\=Mark \\|title\\=Victor Drai looks back on 15 years of nightlife success \\|url\\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2012/mar/14/victor\\-drai\\-looks\\-back\\-15\\-years\\-nightlife\\-success/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Sun \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-14}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Drai's After Hours bids farewell ... for now \\|url\\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2013/jan/31/drais\\-after\\-hours\\-bids\\-farewell\\-las\\-vegas\\-now/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Sun \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-31}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Radke \\|first\\=Brock \\|title\\=Late\\-night institution Drai's After Hours marks 20 sizzling years \\|url\\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2017/jun/11/the\\-las\\-vegas\\-late\\-night\\-institution\\-drais\\-after\\-h/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Sun \\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-11}} Because of the restaurant's underground location, Drai had it designed like a club, stating that \"the feeling was always more clubby than restaurant.\" The idea for an afterhours nightclub came when Drai agreed to let DJs perform in the restaurant after closing time, which led to immediate success.",
"As of 2004, most of the Barbary Coast's entertainment was free, including live music in its lounge. Among the notable performers was an [Elvis impersonator](/wiki/Elvis_impersonator \"Elvis impersonator\") named [Big Elvis](/wiki/Big_Elvis \"Big Elvis\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Fink \\|first\\=Jerry \\|title\\=At Barbary Coast, The King is still big \\|url\\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2003/jan/10/columnist\\-jerry\\-fink\\-at\\-barbary\\-coast\\-the\\-king\\-is\\-/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Sun \\|date\\=2003\\-01\\-10}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Buhler \\|first\\=Brendan \\|title\\=Big Elvis: Big man, big voice \\|url\\=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2009/may/24/big\\-man\\-big\\-voice/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Sun \\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-24}} The property also offered karaoke nights.",
"The Cromwell's rooftop nightclub, known as Drai's Beach Club \\& Night Club, opened in May 2014, with a lineup of DJs.{{cite web\\|last\\=Medved\\|first\\=Matt\\|title\\=Drai's Beach Club \\& Night Club Las Vegas Announces Eric Prydz and More as First Residents: Exclusive\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/code/6049068/drais\\-beach\\-club\\-night\\-club\\-las\\-vegas\\-announces\\-eric\\-prydz\\-and\\-more\\-as\\|publisher\\=Billboard.com\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2014}} The club reportedly cost $100 million.{{cite news \\|last\\=Leach \\|first\\=Robin \\|title\\=Photos: Victor Drai's at Cromwell will be 'the most beautiful nightclub you have ever seen' \\|url\\=http://www.lasvegassun.com/vegasdeluxe/2014/mar/05/photos\\-victor\\-drais\\-cromwell\\-will\\-be\\-most\\-beautifu/ \\|work\\=Las Vegas Sun \\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425024825/http://www.lasvegassun.com/vegasdeluxe/2014/mar/05/photos\\-victor\\-drais\\-cromwell\\-will\\-be\\-most\\-beautifu/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-25}} The {{convert\\|65000\\|sqft\\|abbr\\=on}} venue is spread across two floors and includes several pools.{{cite web\\|last\\=Feldberg\\|first\\=Sarah\\|title\\=Drai's Beach Club and Nightclub Will Be More Than a 'Music Venue for Million\\-Dollar DJs' \\|url\\=http://www.lasvegasweekly.com/nightlife/2014/feb/18/drais\\-beach\\-club\\-and\\-nightclub\\-will\\-be\\-more\\-music\\-/\\|publisher\\=Las Vegas Weekly\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2014}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Radke \\|first\\=Brock \\|title\\=Drai's Beach Brings the Party Back to the Las Vegas Strip \\|url\\=https://lasvegasweekly.com/nightlife/2021/mar/29/drais\\-beach\\-cromwell\\-reopens\\-dayclub\\-nightclub/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|work\\=Las Vegas Weekly \\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-29}} It became popular for its live performances and hip\\-hop music. Aside from the rooftop venue, Drai's After Hours also resumed operations in the Cromwell's basement level. It occupies {{convert\\|13000\\|sqft\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
""
] |
History
-------
Poland achieved some of its best results in the 1970s, with gold medals at [1974 World Championship](/wiki/1974_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "1974 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship") and the [1976 Montreal Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament"). They also won five consecutive silver medals at the European Championship, between 1975 and 1983\.
### 2005–2008 Raúl Lozano
[thumb\|Poland vs Argentina at [Łuczniczka](/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka "Łuczniczka"), [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz "Bydgoszcz") at the [2005 World League](/wiki/2005_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2005 FIVB Volleyball World League").](/wiki/File:Volleyball_CL-2005_Poland_vs_Argentina_in_Bydgoszcz.jpg "Volleyball CL-2005 Poland vs Argentina in Bydgoszcz.jpg")
#### 2005
On 17 January 2005 [Raúl Lozano](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Lozano_%28volleyball%29 "Raúl Lozano (volleyball)") was chosen as coach.
On 27 May 2005 he debuted as the coach in official match against [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Argentina men's national volleyball team") (3–1\) – first meeting at [2005 World League](/wiki/2005_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2005 FIVB Volleyball World League"). Polish national team won 9 of 12 matches in intercontinental round in Pool C (with [Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Serbia men's national volleyball team"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Greece men's national volleyball team"), Argentina) and achieved promotion to final round in Serbia and Montenegro. They lost just 2 matches with Serbia and Montenegro (2–3, 2–3\) and Greece (1–3\).
#### 2006
In 2006 polish team won silver medal at [World Championship](/wiki/World_Championship "World Championship"). In final they lost against [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil").
### 2009–2010 Daniel Castellani
{{main\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Daniel Castellani}}
#### 2009
On 17 January 2009, [Daniel Castellani](/wiki/Daniel_Castellani "Daniel Castellani"), who had previously led [PGE Skra Bełchatów](/wiki/PGE_Skra_Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w "PGE Skra Bełchatów"), was announced as the new head coach. In June 2009 Polish team played in Pool D of intercontinental round of the [World League 2009](/wiki/2009_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2009 FIVB Volleyball World League"). They won 5 of 12 matches, but lost all 4 matches with [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Brazil men's national volleyball team") and 3 meetings with [Finland](/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Finland men's national volleyball team"). Poland took 11th place in general classification.
[thumb\|[European Champions 2009](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship") after returning to Poland.](/wiki/File:Siatkarze_po_Mistrzostwach_Europy_2009_wer2.jpg "Siatkarze po Mistrzostwach Europy 2009 wer2.jpg")
On 3 September 2009, Poland played its first match in preliminary round Pool A of the [European Championship 2009](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship") held in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"). Polish players beat [France](/wiki/France_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "France men's national volleyball team") in opening match 3–1\. Then won with [Germany](/wiki/Germany_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Germany men's national volleyball team") (3–1\) and hosts – Turkey (3–0\). Poland took first place in Pool A and went to play\-off round, where in Pool F beat [European Champion 2007](/wiki/2007_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2007 Men's European Volleyball Championship") – [Spain](/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Spain men's national volleyball team") (3–2\) and won two another meetings with [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Slovakia men's national volleyball team") (3–2\) and Greece (3–0\). They reached the first place in the group and Poland advanced to the final round. In semi\-final played against [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Bulgaria men's national volleyball team") and won 3–0\. In final they met with France once again. This two teams opened and closed European Championship 2009\.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.gp24\.pl/sport/siatkowka/art/4414931,siatkowka\-polacy\-mistrzami\-europy\-polska\-francja\-31,id,t.html \| title \=Siatkówka. Polacy mistrzami Europy! Polska – Francja 3:1 \| date \= 13 September 2009 \| website \= gp24\.pl \| author \=Grzegorz Hilarecki, Jarosław Stencel \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} On 13 September 2009 Poland won a title of the European Champion first time in history. 2 of 8 individual award were achieved by Polish players. [Paweł Zagumny](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zagumny "Paweł Zagumny") was the *Best setter* and *Most valuable player* was awarded the captain and opposite hitter of Polish national team – [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka "Piotr Gruszka"). On 14 September 2009 all players were awarded [Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta "Order of Polonia Restituta") and coach Daniel Castellani received [Officer's Cross of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta "Order of Polonia Restituta").
In 18–23 November 2009, Poland participated as the [European Champion](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship") in [World Grand Champions Cup](/wiki/2009_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Grand_Champions_Cup "2009 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Grand Champions Cup") held in Japan. The Polish team won 2 of 5 matches with [Iran](/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Iran men's national volleyball team") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Egypt men's national volleyball team"). Poland took 4th place.
Polish men's national volleyball team was elected the best team of 2009 in *75th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2009* in Poland and [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka "Piotr Gruszka") was 3rd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.
#### 2010
[thumb\|Polish national team before friendly match with France in Rzeszów on 29 May 2010\. Players from left to right: [Ruciak](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Ruciak "Michał Ruciak") (\#14\), [Bartman](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bartman "Zbigniew Bartman") (\#9\), [Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") (\#6\), [Łomacz](/wiki/Grzegorz_%C5%81omacz "Grzegorz Łomacz") (\#19\), [Jarosz](/wiki/Jakub_Jarosz "Jakub Jarosz") (\#7\), [Kłos](/wiki/Karol_K%C5%82os "Karol Kłos") (\#8\), [Mika](/wiki/Mateusz_Mika "Mateusz Mika") (\#13\), [Czarnowski](/wiki/Patryk_Czarnowski "Patryk Czarnowski") (\#16\), [Michał Bąkiewicz](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_B%C4%85kiewicz "Michał Bąkiewicz") (\#17\), [Żygadło](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBygad%C5%82o "Łukasz Żygadło") (\#11\), [Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek "Marcin Możdżonek") (\#18\), [Gacek](/wiki/Piotr_Gacek "Piotr Gacek") (\#15\), [Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski "Paweł Zatorski") (\#12\), [Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka "Piotr Gruszka") (\#3\).](/wiki/File:Reprezentacja_Polski_w_pi%C5%82ce_siatkowej.jpg "Reprezentacja Polski w piłce siatkowej.jpg")
Polish national team started season with intercontinental round of the [World League 2010](/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2010 FIVB Volleyball World League"). At the beginning they lost twice with German team (1–3 and 0–3\) in Stuttgart. Then on 11–12 June beat hosts of final round – Argentina (3–1 and 3–2\) in San Juan. On 18–19 June played with [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Cuba men's national volleyball team"). Poland lost first match 2–3, but next day beat opponent 3–0\. The remaining 6 matches Polish national team played in Poland. On 25–26 June, Poland beat Argentina (3–1 and 3–1\) in [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław"). They moved to [Atlas Arena](/wiki/Atlas_Arena "Atlas Arena") to [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA "Łódź"), where they lost both matches with Cuba (0–3 and 1–3\). Matches with Germany on 8–9 July ended Polish participated in the World League. Poland lost 2–3 and won the next day 3–1 at [Spodek](/wiki/Spodek "Spodek") in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice "Katowice").
On 25 September 2010, players of Polish national team played their first match at the [World Championship 2010](/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "2010 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship"). They won all 3 matches in Pool F (first round) with [Canada](/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Canada men's national volleyball team") (3–0\), Germany (3–2\) and Serbia (3–1\), which were held in [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste"), Italy. In second round Poland lost their both matches with Brazil (0–3\) and Bulgaria (0–3\). Poland ended Championships in place 13–18\.
On 25 October 2010 after the vote of the board of Polish Volleyball Federation, Castellani was fired.
### 2011–2013 Andrea Anastasi
{{main\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Andrea Anastasi}}
[thumb\|left\|Action on the left side by outside hitter – [Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") (\#6\) in 3rd place match against Argentina on [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") held at Ergo Arena, Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927616804%29.jpg "World League Final 2011 (5927616804).jpg")
[thumb\|On the podium of the [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") with bronze medals. The captain of Poland, opposite Piotr Gruszka is holding a trophy.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927893012%29.jpg "World League Final 2011 (5927893012).jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Poland after winning match ball of 3rd place match against Argentina on [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") held at Ergo Arena, Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927120815%29.jpg "World League Final 2011 (5927120815).jpg")
[thumb\|During medal ceremony as bronze medalists of [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") at Ergo Arena in Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927902380%29.jpg "World League Final 2011 (5927902380).jpg")
#### 2011
After lacklustre previous year the head coach and a number of players were replaced. [Andrea Anastasi](/wiki/Andrea_Anastasi "Andrea Anastasi") began work as head coach on 23 February 2011, when Poland was ranked 11th in the FIVB ranking. His assistant was [Andrea Gardini](/wiki/Andrea_Gardini "Andrea Gardini").
They started season without an important players like Zagumny, [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski "Michał Winiarski") or [Wlazły](/wiki/Mariusz_Wlaz%C5%82y "Mariusz Wlazły"). The team started with the [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League"). Poland as host was in final tournament, which was held at [Ergo Arena](/wiki/Ergo_Arena "Ergo Arena") in [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk"). During a first match against Bulgaria, an opposite hitter – [Zbigniew Bartman](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bartman "Zbigniew Bartman") injured. Despite this Poland won after tie\-break. Then Poland lost with Italy (0–3\) and beat Argentina in five sets. They went to the semi\-final, but lost the match against [Russia](/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Russia men's national volleyball team") (1–3\). On 10 July 2011 Poland won first medal of the [World League](/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "FIVB Volleyball World League") in history. Polish achieved individual awards – [Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") was the *Best scorer* and [Krzysztof Ignaczak](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ignaczak "Krzysztof Ignaczak") the *Best libero*.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.polskatimes.pl/artykul/425639,polscy\-siatkarze\-zdobyli\-brazowy\-medal\-zdjecia\-z\-dekoracji,id,t.html \| title \=Polscy siatkarze zdobyli brązowy medal \| date \= 11 July 2011 \| website \= polskatimes.pl \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}}
In the same year the Polish national team wanted to defend a title of [European Champion](/wiki/Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "Men's European Volleyball Championship") from 2009\. The team, without injured Zbigniew Bartman, won in playoff round with [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Czech Republic men's national volleyball team") and went to quarterfinals. In [Karlovy Vary](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary "Karlovy Vary") beat Slovakia (3–0\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=14\&NewsID\=10988\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=0\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=Poland bound for Vienna \| date \= 15 September 2011 \| website \= cev.lu \| publisher \=CEV \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} Then they moved to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") and lost the match against Italy (0–3\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=14\&NewsID\=10994\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=0\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=High brisance in EuroVolley semi\-finals \| date \= 16 September 2011 \| website \=cev.lu \| publisher \=CEV \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} Poles again played the 3rd place match. On 18 September 2011 they beat the winners of [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") – Russia (3–1\) and achieved their second bronze in 2011\.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID\=10999\&ID\=14 \| title \= Bartosz Kurek is the man of the day as Poland strikes bronze at EuroVolley \| date \= 18 September 2011 \| website \= cev.lu \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041239/http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID\=10999\&ID\=14 \| archive\-date \= 24 September 2014 \| url\-status \= dead }} In addition, individual award for *Best server* received Bartosz Kurek.{{cite web\|url \=http://sport.wp.pl/kat,1715,title,Kurek\-najlepiej\-serwujacym\-zawodnikiem,wid,13799812,wiadomosc.html?ticaid\=11aa2f\&\_ticrsn\=3 \| title \=Kurek najlepiej serwującym zawodnikiem \| date \= 18 September 2011 \| website \= wp.pl \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}}
In November was the first chance to qualify for the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament"). At [FIVB World Cup 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup "2011 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup") won 9 of 11 matches. They lost with Iran (2–3\), Brazil (2–3\) and Russia (2–3\). Polish national team won promotion to the Olympics on 3 December 2011, when they won first two sets against Brazil (this one point gave them place on the podium).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Men/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=33296\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Russia and Poland book trip to London, Brazil and Italy fight for last ticket \| date \= 3 December 2011 \| website \= fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} In conclusion Poland won the silver medal, and repeated the success of the [FIVB World Cup 1965](/wiki/1965_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup "1965 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup"), where Poland achieve silver too.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Men/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=33340\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland shoot up World Rankings on back of World Cup silver \| date \= 6 December 2011 \| website \= fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} For the first time in the history Polish national team won three medals in one year. One of individual awards received middle\-blocker [Marcin Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek "Marcin Możdżonek"), who was *Best blocker*.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Media/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=33316\&Language\=en \| title \=Maxim Mikhaylov earns MVP of FIVB Men's World Cup \| date \= 4 December 2011 \| website \= fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}}
Polish men's national volleyball team was elected the best team of 2011 in *77th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2011* in Poland and Bartosz Kurek was 2nd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.
#### 2012
[thumb\|left\|Polish team after one of the winning match in [World League 2012](/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2012 FIVB Volleyball World League") at Spodek in Katowice, Poland.](/wiki/File:Rado%C5%9B%C4%87_polskich_siatkarzy.jpg "Radość polskich siatkarzy.jpg")
[thumb\|[Marcin Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek "Marcin Możdżonek") – Poland's captain during an interview in 2012\.](/wiki/File:Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek_%281%29.jpg "Marcin Możdżonek (1).jpg")
The main purpose for the team were Olympics, but earlier they participated in [FIVB World League 2012](/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2012 FIVB Volleyball World League"). They won 10 of 12 matches of intercontinental round, including 3 times won with Brazil, which was successful after many years of defeats.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35355\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland reach World League Finals with sensational win over Brazil \| date \=17 June 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Poland advanced to Final Six, which was held in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia"), Bulgaria. Polish team was in Pool F with Cuba and Brazil. They won both their group matches and went to the semi\-final.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35914\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland and Cuba waiting to find out their opponents \| date \=6 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} They beat the host – Bulgaria and for the first time in history had a chance to play in final of World League.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35932\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland advance to final after 3–0 win over Bulgaria \| date \=7 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35933\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland writes history as they make it to first ever World League final \| date \=7 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35934\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland and USA meet in World League final for first time \| date \=7 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} On 8 July 2012 won the final match against [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "United States men's national volleyball team") (3–0\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35974\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland wins historical gold at the 2012 World League \| date \=8 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35975\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland madly happy, USA continues to build on... \| date \=8 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} It was a second medal of World League for Polish team and the first gold. Polish players received 4 of 8 individual awards. *Best spiker* was Zbigniew Bartman, *Best blocker* – Marcin Możdżonek, *Best libero* – Krzysztof Ignaczak and *Most valuable player* – Bartosz Kurek.
On 29 July 2012 the team played their first Pool A match at the 20123 London Summer Olympics against Italy (3–1\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\-M.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=5\&No\=36147 \| title \=Poland impress with overall game \| date \=29 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Polish national team won 3 of 5 pool matches, but lost with Bulgaria and [Australia](/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Australia men's national volleyball team").{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\-M.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=25\&No\=36393 \| title \=Australia keep alive their hopes after beating Poland \| date \=6 August 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} They went to quarterfinal, but lost it after 3–1 match against future Olympic Champions – Russia.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\-M.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=32\&No\=36456 \| title \=With terrific show of strength Russia end Poland's Olympic adventure \| date \=8 August 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Despite the defeat, Krzysztof Ignaczak was the *Best receiver* of the 2012 Summer Olympics (four years earlier, the same award received another Polish player – Michał Winiarski).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/vis\_web/VOLLEY/MOG2012/PDF/P5\-MOG2012\-Finals.pdf \| title \=Players Ranking by Skills \| date \=12 August 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
Poland had the success and failure of this season, but despite this they were elected the best team of 2012 in *78th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2012* in Poland.
[thumb\|left\|Polish players after the winning match Poland – United States of the [World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2013 FIVB Volleyball World League") at Spodek, Katowice on 5 July 2013\. In the foreground from left: [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski "Michał Winiarski") (\#2\), [Nowakowski](/wiki/Piotr_Nowakowski "Piotr Nowakowski") (\#1\), [Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski "Paweł Zatorski") (\#17\), [Kosok](/wiki/Grzegorz_Kosok "Grzegorz Kosok") (\#4\), [Żygadło](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBygad%C5%82o "Łukasz Żygadło") (\#15\), [Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek "Marcin Możdżonek") (\#18\), [Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") (\#6\) and [Drzyzga](/wiki/Fabian_Drzyzga "Fabian Drzyzga") (\#11\).](/wiki/File:Siatkarze_dzi%C4%99kuj%C4%99_za_doping_kibic%C3%B3w_%289293434294%29.jpg "Siatkarze dziękuję za doping kibiców (9293434294).jpg")
[thumb\|[Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") in match Poland – United States ([World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2013 FIVB Volleyball World League")).](/wiki/File:Bartosz_Kurek_%289290654771%29.jpg "Bartosz Kurek (9290654771).jpg")
[thumb\|[Andrea Anastasi](/wiki/Andrea_Anastasi "Andrea Anastasi") – head coach in 2011–2013\.](/wiki/File:Andrea_Anastasi_%289293459004%29.jpg "Andrea Anastasi (9293459004).jpg")
#### 2013
The team started season on 24 May 2013 when they played friendly match with Serbia (3–0\) in [Milicz](/wiki/Milicz "Milicz"). Next day, on 25 May the two national teams played their second match in [Twardogóra](/wiki/Twardog%C3%B3ra "Twardogóra"), which was won by guests (1–3\).
Poland began its participation in the [World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2013 FIVB Volleyball World League") losing their first four matches. They lost twice with Brazil at [Torwar Hall](/wiki/Torwar_Hall "Torwar Hall") on 7 June (1–3\){{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=8\&No\=39465 \| title \=Brazil impress in win over Poland \| date \=7 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} and after tie\-brak at Atlas Arena on 9 June.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=24\&No\=39513 \| title \=Poland unable to stop the Brazilian power in five sets \| date \=9 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Then Polish players lost next two aligned matches on 21 and 23 June against France, which have been resolved after tie\-breaks.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=38\&No\=39992 \| title \=France defeats Poland to clinch its first victory \| date \=21 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=43\&No\=40117 \| title \=France beat Poland in five sets for a clean sweep \| date \=23 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} On 28 June 2013 Polish team played their first match with Argentine team (3–2\) at [Łuczniczka](/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka "Łuczniczka"), [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz "Bydgoszcz"){{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=51\&No\=40460 \| title \=Poland claim first victory in the 2013 World League \| date \=28 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} and two days later their second meeting (3–1\) at Ergo Arena in Gdańsk.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=64\&No\=40594 \| title \=Poland earns a second victory over Argentina \| date \=30 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} The heroes of winning matches with Argentine players were [Jarosz](/wiki/Jakub_Jarosz "Jakub Jarosz") and Kurek. On 5 and 7 July, Polish national team beat United States team (3–2\) at Spodek, Katowice{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=69\&No\=40905 \| title \=Poland beat USA after a thrilling five sets \| date \=5 July 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} and (3–1\) at [Centennial Hall](/wiki/Hala_Stulecia_%28Wroc%C5%82aw%29 "Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)") in Wrocław, after great game of Jakub Jarosz. Poland didn't continue their series of victories. On 12 July 2013 lost (0–3\) match against Bulgaria and one day later lost dramatic match after tie\-break despite the determination of the whole team.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=88\&No\=41295 \| title \=Bulgaria show they merit Finals berth with dramatic win over Poland \| date \=13 July 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Unstoppable was the main scorer of Bulgaria – [Tsvetan Sokolov](/wiki/Tsvetan_Sokolov "Tsvetan Sokolov"). At [Palace of Culture and Sports](/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Sports "Palace of Culture and Sports"), [Varna](/wiki/Varna%2C_Bulgaria "Varna, Bulgaria") lost their last two matches of intercontinental round and ended their game in World League 2013\.
In October 2013 Andrea Anastasi was fired as coach of the Polish national team.{{cite web\|url \=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacje/andrea\-anastasi\-zwolniony\-z\-funkcji\-trenera\-reprezentacji\-siatkarzy/t51bc \| title \=Andrea Anastasi zwolniony z funkcji trenera reprezentacji siatkarzy \| date \=24 October 2013 \| website \=onet.pl \| author\=Krzysztof Gaweł \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} The reason for this decision were unsuccessful Polish losses in 2013 and getting worse team game. Poland, while working of Andrea Anastasi, took 3rd place in the FIVB World Rankings. It was promotion from 11th place in early 2011\. Anastasi has announced that he won't be coach of any national team at the [World Championship 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship") held in Poland because of respect for his former players. He decided to stay in Poland and has been working with Polish club [Lotos Trefl Gdańsk](/wiki/Lotos_Trefl_Gda%C5%84sk "Lotos Trefl Gdańsk").{{cite web\|url \=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/plusliga/andrea\-anastasi\-powrot\-do\-polski\-byl\-naturalnym\-wyborem/2894f \| title \=Andrea Anastasi: powrót do Polski był naturalnym wyborem \| date \=5 June 2014 \| website \=onet.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
### 2014–2016 Stéphane Antiga
{{main\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Stéphane Antiga}}
[thumb\|left\|[Stephane Antiga](/wiki/Stephane_Antiga "Stephane Antiga"), head coach who led Poland to title of 2014 World Champions.](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2827_June_2014%29-10.jpg "2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (27 June 2014)-10.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Poland during the [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2014 FIVB Volleyball World League").](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2827_June_2014%29-32.jpg "2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (27 June 2014)-32.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Left\-wing attack from [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski "Michał Winiarski") at [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2014 FIVB Volleyball World League") against Iran.](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2829_June_2014%29-3.jpg "2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (29 June 2014)-3.jpg")
#### 2014
On 24 October 2013, was announced new head coach [Stéphane Antiga](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Antiga "Stéphane Antiga").{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=43690\&Language\=en \| title \=Stéphane Antiga appointed new Poland men's coach \| date \=28 October 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} He began his work after the end of the league season 2013/2014, because he played for PGE Skra Bełchatów and he had to complete his career as a player. His first tournament as Poland's head coach was the [CEV European Championship 2015 qualification](/wiki/2015_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship_qualification "2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship qualification"). Poland won 5 out of their 6 matches, beating [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Macedonia men's national volleyball team") and [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Latvia men's national volleyball team") twice each and [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Slovenia men's national volleyball team") once. The Polish national team qualified for the CEV European Championship 2015\.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=700\&NewsID\=17536\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=1\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=Poles, Finns, Slovaks, Czechs, Croats and Belarusians earn tickets to Bulgaria\-Italy 2015 \| date \=2 June 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
After this, the team took part in the [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2014 FIVB Volleyball World League"). They won 6 of 12 matches in the intercontinental round, but didn't qualify for the Final Six. They lacked one set against Brazil for a place in the final tournament.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2014/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=47117\&Language\=en \| title \=Dramatic Intercontinental Round final day as World League Finals participants confirmed \| date \=6 July 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} The team went on to make preparations at training camps in [Belchatów](/wiki/Belchat%C3%B3w "Belchatów"), [Capbreton](/wiki/Capbreton "Capbreton") (France) and [Spała](/wiki/Spa%C5%82a "Spała") before the World Championship 2014\. On 16–18 August 2014 the [12th Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2014_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner "2014 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner") was held at [Kraków Arena](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Arena "Kraków Arena"), Kraków. On the first day, after losing a match with Bulgaria (2–3\), coach Antiga announced the list of players who would represent the Polish national team at the World Championship 2014\.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/polish\-team\-named\-for\-the\-fivb\-mens?id\=48351 \| title \=Polish team named for the FIVB Men's World Championship Poland 2014 \| date \=17 August 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} He eliminated one of the major players of previous years: Bartosz Kurek. In the following matches of tournament Mariusz Wlazły was unable to play because of a sprained ankle.{{cite web\|url \=https://www.onet.pl/?srcc\=ucs\&pid\=1b4a3c7e\-a4e2\-4145\-ad67\-156dbd3bb246\&sid\=96fc7e4d\-c74c\-44d9\-ab11\-c24e6131b623 \| title \=Jan Sokal: kontuzja Wlazłego nie jest aż tak groźna \| date \=18 August 2014 \| website \=onet.pl \| author\=Krzysztof Gaweł \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Despite this, Poland defeated [China](/wiki/China_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "China men's national volleyball team") and for the first time since 2011, beat Russia.{{cite web\|url \=https://www.onet.pl/?srcc\=ucs\&pid\=89198bbf\-4299\-4257\-b4e5\-bab7e8b419bd\&sid\=96fc7e4d\-c74c\-44d9\-ab11\-c24e6131b623 \| title \=XII Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera: Polacy pokonali Rosję \| date \=18 August 2014 \| website \=onet.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} The Polish team took 2nd place and two of the Polish players received individual awards: [Piotr Nowakowski](/wiki/Piotr_Nowakowski "Piotr Nowakowski") as *Best server* and Krzysztof Ignaczak as *Best libero*.
On 30 August 2014, Poland played their historic match at the [National Stadium](/wiki/National_Stadium%2C_Warsaw "National Stadium, Warsaw") in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") against Serbia as opening meeting of the [2014 World Championship](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship").{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-capture\-first\-world\-championship\-win\-and?id\=48807 \| title \=Poland capture first World Championship win and the hearts of thousands of Polish supporters \| date \=30 August 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} It was the opening match of the World Championship 2014 in Poland.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-welcomes\-the\-fivb\-mens\-world\-championship?id\=48808 \| title \=Poland welcomes the FIVB Men's World Championship and the world with spectacular start in Warsaw \| date \=30 August 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Polish team won 3–0 and with attendance over 62,000 audience.{{cite web\|url \=https://www.pgenarodowy.pl/news/3179,a\-great\-spectacle\-and\-records\-at\-the\-national\-stadium \| title \=A great spectacle and records at the National Stadium! \| date \=31 August 2014 \| website \=pgenarodowy.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} In their first group, Pool A, Poland won all 5 matches and lost just one set with [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Cameroon men's national volleyball team"). In their second group, Pool F, the host team won 3 of their 4 matches. On 10 September 2014, they lost to the United States (1–3\), but then beat the national teams of Italy (3–1\), Iran (3–2\) and France (3–2\).{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/france\-top\-pool\-e\-but\-poland\-move?id\=49377 \| title \=France top Pool E but Poland move on with a hard\-fought win \| date \=14 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Poland took second place in Group F. The breakdown in the next stage of the tournament was decided by drawing lots. Poland went into group H with Brazil and Russia. Some commentators and fans called Pool H the "Group of Death", but it was a happy result for the home team. The Polish national team won two dramatic matches after tie\-breaks at Atlas Arena in Łódź. On 16 September 2014 they beat Brazil. Poland's main scorer in the match was Mariusz Wlazły, who gained 31 points for his team.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/wlazlys\-a\-game\-ends\-brazils\-winning\-streak?id\=49410 \| title \=Wlazly's A\-game ends Brazil's winning streak \| date \=16 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Two days later, Poland needed just two winning sets for promotion to the semi\-final. Poland beat Russia and took first place in the group.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-break\-through\-russian\-wall\-to\-book?id\=49439 \| title \=Poland break through Russian wall to book semi\-final spot \| date \=18 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} On 21 September 2014 the Polish team won the semi\-final match against Germany, which guaranteed for Poland their third ever medal at the [World Championship](/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship").{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/brazil\-gain\-ground\-for\-title\-defence\-poland?id\=49479 \| title \=Brazil gain ground for title defence; Poland make third appearance in final \| date \=20 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=49477\&Language\=en \| title \=Poland outduel Germany for ticket to finals \| date \=20 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-intend\-to\-repeat\-history\-of\-40?id\=49469 \| title \=Poland intend to repeat history of 40 years ago \| date \=20 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} On 21 September 2014 Poland won the title of World Champion 2014, for the first time in 40 years.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=49498\&Language\=en\#.VCAG\_qIu6ho \| title \=Poland win second World Championship title at home \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Poland beat Brazil (3–1\).{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-dethrone\-brazil\-as\-mens\-champions?id\=49495 \| title \=Poland dethrone Brazil as men's champions \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=49500\&Language\=en \| title \=Poland put an end to the reign of Brazil \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Polish players received 3 of 8 the individual awards in the tournament: [Karol Kłos](/wiki/Karol_K%C5%82os "Karol Kłos") as *Best blocker*, Mariusz Wlazły as *Best opposite* and *Most valuable player*.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-in\-dreamland\-and\-in\-dream\-team?id\=49497 \| title \=Poland in dreamland and in Dream Team \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/mvp\-award\-crowns\-wlazlys\-persistence?id\=50133 \| title \=MVP award crowns Wlazly's persistence \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} After victory Poland have risen two places in FIVB ranking and has been taken 3rd place.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-surge\-up\-rankings\-after\-gold\-medal?id\=49541 \| title \=Poland surge up rankings after gold medal success \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
It was announced that in 2015, the Polish national team will take part in the [World League](/wiki/2015_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2015 FIVB Volleyball World League"), [European Championship](/wiki/2015_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship") (Bulgaria/Italy), [World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup") (Japan), and the first edition of the [European Games](/wiki/2015_European_Games "2015 European Games"), which will be held in [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku"), Azerbaijan.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/siatkowka,igrzyska\-europejskie\-wystapia\-obie\-polskie\-reprezentacje\-siatkarskie,artykul,524124,1,282\.html \| title \=Igrzyska Europejskie: Wystąpią obie polskie reprezentacje siatkarskie \| date \=5 December 2014 \| website \=przegladsportowy.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
Historic result at World Championship brought the team their next title of the *Best Team of 2014* in [Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy](/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Przegl%C4%85d_Sportowy "Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy") 2014 in Poland.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.sport.tvp.pl/18390044/gala\-mistrzow\-sportu\-2014\-reprezentacja\-siatkarzy\-druzyna\-roku\-2014 \| title \=Gala Mistrzów Sportu 2014 – reprezentacja siatkarzy "Drużyną Roku 2014" \| date \=10 January 2015 \| website \=tvp.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Head coach Stephane Antiga was awarded a title of the *Coach of the year 2014* ex\-aequo with [Łukasz Kruczek](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kruczek "Łukasz Kruczek").{{cite web\|url \=http://sport.tvp.pl/18386097/plebiscyt\-ps\-i\-tvp\-antiga\-i\-kruczek\-trenerami\-roku \| title \=Plebiscyt "PS" i TVP: Antiga i Kruczek Trenerami Roku \| date \=10 January 2015 \| website \=tvp.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} A title of *Debutant of the year 2014* was awarded [Mateusz Mika](/wiki/Mateusz_Mika "Mateusz Mika"). Mariusz Wlazły was 2nd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.{{cite web\|url \=http://plebiscyt.przegladsportowy.pl/mistrzowie\-sportu,mariusz\-wlazly\-drugi\-w\-plebiscycie\-przegladu\-sportowego\-i\-tvp,artykul,532391,1,845\.html \| title \=Mariusz Wlazły: Przegrać z Kamilem to zaszczyt \| date \=12 January 2015 \| website \=przegladsportowy.p \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
#### 2015
Head coach Stephane Antiga appointed players to the Polish national team on 2 April 2015\.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacja,stephane\-antiga\-podal\-sklad\-szerokiej\-kadry\-mezczyzn,artykul,556350,1,892\.html \| title \=Antiga podał szeroki skład: z Kurkiem, ale bez Żygadły i Bartmana! \| date \=3 April 2015 \| website \=przegladsportowy.pl \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} The new chosen captain of the team was Karol Kłos, who replaced a previous one – Michał Winiarski. During the matches of intercontinental round of World League, the captain of Polish team was [Michał Kubiak](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kubiak "Michał Kubiak"), because of Kłos' injury.
They began season with intercontinental round of World League 2015\. First match with Russia, Poland won 3–0\.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/opening\-victory\-for\-reigning\-world\-champions\-poland?id\=52513 \| title \=Opening victory for reigning world champions Poland \| date \=28 May 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} *Most valuable player* of match was [Mateusz Bieniek](/wiki/Mateusz_Bieniek "Mateusz Bieniek"), who played his first match in senior national team. After break to national team returned a few players – Bartosz Kurek, Jakub Jarosz, [Grzegorz Łomacz](/wiki/Grzegorz_%C5%81omacz "Grzegorz Łomacz"), [Piotr Gacek](/wiki/Piotr_Gacek "Piotr Gacek"), [Wojciech Grzyb](/wiki/Wojciech_Grzyb "Wojciech Grzyb"). Next day, Poland beat Russia in five\-set match (3–2\). *Most valuable player* of match was Bartosz Kurek (23 pts).{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\-make\-a\-comeback\-to\-beat\-russia?id\=52556 \| title \=Poland make a comeback to beat Russia in five sets \| date \=29 May 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} On 5 June 2015 Poland beat Iran (3–1\).{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\-continue\-their\-run\-with\-a\-win?id\=52779 \| title \=Poland continue their run with a win over Iran \| date \=5 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Bartosz Kurek scored 30 pts and he was *Most valuable player* of match. Next day, Poland won another meeting with Iran (3–2\) and MVP was chosen Michał Kubiak.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/poland\-maintain\-winning\-record\-with\-3\-2\-over?id\=52818 \| title \=Poland maintain winning record with 3–2 over Iran \| date \=6 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} On 12 June 2015 Poland lost first match with United States (3–2\) after almost 3 hours meeting.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/anderson\-and\-troy\-lead\-usa\-assault\-for?id\=53071 \| title \=Anderson and Troy lead USA assault for tie\-break win \| date \=13 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} It was first lost match of Poland since 10 September 2014, when they lost with U.S. national team at World Championship. Next day, Poland also lost with American players (3–1\). After spending one week in United States, Poland moved to Russian ground – [Kazan](/wiki/Kazan "Kazan"), where they won two matches against Russia (3–1\) and (3–2\).{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\-too\-strong\-for\-russia?id\=53300 \| title \=Poland too strong for Russia \| date \=19 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/kurek\-leads\-poland\-to\-3\-2\-over\-russia?id\=53343 \| title \=Kurek leads Poland to 3–2 over Russia \| date \=20 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Then they flew to [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"). After a spectacular meeting, Poland lost first match on 26 June (3–2\). Two days later, Polish national team beat Iran (3–1\). Polish team spent three weeks in tour and they came back to Poland on last matches of intercontinental round with United States. On 3 July 2015 Poland beat [USA](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "United States men's national volleyball team") in tie\-break and achieved two points, which gave Polish team a qualification to final round of World League 2015 in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"). Next day, they lost match (1–3\). Poland qualified for the Pool J with Serbia and Italy. On 17 July Poland won match over Italy (3–1\) and qualified to semi\-final.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\-debuts\-in\-world\-league\-finals\-with?id\=54996 \| title \=Poland debuts in World League Finals with a 3–1 victory over Italy \| date \=17 July 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Main leader in this important meeting was Michał Kubiak, who scored 19 pts. Next day, Serbia won over Poland (2–3\), but Polish team gained 1 pt and took first place in Pool J. On 18 July, Poland lost semi\-final with France (2–3\). On 19 July Poland did not achieve bronze, because of lost with USA (0–3\).{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/usa\-claim\-bronze\-medal\-with\-a\-straight\-sets?id\=55055 \| title \=USA claim bronze medal with a straight\-sets victory over Poland \| date \=19 July 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Polish team had problems with own errors. Poland took 4th place in edition of the World League 2015\. Polish players achieved two individual awards – Michał Kubiak was one of the *Best outside spiker* and [Paweł Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski "Paweł Zatorski") was *Best libero*. In 2–9 August all players, whose were in final round in Rio de Janeiro went to training camp in [Arłamów](/wiki/Ar%C5%82am%C3%B3w "Arłamów") and two players joined to team ([Włodarczyk](/wiki/Wojciech_W%C5%82odarczyk "Wojciech Włodarczyk"), Kłos). Then the team without [Wrona](/wiki/Andrzej_Wrona "Andrzej Wrona") was training in Spała.
Polish national team is going to take part in [2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2015_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner "2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner") in [Toruń](/wiki/Toru%C5%84 "Toruń"). First day, they beat Japan (3–0\). In the following days Poland beat Iran (3–1\) and France (3–2\). Poland won 2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner for sixth time and Polish players achieved five individual awards – *Best spiker* was [Dawid Konarski](/wiki/Dawid_Konarski "Dawid Konarski"), *Best server* was Mateusz Bieniek, *Best blocker* was Piotr Nowakowski, *Best libero* was Paweł Zatorski and *Most valuable player* was a captain Michał Kubiak.{{cite web\|url \=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacje/reprezentacja\-polski\-wygrala\-xiii\-memorial\-huberta\-jerzego\-wagnera/x912vp \| title \=Reprezentacja Polski wygrała XIII Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera \| date \=24 August 2015 \| website \=onet.pl \| author\=Krzysztof Gaweł \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}}
Polish players started their visit in Japan from training camp in [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka "Osaka") and then they went to [Hammamatsu](/wiki/Hammamatsu "Hammamatsu"), where they are playing their first round matches. Poland started a journey at World Cup 2015 on 8 September, when they beat [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Tunisia men's national volleyball team") (3–0\). In following day, Polish players beat Russia (3–1\) and in both matches Most Valuable Player of match was chosen Bartosz Kurek.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldcup.2015\.men.fivb.com/en/news/kureks\-heroics\-lift\-poland\-to\-3\-1\-win?id\=57096 \| title \=Kurek's heroics lift Poland to 3–1 win over Russia \| date \=9 September 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} During third set of the meeting with Russia, Polish setter Grzegorz Łomacz twisted his ankle. On 10 September 2015 Poland contained their winning with Argentina (3–1\) and MVP was Michał Kubiak. On 12 September, Polish team beat Iran (3–2\) and best player on the court was chosen Mateusz Mika. On 13 September Poland played their last match in first round in Hamamatsu with [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Venezuela men's national volleyball team") (3–1\). MVP of match was Dawid Konarski, who scored 22 points. Poland won all five matches in first round of World Cup 2015, but lost one point in overall table. In second round Poland beat Canada (3–1\), Egypt (3–0\), and Australia (3–0\). After eight victories without any defeat, Poland moved to Tokyo.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldcup.2015\.men.fivb.com/en/news/im\-happy\-with\-our\-three\-games\-in?id\=57522 \| title \=I'm happy with our three games in Toyama: Antiga \| date \=18 September 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} On 21 September 2015, two previously undefeated teams met in first match of third round. Poland beat United States (3–1\) and Polish captain Michał Kubiak played his best match in World Cup. Then Poland won match with host team Japan, but they had problems with them in first set (3–1\). Poland won 10 of 10 matches and the last day on 23 September met with Italy. They lost 3–1 and they did not achieve one point so Poland took 3rd place in tournament, which did not give Poland a qualification to [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics").{{cite web\|url \=http://worldcup.2015\.men.fivb.com/en/news/impressive\-italy\-book\-rio\-2016\-ticket?id\=57731 \| title \=Impressive Italy book Rio 2016 ticket \| date \=23 September 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Poland won 10 of 11 matches, but because of points and ratio of set, achieved only bronze medal without Olympic qualification.
#### 2016
[thumb\|Poland during the match of [World Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_qualification%23World_qualification_tournament "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification#World qualification tournament") with Iran on 4 June 2016\.](/wiki/File:Iran_VS_Poland.jpg "Iran VS Poland.jpg")
From 5 to 10 January 2016, Polish team took part in [2016 Summer Olympics – European qualification](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_European_qualification "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's European qualification"). Poland was in Pool A, where they won two matches, with Serbia (3–1\) and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Belgium men's national volleyball team"), lost one with Germany (2–3\). In semi\-final Poland lost with France (0–3\) and lost chance to qualify to Olympics.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=836\&NewsID\=22300\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=0\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=France beat Poland to set up all\-star final with Olympic champions \| date \=9 January 2016 \| website \=cev.lu \| publisher \=CEV \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} On 10 January 2016 Poland won 3rd place match with Germany (3–2\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=836\&NewsID\=22304\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=0\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=Second Olympic chance for world champions Poland after Germany thriller \| date \=10 January 2016 \| website \=cev.lu \| publisher \=CEV \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Poland was qualified to World Olympic Qualification Tournament and keep chance to gain qualification to [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament").
On 28 May 2016, Poland started the battle in [World Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_qualification%23World_qualification_tournament "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification#World qualification tournament"). After 5 victories in first 5 matches (with Canada 3–2, France 3–2, Japan 3–0, China 3–2, Venezuela 3–0 and Iran 1–3\) Poland achieved qualification to 2016 Rio Summer Olympics on 2 June 2016\.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/poland\-secure\-rio\-2016\-spot\-as\-france?id\=61605 \| title \=Poland secure Rio 2016 spot, as France and Iran gain ground \| date \=2 June 2016 \| website \=fivb.com \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}}
Poland beat 4 of 5 opponents in group stage at [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") (lost only to Russia after tie break). They took second place in Group B and were qualified to quarterfinals. Due to the draw, Poland next met the USA. On 17 August 2016 Americans beat Polish players (0–3\) and Poland took 5th place. This was their fourth Olympics with the same result in a row.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/usa\-return\-to\-olympic\-final\-four\-with?id\=64462 \| title \=USA return to Olympic final four with 3–0 win over Poland \| date \=17 August 2016 \| website \=fivb.com \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}}
### 2017: Ferdinando De Giorgi
{{main\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Ferdinando De Giorgi}}
The contract of Stephane Antiga lasted to the end of December 2016, and the Federation decided not to renew it. In October 2016, Polish Volleyball Federation decided to choose a new head coach of Poland. There were three main candidates: [Radostin Stoychev](/wiki/Radostin_Stoychev "Radostin Stoychev"), [Mauro Berruto](/wiki/Mauro_Berruto "Mauro Berruto") and [Ferdinando De Giorgi](/wiki/Ferdinando_De_Giorgi "Ferdinando De Giorgi").{{cite web\|url \=http://www.thenews.pl/1/5/Artykul/275715,Three\-candidates\-for\-Polish\-volleyball\-coach \| title \=Three candidates for Polish volleyball coach \| date \= 17 October 2016 \| website \= thenews.pl \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} On 16 December 2016, it was announced that [Ferdinando De Giorgi](/wiki/Ferdinando_De_Giorgi "Ferdinando De Giorgi") took over the Polish team.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest\_news/Poland/78259/poland\-have\-chosen\-\-ferdinando\-de\-giorgi.html \| title \=Poland have chosen – Ferdinando de Giorgi! \| date \= 16 December 2016 \| website \= worldofvolley.com \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}}
#### 2017
De Giorgi made his debut as a head coach of Poland in friendly match with [Iran](/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Iran men's national volleyball team") without losing any set, on 20 May 2017\. The match was a goodbye match for notable libero [Krzysztof Ignaczak](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ignaczak "Krzysztof Ignaczak"), who officially ended up his career in national team.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.polsatsport.pl/wiadomosc/2017\-05\-20/polska\-iran\-2017\-relacja\-i\-wynik\-na\-zywo/ \| title \=Iran rozgromiony w Spodku! Efektowny debiut De Giorgiego \| date \= 23 May 2017 \| website \= polsatsport.pl \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} Then Poland took part in intercontinental round of the [2017 FIVB World League](/wiki/2017_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2017 FIVB Volleyball World League"). In first week, Poland beat [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Brazil men's national volleyball team") (3–2\) and [Italy](/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Italy men's national volleyball team") (3–1\), but lost match with [Iran](/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Iran men's national volleyball team") (1–3\). Overall, Poland won 4 and lost 5 meetings. They lost a chance to advance to Final Six after losing match with [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "United States men's national volleyball team") (1–3\) on 18 June.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.thenews.pl/1/5/Artykul/312296,Volleyball\-Poland\-loses\-to\-US\-out\-of\-Final\-Six \| title \=Volleyball: Poland loses to US, out of Final Six \| date \= 19 June 2017 \| website \= thenews.pl \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} In final standing Poland took 8th place.
Poland took part in annual friendly tournament [2017 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2017_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner "2017 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner") in 11–13 August 2017\. On day 1, they lost with [France](/wiki/France_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "France men's national volleyball team") (2–3\) and next day they beat [Canada](/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Canada men's national volleyball team") led by their previous head coach [Stephane Antiga](/wiki/Stephane_Antiga "Stephane Antiga") (3–0\). These two matches were played by main players of team without any relevant changes in squad. In last match with [Russia](/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Russia men's national volleyball team"), coach [De Giorgi](/wiki/Ferdinando_De_Giorgi "Ferdinando De Giorgi") decided to check extended squad and young players. Poland easily lost first two sets and made a contact in third set. Poland won after tie\-break and achieved 7th win of the [Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner "Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner").{{cite web\|url \=http://www.plusliga.pl/news/id/32194\.html \| title \=Memoriał Wagnera: Polska zwycięzcą turnieju. MVP dla Maksima Michajłowa \| date \= 13 August 2017 \| website \= plusliga.pl \| author \=Katarzyna Porębska \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} The victory was provided mainly by some newbies in senior national team [Łukasz Kaczmarek](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kaczmarek "Łukasz Kaczmarek"), [Jakub Kochanowski](/wiki/Jakub_Kochanowski "Jakub Kochanowski"), [Bartłomiej Lemański](/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Lema%C5%84ski "Bartłomiej Lemański") and also by few young players, who debuted in previous year like [Artur Szalpuk](/wiki/Artur_Szalpuk "Artur Szalpuk"). Head coach De Giorgi had an intention to announce team roster for upcoming [2017 European Championship](/wiki/2017_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship"), but after match with Russia he changed his mind and said he is going to do it few days later.
Poland took part in the [2017 European Championships](/wiki/2017_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship"). The national team opened Championships with loss at [National Stadium, Warsaw](/wiki/National_Stadium%2C_Warsaw "National Stadium, Warsaw") in front of more than 60\.000 fans (with Serbia). Then they won twice (3–0\) with Finland and Estonia. On 30 August 2017 Polish national team was beaten by Slovenia in playoffs.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=840\&NewsID\=26055\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=2\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=Poland crash out of EuroVolley as Slovenia sweep hosts to set up quarter\-final with Russia \| date \= 30 August 2017 \| website \= cev.lu \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} The atmosphere in the team was not the best and the head coach failed to draw conclusions from the defeat, so PZPS fired [Ferdinando De Giorgi](/wiki/Ferdinando_De_Giorgi "Ferdinando De Giorgi") on 20 September.{{cite web\|url \=http://siatka.org/pokaz/decyzja\-zapadla\-ferdinando\-de\-giorgi\-juz\-trenerem\-polskiej\-kadry/ \| title \=Decyzja zapadła. Ferdinando de Giorgi nie jest już trenerem polskiej kadry \| date \= 20 September 2017 \| website \= siatka.org \| author \=Olga Chmielowska \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}}
### 2018–2021: Vital Heynen
PZPS chose a new head coach out of three candidates: [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka "Piotr Gruszka"), [Andrzej Kowal](/wiki/Andrzej_Kowal "Andrzej Kowal") and [Vital Heynen](/wiki/Vital_Heynen "Vital Heynen"). On 7 February 2018 Heynen was chosen in explicit voting. Heynen has also agreed to the condition that the PZPS can dismiss him at the end of any season without paying any compensation.{{cite web\|url \=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/vital\-heynen\-nowym\-selekcjonerem\-siatkarskiej\-reprezentacji\-polski/nxvcmft \| title \=Vital Heynen nowym selekcjonerem siatkarskiej reprezentacji Polski \| date \=7 February 2018 \| website \=onet.pl \| access\-date \= 7 February 2018}} In 2018, he led the Polish national team to victory at the [FIVB Volleyball World Championship](/wiki/2018_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship"). His other successes with the team include silver medal at the [World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup "2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup"){{Cite web \|url\=https://volleytimes.com/2019/10/15/worldcup\-poland\-reach\-silver\-bronze\-to\-usa\-brazils\-opposite\-alan\-named\-mvp/ \|title\=WorldCup: Poland reach silver, bronze to USA, Brazil’s opposite Alan named MVP \|website\=volleytimes.com \|date\=15 October 2019 \|access\-date\=26 May 2024}} and bronze medals at the [Nations League](/wiki/2019_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Nations_League "2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League"){{Cite web \|url\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/en/vnl/2019/mensfinals/results%20and%20ranking/finals \|title\=Results And Ranking
\|website\=volleyballworld.com \|access\-date\=26 May 2024}} and the [European Volleyball Championship](/wiki/2019_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2019 Men's European Volleyball Championship") in 2019\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1085314/poland\-beat\-france\-euro\-volley\-bronze \|title\=Poland beat France in straight sets for men's European Volleyball Championship bronze \|website\=insidethegames.biz \|author\=Matthew Smith \|date\=28 September 2019 \|access\-date\=26 May 2024}}
### 2022–present: Nikola Grbić
On 12 January 2022, [Nikola Grbić](/wiki/Nikola_Grbi%C4%87 "Nikola Grbić") was selected as the coach of the Poland Volleyball National Team.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.cev.eu/articles/volleyball/stefano\-lavarini\-and\-nikola\-grbic\-to\-lead\-poland\-s\-national\-volleyball\-teams/ \|title\=Stefano Lavarini and Nikola Grbić to lead Poland’s national Volleyball teams \|website\=cev.eu \|date\=13 January 2022 \|access\-date\=26 May 2024}} In 2023, he led the Polish team to a triple victory at three consecutive tournaments: [2023 Nations League](/wiki/2023_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Nations_League "2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League"),{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.cev.eu/articles/volleyball/poland\-claim\-historic\-gold\-medal\-in\-the\-2023\-fivb\-mens\-volleyball\-nations\-league/ \|title\=Poland claim historic gold medal in the 2023 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League \|website\=cev.eu \|author\=Adrian Costeiu \|date\=24 July 2023 \|access\-date\=26 May 2024}} [2023 European Championship](/wiki/2023_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2023 Men's European Volleyball Championship"),{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7790/Artykul/3243455,volleyball\-poland\-crowned\-european\-champions \|title\=Volleyball: Poland crowned European champions \|website\=polskieradio.pl \|date\=16 September 2023 \|access\-date\=26 May 2024}} and [2023 Volleyball Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/2023_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Olympic_Qualification_Tournaments "2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's Olympic Qualification Tournaments").{{Cite web \|url\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball\-olympic\-qualifying\-tournament/news/confident\-poland\-reserves\-spot\-at\-next\-year\-s\-olympics \|title\=Confident Poland reserves spot at next year’s Olympics \|website\=volleyballworld.com \|date\=7 October 2023 \|access\-date\=26 May 2024}}
At the [2024 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics "2024 Summer Olympics"), the Poland national volleyball team won silver medal losing in the final to France. This marked the first time in 48 years since the team's last Olympic medal in [Montreal 1976](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament") when Poland won gold.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7790/Artykul/3412806,poland\-claim\-olympic\-silver\-in\-mens\-volleyball \|title\=Poland claim Olympic silver in men's volleyball \|website\=polskieradio.pl \|access\-date\=9 September 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Poland achieved some of its best results in the 1970s, with gold medals at [1974 World Championship](/wiki/1974_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"1974 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\") and the [1976 Montreal Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\"). They also won five consecutive silver medals at the European Championship, between 1975 and 1983\\.",
"### 2005–2008 Raúl Lozano",
"[thumb\\|Poland vs Argentina at [Łuczniczka](/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka \"Łuczniczka\"), [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz \"Bydgoszcz\") at the [2005 World League](/wiki/2005_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2005 FIVB Volleyball World League\").](/wiki/File:Volleyball_CL-2005_Poland_vs_Argentina_in_Bydgoszcz.jpg \"Volleyball CL-2005 Poland vs Argentina in Bydgoszcz.jpg\")",
"#### 2005",
"On 17 January 2005 [Raúl Lozano](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Lozano_%28volleyball%29 \"Raúl Lozano (volleyball)\") was chosen as coach.",
"On 27 May 2005 he debuted as the coach in official match against [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Argentina men's national volleyball team\") (3–1\\) – first meeting at [2005 World League](/wiki/2005_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2005 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). Polish national team won 9 of 12 matches in intercontinental round in Pool C (with [Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Serbia men's national volleyball team\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Greece men's national volleyball team\"), Argentina) and achieved promotion to final round in Serbia and Montenegro. They lost just 2 matches with Serbia and Montenegro (2–3, 2–3\\) and Greece (1–3\\).",
"#### 2006",
"In 2006 polish team won silver medal at [World Championship](/wiki/World_Championship \"World Championship\"). In final they lost against [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\").",
"### 2009–2010 Daniel Castellani",
"{{main\\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Daniel Castellani}}",
"#### 2009",
"On 17 January 2009, [Daniel Castellani](/wiki/Daniel_Castellani \"Daniel Castellani\"), who had previously led [PGE Skra Bełchatów](/wiki/PGE_Skra_Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w \"PGE Skra Bełchatów\"), was announced as the new head coach. In June 2009 Polish team played in Pool D of intercontinental round of the [World League 2009](/wiki/2009_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2009 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). They won 5 of 12 matches, but lost all 4 matches with [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Brazil men's national volleyball team\") and 3 meetings with [Finland](/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Finland men's national volleyball team\"). Poland took 11th place in general classification.",
"[thumb\\|[European Champions 2009](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") after returning to Poland.](/wiki/File:Siatkarze_po_Mistrzostwach_Europy_2009_wer2.jpg \"Siatkarze po Mistrzostwach Europy 2009 wer2.jpg\")",
"On 3 September 2009, Poland played its first match in preliminary round Pool A of the [European Championship 2009](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") held in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"). Polish players beat [France](/wiki/France_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"France men's national volleyball team\") in opening match 3–1\\. Then won with [Germany](/wiki/Germany_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Germany men's national volleyball team\") (3–1\\) and hosts – Turkey (3–0\\). Poland took first place in Pool A and went to play\\-off round, where in Pool F beat [European Champion 2007](/wiki/2007_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2007 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") – [Spain](/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Spain men's national volleyball team\") (3–2\\) and won two another meetings with [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Slovakia men's national volleyball team\") (3–2\\) and Greece (3–0\\). They reached the first place in the group and Poland advanced to the final round. In semi\\-final played against [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Bulgaria men's national volleyball team\") and won 3–0\\. In final they met with France once again. This two teams opened and closed European Championship 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.gp24\\.pl/sport/siatkowka/art/4414931,siatkowka\\-polacy\\-mistrzami\\-europy\\-polska\\-francja\\-31,id,t.html \\| title \\=Siatkówka. Polacy mistrzami Europy! Polska – Francja 3:1 \\| date \\= 13 September 2009 \\| website \\= gp24\\.pl \\| author \\=Grzegorz Hilarecki, Jarosław Stencel \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} On 13 September 2009 Poland won a title of the European Champion first time in history. 2 of 8 individual award were achieved by Polish players. [Paweł Zagumny](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zagumny \"Paweł Zagumny\") was the *Best setter* and *Most valuable player* was awarded the captain and opposite hitter of Polish national team – [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka \"Piotr Gruszka\"). On 14 September 2009 all players were awarded [Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta \"Order of Polonia Restituta\") and coach Daniel Castellani received [Officer's Cross of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta \"Order of Polonia Restituta\").",
"In 18–23 November 2009, Poland participated as the [European Champion](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") in [World Grand Champions Cup](/wiki/2009_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Grand_Champions_Cup \"2009 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Grand Champions Cup\") held in Japan. The Polish team won 2 of 5 matches with [Iran](/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Iran men's national volleyball team\") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Egypt men's national volleyball team\"). Poland took 4th place.",
"Polish men's national volleyball team was elected the best team of 2009 in *75th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2009* in Poland and [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka \"Piotr Gruszka\") was 3rd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.",
"#### 2010",
"[thumb\\|Polish national team before friendly match with France in Rzeszów on 29 May 2010\\. Players from left to right: [Ruciak](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Ruciak \"Michał Ruciak\") (\\#14\\), [Bartman](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bartman \"Zbigniew Bartman\") (\\#9\\), [Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") (\\#6\\), [Łomacz](/wiki/Grzegorz_%C5%81omacz \"Grzegorz Łomacz\") (\\#19\\), [Jarosz](/wiki/Jakub_Jarosz \"Jakub Jarosz\") (\\#7\\), [Kłos](/wiki/Karol_K%C5%82os \"Karol Kłos\") (\\#8\\), [Mika](/wiki/Mateusz_Mika \"Mateusz Mika\") (\\#13\\), [Czarnowski](/wiki/Patryk_Czarnowski \"Patryk Czarnowski\") (\\#16\\), [Michał Bąkiewicz](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_B%C4%85kiewicz \"Michał Bąkiewicz\") (\\#17\\), [Żygadło](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBygad%C5%82o \"Łukasz Żygadło\") (\\#11\\), [Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek \"Marcin Możdżonek\") (\\#18\\), [Gacek](/wiki/Piotr_Gacek \"Piotr Gacek\") (\\#15\\), [Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski \"Paweł Zatorski\") (\\#12\\), [Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka \"Piotr Gruszka\") (\\#3\\).](/wiki/File:Reprezentacja_Polski_w_pi%C5%82ce_siatkowej.jpg \"Reprezentacja Polski w piłce siatkowej.jpg\")",
"Polish national team started season with intercontinental round of the [World League 2010](/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2010 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). At the beginning they lost twice with German team (1–3 and 0–3\\) in Stuttgart. Then on 11–12 June beat hosts of final round – Argentina (3–1 and 3–2\\) in San Juan. On 18–19 June played with [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Cuba men's national volleyball team\"). Poland lost first match 2–3, but next day beat opponent 3–0\\. The remaining 6 matches Polish national team played in Poland. On 25–26 June, Poland beat Argentina (3–1 and 3–1\\) in [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw \"Wrocław\"). They moved to [Atlas Arena](/wiki/Atlas_Arena \"Atlas Arena\") to [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"Łódź\"), where they lost both matches with Cuba (0–3 and 1–3\\). Matches with Germany on 8–9 July ended Polish participated in the World League. Poland lost 2–3 and won the next day 3–1 at [Spodek](/wiki/Spodek \"Spodek\") in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice \"Katowice\").",
"On 25 September 2010, players of Polish national team played their first match at the [World Championship 2010](/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"2010 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\"). They won all 3 matches in Pool F (first round) with [Canada](/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Canada men's national volleyball team\") (3–0\\), Germany (3–2\\) and Serbia (3–1\\), which were held in [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\"), Italy. In second round Poland lost their both matches with Brazil (0–3\\) and Bulgaria (0–3\\). Poland ended Championships in place 13–18\\.",
"On 25 October 2010 after the vote of the board of Polish Volleyball Federation, Castellani was fired.",
"### 2011–2013 Andrea Anastasi",
"{{main\\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Andrea Anastasi}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Action on the left side by outside hitter – [Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") (\\#6\\) in 3rd place match against Argentina on [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") held at Ergo Arena, Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927616804%29.jpg \"World League Final 2011 (5927616804).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|On the podium of the [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") with bronze medals. The captain of Poland, opposite Piotr Gruszka is holding a trophy.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927893012%29.jpg \"World League Final 2011 (5927893012).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Poland after winning match ball of 3rd place match against Argentina on [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") held at Ergo Arena, Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927120815%29.jpg \"World League Final 2011 (5927120815).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|During medal ceremony as bronze medalists of [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") at Ergo Arena in Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927902380%29.jpg \"World League Final 2011 (5927902380).jpg\")",
"#### 2011",
"After lacklustre previous year the head coach and a number of players were replaced. [Andrea Anastasi](/wiki/Andrea_Anastasi \"Andrea Anastasi\") began work as head coach on 23 February 2011, when Poland was ranked 11th in the FIVB ranking. His assistant was [Andrea Gardini](/wiki/Andrea_Gardini \"Andrea Gardini\").",
"They started season without an important players like Zagumny, [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski \"Michał Winiarski\") or [Wlazły](/wiki/Mariusz_Wlaz%C5%82y \"Mariusz Wlazły\"). The team started with the [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). Poland as host was in final tournament, which was held at [Ergo Arena](/wiki/Ergo_Arena \"Ergo Arena\") in [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\"). During a first match against Bulgaria, an opposite hitter – [Zbigniew Bartman](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bartman \"Zbigniew Bartman\") injured. Despite this Poland won after tie\\-break. Then Poland lost with Italy (0–3\\) and beat Argentina in five sets. They went to the semi\\-final, but lost the match against [Russia](/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Russia men's national volleyball team\") (1–3\\). On 10 July 2011 Poland won first medal of the [World League](/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"FIVB Volleyball World League\") in history. Polish achieved individual awards – [Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") was the *Best scorer* and [Krzysztof Ignaczak](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ignaczak \"Krzysztof Ignaczak\") the *Best libero*.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.polskatimes.pl/artykul/425639,polscy\\-siatkarze\\-zdobyli\\-brazowy\\-medal\\-zdjecia\\-z\\-dekoracji,id,t.html \\| title \\=Polscy siatkarze zdobyli brązowy medal \\| date \\= 11 July 2011 \\| website \\= polskatimes.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}}",
"In the same year the Polish national team wanted to defend a title of [European Champion](/wiki/Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"Men's European Volleyball Championship\") from 2009\\. The team, without injured Zbigniew Bartman, won in playoff round with [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Czech Republic men's national volleyball team\") and went to quarterfinals. In [Karlovy Vary](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary \"Karlovy Vary\") beat Slovakia (3–0\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=14\\&NewsID\\=10988\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=0\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=Poland bound for Vienna \\| date \\= 15 September 2011 \\| website \\= cev.lu \\| publisher \\=CEV \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} Then they moved to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") and lost the match against Italy (0–3\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=14\\&NewsID\\=10994\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=0\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=High brisance in EuroVolley semi\\-finals \\| date \\= 16 September 2011 \\| website \\=cev.lu \\| publisher \\=CEV \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} Poles again played the 3rd place match. On 18 September 2011 they beat the winners of [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") – Russia (3–1\\) and achieved their second bronze in 2011\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID\\=10999\\&ID\\=14 \\| title \\= Bartosz Kurek is the man of the day as Poland strikes bronze at EuroVolley \\| date \\= 18 September 2011 \\| website \\= cev.lu \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041239/http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID\\=10999\\&ID\\=14 \\| archive\\-date \\= 24 September 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} In addition, individual award for *Best server* received Bartosz Kurek.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://sport.wp.pl/kat,1715,title,Kurek\\-najlepiej\\-serwujacym\\-zawodnikiem,wid,13799812,wiadomosc.html?ticaid\\=11aa2f\\&\\_ticrsn\\=3 \\| title \\=Kurek najlepiej serwującym zawodnikiem \\| date \\= 18 September 2011 \\| website \\= wp.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}}",
"In November was the first chance to qualify for the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\"). At [FIVB World Cup 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup \"2011 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\") won 9 of 11 matches. They lost with Iran (2–3\\), Brazil (2–3\\) and Russia (2–3\\). Polish national team won promotion to the Olympics on 3 December 2011, when they won first two sets against Brazil (this one point gave them place on the podium).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Men/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=33296\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Russia and Poland book trip to London, Brazil and Italy fight for last ticket \\| date \\= 3 December 2011 \\| website \\= fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} In conclusion Poland won the silver medal, and repeated the success of the [FIVB World Cup 1965](/wiki/1965_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup \"1965 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\"), where Poland achieve silver too.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Men/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=33340\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland shoot up World Rankings on back of World Cup silver \\| date \\= 6 December 2011 \\| website \\= fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} For the first time in the history Polish national team won three medals in one year. One of individual awards received middle\\-blocker [Marcin Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek \"Marcin Możdżonek\"), who was *Best blocker*.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Media/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=33316\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Maxim Mikhaylov earns MVP of FIVB Men's World Cup \\| date \\= 4 December 2011 \\| website \\= fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}}",
"Polish men's national volleyball team was elected the best team of 2011 in *77th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2011* in Poland and Bartosz Kurek was 2nd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.",
"#### 2012",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Polish team after one of the winning match in [World League 2012](/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2012 FIVB Volleyball World League\") at Spodek in Katowice, Poland.](/wiki/File:Rado%C5%9B%C4%87_polskich_siatkarzy.jpg \"Radość polskich siatkarzy.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Marcin Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek \"Marcin Możdżonek\") – Poland's captain during an interview in 2012\\.](/wiki/File:Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek_%281%29.jpg \"Marcin Możdżonek (1).jpg\")\nThe main purpose for the team were Olympics, but earlier they participated in [FIVB World League 2012](/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2012 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). They won 10 of 12 matches of intercontinental round, including 3 times won with Brazil, which was successful after many years of defeats.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35355\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland reach World League Finals with sensational win over Brazil \\| date \\=17 June 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Poland advanced to Final Six, which was held in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\"), Bulgaria. Polish team was in Pool F with Cuba and Brazil. They won both their group matches and went to the semi\\-final.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35914\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland and Cuba waiting to find out their opponents \\| date \\=6 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} They beat the host – Bulgaria and for the first time in history had a chance to play in final of World League.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35932\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland advance to final after 3–0 win over Bulgaria \\| date \\=7 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35933\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland writes history as they make it to first ever World League final \\| date \\=7 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35934\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland and USA meet in World League final for first time \\| date \\=7 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} On 8 July 2012 won the final match against [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"United States men's national volleyball team\") (3–0\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35974\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland wins historical gold at the 2012 World League \\| date \\=8 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35975\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland madly happy, USA continues to build on... \\| date \\=8 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} It was a second medal of World League for Polish team and the first gold. Polish players received 4 of 8 individual awards. *Best spiker* was Zbigniew Bartman, *Best blocker* – Marcin Możdżonek, *Best libero* – Krzysztof Ignaczak and *Most valuable player* – Bartosz Kurek.",
"On 29 July 2012 the team played their first Pool A match at the 20123 London Summer Olympics against Italy (3–1\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\\-M.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=5\\&No\\=36147 \\| title \\=Poland impress with overall game \\| date \\=29 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Polish national team won 3 of 5 pool matches, but lost with Bulgaria and [Australia](/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Australia men's national volleyball team\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\\-M.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=25\\&No\\=36393 \\| title \\=Australia keep alive their hopes after beating Poland \\| date \\=6 August 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} They went to quarterfinal, but lost it after 3–1 match against future Olympic Champions – Russia.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\\-M.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=32\\&No\\=36456 \\| title \\=With terrific show of strength Russia end Poland's Olympic adventure \\| date \\=8 August 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Despite the defeat, Krzysztof Ignaczak was the *Best receiver* of the 2012 Summer Olympics (four years earlier, the same award received another Polish player – Michał Winiarski).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/vis\\_web/VOLLEY/MOG2012/PDF/P5\\-MOG2012\\-Finals.pdf \\| title \\=Players Ranking by Skills \\| date \\=12 August 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"Poland had the success and failure of this season, but despite this they were elected the best team of 2012 in *78th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2012* in Poland.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Polish players after the winning match Poland – United States of the [World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2013 FIVB Volleyball World League\") at Spodek, Katowice on 5 July 2013\\. In the foreground from left: [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski \"Michał Winiarski\") (\\#2\\), [Nowakowski](/wiki/Piotr_Nowakowski \"Piotr Nowakowski\") (\\#1\\), [Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski \"Paweł Zatorski\") (\\#17\\), [Kosok](/wiki/Grzegorz_Kosok \"Grzegorz Kosok\") (\\#4\\), [Żygadło](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBygad%C5%82o \"Łukasz Żygadło\") (\\#15\\), [Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek \"Marcin Możdżonek\") (\\#18\\), [Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") (\\#6\\) and [Drzyzga](/wiki/Fabian_Drzyzga \"Fabian Drzyzga\") (\\#11\\).](/wiki/File:Siatkarze_dzi%C4%99kuj%C4%99_za_doping_kibic%C3%B3w_%289293434294%29.jpg \"Siatkarze dziękuję za doping kibiców (9293434294).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") in match Poland – United States ([World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2013 FIVB Volleyball World League\")).](/wiki/File:Bartosz_Kurek_%289290654771%29.jpg \"Bartosz Kurek (9290654771).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Andrea Anastasi](/wiki/Andrea_Anastasi \"Andrea Anastasi\") – head coach in 2011–2013\\.](/wiki/File:Andrea_Anastasi_%289293459004%29.jpg \"Andrea Anastasi (9293459004).jpg\")",
"#### 2013",
"The team started season on 24 May 2013 when they played friendly match with Serbia (3–0\\) in [Milicz](/wiki/Milicz \"Milicz\"). Next day, on 25 May the two national teams played their second match in [Twardogóra](/wiki/Twardog%C3%B3ra \"Twardogóra\"), which was won by guests (1–3\\).",
"Poland began its participation in the [World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2013 FIVB Volleyball World League\") losing their first four matches. They lost twice with Brazil at [Torwar Hall](/wiki/Torwar_Hall \"Torwar Hall\") on 7 June (1–3\\){{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=8\\&No\\=39465 \\| title \\=Brazil impress in win over Poland \\| date \\=7 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} and after tie\\-brak at Atlas Arena on 9 June.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=24\\&No\\=39513 \\| title \\=Poland unable to stop the Brazilian power in five sets \\| date \\=9 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Then Polish players lost next two aligned matches on 21 and 23 June against France, which have been resolved after tie\\-breaks.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=38\\&No\\=39992 \\| title \\=France defeats Poland to clinch its first victory \\| date \\=21 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=43\\&No\\=40117 \\| title \\=France beat Poland in five sets for a clean sweep \\| date \\=23 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} On 28 June 2013 Polish team played their first match with Argentine team (3–2\\) at [Łuczniczka](/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka \"Łuczniczka\"), [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz \"Bydgoszcz\"){{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=51\\&No\\=40460 \\| title \\=Poland claim first victory in the 2013 World League \\| date \\=28 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} and two days later their second meeting (3–1\\) at Ergo Arena in Gdańsk.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=64\\&No\\=40594 \\| title \\=Poland earns a second victory over Argentina \\| date \\=30 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} The heroes of winning matches with Argentine players were [Jarosz](/wiki/Jakub_Jarosz \"Jakub Jarosz\") and Kurek. On 5 and 7 July, Polish national team beat United States team (3–2\\) at Spodek, Katowice{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=69\\&No\\=40905 \\| title \\=Poland beat USA after a thrilling five sets \\| date \\=5 July 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} and (3–1\\) at [Centennial Hall](/wiki/Hala_Stulecia_%28Wroc%C5%82aw%29 \"Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)\") in Wrocław, after great game of Jakub Jarosz. Poland didn't continue their series of victories. On 12 July 2013 lost (0–3\\) match against Bulgaria and one day later lost dramatic match after tie\\-break despite the determination of the whole team.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=88\\&No\\=41295 \\| title \\=Bulgaria show they merit Finals berth with dramatic win over Poland \\| date \\=13 July 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Unstoppable was the main scorer of Bulgaria – [Tsvetan Sokolov](/wiki/Tsvetan_Sokolov \"Tsvetan Sokolov\"). At [Palace of Culture and Sports](/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Sports \"Palace of Culture and Sports\"), [Varna](/wiki/Varna%2C_Bulgaria \"Varna, Bulgaria\") lost their last two matches of intercontinental round and ended their game in World League 2013\\.",
"In October 2013 Andrea Anastasi was fired as coach of the Polish national team.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacje/andrea\\-anastasi\\-zwolniony\\-z\\-funkcji\\-trenera\\-reprezentacji\\-siatkarzy/t51bc \\| title \\=Andrea Anastasi zwolniony z funkcji trenera reprezentacji siatkarzy \\| date \\=24 October 2013 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| author\\=Krzysztof Gaweł \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} The reason for this decision were unsuccessful Polish losses in 2013 and getting worse team game. Poland, while working of Andrea Anastasi, took 3rd place in the FIVB World Rankings. It was promotion from 11th place in early 2011\\. Anastasi has announced that he won't be coach of any national team at the [World Championship 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\") held in Poland because of respect for his former players. He decided to stay in Poland and has been working with Polish club [Lotos Trefl Gdańsk](/wiki/Lotos_Trefl_Gda%C5%84sk \"Lotos Trefl Gdańsk\").{{cite web\\|url \\=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/plusliga/andrea\\-anastasi\\-powrot\\-do\\-polski\\-byl\\-naturalnym\\-wyborem/2894f \\| title \\=Andrea Anastasi: powrót do Polski był naturalnym wyborem \\| date \\=5 June 2014 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"### 2014–2016 Stéphane Antiga",
"{{main\\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Stéphane Antiga}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Stephane Antiga](/wiki/Stephane_Antiga \"Stephane Antiga\"), head coach who led Poland to title of 2014 World Champions.](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2827_June_2014%29-10.jpg \"2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (27 June 2014)-10.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Poland during the [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2014 FIVB Volleyball World League\").](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2827_June_2014%29-32.jpg \"2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (27 June 2014)-32.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Left\\-wing attack from [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski \"Michał Winiarski\") at [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2014 FIVB Volleyball World League\") against Iran.](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2829_June_2014%29-3.jpg \"2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (29 June 2014)-3.jpg\")",
"#### 2014",
"On 24 October 2013, was announced new head coach [Stéphane Antiga](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Antiga \"Stéphane Antiga\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=43690\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Stéphane Antiga appointed new Poland men's coach \\| date \\=28 October 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} He began his work after the end of the league season 2013/2014, because he played for PGE Skra Bełchatów and he had to complete his career as a player. His first tournament as Poland's head coach was the [CEV European Championship 2015 qualification](/wiki/2015_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship_qualification \"2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship qualification\"). Poland won 5 out of their 6 matches, beating [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Macedonia men's national volleyball team\") and [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Latvia men's national volleyball team\") twice each and [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Slovenia men's national volleyball team\") once. The Polish national team qualified for the CEV European Championship 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=700\\&NewsID\\=17536\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=1\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=Poles, Finns, Slovaks, Czechs, Croats and Belarusians earn tickets to Bulgaria\\-Italy 2015 \\| date \\=2 June 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"After this, the team took part in the [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2014 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). They won 6 of 12 matches in the intercontinental round, but didn't qualify for the Final Six. They lacked one set against Brazil for a place in the final tournament.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2014/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=47117\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Dramatic Intercontinental Round final day as World League Finals participants confirmed \\| date \\=6 July 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} The team went on to make preparations at training camps in [Belchatów](/wiki/Belchat%C3%B3w \"Belchatów\"), [Capbreton](/wiki/Capbreton \"Capbreton\") (France) and [Spała](/wiki/Spa%C5%82a \"Spała\") before the World Championship 2014\\. On 16–18 August 2014 the [12th Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2014_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner \"2014 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner\") was held at [Kraków Arena](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Arena \"Kraków Arena\"), Kraków. On the first day, after losing a match with Bulgaria (2–3\\), coach Antiga announced the list of players who would represent the Polish national team at the World Championship 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/polish\\-team\\-named\\-for\\-the\\-fivb\\-mens?id\\=48351 \\| title \\=Polish team named for the FIVB Men's World Championship Poland 2014 \\| date \\=17 August 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} He eliminated one of the major players of previous years: Bartosz Kurek. In the following matches of tournament Mariusz Wlazły was unable to play because of a sprained ankle.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.onet.pl/?srcc\\=ucs\\&pid\\=1b4a3c7e\\-a4e2\\-4145\\-ad67\\-156dbd3bb246\\&sid\\=96fc7e4d\\-c74c\\-44d9\\-ab11\\-c24e6131b623 \\| title \\=Jan Sokal: kontuzja Wlazłego nie jest aż tak groźna \\| date \\=18 August 2014 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| author\\=Krzysztof Gaweł \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Despite this, Poland defeated [China](/wiki/China_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"China men's national volleyball team\") and for the first time since 2011, beat Russia.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.onet.pl/?srcc\\=ucs\\&pid\\=89198bbf\\-4299\\-4257\\-b4e5\\-bab7e8b419bd\\&sid\\=96fc7e4d\\-c74c\\-44d9\\-ab11\\-c24e6131b623 \\| title \\=XII Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera: Polacy pokonali Rosję \\| date \\=18 August 2014 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} The Polish team took 2nd place and two of the Polish players received individual awards: [Piotr Nowakowski](/wiki/Piotr_Nowakowski \"Piotr Nowakowski\") as *Best server* and Krzysztof Ignaczak as *Best libero*.",
"On 30 August 2014, Poland played their historic match at the [National Stadium](/wiki/National_Stadium%2C_Warsaw \"National Stadium, Warsaw\") in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") against Serbia as opening meeting of the [2014 World Championship](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-capture\\-first\\-world\\-championship\\-win\\-and?id\\=48807 \\| title \\=Poland capture first World Championship win and the hearts of thousands of Polish supporters \\| date \\=30 August 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} It was the opening match of the World Championship 2014 in Poland.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-welcomes\\-the\\-fivb\\-mens\\-world\\-championship?id\\=48808 \\| title \\=Poland welcomes the FIVB Men's World Championship and the world with spectacular start in Warsaw \\| date \\=30 August 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Polish team won 3–0 and with attendance over 62,000 audience.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.pgenarodowy.pl/news/3179,a\\-great\\-spectacle\\-and\\-records\\-at\\-the\\-national\\-stadium \\| title \\=A great spectacle and records at the National Stadium! \\| date \\=31 August 2014 \\| website \\=pgenarodowy.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} In their first group, Pool A, Poland won all 5 matches and lost just one set with [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Cameroon men's national volleyball team\"). In their second group, Pool F, the host team won 3 of their 4 matches. On 10 September 2014, they lost to the United States (1–3\\), but then beat the national teams of Italy (3–1\\), Iran (3–2\\) and France (3–2\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/france\\-top\\-pool\\-e\\-but\\-poland\\-move?id\\=49377 \\| title \\=France top Pool E but Poland move on with a hard\\-fought win \\| date \\=14 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Poland took second place in Group F. The breakdown in the next stage of the tournament was decided by drawing lots. Poland went into group H with Brazil and Russia. Some commentators and fans called Pool H the \"Group of Death\", but it was a happy result for the home team. The Polish national team won two dramatic matches after tie\\-breaks at Atlas Arena in Łódź. On 16 September 2014 they beat Brazil. Poland's main scorer in the match was Mariusz Wlazły, who gained 31 points for his team.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/wlazlys\\-a\\-game\\-ends\\-brazils\\-winning\\-streak?id\\=49410 \\| title \\=Wlazly's A\\-game ends Brazil's winning streak \\| date \\=16 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Two days later, Poland needed just two winning sets for promotion to the semi\\-final. Poland beat Russia and took first place in the group.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-break\\-through\\-russian\\-wall\\-to\\-book?id\\=49439 \\| title \\=Poland break through Russian wall to book semi\\-final spot \\| date \\=18 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} On 21 September 2014 the Polish team won the semi\\-final match against Germany, which guaranteed for Poland their third ever medal at the [World Championship](/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/brazil\\-gain\\-ground\\-for\\-title\\-defence\\-poland?id\\=49479 \\| title \\=Brazil gain ground for title defence; Poland make third appearance in final \\| date \\=20 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=49477\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Poland outduel Germany for ticket to finals \\| date \\=20 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-intend\\-to\\-repeat\\-history\\-of\\-40?id\\=49469 \\| title \\=Poland intend to repeat history of 40 years ago \\| date \\=20 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} On 21 September 2014 Poland won the title of World Champion 2014, for the first time in 40 years.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=49498\\&Language\\=en\\#.VCAG\\_qIu6ho \\| title \\=Poland win second World Championship title at home \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Poland beat Brazil (3–1\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-dethrone\\-brazil\\-as\\-mens\\-champions?id\\=49495 \\| title \\=Poland dethrone Brazil as men's champions \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=49500\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Poland put an end to the reign of Brazil \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Polish players received 3 of 8 the individual awards in the tournament: [Karol Kłos](/wiki/Karol_K%C5%82os \"Karol Kłos\") as *Best blocker*, Mariusz Wlazły as *Best opposite* and *Most valuable player*.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-in\\-dreamland\\-and\\-in\\-dream\\-team?id\\=49497 \\| title \\=Poland in dreamland and in Dream Team \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/mvp\\-award\\-crowns\\-wlazlys\\-persistence?id\\=50133 \\| title \\=MVP award crowns Wlazly's persistence \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} After victory Poland have risen two places in FIVB ranking and has been taken 3rd place.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-surge\\-up\\-rankings\\-after\\-gold\\-medal?id\\=49541 \\| title \\=Poland surge up rankings after gold medal success \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"It was announced that in 2015, the Polish national team will take part in the [World League](/wiki/2015_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2015 FIVB Volleyball World League\"), [European Championship](/wiki/2015_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") (Bulgaria/Italy), [World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\") (Japan), and the first edition of the [European Games](/wiki/2015_European_Games \"2015 European Games\"), which will be held in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\"), Azerbaijan.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/siatkowka,igrzyska\\-europejskie\\-wystapia\\-obie\\-polskie\\-reprezentacje\\-siatkarskie,artykul,524124,1,282\\.html \\| title \\=Igrzyska Europejskie: Wystąpią obie polskie reprezentacje siatkarskie \\| date \\=5 December 2014 \\| website \\=przegladsportowy.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"Historic result at World Championship brought the team their next title of the *Best Team of 2014* in [Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy](/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Przegl%C4%85d_Sportowy \"Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy\") 2014 in Poland.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.sport.tvp.pl/18390044/gala\\-mistrzow\\-sportu\\-2014\\-reprezentacja\\-siatkarzy\\-druzyna\\-roku\\-2014 \\| title \\=Gala Mistrzów Sportu 2014 – reprezentacja siatkarzy \"Drużyną Roku 2014\" \\| date \\=10 January 2015 \\| website \\=tvp.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Head coach Stephane Antiga was awarded a title of the *Coach of the year 2014* ex\\-aequo with [Łukasz Kruczek](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kruczek \"Łukasz Kruczek\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://sport.tvp.pl/18386097/plebiscyt\\-ps\\-i\\-tvp\\-antiga\\-i\\-kruczek\\-trenerami\\-roku \\| title \\=Plebiscyt \"PS\" i TVP: Antiga i Kruczek Trenerami Roku \\| date \\=10 January 2015 \\| website \\=tvp.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} A title of *Debutant of the year 2014* was awarded [Mateusz Mika](/wiki/Mateusz_Mika \"Mateusz Mika\"). Mariusz Wlazły was 2nd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://plebiscyt.przegladsportowy.pl/mistrzowie\\-sportu,mariusz\\-wlazly\\-drugi\\-w\\-plebiscycie\\-przegladu\\-sportowego\\-i\\-tvp,artykul,532391,1,845\\.html \\| title \\=Mariusz Wlazły: Przegrać z Kamilem to zaszczyt \\| date \\=12 January 2015 \\| website \\=przegladsportowy.p \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"#### 2015",
"Head coach Stephane Antiga appointed players to the Polish national team on 2 April 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacja,stephane\\-antiga\\-podal\\-sklad\\-szerokiej\\-kadry\\-mezczyzn,artykul,556350,1,892\\.html \\| title \\=Antiga podał szeroki skład: z Kurkiem, ale bez Żygadły i Bartmana! \\| date \\=3 April 2015 \\| website \\=przegladsportowy.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} The new chosen captain of the team was Karol Kłos, who replaced a previous one – Michał Winiarski. During the matches of intercontinental round of World League, the captain of Polish team was [Michał Kubiak](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kubiak \"Michał Kubiak\"), because of Kłos' injury.",
"They began season with intercontinental round of World League 2015\\. First match with Russia, Poland won 3–0\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/opening\\-victory\\-for\\-reigning\\-world\\-champions\\-poland?id\\=52513 \\| title \\=Opening victory for reigning world champions Poland \\| date \\=28 May 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} *Most valuable player* of match was [Mateusz Bieniek](/wiki/Mateusz_Bieniek \"Mateusz Bieniek\"), who played his first match in senior national team. After break to national team returned a few players – Bartosz Kurek, Jakub Jarosz, [Grzegorz Łomacz](/wiki/Grzegorz_%C5%81omacz \"Grzegorz Łomacz\"), [Piotr Gacek](/wiki/Piotr_Gacek \"Piotr Gacek\"), [Wojciech Grzyb](/wiki/Wojciech_Grzyb \"Wojciech Grzyb\"). Next day, Poland beat Russia in five\\-set match (3–2\\). *Most valuable player* of match was Bartosz Kurek (23 pts).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\\-make\\-a\\-comeback\\-to\\-beat\\-russia?id\\=52556 \\| title \\=Poland make a comeback to beat Russia in five sets \\| date \\=29 May 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} On 5 June 2015 Poland beat Iran (3–1\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\\-continue\\-their\\-run\\-with\\-a\\-win?id\\=52779 \\| title \\=Poland continue their run with a win over Iran \\| date \\=5 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Bartosz Kurek scored 30 pts and he was *Most valuable player* of match. Next day, Poland won another meeting with Iran (3–2\\) and MVP was chosen Michał Kubiak.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/poland\\-maintain\\-winning\\-record\\-with\\-3\\-2\\-over?id\\=52818 \\| title \\=Poland maintain winning record with 3–2 over Iran \\| date \\=6 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} On 12 June 2015 Poland lost first match with United States (3–2\\) after almost 3 hours meeting.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/anderson\\-and\\-troy\\-lead\\-usa\\-assault\\-for?id\\=53071 \\| title \\=Anderson and Troy lead USA assault for tie\\-break win \\| date \\=13 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} It was first lost match of Poland since 10 September 2014, when they lost with U.S. national team at World Championship. Next day, Poland also lost with American players (3–1\\). After spending one week in United States, Poland moved to Russian ground – [Kazan](/wiki/Kazan \"Kazan\"), where they won two matches against Russia (3–1\\) and (3–2\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\\-too\\-strong\\-for\\-russia?id\\=53300 \\| title \\=Poland too strong for Russia \\| date \\=19 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/kurek\\-leads\\-poland\\-to\\-3\\-2\\-over\\-russia?id\\=53343 \\| title \\=Kurek leads Poland to 3–2 over Russia \\| date \\=20 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Then they flew to [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\"). After a spectacular meeting, Poland lost first match on 26 June (3–2\\). Two days later, Polish national team beat Iran (3–1\\). Polish team spent three weeks in tour and they came back to Poland on last matches of intercontinental round with United States. On 3 July 2015 Poland beat [USA](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"United States men's national volleyball team\") in tie\\-break and achieved two points, which gave Polish team a qualification to final round of World League 2015 in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"). Next day, they lost match (1–3\\). Poland qualified for the Pool J with Serbia and Italy. On 17 July Poland won match over Italy (3–1\\) and qualified to semi\\-final.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\\-debuts\\-in\\-world\\-league\\-finals\\-with?id\\=54996 \\| title \\=Poland debuts in World League Finals with a 3–1 victory over Italy \\| date \\=17 July 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Main leader in this important meeting was Michał Kubiak, who scored 19 pts. Next day, Serbia won over Poland (2–3\\), but Polish team gained 1 pt and took first place in Pool J. On 18 July, Poland lost semi\\-final with France (2–3\\). On 19 July Poland did not achieve bronze, because of lost with USA (0–3\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/usa\\-claim\\-bronze\\-medal\\-with\\-a\\-straight\\-sets?id\\=55055 \\| title \\=USA claim bronze medal with a straight\\-sets victory over Poland \\| date \\=19 July 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Polish team had problems with own errors. Poland took 4th place in edition of the World League 2015\\. Polish players achieved two individual awards – Michał Kubiak was one of the *Best outside spiker* and [Paweł Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski \"Paweł Zatorski\") was *Best libero*. In 2–9 August all players, whose were in final round in Rio de Janeiro went to training camp in [Arłamów](/wiki/Ar%C5%82am%C3%B3w \"Arłamów\") and two players joined to team ([Włodarczyk](/wiki/Wojciech_W%C5%82odarczyk \"Wojciech Włodarczyk\"), Kłos). Then the team without [Wrona](/wiki/Andrzej_Wrona \"Andrzej Wrona\") was training in Spała.",
"Polish national team is going to take part in [2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2015_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner \"2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner\") in [Toruń](/wiki/Toru%C5%84 \"Toruń\"). First day, they beat Japan (3–0\\). In the following days Poland beat Iran (3–1\\) and France (3–2\\). Poland won 2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner for sixth time and Polish players achieved five individual awards – *Best spiker* was [Dawid Konarski](/wiki/Dawid_Konarski \"Dawid Konarski\"), *Best server* was Mateusz Bieniek, *Best blocker* was Piotr Nowakowski, *Best libero* was Paweł Zatorski and *Most valuable player* was a captain Michał Kubiak.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacje/reprezentacja\\-polski\\-wygrala\\-xiii\\-memorial\\-huberta\\-jerzego\\-wagnera/x912vp \\| title \\=Reprezentacja Polski wygrała XIII Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera \\| date \\=24 August 2015 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| author\\=Krzysztof Gaweł \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}}",
"Polish players started their visit in Japan from training camp in [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka \"Osaka\") and then they went to [Hammamatsu](/wiki/Hammamatsu \"Hammamatsu\"), where they are playing their first round matches. Poland started a journey at World Cup 2015 on 8 September, when they beat [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Tunisia men's national volleyball team\") (3–0\\). In following day, Polish players beat Russia (3–1\\) and in both matches Most Valuable Player of match was chosen Bartosz Kurek.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldcup.2015\\.men.fivb.com/en/news/kureks\\-heroics\\-lift\\-poland\\-to\\-3\\-1\\-win?id\\=57096 \\| title \\=Kurek's heroics lift Poland to 3–1 win over Russia \\| date \\=9 September 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} During third set of the meeting with Russia, Polish setter Grzegorz Łomacz twisted his ankle. On 10 September 2015 Poland contained their winning with Argentina (3–1\\) and MVP was Michał Kubiak. On 12 September, Polish team beat Iran (3–2\\) and best player on the court was chosen Mateusz Mika. On 13 September Poland played their last match in first round in Hamamatsu with [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Venezuela men's national volleyball team\") (3–1\\). MVP of match was Dawid Konarski, who scored 22 points. Poland won all five matches in first round of World Cup 2015, but lost one point in overall table. In second round Poland beat Canada (3–1\\), Egypt (3–0\\), and Australia (3–0\\). After eight victories without any defeat, Poland moved to Tokyo.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldcup.2015\\.men.fivb.com/en/news/im\\-happy\\-with\\-our\\-three\\-games\\-in?id\\=57522 \\| title \\=I'm happy with our three games in Toyama: Antiga \\| date \\=18 September 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} On 21 September 2015, two previously undefeated teams met in first match of third round. Poland beat United States (3–1\\) and Polish captain Michał Kubiak played his best match in World Cup. Then Poland won match with host team Japan, but they had problems with them in first set (3–1\\). Poland won 10 of 10 matches and the last day on 23 September met with Italy. They lost 3–1 and they did not achieve one point so Poland took 3rd place in tournament, which did not give Poland a qualification to [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldcup.2015\\.men.fivb.com/en/news/impressive\\-italy\\-book\\-rio\\-2016\\-ticket?id\\=57731 \\| title \\=Impressive Italy book Rio 2016 ticket \\| date \\=23 September 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Poland won 10 of 11 matches, but because of points and ratio of set, achieved only bronze medal without Olympic qualification.",
"#### 2016",
"[thumb\\|Poland during the match of [World Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_qualification%23World_qualification_tournament \"Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification#World qualification tournament\") with Iran on 4 June 2016\\.](/wiki/File:Iran_VS_Poland.jpg \"Iran VS Poland.jpg\")",
"From 5 to 10 January 2016, Polish team took part in [2016 Summer Olympics – European qualification](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_European_qualification \"Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's European qualification\"). Poland was in Pool A, where they won two matches, with Serbia (3–1\\) and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Belgium men's national volleyball team\"), lost one with Germany (2–3\\). In semi\\-final Poland lost with France (0–3\\) and lost chance to qualify to Olympics.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=836\\&NewsID\\=22300\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=0\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=France beat Poland to set up all\\-star final with Olympic champions \\| date \\=9 January 2016 \\| website \\=cev.lu \\| publisher \\=CEV \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} On 10 January 2016 Poland won 3rd place match with Germany (3–2\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=836\\&NewsID\\=22304\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=0\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=Second Olympic chance for world champions Poland after Germany thriller \\| date \\=10 January 2016 \\| website \\=cev.lu \\| publisher \\=CEV \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Poland was qualified to World Olympic Qualification Tournament and keep chance to gain qualification to [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\").",
"On 28 May 2016, Poland started the battle in [World Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_qualification%23World_qualification_tournament \"Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification#World qualification tournament\"). After 5 victories in first 5 matches (with Canada 3–2, France 3–2, Japan 3–0, China 3–2, Venezuela 3–0 and Iran 1–3\\) Poland achieved qualification to 2016 Rio Summer Olympics on 2 June 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/poland\\-secure\\-rio\\-2016\\-spot\\-as\\-france?id\\=61605 \\| title \\=Poland secure Rio 2016 spot, as France and Iran gain ground \\| date \\=2 June 2016 \\| website \\=fivb.com \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}}",
"Poland beat 4 of 5 opponents in group stage at [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\") (lost only to Russia after tie break). They took second place in Group B and were qualified to quarterfinals. Due to the draw, Poland next met the USA. On 17 August 2016 Americans beat Polish players (0–3\\) and Poland took 5th place. This was their fourth Olympics with the same result in a row.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/usa\\-return\\-to\\-olympic\\-final\\-four\\-with?id\\=64462 \\| title \\=USA return to Olympic final four with 3–0 win over Poland \\| date \\=17 August 2016 \\| website \\=fivb.com \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}}",
"### 2017: Ferdinando De Giorgi",
"{{main\\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Ferdinando De Giorgi}}\nThe contract of Stephane Antiga lasted to the end of December 2016, and the Federation decided not to renew it. In October 2016, Polish Volleyball Federation decided to choose a new head coach of Poland. There were three main candidates: [Radostin Stoychev](/wiki/Radostin_Stoychev \"Radostin Stoychev\"), [Mauro Berruto](/wiki/Mauro_Berruto \"Mauro Berruto\") and [Ferdinando De Giorgi](/wiki/Ferdinando_De_Giorgi \"Ferdinando De Giorgi\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.thenews.pl/1/5/Artykul/275715,Three\\-candidates\\-for\\-Polish\\-volleyball\\-coach \\| title \\=Three candidates for Polish volleyball coach \\| date \\= 17 October 2016 \\| website \\= thenews.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} On 16 December 2016, it was announced that [Ferdinando De Giorgi](/wiki/Ferdinando_De_Giorgi \"Ferdinando De Giorgi\") took over the Polish team.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest\\_news/Poland/78259/poland\\-have\\-chosen\\-\\-ferdinando\\-de\\-giorgi.html \\| title \\=Poland have chosen – Ferdinando de Giorgi! \\| date \\= 16 December 2016 \\| website \\= worldofvolley.com \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}}",
"#### 2017",
"De Giorgi made his debut as a head coach of Poland in friendly match with [Iran](/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Iran men's national volleyball team\") without losing any set, on 20 May 2017\\. The match was a goodbye match for notable libero [Krzysztof Ignaczak](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ignaczak \"Krzysztof Ignaczak\"), who officially ended up his career in national team.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.polsatsport.pl/wiadomosc/2017\\-05\\-20/polska\\-iran\\-2017\\-relacja\\-i\\-wynik\\-na\\-zywo/ \\| title \\=Iran rozgromiony w Spodku! Efektowny debiut De Giorgiego \\| date \\= 23 May 2017 \\| website \\= polsatsport.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} Then Poland took part in intercontinental round of the [2017 FIVB World League](/wiki/2017_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2017 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). In first week, Poland beat [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Brazil men's national volleyball team\") (3–2\\) and [Italy](/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Italy men's national volleyball team\") (3–1\\), but lost match with [Iran](/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Iran men's national volleyball team\") (1–3\\). Overall, Poland won 4 and lost 5 meetings. They lost a chance to advance to Final Six after losing match with [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"United States men's national volleyball team\") (1–3\\) on 18 June.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.thenews.pl/1/5/Artykul/312296,Volleyball\\-Poland\\-loses\\-to\\-US\\-out\\-of\\-Final\\-Six \\| title \\=Volleyball: Poland loses to US, out of Final Six \\| date \\= 19 June 2017 \\| website \\= thenews.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} In final standing Poland took 8th place.",
"Poland took part in annual friendly tournament [2017 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2017_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner \"2017 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner\") in 11–13 August 2017\\. On day 1, they lost with [France](/wiki/France_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"France men's national volleyball team\") (2–3\\) and next day they beat [Canada](/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Canada men's national volleyball team\") led by their previous head coach [Stephane Antiga](/wiki/Stephane_Antiga \"Stephane Antiga\") (3–0\\). These two matches were played by main players of team without any relevant changes in squad. In last match with [Russia](/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Russia men's national volleyball team\"), coach [De Giorgi](/wiki/Ferdinando_De_Giorgi \"Ferdinando De Giorgi\") decided to check extended squad and young players. Poland easily lost first two sets and made a contact in third set. Poland won after tie\\-break and achieved 7th win of the [Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner \"Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.plusliga.pl/news/id/32194\\.html \\| title \\=Memoriał Wagnera: Polska zwycięzcą turnieju. MVP dla Maksima Michajłowa \\| date \\= 13 August 2017 \\| website \\= plusliga.pl \\| author \\=Katarzyna Porębska \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} The victory was provided mainly by some newbies in senior national team [Łukasz Kaczmarek](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kaczmarek \"Łukasz Kaczmarek\"), [Jakub Kochanowski](/wiki/Jakub_Kochanowski \"Jakub Kochanowski\"), [Bartłomiej Lemański](/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Lema%C5%84ski \"Bartłomiej Lemański\") and also by few young players, who debuted in previous year like [Artur Szalpuk](/wiki/Artur_Szalpuk \"Artur Szalpuk\"). Head coach De Giorgi had an intention to announce team roster for upcoming [2017 European Championship](/wiki/2017_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship\"), but after match with Russia he changed his mind and said he is going to do it few days later.",
"Poland took part in the [2017 European Championships](/wiki/2017_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship\"). The national team opened Championships with loss at [National Stadium, Warsaw](/wiki/National_Stadium%2C_Warsaw \"National Stadium, Warsaw\") in front of more than 60\\.000 fans (with Serbia). Then they won twice (3–0\\) with Finland and Estonia. On 30 August 2017 Polish national team was beaten by Slovenia in playoffs.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=840\\&NewsID\\=26055\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=2\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=Poland crash out of EuroVolley as Slovenia sweep hosts to set up quarter\\-final with Russia \\| date \\= 30 August 2017 \\| website \\= cev.lu \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} The atmosphere in the team was not the best and the head coach failed to draw conclusions from the defeat, so PZPS fired [Ferdinando De Giorgi](/wiki/Ferdinando_De_Giorgi \"Ferdinando De Giorgi\") on 20 September.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://siatka.org/pokaz/decyzja\\-zapadla\\-ferdinando\\-de\\-giorgi\\-juz\\-trenerem\\-polskiej\\-kadry/ \\| title \\=Decyzja zapadła. Ferdinando de Giorgi nie jest już trenerem polskiej kadry \\| date \\= 20 September 2017 \\| website \\= siatka.org \\| author \\=Olga Chmielowska \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}}",
"### 2018–2021: Vital Heynen",
"PZPS chose a new head coach out of three candidates: [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka \"Piotr Gruszka\"), [Andrzej Kowal](/wiki/Andrzej_Kowal \"Andrzej Kowal\") and [Vital Heynen](/wiki/Vital_Heynen \"Vital Heynen\"). On 7 February 2018 Heynen was chosen in explicit voting. Heynen has also agreed to the condition that the PZPS can dismiss him at the end of any season without paying any compensation.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/vital\\-heynen\\-nowym\\-selekcjonerem\\-siatkarskiej\\-reprezentacji\\-polski/nxvcmft \\| title \\=Vital Heynen nowym selekcjonerem siatkarskiej reprezentacji Polski \\| date \\=7 February 2018 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 7 February 2018}} In 2018, he led the Polish national team to victory at the [FIVB Volleyball World Championship](/wiki/2018_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\"). His other successes with the team include silver medal at the [World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup \"2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=https://volleytimes.com/2019/10/15/worldcup\\-poland\\-reach\\-silver\\-bronze\\-to\\-usa\\-brazils\\-opposite\\-alan\\-named\\-mvp/ \\|title\\=WorldCup: Poland reach silver, bronze to USA, Brazil’s opposite Alan named MVP \\|website\\=volleytimes.com \\|date\\=15 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024}} and bronze medals at the [Nations League](/wiki/2019_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Nations_League \"2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/en/vnl/2019/mensfinals/results%20and%20ranking/finals \\|title\\=Results And Ranking\n \\|website\\=volleyballworld.com \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024}} and the [European Volleyball Championship](/wiki/2019_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2019 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") in 2019\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1085314/poland\\-beat\\-france\\-euro\\-volley\\-bronze \\|title\\=Poland beat France in straight sets for men's European Volleyball Championship bronze \\|website\\=insidethegames.biz \\|author\\=Matthew Smith \\|date\\=28 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024}}",
"### 2022–present: Nikola Grbić",
"On 12 January 2022, [Nikola Grbić](/wiki/Nikola_Grbi%C4%87 \"Nikola Grbić\") was selected as the coach of the Poland Volleyball National Team.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cev.eu/articles/volleyball/stefano\\-lavarini\\-and\\-nikola\\-grbic\\-to\\-lead\\-poland\\-s\\-national\\-volleyball\\-teams/ \\|title\\=Stefano Lavarini and Nikola Grbić to lead Poland’s national Volleyball teams \\|website\\=cev.eu \\|date\\=13 January 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024}} In 2023, he led the Polish team to a triple victory at three consecutive tournaments: [2023 Nations League](/wiki/2023_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Nations_League \"2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cev.eu/articles/volleyball/poland\\-claim\\-historic\\-gold\\-medal\\-in\\-the\\-2023\\-fivb\\-mens\\-volleyball\\-nations\\-league/ \\|title\\=Poland claim historic gold medal in the 2023 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League \\|website\\=cev.eu \\|author\\=Adrian Costeiu \\|date\\=24 July 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024}} [2023 European Championship](/wiki/2023_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2023 Men's European Volleyball Championship\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7790/Artykul/3243455,volleyball\\-poland\\-crowned\\-european\\-champions \\|title\\=Volleyball: Poland crowned European champions \\|website\\=polskieradio.pl \\|date\\=16 September 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024}} and [2023 Volleyball Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/2023_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Olympic_Qualification_Tournaments \"2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's Olympic Qualification Tournaments\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball\\-olympic\\-qualifying\\-tournament/news/confident\\-poland\\-reserves\\-spot\\-at\\-next\\-year\\-s\\-olympics \\|title\\=Confident Poland reserves spot at next year’s Olympics \\|website\\=volleyballworld.com \\|date\\=7 October 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024}}",
"At the [2024 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics \"2024 Summer Olympics\"), the Poland national volleyball team won silver medal losing in the final to France. This marked the first time in 48 years since the team's last Olympic medal in [Montreal 1976](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\") when Poland won gold.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7790/Artykul/3412806,poland\\-claim\\-olympic\\-silver\\-in\\-mens\\-volleyball \\|title\\=Poland claim Olympic silver in men's volleyball \\|website\\=polskieradio.pl \\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2024}}",
""
] |
### 2009–2010 Daniel Castellani
{{main\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Daniel Castellani}}
#### 2009
On 17 January 2009, [Daniel Castellani](/wiki/Daniel_Castellani "Daniel Castellani"), who had previously led [PGE Skra Bełchatów](/wiki/PGE_Skra_Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w "PGE Skra Bełchatów"), was announced as the new head coach. In June 2009 Polish team played in Pool D of intercontinental round of the [World League 2009](/wiki/2009_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2009 FIVB Volleyball World League"). They won 5 of 12 matches, but lost all 4 matches with [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Brazil men's national volleyball team") and 3 meetings with [Finland](/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Finland men's national volleyball team"). Poland took 11th place in general classification.
[thumb\|[European Champions 2009](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship") after returning to Poland.](/wiki/File:Siatkarze_po_Mistrzostwach_Europy_2009_wer2.jpg "Siatkarze po Mistrzostwach Europy 2009 wer2.jpg")
On 3 September 2009, Poland played its first match in preliminary round Pool A of the [European Championship 2009](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship") held in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"). Polish players beat [France](/wiki/France_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "France men's national volleyball team") in opening match 3–1\. Then won with [Germany](/wiki/Germany_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Germany men's national volleyball team") (3–1\) and hosts – Turkey (3–0\). Poland took first place in Pool A and went to play\-off round, where in Pool F beat [European Champion 2007](/wiki/2007_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2007 Men's European Volleyball Championship") – [Spain](/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Spain men's national volleyball team") (3–2\) and won two another meetings with [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Slovakia men's national volleyball team") (3–2\) and Greece (3–0\). They reached the first place in the group and Poland advanced to the final round. In semi\-final played against [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Bulgaria men's national volleyball team") and won 3–0\. In final they met with France once again. This two teams opened and closed European Championship 2009\.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.gp24\.pl/sport/siatkowka/art/4414931,siatkowka\-polacy\-mistrzami\-europy\-polska\-francja\-31,id,t.html \| title \=Siatkówka. Polacy mistrzami Europy! Polska – Francja 3:1 \| date \= 13 September 2009 \| website \= gp24\.pl \| author \=Grzegorz Hilarecki, Jarosław Stencel \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} On 13 September 2009 Poland won a title of the European Champion first time in history. 2 of 8 individual award were achieved by Polish players. [Paweł Zagumny](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zagumny "Paweł Zagumny") was the *Best setter* and *Most valuable player* was awarded the captain and opposite hitter of Polish national team – [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka "Piotr Gruszka"). On 14 September 2009 all players were awarded [Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta "Order of Polonia Restituta") and coach Daniel Castellani received [Officer's Cross of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta "Order of Polonia Restituta").
In 18–23 November 2009, Poland participated as the [European Champion](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship") in [World Grand Champions Cup](/wiki/2009_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Grand_Champions_Cup "2009 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Grand Champions Cup") held in Japan. The Polish team won 2 of 5 matches with [Iran](/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Iran men's national volleyball team") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Egypt men's national volleyball team"). Poland took 4th place.
Polish men's national volleyball team was elected the best team of 2009 in *75th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2009* in Poland and [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka "Piotr Gruszka") was 3rd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.
#### 2010
[thumb\|Polish national team before friendly match with France in Rzeszów on 29 May 2010\. Players from left to right: [Ruciak](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Ruciak "Michał Ruciak") (\#14\), [Bartman](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bartman "Zbigniew Bartman") (\#9\), [Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") (\#6\), [Łomacz](/wiki/Grzegorz_%C5%81omacz "Grzegorz Łomacz") (\#19\), [Jarosz](/wiki/Jakub_Jarosz "Jakub Jarosz") (\#7\), [Kłos](/wiki/Karol_K%C5%82os "Karol Kłos") (\#8\), [Mika](/wiki/Mateusz_Mika "Mateusz Mika") (\#13\), [Czarnowski](/wiki/Patryk_Czarnowski "Patryk Czarnowski") (\#16\), [Michał Bąkiewicz](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_B%C4%85kiewicz "Michał Bąkiewicz") (\#17\), [Żygadło](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBygad%C5%82o "Łukasz Żygadło") (\#11\), [Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek "Marcin Możdżonek") (\#18\), [Gacek](/wiki/Piotr_Gacek "Piotr Gacek") (\#15\), [Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski "Paweł Zatorski") (\#12\), [Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka "Piotr Gruszka") (\#3\).](/wiki/File:Reprezentacja_Polski_w_pi%C5%82ce_siatkowej.jpg "Reprezentacja Polski w piłce siatkowej.jpg")
Polish national team started season with intercontinental round of the [World League 2010](/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2010 FIVB Volleyball World League"). At the beginning they lost twice with German team (1–3 and 0–3\) in Stuttgart. Then on 11–12 June beat hosts of final round – Argentina (3–1 and 3–2\) in San Juan. On 18–19 June played with [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Cuba men's national volleyball team"). Poland lost first match 2–3, but next day beat opponent 3–0\. The remaining 6 matches Polish national team played in Poland. On 25–26 June, Poland beat Argentina (3–1 and 3–1\) in [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław"). They moved to [Atlas Arena](/wiki/Atlas_Arena "Atlas Arena") to [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA "Łódź"), where they lost both matches with Cuba (0–3 and 1–3\). Matches with Germany on 8–9 July ended Polish participated in the World League. Poland lost 2–3 and won the next day 3–1 at [Spodek](/wiki/Spodek "Spodek") in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice "Katowice").
On 25 September 2010, players of Polish national team played their first match at the [World Championship 2010](/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "2010 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship"). They won all 3 matches in Pool F (first round) with [Canada](/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Canada men's national volleyball team") (3–0\), Germany (3–2\) and Serbia (3–1\), which were held in [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste"), Italy. In second round Poland lost their both matches with Brazil (0–3\) and Bulgaria (0–3\). Poland ended Championships in place 13–18\.
On 25 October 2010 after the vote of the board of Polish Volleyball Federation, Castellani was fired.
|
[
"### 2009–2010 Daniel Castellani",
"{{main\\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Daniel Castellani}}",
"#### 2009",
"On 17 January 2009, [Daniel Castellani](/wiki/Daniel_Castellani \"Daniel Castellani\"), who had previously led [PGE Skra Bełchatów](/wiki/PGE_Skra_Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w \"PGE Skra Bełchatów\"), was announced as the new head coach. In June 2009 Polish team played in Pool D of intercontinental round of the [World League 2009](/wiki/2009_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2009 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). They won 5 of 12 matches, but lost all 4 matches with [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Brazil men's national volleyball team\") and 3 meetings with [Finland](/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Finland men's national volleyball team\"). Poland took 11th place in general classification.",
"[thumb\\|[European Champions 2009](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") after returning to Poland.](/wiki/File:Siatkarze_po_Mistrzostwach_Europy_2009_wer2.jpg \"Siatkarze po Mistrzostwach Europy 2009 wer2.jpg\")",
"On 3 September 2009, Poland played its first match in preliminary round Pool A of the [European Championship 2009](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") held in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"). Polish players beat [France](/wiki/France_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"France men's national volleyball team\") in opening match 3–1\\. Then won with [Germany](/wiki/Germany_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Germany men's national volleyball team\") (3–1\\) and hosts – Turkey (3–0\\). Poland took first place in Pool A and went to play\\-off round, where in Pool F beat [European Champion 2007](/wiki/2007_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2007 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") – [Spain](/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Spain men's national volleyball team\") (3–2\\) and won two another meetings with [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Slovakia men's national volleyball team\") (3–2\\) and Greece (3–0\\). They reached the first place in the group and Poland advanced to the final round. In semi\\-final played against [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Bulgaria men's national volleyball team\") and won 3–0\\. In final they met with France once again. This two teams opened and closed European Championship 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.gp24\\.pl/sport/siatkowka/art/4414931,siatkowka\\-polacy\\-mistrzami\\-europy\\-polska\\-francja\\-31,id,t.html \\| title \\=Siatkówka. Polacy mistrzami Europy! Polska – Francja 3:1 \\| date \\= 13 September 2009 \\| website \\= gp24\\.pl \\| author \\=Grzegorz Hilarecki, Jarosław Stencel \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} On 13 September 2009 Poland won a title of the European Champion first time in history. 2 of 8 individual award were achieved by Polish players. [Paweł Zagumny](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zagumny \"Paweł Zagumny\") was the *Best setter* and *Most valuable player* was awarded the captain and opposite hitter of Polish national team – [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka \"Piotr Gruszka\"). On 14 September 2009 all players were awarded [Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta \"Order of Polonia Restituta\") and coach Daniel Castellani received [Officer's Cross of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta \"Order of Polonia Restituta\").",
"In 18–23 November 2009, Poland participated as the [European Champion](/wiki/2009_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2009 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") in [World Grand Champions Cup](/wiki/2009_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Grand_Champions_Cup \"2009 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Grand Champions Cup\") held in Japan. The Polish team won 2 of 5 matches with [Iran](/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Iran men's national volleyball team\") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Egypt men's national volleyball team\"). Poland took 4th place.",
"Polish men's national volleyball team was elected the best team of 2009 in *75th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2009* in Poland and [Piotr Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka \"Piotr Gruszka\") was 3rd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.",
"#### 2010",
"[thumb\\|Polish national team before friendly match with France in Rzeszów on 29 May 2010\\. Players from left to right: [Ruciak](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Ruciak \"Michał Ruciak\") (\\#14\\), [Bartman](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bartman \"Zbigniew Bartman\") (\\#9\\), [Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") (\\#6\\), [Łomacz](/wiki/Grzegorz_%C5%81omacz \"Grzegorz Łomacz\") (\\#19\\), [Jarosz](/wiki/Jakub_Jarosz \"Jakub Jarosz\") (\\#7\\), [Kłos](/wiki/Karol_K%C5%82os \"Karol Kłos\") (\\#8\\), [Mika](/wiki/Mateusz_Mika \"Mateusz Mika\") (\\#13\\), [Czarnowski](/wiki/Patryk_Czarnowski \"Patryk Czarnowski\") (\\#16\\), [Michał Bąkiewicz](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_B%C4%85kiewicz \"Michał Bąkiewicz\") (\\#17\\), [Żygadło](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBygad%C5%82o \"Łukasz Żygadło\") (\\#11\\), [Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek \"Marcin Możdżonek\") (\\#18\\), [Gacek](/wiki/Piotr_Gacek \"Piotr Gacek\") (\\#15\\), [Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski \"Paweł Zatorski\") (\\#12\\), [Gruszka](/wiki/Piotr_Gruszka \"Piotr Gruszka\") (\\#3\\).](/wiki/File:Reprezentacja_Polski_w_pi%C5%82ce_siatkowej.jpg \"Reprezentacja Polski w piłce siatkowej.jpg\")",
"Polish national team started season with intercontinental round of the [World League 2010](/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2010 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). At the beginning they lost twice with German team (1–3 and 0–3\\) in Stuttgart. Then on 11–12 June beat hosts of final round – Argentina (3–1 and 3–2\\) in San Juan. On 18–19 June played with [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Cuba men's national volleyball team\"). Poland lost first match 2–3, but next day beat opponent 3–0\\. The remaining 6 matches Polish national team played in Poland. On 25–26 June, Poland beat Argentina (3–1 and 3–1\\) in [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw \"Wrocław\"). They moved to [Atlas Arena](/wiki/Atlas_Arena \"Atlas Arena\") to [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"Łódź\"), where they lost both matches with Cuba (0–3 and 1–3\\). Matches with Germany on 8–9 July ended Polish participated in the World League. Poland lost 2–3 and won the next day 3–1 at [Spodek](/wiki/Spodek \"Spodek\") in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice \"Katowice\").",
"On 25 September 2010, players of Polish national team played their first match at the [World Championship 2010](/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"2010 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\"). They won all 3 matches in Pool F (first round) with [Canada](/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Canada men's national volleyball team\") (3–0\\), Germany (3–2\\) and Serbia (3–1\\), which were held in [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\"), Italy. In second round Poland lost their both matches with Brazil (0–3\\) and Bulgaria (0–3\\). Poland ended Championships in place 13–18\\.",
"On 25 October 2010 after the vote of the board of Polish Volleyball Federation, Castellani was fired.",
""
] |
### 2011–2013 Andrea Anastasi
{{main\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Andrea Anastasi}}
[thumb\|left\|Action on the left side by outside hitter – [Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") (\#6\) in 3rd place match against Argentina on [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") held at Ergo Arena, Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927616804%29.jpg "World League Final 2011 (5927616804).jpg")
[thumb\|On the podium of the [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") with bronze medals. The captain of Poland, opposite Piotr Gruszka is holding a trophy.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927893012%29.jpg "World League Final 2011 (5927893012).jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Poland after winning match ball of 3rd place match against Argentina on [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") held at Ergo Arena, Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927120815%29.jpg "World League Final 2011 (5927120815).jpg")
[thumb\|During medal ceremony as bronze medalists of [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") at Ergo Arena in Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927902380%29.jpg "World League Final 2011 (5927902380).jpg")
#### 2011
After lacklustre previous year the head coach and a number of players were replaced. [Andrea Anastasi](/wiki/Andrea_Anastasi "Andrea Anastasi") began work as head coach on 23 February 2011, when Poland was ranked 11th in the FIVB ranking. His assistant was [Andrea Gardini](/wiki/Andrea_Gardini "Andrea Gardini").
They started season without an important players like Zagumny, [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski "Michał Winiarski") or [Wlazły](/wiki/Mariusz_Wlaz%C5%82y "Mariusz Wlazły"). The team started with the [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League"). Poland as host was in final tournament, which was held at [Ergo Arena](/wiki/Ergo_Arena "Ergo Arena") in [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk"). During a first match against Bulgaria, an opposite hitter – [Zbigniew Bartman](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bartman "Zbigniew Bartman") injured. Despite this Poland won after tie\-break. Then Poland lost with Italy (0–3\) and beat Argentina in five sets. They went to the semi\-final, but lost the match against [Russia](/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Russia men's national volleyball team") (1–3\). On 10 July 2011 Poland won first medal of the [World League](/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "FIVB Volleyball World League") in history. Polish achieved individual awards – [Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") was the *Best scorer* and [Krzysztof Ignaczak](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ignaczak "Krzysztof Ignaczak") the *Best libero*.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.polskatimes.pl/artykul/425639,polscy\-siatkarze\-zdobyli\-brazowy\-medal\-zdjecia\-z\-dekoracji,id,t.html \| title \=Polscy siatkarze zdobyli brązowy medal \| date \= 11 July 2011 \| website \= polskatimes.pl \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}}
In the same year the Polish national team wanted to defend a title of [European Champion](/wiki/Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "Men's European Volleyball Championship") from 2009\. The team, without injured Zbigniew Bartman, won in playoff round with [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Czech Republic men's national volleyball team") and went to quarterfinals. In [Karlovy Vary](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary "Karlovy Vary") beat Slovakia (3–0\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=14\&NewsID\=10988\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=0\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=Poland bound for Vienna \| date \= 15 September 2011 \| website \= cev.lu \| publisher \=CEV \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} Then they moved to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") and lost the match against Italy (0–3\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=14\&NewsID\=10994\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=0\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=High brisance in EuroVolley semi\-finals \| date \= 16 September 2011 \| website \=cev.lu \| publisher \=CEV \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} Poles again played the 3rd place match. On 18 September 2011 they beat the winners of [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2011 FIVB Volleyball World League") – Russia (3–1\) and achieved their second bronze in 2011\.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID\=10999\&ID\=14 \| title \= Bartosz Kurek is the man of the day as Poland strikes bronze at EuroVolley \| date \= 18 September 2011 \| website \= cev.lu \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041239/http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID\=10999\&ID\=14 \| archive\-date \= 24 September 2014 \| url\-status \= dead }} In addition, individual award for *Best server* received Bartosz Kurek.{{cite web\|url \=http://sport.wp.pl/kat,1715,title,Kurek\-najlepiej\-serwujacym\-zawodnikiem,wid,13799812,wiadomosc.html?ticaid\=11aa2f\&\_ticrsn\=3 \| title \=Kurek najlepiej serwującym zawodnikiem \| date \= 18 September 2011 \| website \= wp.pl \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}}
In November was the first chance to qualify for the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament"). At [FIVB World Cup 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup "2011 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup") won 9 of 11 matches. They lost with Iran (2–3\), Brazil (2–3\) and Russia (2–3\). Polish national team won promotion to the Olympics on 3 December 2011, when they won first two sets against Brazil (this one point gave them place on the podium).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Men/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=33296\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Russia and Poland book trip to London, Brazil and Italy fight for last ticket \| date \= 3 December 2011 \| website \= fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} In conclusion Poland won the silver medal, and repeated the success of the [FIVB World Cup 1965](/wiki/1965_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup "1965 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup"), where Poland achieve silver too.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Men/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=33340\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland shoot up World Rankings on back of World Cup silver \| date \= 6 December 2011 \| website \= fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}} For the first time in the history Polish national team won three medals in one year. One of individual awards received middle\-blocker [Marcin Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek "Marcin Możdżonek"), who was *Best blocker*.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Media/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=33316\&Language\=en \| title \=Maxim Mikhaylov earns MVP of FIVB Men's World Cup \| date \= 4 December 2011 \| website \= fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 23 January 2018}}
Polish men's national volleyball team was elected the best team of 2011 in *77th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2011* in Poland and Bartosz Kurek was 2nd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.
#### 2012
[thumb\|left\|Polish team after one of the winning match in [World League 2012](/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2012 FIVB Volleyball World League") at Spodek in Katowice, Poland.](/wiki/File:Rado%C5%9B%C4%87_polskich_siatkarzy.jpg "Radość polskich siatkarzy.jpg")
[thumb\|[Marcin Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek "Marcin Możdżonek") – Poland's captain during an interview in 2012\.](/wiki/File:Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek_%281%29.jpg "Marcin Możdżonek (1).jpg")
The main purpose for the team were Olympics, but earlier they participated in [FIVB World League 2012](/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2012 FIVB Volleyball World League"). They won 10 of 12 matches of intercontinental round, including 3 times won with Brazil, which was successful after many years of defeats.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35355\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland reach World League Finals with sensational win over Brazil \| date \=17 June 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Poland advanced to Final Six, which was held in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia"), Bulgaria. Polish team was in Pool F with Cuba and Brazil. They won both their group matches and went to the semi\-final.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35914\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland and Cuba waiting to find out their opponents \| date \=6 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} They beat the host – Bulgaria and for the first time in history had a chance to play in final of World League.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35932\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland advance to final after 3–0 win over Bulgaria \| date \=7 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35933\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland writes history as they make it to first ever World League final \| date \=7 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35934\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland and USA meet in World League final for first time \| date \=7 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} On 8 July 2012 won the final match against [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "United States men's national volleyball team") (3–0\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35974\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland wins historical gold at the 2012 World League \| date \=8 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=35975\&Language\=en\# \| title \=Poland madly happy, USA continues to build on... \| date \=8 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} It was a second medal of World League for Polish team and the first gold. Polish players received 4 of 8 individual awards. *Best spiker* was Zbigniew Bartman, *Best blocker* – Marcin Możdżonek, *Best libero* – Krzysztof Ignaczak and *Most valuable player* – Bartosz Kurek.
On 29 July 2012 the team played their first Pool A match at the 20123 London Summer Olympics against Italy (3–1\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\-M.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=5\&No\=36147 \| title \=Poland impress with overall game \| date \=29 July 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Polish national team won 3 of 5 pool matches, but lost with Bulgaria and [Australia](/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Australia men's national volleyball team").{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\-M.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=25\&No\=36393 \| title \=Australia keep alive their hopes after beating Poland \| date \=6 August 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} They went to quarterfinal, but lost it after 3–1 match against future Olympic Champions – Russia.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\-M.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=32\&No\=36456 \| title \=With terrific show of strength Russia end Poland's Olympic adventure \| date \=8 August 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Despite the defeat, Krzysztof Ignaczak was the *Best receiver* of the 2012 Summer Olympics (four years earlier, the same award received another Polish player – Michał Winiarski).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/vis\_web/VOLLEY/MOG2012/PDF/P5\-MOG2012\-Finals.pdf \| title \=Players Ranking by Skills \| date \=12 August 2012 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
Poland had the success and failure of this season, but despite this they were elected the best team of 2012 in *78th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2012* in Poland.
[thumb\|left\|Polish players after the winning match Poland – United States of the [World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2013 FIVB Volleyball World League") at Spodek, Katowice on 5 July 2013\. In the foreground from left: [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski "Michał Winiarski") (\#2\), [Nowakowski](/wiki/Piotr_Nowakowski "Piotr Nowakowski") (\#1\), [Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski "Paweł Zatorski") (\#17\), [Kosok](/wiki/Grzegorz_Kosok "Grzegorz Kosok") (\#4\), [Żygadło](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBygad%C5%82o "Łukasz Żygadło") (\#15\), [Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek "Marcin Możdżonek") (\#18\), [Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") (\#6\) and [Drzyzga](/wiki/Fabian_Drzyzga "Fabian Drzyzga") (\#11\).](/wiki/File:Siatkarze_dzi%C4%99kuj%C4%99_za_doping_kibic%C3%B3w_%289293434294%29.jpg "Siatkarze dziękuję za doping kibiców (9293434294).jpg")
[thumb\|[Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek "Bartosz Kurek") in match Poland – United States ([World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2013 FIVB Volleyball World League")).](/wiki/File:Bartosz_Kurek_%289290654771%29.jpg "Bartosz Kurek (9290654771).jpg")
[thumb\|[Andrea Anastasi](/wiki/Andrea_Anastasi "Andrea Anastasi") – head coach in 2011–2013\.](/wiki/File:Andrea_Anastasi_%289293459004%29.jpg "Andrea Anastasi (9293459004).jpg")
#### 2013
The team started season on 24 May 2013 when they played friendly match with Serbia (3–0\) in [Milicz](/wiki/Milicz "Milicz"). Next day, on 25 May the two national teams played their second match in [Twardogóra](/wiki/Twardog%C3%B3ra "Twardogóra"), which was won by guests (1–3\).
Poland began its participation in the [World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2013 FIVB Volleyball World League") losing their first four matches. They lost twice with Brazil at [Torwar Hall](/wiki/Torwar_Hall "Torwar Hall") on 7 June (1–3\){{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=8\&No\=39465 \| title \=Brazil impress in win over Poland \| date \=7 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} and after tie\-brak at Atlas Arena on 9 June.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=24\&No\=39513 \| title \=Poland unable to stop the Brazilian power in five sets \| date \=9 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Then Polish players lost next two aligned matches on 21 and 23 June against France, which have been resolved after tie\-breaks.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=38\&No\=39992 \| title \=France defeats Poland to clinch its first victory \| date \=21 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=43\&No\=40117 \| title \=France beat Poland in five sets for a clean sweep \| date \=23 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} On 28 June 2013 Polish team played their first match with Argentine team (3–2\) at [Łuczniczka](/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka "Łuczniczka"), [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz "Bydgoszcz"){{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=51\&No\=40460 \| title \=Poland claim first victory in the 2013 World League \| date \=28 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} and two days later their second meeting (3–1\) at Ergo Arena in Gdańsk.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=64\&No\=40594 \| title \=Poland earns a second victory over Argentina \| date \=30 June 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} The heroes of winning matches with Argentine players were [Jarosz](/wiki/Jakub_Jarosz "Jakub Jarosz") and Kurek. On 5 and 7 July, Polish national team beat United States team (3–2\) at Spodek, Katowice{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=69\&No\=40905 \| title \=Poland beat USA after a thrilling five sets \| date \=5 July 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} and (3–1\) at [Centennial Hall](/wiki/Hala_Stulecia_%28Wroc%C5%82aw%29 "Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)") in Wrocław, after great game of Jakub Jarosz. Poland didn't continue their series of victories. On 12 July 2013 lost (0–3\) match against Bulgaria and one day later lost dramatic match after tie\-break despite the determination of the whole team.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\=2\&MatchNo\=88\&No\=41295 \| title \=Bulgaria show they merit Finals berth with dramatic win over Poland \| date \=13 July 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Unstoppable was the main scorer of Bulgaria – [Tsvetan Sokolov](/wiki/Tsvetan_Sokolov "Tsvetan Sokolov"). At [Palace of Culture and Sports](/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Sports "Palace of Culture and Sports"), [Varna](/wiki/Varna%2C_Bulgaria "Varna, Bulgaria") lost their last two matches of intercontinental round and ended their game in World League 2013\.
In October 2013 Andrea Anastasi was fired as coach of the Polish national team.{{cite web\|url \=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacje/andrea\-anastasi\-zwolniony\-z\-funkcji\-trenera\-reprezentacji\-siatkarzy/t51bc \| title \=Andrea Anastasi zwolniony z funkcji trenera reprezentacji siatkarzy \| date \=24 October 2013 \| website \=onet.pl \| author\=Krzysztof Gaweł \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} The reason for this decision were unsuccessful Polish losses in 2013 and getting worse team game. Poland, while working of Andrea Anastasi, took 3rd place in the FIVB World Rankings. It was promotion from 11th place in early 2011\. Anastasi has announced that he won't be coach of any national team at the [World Championship 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship") held in Poland because of respect for his former players. He decided to stay in Poland and has been working with Polish club [Lotos Trefl Gdańsk](/wiki/Lotos_Trefl_Gda%C5%84sk "Lotos Trefl Gdańsk").{{cite web\|url \=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/plusliga/andrea\-anastasi\-powrot\-do\-polski\-byl\-naturalnym\-wyborem/2894f \| title \=Andrea Anastasi: powrót do Polski był naturalnym wyborem \| date \=5 June 2014 \| website \=onet.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
|
[
"### 2011–2013 Andrea Anastasi",
"{{main\\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Andrea Anastasi}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Action on the left side by outside hitter – [Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") (\\#6\\) in 3rd place match against Argentina on [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") held at Ergo Arena, Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927616804%29.jpg \"World League Final 2011 (5927616804).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|On the podium of the [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") with bronze medals. The captain of Poland, opposite Piotr Gruszka is holding a trophy.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927893012%29.jpg \"World League Final 2011 (5927893012).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Poland after winning match ball of 3rd place match against Argentina on [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") held at Ergo Arena, Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927120815%29.jpg \"World League Final 2011 (5927120815).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|During medal ceremony as bronze medalists of [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") at Ergo Arena in Gdańsk.](/wiki/File:World_League_Final_2011_%285927902380%29.jpg \"World League Final 2011 (5927902380).jpg\")",
"#### 2011",
"After lacklustre previous year the head coach and a number of players were replaced. [Andrea Anastasi](/wiki/Andrea_Anastasi \"Andrea Anastasi\") began work as head coach on 23 February 2011, when Poland was ranked 11th in the FIVB ranking. His assistant was [Andrea Gardini](/wiki/Andrea_Gardini \"Andrea Gardini\").",
"They started season without an important players like Zagumny, [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski \"Michał Winiarski\") or [Wlazły](/wiki/Mariusz_Wlaz%C5%82y \"Mariusz Wlazły\"). The team started with the [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). Poland as host was in final tournament, which was held at [Ergo Arena](/wiki/Ergo_Arena \"Ergo Arena\") in [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\"). During a first match against Bulgaria, an opposite hitter – [Zbigniew Bartman](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bartman \"Zbigniew Bartman\") injured. Despite this Poland won after tie\\-break. Then Poland lost with Italy (0–3\\) and beat Argentina in five sets. They went to the semi\\-final, but lost the match against [Russia](/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Russia men's national volleyball team\") (1–3\\). On 10 July 2011 Poland won first medal of the [World League](/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"FIVB Volleyball World League\") in history. Polish achieved individual awards – [Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") was the *Best scorer* and [Krzysztof Ignaczak](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ignaczak \"Krzysztof Ignaczak\") the *Best libero*.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.polskatimes.pl/artykul/425639,polscy\\-siatkarze\\-zdobyli\\-brazowy\\-medal\\-zdjecia\\-z\\-dekoracji,id,t.html \\| title \\=Polscy siatkarze zdobyli brązowy medal \\| date \\= 11 July 2011 \\| website \\= polskatimes.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}}",
"In the same year the Polish national team wanted to defend a title of [European Champion](/wiki/Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"Men's European Volleyball Championship\") from 2009\\. The team, without injured Zbigniew Bartman, won in playoff round with [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Czech Republic men's national volleyball team\") and went to quarterfinals. In [Karlovy Vary](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary \"Karlovy Vary\") beat Slovakia (3–0\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=14\\&NewsID\\=10988\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=0\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=Poland bound for Vienna \\| date \\= 15 September 2011 \\| website \\= cev.lu \\| publisher \\=CEV \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} Then they moved to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") and lost the match against Italy (0–3\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=14\\&NewsID\\=10994\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=0\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=High brisance in EuroVolley semi\\-finals \\| date \\= 16 September 2011 \\| website \\=cev.lu \\| publisher \\=CEV \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} Poles again played the 3rd place match. On 18 September 2011 they beat the winners of [World League 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2011 FIVB Volleyball World League\") – Russia (3–1\\) and achieved their second bronze in 2011\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID\\=10999\\&ID\\=14 \\| title \\= Bartosz Kurek is the man of the day as Poland strikes bronze at EuroVolley \\| date \\= 18 September 2011 \\| website \\= cev.lu \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041239/http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID\\=10999\\&ID\\=14 \\| archive\\-date \\= 24 September 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} In addition, individual award for *Best server* received Bartosz Kurek.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://sport.wp.pl/kat,1715,title,Kurek\\-najlepiej\\-serwujacym\\-zawodnikiem,wid,13799812,wiadomosc.html?ticaid\\=11aa2f\\&\\_ticrsn\\=3 \\| title \\=Kurek najlepiej serwującym zawodnikiem \\| date \\= 18 September 2011 \\| website \\= wp.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}}",
"In November was the first chance to qualify for the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\"). At [FIVB World Cup 2011](/wiki/2011_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup \"2011 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\") won 9 of 11 matches. They lost with Iran (2–3\\), Brazil (2–3\\) and Russia (2–3\\). Polish national team won promotion to the Olympics on 3 December 2011, when they won first two sets against Brazil (this one point gave them place on the podium).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Men/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=33296\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Russia and Poland book trip to London, Brazil and Italy fight for last ticket \\| date \\= 3 December 2011 \\| website \\= fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} In conclusion Poland won the silver medal, and repeated the success of the [FIVB World Cup 1965](/wiki/1965_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup \"1965 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\"), where Poland achieve silver too.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Men/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=33340\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland shoot up World Rankings on back of World Cup silver \\| date \\= 6 December 2011 \\| website \\= fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}} For the first time in the history Polish national team won three medals in one year. One of individual awards received middle\\-blocker [Marcin Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek \"Marcin Możdżonek\"), who was *Best blocker*.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Media/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=33316\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Maxim Mikhaylov earns MVP of FIVB Men's World Cup \\| date \\= 4 December 2011 \\| website \\= fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 23 January 2018}}",
"Polish men's national volleyball team was elected the best team of 2011 in *77th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2011* in Poland and Bartosz Kurek was 2nd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.",
"#### 2012",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Polish team after one of the winning match in [World League 2012](/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2012 FIVB Volleyball World League\") at Spodek in Katowice, Poland.](/wiki/File:Rado%C5%9B%C4%87_polskich_siatkarzy.jpg \"Radość polskich siatkarzy.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Marcin Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek \"Marcin Możdżonek\") – Poland's captain during an interview in 2012\\.](/wiki/File:Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek_%281%29.jpg \"Marcin Możdżonek (1).jpg\")\nThe main purpose for the team were Olympics, but earlier they participated in [FIVB World League 2012](/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2012 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). They won 10 of 12 matches of intercontinental round, including 3 times won with Brazil, which was successful after many years of defeats.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35355\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland reach World League Finals with sensational win over Brazil \\| date \\=17 June 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Poland advanced to Final Six, which was held in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\"), Bulgaria. Polish team was in Pool F with Cuba and Brazil. They won both their group matches and went to the semi\\-final.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35914\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland and Cuba waiting to find out their opponents \\| date \\=6 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} They beat the host – Bulgaria and for the first time in history had a chance to play in final of World League.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35932\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland advance to final after 3–0 win over Bulgaria \\| date \\=7 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35933\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland writes history as they make it to first ever World League final \\| date \\=7 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35934\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland and USA meet in World League final for first time \\| date \\=7 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} On 8 July 2012 won the final match against [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"United States men's national volleyball team\") (3–0\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35974\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland wins historical gold at the 2012 World League \\| date \\=8 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=35975\\&Language\\=en\\# \\| title \\=Poland madly happy, USA continues to build on... \\| date \\=8 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} It was a second medal of World League for Polish team and the first gold. Polish players received 4 of 8 individual awards. *Best spiker* was Zbigniew Bartman, *Best blocker* – Marcin Możdżonek, *Best libero* – Krzysztof Ignaczak and *Most valuable player* – Bartosz Kurek.",
"On 29 July 2012 the team played their first Pool A match at the 20123 London Summer Olympics against Italy (3–1\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\\-M.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=5\\&No\\=36147 \\| title \\=Poland impress with overall game \\| date \\=29 July 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Polish national team won 3 of 5 pool matches, but lost with Bulgaria and [Australia](/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Australia men's national volleyball team\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\\-M.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=25\\&No\\=36393 \\| title \\=Australia keep alive their hopes after beating Poland \\| date \\=6 August 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} They went to quarterfinal, but lost it after 3–1 match against future Olympic Champions – Russia.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/olympics/london2012/viewMatchInfoVB\\-M.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=32\\&No\\=36456 \\| title \\=With terrific show of strength Russia end Poland's Olympic adventure \\| date \\=8 August 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Despite the defeat, Krzysztof Ignaczak was the *Best receiver* of the 2012 Summer Olympics (four years earlier, the same award received another Polish player – Michał Winiarski).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/vis\\_web/VOLLEY/MOG2012/PDF/P5\\-MOG2012\\-Finals.pdf \\| title \\=Players Ranking by Skills \\| date \\=12 August 2012 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"Poland had the success and failure of this season, but despite this they were elected the best team of 2012 in *78th Plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego 2012* in Poland.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Polish players after the winning match Poland – United States of the [World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2013 FIVB Volleyball World League\") at Spodek, Katowice on 5 July 2013\\. In the foreground from left: [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski \"Michał Winiarski\") (\\#2\\), [Nowakowski](/wiki/Piotr_Nowakowski \"Piotr Nowakowski\") (\\#1\\), [Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski \"Paweł Zatorski\") (\\#17\\), [Kosok](/wiki/Grzegorz_Kosok \"Grzegorz Kosok\") (\\#4\\), [Żygadło](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_%C5%BBygad%C5%82o \"Łukasz Żygadło\") (\\#15\\), [Możdżonek](/wiki/Marcin_Mo%C5%BCd%C5%BConek \"Marcin Możdżonek\") (\\#18\\), [Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") (\\#6\\) and [Drzyzga](/wiki/Fabian_Drzyzga \"Fabian Drzyzga\") (\\#11\\).](/wiki/File:Siatkarze_dzi%C4%99kuj%C4%99_za_doping_kibic%C3%B3w_%289293434294%29.jpg \"Siatkarze dziękuję za doping kibiców (9293434294).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Bartosz Kurek](/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek \"Bartosz Kurek\") in match Poland – United States ([World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2013 FIVB Volleyball World League\")).](/wiki/File:Bartosz_Kurek_%289290654771%29.jpg \"Bartosz Kurek (9290654771).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Andrea Anastasi](/wiki/Andrea_Anastasi \"Andrea Anastasi\") – head coach in 2011–2013\\.](/wiki/File:Andrea_Anastasi_%289293459004%29.jpg \"Andrea Anastasi (9293459004).jpg\")",
"#### 2013",
"The team started season on 24 May 2013 when they played friendly match with Serbia (3–0\\) in [Milicz](/wiki/Milicz \"Milicz\"). Next day, on 25 May the two national teams played their second match in [Twardogóra](/wiki/Twardog%C3%B3ra \"Twardogóra\"), which was won by guests (1–3\\).",
"Poland began its participation in the [World League 2013](/wiki/2013_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2013 FIVB Volleyball World League\") losing their first four matches. They lost twice with Brazil at [Torwar Hall](/wiki/Torwar_Hall \"Torwar Hall\") on 7 June (1–3\\){{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=8\\&No\\=39465 \\| title \\=Brazil impress in win over Poland \\| date \\=7 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} and after tie\\-brak at Atlas Arena on 9 June.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=24\\&No\\=39513 \\| title \\=Poland unable to stop the Brazilian power in five sets \\| date \\=9 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Then Polish players lost next two aligned matches on 21 and 23 June against France, which have been resolved after tie\\-breaks.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=38\\&No\\=39992 \\| title \\=France defeats Poland to clinch its first victory \\| date \\=21 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=43\\&No\\=40117 \\| title \\=France beat Poland in five sets for a clean sweep \\| date \\=23 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} On 28 June 2013 Polish team played their first match with Argentine team (3–2\\) at [Łuczniczka](/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka \"Łuczniczka\"), [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz \"Bydgoszcz\"){{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=51\\&No\\=40460 \\| title \\=Poland claim first victory in the 2013 World League \\| date \\=28 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} and two days later their second meeting (3–1\\) at Ergo Arena in Gdańsk.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=64\\&No\\=40594 \\| title \\=Poland earns a second victory over Argentina \\| date \\=30 June 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} The heroes of winning matches with Argentine players were [Jarosz](/wiki/Jakub_Jarosz \"Jakub Jarosz\") and Kurek. On 5 and 7 July, Polish national team beat United States team (3–2\\) at Spodek, Katowice{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=69\\&No\\=40905 \\| title \\=Poland beat USA after a thrilling five sets \\| date \\=5 July 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} and (3–1\\) at [Centennial Hall](/wiki/Hala_Stulecia_%28Wroc%C5%82aw%29 \"Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)\") in Wrocław, after great game of Jakub Jarosz. Poland didn't continue their series of victories. On 12 July 2013 lost (0–3\\) match against Bulgaria and one day later lost dramatic match after tie\\-break despite the determination of the whole team.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2013/viewMatchInfo.asp?Category\\=2\\&MatchNo\\=88\\&No\\=41295 \\| title \\=Bulgaria show they merit Finals berth with dramatic win over Poland \\| date \\=13 July 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Unstoppable was the main scorer of Bulgaria – [Tsvetan Sokolov](/wiki/Tsvetan_Sokolov \"Tsvetan Sokolov\"). At [Palace of Culture and Sports](/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Sports \"Palace of Culture and Sports\"), [Varna](/wiki/Varna%2C_Bulgaria \"Varna, Bulgaria\") lost their last two matches of intercontinental round and ended their game in World League 2013\\.",
"In October 2013 Andrea Anastasi was fired as coach of the Polish national team.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacje/andrea\\-anastasi\\-zwolniony\\-z\\-funkcji\\-trenera\\-reprezentacji\\-siatkarzy/t51bc \\| title \\=Andrea Anastasi zwolniony z funkcji trenera reprezentacji siatkarzy \\| date \\=24 October 2013 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| author\\=Krzysztof Gaweł \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} The reason for this decision were unsuccessful Polish losses in 2013 and getting worse team game. Poland, while working of Andrea Anastasi, took 3rd place in the FIVB World Rankings. It was promotion from 11th place in early 2011\\. Anastasi has announced that he won't be coach of any national team at the [World Championship 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\") held in Poland because of respect for his former players. He decided to stay in Poland and has been working with Polish club [Lotos Trefl Gdańsk](/wiki/Lotos_Trefl_Gda%C5%84sk \"Lotos Trefl Gdańsk\").{{cite web\\|url \\=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/plusliga/andrea\\-anastasi\\-powrot\\-do\\-polski\\-byl\\-naturalnym\\-wyborem/2894f \\| title \\=Andrea Anastasi: powrót do Polski był naturalnym wyborem \\| date \\=5 June 2014 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
""
] |
### 2014–2016 Stéphane Antiga
{{main\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Stéphane Antiga}}
[thumb\|left\|[Stephane Antiga](/wiki/Stephane_Antiga "Stephane Antiga"), head coach who led Poland to title of 2014 World Champions.](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2827_June_2014%29-10.jpg "2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (27 June 2014)-10.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Poland during the [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2014 FIVB Volleyball World League").](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2827_June_2014%29-32.jpg "2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (27 June 2014)-32.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Left\-wing attack from [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski "Michał Winiarski") at [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2014 FIVB Volleyball World League") against Iran.](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2829_June_2014%29-3.jpg "2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (29 June 2014)-3.jpg")
#### 2014
On 24 October 2013, was announced new head coach [Stéphane Antiga](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Antiga "Stéphane Antiga").{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=43690\&Language\=en \| title \=Stéphane Antiga appointed new Poland men's coach \| date \=28 October 2013 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} He began his work after the end of the league season 2013/2014, because he played for PGE Skra Bełchatów and he had to complete his career as a player. His first tournament as Poland's head coach was the [CEV European Championship 2015 qualification](/wiki/2015_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship_qualification "2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship qualification"). Poland won 5 out of their 6 matches, beating [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Macedonia men's national volleyball team") and [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Latvia men's national volleyball team") twice each and [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Slovenia men's national volleyball team") once. The Polish national team qualified for the CEV European Championship 2015\.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=700\&NewsID\=17536\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=1\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=Poles, Finns, Slovaks, Czechs, Croats and Belarusians earn tickets to Bulgaria\-Italy 2015 \| date \=2 June 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
After this, the team took part in the [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2014 FIVB Volleyball World League"). They won 6 of 12 matches in the intercontinental round, but didn't qualify for the Final Six. They lacked one set against Brazil for a place in the final tournament.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2014/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=47117\&Language\=en \| title \=Dramatic Intercontinental Round final day as World League Finals participants confirmed \| date \=6 July 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} The team went on to make preparations at training camps in [Belchatów](/wiki/Belchat%C3%B3w "Belchatów"), [Capbreton](/wiki/Capbreton "Capbreton") (France) and [Spała](/wiki/Spa%C5%82a "Spała") before the World Championship 2014\. On 16–18 August 2014 the [12th Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2014_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner "2014 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner") was held at [Kraków Arena](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Arena "Kraków Arena"), Kraków. On the first day, after losing a match with Bulgaria (2–3\), coach Antiga announced the list of players who would represent the Polish national team at the World Championship 2014\.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/polish\-team\-named\-for\-the\-fivb\-mens?id\=48351 \| title \=Polish team named for the FIVB Men's World Championship Poland 2014 \| date \=17 August 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} He eliminated one of the major players of previous years: Bartosz Kurek. In the following matches of tournament Mariusz Wlazły was unable to play because of a sprained ankle.{{cite web\|url \=https://www.onet.pl/?srcc\=ucs\&pid\=1b4a3c7e\-a4e2\-4145\-ad67\-156dbd3bb246\&sid\=96fc7e4d\-c74c\-44d9\-ab11\-c24e6131b623 \| title \=Jan Sokal: kontuzja Wlazłego nie jest aż tak groźna \| date \=18 August 2014 \| website \=onet.pl \| author\=Krzysztof Gaweł \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Despite this, Poland defeated [China](/wiki/China_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "China men's national volleyball team") and for the first time since 2011, beat Russia.{{cite web\|url \=https://www.onet.pl/?srcc\=ucs\&pid\=89198bbf\-4299\-4257\-b4e5\-bab7e8b419bd\&sid\=96fc7e4d\-c74c\-44d9\-ab11\-c24e6131b623 \| title \=XII Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera: Polacy pokonali Rosję \| date \=18 August 2014 \| website \=onet.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} The Polish team took 2nd place and two of the Polish players received individual awards: [Piotr Nowakowski](/wiki/Piotr_Nowakowski "Piotr Nowakowski") as *Best server* and Krzysztof Ignaczak as *Best libero*.
On 30 August 2014, Poland played their historic match at the [National Stadium](/wiki/National_Stadium%2C_Warsaw "National Stadium, Warsaw") in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") against Serbia as opening meeting of the [2014 World Championship](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship").{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-capture\-first\-world\-championship\-win\-and?id\=48807 \| title \=Poland capture first World Championship win and the hearts of thousands of Polish supporters \| date \=30 August 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} It was the opening match of the World Championship 2014 in Poland.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-welcomes\-the\-fivb\-mens\-world\-championship?id\=48808 \| title \=Poland welcomes the FIVB Men's World Championship and the world with spectacular start in Warsaw \| date \=30 August 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Polish team won 3–0 and with attendance over 62,000 audience.{{cite web\|url \=https://www.pgenarodowy.pl/news/3179,a\-great\-spectacle\-and\-records\-at\-the\-national\-stadium \| title \=A great spectacle and records at the National Stadium! \| date \=31 August 2014 \| website \=pgenarodowy.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} In their first group, Pool A, Poland won all 5 matches and lost just one set with [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Cameroon men's national volleyball team"). In their second group, Pool F, the host team won 3 of their 4 matches. On 10 September 2014, they lost to the United States (1–3\), but then beat the national teams of Italy (3–1\), Iran (3–2\) and France (3–2\).{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/france\-top\-pool\-e\-but\-poland\-move?id\=49377 \| title \=France top Pool E but Poland move on with a hard\-fought win \| date \=14 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Poland took second place in Group F. The breakdown in the next stage of the tournament was decided by drawing lots. Poland went into group H with Brazil and Russia. Some commentators and fans called Pool H the "Group of Death", but it was a happy result for the home team. The Polish national team won two dramatic matches after tie\-breaks at Atlas Arena in Łódź. On 16 September 2014 they beat Brazil. Poland's main scorer in the match was Mariusz Wlazły, who gained 31 points for his team.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/wlazlys\-a\-game\-ends\-brazils\-winning\-streak?id\=49410 \| title \=Wlazly's A\-game ends Brazil's winning streak \| date \=16 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Two days later, Poland needed just two winning sets for promotion to the semi\-final. Poland beat Russia and took first place in the group.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-break\-through\-russian\-wall\-to\-book?id\=49439 \| title \=Poland break through Russian wall to book semi\-final spot \| date \=18 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} On 21 September 2014 the Polish team won the semi\-final match against Germany, which guaranteed for Poland their third ever medal at the [World Championship](/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship "FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship").{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/brazil\-gain\-ground\-for\-title\-defence\-poland?id\=49479 \| title \=Brazil gain ground for title defence; Poland make third appearance in final \| date \=20 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=49477\&Language\=en \| title \=Poland outduel Germany for ticket to finals \| date \=20 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-intend\-to\-repeat\-history\-of\-40?id\=49469 \| title \=Poland intend to repeat history of 40 years ago \| date \=20 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} On 21 September 2014 Poland won the title of World Champion 2014, for the first time in 40 years.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=49498\&Language\=en\#.VCAG\_qIu6ho \| title \=Poland win second World Championship title at home \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Poland beat Brazil (3–1\).{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-dethrone\-brazil\-as\-mens\-champions?id\=49495 \| title \=Poland dethrone Brazil as men's champions \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\=49500\&Language\=en \| title \=Poland put an end to the reign of Brazil \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Polish players received 3 of 8 the individual awards in the tournament: [Karol Kłos](/wiki/Karol_K%C5%82os "Karol Kłos") as *Best blocker*, Mariusz Wlazły as *Best opposite* and *Most valuable player*.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-in\-dreamland\-and\-in\-dream\-team?id\=49497 \| title \=Poland in dreamland and in Dream Team \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/mvp\-award\-crowns\-wlazlys\-persistence?id\=50133 \| title \=MVP award crowns Wlazly's persistence \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} After victory Poland have risen two places in FIVB ranking and has been taken 3rd place.{{cite web\|url \=http://poland2014\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\-surge\-up\-rankings\-after\-gold\-medal?id\=49541 \| title \=Poland surge up rankings after gold medal success \| date \=21 September 2014 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
It was announced that in 2015, the Polish national team will take part in the [World League](/wiki/2015_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League "2015 FIVB Volleyball World League"), [European Championship](/wiki/2015_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship") (Bulgaria/Italy), [World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup") (Japan), and the first edition of the [European Games](/wiki/2015_European_Games "2015 European Games"), which will be held in [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku"), Azerbaijan.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/siatkowka,igrzyska\-europejskie\-wystapia\-obie\-polskie\-reprezentacje\-siatkarskie,artykul,524124,1,282\.html \| title \=Igrzyska Europejskie: Wystąpią obie polskie reprezentacje siatkarskie \| date \=5 December 2014 \| website \=przegladsportowy.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
Historic result at World Championship brought the team their next title of the *Best Team of 2014* in [Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy](/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Przegl%C4%85d_Sportowy "Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy") 2014 in Poland.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.sport.tvp.pl/18390044/gala\-mistrzow\-sportu\-2014\-reprezentacja\-siatkarzy\-druzyna\-roku\-2014 \| title \=Gala Mistrzów Sportu 2014 – reprezentacja siatkarzy "Drużyną Roku 2014" \| date \=10 January 2015 \| website \=tvp.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} Head coach Stephane Antiga was awarded a title of the *Coach of the year 2014* ex\-aequo with [Łukasz Kruczek](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kruczek "Łukasz Kruczek").{{cite web\|url \=http://sport.tvp.pl/18386097/plebiscyt\-ps\-i\-tvp\-antiga\-i\-kruczek\-trenerami\-roku \| title \=Plebiscyt "PS" i TVP: Antiga i Kruczek Trenerami Roku \| date \=10 January 2015 \| website \=tvp.pl \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}} A title of *Debutant of the year 2014* was awarded [Mateusz Mika](/wiki/Mateusz_Mika "Mateusz Mika"). Mariusz Wlazły was 2nd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.{{cite web\|url \=http://plebiscyt.przegladsportowy.pl/mistrzowie\-sportu,mariusz\-wlazly\-drugi\-w\-plebiscycie\-przegladu\-sportowego\-i\-tvp,artykul,532391,1,845\.html \| title \=Mariusz Wlazły: Przegrać z Kamilem to zaszczyt \| date \=12 January 2015 \| website \=przegladsportowy.p \| access\-date \= 26 January 2018}}
#### 2015
Head coach Stephane Antiga appointed players to the Polish national team on 2 April 2015\.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacja,stephane\-antiga\-podal\-sklad\-szerokiej\-kadry\-mezczyzn,artykul,556350,1,892\.html \| title \=Antiga podał szeroki skład: z Kurkiem, ale bez Żygadły i Bartmana! \| date \=3 April 2015 \| website \=przegladsportowy.pl \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} The new chosen captain of the team was Karol Kłos, who replaced a previous one – Michał Winiarski. During the matches of intercontinental round of World League, the captain of Polish team was [Michał Kubiak](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kubiak "Michał Kubiak"), because of Kłos' injury.
They began season with intercontinental round of World League 2015\. First match with Russia, Poland won 3–0\.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/opening\-victory\-for\-reigning\-world\-champions\-poland?id\=52513 \| title \=Opening victory for reigning world champions Poland \| date \=28 May 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} *Most valuable player* of match was [Mateusz Bieniek](/wiki/Mateusz_Bieniek "Mateusz Bieniek"), who played his first match in senior national team. After break to national team returned a few players – Bartosz Kurek, Jakub Jarosz, [Grzegorz Łomacz](/wiki/Grzegorz_%C5%81omacz "Grzegorz Łomacz"), [Piotr Gacek](/wiki/Piotr_Gacek "Piotr Gacek"), [Wojciech Grzyb](/wiki/Wojciech_Grzyb "Wojciech Grzyb"). Next day, Poland beat Russia in five\-set match (3–2\). *Most valuable player* of match was Bartosz Kurek (23 pts).{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\-make\-a\-comeback\-to\-beat\-russia?id\=52556 \| title \=Poland make a comeback to beat Russia in five sets \| date \=29 May 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} On 5 June 2015 Poland beat Iran (3–1\).{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\-continue\-their\-run\-with\-a\-win?id\=52779 \| title \=Poland continue their run with a win over Iran \| date \=5 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Bartosz Kurek scored 30 pts and he was *Most valuable player* of match. Next day, Poland won another meeting with Iran (3–2\) and MVP was chosen Michał Kubiak.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/poland\-maintain\-winning\-record\-with\-3\-2\-over?id\=52818 \| title \=Poland maintain winning record with 3–2 over Iran \| date \=6 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} On 12 June 2015 Poland lost first match with United States (3–2\) after almost 3 hours meeting.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/anderson\-and\-troy\-lead\-usa\-assault\-for?id\=53071 \| title \=Anderson and Troy lead USA assault for tie\-break win \| date \=13 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} It was first lost match of Poland since 10 September 2014, when they lost with U.S. national team at World Championship. Next day, Poland also lost with American players (3–1\). After spending one week in United States, Poland moved to Russian ground – [Kazan](/wiki/Kazan "Kazan"), where they won two matches against Russia (3–1\) and (3–2\).{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\-too\-strong\-for\-russia?id\=53300 \| title \=Poland too strong for Russia \| date \=19 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}}{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/kurek\-leads\-poland\-to\-3\-2\-over\-russia?id\=53343 \| title \=Kurek leads Poland to 3–2 over Russia \| date \=20 June 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Then they flew to [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"). After a spectacular meeting, Poland lost first match on 26 June (3–2\). Two days later, Polish national team beat Iran (3–1\). Polish team spent three weeks in tour and they came back to Poland on last matches of intercontinental round with United States. On 3 July 2015 Poland beat [USA](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "United States men's national volleyball team") in tie\-break and achieved two points, which gave Polish team a qualification to final round of World League 2015 in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"). Next day, they lost match (1–3\). Poland qualified for the Pool J with Serbia and Italy. On 17 July Poland won match over Italy (3–1\) and qualified to semi\-final.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\-debuts\-in\-world\-league\-finals\-with?id\=54996 \| title \=Poland debuts in World League Finals with a 3–1 victory over Italy \| date \=17 July 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Main leader in this important meeting was Michał Kubiak, who scored 19 pts. Next day, Serbia won over Poland (2–3\), but Polish team gained 1 pt and took first place in Pool J. On 18 July, Poland lost semi\-final with France (2–3\). On 19 July Poland did not achieve bronze, because of lost with USA (0–3\).{{cite web\|url \=http://worldleague.2015\.fivb.com/en/news/usa\-claim\-bronze\-medal\-with\-a\-straight\-sets?id\=55055 \| title \=USA claim bronze medal with a straight\-sets victory over Poland \| date \=19 July 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Polish team had problems with own errors. Poland took 4th place in edition of the World League 2015\. Polish players achieved two individual awards – Michał Kubiak was one of the *Best outside spiker* and [Paweł Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski "Paweł Zatorski") was *Best libero*. In 2–9 August all players, whose were in final round in Rio de Janeiro went to training camp in [Arłamów](/wiki/Ar%C5%82am%C3%B3w "Arłamów") and two players joined to team ([Włodarczyk](/wiki/Wojciech_W%C5%82odarczyk "Wojciech Włodarczyk"), Kłos). Then the team without [Wrona](/wiki/Andrzej_Wrona "Andrzej Wrona") was training in Spała.
Polish national team is going to take part in [2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2015_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner "2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner") in [Toruń](/wiki/Toru%C5%84 "Toruń"). First day, they beat Japan (3–0\). In the following days Poland beat Iran (3–1\) and France (3–2\). Poland won 2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner for sixth time and Polish players achieved five individual awards – *Best spiker* was [Dawid Konarski](/wiki/Dawid_Konarski "Dawid Konarski"), *Best server* was Mateusz Bieniek, *Best blocker* was Piotr Nowakowski, *Best libero* was Paweł Zatorski and *Most valuable player* was a captain Michał Kubiak.{{cite web\|url \=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacje/reprezentacja\-polski\-wygrala\-xiii\-memorial\-huberta\-jerzego\-wagnera/x912vp \| title \=Reprezentacja Polski wygrała XIII Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera \| date \=24 August 2015 \| website \=onet.pl \| author\=Krzysztof Gaweł \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}}
Polish players started their visit in Japan from training camp in [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka "Osaka") and then they went to [Hammamatsu](/wiki/Hammamatsu "Hammamatsu"), where they are playing their first round matches. Poland started a journey at World Cup 2015 on 8 September, when they beat [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Tunisia men's national volleyball team") (3–0\). In following day, Polish players beat Russia (3–1\) and in both matches Most Valuable Player of match was chosen Bartosz Kurek.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldcup.2015\.men.fivb.com/en/news/kureks\-heroics\-lift\-poland\-to\-3\-1\-win?id\=57096 \| title \=Kurek's heroics lift Poland to 3–1 win over Russia \| date \=9 September 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} During third set of the meeting with Russia, Polish setter Grzegorz Łomacz twisted his ankle. On 10 September 2015 Poland contained their winning with Argentina (3–1\) and MVP was Michał Kubiak. On 12 September, Polish team beat Iran (3–2\) and best player on the court was chosen Mateusz Mika. On 13 September Poland played their last match in first round in Hamamatsu with [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Venezuela men's national volleyball team") (3–1\). MVP of match was Dawid Konarski, who scored 22 points. Poland won all five matches in first round of World Cup 2015, but lost one point in overall table. In second round Poland beat Canada (3–1\), Egypt (3–0\), and Australia (3–0\). After eight victories without any defeat, Poland moved to Tokyo.{{cite web\|url \=http://worldcup.2015\.men.fivb.com/en/news/im\-happy\-with\-our\-three\-games\-in?id\=57522 \| title \=I'm happy with our three games in Toyama: Antiga \| date \=18 September 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} On 21 September 2015, two previously undefeated teams met in first match of third round. Poland beat United States (3–1\) and Polish captain Michał Kubiak played his best match in World Cup. Then Poland won match with host team Japan, but they had problems with them in first set (3–1\). Poland won 10 of 10 matches and the last day on 23 September met with Italy. They lost 3–1 and they did not achieve one point so Poland took 3rd place in tournament, which did not give Poland a qualification to [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics").{{cite web\|url \=http://worldcup.2015\.men.fivb.com/en/news/impressive\-italy\-book\-rio\-2016\-ticket?id\=57731 \| title \=Impressive Italy book Rio 2016 ticket \| date \=23 September 2015 \| website \=fivb.org \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Poland won 10 of 11 matches, but because of points and ratio of set, achieved only bronze medal without Olympic qualification.
#### 2016
[thumb\|Poland during the match of [World Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_qualification%23World_qualification_tournament "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification#World qualification tournament") with Iran on 4 June 2016\.](/wiki/File:Iran_VS_Poland.jpg "Iran VS Poland.jpg")
From 5 to 10 January 2016, Polish team took part in [2016 Summer Olympics – European qualification](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_European_qualification "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's European qualification"). Poland was in Pool A, where they won two matches, with Serbia (3–1\) and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_volleyball_team "Belgium men's national volleyball team"), lost one with Germany (2–3\). In semi\-final Poland lost with France (0–3\) and lost chance to qualify to Olympics.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=836\&NewsID\=22300\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=0\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=France beat Poland to set up all\-star final with Olympic champions \| date \=9 January 2016 \| website \=cev.lu \| publisher \=CEV \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} On 10 January 2016 Poland won 3rd place match with Germany (3–2\).{{cite web\|url \=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\=836\&NewsID\=22304\&TagType\=0\&TagContent\=0\&NewsType\=0\&Paging\=0\&Sd\=1/1/1900\&Ed\=1/1/1900 \| title \=Second Olympic chance for world champions Poland after Germany thriller \| date \=10 January 2016 \| website \=cev.lu \| publisher \=CEV \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}} Poland was qualified to World Olympic Qualification Tournament and keep chance to gain qualification to [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament").
On 28 May 2016, Poland started the battle in [World Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_qualification%23World_qualification_tournament "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification#World qualification tournament"). After 5 victories in first 5 matches (with Canada 3–2, France 3–2, Japan 3–0, China 3–2, Venezuela 3–0 and Iran 1–3\) Poland achieved qualification to 2016 Rio Summer Olympics on 2 June 2016\.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/poland\-secure\-rio\-2016\-spot\-as\-france?id\=61605 \| title \=Poland secure Rio 2016 spot, as France and Iran gain ground \| date \=2 June 2016 \| website \=fivb.com \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}}
Poland beat 4 of 5 opponents in group stage at [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") (lost only to Russia after tie break). They took second place in Group B and were qualified to quarterfinals. Due to the draw, Poland next met the USA. On 17 August 2016 Americans beat Polish players (0–3\) and Poland took 5th place. This was their fourth Olympics with the same result in a row.{{cite web\|url \=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/usa\-return\-to\-olympic\-final\-four\-with?id\=64462 \| title \=USA return to Olympic final four with 3–0 win over Poland \| date \=17 August 2016 \| website \=fivb.com \| publisher \=FIVB \| access\-date \= 27 January 2018}}
|
[
"### 2014–2016 Stéphane Antiga",
"{{main\\|Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Stéphane Antiga}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Stephane Antiga](/wiki/Stephane_Antiga \"Stephane Antiga\"), head coach who led Poland to title of 2014 World Champions.](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2827_June_2014%29-10.jpg \"2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (27 June 2014)-10.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Poland during the [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2014 FIVB Volleyball World League\").](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2827_June_2014%29-32.jpg \"2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (27 June 2014)-32.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Left\\-wing attack from [Winiarski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Winiarski \"Michał Winiarski\") at [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2014 FIVB Volleyball World League\") against Iran.](/wiki/File:2014_Volleyball_World_League%2C_Iran_vs_Poland_%2829_June_2014%29-3.jpg \"2014 Volleyball World League, Iran vs Poland (29 June 2014)-3.jpg\")",
"#### 2014",
"On 24 October 2013, was announced new head coach [Stéphane Antiga](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Antiga \"Stéphane Antiga\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=43690\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Stéphane Antiga appointed new Poland men's coach \\| date \\=28 October 2013 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} He began his work after the end of the league season 2013/2014, because he played for PGE Skra Bełchatów and he had to complete his career as a player. His first tournament as Poland's head coach was the [CEV European Championship 2015 qualification](/wiki/2015_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship_qualification \"2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship qualification\"). Poland won 5 out of their 6 matches, beating [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Macedonia men's national volleyball team\") and [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Latvia men's national volleyball team\") twice each and [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Slovenia men's national volleyball team\") once. The Polish national team qualified for the CEV European Championship 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=700\\&NewsID\\=17536\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=1\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=Poles, Finns, Slovaks, Czechs, Croats and Belarusians earn tickets to Bulgaria\\-Italy 2015 \\| date \\=2 June 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"After this, the team took part in the [FIVB World League 2014](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2014 FIVB Volleyball World League\"). They won 6 of 12 matches in the intercontinental round, but didn't qualify for the Final Six. They lacked one set against Brazil for a place in the final tournament.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldLeague/2014/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=47117\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Dramatic Intercontinental Round final day as World League Finals participants confirmed \\| date \\=6 July 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} The team went on to make preparations at training camps in [Belchatów](/wiki/Belchat%C3%B3w \"Belchatów\"), [Capbreton](/wiki/Capbreton \"Capbreton\") (France) and [Spała](/wiki/Spa%C5%82a \"Spała\") before the World Championship 2014\\. On 16–18 August 2014 the [12th Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2014_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner \"2014 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner\") was held at [Kraków Arena](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Arena \"Kraków Arena\"), Kraków. On the first day, after losing a match with Bulgaria (2–3\\), coach Antiga announced the list of players who would represent the Polish national team at the World Championship 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/polish\\-team\\-named\\-for\\-the\\-fivb\\-mens?id\\=48351 \\| title \\=Polish team named for the FIVB Men's World Championship Poland 2014 \\| date \\=17 August 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} He eliminated one of the major players of previous years: Bartosz Kurek. In the following matches of tournament Mariusz Wlazły was unable to play because of a sprained ankle.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.onet.pl/?srcc\\=ucs\\&pid\\=1b4a3c7e\\-a4e2\\-4145\\-ad67\\-156dbd3bb246\\&sid\\=96fc7e4d\\-c74c\\-44d9\\-ab11\\-c24e6131b623 \\| title \\=Jan Sokal: kontuzja Wlazłego nie jest aż tak groźna \\| date \\=18 August 2014 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| author\\=Krzysztof Gaweł \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Despite this, Poland defeated [China](/wiki/China_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"China men's national volleyball team\") and for the first time since 2011, beat Russia.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.onet.pl/?srcc\\=ucs\\&pid\\=89198bbf\\-4299\\-4257\\-b4e5\\-bab7e8b419bd\\&sid\\=96fc7e4d\\-c74c\\-44d9\\-ab11\\-c24e6131b623 \\| title \\=XII Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera: Polacy pokonali Rosję \\| date \\=18 August 2014 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} The Polish team took 2nd place and two of the Polish players received individual awards: [Piotr Nowakowski](/wiki/Piotr_Nowakowski \"Piotr Nowakowski\") as *Best server* and Krzysztof Ignaczak as *Best libero*.",
"On 30 August 2014, Poland played their historic match at the [National Stadium](/wiki/National_Stadium%2C_Warsaw \"National Stadium, Warsaw\") in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") against Serbia as opening meeting of the [2014 World Championship](/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-capture\\-first\\-world\\-championship\\-win\\-and?id\\=48807 \\| title \\=Poland capture first World Championship win and the hearts of thousands of Polish supporters \\| date \\=30 August 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} It was the opening match of the World Championship 2014 in Poland.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-welcomes\\-the\\-fivb\\-mens\\-world\\-championship?id\\=48808 \\| title \\=Poland welcomes the FIVB Men's World Championship and the world with spectacular start in Warsaw \\| date \\=30 August 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Polish team won 3–0 and with attendance over 62,000 audience.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.pgenarodowy.pl/news/3179,a\\-great\\-spectacle\\-and\\-records\\-at\\-the\\-national\\-stadium \\| title \\=A great spectacle and records at the National Stadium! \\| date \\=31 August 2014 \\| website \\=pgenarodowy.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} In their first group, Pool A, Poland won all 5 matches and lost just one set with [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Cameroon men's national volleyball team\"). In their second group, Pool F, the host team won 3 of their 4 matches. On 10 September 2014, they lost to the United States (1–3\\), but then beat the national teams of Italy (3–1\\), Iran (3–2\\) and France (3–2\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/france\\-top\\-pool\\-e\\-but\\-poland\\-move?id\\=49377 \\| title \\=France top Pool E but Poland move on with a hard\\-fought win \\| date \\=14 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Poland took second place in Group F. The breakdown in the next stage of the tournament was decided by drawing lots. Poland went into group H with Brazil and Russia. Some commentators and fans called Pool H the \"Group of Death\", but it was a happy result for the home team. The Polish national team won two dramatic matches after tie\\-breaks at Atlas Arena in Łódź. On 16 September 2014 they beat Brazil. Poland's main scorer in the match was Mariusz Wlazły, who gained 31 points for his team.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/wlazlys\\-a\\-game\\-ends\\-brazils\\-winning\\-streak?id\\=49410 \\| title \\=Wlazly's A\\-game ends Brazil's winning streak \\| date \\=16 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Two days later, Poland needed just two winning sets for promotion to the semi\\-final. Poland beat Russia and took first place in the group.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-break\\-through\\-russian\\-wall\\-to\\-book?id\\=49439 \\| title \\=Poland break through Russian wall to book semi\\-final spot \\| date \\=18 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} On 21 September 2014 the Polish team won the semi\\-final match against Germany, which guaranteed for Poland their third ever medal at the [World Championship](/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship \"FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/brazil\\-gain\\-ground\\-for\\-title\\-defence\\-poland?id\\=49479 \\| title \\=Brazil gain ground for title defence; Poland make third appearance in final \\| date \\=20 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=49477\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Poland outduel Germany for ticket to finals \\| date \\=20 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-intend\\-to\\-repeat\\-history\\-of\\-40?id\\=49469 \\| title \\=Poland intend to repeat history of 40 years ago \\| date \\=20 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} On 21 September 2014 Poland won the title of World Champion 2014, for the first time in 40 years.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=49498\\&Language\\=en\\#.VCAG\\_qIu6ho \\| title \\=Poland win second World Championship title at home \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Poland beat Brazil (3–1\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-dethrone\\-brazil\\-as\\-mens\\-champions?id\\=49495 \\| title \\=Poland dethrone Brazil as men's champions \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.org/viewPressRelease.asp?No\\=49500\\&Language\\=en \\| title \\=Poland put an end to the reign of Brazil \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Polish players received 3 of 8 the individual awards in the tournament: [Karol Kłos](/wiki/Karol_K%C5%82os \"Karol Kłos\") as *Best blocker*, Mariusz Wlazły as *Best opposite* and *Most valuable player*.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-in\\-dreamland\\-and\\-in\\-dream\\-team?id\\=49497 \\| title \\=Poland in dreamland and in Dream Team \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/mvp\\-award\\-crowns\\-wlazlys\\-persistence?id\\=50133 \\| title \\=MVP award crowns Wlazly's persistence \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} After victory Poland have risen two places in FIVB ranking and has been taken 3rd place.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://poland2014\\.fivb.org/en/news/poland\\-surge\\-up\\-rankings\\-after\\-gold\\-medal?id\\=49541 \\| title \\=Poland surge up rankings after gold medal success \\| date \\=21 September 2014 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"It was announced that in 2015, the Polish national team will take part in the [World League](/wiki/2015_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League \"2015 FIVB Volleyball World League\"), [European Championship](/wiki/2015_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship\") (Bulgaria/Italy), [World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\") (Japan), and the first edition of the [European Games](/wiki/2015_European_Games \"2015 European Games\"), which will be held in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\"), Azerbaijan.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/siatkowka,igrzyska\\-europejskie\\-wystapia\\-obie\\-polskie\\-reprezentacje\\-siatkarskie,artykul,524124,1,282\\.html \\| title \\=Igrzyska Europejskie: Wystąpią obie polskie reprezentacje siatkarskie \\| date \\=5 December 2014 \\| website \\=przegladsportowy.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"Historic result at World Championship brought the team their next title of the *Best Team of 2014* in [Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy](/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Przegl%C4%85d_Sportowy \"Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy\") 2014 in Poland.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.sport.tvp.pl/18390044/gala\\-mistrzow\\-sportu\\-2014\\-reprezentacja\\-siatkarzy\\-druzyna\\-roku\\-2014 \\| title \\=Gala Mistrzów Sportu 2014 – reprezentacja siatkarzy \"Drużyną Roku 2014\" \\| date \\=10 January 2015 \\| website \\=tvp.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} Head coach Stephane Antiga was awarded a title of the *Coach of the year 2014* ex\\-aequo with [Łukasz Kruczek](/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kruczek \"Łukasz Kruczek\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://sport.tvp.pl/18386097/plebiscyt\\-ps\\-i\\-tvp\\-antiga\\-i\\-kruczek\\-trenerami\\-roku \\| title \\=Plebiscyt \"PS\" i TVP: Antiga i Kruczek Trenerami Roku \\| date \\=10 January 2015 \\| website \\=tvp.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}} A title of *Debutant of the year 2014* was awarded [Mateusz Mika](/wiki/Mateusz_Mika \"Mateusz Mika\"). Mariusz Wlazły was 2nd in the *Top 10 of Polish Athlets* in the same competition.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://plebiscyt.przegladsportowy.pl/mistrzowie\\-sportu,mariusz\\-wlazly\\-drugi\\-w\\-plebiscycie\\-przegladu\\-sportowego\\-i\\-tvp,artykul,532391,1,845\\.html \\| title \\=Mariusz Wlazły: Przegrać z Kamilem to zaszczyt \\| date \\=12 January 2015 \\| website \\=przegladsportowy.p \\| access\\-date \\= 26 January 2018}}",
"#### 2015",
"Head coach Stephane Antiga appointed players to the Polish national team on 2 April 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacja,stephane\\-antiga\\-podal\\-sklad\\-szerokiej\\-kadry\\-mezczyzn,artykul,556350,1,892\\.html \\| title \\=Antiga podał szeroki skład: z Kurkiem, ale bez Żygadły i Bartmana! \\| date \\=3 April 2015 \\| website \\=przegladsportowy.pl \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} The new chosen captain of the team was Karol Kłos, who replaced a previous one – Michał Winiarski. During the matches of intercontinental round of World League, the captain of Polish team was [Michał Kubiak](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kubiak \"Michał Kubiak\"), because of Kłos' injury.",
"They began season with intercontinental round of World League 2015\\. First match with Russia, Poland won 3–0\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/opening\\-victory\\-for\\-reigning\\-world\\-champions\\-poland?id\\=52513 \\| title \\=Opening victory for reigning world champions Poland \\| date \\=28 May 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} *Most valuable player* of match was [Mateusz Bieniek](/wiki/Mateusz_Bieniek \"Mateusz Bieniek\"), who played his first match in senior national team. After break to national team returned a few players – Bartosz Kurek, Jakub Jarosz, [Grzegorz Łomacz](/wiki/Grzegorz_%C5%81omacz \"Grzegorz Łomacz\"), [Piotr Gacek](/wiki/Piotr_Gacek \"Piotr Gacek\"), [Wojciech Grzyb](/wiki/Wojciech_Grzyb \"Wojciech Grzyb\"). Next day, Poland beat Russia in five\\-set match (3–2\\). *Most valuable player* of match was Bartosz Kurek (23 pts).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\\-make\\-a\\-comeback\\-to\\-beat\\-russia?id\\=52556 \\| title \\=Poland make a comeback to beat Russia in five sets \\| date \\=29 May 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} On 5 June 2015 Poland beat Iran (3–1\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\\-continue\\-their\\-run\\-with\\-a\\-win?id\\=52779 \\| title \\=Poland continue their run with a win over Iran \\| date \\=5 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Bartosz Kurek scored 30 pts and he was *Most valuable player* of match. Next day, Poland won another meeting with Iran (3–2\\) and MVP was chosen Michał Kubiak.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/poland\\-maintain\\-winning\\-record\\-with\\-3\\-2\\-over?id\\=52818 \\| title \\=Poland maintain winning record with 3–2 over Iran \\| date \\=6 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} On 12 June 2015 Poland lost first match with United States (3–2\\) after almost 3 hours meeting.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/anderson\\-and\\-troy\\-lead\\-usa\\-assault\\-for?id\\=53071 \\| title \\=Anderson and Troy lead USA assault for tie\\-break win \\| date \\=13 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} It was first lost match of Poland since 10 September 2014, when they lost with U.S. national team at World Championship. Next day, Poland also lost with American players (3–1\\). After spending one week in United States, Poland moved to Russian ground – [Kazan](/wiki/Kazan \"Kazan\"), where they won two matches against Russia (3–1\\) and (3–2\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\\-too\\-strong\\-for\\-russia?id\\=53300 \\| title \\=Poland too strong for Russia \\| date \\=19 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}}{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/kurek\\-leads\\-poland\\-to\\-3\\-2\\-over\\-russia?id\\=53343 \\| title \\=Kurek leads Poland to 3–2 over Russia \\| date \\=20 June 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Then they flew to [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\"). After a spectacular meeting, Poland lost first match on 26 June (3–2\\). Two days later, Polish national team beat Iran (3–1\\). Polish team spent three weeks in tour and they came back to Poland on last matches of intercontinental round with United States. On 3 July 2015 Poland beat [USA](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"United States men's national volleyball team\") in tie\\-break and achieved two points, which gave Polish team a qualification to final round of World League 2015 in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"). Next day, they lost match (1–3\\). Poland qualified for the Pool J with Serbia and Italy. On 17 July Poland won match over Italy (3–1\\) and qualified to semi\\-final.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/poland\\-debuts\\-in\\-world\\-league\\-finals\\-with?id\\=54996 \\| title \\=Poland debuts in World League Finals with a 3–1 victory over Italy \\| date \\=17 July 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Main leader in this important meeting was Michał Kubiak, who scored 19 pts. Next day, Serbia won over Poland (2–3\\), but Polish team gained 1 pt and took first place in Pool J. On 18 July, Poland lost semi\\-final with France (2–3\\). On 19 July Poland did not achieve bronze, because of lost with USA (0–3\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldleague.2015\\.fivb.com/en/news/usa\\-claim\\-bronze\\-medal\\-with\\-a\\-straight\\-sets?id\\=55055 \\| title \\=USA claim bronze medal with a straight\\-sets victory over Poland \\| date \\=19 July 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Polish team had problems with own errors. Poland took 4th place in edition of the World League 2015\\. Polish players achieved two individual awards – Michał Kubiak was one of the *Best outside spiker* and [Paweł Zatorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zatorski \"Paweł Zatorski\") was *Best libero*. In 2–9 August all players, whose were in final round in Rio de Janeiro went to training camp in [Arłamów](/wiki/Ar%C5%82am%C3%B3w \"Arłamów\") and two players joined to team ([Włodarczyk](/wiki/Wojciech_W%C5%82odarczyk \"Wojciech Włodarczyk\"), Kłos). Then the team without [Wrona](/wiki/Andrzej_Wrona \"Andrzej Wrona\") was training in Spała.",
"Polish national team is going to take part in [2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner](/wiki/2015_Memorial_of_Hubert_Jerzy_Wagner \"2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner\") in [Toruń](/wiki/Toru%C5%84 \"Toruń\"). First day, they beat Japan (3–0\\). In the following days Poland beat Iran (3–1\\) and France (3–2\\). Poland won 2015 Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner for sixth time and Polish players achieved five individual awards – *Best spiker* was [Dawid Konarski](/wiki/Dawid_Konarski \"Dawid Konarski\"), *Best server* was Mateusz Bieniek, *Best blocker* was Piotr Nowakowski, *Best libero* was Paweł Zatorski and *Most valuable player* was a captain Michał Kubiak.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://sport.onet.pl/siatkowka/reprezentacje/reprezentacja\\-polski\\-wygrala\\-xiii\\-memorial\\-huberta\\-jerzego\\-wagnera/x912vp \\| title \\=Reprezentacja Polski wygrała XIII Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera \\| date \\=24 August 2015 \\| website \\=onet.pl \\| author\\=Krzysztof Gaweł \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}}",
"Polish players started their visit in Japan from training camp in [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka \"Osaka\") and then they went to [Hammamatsu](/wiki/Hammamatsu \"Hammamatsu\"), where they are playing their first round matches. Poland started a journey at World Cup 2015 on 8 September, when they beat [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Tunisia men's national volleyball team\") (3–0\\). In following day, Polish players beat Russia (3–1\\) and in both matches Most Valuable Player of match was chosen Bartosz Kurek.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldcup.2015\\.men.fivb.com/en/news/kureks\\-heroics\\-lift\\-poland\\-to\\-3\\-1\\-win?id\\=57096 \\| title \\=Kurek's heroics lift Poland to 3–1 win over Russia \\| date \\=9 September 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} During third set of the meeting with Russia, Polish setter Grzegorz Łomacz twisted his ankle. On 10 September 2015 Poland contained their winning with Argentina (3–1\\) and MVP was Michał Kubiak. On 12 September, Polish team beat Iran (3–2\\) and best player on the court was chosen Mateusz Mika. On 13 September Poland played their last match in first round in Hamamatsu with [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Venezuela men's national volleyball team\") (3–1\\). MVP of match was Dawid Konarski, who scored 22 points. Poland won all five matches in first round of World Cup 2015, but lost one point in overall table. In second round Poland beat Canada (3–1\\), Egypt (3–0\\), and Australia (3–0\\). After eight victories without any defeat, Poland moved to Tokyo.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldcup.2015\\.men.fivb.com/en/news/im\\-happy\\-with\\-our\\-three\\-games\\-in?id\\=57522 \\| title \\=I'm happy with our three games in Toyama: Antiga \\| date \\=18 September 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} On 21 September 2015, two previously undefeated teams met in first match of third round. Poland beat United States (3–1\\) and Polish captain Michał Kubiak played his best match in World Cup. Then Poland won match with host team Japan, but they had problems with them in first set (3–1\\). Poland won 10 of 10 matches and the last day on 23 September met with Italy. They lost 3–1 and they did not achieve one point so Poland took 3rd place in tournament, which did not give Poland a qualification to [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\").{{cite web\\|url \\=http://worldcup.2015\\.men.fivb.com/en/news/impressive\\-italy\\-book\\-rio\\-2016\\-ticket?id\\=57731 \\| title \\=Impressive Italy book Rio 2016 ticket \\| date \\=23 September 2015 \\| website \\=fivb.org \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Poland won 10 of 11 matches, but because of points and ratio of set, achieved only bronze medal without Olympic qualification.",
"#### 2016",
"[thumb\\|Poland during the match of [World Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_qualification%23World_qualification_tournament \"Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification#World qualification tournament\") with Iran on 4 June 2016\\.](/wiki/File:Iran_VS_Poland.jpg \"Iran VS Poland.jpg\")",
"From 5 to 10 January 2016, Polish team took part in [2016 Summer Olympics – European qualification](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_European_qualification \"Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's European qualification\"). Poland was in Pool A, where they won two matches, with Serbia (3–1\\) and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Belgium men's national volleyball team\"), lost one with Germany (2–3\\). In semi\\-final Poland lost with France (0–3\\) and lost chance to qualify to Olympics.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=836\\&NewsID\\=22300\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=0\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=France beat Poland to set up all\\-star final with Olympic champions \\| date \\=9 January 2016 \\| website \\=cev.lu \\| publisher \\=CEV \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} On 10 January 2016 Poland won 3rd place match with Germany (3–2\\).{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.cev.lu/Competition\\-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?ID\\=836\\&NewsID\\=22304\\&TagType\\=0\\&TagContent\\=0\\&NewsType\\=0\\&Paging\\=0\\&Sd\\=1/1/1900\\&Ed\\=1/1/1900 \\| title \\=Second Olympic chance for world champions Poland after Germany thriller \\| date \\=10 January 2016 \\| website \\=cev.lu \\| publisher \\=CEV \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}} Poland was qualified to World Olympic Qualification Tournament and keep chance to gain qualification to [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\").",
"On 28 May 2016, Poland started the battle in [World Olympic Qualification Tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_qualification%23World_qualification_tournament \"Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification#World qualification tournament\"). After 5 victories in first 5 matches (with Canada 3–2, France 3–2, Japan 3–0, China 3–2, Venezuela 3–0 and Iran 1–3\\) Poland achieved qualification to 2016 Rio Summer Olympics on 2 June 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/poland\\-secure\\-rio\\-2016\\-spot\\-as\\-france?id\\=61605 \\| title \\=Poland secure Rio 2016 spot, as France and Iran gain ground \\| date \\=2 June 2016 \\| website \\=fivb.com \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}}",
"Poland beat 4 of 5 opponents in group stage at [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\") (lost only to Russia after tie break). They took second place in Group B and were qualified to quarterfinals. Due to the draw, Poland next met the USA. On 17 August 2016 Americans beat Polish players (0–3\\) and Poland took 5th place. This was their fourth Olympics with the same result in a row.{{cite web\\|url \\=http://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/usa\\-return\\-to\\-olympic\\-final\\-four\\-with?id\\=64462 \\| title \\=USA return to Olympic final four with 3–0 win over Poland \\| date \\=17 August 2016 \\| website \\=fivb.com \\| publisher \\=FIVB \\| access\\-date \\= 27 January 2018}}",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Main\|History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{for timeline\|Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Further\|Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
[thumb\|upright\=1\.4\|Palestinian [Arab\-Christian](/wiki/Arab_Christian "Arab Christian")\-owned newspaper [*Falastin*](/wiki/Falastin_%28newspaper%29 "Falastin (newspaper)"), 18 June 1936, caricatured [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism "Zionism") as a crocodile, protected by a British officer, telling Palestinian Arabs: "Don't be afraid! I will swallow you peacefully..."{{cite journal \|last1\=Sufian \|first1\=Sandy \|date\=1 January 2008 \|title\=Anatomy of the 1936–39 Revolt: Images of the Body in Political Cartoons of Mandatory Palestine \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/13805989 \|journal\=Journal of Palestine Studies \|publisher\=\[\[University of California Press]] \|volume\=37 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=23–42 \|doi\=10\.1525/jps.2008\.37\.2\.23 \|issn\=0377\-919X \|eissn\=1533\-8614 \|access\-date\=14 January 2008 \|jstor\=10\.1525/jps.2008\.37\.2\.23 \|s2cid\=154107901 \|archive\-date\=20 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620080011/https://www.academia.edu/13805989\|url\-status\=live}}](/wiki/File:A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png "A 1936 caricature published in the Falastin newspaper on Zionism and Palestine.png")
The Israeli–Palestinian conflict began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the development of political Zionism and the arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine.{{cite book \|first\=Nur \|last\=Masalha \|author\-link\=Nur Masalha \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=LgI1EAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|title\=The Palestine Nakba \|publisher\=\[\[Bloomsbury Publishing]] \|year\=2012 \|isbn\=978\-1\-84813\-972\-5 \|chapter\=1}} The modern political Zionist movement, with the goal of establishing a [Jewish state](/wiki/Jewish_state "Jewish state") in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 "Palestine (region)"), grew out of the last two decades of the 19th century, largely in response to [antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism") in Europe. While [Jewish colonization began during this period](/wiki/First_Aliyah "First Aliyah"), it was not until the arrival of more [ideologically Zionist immigrants in the decade preceding the First World War](/wiki/Second_Aliyah "Second Aliyah") that the landscape of Ottoman Palestine would start to significantly change.{{harvnb\|Pappé\|2022\|loc\=The Arrival of Zionism}} Land purchases, the eviction of tenant Arab peasants and armed confrontation with Jewish para\-military units would all contribute to the Palestinian population's growing fear of territorial displacement and dispossession. This fear would gradually be replaced by a broader sense of Palestinian national expression which included the rejection of the Zionist goal of turning the mostly Arab populated land into a Jewish homeland. From early on, the leadership of the Zionist movement had the idea of "transferring" (a euphemism for [ethnic cleansing](/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing "Ethnic cleansing")) the Arab Palestinian population out of the land for the purpose of establishing a Jewish demographic majority.{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=O\-uMJuYdDxwC\&pg\=PA \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-518158\-6 \|quote\=Probably the most appealing article in there commendation of the Commission was that about the 'forced transfer' of Arabs from the future Jewish state. To Ben\-Gurion this was an 'unparalleled achievement'. It was 'the best of all solutions', according to Berl Katznelson. 'A distant neighbour', he said, 'is better than a close enemy.' Transfer was such an ideal solution that 'it must happen someday', he concluded. A strategy of phases, admittedly always vague and anything but an articulate plan of action, could only prevail if a solution could be found to the demographic problem. 'Transfer' was the magic formula. The idea of transfer for the Arabs had a long pedigree in Zionist thought.}}{{cite book \|first\=Nur \|last\=Masalha \|author\-link\=Nur Masalha \|title\=The Palestine Nakba \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=px1jDgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2012 \|publisher\=\[\[Zed Books]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-84813\-973\-2 \|pages\=66 \|quote\=Thus the wishful and rather naive belief in Zionism's early years that the Palestinians could be 'spirited across the border', in Herzl's words, or that they would simply 'fold their tents and slip away', to use Zangwill's formulation, soon gave way to more realistic assessments. Between 1937 and 1948 extensive secret discussions of transfer were held in the Zionist movement's highest bodies, including the Zionist Agency Executive, the Twentieth Zionist Congress, the World Convention of Ihud Po'alei Tzion (the top forum of the dominant Zionist world labour movement), and various official and semi\-official transfer committees.}}{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020\|p\=348}}: "After reviewing Zionism and its consequences, I examined the onset of the Israeli\-Palestinian conflict during the 1917–47 period, and argued that because the Zionists wanted to ensure a large Jewish majority in the coming state of Israel, their leaders repeatedly discussed the means by which most of the Palestinians could be expelled or induced to flee; the euphemism they employed was "transfer." The scholarship on "transfer"—especially by Israeli historians—leaves no doubt about its importance in the thinking of every major Zionist leader before and after the creation of Israel."{{cite book \|first\=Simha \|last\=Flapan \|title\=Zionism and the Palestinians \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=cJRtAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=1979 \|publisher\=Croom Helm \|isbn\=978\-0\-06\-492104\-6 \|pages\=259 \|quote\=The concept of population transfer, as a facile solution to the twin problems of the Arab landless peasants and the creation of land reserves for Jewish settlement was for some time in the back of the minds of the 2ionist leadership. In fact, in private discussions with the British, the Zionist leadership put forward population transfer as a tentative suggestion but stopped short of formulating it into a proposal for action.}}{{cite book \|first\=Norman G. \|last\=Finkelstein \|author\-link\=Norman Finkelstein \|title\=Image and Reality of the Israel\-Palestine Conflict \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=55NKCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Verso Books]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-78478\-458\-4 \|chapter\='Born of War, Not By Design' \|quote\='The idea of transfer had accompanied the Zionist movement from its very beginnings', Tom Segev reports.}} According to the Israeli historian [Benny Morris](/wiki/Benny_Morris "Benny Morris") the idea of transfer was "inevitable and inbuilt into Zionism".{{harvnb\|Morris\|2004\|p\=60}} The Arab population felt this threat as early as the 1880s with the arrival of the first aliyah.
[Chaim Weizmann](/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann "Chaim Weizmann")'s efforts to build British support for the Zionist movement would eventually secure the [Balfour Declaration](/wiki/Balfour_Declaration "Balfour Declaration"), a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.{{Cite book \|first\=James \|last\=Gelvin \|author\-link\=James L. Gelvin \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wfIFVze1MqQC\&pg\=PA81 \|title\=The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|orig\-year\=2002 \|edition\=3 \|year\=2014 \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-85289\-0 \|access\-date\=9 November 2020 \|archive\-date\=9 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012922/https://books.google.com/books?id\=wfIFVze1MqQC\&pg\=PA81\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live}} Weizmann would take on a maximalist interpretation of the declaration, in which negotiations on the future of the country were to happen directly between Britain and the Jews, excluding Arab representation. At the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_%281919%E2%80%931920%29 "Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)"), he would later famously share his interpretation of the declaration in his announcement of the goal "\[t]o make Palestine as Jewish as England is English." Partially in response to the Zionist movement, a Palestinian national movement would develop more concretely in the interwar period. The years that followed would see Jewish\-Palestinian relations deteriorate dramatically.{{harvnb\|Shlaim\|2015\|loc\=Prologue: The Zionist Foundation}}
### 1920s
With the commitment to establishing a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine, the creation of the British Mandate in Palestine after the end of the first world war would allow for large\-scale Jewish immigration. This would be accompanied by the development of a separate Jewish controlled sector of the economy which was supported with large amounts of capital from abroad.{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2020\|loc\=Introduction}}: "Additionally, a separate Jewish\-controlled sector of the economy was created through the exclusion of Arab labor from Jewish\-owned firms under the slogan of "Avoda ivrit," Hebrew labor, and the injection of truly massive amounts of capital from abroad." The more ardent Zionist ideologues of the [Second Aliyah](/wiki/Second_Aliyah "Second Aliyah") would become the leaders of the [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv "Yishuv") starting in the 1920s and believed in the separation of Jewish and Arab economies and societies. During this period, the exclusionary nationalist ethos would grow to overpower the socialist ideals that the Second Aliyah had arrived with.
Amin al\-Husseini, the leader of the Palestinian Arab national movement, immediately marked [Jewish national movement](/wiki/Zionism "Zionism") and [Jewish immigration to Palestine](/wiki/Aliyah "Aliyah") as the sole enemy to his cause,{{harvnb\|Sela\|2002\|p\=361\|loc\="al\-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin"}}
> He \[Husseini] incited and headed anti\-Jewish riots in April 1920\. ... He promoted the Muslim character of Jerusalem and ... injected a religious character into the struggle against [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism "Zionism"). This was the backdrop to his agitation concerning Jewish rights at the Western (Wailing) Wall that led to the bloody riots of August 1929\...\[H]e was the chief organizer of the riots of 1936 and the rebellion from 1937, as well as of the mounting internal terror against Arab opponents.
initiating large\-scale riots against the Jews as early as 1920 [in Jerusalem](/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots "1920 Nebi Musa riots") and in 1921 [in Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa_riots "Jaffa riots"). Among the results of the violence was the establishment of the Jewish paramilitary force [Haganah](/wiki/Haganah "Haganah"). In 1929, a series of violent [riots](/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots "1929 Palestine riots") resulted in the deaths of 133 Jews and 116 Arabs, with significant Jewish casualties in [Hebron](/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre "1929 Hebron massacre") and [Safed](/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots%23Safed_massacre%2C_29_August "1929 Palestine riots#Safed massacre, 29 August"), and the evacuation of Jews from Hebron and Gaza.{{harvnb\|Sela\|2002\|loc\="Arab\-Israel Conflict"\|pp\=58–121}}
### 1936–1939 Arab revolt
{{Main\|1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine}}
[right\|thumb\|The [Arab revolt of 1936–1939](/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine") in Palestine, motivated by opposition to mass [Jewish immigration](/wiki/Aliyah "Aliyah") allowed by the British Mandate.](/wiki/File:Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png "Resistance of Palestinian men and women.png")
In the early 1930s, the Arab national struggle in Palestine had drawn many Arab nationalist militants from across the Middle East, such as [Sheikh Izaddin al\-Qassam](/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam "Izz ad-Din al-Qassam") from Syria, who established the Black Hand militant group and had prepared the grounds for the [1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine](/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine"). Following the death of al\-Qassam at the hands of the British in late 1935, tensions erupted in 1936 into the Arab general strike and general boycott. The strike soon deteriorated into violence, and the Arab revolt was bloodily repressed by the British assisted by the British armed forces of the [Jewish Settlement Police](/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police "Jewish Settlement Police"), the [Jewish Supernumerary Police](/wiki/Jewish_Supernumerary_Police "Jewish Supernumerary Police"), and [Special Night Squads](/wiki/Special_Night_Squads "Special Night Squads").{{cite web \|date\=December 2001 \|title\=History of the Israeli\-Palestinian Conflict \|url\=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pdf/promiese/promises\-timeline.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202230446/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pdf/promiese/promises\-timeline.pdf \|archive\-date\=2 December 2012 \|access\-date\=14 March 2013 \|publisher\=PBS}} The suppression of the revolt would leave at least 10% of the adult male population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled.{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2020\|loc\=Chapter 1}}: "Of all the services Britain provided to the Zionist movement before 1939, perhaps the most valuable was the armed suppression of Palestinian resistance in the form of the revolt. The bloody war waged against the country's majority, which left 10 percent of the adult male Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned, or exiled,55 was the best illustration of the unvarnished truths uttered by Jabotinsky about the necessity of the use of force for the Zionist project to succeed. To quash the uprising, the British Empire brought in two additional divisions of troops, squadrons of bombers, and all the paraphernalia of repression that it had perfected over many decades of colonial wars." In the first wave of organized violence, lasting until early 1937, most of the Arab groups were defeated by the British, and forced expulsion of much of the Arab leadership ensued. With much of the leadership in exile and the economy severely weakened, the Palestinians would struggle to confront the Zionist movement which was growing in strength, with the support of the British.{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2020\|loc\=Chapter 1}}: "IN SPITE OF the sacrifices made—which can be gauged from the very large numbers of Palestinians who were killed, wounded, jailed, or exiled—and the revolt's momentary success, the consequences for the Palestinians were almost entirely negative. The savage British repression, the death and exile of so many leaders, and the conflict within their ranks left the Palestinians divided, without direction, and with their economy debilitated by the time the revolt was crushed in the summer of 1939\. This put the Palestinians in a very weak position to confront the now invigorated Zionist movement, which had gone from strength to strength during the revolt, obtaining lavish amounts of arms and extensive training from the British to help them suppress the uprising."
The cost and risks associated with the revolt and the ongoing [inter\-communal conflict](/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine "Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine") led to a shift in British policies in the region and the appointment of the [Peel Commission](/wiki/Peel_Commission "Peel Commission") which recommended the partitioning of Palestine.{{cn\|date\=July 2024}} The two main Zionist leaders, [Chaim Weizmann](/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann "Chaim Weizmann") and [David Ben\-Gurion](/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion "David Ben-Gurion"), accepted the recommendations on the basis that it would allow for further expansion, but some secondary Zionist leaders disapproved of it.{{cite book \|last\=Louis \|first\=William Roger \|title\=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=\[\[I. B. Tauris]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-84511\-347\-6 \|page\=391}}{{cite book \|last\=Morris \|first\=Benny \|author\-link\=Benny Morris \|title\=One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict \|year\=2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Yale University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-15604\-1 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6RelhRR\-9RUC \|page\=66 \|access\-date\=27 September 2020 \|archive\-date\=9 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012923/https://books.google.com/books?id\=6RelhRR\-9RUC \|url\-status\=live}}{{harvnb\|Morris\|2004\|p\=48}} The subsequent publication of the [White Paper of 1939](/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939 "White Paper of 1939"), which sought to limit Jewish immigration to the region, was the breaking point in relations between British authorities and the Zionist movement.{{harvnb\|Shlaim\|2015\|loc\=Prologue: The Zionist Foundation}}: "A white paper of 17 May 1939 abruptly reversed British support for Zionism and for a Jewish state."
### 1940s
[thumb\|[Haganah](/wiki/Haganah "Haganah") ship *Jewish State* carrying illegal Jewish immigrants from Europe at the [Haifa Port](/wiki/Port_of_Haifa "Port of Haifa"), [Mandatory Palestine](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine "Mandatory Palestine"), 1947](/wiki/File:Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg "Hagana Ship - Jewish State at Haifa Port (1947).jpg")
The renewed violence, which continued sporadically until the beginning of World War II, ended with around 5,000 causualties on the Arab side and 700 combined on the British and Jewish side total.{{cite journal \|title\=The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39 \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Matthew \|journal\=\[\[English Historical Review]] \|year\=2009a \|volume\=CXXIV \|issue\=507 \|pages\=314–354 \|doi\=10\.1093/ehr/cep002 \|url\=http://v\-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7251/4/The%20banality%20of%20brutality.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163210/http://v\-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7251/4/The%20banality%20of%20brutality.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=21 February 2016\|issn\=0013\-8266}}{{cite book \|title\=A Survey of Palestine \|date\=1946 \|publisher\=Government of Palestine \|location\=Jerusalem \|pages\=38–49 \|url\=https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/a\_su/A%20SURVEY%20OF%20PALESTINE%20DEC%201945\-JAN%201946%20VOL%20I.pdf}}{{cite book \|last\=Levenberg \|first\=Haim \|year\=1993 \|title\=Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948 \|location\=London \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-7146\-3439\-5}} With the eruption of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the situation in Mandatory Palestine calmed down. It allowed a shift towards a more moderate stance among Palestinian Arabs under the leadership of the Nashashibi clan and even the establishment of the Jewish–Arab [Palestine Regiment](/wiki/Palestine_Regiment "Palestine Regiment") under British command, fighting Germans in North Africa. The more radical exiled faction of al\-Husseini, however, tended to cooperate with Nazi Germany, and participated in the establishment of a pro\-Nazi propaganda machine throughout the Arab world. The defeat of Arab nationalists in Iraq and subsequent relocation of al\-Husseini to Nazi\-occupied Europe tied his hands regarding field operations in Palestine, though he regularly demanded that the Italians and the Germans [bomb Tel Aviv](/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II "Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II"). By the end of World War II, a crisis over the fate of [Holocaust survivors](/wiki/Holocaust_survivors "Holocaust survivors") from Europe led to renewed tensions between the [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv "Yishuv") and Mandate authorities. Increased illegal immigration from Jewish refugees, along with a [paramilitary campaign of resistance against British authorities by Zionist militias](/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine "Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine"), would effectively overturn the White Paper and eventually lead to the withdrawal of the British.
### 1947 United Nations partition plan
{{Main\|United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine}}
On 29 November 1947, the [General Assembly of the United Nations](/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations "General Assembly of the United Nations") adopted [Resolution 181(II)](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine"){{cite web \|title\=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 \|publisher\=United Nations \|url\=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 \|access\-date\=28 May 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 \|archive\-date\=24 May 2012}} recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem.Baum, Noa. ["Historical Time Line for Israel/Palestine."](http://www.umass.edu/jewish/programs/land_05/timeline/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219033249/http://www.umass.edu/jewish/programs/land\_05/timeline/ \|date\=19 December 2013 }} UMass Amherst. 5 April 2005\. 14 March 2013\. Palestinian Arabs were opposed to the partition.
{{harvnb\|Morris\|2008\|pp\=63–64\|ps\=, "The Zionists and their supporters rejoiced; the Arab delegations walked out of the plenum after declaring the resolution invalid. The Arabs failed to understand why the international community was awarding the Jews any part of Palestine. Further, as one Palestinian historian later put it, they could not fathom why 37 percent of the population had been given 55 percent of the land (of which they owned only 7 percent). Moreover, the Jews had been given the best agricultural lands (the Coastal Plain and Jezreel and Jordan Valleys) while the Arabs had received the 'bare and hilly' parts, as one Palestinian politician, 'Awni 'Abd al\-Hadi, told a Zionist agent.162 More generally, 'the Palestinians failed to see why they should be made to pay for the Holocaust. . . . \[And] they failed to see why it was ''not'' fair for the Jews to be a minority in a unitary Palestinian state, while it ''was'' fair for almost half of the Palestinian population—the indigenous majority on its own ancestral soil—to be converted overnight into a minority under alien rule.'"}} Zionists accepted the partition but planned to expand Israel's borders beyond what was allocated to it by the UN.
{{harvnb\|Morris\|2008\|p\=101\|ps\=, "... mainstream Zionist leaders, from the first, began to think of expanding the Jewish state beyond the 29 November partition resolution borders."}} On the next day, Palestine was swept by violence. For four months, under continuous Arab provocation and attack, the Yishuv was usually on the defensive while occasionally retaliating.{{harvnb\|Morris\|2008\|p\=79}} The [Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League "Arab League") supported the Arab struggle by forming the volunteer\-based [Arab Liberation Army](/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army "Arab Liberation Army"), supporting the Palestinian Arab [Army of the Holy War](/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War "Army of the Holy War"), under the leadership of [Abd al\-Qadir al\-Husayni](/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni "Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni") and [Hasan Salama](/wiki/Hasan_Salama "Hasan Salama"). On the Jewish side, the civil war was managed by the major underground militias – the [Haganah](/wiki/Haganah "Haganah"), [Irgun](/wiki/Irgun "Irgun") and [Lehi](/wiki/Lehi_%28group%29 "Lehi (group)") – strengthened by numerous Jewish veterans of World War II and foreign volunteers. By spring 1948, it was already clear that the Arab forces were nearing a total collapse, while Yishuv forces gained more and more territory, creating a large scale [refugee problem](/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus "1948 Palestinian exodus") of Palestinian Arabs.
### 1948 Arab–Israeli War
{{Main\|1948 Arab–Israeli War}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\=0\.75\|Land in the lighter shade represents territory within the [borders of Israel at the conclusion of the 1948 war](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Israel%29 "Green Line (Israel)"). This land is internationally recognized as belonging to Israel.](/wiki/File:Cia-is-map2.png "Cia-is-map2.png")
Following the [Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel "Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel") on 14 May 1948, the Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, marching their forces into former British Palestine, beginning the main phase of the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War "1948 Arab–Israeli War"). The overall fighting, leading to around 15,000 casualties, resulted in cease\-fire and armistice agreements of 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan occupying and later annexing the [West Bank](/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank "Jordanian annexation of the West Bank") and Egypt taking over the Gaza Strip, where the [All\-Palestine Government](/wiki/All-Palestine_Government "All-Palestine Government") was declared by the Arab League on 22 September 1948\.
### 1956 Suez Crisis
{{Main\|Suez Crisis}}
Through the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported the [Palestinian Fedayeen](/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen "Palestinian Fedayeen") militants' cross\-border attacks into Israel, while Israel carried out [its own reprisal operations](/wiki/Reprisal_operations "Reprisal operations") in the host countries. The 1956 [Suez Crisis](/wiki/Suez_Crisis "Suez Crisis") resulted in a short\-term Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and exile of the [All\-Palestine Government](/wiki/All-Palestine_Government "All-Palestine Government"), which was later restored with Israeli withdrawal. The All\-Palestine Government was completely abandoned by Egypt in 1959 and was officially merged into the [United Arab Republic](/wiki/United_Arab_Republic "United Arab Republic"), to the detriment of the Palestinian national movement. [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Egyptian_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip "Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip") then was put under the authority of the Egyptian military administrator, making it a de facto military occupation. In 1964, however, a new organization, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), was established by Yasser Arafat. It immediately won the support of most Arab League governments and was granted a seat in the [Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League "Arab League").
### 1967 Six\-Day War
{{Main\|Six\-Day War}}
[thumb\|upright\|During the Six\-Day War in 1967, Israel captured the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank"), the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"), the [Golan Heights](/wiki/Golan_Heights "Golan Heights") and the [Sinai Peninsula](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula "Sinai Peninsula"). Each of these territories except the Sinai remain under [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories "Israeli-occupied territories").](/wiki/File:6DayWarEnglish.png "6DayWarEnglish.png")
In the [1967 Arab\-Israel War](/wiki/Six_day_war "Six day war"), Israel occupied the Palestinian West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Egyptian Sinai, Syrian Golan Heights, and two islands in the [Gulf of Aqaba](/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba "Gulf of Aqaba"). By the mid\-1970s, the international community had converged on a framework to resolve the conflict. This included Israel's full withdrawal from the occupied territories in exchange for recognition by the Palestinians and other Arab nations, and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza and a "just resolution" of the Palestinian refugee question. These principles, known as "land for peace" and Palestinian self\-determination through a two\-state settlement, were endorsed by the International Court of Justice, the United Nations, and international human rights organizations.{{cite book \|first\=Colter \|last\=Louwerse \|editor\-last\=Stern\-Weiner \|editor\-first\=Jamie \|title\=Deluge \|publisher\=OR Books \|date\=2024\-04\-16 \|isbn\=978\-1\-68219\-619\-9 \|quote\=During the June 1967 Arab\-Israel War, Israel came into military occupation of the Palestinian West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip. (Israel also occupied the Egyptian Sinai, Syrian Golan Heights, and two islands in the Gulf of Aqaba.) Already by the mid\-1970s, the international community converged on a framework for resolving the festering conflict. This framework comprised two elements rooted in fundamental principles of international law. The first called for Israel's full withdrawal from the occupied Palestinian and other Arab territories in exchange for Palestinian\-Arab recognition of Israel. The second called for establishing an independent State of Palestine on the Palestinian territories from which Israel would withdraw, i.e., the West Bank and Gaza, as well as a "just resolution" of the Palestinian refugee question.10 Land for peace and Palestinian self\-determination secured through a two\-state settlement: these principles for a reasonable if imperfect resolution of the Israel\-Palestine conflict were eventually endorsed by an overwhelming consensus at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), in the political organs of the United Nations (UN), and of respected human rights organizations.}}
The June 1967 war exerted a significant effect upon Palestinian nationalism, as Israel gained military control of the West Bank from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt. Consequently, the PLO was unable to establish any control on the ground and established its headquarters in Jordan, home to hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, and supported the Jordanian army during the [War of Attrition](/wiki/War_of_Attrition "War of Attrition"), which included the [Battle of Karameh](/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh "Battle of Karameh"). However, the Palestinian base in Jordan collapsed with the [Jordanian–Palestinian civil war](/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan "Black September in Jordan") in 1970\. The PLO defeat by the Jordanians caused most of the Palestinian militants to relocate to South Lebanon, where they soon took over large areas, creating the so\-called "Fatahland".
### 1973 Yom Kippur War
{{Main\|Yom Kippur War}}
On October 6, 1973, a coalition of Arab forces consisting of mainly Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur. Egyptian and Syria had crossed over the ceasefire lines that were agreed upon prior to 1973\. Egypt had in particular tried to reoccupy much of the area surrounding the Suez Canal, whilst the frontline with Syria was mainly situated around the north in the Golan Heights. The war concluded with an Israeli victory, with both sides suffering tremendous casualties.
Following the end of the war, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 338, which confirmed the land\-for\-peace principle established in Resolution 242, initiating the Middle East peace process. The Arab defeat would play an important role in the PLO's willingness to pursue a negotiated settlement to the conflict.{{cite book \|first\=Noura \|last\=Erakat \|title\=Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Justice\_for\_Some\&pg\=PA \|publisher\=\[\[Stanford University Press]] \|date\=2019 \|isbn\=978\-1\-5036\-0883\-2 \|quote\=The 1973 War demonstrated that Arabs could work together when needed and that Israel was not as invincible as it had believed. The war left its scars on Israel, which suffered over 2,500 dead, US$4 billion in direct monetary losses, and deflated confidence. Although the Arabs technically lost the war, they won psychologically and diplomatically as the world once again focused on the ongoing conflict.156 In 1973, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 338, affirming the land\-for\-peace framework enshrined in Resolution 242 and setting into motion what was to become known as the Middle East peace process. Palestinian control of the PLO and the rise of guerilla warfare, together with the shift ushered in by the 1973 War, would lay the groundwork for the PLO's political agenda and aggressive legal strategy throughout the decade that followed.}}{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020\|p\=216}}: "The disastrous defeat of the Arab states in the 1973 war also played a major role in convincing Arafat of the need for a compromise peace settlement. Arafat's decision to start peace negotiations with Israel led to the June 1974 PLO agreement to adopt a new strategy that called for a struggle for "every part of Palestine that is liberated" (emphasis added). Anziska writes that this constituted "an acceptance of a political solution on a limited piece of territory," the first step, however vague, that opened the door for a Palestinian acceptance of a two\-state solution... In a recent major work, historian Seth Anziska writes that the 1973 war "launched a new phase in the PLO's struggle, oriented toward partition and the acknowledgment of Israel's presence. In the aftermath of the October War, the PLO sought a place within the comprehensive diplomatic negotiations, which required political compromise and the eventual embrace of a state on far less territory than historic Palestine" (Anziska, Preventing Palestine, Kindle 25\). Similarly, Bird writes: "By mid\-1974 the PLO was rapidly moving away from a strategy of armed struggle and morphing into a political movement seeking international legitimacy" based on a two\-state solution (Bird, The Good Spy, Kindle location 2560–75\). For similar assessments of the importance of the 1974 PLO program, see Hart, Arafat, 10–11; Weinberger, "The Palestinian National Security Debate"; Nofal, "Yasir Arafat: A Mixed Legacy"; Tessler, A History of the Israeli\-Palestinian Conflict, Kindle 483–84; and Elgindy, Blind Spot, Kindle 88\." Additionally, many Israelis began to believe that the area under Israeli occupation could not be held indefinitely by force.{{harvnb\|Morris\|1999\|loc\=The Politics of War and Afterffects}}: "On the other hand, the war had given Israel a stinging slap in the face. The 1948, 1956, and 1967 wars had conditioned them to stunning victories over the Arabs and to Arab military (and political) incompetence; 1973 proved to be something else altogether. Many Israelis were now persuaded that the territories could not be held indefinitely by force and that continued occupation would necessarily lead to further bouts of painful warfare. At last, and for the first time since June 1967, most people were willing to contemplate giving up large chunks of land for peace."{{harvnb\|Pappé\|2022\|pp\=287}}: "The 1973 war was a traumatic event that promoted the disintegration of Israeli politics and culture. The myth of Israeli invincibility was shattered, and while some saw this as a good reason to become more insistent in the search for peace, others turned to God, toughening their positions on peace and territorial compromise. What added to the confusion and the erosion of self\-confidence was the high number of deaths, about 3,000, compared with the few hundred in the 1967 war. A general sense of grief fell on the country and affected the government's prestige."
The Camp David Accords, agreed upon by Israel and Egypt in 1978, primarily aimed to establish a peace treaty between the two countries. The accords also proposed the creation of a "Self\-Governing Authority" for the Arab population in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, excluding Jerusalem. While it promised "full autonomy for the inhabitants," the land was to remain under Israeli control. A peace treaty based on these accords was signed in 1979, leading to Israel's withdrawal from the occupied Egyptian Sinai Peninsula by 1982\. However, the specifics of the Palestinian\-autonomy accords were disputed among the signatories and other Arab groups, and were never implemented.{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2013\|loc\=The First Moment: Begin and Palestinian Autonomy in 1982}}: "In addition to their central provision, for a peace treaty between the two countries, the Camp David Accords, agreed upon by Israel and Egypt under the aegis of the United States in 1978, called for negotiations for the establishment of a "Self\-Governing Authority" (SGA) for the Arab population of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Jerusalem was to be excluded from its provisions. The accords stipulated "full autonomy for the inhabitants," but crucially, this did not apply to the land, which was to remain under full Israeli control. A bilateral peace treaty based on these accords was signed between Israel and Egypt in 1979, and Israel thereafter began a withdrawal of its forces from the occupied Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, which was completed in the spring of 1982\. However, the modalities of the Palestinian\-autonomy accords were a continuing source of dispute between the three signatories to the Camp David Accords, as well as with the Palestinians and other Arabs, and in the end they were never implemented."{{harvnb\|Shlaim\|2015\|loc\=The Camp David Accords}}: "The Camp David Accords were signed in an impressive ceremony in the White House on 17 September 1978\. The two accords were entitled "A Framework for Peace in the Middle East" and "A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt." The former stated in its preamble, "The agreed basis for a peaceful settlement of the conflict between Israel and its neighbours is UN Security Council Resolution 242 in all its parts." The framework dealt with the West Bank and Gaza and envisaged nothing less than "the resolution of the Palestinian problem in all its aspects." Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and the representatives of the Palestinian people were to participate in the negotiations, which were to proceed in three stages. In the first, the ground rules would be laid for electing a "self\-governing authority" for the territories, and the powers of this authority would be defined. In the second stage, once the self\-governing authority had been established, a transitional period would begin. Israel's military government and its civilian administration would be withdrawn; Israel's armed forces would also be withdrawn and the remaining forces redeployed into specified security locations. In the third stage, not later than the third year after the beginning of the transitional period, negotiations would take place to determine the final status of the West Bank and Gaza. These negotiations had to recognize "the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and their just requirements."
### 1982 Lebanon War
{{Main\|1982 Lebanon War}}
[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon](/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon "Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon") peaked in the early 1970s, as Lebanon was used as a base to launch attacks on northern Israel and airplane hijacking campaigns worldwide, which drew Israeli retaliation. During the [Lebanese Civil War](/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War "Lebanese Civil War"), Palestinian militants continued to launch attacks against Israel while also battling opponents within Lebanon. In 1978, the [Coastal Road massacre](/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre "Coastal Road massacre") led to the Israeli full\-scale invasion known as [Operation Litani](/wiki/Operation_Litani "Operation Litani"). This operation sought to dislodge the PLO from Lebanon while expanding the area under the control of the Israeli allied Christian militias in southern Lebanon. The operation succeeded in leaving a large portion of the south in control of the Israeli proxy which would eventually form the [South Lebanon Army](/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army "South Lebanon Army"). Under United States pressure, Israeli forces would eventually withdraw from Lebanon.{{harvnb\|Morris\|1999\|loc\=The Lebanon War}}: "The aim of "Operation Litani" was to kill as many guerrillas as possible and to destroy the military infrastructure—camps, munitions dumps, artillery pieces. A secondary aim was to expand, and create continuity between, the existing Christian\-held enclaves on the Lebanese side of the border. By March 21, the IDF had taken all of the area south of the Litani (except for Tyre and its environs).{{cite book \|first\=Baruch \|last\=Kimmerling \|title\=Politicide \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TE8oCW2J2F4C\&pg\=PA \|year\=2003 \|publisher\=\[\[Verso Books]] \|isbn\= 978\-1\-85984\-517\-2\|quote\=The collaboration was solidified and made public during Begin's first term. Begin was impressed by the pleas and the aristocratic manner of the Maronite leaders and several times declared "Israel will not allow genocide \[of the Maronites] in Lebanon." In March 1978, Israeli forces temporarily occupied southern Lebanon, in an attempt to neutralize Palestinian guerilla groups and enlarge the territory controlled by Major Haddad, in an undertaking called Operation Litani (the river that more or less marked the boundary of the Israeli influence).}}{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2020\|loc\=The Third Declaration of War}}: "Nevertheless, after all this and despite an Israeli incursion in 1978—the Litani Operation—which left a swath of south Lebanon under the control of its proxy, the South Lebanese Army, the PLO was still standing. Indeed, it remained the strongest force in large parts of Lebanon, those that were not in the hands of foreign armies or their proxies, including West Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon, the Shouf Mountains, and much of the south. It would take one more military campaign to dislodge the PLO, and in 1982, American Secretary of State General Alexander Haig agreed to Ariel Sharon's plans for Israel to finish off the organization and with it Palestinian nationalism."{{harvnb\|Cleveland\|Bunton\|2010}}: "This was that belt the Israeli government wished to destroy. Its first concerted effort to do so occurred in 1978, when 25,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon as far north as the Litani River. The operation failed to dislodge the PLO from its strongholds, although it did cause large\-scale demographic disruptions in southern Lebanon as thousands of villagers, mainly Shi'as, fled their homelands for the area of Beirut. Pressure from the United States and the UN eventually compelled Israel to withdraw its troops."
In 1982, Israel, having secured its southern border with Egypt, sought to resolve the Palestinian issue by attempting to dismantle the military and political power of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Lebanon.{{cite book \|first\=Albert Habib \|last\=Hourani \|title\=A history of the Arab peoples \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=egbOb0mewz4C\&pg\=PA \|year\=2002 \|publisher\=Belknap Press of \[\[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-674\-05819\-4 \|quote\=In 1982 the situation acquired a more dangerous dimension. The nationalist government in Israel, having secured its southern frontier by the peace treaty with Egypt, now tried to impose its own solution of the problem of the Palestinians. This involved an attempt to destroy both the military and the political power of the PLO in Lebanon, to install a friendly regime there, and then, freed from effective Palestinian resistance, to pursue its policy of settlement and annexation of occupied Palestine. With some degree of acquiescence from the USA, Israel invaded Lebanon in June 1982\. The invasion culminated in a long siege of the western part of Beirut, mainly inhabited by Muslims and dominated by the PLO. The siege ended with an agreement, negotiated through the US government, by which the PLO would evacuate west Beirut, with guarantees for the safety of Palestinian civilians given by the Lebanese and US governments. At the same time, a presidential election resulted in the military head of the Kata'ib, Bashir Jumayyil, becoming president; he was assassinated soon afterwards and his brother Amin was then elected. The assassination was taken by Israel as an opportunity to occupy west Beirut, and this allowed the Kata'ib to carry out a massacre of Palestinians on a large scale in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila.}} The goal was to establish a friendly regime in Lebanon and continue its policy of settlement and annexation in occupied Palestine.{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=O\-uMJuYdDxwC\&pg\=PA \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-518158\-6 \|quote\=Destroying the PLO's infrastructure in Lebanon as well as dismantling the last remaining Palestinian springboard in an Arab country for the military struggle against Israel, was the immediate operational objective of the war. But the architects of the invasion had far wider ambitions. They believed that the defeat of the Palestinians in Lebanon would trigger a mass exodus of Palestinians to the East Bank of the River Jordan, which in turn would bring about the collapse of the Hashemite dynasty and the Palestinisation of the kingdom in a way that would allow Israel a free hand to assert her rule in Judaea and Samaria. Israel also believed that her victory in Lebanon would create a new political order in that country with an undisputed Christian hegemony.}}{{harvnb\|Shlaim\|2015\|loc\=The Lebanese Quagmire 1981\-1984}}: "The real driving force behind Israel's invasion of Lebanon, however, was Ariel Sharon, whose aims were much more ambitious and far\-reaching. From his first day at the Defense Ministry, Sharon started planning the invasion of Lebanon. He developed what came to be known as the "big plan" for using Israel's military power to establish political hegemony in the Middle East. The first aim of Sharon's plan was to destroy the PLO's military infrastructure in Lebanon and to undermine it as a political organization. The second aim was to establish a new political order in Lebanon by helping Israel's Maronite friends, headed by Bashir Gemayel, to form a government that would proceed to sign a peace treaty with Israel. For this to be possible, it was necessary, third, to expel the Syrian forces from Lebanon or at least to weaken seriously the Syrian presence there. In Sharon's big plan, the war in Lebanon was intended to transform the situation not only in Lebanon but in the whole Middle East. The destruction of the PLO would break the backbone of Palestinian nationalism and facilitate the absorption of the West Bank into Greater Israel. The resulting influx of Palestinians from Lebanon and the West Bank into Jordan would eventually sweep away the Hashemite monarchy and transform the East Bank into a Palestinian state. Sharon reasoned that Jordan's conversion into a Palestinian state would end international pressures on Israel to withdraw from the West Bank. Begin was not privy to all aspects of Sharon's ambitious geopolitical scenario, but the two men were united by their desire to act against the PLO in Lebanon."{{harvnb\|Morris\|1999}}: "On September 1 an IDF helicopter flew Gemayel to Nahariya, in northern Israel, where he met Begin, who had just been informed of the "Reagan Plan," the new American initiative for Israeli withdrawal from most of the occupied territories in exchange for Arab recognition and peace. By invading Lebanon, Begin had hoped to neutralize Palestinian nationalism and facilitate Israeli annexation, at least de facto, of the West Bank. But the invasion had brought home to the Americans the plight of the Palestinians and the imperative of resolving their problem, with Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank among the necessary preconditions. The Reagan initiative ruled out a final settlement that would involve either Israeli annexation of the territories or full\-fledged Palestinian statehood." The PLO had observed the latest ceasefire with Israel and shown a preference for negotiations over military operations. As a result, Israel sought to remove the PLO as a potential negotiating partner.{{cite book \|first\=Noam \|last\=Chomsky \|author\-link\=Noam Chomsky \|title\=Fateful Triangle \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aHphMCIkhK0C\&pg\=PA \|year\=1999 \|publisher\=\[\[Pluto Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-89608\-601\-2 \|quote\=was that "Operation Peace for Galilee"—the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982—was undertaken to protect the civilian population from Palestinian gunners, and that "the rocket and shelling attacks on Israel's northern border" were ended by the operation, though "If rockets again rain down on Israel's northern border after all that has been expended on Lebanon, the Israeli public will be outraged.19 This cannot be correct, given the history which is not challenged (even if unreported, for the most part). When it came to be recognized that the rockets still "rain down," the story was modified: "Israel's two military forays into Lebanon \[1978, 1982] were military disasters that failed to provide long\-term security for Israel's northern border."20 Security had indeed been at risk, as a result of Israel's unprovoked attacks from 1981, and to a large extent before. The phrase "military disaster" does not refer to the killing of some 20,000 Lebanese and Palestinians in 1982, overwhelmingly civilians, the destruction of much of southern Lebanon and the capital city of Beirut, or the terrible atrocities carried out by Israeli troops through the mid\-1980s; rather, to Israel's failure to impose the "new order" it had proclaimed for Lebanon and its inability to maintain its occupation in full because of the casualties caused by unanticipated resistance ("terror"), forcing it back to its "security zone." The actual reasons for the 1982 invasion have never been concealed in Israel, though they are rated "X" here.21 A few weeks after the invasion began, Israel's leading academic specialist on the Palestinians, Yehoshua Porath, pointed out that the decision to invade "flowed from the very fact that the cease\-fire had been observed" by the PLO, a "veritable catastrophe" for the Israeli government because it endangered the policy of evading a political settlement. The PLO was gaining respectability thanks to its preference for negotiations over terror. The Israeli government's hope, therefore, was to compel "the stricken PLO" to "return to its earlier terrorism," thus "undercutting the danger" of negotiations. As Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir later stated, Israel went to war because there was "a terrible danger... Not so much a military one as a political one." The invasion was intended to "undermine the position of the moderates within \[the PLO] ranks" and thus to block "the PLO 'peace offensive"' and "to halt \[the PLO's] rise to political respectability" (strategic analyst Avner Yaniv); it should be called "the war to safeguard the occupation of the West Bank," having been motivated by Begin's "fear of the momentum of the peace process," according to Israeli Arabist and former head of military intelligence General Yehoshaphat Harkabi. U.S. backing for Israel's aggression, including the vetoing of Security Council efforts to stop the slaughter, was presumably based on the same reasoning. After its failure to impose the intended "New Order" in Lebanon in 1982, Israel attempted to hold on to as much of Lebanon as possible, though it was forced to withdraw to its "security zone" as resistance caused too many Israeli casualties. Meanwhile Israel conducted violent terror operations, notably the "iron fist" operations of 1985 under the direction of Prime Minister Shimon Peres. These went on through the 1980s.2}}{{cite book \|first\=John B. \|last\=Quigley \|title\=The Case for Palestine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VaUvqHNd6m0C\&pg\=PA \|year\=2005 \|publisher\=\[\[Duke University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-8223\-3539\-9 \|quote\=As a result, the PLO did not attack Israel from mid\-I98r to mid\-I982\.16 But in June 1982 Israel again invaded Lebanon, and it used aerial bombardment to destroy entire camps of Palestine Arab refugees.17 By these means Israel killed 20,000 persons, mostly civilians,18 and while it occupied southern Lebanon it incarcerated 15,000 persons, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross. The IDF continued north to Beirut, where it forced the PLO out of Lebanon. Israel claimed self\-defense for its invasion, but the lack of PLO attacks into Israel during the previous year made that claim dubious. By invading Lebanon, Israel evidently sought to destroy the extensive Palestinian military and administrative infrastructure in Lebanon19 and, by removing the PLO, to convince the Arabs of the Gaza Strip and West Bank that they would get no help from the PLO.20 In the United States Harold Saunders, a former assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern and South Asian affairs, said that Israel aimed,}}{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020\|p\=354}}: "For just that reason, though, Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Defense Minister Ariel Sharon worried that the growing PLO moderation would increase the pressure on Israel to accept the creation of a Palestinian state. To prevent that, in 1982 they seized upon a pretext to again invade Lebanon and attack the PLO, this time on a far larger scale than in previous conflicts. The attacks resulted in tens of thousands of Lebanese civilian casualties; however, the PLO forces in southern Lebanon, still led by Arafat, who escaped Israeli efforts to kill him, were soon reconstituted." Most Palestinian militants were defeated within several weeks, Beirut was captured, and the PLO headquarters were evacuated to Tunisia in June by Yasser Arafat's decision.
### First Intifada (1987–1993\)
{{Main\|First Intifada}}
The first Palestinian uprising began in 1987 as a response to escalating attacks and the endless occupation. By the early 1990s, international efforts to settle the conflict had begun, in light of the success of the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty of 1982\. Eventually, the [Israeli–Palestinian peace process](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process "Israeli–Palestinian peace process") led to the [Oslo Accords](/wiki/Oslo_Accords "Oslo Accords") of 1993, allowing the PLO to relocate from Tunisia and take ground in the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank") and [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"), establishing the [Palestinian National Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority "Palestinian National Authority"). The peace process also had significant opposition among radical Islamic elements of Palestinian society, such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, who immediately initiated a campaign of attacks targeting Israelis. Following hundreds of casualties and a wave of radical anti\-government propaganda, Israeli Prime Minister [Rabin was assassinated](/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin "Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin") by an [Israeli far\-right extremist](/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel "Far-right politics in Israel") who objected to the peace initiative. This struck a serious blow to the peace process, from which the newly elected government of Israel in 1996 backed off.
### Second Intifada (2000–2005\)
{{Main\|Second Intifada}}
[thumb\|Aftermath of a Palestinian suicide bombing on a bus in Tel Aviv](/wiki/File:Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg "Allenby Street bus bombing III.jpg")
Following several years of unsuccessful negotiations, the conflict re\-erupted as the [Second Intifada](/wiki/Second_Intifada "Second Intifada") in September 2000\. The violence, escalating into an open conflict between the [Palestinian National Security Forces](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces "Palestinian National Security Forces") and the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces"), lasted until 2004/2005 and led to approximately [130 fatalities](/wiki/Operation_Days_of_Penitence_Fatalities "Operation Days of Penitence Fatalities"). In 2005, Israeli Prime Minister Sharon ordered the [removal of Israeli settlers and soldiers from Gaza](/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza "Israeli disengagement from Gaza"). Israel and its Supreme Court formally declared an end to occupation, saying it "had no effective control over what occurred" in Gaza.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html \|title\=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory? \|last\=Levs \|first\=Josh \|date\=6 January 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[CNN]] \|access\-date\=30 May 2009 \|archive\-date\=21 January 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html \|url\-status\=live}} However, the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"), [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") and many other international bodies and [NGOs](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization "Non-governmental organization") continue to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls Gaza Strip's airspace, territorial waters and controls the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \|title\=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability \|date\=2009\-01\-19 \|publisher\=\[\[Amnesty International]] \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-05 \|archive\-date\=15 April 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web \|date\=2006\-07\-05 \|title\=Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories, July 6, 2006 \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/05/human\-rights\-council\-special\-session\-occupied\-palestinian\-territories\-july\-6\-2006 \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|website\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=4 January 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173325/https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/05/human\-rights\-council\-special\-session\-occupied\-palestinian\-territories\-july\-6\-2006 \|url\-status\=live}}
### Fatah–Hamas split (2006–2007\)
{{main\|Fatah–Hamas conflict}}
In 2006, Hamas won a plurality of 44% in the [Palestinian parliamentary election](/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election "2006 Palestinian legislative election"). Israel responded it would begin [economic sanctions](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_economic_sanctions_against_the_Palestinian_National_Authority "2006–07 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority") unless Hamas agreed to accept prior Israeli–Palestinian agreements, forswear violence, and recognize Israel's right to exist, all of which Hamas rejected.{{Cite news \|last\=Erlanger \|first\=Steven \|date\=2006\-02\-18 \|title\=Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan \|language\=en\-US \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/world/middleeast/hamas\-leader\-faults\-israeli\-sanction\-plan.html \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205553/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/world/middleeast/hamas\-leader\-faults\-israeli\-sanction\-plan.html \|url\-status\=live}} After internal Palestinian political struggle between Fatah and Hamas erupted into the [Battle of Gaza (2007\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_%282007%29 "Battle of Gaza (2007)"), Hamas took full control of the area.{{cite book \|last\=Oren \|first\=Michael B. \|author\-link\=Michael Oren \|title\=Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=\[\[W. W. Norton \& Company]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-393\-05826\-0 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/powerfaithfantas00oren\_1/page/607 607] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/powerfaithfantas00oren\_1/page/607}} In 2007, Israel imposed a naval [blockade on the Gaza Strip](/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip "Blockade of the Gaza Strip"), and cooperation with Egypt allowed a ground blockade of the Egyptian border.
The tensions between Israel and Hamas escalated until late 2008, when Israel launched operation [Cast Lead](/wiki/Cast_Lead "Cast Lead") upon Gaza, resulting in thousands of civilian casualties and billions of dollars in damage. By February 2009, a ceasefire was signed with international mediation between the parties, though the occupation and small and sporadic eruptions of violence continued.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2023}}
In 2011, a Palestinian Authority attempt to gain UN membership as a fully sovereign state failed. In Hamas\-controlled Gaza, sporadic rocket attacks on Israel and Israeli air raids continued to occur.{{Cite news \|last\=Bohn \|first\=Lauren E. \|title\=Hamas: Rockets will stop when Gaza borders are opened \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/18/gaza\-hamas\-israel\-demands/1712561/ \|access\-date\=5 March 2022 \|work\=\[\[USA Today]] \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|archive\-date\=7 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407053837/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/18/gaza\-hamas\-israel\-demands/1712561/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id\=290276 \|title\=Abbas: No justification for Gaza rocket attacks \|work\=\[\[The Jerusalem Post]] \|date\=2 November 2012 \|access\-date\=14 March 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316031412/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id\=290276 \|archive\-date\=16 March 2013}}{{Cite web \|date\=2012\-12\-24 \|title\=Gaza: Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/24/gaza\-palestinian\-rockets\-unlawfully\-targeted\-israeli\-civilians \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|publisher\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=28 November 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128091753/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/24/gaza\-palestinian\-rockets\-unlawfully\-targeted\-israeli\-civilians \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|title\=Seven Truths About Israel, Hamas and Violence \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2012\-11\-20/seven\-truths\-about\-israel\-hamas\-and\-violence \|newspaper\=Bloomberg.com \|date\=20 November 2012 \|access\-date\=24 October 2022 \|archive\-date\=7 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507095921/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2012\-11\-20/seven\-truths\-about\-israel\-hamas\-and\-violence \|url\-status\=live}} In November 2012, Palestinian representation in the UN was upgraded to a non\-member observer state, and its mission title was changed from "Palestine (represented by PLO)" to "[State of Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine "State of Palestine")". In 2014, [another war](/wiki/2014_Gaza_War "2014 Gaza War") broke out between Israel and Gaza, resulting in over 70 Israeli and over 2,000 Palestinian casualties.{{Cite news \|date\=2023\-10\-16 \|title\=Urban battle from past Gaza war offers glimpse of what an Israeli ground offensive might look like \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/israel\-gaza\-hamas\-military\-urban\-battle\-89e45b149f3b88cd647cf6376dbfe0ac \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-02 \|work\=\[\[AP News]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=2 December 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202140527/https://apnews.com/article/israel\-gaza\-hamas\-military\-urban\-battle\-89e45b149f3b88cd647cf6376dbfe0ac \|url\-status\=live}}
### Israel–Hamas war (2023–present)
{{main\|Israel–Hamas war}}
[thumb\|left\|Map of the [Israel–Hamas war](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Israel–Hamas war") in Gaza and southern Israel](/wiki/File:October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg "October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict.svg")
After the 2014 war and [2021 crisis](/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis "2021 Israel–Palestine crisis"), Hamas began planning an attack on Israel.{{Cite web \|title\=Hamas planned Oct. 7 from before 2014, with final decision made by 5 leaders – report \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas\-planned\-oct\-7\-from\-before\-2014\-with\-final\-decision\-made\-by\-5\-leaders\-report/ \|website\=timesofisrael.com}} In 2022, Netanyahu returned to power while headlining a hardline [far\-right](/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel "Far-right politics in Israel") [government](/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel "Thirty-seventh government of Israel"),{{cite news \|title\=In Israel and the U.S., 'apartheid' is the elephant in the room \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/11/israel\-palestine\-apartheid\-israel\-scholars/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]}} which led to greater political strife in Israel{{Cite news \|title\=Israel judicial reform explained: What is the crisis about? \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-65086871 \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=27 March 2023}} and clashes in the Palestinian territories.{{cite web \|date\=21 August 2023 \|title\=Israeli\-Palestinian death toll highest since 2005: UN envoy \|url\=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/08/1139922 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823083925/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/08/1139922 \|archive\-date\=23 August 2023 \|access\-date\=24 August 2023 \|publisher\=UN}} This culminated in the 2023 [Israel–Hamas war](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Israel–Hamas war"), when [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas")\-led militant groups launched [a surprise attack](/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel "2023 Hamas attack on Israel") on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,200 Israeli civilians and military personnel and taking [hostages](/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis "2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis").{{cite news \|last1\=Mills \|first1\=Andrew \|last2\=Hassan \|first2\=Ahmed Mohamed \|title\=Exclusive: Qatar seeking Israel\-Hamas deal to free 50 hostages and 3\-day truce \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle\-east/qatar\-seeking\-israel\-hamas\-deal\-release\-50\-hostages\-3\-day\-truce\-sources\-say\-2023\-11\-15/ \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|date\=15 November 2023 \|access\-date\=18 December 2023 \|archive\-date\=17 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117233749/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle\-east/qatar\-seeking\-israel\-hamas\-deal\-release\-50\-hostages\-3\-day\-truce\-sources\-say\-2023\-11\-15/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|title\=What we know about the captives taken by Hamas \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what\-do\-we\-know\-about\-the\-israeli\-captives\-held\-by\-hamas \|access\-date\=15 December 2023 \|work\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=15 December 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215064234/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what\-do\-we\-know\-about\-the\-israeli\-captives\-held\-by\-hamas \|url\-status\=live}} The [Israeli military](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") retaliated by conducting an extensive [aerial bombardment](/wiki/Airstrike "Airstrike") campaign on Gaza,{{cite news \|title\=Gaza war inflicts catastrophic damage on infrastructure and economy \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle\-east/gaza\-war\-inflicts\-catastrophic\-damage\-infrastructure\-economy\-2023\-11\-17/ \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|date\=17 November 2023}} followed by a [large\-scale ground invasion](/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_%282023%E2%80%93present%29 "Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)") with the stated goal of destroying Hamas and controlling security in Gaza afterwards.{{Cite news \|date\=31 October 2023 \|title\=Has Israel invaded Gaza? The military has been vague, even if its objectives are clear \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/israel\-gaza\-ground\-operation\-invasion\-6ba5bf06f81c315252a9e53735f3de47 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101193534/https://apnews.com/article/israel\-gaza\-ground\-operation\-invasion\-6ba5bf06f81c315252a9e53735f3de47 \|archive\-date\=1 November 2023 \|access\-date\=2 November 2023 \|work\=\[\[Associated Press]]}} Israel killed tens of thousands of Palestinians, including civilians and combatants and [displaced](/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations "Gaza Strip evacuations") almost two million people.{{Cite web \|title\=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \- occupied Palestinian territory \|url\=http://www.ochaopt.org/node/10572 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-06 \|website\=\[\[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\|UN OCHA]] \|language\=en}} South Africa [accused](/wiki/South_Africa_v._Israel_%28Genocide_Convention%29 "South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)") Israel of [genocide](/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_2023_Israeli_attack_on_Gaza "Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza") at the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") and called for an immediate ceasefire.{{Cite web \|date\=December 29, 2023 \|title\=Proceedings instituted by South Africa against the State of Israel on 29 December 2023 \|url\=https://www.icj\-cij.org/sites/default/files/case\-related/192/192\-20231228\-app\-01\-00\-en.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105144115/https://www.icj\-cij.org/index.php/node/203394 \|archive\-date\=January 5, 2024 \|access\-date\=January 5, 2024 \|website\=\[\[International Court of Justice]]}} [ALT Link](https://jusmundi.com/en/document/pdf/other/en-proceedings-instituted-by-south-africa-against-the-state-of-israel-on-29-december-2023-application-instituting-proceedings-and-request-for-the-indication-of-provisional-measures-friday-29th-december-2023) The Court issued an order requiring Israel to take all measures to prevent any acts contrary to the [1948 Genocide Convention](/wiki/1948_Genocide_Convention "1948 Genocide Convention"),{{cite news \|date\=26 January 2024 \|title\=Israel\-Hamas War: Update from Patrick Kingsley \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/26/world/israel\-hamas\-gaza\-news/333c0a8f\-4e98\-5a9f\-8514\-ef9aaf4f1e53 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131634/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/26/world/israel\-hamas\-gaza\-news/333c0a8f\-4e98\-5a9f\-8514\-ef9aaf4f1e53 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2024 \|access\-date\=26 January 2024 \|work\=The New York Times}}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-01\-26 \|title\=Order respecting South Africa's request for provisional measures \|url\=https://www.icj\-cij.org/sites/default/files/case\-related/192/192\-20240126\-ord\-01\-00\-en.pdf \|website\=International Court of Justice}}{{cite magazine\|last\=Rajvanshi\|first\=Astha\|date\=January 26, 2024\|title\=U.N. Court Says Israel Must Prevent Genocidal Acts in Gaza, But Doesn't Order a Ceasefire\|url\=https://time.com/6588931/icj\-ruling\-israel\-genocidal\-acts\-gaza\-south\-africa/\|magazine\=TIME\|location\=\|access\-date\=January 26, 2024\|archive\-date\=26 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150958/https://time.com/6588931/icj\-ruling\-israel\-genocidal\-acts\-gaza\-south\-africa/\|url\-status\=live}} but did not order Israel to suspend its military campaign.{{Cite news \|date\=2024\-01\-27 \|title\=World Court stops short of Gaza ceasefire order for Israel \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle\-east/israel\-braces\-world\-court\-ruling\-focuses\-attack\-south\-gaza\-2024\-01\-26/ \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-27 \|work\=Reuters}}
The war [spilled over](/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war"), with Israel engaging in clashes with local militias in the [West Bank](/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_the_West_Bank_during_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war"), [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah "Hezbollah") in [Lebanon](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_%282023%E2%80%93present%29 "Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)") and northern Israel, and other Iranian\-backed militias in Syria.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog\_entry/netanyahu\-dismisses\-international\-pressure\-nothing\-will\-stop\-us\-destroy\-hamas/ \|title\=Netanyahu dismisses international pressure: 'Nothing will stop us' destroying Hamas \|work\=\[\[The Times of Israel]] \|access\-date\=18 December 2023 \|archive\-date\=17 December 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217014118/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog\_entry/netanyahu\-dismisses\-international\-pressure\-nothing\-will\-stop\-us\-destroy\-hamas/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel\-gaza\-war\-can\-hamas\-actually\-be\-eliminated\-experts\-weigh\-in.html \|title\=Can Hamas actually be eliminated? This is what military and security analysts think \|first\=Natasha \|last\=Turak \|date\=12 December 2023 \|work\=\[\[CNBC]] \|access\-date\=18 December 2023 \|archive\-date\=18 December 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218214421/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel\-gaza\-war\-can\-hamas\-actually\-be\-eliminated\-experts\-weigh\-in.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\-says\-idf\-will\-control\-gaza\-after\-war\-rejects\-notion\-of\-international\-force/ \|title\=Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force \|work\=\[\[The Times of Israel]] \|access\-date\=18 December 2023 \|archive\-date\=12 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112163219/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\-says\-idf\-will\-control\-gaza\-after\-war\-rejects\-notion\-of\-international\-force/ \|url\-status\=live}} Iranian\-backed militias also engaged in [clashes](/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq%2C_Jordan%2C_and_Syria_%282023%E2%80%93present%29 "Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)") with the United States,{{Cite news \|title\=Three US troops killed in drone attack in Jordan, more than 30 injured \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/28/politics/us\-troops\-drone\-attack\-jordan/index.html \|work\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=28 January 2024}} while the [Houthis](/wiki/Houthi_movement "Houthi movement") [blockaded](/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis "Red Sea crisis") the Red Sea in protest,{{Cite news \|last\=Armstrong \|first\=Kathryn \|title\=Houthis claim new attacks on Red Sea shipping \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-68218901 \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=6 February 2024}} to which the United States responded with airstrikes in [Yemen](/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen "2024 missile strikes in Yemen"),{{Cite news \|title\=U.S. and U.K. launch new wave of strikes, this time targeting Houthis in Yemen \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live\-blog/live\-updates\-rcna137078 \|work\=\[\[NBC News]] \|date\=4 February 2024}} [Iraq, and Syria](/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria "February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria").{{Cite news \|title\=What we know about US retaliatory strikes in Iraq and Syria \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-68189567 \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=3 February 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Main\\|History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}\n{{for timeline\\|Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}\n{{Further\\|Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|Palestinian [Arab\\-Christian](/wiki/Arab_Christian \"Arab Christian\")\\-owned newspaper [*Falastin*](/wiki/Falastin_%28newspaper%29 \"Falastin (newspaper)\"), 18 June 1936, caricatured [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\") as a crocodile, protected by a British officer, telling Palestinian Arabs: \"Don't be afraid! I will swallow you peacefully...\"{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Sufian \\|first1\\=Sandy \\|date\\=1 January 2008 \\|title\\=Anatomy of the 1936–39 Revolt: Images of the Body in Political Cartoons of Mandatory Palestine \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/13805989 \\|journal\\=Journal of Palestine Studies \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California Press]] \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=23–42 \\|doi\\=10\\.1525/jps.2008\\.37\\.2\\.23 \\|issn\\=0377\\-919X \\|eissn\\=1533\\-8614 \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2008 \\|jstor\\=10\\.1525/jps.2008\\.37\\.2\\.23 \\|s2cid\\=154107901 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620080011/https://www.academia.edu/13805989\\|url\\-status\\=live}}](/wiki/File:A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png \"A 1936 caricature published in the Falastin newspaper on Zionism and Palestine.png\")",
"The Israeli–Palestinian conflict began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the development of political Zionism and the arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine.{{cite book \\|first\\=Nur \\|last\\=Masalha \\|author\\-link\\=Nur Masalha \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LgI1EAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|title\\=The Palestine Nakba \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bloomsbury Publishing]] \\|year\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84813\\-972\\-5 \\|chapter\\=1}} The modern political Zionist movement, with the goal of establishing a [Jewish state](/wiki/Jewish_state \"Jewish state\") in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\"), grew out of the last two decades of the 19th century, largely in response to [antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\") in Europe. While [Jewish colonization began during this period](/wiki/First_Aliyah \"First Aliyah\"), it was not until the arrival of more [ideologically Zionist immigrants in the decade preceding the First World War](/wiki/Second_Aliyah \"Second Aliyah\") that the landscape of Ottoman Palestine would start to significantly change.{{harvnb\\|Pappé\\|2022\\|loc\\=The Arrival of Zionism}} Land purchases, the eviction of tenant Arab peasants and armed confrontation with Jewish para\\-military units would all contribute to the Palestinian population's growing fear of territorial displacement and dispossession. This fear would gradually be replaced by a broader sense of Palestinian national expression which included the rejection of the Zionist goal of turning the mostly Arab populated land into a Jewish homeland. From early on, the leadership of the Zionist movement had the idea of \"transferring\" (a euphemism for [ethnic cleansing](/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing \"Ethnic cleansing\")) the Arab Palestinian population out of the land for the purpose of establishing a Jewish demographic majority.{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=O\\-uMJuYdDxwC\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-518158\\-6 \\|quote\\=Probably the most appealing article in there commendation of the Commission was that about the 'forced transfer' of Arabs from the future Jewish state. To Ben\\-Gurion this was an 'unparalleled achievement'. It was 'the best of all solutions', according to Berl Katznelson. 'A distant neighbour', he said, 'is better than a close enemy.' Transfer was such an ideal solution that 'it must happen someday', he concluded. A strategy of phases, admittedly always vague and anything but an articulate plan of action, could only prevail if a solution could be found to the demographic problem. 'Transfer' was the magic formula. The idea of transfer for the Arabs had a long pedigree in Zionist thought.}}{{cite book \\|first\\=Nur \\|last\\=Masalha \\|author\\-link\\=Nur Masalha \\|title\\=The Palestine Nakba \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=px1jDgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Zed Books]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84813\\-973\\-2 \\|pages\\=66 \\|quote\\=Thus the wishful and rather naive belief in Zionism's early years that the Palestinians could be 'spirited across the border', in Herzl's words, or that they would simply 'fold their tents and slip away', to use Zangwill's formulation, soon gave way to more realistic assessments. Between 1937 and 1948 extensive secret discussions of transfer were held in the Zionist movement's highest bodies, including the Zionist Agency Executive, the Twentieth Zionist Congress, the World Convention of Ihud Po'alei Tzion (the top forum of the dominant Zionist world labour movement), and various official and semi\\-official transfer committees.}}{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020\\|p\\=348}}: \"After reviewing Zionism and its consequences, I examined the onset of the Israeli\\-Palestinian conflict during the 1917–47 period, and argued that because the Zionists wanted to ensure a large Jewish majority in the coming state of Israel, their leaders repeatedly discussed the means by which most of the Palestinians could be expelled or induced to flee; the euphemism they employed was \"transfer.\" The scholarship on \"transfer\"—especially by Israeli historians—leaves no doubt about its importance in the thinking of every major Zionist leader before and after the creation of Israel.\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Simha \\|last\\=Flapan \\|title\\=Zionism and the Palestinians \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cJRtAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=1979 \\|publisher\\=Croom Helm \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-06\\-492104\\-6 \\|pages\\=259 \\|quote\\=The concept of population transfer, as a facile solution to the twin problems of the Arab landless peasants and the creation of land reserves for Jewish settlement was for some time in the back of the minds of the 2ionist leadership. In fact, in private discussions with the British, the Zionist leadership put forward population transfer as a tentative suggestion but stopped short of formulating it into a proposal for action.}}{{cite book \\|first\\=Norman G. \\|last\\=Finkelstein \\|author\\-link\\=Norman Finkelstein \\|title\\=Image and Reality of the Israel\\-Palestine Conflict \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=55NKCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Verso Books]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78478\\-458\\-4 \\|chapter\\='Born of War, Not By Design' \\|quote\\='The idea of transfer had accompanied the Zionist movement from its very beginnings', Tom Segev reports.}} According to the Israeli historian [Benny Morris](/wiki/Benny_Morris \"Benny Morris\") the idea of transfer was \"inevitable and inbuilt into Zionism\".{{harvnb\\|Morris\\|2004\\|p\\=60}} The Arab population felt this threat as early as the 1880s with the arrival of the first aliyah.",
"[Chaim Weizmann](/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann \"Chaim Weizmann\")'s efforts to build British support for the Zionist movement would eventually secure the [Balfour Declaration](/wiki/Balfour_Declaration \"Balfour Declaration\"), a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a \"national home for the Jewish people\" in Palestine.{{Cite book \\|first\\=James \\|last\\=Gelvin \\|author\\-link\\=James L. Gelvin \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wfIFVze1MqQC\\&pg\\=PA81 \\|title\\=The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|orig\\-year\\=2002 \\|edition\\=3 \\|year\\=2014 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-85289\\-0 \\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012922/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wfIFVze1MqQC\\&pg\\=PA81\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Weizmann would take on a maximalist interpretation of the declaration, in which negotiations on the future of the country were to happen directly between Britain and the Jews, excluding Arab representation. At the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_%281919%E2%80%931920%29 \"Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)\"), he would later famously share his interpretation of the declaration in his announcement of the goal \"\\[t]o make Palestine as Jewish as England is English.\" Partially in response to the Zionist movement, a Palestinian national movement would develop more concretely in the interwar period. The years that followed would see Jewish\\-Palestinian relations deteriorate dramatically.{{harvnb\\|Shlaim\\|2015\\|loc\\=Prologue: The Zionist Foundation}}",
"### 1920s",
"With the commitment to establishing a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine, the creation of the British Mandate in Palestine after the end of the first world war would allow for large\\-scale Jewish immigration. This would be accompanied by the development of a separate Jewish controlled sector of the economy which was supported with large amounts of capital from abroad.{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2020\\|loc\\=Introduction}}: \"Additionally, a separate Jewish\\-controlled sector of the economy was created through the exclusion of Arab labor from Jewish\\-owned firms under the slogan of \"Avoda ivrit,\" Hebrew labor, and the injection of truly massive amounts of capital from abroad.\" The more ardent Zionist ideologues of the [Second Aliyah](/wiki/Second_Aliyah \"Second Aliyah\") would become the leaders of the [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv \"Yishuv\") starting in the 1920s and believed in the separation of Jewish and Arab economies and societies. During this period, the exclusionary nationalist ethos would grow to overpower the socialist ideals that the Second Aliyah had arrived with.",
"Amin al\\-Husseini, the leader of the Palestinian Arab national movement, immediately marked [Jewish national movement](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\") and [Jewish immigration to Palestine](/wiki/Aliyah \"Aliyah\") as the sole enemy to his cause,{{harvnb\\|Sela\\|2002\\|p\\=361\\|loc\\=\"al\\-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin\"}}\n> He \\[Husseini] incited and headed anti\\-Jewish riots in April 1920\\. ... He promoted the Muslim character of Jerusalem and ... injected a religious character into the struggle against [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\"). This was the backdrop to his agitation concerning Jewish rights at the Western (Wailing) Wall that led to the bloody riots of August 1929\\...\\[H]e was the chief organizer of the riots of 1936 and the rebellion from 1937, as well as of the mounting internal terror against Arab opponents.",
"initiating large\\-scale riots against the Jews as early as 1920 [in Jerusalem](/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots \"1920 Nebi Musa riots\") and in 1921 [in Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa_riots \"Jaffa riots\"). Among the results of the violence was the establishment of the Jewish paramilitary force [Haganah](/wiki/Haganah \"Haganah\"). In 1929, a series of violent [riots](/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots \"1929 Palestine riots\") resulted in the deaths of 133 Jews and 116 Arabs, with significant Jewish casualties in [Hebron](/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre \"1929 Hebron massacre\") and [Safed](/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots%23Safed_massacre%2C_29_August \"1929 Palestine riots#Safed massacre, 29 August\"), and the evacuation of Jews from Hebron and Gaza.{{harvnb\\|Sela\\|2002\\|loc\\=\"Arab\\-Israel Conflict\"\\|pp\\=58–121}}",
"### 1936–1939 Arab revolt",
"{{Main\\|1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine}}\n[right\\|thumb\\|The [Arab revolt of 1936–1939](/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine \"1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine\") in Palestine, motivated by opposition to mass [Jewish immigration](/wiki/Aliyah \"Aliyah\") allowed by the British Mandate.](/wiki/File:Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png \"Resistance of Palestinian men and women.png\")",
"In the early 1930s, the Arab national struggle in Palestine had drawn many Arab nationalist militants from across the Middle East, such as [Sheikh Izaddin al\\-Qassam](/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam \"Izz ad-Din al-Qassam\") from Syria, who established the Black Hand militant group and had prepared the grounds for the [1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine](/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine \"1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine\"). Following the death of al\\-Qassam at the hands of the British in late 1935, tensions erupted in 1936 into the Arab general strike and general boycott. The strike soon deteriorated into violence, and the Arab revolt was bloodily repressed by the British assisted by the British armed forces of the [Jewish Settlement Police](/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police \"Jewish Settlement Police\"), the [Jewish Supernumerary Police](/wiki/Jewish_Supernumerary_Police \"Jewish Supernumerary Police\"), and [Special Night Squads](/wiki/Special_Night_Squads \"Special Night Squads\").{{cite web \\|date\\=December 2001 \\|title\\=History of the Israeli\\-Palestinian Conflict \\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pdf/promiese/promises\\-timeline.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202230446/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pdf/promiese/promises\\-timeline.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2013 \\|publisher\\=PBS}} The suppression of the revolt would leave at least 10% of the adult male population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled.{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2020\\|loc\\=Chapter 1}}: \"Of all the services Britain provided to the Zionist movement before 1939, perhaps the most valuable was the armed suppression of Palestinian resistance in the form of the revolt. The bloody war waged against the country's majority, which left 10 percent of the adult male Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned, or exiled,55 was the best illustration of the unvarnished truths uttered by Jabotinsky about the necessity of the use of force for the Zionist project to succeed. To quash the uprising, the British Empire brought in two additional divisions of troops, squadrons of bombers, and all the paraphernalia of repression that it had perfected over many decades of colonial wars.\" In the first wave of organized violence, lasting until early 1937, most of the Arab groups were defeated by the British, and forced expulsion of much of the Arab leadership ensued. With much of the leadership in exile and the economy severely weakened, the Palestinians would struggle to confront the Zionist movement which was growing in strength, with the support of the British.{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2020\\|loc\\=Chapter 1}}: \"IN SPITE OF the sacrifices made—which can be gauged from the very large numbers of Palestinians who were killed, wounded, jailed, or exiled—and the revolt's momentary success, the consequences for the Palestinians were almost entirely negative. The savage British repression, the death and exile of so many leaders, and the conflict within their ranks left the Palestinians divided, without direction, and with their economy debilitated by the time the revolt was crushed in the summer of 1939\\. This put the Palestinians in a very weak position to confront the now invigorated Zionist movement, which had gone from strength to strength during the revolt, obtaining lavish amounts of arms and extensive training from the British to help them suppress the uprising.\"",
"The cost and risks associated with the revolt and the ongoing [inter\\-communal conflict](/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine \"Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine\") led to a shift in British policies in the region and the appointment of the [Peel Commission](/wiki/Peel_Commission \"Peel Commission\") which recommended the partitioning of Palestine.{{cn\\|date\\=July 2024}} The two main Zionist leaders, [Chaim Weizmann](/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann \"Chaim Weizmann\") and [David Ben\\-Gurion](/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion \"David Ben-Gurion\"), accepted the recommendations on the basis that it would allow for further expansion, but some secondary Zionist leaders disapproved of it.{{cite book \\|last\\=Louis \\|first\\=William Roger \\|title\\=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[I. B. Tauris]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84511\\-347\\-6 \\|page\\=391}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=Benny \\|author\\-link\\=Benny Morris \\|title\\=One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict \\|year\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Yale University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-15604\\-1 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6RelhRR\\-9RUC \\|page\\=66 \\|access\\-date\\=27 September 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012923/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6RelhRR\\-9RUC \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{harvnb\\|Morris\\|2004\\|p\\=48}} The subsequent publication of the [White Paper of 1939](/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939 \"White Paper of 1939\"), which sought to limit Jewish immigration to the region, was the breaking point in relations between British authorities and the Zionist movement.{{harvnb\\|Shlaim\\|2015\\|loc\\=Prologue: The Zionist Foundation}}: \"A white paper of 17 May 1939 abruptly reversed British support for Zionism and for a Jewish state.\"",
"### 1940s",
"[thumb\\|[Haganah](/wiki/Haganah \"Haganah\") ship *Jewish State* carrying illegal Jewish immigrants from Europe at the [Haifa Port](/wiki/Port_of_Haifa \"Port of Haifa\"), [Mandatory Palestine](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine \"Mandatory Palestine\"), 1947](/wiki/File:Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg \"Hagana Ship - Jewish State at Haifa Port (1947).jpg\")",
"The renewed violence, which continued sporadically until the beginning of World War II, ended with around 5,000 causualties on the Arab side and 700 combined on the British and Jewish side total.{{cite journal \\|title\\=The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39 \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Matthew \\|journal\\=\\[\\[English Historical Review]] \\|year\\=2009a \\|volume\\=CXXIV \\|issue\\=507 \\|pages\\=314–354 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ehr/cep002 \\|url\\=http://v\\-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7251/4/The%20banality%20of%20brutality.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163210/http://v\\-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/7251/4/The%20banality%20of%20brutality.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2016\\|issn\\=0013\\-8266}}{{cite book \\|title\\=A Survey of Palestine \\|date\\=1946 \\|publisher\\=Government of Palestine \\|location\\=Jerusalem \\|pages\\=38–49 \\|url\\=https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/a\\_su/A%20SURVEY%20OF%20PALESTINE%20DEC%201945\\-JAN%201946%20VOL%20I.pdf}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Levenberg \\|first\\=Haim \\|year\\=1993 \\|title\\=Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948 \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7146\\-3439\\-5}} With the eruption of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the situation in Mandatory Palestine calmed down. It allowed a shift towards a more moderate stance among Palestinian Arabs under the leadership of the Nashashibi clan and even the establishment of the Jewish–Arab [Palestine Regiment](/wiki/Palestine_Regiment \"Palestine Regiment\") under British command, fighting Germans in North Africa. The more radical exiled faction of al\\-Husseini, however, tended to cooperate with Nazi Germany, and participated in the establishment of a pro\\-Nazi propaganda machine throughout the Arab world. The defeat of Arab nationalists in Iraq and subsequent relocation of al\\-Husseini to Nazi\\-occupied Europe tied his hands regarding field operations in Palestine, though he regularly demanded that the Italians and the Germans [bomb Tel Aviv](/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II \"Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II\"). By the end of World War II, a crisis over the fate of [Holocaust survivors](/wiki/Holocaust_survivors \"Holocaust survivors\") from Europe led to renewed tensions between the [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv \"Yishuv\") and Mandate authorities. Increased illegal immigration from Jewish refugees, along with a [paramilitary campaign of resistance against British authorities by Zionist militias](/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine \"Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine\"), would effectively overturn the White Paper and eventually lead to the withdrawal of the British.",
"### 1947 United Nations partition plan",
"{{Main\\|United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine}}\nOn 29 November 1947, the [General Assembly of the United Nations](/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations \"General Assembly of the United Nations\") adopted [Resolution 181(II)](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine \"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine\"){{cite web \\|title\\=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 \\|publisher\\=United Nations \\|url\\=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 \\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2012}} recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem.Baum, Noa. [\"Historical Time Line for Israel/Palestine.\"](http://www.umass.edu/jewish/programs/land_05/timeline/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219033249/http://www.umass.edu/jewish/programs/land\\_05/timeline/ \\|date\\=19 December 2013 }} UMass Amherst. 5 April 2005\\. 14 March 2013\\. Palestinian Arabs were opposed to the partition.\n{{harvnb\\|Morris\\|2008\\|pp\\=63–64\\|ps\\=, \"The Zionists and their supporters rejoiced; the Arab delegations walked out of the plenum after declaring the resolution invalid. The Arabs failed to understand why the international community was awarding the Jews any part of Palestine. Further, as one Palestinian historian later put it, they could not fathom why 37 percent of the population had been given 55 percent of the land (of which they owned only 7 percent). Moreover, the Jews had been given the best agricultural lands (the Coastal Plain and Jezreel and Jordan Valleys) while the Arabs had received the 'bare and hilly' parts, as one Palestinian politician, 'Awni 'Abd al\\-Hadi, told a Zionist agent.162 More generally, 'the Palestinians failed to see why they should be made to pay for the Holocaust. . . . \\[And] they failed to see why it was ''not'' fair for the Jews to be a minority in a unitary Palestinian state, while it ''was'' fair for almost half of the Palestinian population—the indigenous majority on its own ancestral soil—to be converted overnight into a minority under alien rule.'\"}} Zionists accepted the partition but planned to expand Israel's borders beyond what was allocated to it by the UN.\n{{harvnb\\|Morris\\|2008\\|p\\=101\\|ps\\=, \"... mainstream Zionist leaders, from the first, began to think of expanding the Jewish state beyond the 29 November partition resolution borders.\"}} On the next day, Palestine was swept by violence. For four months, under continuous Arab provocation and attack, the Yishuv was usually on the defensive while occasionally retaliating.{{harvnb\\|Morris\\|2008\\|p\\=79}} The [Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League \"Arab League\") supported the Arab struggle by forming the volunteer\\-based [Arab Liberation Army](/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army \"Arab Liberation Army\"), supporting the Palestinian Arab [Army of the Holy War](/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War \"Army of the Holy War\"), under the leadership of [Abd al\\-Qadir al\\-Husayni](/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni \"Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni\") and [Hasan Salama](/wiki/Hasan_Salama \"Hasan Salama\"). On the Jewish side, the civil war was managed by the major underground militias – the [Haganah](/wiki/Haganah \"Haganah\"), [Irgun](/wiki/Irgun \"Irgun\") and [Lehi](/wiki/Lehi_%28group%29 \"Lehi (group)\") – strengthened by numerous Jewish veterans of World War II and foreign volunteers. By spring 1948, it was already clear that the Arab forces were nearing a total collapse, while Yishuv forces gained more and more territory, creating a large scale [refugee problem](/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus \"1948 Palestinian exodus\") of Palestinian Arabs.",
"### 1948 Arab–Israeli War",
"{{Main\\|1948 Arab–Israeli War}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=0\\.75\\|Land in the lighter shade represents territory within the [borders of Israel at the conclusion of the 1948 war](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Israel%29 \"Green Line (Israel)\"). This land is internationally recognized as belonging to Israel.](/wiki/File:Cia-is-map2.png \"Cia-is-map2.png\")",
"Following the [Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel \"Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel\") on 14 May 1948, the Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian Arabs, marching their forces into former British Palestine, beginning the main phase of the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War \"1948 Arab–Israeli War\"). The overall fighting, leading to around 15,000 casualties, resulted in cease\\-fire and armistice agreements of 1949, with Israel holding much of the former Mandate territory, Jordan occupying and later annexing the [West Bank](/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank \"Jordanian annexation of the West Bank\") and Egypt taking over the Gaza Strip, where the [All\\-Palestine Government](/wiki/All-Palestine_Government \"All-Palestine Government\") was declared by the Arab League on 22 September 1948\\.",
"### 1956 Suez Crisis",
"{{Main\\|Suez Crisis}}",
"Through the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported the [Palestinian Fedayeen](/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen \"Palestinian Fedayeen\") militants' cross\\-border attacks into Israel, while Israel carried out [its own reprisal operations](/wiki/Reprisal_operations \"Reprisal operations\") in the host countries. The 1956 [Suez Crisis](/wiki/Suez_Crisis \"Suez Crisis\") resulted in a short\\-term Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and exile of the [All\\-Palestine Government](/wiki/All-Palestine_Government \"All-Palestine Government\"), which was later restored with Israeli withdrawal. The All\\-Palestine Government was completely abandoned by Egypt in 1959 and was officially merged into the [United Arab Republic](/wiki/United_Arab_Republic \"United Arab Republic\"), to the detriment of the Palestinian national movement. [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Egyptian_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip \"Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip\") then was put under the authority of the Egyptian military administrator, making it a de facto military occupation. In 1964, however, a new organization, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), was established by Yasser Arafat. It immediately won the support of most Arab League governments and was granted a seat in the [Arab League](/wiki/Arab_League \"Arab League\").",
"### 1967 Six\\-Day War",
"{{Main\\|Six\\-Day War}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|During the Six\\-Day War in 1967, Israel captured the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\"), the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\"), the [Golan Heights](/wiki/Golan_Heights \"Golan Heights\") and the [Sinai Peninsula](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula \"Sinai Peninsula\"). Each of these territories except the Sinai remain under [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories \"Israeli-occupied territories\").](/wiki/File:6DayWarEnglish.png \"6DayWarEnglish.png\")\nIn the [1967 Arab\\-Israel War](/wiki/Six_day_war \"Six day war\"), Israel occupied the Palestinian West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Egyptian Sinai, Syrian Golan Heights, and two islands in the [Gulf of Aqaba](/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba \"Gulf of Aqaba\"). By the mid\\-1970s, the international community had converged on a framework to resolve the conflict. This included Israel's full withdrawal from the occupied territories in exchange for recognition by the Palestinians and other Arab nations, and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza and a \"just resolution\" of the Palestinian refugee question. These principles, known as \"land for peace\" and Palestinian self\\-determination through a two\\-state settlement, were endorsed by the International Court of Justice, the United Nations, and international human rights organizations.{{cite book \\|first\\=Colter \\|last\\=Louwerse \\|editor\\-last\\=Stern\\-Weiner \\|editor\\-first\\=Jamie \\|title\\=Deluge \\|publisher\\=OR Books \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-16 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-68219\\-619\\-9 \\|quote\\=During the June 1967 Arab\\-Israel War, Israel came into military occupation of the Palestinian West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip. (Israel also occupied the Egyptian Sinai, Syrian Golan Heights, and two islands in the Gulf of Aqaba.) Already by the mid\\-1970s, the international community converged on a framework for resolving the festering conflict. This framework comprised two elements rooted in fundamental principles of international law. The first called for Israel's full withdrawal from the occupied Palestinian and other Arab territories in exchange for Palestinian\\-Arab recognition of Israel. The second called for establishing an independent State of Palestine on the Palestinian territories from which Israel would withdraw, i.e., the West Bank and Gaza, as well as a \"just resolution\" of the Palestinian refugee question.10 Land for peace and Palestinian self\\-determination secured through a two\\-state settlement: these principles for a reasonable if imperfect resolution of the Israel\\-Palestine conflict were eventually endorsed by an overwhelming consensus at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), in the political organs of the United Nations (UN), and of respected human rights organizations.}}",
"The June 1967 war exerted a significant effect upon Palestinian nationalism, as Israel gained military control of the West Bank from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt. Consequently, the PLO was unable to establish any control on the ground and established its headquarters in Jordan, home to hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, and supported the Jordanian army during the [War of Attrition](/wiki/War_of_Attrition \"War of Attrition\"), which included the [Battle of Karameh](/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh \"Battle of Karameh\"). However, the Palestinian base in Jordan collapsed with the [Jordanian–Palestinian civil war](/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan \"Black September in Jordan\") in 1970\\. The PLO defeat by the Jordanians caused most of the Palestinian militants to relocate to South Lebanon, where they soon took over large areas, creating the so\\-called \"Fatahland\".",
"### 1973 Yom Kippur War",
"{{Main\\|Yom Kippur War}}",
"On October 6, 1973, a coalition of Arab forces consisting of mainly Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur. Egyptian and Syria had crossed over the ceasefire lines that were agreed upon prior to 1973\\. Egypt had in particular tried to reoccupy much of the area surrounding the Suez Canal, whilst the frontline with Syria was mainly situated around the north in the Golan Heights. The war concluded with an Israeli victory, with both sides suffering tremendous casualties.",
"Following the end of the war, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 338, which confirmed the land\\-for\\-peace principle established in Resolution 242, initiating the Middle East peace process. The Arab defeat would play an important role in the PLO's willingness to pursue a negotiated settlement to the conflict.{{cite book \\|first\\=Noura \\|last\\=Erakat \\|title\\=Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Justice\\_for\\_Some\\&pg\\=PA \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Stanford University Press]] \\|date\\=2019 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-5036\\-0883\\-2 \\|quote\\=The 1973 War demonstrated that Arabs could work together when needed and that Israel was not as invincible as it had believed. The war left its scars on Israel, which suffered over 2,500 dead, US$4 billion in direct monetary losses, and deflated confidence. Although the Arabs technically lost the war, they won psychologically and diplomatically as the world once again focused on the ongoing conflict.156 In 1973, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 338, affirming the land\\-for\\-peace framework enshrined in Resolution 242 and setting into motion what was to become known as the Middle East peace process. Palestinian control of the PLO and the rise of guerilla warfare, together with the shift ushered in by the 1973 War, would lay the groundwork for the PLO's political agenda and aggressive legal strategy throughout the decade that followed.}}{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020\\|p\\=216}}: \"The disastrous defeat of the Arab states in the 1973 war also played a major role in convincing Arafat of the need for a compromise peace settlement. Arafat's decision to start peace negotiations with Israel led to the June 1974 PLO agreement to adopt a new strategy that called for a struggle for \"every part of Palestine that is liberated\" (emphasis added). Anziska writes that this constituted \"an acceptance of a political solution on a limited piece of territory,\" the first step, however vague, that opened the door for a Palestinian acceptance of a two\\-state solution... In a recent major work, historian Seth Anziska writes that the 1973 war \"launched a new phase in the PLO's struggle, oriented toward partition and the acknowledgment of Israel's presence. In the aftermath of the October War, the PLO sought a place within the comprehensive diplomatic negotiations, which required political compromise and the eventual embrace of a state on far less territory than historic Palestine\" (Anziska, Preventing Palestine, Kindle 25\\). Similarly, Bird writes: \"By mid\\-1974 the PLO was rapidly moving away from a strategy of armed struggle and morphing into a political movement seeking international legitimacy\" based on a two\\-state solution (Bird, The Good Spy, Kindle location 2560–75\\). For similar assessments of the importance of the 1974 PLO program, see Hart, Arafat, 10–11; Weinberger, \"The Palestinian National Security Debate\"; Nofal, \"Yasir Arafat: A Mixed Legacy\"; Tessler, A History of the Israeli\\-Palestinian Conflict, Kindle 483–84; and Elgindy, Blind Spot, Kindle 88\\.\" Additionally, many Israelis began to believe that the area under Israeli occupation could not be held indefinitely by force.{{harvnb\\|Morris\\|1999\\|loc\\=The Politics of War and Afterffects}}: \"On the other hand, the war had given Israel a stinging slap in the face. The 1948, 1956, and 1967 wars had conditioned them to stunning victories over the Arabs and to Arab military (and political) incompetence; 1973 proved to be something else altogether. Many Israelis were now persuaded that the territories could not be held indefinitely by force and that continued occupation would necessarily lead to further bouts of painful warfare. At last, and for the first time since June 1967, most people were willing to contemplate giving up large chunks of land for peace.\"{{harvnb\\|Pappé\\|2022\\|pp\\=287}}: \"The 1973 war was a traumatic event that promoted the disintegration of Israeli politics and culture. The myth of Israeli invincibility was shattered, and while some saw this as a good reason to become more insistent in the search for peace, others turned to God, toughening their positions on peace and territorial compromise. What added to the confusion and the erosion of self\\-confidence was the high number of deaths, about 3,000, compared with the few hundred in the 1967 war. A general sense of grief fell on the country and affected the government's prestige.\"",
"The Camp David Accords, agreed upon by Israel and Egypt in 1978, primarily aimed to establish a peace treaty between the two countries. The accords also proposed the creation of a \"Self\\-Governing Authority\" for the Arab population in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, excluding Jerusalem. While it promised \"full autonomy for the inhabitants,\" the land was to remain under Israeli control. A peace treaty based on these accords was signed in 1979, leading to Israel's withdrawal from the occupied Egyptian Sinai Peninsula by 1982\\. However, the specifics of the Palestinian\\-autonomy accords were disputed among the signatories and other Arab groups, and were never implemented.{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2013\\|loc\\=The First Moment: Begin and Palestinian Autonomy in 1982}}: \"In addition to their central provision, for a peace treaty between the two countries, the Camp David Accords, agreed upon by Israel and Egypt under the aegis of the United States in 1978, called for negotiations for the establishment of a \"Self\\-Governing Authority\" (SGA) for the Arab population of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Jerusalem was to be excluded from its provisions. The accords stipulated \"full autonomy for the inhabitants,\" but crucially, this did not apply to the land, which was to remain under full Israeli control. A bilateral peace treaty based on these accords was signed between Israel and Egypt in 1979, and Israel thereafter began a withdrawal of its forces from the occupied Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, which was completed in the spring of 1982\\. However, the modalities of the Palestinian\\-autonomy accords were a continuing source of dispute between the three signatories to the Camp David Accords, as well as with the Palestinians and other Arabs, and in the end they were never implemented.\"{{harvnb\\|Shlaim\\|2015\\|loc\\=The Camp David Accords}}: \"The Camp David Accords were signed in an impressive ceremony in the White House on 17 September 1978\\. The two accords were entitled \"A Framework for Peace in the Middle East\" and \"A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt.\" The former stated in its preamble, \"The agreed basis for a peaceful settlement of the conflict between Israel and its neighbours is UN Security Council Resolution 242 in all its parts.\" The framework dealt with the West Bank and Gaza and envisaged nothing less than \"the resolution of the Palestinian problem in all its aspects.\" Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and the representatives of the Palestinian people were to participate in the negotiations, which were to proceed in three stages. In the first, the ground rules would be laid for electing a \"self\\-governing authority\" for the territories, and the powers of this authority would be defined. In the second stage, once the self\\-governing authority had been established, a transitional period would begin. Israel's military government and its civilian administration would be withdrawn; Israel's armed forces would also be withdrawn and the remaining forces redeployed into specified security locations. In the third stage, not later than the third year after the beginning of the transitional period, negotiations would take place to determine the final status of the West Bank and Gaza. These negotiations had to recognize \"the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and their just requirements.\"",
"### 1982 Lebanon War",
"{{Main\\|1982 Lebanon War}}",
"[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon](/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon \"Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon\") peaked in the early 1970s, as Lebanon was used as a base to launch attacks on northern Israel and airplane hijacking campaigns worldwide, which drew Israeli retaliation. During the [Lebanese Civil War](/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War \"Lebanese Civil War\"), Palestinian militants continued to launch attacks against Israel while also battling opponents within Lebanon. In 1978, the [Coastal Road massacre](/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre \"Coastal Road massacre\") led to the Israeli full\\-scale invasion known as [Operation Litani](/wiki/Operation_Litani \"Operation Litani\"). This operation sought to dislodge the PLO from Lebanon while expanding the area under the control of the Israeli allied Christian militias in southern Lebanon. The operation succeeded in leaving a large portion of the south in control of the Israeli proxy which would eventually form the [South Lebanon Army](/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army \"South Lebanon Army\"). Under United States pressure, Israeli forces would eventually withdraw from Lebanon.{{harvnb\\|Morris\\|1999\\|loc\\=The Lebanon War}}: \"The aim of \"Operation Litani\" was to kill as many guerrillas as possible and to destroy the military infrastructure—camps, munitions dumps, artillery pieces. A secondary aim was to expand, and create continuity between, the existing Christian\\-held enclaves on the Lebanese side of the border. By March 21, the IDF had taken all of the area south of the Litani (except for Tyre and its environs).{{cite book \\|first\\=Baruch \\|last\\=Kimmerling \\|title\\=Politicide \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TE8oCW2J2F4C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Verso Books]] \\|isbn\\= 978\\-1\\-85984\\-517\\-2\\|quote\\=The collaboration was solidified and made public during Begin's first term. Begin was impressed by the pleas and the aristocratic manner of the Maronite leaders and several times declared \"Israel will not allow genocide \\[of the Maronites] in Lebanon.\" In March 1978, Israeli forces temporarily occupied southern Lebanon, in an attempt to neutralize Palestinian guerilla groups and enlarge the territory controlled by Major Haddad, in an undertaking called Operation Litani (the river that more or less marked the boundary of the Israeli influence).}}{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2020\\|loc\\=The Third Declaration of War}}: \"Nevertheless, after all this and despite an Israeli incursion in 1978—the Litani Operation—which left a swath of south Lebanon under the control of its proxy, the South Lebanese Army, the PLO was still standing. Indeed, it remained the strongest force in large parts of Lebanon, those that were not in the hands of foreign armies or their proxies, including West Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon, the Shouf Mountains, and much of the south. It would take one more military campaign to dislodge the PLO, and in 1982, American Secretary of State General Alexander Haig agreed to Ariel Sharon's plans for Israel to finish off the organization and with it Palestinian nationalism.\"{{harvnb\\|Cleveland\\|Bunton\\|2010}}: \"This was that belt the Israeli government wished to destroy. Its first concerted effort to do so occurred in 1978, when 25,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon as far north as the Litani River. The operation failed to dislodge the PLO from its strongholds, although it did cause large\\-scale demographic disruptions in southern Lebanon as thousands of villagers, mainly Shi'as, fled their homelands for the area of Beirut. Pressure from the United States and the UN eventually compelled Israel to withdraw its troops.\"",
"In 1982, Israel, having secured its southern border with Egypt, sought to resolve the Palestinian issue by attempting to dismantle the military and political power of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Lebanon.{{cite book \\|first\\=Albert Habib \\|last\\=Hourani \\|title\\=A history of the Arab peoples \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=egbOb0mewz4C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=Belknap Press of \\[\\[Harvard University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-674\\-05819\\-4 \\|quote\\=In 1982 the situation acquired a more dangerous dimension. The nationalist government in Israel, having secured its southern frontier by the peace treaty with Egypt, now tried to impose its own solution of the problem of the Palestinians. This involved an attempt to destroy both the military and the political power of the PLO in Lebanon, to install a friendly regime there, and then, freed from effective Palestinian resistance, to pursue its policy of settlement and annexation of occupied Palestine. With some degree of acquiescence from the USA, Israel invaded Lebanon in June 1982\\. The invasion culminated in a long siege of the western part of Beirut, mainly inhabited by Muslims and dominated by the PLO. The siege ended with an agreement, negotiated through the US government, by which the PLO would evacuate west Beirut, with guarantees for the safety of Palestinian civilians given by the Lebanese and US governments. At the same time, a presidential election resulted in the military head of the Kata'ib, Bashir Jumayyil, becoming president; he was assassinated soon afterwards and his brother Amin was then elected. The assassination was taken by Israel as an opportunity to occupy west Beirut, and this allowed the Kata'ib to carry out a massacre of Palestinians on a large scale in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila.}} The goal was to establish a friendly regime in Lebanon and continue its policy of settlement and annexation in occupied Palestine.{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=O\\-uMJuYdDxwC\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-518158\\-6 \\|quote\\=Destroying the PLO's infrastructure in Lebanon as well as dismantling the last remaining Palestinian springboard in an Arab country for the military struggle against Israel, was the immediate operational objective of the war. But the architects of the invasion had far wider ambitions. They believed that the defeat of the Palestinians in Lebanon would trigger a mass exodus of Palestinians to the East Bank of the River Jordan, which in turn would bring about the collapse of the Hashemite dynasty and the Palestinisation of the kingdom in a way that would allow Israel a free hand to assert her rule in Judaea and Samaria. Israel also believed that her victory in Lebanon would create a new political order in that country with an undisputed Christian hegemony.}}{{harvnb\\|Shlaim\\|2015\\|loc\\=The Lebanese Quagmire 1981\\-1984}}: \"The real driving force behind Israel's invasion of Lebanon, however, was Ariel Sharon, whose aims were much more ambitious and far\\-reaching. From his first day at the Defense Ministry, Sharon started planning the invasion of Lebanon. He developed what came to be known as the \"big plan\" for using Israel's military power to establish political hegemony in the Middle East. The first aim of Sharon's plan was to destroy the PLO's military infrastructure in Lebanon and to undermine it as a political organization. The second aim was to establish a new political order in Lebanon by helping Israel's Maronite friends, headed by Bashir Gemayel, to form a government that would proceed to sign a peace treaty with Israel. For this to be possible, it was necessary, third, to expel the Syrian forces from Lebanon or at least to weaken seriously the Syrian presence there. In Sharon's big plan, the war in Lebanon was intended to transform the situation not only in Lebanon but in the whole Middle East. The destruction of the PLO would break the backbone of Palestinian nationalism and facilitate the absorption of the West Bank into Greater Israel. The resulting influx of Palestinians from Lebanon and the West Bank into Jordan would eventually sweep away the Hashemite monarchy and transform the East Bank into a Palestinian state. Sharon reasoned that Jordan's conversion into a Palestinian state would end international pressures on Israel to withdraw from the West Bank. Begin was not privy to all aspects of Sharon's ambitious geopolitical scenario, but the two men were united by their desire to act against the PLO in Lebanon.\"{{harvnb\\|Morris\\|1999}}: \"On September 1 an IDF helicopter flew Gemayel to Nahariya, in northern Israel, where he met Begin, who had just been informed of the \"Reagan Plan,\" the new American initiative for Israeli withdrawal from most of the occupied territories in exchange for Arab recognition and peace. By invading Lebanon, Begin had hoped to neutralize Palestinian nationalism and facilitate Israeli annexation, at least de facto, of the West Bank. But the invasion had brought home to the Americans the plight of the Palestinians and the imperative of resolving their problem, with Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank among the necessary preconditions. The Reagan initiative ruled out a final settlement that would involve either Israeli annexation of the territories or full\\-fledged Palestinian statehood.\" The PLO had observed the latest ceasefire with Israel and shown a preference for negotiations over military operations. As a result, Israel sought to remove the PLO as a potential negotiating partner.{{cite book \\|first\\=Noam \\|last\\=Chomsky \\|author\\-link\\=Noam Chomsky \\|title\\=Fateful Triangle \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aHphMCIkhK0C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Pluto Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-89608\\-601\\-2 \\|quote\\=was that \"Operation Peace for Galilee\"—the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982—was undertaken to protect the civilian population from Palestinian gunners, and that \"the rocket and shelling attacks on Israel's northern border\" were ended by the operation, though \"If rockets again rain down on Israel's northern border after all that has been expended on Lebanon, the Israeli public will be outraged.19 This cannot be correct, given the history which is not challenged (even if unreported, for the most part). When it came to be recognized that the rockets still \"rain down,\" the story was modified: \"Israel's two military forays into Lebanon \\[1978, 1982] were military disasters that failed to provide long\\-term security for Israel's northern border.\"20 Security had indeed been at risk, as a result of Israel's unprovoked attacks from 1981, and to a large extent before. The phrase \"military disaster\" does not refer to the killing of some 20,000 Lebanese and Palestinians in 1982, overwhelmingly civilians, the destruction of much of southern Lebanon and the capital city of Beirut, or the terrible atrocities carried out by Israeli troops through the mid\\-1980s; rather, to Israel's failure to impose the \"new order\" it had proclaimed for Lebanon and its inability to maintain its occupation in full because of the casualties caused by unanticipated resistance (\"terror\"), forcing it back to its \"security zone.\" The actual reasons for the 1982 invasion have never been concealed in Israel, though they are rated \"X\" here.21 A few weeks after the invasion began, Israel's leading academic specialist on the Palestinians, Yehoshua Porath, pointed out that the decision to invade \"flowed from the very fact that the cease\\-fire had been observed\" by the PLO, a \"veritable catastrophe\" for the Israeli government because it endangered the policy of evading a political settlement. The PLO was gaining respectability thanks to its preference for negotiations over terror. The Israeli government's hope, therefore, was to compel \"the stricken PLO\" to \"return to its earlier terrorism,\" thus \"undercutting the danger\" of negotiations. As Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir later stated, Israel went to war because there was \"a terrible danger... Not so much a military one as a political one.\" The invasion was intended to \"undermine the position of the moderates within \\[the PLO] ranks\" and thus to block \"the PLO 'peace offensive\"' and \"to halt \\[the PLO's] rise to political respectability\" (strategic analyst Avner Yaniv); it should be called \"the war to safeguard the occupation of the West Bank,\" having been motivated by Begin's \"fear of the momentum of the peace process,\" according to Israeli Arabist and former head of military intelligence General Yehoshaphat Harkabi. U.S. backing for Israel's aggression, including the vetoing of Security Council efforts to stop the slaughter, was presumably based on the same reasoning. After its failure to impose the intended \"New Order\" in Lebanon in 1982, Israel attempted to hold on to as much of Lebanon as possible, though it was forced to withdraw to its \"security zone\" as resistance caused too many Israeli casualties. Meanwhile Israel conducted violent terror operations, notably the \"iron fist\" operations of 1985 under the direction of Prime Minister Shimon Peres. These went on through the 1980s.2}}{{cite book \\|first\\=John B. \\|last\\=Quigley \\|title\\=The Case for Palestine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VaUvqHNd6m0C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2005 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Duke University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8223\\-3539\\-9 \\|quote\\=As a result, the PLO did not attack Israel from mid\\-I98r to mid\\-I982\\.16 But in June 1982 Israel again invaded Lebanon, and it used aerial bombardment to destroy entire camps of Palestine Arab refugees.17 By these means Israel killed 20,000 persons, mostly civilians,18 and while it occupied southern Lebanon it incarcerated 15,000 persons, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross. The IDF continued north to Beirut, where it forced the PLO out of Lebanon. Israel claimed self\\-defense for its invasion, but the lack of PLO attacks into Israel during the previous year made that claim dubious. By invading Lebanon, Israel evidently sought to destroy the extensive Palestinian military and administrative infrastructure in Lebanon19 and, by removing the PLO, to convince the Arabs of the Gaza Strip and West Bank that they would get no help from the PLO.20 In the United States Harold Saunders, a former assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern and South Asian affairs, said that Israel aimed,}}{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020\\|p\\=354}}: \"For just that reason, though, Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Defense Minister Ariel Sharon worried that the growing PLO moderation would increase the pressure on Israel to accept the creation of a Palestinian state. To prevent that, in 1982 they seized upon a pretext to again invade Lebanon and attack the PLO, this time on a far larger scale than in previous conflicts. The attacks resulted in tens of thousands of Lebanese civilian casualties; however, the PLO forces in southern Lebanon, still led by Arafat, who escaped Israeli efforts to kill him, were soon reconstituted.\" Most Palestinian militants were defeated within several weeks, Beirut was captured, and the PLO headquarters were evacuated to Tunisia in June by Yasser Arafat's decision.",
"### First Intifada (1987–1993\\)",
"{{Main\\|First Intifada}}",
"The first Palestinian uprising began in 1987 as a response to escalating attacks and the endless occupation. By the early 1990s, international efforts to settle the conflict had begun, in light of the success of the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty of 1982\\. Eventually, the [Israeli–Palestinian peace process](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process \"Israeli–Palestinian peace process\") led to the [Oslo Accords](/wiki/Oslo_Accords \"Oslo Accords\") of 1993, allowing the PLO to relocate from Tunisia and take ground in the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") and [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\"), establishing the [Palestinian National Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority \"Palestinian National Authority\"). The peace process also had significant opposition among radical Islamic elements of Palestinian society, such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, who immediately initiated a campaign of attacks targeting Israelis. Following hundreds of casualties and a wave of radical anti\\-government propaganda, Israeli Prime Minister [Rabin was assassinated](/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin \"Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin\") by an [Israeli far\\-right extremist](/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel \"Far-right politics in Israel\") who objected to the peace initiative. This struck a serious blow to the peace process, from which the newly elected government of Israel in 1996 backed off.",
"### Second Intifada (2000–2005\\)",
"{{Main\\|Second Intifada}}\n[thumb\\|Aftermath of a Palestinian suicide bombing on a bus in Tel Aviv](/wiki/File:Allenby_Street_bus_bombing_III.jpg \"Allenby Street bus bombing III.jpg\")",
"Following several years of unsuccessful negotiations, the conflict re\\-erupted as the [Second Intifada](/wiki/Second_Intifada \"Second Intifada\") in September 2000\\. The violence, escalating into an open conflict between the [Palestinian National Security Forces](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces \"Palestinian National Security Forces\") and the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\"), lasted until 2004/2005 and led to approximately [130 fatalities](/wiki/Operation_Days_of_Penitence_Fatalities \"Operation Days of Penitence Fatalities\"). In 2005, Israeli Prime Minister Sharon ordered the [removal of Israeli settlers and soldiers from Gaza](/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza \"Israeli disengagement from Gaza\"). Israel and its Supreme Court formally declared an end to occupation, saying it \"had no effective control over what occurred\" in Gaza.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html \\|title\\=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory? \\|last\\=Levs \\|first\\=Josh \\|date\\=6 January 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"), [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") and many other international bodies and [NGOs](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization \"Non-governmental organization\") continue to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls Gaza Strip's airspace, territorial waters and controls the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \\|title\\=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability \\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-19 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Amnesty International]] \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 April 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2006\\-07\\-05 \\|title\\=Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories, July 6, 2006 \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/05/human\\-rights\\-council\\-special\\-session\\-occupied\\-palestinian\\-territories\\-july\\-6\\-2006 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173325/https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/05/human\\-rights\\-council\\-special\\-session\\-occupied\\-palestinian\\-territories\\-july\\-6\\-2006 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Fatah–Hamas split (2006–2007\\)",
"{{main\\|Fatah–Hamas conflict}}\nIn 2006, Hamas won a plurality of 44% in the [Palestinian parliamentary election](/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election \"2006 Palestinian legislative election\"). Israel responded it would begin [economic sanctions](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_economic_sanctions_against_the_Palestinian_National_Authority \"2006–07 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority\") unless Hamas agreed to accept prior Israeli–Palestinian agreements, forswear violence, and recognize Israel's right to exist, all of which Hamas rejected.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Erlanger \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-18 \\|title\\=Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/world/middleeast/hamas\\-leader\\-faults\\-israeli\\-sanction\\-plan.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205553/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/world/middleeast/hamas\\-leader\\-faults\\-israeli\\-sanction\\-plan.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} After internal Palestinian political struggle between Fatah and Hamas erupted into the [Battle of Gaza (2007\\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_%282007%29 \"Battle of Gaza (2007)\"), Hamas took full control of the area.{{cite book \\|last\\=Oren \\|first\\=Michael B. \\|author\\-link\\=Michael Oren \\|title\\=Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[W. W. Norton \\& Company]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-393\\-05826\\-0 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/powerfaithfantas00oren\\_1/page/607 607] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/powerfaithfantas00oren\\_1/page/607}} In 2007, Israel imposed a naval [blockade on the Gaza Strip](/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip \"Blockade of the Gaza Strip\"), and cooperation with Egypt allowed a ground blockade of the Egyptian border.",
"The tensions between Israel and Hamas escalated until late 2008, when Israel launched operation [Cast Lead](/wiki/Cast_Lead \"Cast Lead\") upon Gaza, resulting in thousands of civilian casualties and billions of dollars in damage. By February 2009, a ceasefire was signed with international mediation between the parties, though the occupation and small and sporadic eruptions of violence continued.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2023}}",
"In 2011, a Palestinian Authority attempt to gain UN membership as a fully sovereign state failed. In Hamas\\-controlled Gaza, sporadic rocket attacks on Israel and Israeli air raids continued to occur.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Bohn \\|first\\=Lauren E. \\|title\\=Hamas: Rockets will stop when Gaza borders are opened \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/18/gaza\\-hamas\\-israel\\-demands/1712561/ \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2022 \\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407053837/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/18/gaza\\-hamas\\-israel\\-demands/1712561/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id\\=290276 \\|title\\=Abbas: No justification for Gaza rocket attacks \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Jerusalem Post]] \\|date\\=2 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316031412/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id\\=290276 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2013}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-24 \\|title\\=Gaza: Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/24/gaza\\-palestinian\\-rockets\\-unlawfully\\-targeted\\-israeli\\-civilians \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128091753/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/24/gaza\\-palestinian\\-rockets\\-unlawfully\\-targeted\\-israeli\\-civilians \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=Seven Truths About Israel, Hamas and Violence \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2012\\-11\\-20/seven\\-truths\\-about\\-israel\\-hamas\\-and\\-violence \\|newspaper\\=Bloomberg.com \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507095921/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2012\\-11\\-20/seven\\-truths\\-about\\-israel\\-hamas\\-and\\-violence \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In November 2012, Palestinian representation in the UN was upgraded to a non\\-member observer state, and its mission title was changed from \"Palestine (represented by PLO)\" to \"[State of Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\")\". In 2014, [another war](/wiki/2014_Gaza_War \"2014 Gaza War\") broke out between Israel and Gaza, resulting in over 70 Israeli and over 2,000 Palestinian casualties.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-16 \\|title\\=Urban battle from past Gaza war offers glimpse of what an Israeli ground offensive might look like \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/israel\\-gaza\\-hamas\\-military\\-urban\\-battle\\-89e45b149f3b88cd647cf6376dbfe0ac \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-02 \\|work\\=\\[\\[AP News]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202140527/https://apnews.com/article/israel\\-gaza\\-hamas\\-military\\-urban\\-battle\\-89e45b149f3b88cd647cf6376dbfe0ac \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Israel–Hamas war (2023–present)",
"{{main\\|Israel–Hamas war}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Map of the [Israel–Hamas war](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war \"Israel–Hamas war\") in Gaza and southern Israel](/wiki/File:October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg \"October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict.svg\")",
"After the 2014 war and [2021 crisis](/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis \"2021 Israel–Palestine crisis\"), Hamas began planning an attack on Israel.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Hamas planned Oct. 7 from before 2014, with final decision made by 5 leaders – report \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas\\-planned\\-oct\\-7\\-from\\-before\\-2014\\-with\\-final\\-decision\\-made\\-by\\-5\\-leaders\\-report/ \\|website\\=timesofisrael.com}} In 2022, Netanyahu returned to power while headlining a hardline [far\\-right](/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel \"Far-right politics in Israel\") [government](/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel \"Thirty-seventh government of Israel\"),{{cite news \\|title\\=In Israel and the U.S., 'apartheid' is the elephant in the room \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/11/israel\\-palestine\\-apartheid\\-israel\\-scholars/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]}} which led to greater political strife in Israel{{Cite news \\|title\\=Israel judicial reform explained: What is the crisis about? \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-65086871 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=27 March 2023}} and clashes in the Palestinian territories.{{cite web \\|date\\=21 August 2023 \\|title\\=Israeli\\-Palestinian death toll highest since 2005: UN envoy \\|url\\=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/08/1139922 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823083925/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/08/1139922 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 August 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2023 \\|publisher\\=UN}} This culminated in the 2023 [Israel–Hamas war](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war \"Israel–Hamas war\"), when [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\")\\-led militant groups launched [a surprise attack](/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel \"2023 Hamas attack on Israel\") on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,200 Israeli civilians and military personnel and taking [hostages](/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis \"2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Mills \\|first1\\=Andrew \\|last2\\=Hassan \\|first2\\=Ahmed Mohamed \\|title\\=Exclusive: Qatar seeking Israel\\-Hamas deal to free 50 hostages and 3\\-day truce \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle\\-east/qatar\\-seeking\\-israel\\-hamas\\-deal\\-release\\-50\\-hostages\\-3\\-day\\-truce\\-sources\\-say\\-2023\\-11\\-15/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|date\\=15 November 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117233749/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle\\-east/qatar\\-seeking\\-israel\\-hamas\\-deal\\-release\\-50\\-hostages\\-3\\-day\\-truce\\-sources\\-say\\-2023\\-11\\-15/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=What we know about the captives taken by Hamas \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what\\-do\\-we\\-know\\-about\\-the\\-israeli\\-captives\\-held\\-by\\-hamas \\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215064234/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what\\-do\\-we\\-know\\-about\\-the\\-israeli\\-captives\\-held\\-by\\-hamas \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The [Israeli military](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") retaliated by conducting an extensive [aerial bombardment](/wiki/Airstrike \"Airstrike\") campaign on Gaza,{{cite news \\|title\\=Gaza war inflicts catastrophic damage on infrastructure and economy \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle\\-east/gaza\\-war\\-inflicts\\-catastrophic\\-damage\\-infrastructure\\-economy\\-2023\\-11\\-17/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|date\\=17 November 2023}} followed by a [large\\-scale ground invasion](/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_%282023%E2%80%93present%29 \"Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)\") with the stated goal of destroying Hamas and controlling security in Gaza afterwards.{{Cite news \\|date\\=31 October 2023 \\|title\\=Has Israel invaded Gaza? The military has been vague, even if its objectives are clear \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/israel\\-gaza\\-ground\\-operation\\-invasion\\-6ba5bf06f81c315252a9e53735f3de47 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101193534/https://apnews.com/article/israel\\-gaza\\-ground\\-operation\\-invasion\\-6ba5bf06f81c315252a9e53735f3de47 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]}} Israel killed tens of thousands of Palestinians, including civilians and combatants and [displaced](/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations \"Gaza Strip evacuations\") almost two million people.{{Cite web \\|title\\=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \\- occupied Palestinian territory \\|url\\=http://www.ochaopt.org/node/10572 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-06 \\|website\\=\\[\\[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\\|UN OCHA]] \\|language\\=en}} South Africa [accused](/wiki/South_Africa_v._Israel_%28Genocide_Convention%29 \"South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)\") Israel of [genocide](/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_2023_Israeli_attack_on_Gaza \"Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza\") at the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") and called for an immediate ceasefire.{{Cite web \\|date\\=December 29, 2023 \\|title\\=Proceedings instituted by South Africa against the State of Israel on 29 December 2023 \\|url\\=https://www.icj\\-cij.org/sites/default/files/case\\-related/192/192\\-20231228\\-app\\-01\\-00\\-en.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105144115/https://www.icj\\-cij.org/index.php/node/203394 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[International Court of Justice]]}} [ALT Link](https://jusmundi.com/en/document/pdf/other/en-proceedings-instituted-by-south-africa-against-the-state-of-israel-on-29-december-2023-application-instituting-proceedings-and-request-for-the-indication-of-provisional-measures-friday-29th-december-2023) The Court issued an order requiring Israel to take all measures to prevent any acts contrary to the [1948 Genocide Convention](/wiki/1948_Genocide_Convention \"1948 Genocide Convention\"),{{cite news \\|date\\=26 January 2024 \\|title\\=Israel\\-Hamas War: Update from Patrick Kingsley \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/26/world/israel\\-hamas\\-gaza\\-news/333c0a8f\\-4e98\\-5a9f\\-8514\\-ef9aaf4f1e53 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131634/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/26/world/israel\\-hamas\\-gaza\\-news/333c0a8f\\-4e98\\-5a9f\\-8514\\-ef9aaf4f1e53 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2024 \\|work\\=The New York Times}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-26 \\|title\\=Order respecting South Africa's request for provisional measures \\|url\\=https://www.icj\\-cij.org/sites/default/files/case\\-related/192/192\\-20240126\\-ord\\-01\\-00\\-en.pdf \\|website\\=International Court of Justice}}{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Rajvanshi\\|first\\=Astha\\|date\\=January 26, 2024\\|title\\=U.N. Court Says Israel Must Prevent Genocidal Acts in Gaza, But Doesn't Order a Ceasefire\\|url\\=https://time.com/6588931/icj\\-ruling\\-israel\\-genocidal\\-acts\\-gaza\\-south\\-africa/\\|magazine\\=TIME\\|location\\=\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2024\\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150958/https://time.com/6588931/icj\\-ruling\\-israel\\-genocidal\\-acts\\-gaza\\-south\\-africa/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but did not order Israel to suspend its military campaign.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-27 \\|title\\=World Court stops short of Gaza ceasefire order for Israel \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle\\-east/israel\\-braces\\-world\\-court\\-ruling\\-focuses\\-attack\\-south\\-gaza\\-2024\\-01\\-26/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-27 \\|work\\=Reuters}}",
"The war [spilled over](/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war \"Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war\"), with Israel engaging in clashes with local militias in the [West Bank](/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_the_West_Bank_during_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war \"Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war\"), [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah \"Hezbollah\") in [Lebanon](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_%282023%E2%80%93present%29 \"Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)\") and northern Israel, and other Iranian\\-backed militias in Syria.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog\\_entry/netanyahu\\-dismisses\\-international\\-pressure\\-nothing\\-will\\-stop\\-us\\-destroy\\-hamas/ \\|title\\=Netanyahu dismisses international pressure: 'Nothing will stop us' destroying Hamas \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of Israel]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 December 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217014118/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog\\_entry/netanyahu\\-dismisses\\-international\\-pressure\\-nothing\\-will\\-stop\\-us\\-destroy\\-hamas/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel\\-gaza\\-war\\-can\\-hamas\\-actually\\-be\\-eliminated\\-experts\\-weigh\\-in.html \\|title\\=Can Hamas actually be eliminated? This is what military and security analysts think \\|first\\=Natasha \\|last\\=Turak \\|date\\=12 December 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CNBC]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 December 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218214421/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel\\-gaza\\-war\\-can\\-hamas\\-actually\\-be\\-eliminated\\-experts\\-weigh\\-in.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\\-says\\-idf\\-will\\-control\\-gaza\\-after\\-war\\-rejects\\-notion\\-of\\-international\\-force/ \\|title\\=Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of Israel]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112163219/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\\-says\\-idf\\-will\\-control\\-gaza\\-after\\-war\\-rejects\\-notion\\-of\\-international\\-force/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Iranian\\-backed militias also engaged in [clashes](/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq%2C_Jordan%2C_and_Syria_%282023%E2%80%93present%29 \"Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)\") with the United States,{{Cite news \\|title\\=Three US troops killed in drone attack in Jordan, more than 30 injured \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/28/politics/us\\-troops\\-drone\\-attack\\-jordan/index.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=28 January 2024}} while the [Houthis](/wiki/Houthi_movement \"Houthi movement\") [blockaded](/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis \"Red Sea crisis\") the Red Sea in protest,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Armstrong \\|first\\=Kathryn \\|title\\=Houthis claim new attacks on Red Sea shipping \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-68218901 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=6 February 2024}} to which the United States responded with airstrikes in [Yemen](/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen \"2024 missile strikes in Yemen\"),{{Cite news \\|title\\=U.S. and U.K. launch new wave of strikes, this time targeting Houthis in Yemen \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live\\-blog/live\\-updates\\-rcna137078 \\|work\\=\\[\\[NBC News]] \\|date\\=4 February 2024}} [Iraq, and Syria](/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria \"February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=What we know about US retaliatory strikes in Iraq and Syria \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-68189567 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=3 February 2024}}",
""
] |
Attempts to reach a peaceful settlement
---------------------------------------
The PLO's participation in diplomatic negotiations was dependent on its complete disavowal of terrorism and recognition of Israel's "right to exist." This stipulation required the PLO to abandon its objective of reclaiming all of historic Palestine and instead focus on the 22 percent which came under Israeli military control in 1967\. By the late 1970s, Palestinian leadership in the occupied territories and most Arab states supported a two\-state settlement.{{cite book\|author\=Shaul Mishal, Avraham Sela\|title\=The Palestinian Hamas\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xBRWAAAAYAAJ\&pg\=PA\|year\=2000\|publisher\=Columbia University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-231\-11674\-9\|pages\=}} In 1981, Saudi Arabia put forward a plan based on a two\-state settlement to the conflict with support from the Arab League.Yehuda Lukacs, ed., The Israeli\-Palestinian Conflict: A documentary record, 1967–1990 (Cambridge: 1992\), pp. 477–79\. Israeli analyst Avner Yaniv describes Arafat as ready to make a historic compromise at this time, while the Israeli cabinet continued to oppose the existence of a Palestinian state. Yaniv described Arafat's willingness to compromise as a "peace offensive" which Israel responded to by planning to remove the PLO as a potential negotiating partner in order to evade international diplomatic pressure.{{cite book \|first\=Avner \|last\=Yaniv \|title\=Dilemmas of Security \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NIVtAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=1987 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-504122\-4}} Israel would invade Lebanon the following year in an attempt to undermine the PLO as a political organization, weakening Palestinian nationalism and facilitating the annexation of the West Bank into Greater Israel.
While the PLO had adopted a program of pursuing a Palestinian state alongside Israel since the mid 1970s, the 1988 [Palestinian Declaration of Independence](/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence "Palestinian Declaration of Independence") formally consecrated this objective. This declaration, which was based on resolutions from the Palestine National Council sessions in the late 1970s and 1980s, advocated for the creation of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, within the borders set by the 1949 armistice lines prior to June 5, 1967\. Following the declaration, Arafat explicitly denounced all forms of terrorism and affirmed the PLO's acceptance of UN Resolutions 242 and 338, as well as the recognition of Israel's right to exist. All the conditions defined by Henry Kissinger for US negotiations with the PLO had now been met.{{harvnb\|Shlaim\|2015}}: "The PLO followed the Algiers resolutions with a concerted attempt to project a more moderate image. It made a special effort to gain respectability by dissociating the PLO from terrorism. Arafat issued a series of statements on the subject, which failed to satisfy the United States, so in the end the State Department virtually dictated the text that Arafat read at the opening of his press conference in Geneva on 14 December. "I repeat for the record," stated Arafat, "that we totally and absolutely renounce all forms of terrorism, including individual, group and state terrorism. Between Geneva and Algiers we have made our position crystal clear." The statement unconditionally accepted Resolutions 242 and 338 and clearly recognized Israel's right to exist. All the conditions that Henry Kissinger had laid down in 1975 for dealing with the PLO had now been met. One of the last major foreign policy acts of the outgoing Reagan administration was to recognize the PLO and to open a substantive dialogue with it. This dialogue was conducted by the American ambassador in Tunis. President Reagan stated publicly that the special commitment of the United States to Israel's security and well\-being remained unshakable."
Israeli prime minister [Yitzhak Shamir](/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir "Yitzhak Shamir") stood behind the stance that the PLO was a terrorist organization. He maintained a strict stance against any concessions, including withdrawal from occupied Palestinian territories, recognition of or negotiations with the PLO, and especially the establishment of a Palestinian state. Shamir viewed the U.S. decision to engage in dialogue with the PLO as a mistake that threatened the existing territorial status quo. He argued that negotiating with the PLO meant accepting the existence of a Palestinian state and hence was unacceptable.{{harvnb\|Shlaim\|2015}}: "To Shamir it was crystal clear, once again, that the PLO had not abandoned the path of terror. For him the PLO had always been and would forever remain a terrorist organization. His response to the momentous changes taking place in the Palestinian camp was a reaffirmation of his previous position: no to withdrawal from the occupied territories, no to recognition of the PLO, no to negotiation with the PLO, no to a Palestinian state. Shamir called the U.S. decision to enter into a dialogue with the PLO a "grave error." He saw it as a threat to the long\-standing American\-Israeli collaboration in support of the territorial status quo. "For the PLO," explained Shamir, "a Palestinian state is a minimum. Therefore, anyone who engages in negotiations with it in effect accepts this principle. What else can one talk about with the PLO, if not about a Palestinian state?" Vice\-Premier Peres described the opening of the U.S.\-PLO dialogue as "a sad day for all of us." But he felt that Israel had to come up with its own peace initiative, since it was impossible to preserve the status quo."
### The Peace Process
{{Main\|Israeli–Palestinian peace process}}
The term "peace\-process" refers to the step\-by\-step approach to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Having originally entered into usage to describe the US mediated negotiations between Israel and surrounding Arab countries, notably Egypt, the term "peace\-process" has grown to be associated with an emphasis on the negotiation process rather than on presenting a comprehensive solution to the conflict.{{harvnb\|Pappé\|2022}}{{cite book \|first\=William B. \|last\=Quandt \|title\=Peace Process \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6Jm0YNKvQsAC\&pg\=PA \|year\=2005 \|publisher\=Brookings Institution Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-24631\-7 \|pages\=}}{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2020}} As part of this process, fundamental issues of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict such as borders, access to resources, and the Palestinian right of return, have been left to "final status" talks. Such "final status" negotiations along the lines discussed in Madrid in 1991 have never taken place.
The Oslo Accords of 1993 and 1995 built on the incremental framework put in place by the 1978 Camp David negotiations and the 1991 Madrid and Washington talks. The motivation behind the incremental approach towards a settlement was that it would "build confidence", but the eventual outcome was instead a dramatic decline in mutual confidence. At each incremental stage, Israel further entrenched its occupation of the Palestinian territories, despite the PA upholding its obligation to curbing violent attacks from extremist groups, in part by cooperating with Israeli forces.{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020\|loc\=Chapter 14}}: "On the contrary, in August 1996 the PLO honored its commitment to revoke its original charter, which had denied the legitimacy of Israel and called for the armed liberation of all of Palestine. As well, by 1996 the PA and its police forces had become increasingly successful in their efforts to end the terrorism of Hamas and other Islamic extremists, even cooperating with the Israeli forces. As a result, there were now far fewer terrorist attacks than in the preceding few years."
[Meron Benvenisti](/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti "Meron Benvenisti"), former deputy mayor of Jerusalem, observed that life became harsher for Palestinians during this period as state violence increased and Palestinian land continued to be expropriated as settlements expanded.{{harvnb\|Shlaim\|2015\|loc\=Stonewalling 1988\-1992}}{{cite book \|first\=Kathleen \|last\=Christison \|title\=Perceptions of Palestine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=H6UwDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA\|year\=2000 \|publisher\=\[\[University of California Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-21718\-8 \|pages\=290}}{{cite book \|first1\=William L. \|last1\=Cleveland \|first2\=Martin \|last2\=Bunton \|title\=A History of the Modern Middle East \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hnzxzqau3a8C\&pg\=PA \|year\=2010 \|publisher\=ReadHowYouWant.com, Limited \|isbn\=978\-1\-4587\-8155\-0 \|pages\=}}{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020}} Israeli foreign minister Shlomo Ben\-Ami described the Oslo Accords as legitimizing "the transformation of the West Bank into what has been called a 'cartographic cheeseboard'."{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=x72ZEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-532542\-3 \|pages\=241}}
#### Creation of the Palestinian Authority and Security Cooperation
Core to the Oslo Accords was the creation of the Palestinian Authority and the security cooperation it would enter into with the Israeli military authorities in what has been described as the "outsourcing" of the occupation to the PA.{{harvnb\|Baconi\|2018\|loc\=Politicide, Containment, and Pacification}} Just before signing the Oslo accord, [Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin") described the expectation that the "Palestinians will be better at establishing internal security than we were, because they will allow no appeals to the Sepreme Court and will prevent \[human rights groups] from criticizing the conditions there."{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.palestine\-studies.org/en/node/1649446 \|title\=Dennis Ross and the Peace Process: Subordinating Palestinian Rights to Israeli "Needs" \|language\=en}} Along these lines, Ben\-Ami, who participated in the Camp David 2000 talks, described this process: "One of the meanings of Oslo was that the PLO was eventually Israel's collaborator in the task of stifling the Intifada and cutting short what was clearly an authentically democratic struggle for Palestinian independence."
The [Wye River Memorandum](/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum "Wye River Memorandum") agreed on by the PA and Israel introduced a "zero tolerance" policy for "terror and violence." This policy was uniformly criticised by human rights organizations for its "encouragement" of human rights abuses.Human Rights Watch, An Analysis of the Wye River MemorandumAmnesty International, The United States, Israel and the Palestinian Authority [Dennis Ross](/wiki/Dennis_Ross "Dennis Ross") describes the Wye as having successfully reduced both violent and non\-violent protests, both of which he considers to be "inconsistent with the spirit of Wye."{{cite book\|author\=Dennis Ross\|title\=The Missing Peace\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DGRvlDWtCggC\&pg\=PA\|year\=2005\|publisher\=Farrar, Straus and Giroux \|isbn\=978\-0\-374\-52980\-2}} Watson claims that the PA frequently violated its obligations to curb incitement{{harvnb\|Watson\|2000\|pp\=211–236}}: "The Palestinian side has repeatedly run afoul of its obligation to refrain from incitement and hostile propaganda." and its record on curbing terrorism and other security obligations under the [Wye River Memorandum](/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum "Wye River Memorandum") was, at best, mixed.{{harvnb\|Watson\|2000\|pp\=211–236}}: "the Palestinian record of compliance with these obligations is at best mixed...the PA's record on security cooperation has been mixed... The PA has a mixed record on fighting terror group."
### Oslo Accords (1993, 1995\)
{{Main\|Oslo Accords}}
[thumb\|left\|A [peace movement](/wiki/Peace_movement "Peace movement") poster: [Israeli](/wiki/Flag_of_Israel "Flag of Israel") and [Palestinian flags](/wiki/Palestinian_flag "Palestinian flag") and the word *peace* in [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language") and [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language").](/wiki/File:Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg "Israel and Palestine Peace.svg")
In 1993, Israeli officials led by [Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin") and Palestinian leaders from the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization") led by [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat") strove to find a peaceful solution through what became known as the Oslo peace process. A crucial milestone in this process was Arafat's letter of recognition of Israel's right to exist. Emblematic of the asymmetry in the Oslo process, Israel was not required to, and did not, recognize the right of a Palestinian state to exist. In 1993, the [Declaration of Principles](/wiki/Declaration_of_Principles "Declaration of Principles") (or Oslo I) was signed and set forward a framework for future Israeli–Palestinian negotiations, in which key issues would be left to "final status" talks. The stipulations of the Oslo agreements ran contrary to the international consensus for resolving the conflict; the agreements did not uphold Palestinian self\-determination or statehood and repealed the internationally accepted interpretation of [UN Resolution 242](/wiki/UN_Resolution_242 "UN Resolution 242") that land cannot be acquired by war. With respect to access to land and resources, Noam Chomsky described the Oslo agreements as allowing "Israel to do virtually what it likes."{{cite book \|first\=Noam \|last\=Chomsky \|author\-link\=Noam Chomsky \|title\=Fateful Triangle \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aHphMCIkhK0C\&pg\=PA \|year\=1999 \|publisher\=\[\[Pluto Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-7453\-1530\-0 \|pages\=Chapter 10}} The Oslo process was delicate and progressed in fits and starts.
The process took a turning point at the [assassination of Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin "Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin") in November 1995 and the election of Netanyahu in 1996, finally unraveling when Arafat and [Ehud Barak](/wiki/Ehud_Barak "Ehud Barak") failed to reach an agreement at Camp David in July 2000 and later at Taba in 2001\.{{cite book \|first\=Norman G. \|last\=Finkelstein \|author\-link\=Norman Finkelstein \|title\=Gaza \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=qo84DwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2018 \|publisher\=\[\[University of California Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-29571\-1 \|pages\=Chapter 2}} The interim period specified by Oslo had not built confidence between the two parties; Barak had failed to implement additional stages of the interim agreements and settlements expanded by 10% during his short term.{{cite book \|first\=Baruch \|last\=Kimmerling \|author\-link\=Baruch Kimmerling \|title\=Politicide \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TE8oCW2J2F4C\&pg\=PA \|year\=2003 \|publisher\=\[\[Verso Books]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-85984\-517\-2 \|pages\=The Road to Sharonism}} The disagreement between the two parties at Camp David was primarily on the acceptance (or rejection) of international consensus.{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Prophets Without Honor \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2022 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-006047\-3 \|pages\=e\-book section 38 \|quote\=Camp David failed because of the two sides' conflicting interpretations of the terms of reference of the peace process. The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open\-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear\-cut process of decolonization based on "international legitimacy" and "all UN relevant resolutions."}}{{harvnb\|Finkelstein\|2007\|pp\=352}} For Palestinian negotiators, the international consensus, as represented by the yearly vote in the UN General Assembly which passes almost unanimously, was the starting point for negotiations. The Israeli negotiators, supported by the American participants, did not accept the international consensus as the basis for a settlement.{{harvnb\|Finkelstein\|2007\|pp\=352}}: "In a letter to President Clinton, who presided over the proceedings, Palestinian representatives stated that their aim was implementation of U.N. Resolution 242 and that "\[w]e are willing to accept adjustments of the border between the two countries, on condition that they be equivalent in value and importance." Repeatedly the Palestinian negotiators asked: "Will you accept the June 4border \[as the basis of discussion]? Will you accept the principle of the exchange of territories?" The Israeli position was that "\[w]e can't accept the demand for a return to the borders of June 1967as a pre\-condition for the negotiation," while Clinton "literally yells," in response to the Palestinian view that "international legitimacy means Israeli retreat to the border of June 4, 1967," that "\[t]his isn't the Security Council here. This isn't the U.N. General Assembly." Both sides eventually accepted the Clinton parameters "with reservations" but the talks at Taba were "called to a halt" by Barak, and the peace process itself came to a stand\-still. Ben\-Ami, who participated in the talks at Camp David as Israel's foreign minister, would later describe the proposal on the table: "The Clinton parameters... are the best proof that Arafat was right to turn down the summit's offers".
### Camp David Summit (2000\)
{{Main\|2000 Camp David Summit}}
[right\|thumb\|[Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin"), [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"), and [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat") during the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993\.](/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg "Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House 1993-09-13.jpg")
In July 2000, US President Bill Clinton convened a peace summit between Palestinian President Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. Barak reportedly put forward the following as "bases for negotiation", via the US to the Palestinian President: a non\-militarized Palestinian state split into 3–4 parts containing 87–92% of the West Bank after having already given up 78% of historic Palestine.{{efn\|Three factors made Israel's territorial offer less forthcoming than it initially appeared. First, the 91 percent land offer was based on the Israeli definition of the West Bank, but this differs by approximately 5 percentage points from the Palestinian definition. Palestinians use a total area of 5,854 square kilometers. Israel, however, omits the area known as No Man's Land (50 km2 near Latrun), post\-1967 East Jerusalem (71 km2), and the territorial waters of the Dead Sea (195 km2), which reduces the total to 5,538 km2}} Thus, an Israeli offer of 91 percent of the West Bank (5,538 km2 of the West Bank translates into only 86 percent from the Palestinian perspective),{{harvnb\|Pressman\|2003\|pp\=16–17}} including Arab parts of East Jerusalem and the entire Gaza Strip,{{cite book \|author\-link\=Efraim Karsh \|last\=Karsh \|first\=Efraim \|title\=Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest \|location\=New York \|publisher\=\[\[Grove Press]] \|date\=2003 \|page\=168 \|quote\=Arafat rejected the proposal}}{{Cite news \|last\=Morris \|first\=Benny \|title\=Camp David and After: An Exchange (1\. An Interview with Ehud Barak) \|journal\=New York Review of Books \|language\=en \|issn\=0028\-7504 \|url\=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/06/13/camp\-david\-and\-after\-an\-exchange\-1\-an\-interview\-wi/\|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205559/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/06/13/camp\-david\-and\-after\-an\-exchange\-1\-an\-interview\-wi/\|url\-status\=live}} as well as a stipulation that 69 Jewish settlements (which comprise 85% of the West Bank's Jewish settlers) would be ceded to Israel, no right of return to Israel, no sovereignty over the Temple Mount or any core East Jerusalem neighbourhoods, and continued Israel control over the Jordan Valley.{{harvnb\|Pressman\|2003\|pp\=7, 15–19}}{{cite journal \|url\=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/08/09/camp\-david\-the\-tragedy\-of\-errors/ \|title\=Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors \|first1\=Robert \|last1\=Malley \|first2\=Hussein \|last2\=Agha \|journal\=\[\[New York Review of Books]] \|access\-date\=5 September 2018 \|date\=2001\-08\-09 \|volume\=48 \|issue\=13 \|archive\-date\=6 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906052533/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/08/09/camp\-david\-the\-tragedy\-of\-errors/ \|url\-status\=live}}
Arafat rejected this offer, which Palestinian negotiators, Israeli analysts and Israeli Foreign Minister Shlomo Ben\-Ami described as "unacceptable".{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Prophets Without Honor \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2022 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-006047\-3 \|quote\="I myself am on record as having said, "If I were a Palestinian, I would have rejected what was offered at the Camp David Summit." This book stands by this assertion."}} According to the Palestinian negotiators the offer did not remove many of the elements of the Israeli occupation regarding land, security, settlements, and Jerusalem.
After the Camp David summit, a narrative emerged, supported by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and his foreign minister Shlomo Ben\-Ami, as well as US officials including Dennis Ross and Madeleine Albright, that Yasser Arafat had rejected a generous peace offer from Israel and instead incited a violent uprising. This narrative suggested that Arafat was not interested in a two\-state solution, but rather aimed to destroy Israel and take over all of Palestine. This view was widely accepted in US and Israeli public opinion. Nearly all scholars and most Israeli and US officials involved in the negotiations have rejected this narrative. These individuals include prominent Israeli negotiators, the IDF chief of staff, the head of the IDF's intelligence bureau, the head of the Shin Bet as well as their advisors.{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020}}: "After Camp David, a new mythology emerged perpetrated by Barak and his foreign minister Shlomo Ben\-Ami, with the support of Dennis Ross, Clinton's secretary of state Madeleine Albright, and to a considerable extent Clinton himself. The mythology holds that at Camp David, Barak made a generous and unprecedented offer to the Palestinians, only to be met by a shocking if not perverse rejection by Arafat who then ordered a violent uprising at just the moment when the chances for peace had never been greater.
For example, shortly after the conclusion of Camp David, Ben\-Ami gave a long interview with Haaretz, claiming that Arafat did not go to Camp David to reach a compromise settlement but rather treated the negotiations as "a huge camouflage net behind which he sought to undermine the very idea of two states for two nations. . . . Camp David collapsed over the fact that \[the Palestinians] refused to get in the game. They refused to make a counterproposal . . . and didn't succeed in conveying . . . that at some point the demands would have an end."
The implied premise of Barak and Ben\-Ami was that Arafat thought the Palestinians held all the cards, so that if he held out long enough, he would eventually reach his goal: the destruction of Israel in stages and the takeover of all of historic Palestine. This view became widely accepted in US and Israeli public opinion...
This and other Camp David mythologies have been rejected, both at the time and in retrospect, by nearly all scholars and knowledgeable journalists and by most Israeli and US officials who participated in the negotiations. In particular, they were challenged in interviews and memoirs by the leading Israeli negotiators, among them Ron Pundak, Yossi Beilin, Oden Era, Shaul Arieli, Yossi Ginosser, Moshe Amirav, and General Amnon Lipkin\-Shahak, chief of staff of the IDF in 1995–1998\. As well, the mythologies were strongly—and subsequently, publicly—rejected by Israel's leading military intelligence officials, including Ami Ayalon, the 2000 head of Shin Bet, and Matti Steinberg, his chief advisor—and by Amos Malka, head of the IDF's military intelligence bureau, and his second in command, Ephraim Lavie."
No tenable solution was crafted which would satisfy both Israeli and Palestinian demands, even under intense US pressure. Clinton has long blamed Arafat for the collapse of the summit.{{Cite news \|title\=Clinton: Arafat changed mind on peace deal \|url\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/oct/13/clinton\-arafat\-changed\-mind\-peace\-deal/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Times]] \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=5 March 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/oct/13/clinton\-arafat\-changed\-mind\-peace\-deal/ \|url\-status\=live}} In the months following the summit, Clinton appointed former US Senator [George J. Mitchell](/wiki/George_J._Mitchell "George J. Mitchell") to lead a fact\-finding committee aiming to identify strategies for restoring the peace process. The [committee's findings were published in 2001](/wiki/Mitchell_Report_%28Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict%29 "Mitchell Report (Arab–Israeli conflict)") with the dismantlement of existing Israeli settlements and Palestinian crackdown on militant activity being one strategy.{{cite magazine \|title\=Middle East Envoy George Mitchell \|url\=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1873532,00\.html \|newspaper\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|date\=22 January 2009 \|access\-date\=3 December 2015 \|first\=Alex \|last\=Altman \|archive\-date\=8 December 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152012/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1873532,00\.html \|url\-status\=live}}
### Developments following Camp David
{{Main\|The Clinton Parameters}}
[thumb\|[Israeli West Bank barrier](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier "Israeli West Bank barrier") in [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem "Bethlehem")](/wiki/File:Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg "Graffiti on the Bethlehem wall 05.jpg")
Following the failed summit Palestinian and Israeli negotiators continued to meet in small groups through August and September 2000 to try to bridge the gaps between their respective positions. The United States prepared its own plan to resolve the outstanding issues. Clinton's presentation of the US proposals was delayed by the advent of the [Second Intifada](/wiki/Second_Intifada "Second Intifada") at the end of September.
Clinton's plan, eventually presented on 23 December 2000, proposed the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state in the Gaza Strip and 94–96 percent of the West Bank plus the equivalent of 1–3 percent of the West Bank in land swaps from pre\-1967 Israel. On Jerusalem, the plan stated that "the general principle is that Arab areas are Palestinian and that Jewish areas are Israeli." The holy sites were to be split on the basis that Palestinians would have sovereignty over the Temple Mount/Noble sanctuary, while the Israelis would have sovereignty over the Western Wall. On refugees the plan suggested a number of proposals including financial compensation, the right of return to the Palestinian state, and Israeli acknowledgment of suffering caused to the Palestinians in 1948\. Security proposals referred to a "non\-militarized" Palestinian state, and an international force for border security. Both sides accepted Clinton's plan{{cite web\|title\=Excerpts: State Dept; Spokesman on Mideast Peace Prospects (Both sides accept Clinton's parameters with reservations) \|url\=http://www.usembassy\-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2001/january/me0103b.html \|publisher\=Embassy of the United States, Israel \|access\-date\=3 June 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721145451/http://www.usembassy\-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2001/january/me0103b.html \|archive\-date\=21 July 2011}}{{cite news \|last\=Wren \|first\=Christopher \|title\=Renewed Hope for Peace Talks as Arafat Returns to Mideast \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/03/world/03CND\-MIDEAST.html \|access\-date\=3 June 2012 \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=3 January 2001 \|archive\-date\=20 September 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920143125/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/03/world/03CND\-MIDEAST.html \|url\-status\=live}} and it became the basis for the negotiations at the Taba Peace summit the following January.
### Taba Summit (2001\)
{{Main\|Taba Summit}}
The Israeli negotiation team presented a new map at the [Taba Summit](/wiki/Taba_Summit "Taba Summit") in [Taba, Egypt](/wiki/Taba_%28Egypt%29 "Taba (Egypt)"), in January 2001\. The proposition removed the "temporarily Israeli controlled" areas, and the Palestinian side accepted this as a basis for further negotiation. With Israeli elections looming the talks ended without an agreement but the two sides issued a joint statement attesting to the progress they had made: "The sides declare that they have never been closer to reaching an agreement and it is thus our shared belief that the remaining gaps could be bridged with the resumption of negotiations following the Israeli elections." The following month the [Likud](/wiki/Likud "Likud") party candidate [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon "Ariel Sharon") defeated Ehud Barak in the Israeli elections and was elected as Israeli prime minister on 7 February 2001\. Sharon's new government chose not to resume the high\-level talks.
### Roadmap for Peace (2002–2003\)
{{Main\|Road map for peace}}
[thumb\|right\|President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"), center, discusses the peace process with Prime Minister [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon "Ariel Sharon") of Israel, left, and Palestinian President [Mahmoud Abbas](/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas "Mahmoud Abbas") in [Aqaba](/wiki/Aqaba "Aqaba"), Jordan, 4 June 2003](/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg "President George W. Bush meets with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon of Israel and Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian Authority.jpg")
One peace proposal, presented by the [Quartet](/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East "Quartet on the Middle East") of the European Union, Russia, the United Nations and the United States on 17 September 2002, was the Road Map for Peace. This plan did not attempt to resolve difficult questions such as the fate of Jerusalem or Israeli settlements, but left that to be negotiated in later phases of the process. The proposal never made it beyond the first phase, whose goals called for a halt to both Israeli settlement construction and Israeli–Palestinian violence. Neither goal has been achieved as of November 2015\.{{cite news \|title\=Israel moves to green light 2,200 new settlement units, recognizes outposts \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/.premium\-1\.684929 \|newspaper\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|access\-date\=3 December 2015 \|date\=2015\-11\-09 \|last1\=Levinson \|first1\=Chaim \|archive\-date\=30 November 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130010926/http://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/.premium\-1\.684929 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|title\=UN: Israeli\-Palestinian violence nears 'catastrophe' \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/israeli\-palestinian\-violence\-151029060544251\.html \|work\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|access\-date\=3 December 2015 \|archive\-date\=8 December 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208102159/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/israeli\-palestinian\-violence\-151029060544251\.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|title\=Mapping the dead in latest Israeli\-Palestinian violence \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/10/mapping\-dead\-latest\-israeli\-palestinian\-violence\-151013142015577\.html \|work\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|access\-date\=3 December 2015 \|archive\-date\=29 November 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129042227/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/10/mapping\-dead\-latest\-israeli\-palestinian\-violence\-151013142015577\.html \|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|The Israeli proposal of the exchange of territories at the Annapolis conference, according to The Economic Cooperation Foundation think\-tank (blue to Israel, green to the Palestinian state)](/wiki/File:Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png "Annapolis conference Israeli proposal.png")
The Annapolis Conference was a Middle East [peace conference](/wiki/Peace_conference "Peace conference") held on 27 November 2007, at the [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") in [Annapolis, Maryland](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland "Annapolis, Maryland"), United States. The conference aimed to revive the [Israeli–Palestinian peace process](/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict") and implement the *"[Roadmap for peace](/wiki/Roadmap_for_peace "Roadmap for peace")"*.{{cite news \|first\=Aluf \|last\=Benn \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/annapolis\-joint\-declaration\-to\-focus\-on\-goals\-of\-final\-status\-talks\-1\.233192 \|title\=Annapolis joint declaration to focus on goals of final status talks \|work\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|date\=14 November 2007 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\=}} The conference ended with the issuing of a joint statement from all parties. After the Annapolis Conference, the negotiations were continued. Both Mahmoud Abbas and Ehud Olmert presented each other with competing peace proposals. Ultimately no agreement was reached.[*Joint Understanding Read by President Bush at Annapolis Conference*](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/586E84217636CF87852573A00065F149) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922192953/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/586E84217636CF87852573A00065F149 \|date\=September 22, 2013 }}. Memorial Hall, [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy"), Annapolis, Maryland; 27 November 2007{{cite news \|last\=Federman \|first\=Josef \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas\-admits\-he\-rejected\-2008\-peace\-offer\-from\-olmert/ \|title\=Abbas admits he rejected 2008 peace offer from Olmert \|work\=\[\[Times of Israel]] \|date\=November 19, 2015 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\=}}
### Arab Peace Initiative (2002, 2007, 2017\)
{{Main\|Arab Peace Initiative}}
The Arab Peace Initiative ({{lang\-ar\|مبادرة السلام العربية}} *Mubādirat as\-Salām al\-ʿArabīyyah*), also known as the Saudi Initiative, was first proposed by Crown Prince [Abdullah of Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia") at the [Beirut Summit](/wiki/Beirut_Summit "Beirut Summit") (2002\). The peace initiative is a proposed solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict as a whole, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in particular.{{cite news \|title\=Saudi Prince al\-Faisal tells Haaretz: Desire for peace exists both in Gaza and Ramallah – Israel Conference on Peace TLV \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/peace/1\.685313 \|newspaper\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|access\-date\=3 December 2015 \|date\=2015\-11\-12 \|archive\-date\=3 December 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203061242/http://www.haaretz.com/peace/1\.685313 \|url\-status\=live}} The initiative was initially published on 28 March 2002, at the Beirut Summit, and agreed upon again in 2007 in the [Riyadh Summit](/wiki/2007_Arab_League_Summit "2007 Arab League Summit"). Unlike the [Road Map for Peace](/wiki/Road_Map_for_Peace "Road Map for Peace"), it spelled out "final\-solution" borders based explicitly on the UN borders established before the 1967 [Six Day War](/wiki/Six_Day_War "Six Day War"). It offered full normalization of relations with Israel, in exchange for the withdrawal of its forces from all the occupied territories, including the [Golan Heights](/wiki/Golan_Heights "Golan Heights"), to recognize "an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital" in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees.{{Cite news \|date\=2009\-03\-23 \|title\=The Saudi Arabia peace initiative \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Ynet News]] \|url\=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3691148,00\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205555/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3691148,00\.html \|url\-status\=live}}
The [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority "Palestinian Authority") led by [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat") immediately embraced the initiative.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/opinion/support\-for\-the\-saudi\-initiative.html \|title\=Support for the Saudi Initiative \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=2002\-02\-28 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-24 \|archive\-date\=11 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111012403/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/opinion/support\-for\-the\-saudi\-initiative.html \|url\-status\=live}} His successor [Mahmoud Abbas](/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas "Mahmoud Abbas") also supported the plan and officially asked U.S. President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") to adopt it as part of his Middle East policy.{{cite news \|last\=Stern \|first\=Yoav \|date\=November 22, 2008 \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039866\.html \|title\=Abbas calls on Obama to enact Arab peace plan as soon as he takes office \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225191831/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039866\.html \|archive\-date\=25 December 2008 \|work\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]}} [Islamist](/wiki/Islamist "Islamist") political party [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas"), [the elected government](/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election "2006 Palestinian legislative election") of the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"), was deeply divided,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3257932,00\.html \|title\=Hamas' al\-Zahar: Arab peace initiative impractical \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720103429/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3257932,00\.html \|archive\-date\=20 July 2008 \|work\=\[\[Ynet News]] \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|date\=June 1, 2006}} with most factions rejecting the plan.{{Cite magazine \|last\=MacLeod \|first\=Scott \|date\=2009\-01\-17 \|title\=Time to Test the Arab Peace Offer \|url\=http://mideast.blogs.time.com/2009/01/08/time\-to\-test\-the\-arab\-peace\-offer/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117001303/http://mideast.blogs.time.com/2009/01/08/time\-to\-test\-the\-arab\-peace\-offer/ \|archive\-date\=January 17, 2009 \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-20 \|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]}} Palestinians have criticised the [Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement "Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement") and [another with Bahrain](/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement "Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement") signed in September 2020, fearing the moves weaken the Arab Peace Initiative, regarding the UAE's move as "a betrayal."{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.jpost.com/arab\-israeli\-conflict/saudi\-former\-intel\-chief\-slams\-palestinian\-leaderships\-criticism\-of\-uae\-israel\-deal\-644678 \|title\=Saudi former intel chief slams Palestinian's criticism of UAE\-Israel deal \|work\=\[\[The Jerusalem Post]] \|date\=6 October 2020 \|access\-date\=8 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=6 October 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006021450/https://www.jpost.com/arab\-israeli\-conflict/saudi\-former\-intel\-chief\-slams\-palestinian\-leaderships\-criticism\-of\-uae\-israel\-deal\-644678 \|url\-status\=live}}
The Israeli government under [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon "Ariel Sharon") rejected the initiative as a "non\-starter"{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/1898736\.stm \|title\=Arabs offer Israel peace plan \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=2002\-03\-28 \|access\-date\=2013\-04\-17 \|archive\-date\=14 December 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214080717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/1898736\.stm \|url\-status\=live}} because it required Israel to withdraw to pre\-June 1967 borders.{{Cite news \|title\=Sharon warns Saudi plan may be Arab plot \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2002/03/04/News/News.44486\.html \|date\=March 4, 2002 \|first\=Gil \|last\=Hoffman \|work\=\[\[The Jerusalem Post]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203094239/http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2002/03/04/News/News.44486\.html \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2004 \|access\-date\=October 1, 2011}} After the renewed Arab League endorsement in 2007, then\-Prime Minister [Ehud Olmert](/wiki/Ehud_Olmert "Ehud Olmert") gave a cautious welcome to the plan.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/30/israel2\|title\=Olmert gives cautious welcome to Arab peace plan\|website\=\[\[TheGuardian.com]]\|date\=March 30, 2007\|access\-date\=8 May 2023\|archive\-date\=20 December 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143413/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/30/israel2\|url\-status\=live}} In 2015, Israeli Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu") expressed tentative support for the Initiative,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\-endorses\-general\-idea\-behind\-arab\-peace\-initiative/ \|title\=Netanyahu backs 'general idea' behind Arab Peace Initiative \|work\=\[\[Times of Israel]] \|date\=2015\-05\-28 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-30 \|archive\-date\=30 May 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530202808/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\-endorses\-general\-idea\-behind\-arab\-peace\-initiative/ \|url\-status\=live}} but in 2018, he rejected it as a basis for future negotiations with the Palestinians.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/2016\-06\-13/ty\-article/pm\-netanyahu\-israel\-cannot\-agree\-to\-2002\-arab\-league\-peace\-plan/0000017f\-dbbd\-d856\-a37f\-fffd5b200000 \|title\=Netanyahu: Israel Will Never Accept Arab Peace Initiative as Basis for Talks With Palestinians \|newspaper\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|access\-date\=8 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=1 February 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201134801/https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/2016\-06\-13/ty\-article/pm\-netanyahu\-israel\-cannot\-agree\-to\-2002\-arab\-league\-peace\-plan/0000017f\-dbbd\-d856\-a37f\-fffd5b200000 \|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Attempts to reach a peaceful settlement\n---------------------------------------",
"The PLO's participation in diplomatic negotiations was dependent on its complete disavowal of terrorism and recognition of Israel's \"right to exist.\" This stipulation required the PLO to abandon its objective of reclaiming all of historic Palestine and instead focus on the 22 percent which came under Israeli military control in 1967\\. By the late 1970s, Palestinian leadership in the occupied territories and most Arab states supported a two\\-state settlement.{{cite book\\|author\\=Shaul Mishal, Avraham Sela\\|title\\=The Palestinian Hamas\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xBRWAAAAYAAJ\\&pg\\=PA\\|year\\=2000\\|publisher\\=Columbia University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-231\\-11674\\-9\\|pages\\=}} In 1981, Saudi Arabia put forward a plan based on a two\\-state settlement to the conflict with support from the Arab League.Yehuda Lukacs, ed., The Israeli\\-Palestinian Conflict: A documentary record, 1967–1990 (Cambridge: 1992\\), pp. 477–79\\. Israeli analyst Avner Yaniv describes Arafat as ready to make a historic compromise at this time, while the Israeli cabinet continued to oppose the existence of a Palestinian state. Yaniv described Arafat's willingness to compromise as a \"peace offensive\" which Israel responded to by planning to remove the PLO as a potential negotiating partner in order to evade international diplomatic pressure.{{cite book \\|first\\=Avner \\|last\\=Yaniv \\|title\\=Dilemmas of Security \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NIVtAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=1987 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-504122\\-4}} Israel would invade Lebanon the following year in an attempt to undermine the PLO as a political organization, weakening Palestinian nationalism and facilitating the annexation of the West Bank into Greater Israel.",
"While the PLO had adopted a program of pursuing a Palestinian state alongside Israel since the mid 1970s, the 1988 [Palestinian Declaration of Independence](/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence \"Palestinian Declaration of Independence\") formally consecrated this objective. This declaration, which was based on resolutions from the Palestine National Council sessions in the late 1970s and 1980s, advocated for the creation of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, within the borders set by the 1949 armistice lines prior to June 5, 1967\\. Following the declaration, Arafat explicitly denounced all forms of terrorism and affirmed the PLO's acceptance of UN Resolutions 242 and 338, as well as the recognition of Israel's right to exist. All the conditions defined by Henry Kissinger for US negotiations with the PLO had now been met.{{harvnb\\|Shlaim\\|2015}}: \"The PLO followed the Algiers resolutions with a concerted attempt to project a more moderate image. It made a special effort to gain respectability by dissociating the PLO from terrorism. Arafat issued a series of statements on the subject, which failed to satisfy the United States, so in the end the State Department virtually dictated the text that Arafat read at the opening of his press conference in Geneva on 14 December. \"I repeat for the record,\" stated Arafat, \"that we totally and absolutely renounce all forms of terrorism, including individual, group and state terrorism. Between Geneva and Algiers we have made our position crystal clear.\" The statement unconditionally accepted Resolutions 242 and 338 and clearly recognized Israel's right to exist. All the conditions that Henry Kissinger had laid down in 1975 for dealing with the PLO had now been met. One of the last major foreign policy acts of the outgoing Reagan administration was to recognize the PLO and to open a substantive dialogue with it. This dialogue was conducted by the American ambassador in Tunis. President Reagan stated publicly that the special commitment of the United States to Israel's security and well\\-being remained unshakable.\"",
"Israeli prime minister [Yitzhak Shamir](/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir \"Yitzhak Shamir\") stood behind the stance that the PLO was a terrorist organization. He maintained a strict stance against any concessions, including withdrawal from occupied Palestinian territories, recognition of or negotiations with the PLO, and especially the establishment of a Palestinian state. Shamir viewed the U.S. decision to engage in dialogue with the PLO as a mistake that threatened the existing territorial status quo. He argued that negotiating with the PLO meant accepting the existence of a Palestinian state and hence was unacceptable.{{harvnb\\|Shlaim\\|2015}}: \"To Shamir it was crystal clear, once again, that the PLO had not abandoned the path of terror. For him the PLO had always been and would forever remain a terrorist organization. His response to the momentous changes taking place in the Palestinian camp was a reaffirmation of his previous position: no to withdrawal from the occupied territories, no to recognition of the PLO, no to negotiation with the PLO, no to a Palestinian state. Shamir called the U.S. decision to enter into a dialogue with the PLO a \"grave error.\" He saw it as a threat to the long\\-standing American\\-Israeli collaboration in support of the territorial status quo. \"For the PLO,\" explained Shamir, \"a Palestinian state is a minimum. Therefore, anyone who engages in negotiations with it in effect accepts this principle. What else can one talk about with the PLO, if not about a Palestinian state?\" Vice\\-Premier Peres described the opening of the U.S.\\-PLO dialogue as \"a sad day for all of us.\" But he felt that Israel had to come up with its own peace initiative, since it was impossible to preserve the status quo.\"",
"### The Peace Process",
"{{Main\\|Israeli–Palestinian peace process}}",
"The term \"peace\\-process\" refers to the step\\-by\\-step approach to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Having originally entered into usage to describe the US mediated negotiations between Israel and surrounding Arab countries, notably Egypt, the term \"peace\\-process\" has grown to be associated with an emphasis on the negotiation process rather than on presenting a comprehensive solution to the conflict.{{harvnb\\|Pappé\\|2022}}{{cite book \\|first\\=William B. \\|last\\=Quandt \\|title\\=Peace Process \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6Jm0YNKvQsAC\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2005 \\|publisher\\=Brookings Institution Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-24631\\-7 \\|pages\\=}}{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2020}} As part of this process, fundamental issues of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict such as borders, access to resources, and the Palestinian right of return, have been left to \"final status\" talks. Such \"final status\" negotiations along the lines discussed in Madrid in 1991 have never taken place.",
"The Oslo Accords of 1993 and 1995 built on the incremental framework put in place by the 1978 Camp David negotiations and the 1991 Madrid and Washington talks. The motivation behind the incremental approach towards a settlement was that it would \"build confidence\", but the eventual outcome was instead a dramatic decline in mutual confidence. At each incremental stage, Israel further entrenched its occupation of the Palestinian territories, despite the PA upholding its obligation to curbing violent attacks from extremist groups, in part by cooperating with Israeli forces.{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020\\|loc\\=Chapter 14}}: \"On the contrary, in August 1996 the PLO honored its commitment to revoke its original charter, which had denied the legitimacy of Israel and called for the armed liberation of all of Palestine. As well, by 1996 the PA and its police forces had become increasingly successful in their efforts to end the terrorism of Hamas and other Islamic extremists, even cooperating with the Israeli forces. As a result, there were now far fewer terrorist attacks than in the preceding few years.\"",
"[Meron Benvenisti](/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti \"Meron Benvenisti\"), former deputy mayor of Jerusalem, observed that life became harsher for Palestinians during this period as state violence increased and Palestinian land continued to be expropriated as settlements expanded.{{harvnb\\|Shlaim\\|2015\\|loc\\=Stonewalling 1988\\-1992}}{{cite book \\|first\\=Kathleen \\|last\\=Christison \\|title\\=Perceptions of Palestine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=H6UwDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA\\|year\\=2000 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-21718\\-8 \\|pages\\=290}}{{cite book \\|first1\\=William L. \\|last1\\=Cleveland \\|first2\\=Martin \\|last2\\=Bunton \\|title\\=A History of the Modern Middle East \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hnzxzqau3a8C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=ReadHowYouWant.com, Limited \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4587\\-8155\\-0 \\|pages\\=}}{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020}} Israeli foreign minister Shlomo Ben\\-Ami described the Oslo Accords as legitimizing \"the transformation of the West Bank into what has been called a 'cartographic cheeseboard'.\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=x72ZEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-532542\\-3 \\|pages\\=241}}",
"#### Creation of the Palestinian Authority and Security Cooperation",
"Core to the Oslo Accords was the creation of the Palestinian Authority and the security cooperation it would enter into with the Israeli military authorities in what has been described as the \"outsourcing\" of the occupation to the PA.{{harvnb\\|Baconi\\|2018\\|loc\\=Politicide, Containment, and Pacification}} Just before signing the Oslo accord, [Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin \"Yitzhak Rabin\") described the expectation that the \"Palestinians will be better at establishing internal security than we were, because they will allow no appeals to the Sepreme Court and will prevent \\[human rights groups] from criticizing the conditions there.\"{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.palestine\\-studies.org/en/node/1649446 \\|title\\=Dennis Ross and the Peace Process: Subordinating Palestinian Rights to Israeli \"Needs\" \\|language\\=en}} Along these lines, Ben\\-Ami, who participated in the Camp David 2000 talks, described this process: \"One of the meanings of Oslo was that the PLO was eventually Israel's collaborator in the task of stifling the Intifada and cutting short what was clearly an authentically democratic struggle for Palestinian independence.\"",
"The [Wye River Memorandum](/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum \"Wye River Memorandum\") agreed on by the PA and Israel introduced a \"zero tolerance\" policy for \"terror and violence.\" This policy was uniformly criticised by human rights organizations for its \"encouragement\" of human rights abuses.Human Rights Watch, An Analysis of the Wye River MemorandumAmnesty International, The United States, Israel and the Palestinian Authority [Dennis Ross](/wiki/Dennis_Ross \"Dennis Ross\") describes the Wye as having successfully reduced both violent and non\\-violent protests, both of which he considers to be \"inconsistent with the spirit of Wye.\"{{cite book\\|author\\=Dennis Ross\\|title\\=The Missing Peace\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DGRvlDWtCggC\\&pg\\=PA\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=Farrar, Straus and Giroux \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-374\\-52980\\-2}} Watson claims that the PA frequently violated its obligations to curb incitement{{harvnb\\|Watson\\|2000\\|pp\\=211–236}}: \"The Palestinian side has repeatedly run afoul of its obligation to refrain from incitement and hostile propaganda.\" and its record on curbing terrorism and other security obligations under the [Wye River Memorandum](/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum \"Wye River Memorandum\") was, at best, mixed.{{harvnb\\|Watson\\|2000\\|pp\\=211–236}}: \"the Palestinian record of compliance with these obligations is at best mixed...the PA's record on security cooperation has been mixed... The PA has a mixed record on fighting terror group.\"",
"### Oslo Accords (1993, 1995\\)",
"{{Main\\|Oslo Accords}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|A [peace movement](/wiki/Peace_movement \"Peace movement\") poster: [Israeli](/wiki/Flag_of_Israel \"Flag of Israel\") and [Palestinian flags](/wiki/Palestinian_flag \"Palestinian flag\") and the word *peace* in [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_language \"Arabic language\") and [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\").](/wiki/File:Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg \"Israel and Palestine Peace.svg\")",
"In 1993, Israeli officials led by [Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin \"Yitzhak Rabin\") and Palestinian leaders from the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization \"Palestine Liberation Organization\") led by [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat \"Yasser Arafat\") strove to find a peaceful solution through what became known as the Oslo peace process. A crucial milestone in this process was Arafat's letter of recognition of Israel's right to exist. Emblematic of the asymmetry in the Oslo process, Israel was not required to, and did not, recognize the right of a Palestinian state to exist. In 1993, the [Declaration of Principles](/wiki/Declaration_of_Principles \"Declaration of Principles\") (or Oslo I) was signed and set forward a framework for future Israeli–Palestinian negotiations, in which key issues would be left to \"final status\" talks. The stipulations of the Oslo agreements ran contrary to the international consensus for resolving the conflict; the agreements did not uphold Palestinian self\\-determination or statehood and repealed the internationally accepted interpretation of [UN Resolution 242](/wiki/UN_Resolution_242 \"UN Resolution 242\") that land cannot be acquired by war. With respect to access to land and resources, Noam Chomsky described the Oslo agreements as allowing \"Israel to do virtually what it likes.\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Noam \\|last\\=Chomsky \\|author\\-link\\=Noam Chomsky \\|title\\=Fateful Triangle \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aHphMCIkhK0C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Pluto Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7453\\-1530\\-0 \\|pages\\=Chapter 10}} The Oslo process was delicate and progressed in fits and starts.",
"The process took a turning point at the [assassination of Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin \"Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin\") in November 1995 and the election of Netanyahu in 1996, finally unraveling when Arafat and [Ehud Barak](/wiki/Ehud_Barak \"Ehud Barak\") failed to reach an agreement at Camp David in July 2000 and later at Taba in 2001\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=Norman G. \\|last\\=Finkelstein \\|author\\-link\\=Norman Finkelstein \\|title\\=Gaza \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qo84DwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-29571\\-1 \\|pages\\=Chapter 2}} The interim period specified by Oslo had not built confidence between the two parties; Barak had failed to implement additional stages of the interim agreements and settlements expanded by 10% during his short term.{{cite book \\|first\\=Baruch \\|last\\=Kimmerling \\|author\\-link\\=Baruch Kimmerling \\|title\\=Politicide \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TE8oCW2J2F4C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Verso Books]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85984\\-517\\-2 \\|pages\\=The Road to Sharonism}} The disagreement between the two parties at Camp David was primarily on the acceptance (or rejection) of international consensus.{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Prophets Without Honor \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-006047\\-3 \\|pages\\=e\\-book section 38 \\|quote\\=Camp David failed because of the two sides' conflicting interpretations of the terms of reference of the peace process. The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open\\-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear\\-cut process of decolonization based on \"international legitimacy\" and \"all UN relevant resolutions.\"}}{{harvnb\\|Finkelstein\\|2007\\|pp\\=352}} For Palestinian negotiators, the international consensus, as represented by the yearly vote in the UN General Assembly which passes almost unanimously, was the starting point for negotiations. The Israeli negotiators, supported by the American participants, did not accept the international consensus as the basis for a settlement.{{harvnb\\|Finkelstein\\|2007\\|pp\\=352}}: \"In a letter to President Clinton, who presided over the proceedings, Palestinian representatives stated that their aim was implementation of U.N. Resolution 242 and that \"\\[w]e are willing to accept adjustments of the border between the two countries, on condition that they be equivalent in value and importance.\" Repeatedly the Palestinian negotiators asked: \"Will you accept the June 4border \\[as the basis of discussion]? Will you accept the principle of the exchange of territories?\" The Israeli position was that \"\\[w]e can't accept the demand for a return to the borders of June 1967as a pre\\-condition for the negotiation,\" while Clinton \"literally yells,\" in response to the Palestinian view that \"international legitimacy means Israeli retreat to the border of June 4, 1967,\" that \"\\[t]his isn't the Security Council here. This isn't the U.N. General Assembly.\" Both sides eventually accepted the Clinton parameters \"with reservations\" but the talks at Taba were \"called to a halt\" by Barak, and the peace process itself came to a stand\\-still. Ben\\-Ami, who participated in the talks at Camp David as Israel's foreign minister, would later describe the proposal on the table: \"The Clinton parameters... are the best proof that Arafat was right to turn down the summit's offers\".",
"### Camp David Summit (2000\\)",
"{{Main\\|2000 Camp David Summit}}\n[right\\|thumb\\|[Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin \"Yitzhak Rabin\"), [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), and [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat \"Yasser Arafat\") during the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993\\.](/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg \"Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House 1993-09-13.jpg\")\nIn July 2000, US President Bill Clinton convened a peace summit between Palestinian President Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. Barak reportedly put forward the following as \"bases for negotiation\", via the US to the Palestinian President: a non\\-militarized Palestinian state split into 3–4 parts containing 87–92% of the West Bank after having already given up 78% of historic Palestine.{{efn\\|Three factors made Israel's territorial offer less forthcoming than it initially appeared. First, the 91 percent land offer was based on the Israeli definition of the West Bank, but this differs by approximately 5 percentage points from the Palestinian definition. Palestinians use a total area of 5,854 square kilometers. Israel, however, omits the area known as No Man's Land (50 km2 near Latrun), post\\-1967 East Jerusalem (71 km2), and the territorial waters of the Dead Sea (195 km2), which reduces the total to 5,538 km2}} Thus, an Israeli offer of 91 percent of the West Bank (5,538 km2 of the West Bank translates into only 86 percent from the Palestinian perspective),{{harvnb\\|Pressman\\|2003\\|pp\\=16–17}} including Arab parts of East Jerusalem and the entire Gaza Strip,{{cite book \\|author\\-link\\=Efraim Karsh \\|last\\=Karsh \\|first\\=Efraim \\|title\\=Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Grove Press]] \\|date\\=2003 \\|page\\=168 \\|quote\\=Arafat rejected the proposal}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=Benny \\|title\\=Camp David and After: An Exchange (1\\. An Interview with Ehud Barak) \\|journal\\=New York Review of Books \\|language\\=en \\|issn\\=0028\\-7504 \\|url\\=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/06/13/camp\\-david\\-and\\-after\\-an\\-exchange\\-1\\-an\\-interview\\-wi/\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205559/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/06/13/camp\\-david\\-and\\-after\\-an\\-exchange\\-1\\-an\\-interview\\-wi/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} as well as a stipulation that 69 Jewish settlements (which comprise 85% of the West Bank's Jewish settlers) would be ceded to Israel, no right of return to Israel, no sovereignty over the Temple Mount or any core East Jerusalem neighbourhoods, and continued Israel control over the Jordan Valley.{{harvnb\\|Pressman\\|2003\\|pp\\=7, 15–19}}{{cite journal \\|url\\=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/08/09/camp\\-david\\-the\\-tragedy\\-of\\-errors/ \\|title\\=Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors \\|first1\\=Robert \\|last1\\=Malley \\|first2\\=Hussein \\|last2\\=Agha \\|journal\\=\\[\\[New York Review of Books]] \\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2018 \\|date\\=2001\\-08\\-09 \\|volume\\=48 \\|issue\\=13 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906052533/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/08/09/camp\\-david\\-the\\-tragedy\\-of\\-errors/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Arafat rejected this offer, which Palestinian negotiators, Israeli analysts and Israeli Foreign Minister Shlomo Ben\\-Ami described as \"unacceptable\".{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Prophets Without Honor \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-006047\\-3 \\|quote\\=\"I myself am on record as having said, \"If I were a Palestinian, I would have rejected what was offered at the Camp David Summit.\" This book stands by this assertion.\"}} According to the Palestinian negotiators the offer did not remove many of the elements of the Israeli occupation regarding land, security, settlements, and Jerusalem.",
"After the Camp David summit, a narrative emerged, supported by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and his foreign minister Shlomo Ben\\-Ami, as well as US officials including Dennis Ross and Madeleine Albright, that Yasser Arafat had rejected a generous peace offer from Israel and instead incited a violent uprising. This narrative suggested that Arafat was not interested in a two\\-state solution, but rather aimed to destroy Israel and take over all of Palestine. This view was widely accepted in US and Israeli public opinion. Nearly all scholars and most Israeli and US officials involved in the negotiations have rejected this narrative. These individuals include prominent Israeli negotiators, the IDF chief of staff, the head of the IDF's intelligence bureau, the head of the Shin Bet as well as their advisors.{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020}}: \"After Camp David, a new mythology emerged perpetrated by Barak and his foreign minister Shlomo Ben\\-Ami, with the support of Dennis Ross, Clinton's secretary of state Madeleine Albright, and to a considerable extent Clinton himself. The mythology holds that at Camp David, Barak made a generous and unprecedented offer to the Palestinians, only to be met by a shocking if not perverse rejection by Arafat who then ordered a violent uprising at just the moment when the chances for peace had never been greater.",
"For example, shortly after the conclusion of Camp David, Ben\\-Ami gave a long interview with Haaretz, claiming that Arafat did not go to Camp David to reach a compromise settlement but rather treated the negotiations as \"a huge camouflage net behind which he sought to undermine the very idea of two states for two nations. . . . Camp David collapsed over the fact that \\[the Palestinians] refused to get in the game. They refused to make a counterproposal . . . and didn't succeed in conveying . . . that at some point the demands would have an end.\"\nThe implied premise of Barak and Ben\\-Ami was that Arafat thought the Palestinians held all the cards, so that if he held out long enough, he would eventually reach his goal: the destruction of Israel in stages and the takeover of all of historic Palestine. This view became widely accepted in US and Israeli public opinion...\nThis and other Camp David mythologies have been rejected, both at the time and in retrospect, by nearly all scholars and knowledgeable journalists and by most Israeli and US officials who participated in the negotiations. In particular, they were challenged in interviews and memoirs by the leading Israeli negotiators, among them Ron Pundak, Yossi Beilin, Oden Era, Shaul Arieli, Yossi Ginosser, Moshe Amirav, and General Amnon Lipkin\\-Shahak, chief of staff of the IDF in 1995–1998\\. As well, the mythologies were strongly—and subsequently, publicly—rejected by Israel's leading military intelligence officials, including Ami Ayalon, the 2000 head of Shin Bet, and Matti Steinberg, his chief advisor—and by Amos Malka, head of the IDF's military intelligence bureau, and his second in command, Ephraim Lavie.\"\nNo tenable solution was crafted which would satisfy both Israeli and Palestinian demands, even under intense US pressure. Clinton has long blamed Arafat for the collapse of the summit.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Clinton: Arafat changed mind on peace deal \\|url\\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/oct/13/clinton\\-arafat\\-changed\\-mind\\-peace\\-deal/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Times]] \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/oct/13/clinton\\-arafat\\-changed\\-mind\\-peace\\-deal/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the months following the summit, Clinton appointed former US Senator [George J. Mitchell](/wiki/George_J._Mitchell \"George J. Mitchell\") to lead a fact\\-finding committee aiming to identify strategies for restoring the peace process. The [committee's findings were published in 2001](/wiki/Mitchell_Report_%28Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict%29 \"Mitchell Report (Arab–Israeli conflict)\") with the dismantlement of existing Israeli settlements and Palestinian crackdown on militant activity being one strategy.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=Middle East Envoy George Mitchell \\|url\\=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1873532,00\\.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]] \\|date\\=22 January 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2015 \\|first\\=Alex \\|last\\=Altman \\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152012/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1873532,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Developments following Camp David",
"{{Main\\|The Clinton Parameters}}\n[thumb\\|[Israeli West Bank barrier](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier \"Israeli West Bank barrier\") in [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem \"Bethlehem\")](/wiki/File:Graffiti_on_the_Bethlehem_wall_05.jpg \"Graffiti on the Bethlehem wall 05.jpg\")\nFollowing the failed summit Palestinian and Israeli negotiators continued to meet in small groups through August and September 2000 to try to bridge the gaps between their respective positions. The United States prepared its own plan to resolve the outstanding issues. Clinton's presentation of the US proposals was delayed by the advent of the [Second Intifada](/wiki/Second_Intifada \"Second Intifada\") at the end of September.",
"Clinton's plan, eventually presented on 23 December 2000, proposed the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state in the Gaza Strip and 94–96 percent of the West Bank plus the equivalent of 1–3 percent of the West Bank in land swaps from pre\\-1967 Israel. On Jerusalem, the plan stated that \"the general principle is that Arab areas are Palestinian and that Jewish areas are Israeli.\" The holy sites were to be split on the basis that Palestinians would have sovereignty over the Temple Mount/Noble sanctuary, while the Israelis would have sovereignty over the Western Wall. On refugees the plan suggested a number of proposals including financial compensation, the right of return to the Palestinian state, and Israeli acknowledgment of suffering caused to the Palestinians in 1948\\. Security proposals referred to a \"non\\-militarized\" Palestinian state, and an international force for border security. Both sides accepted Clinton's plan{{cite web\\|title\\=Excerpts: State Dept; Spokesman on Mideast Peace Prospects (Both sides accept Clinton's parameters with reservations) \\|url\\=http://www.usembassy\\-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2001/january/me0103b.html \\|publisher\\=Embassy of the United States, Israel \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721145451/http://www.usembassy\\-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2001/january/me0103b.html \\|archive\\-date\\=21 July 2011}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Wren \\|first\\=Christopher \\|title\\=Renewed Hope for Peace Talks as Arafat Returns to Mideast \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/03/world/03CND\\-MIDEAST.html \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2012 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=3 January 2001 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920143125/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/03/world/03CND\\-MIDEAST.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and it became the basis for the negotiations at the Taba Peace summit the following January.",
"### Taba Summit (2001\\)",
"{{Main\\|Taba Summit}}",
"The Israeli negotiation team presented a new map at the [Taba Summit](/wiki/Taba_Summit \"Taba Summit\") in [Taba, Egypt](/wiki/Taba_%28Egypt%29 \"Taba (Egypt)\"), in January 2001\\. The proposition removed the \"temporarily Israeli controlled\" areas, and the Palestinian side accepted this as a basis for further negotiation. With Israeli elections looming the talks ended without an agreement but the two sides issued a joint statement attesting to the progress they had made: \"The sides declare that they have never been closer to reaching an agreement and it is thus our shared belief that the remaining gaps could be bridged with the resumption of negotiations following the Israeli elections.\" The following month the [Likud](/wiki/Likud \"Likud\") party candidate [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon \"Ariel Sharon\") defeated Ehud Barak in the Israeli elections and was elected as Israeli prime minister on 7 February 2001\\. Sharon's new government chose not to resume the high\\-level talks.",
"### Roadmap for Peace (2002–2003\\)",
"{{Main\\|Road map for peace}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\"), center, discusses the peace process with Prime Minister [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon \"Ariel Sharon\") of Israel, left, and Palestinian President [Mahmoud Abbas](/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas \"Mahmoud Abbas\") in [Aqaba](/wiki/Aqaba \"Aqaba\"), Jordan, 4 June 2003](/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Ariel_Sharon_of_Israel_and_Prime_Minister_Mahmoud_Abbas_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg \"President George W. Bush meets with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon of Israel and Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian Authority.jpg\")\nOne peace proposal, presented by the [Quartet](/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East \"Quartet on the Middle East\") of the European Union, Russia, the United Nations and the United States on 17 September 2002, was the Road Map for Peace. This plan did not attempt to resolve difficult questions such as the fate of Jerusalem or Israeli settlements, but left that to be negotiated in later phases of the process. The proposal never made it beyond the first phase, whose goals called for a halt to both Israeli settlement construction and Israeli–Palestinian violence. Neither goal has been achieved as of November 2015\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Israel moves to green light 2,200 new settlement units, recognizes outposts \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/.premium\\-1\\.684929 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2015 \\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-09 \\|last1\\=Levinson \\|first1\\=Chaim \\|archive\\-date\\=30 November 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130010926/http://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/.premium\\-1\\.684929 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|title\\=UN: Israeli\\-Palestinian violence nears 'catastrophe' \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/israeli\\-palestinian\\-violence\\-151029060544251\\.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208102159/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/israeli\\-palestinian\\-violence\\-151029060544251\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Mapping the dead in latest Israeli\\-Palestinian violence \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/10/mapping\\-dead\\-latest\\-israeli\\-palestinian\\-violence\\-151013142015577\\.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129042227/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/10/mapping\\-dead\\-latest\\-israeli\\-palestinian\\-violence\\-151013142015577\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|The Israeli proposal of the exchange of territories at the Annapolis conference, according to The Economic Cooperation Foundation think\\-tank (blue to Israel, green to the Palestinian state)](/wiki/File:Annapolis_conference_Israeli_proposal.png \"Annapolis conference Israeli proposal.png\")\nThe Annapolis Conference was a Middle East [peace conference](/wiki/Peace_conference \"Peace conference\") held on 27 November 2007, at the [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy \"United States Naval Academy\") in [Annapolis, Maryland](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland \"Annapolis, Maryland\"), United States. The conference aimed to revive the [Israeli–Palestinian peace process](/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict \"Peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict\") and implement the *\"[Roadmap for peace](/wiki/Roadmap_for_peace \"Roadmap for peace\")\"*.{{cite news \\|first\\=Aluf \\|last\\=Benn \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/annapolis\\-joint\\-declaration\\-to\\-focus\\-on\\-goals\\-of\\-final\\-status\\-talks\\-1\\.233192 \\|title\\=Annapolis joint declaration to focus on goals of final status talks \\|work\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|date\\=14 November 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=}} The conference ended with the issuing of a joint statement from all parties. After the Annapolis Conference, the negotiations were continued. Both Mahmoud Abbas and Ehud Olmert presented each other with competing peace proposals. Ultimately no agreement was reached.[*Joint Understanding Read by President Bush at Annapolis Conference*](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/586E84217636CF87852573A00065F149) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922192953/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/586E84217636CF87852573A00065F149 \\|date\\=September 22, 2013 }}. Memorial Hall, [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy \"United States Naval Academy\"), Annapolis, Maryland; 27 November 2007{{cite news \\|last\\=Federman \\|first\\=Josef \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas\\-admits\\-he\\-rejected\\-2008\\-peace\\-offer\\-from\\-olmert/ \\|title\\=Abbas admits he rejected 2008 peace offer from Olmert \\|work\\=\\[\\[Times of Israel]] \\|date\\=November 19, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=}}",
"### Arab Peace Initiative (2002, 2007, 2017\\)",
"{{Main\\|Arab Peace Initiative}}\nThe Arab Peace Initiative ({{lang\\-ar\\|مبادرة السلام العربية}} *Mubādirat as\\-Salām al\\-ʿArabīyyah*), also known as the Saudi Initiative, was first proposed by Crown Prince [Abdullah of Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Abdullah of Saudi Arabia\") at the [Beirut Summit](/wiki/Beirut_Summit \"Beirut Summit\") (2002\\). The peace initiative is a proposed solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict as a whole, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in particular.{{cite news \\|title\\=Saudi Prince al\\-Faisal tells Haaretz: Desire for peace exists both in Gaza and Ramallah – Israel Conference on Peace TLV \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/peace/1\\.685313 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2015 \\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-12 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203061242/http://www.haaretz.com/peace/1\\.685313 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The initiative was initially published on 28 March 2002, at the Beirut Summit, and agreed upon again in 2007 in the [Riyadh Summit](/wiki/2007_Arab_League_Summit \"2007 Arab League Summit\"). Unlike the [Road Map for Peace](/wiki/Road_Map_for_Peace \"Road Map for Peace\"), it spelled out \"final\\-solution\" borders based explicitly on the UN borders established before the 1967 [Six Day War](/wiki/Six_Day_War \"Six Day War\"). It offered full normalization of relations with Israel, in exchange for the withdrawal of its forces from all the occupied territories, including the [Golan Heights](/wiki/Golan_Heights \"Golan Heights\"), to recognize \"an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital\" in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as well as a \"just solution\" for the Palestinian refugees.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2009\\-03\\-23 \\|title\\=The Saudi Arabia peace initiative \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Ynet News]] \\|url\\=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3691148,00\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205555/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3691148,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority \"Palestinian Authority\") led by [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat \"Yasser Arafat\") immediately embraced the initiative.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/opinion/support\\-for\\-the\\-saudi\\-initiative.html \\|title\\=Support for the Saudi Initiative \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=2002\\-02\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-24 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111012403/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/opinion/support\\-for\\-the\\-saudi\\-initiative.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} His successor [Mahmoud Abbas](/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas \"Mahmoud Abbas\") also supported the plan and officially asked U.S. President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") to adopt it as part of his Middle East policy.{{cite news \\|last\\=Stern \\|first\\=Yoav \\|date\\=November 22, 2008 \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039866\\.html \\|title\\=Abbas calls on Obama to enact Arab peace plan as soon as he takes office \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225191831/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039866\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]}} [Islamist](/wiki/Islamist \"Islamist\") political party [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\"), [the elected government](/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election \"2006 Palestinian legislative election\") of the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\"), was deeply divided,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3257932,00\\.html \\|title\\=Hamas' al\\-Zahar: Arab peace initiative impractical \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720103429/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3257932,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Ynet News]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|date\\=June 1, 2006}} with most factions rejecting the plan.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=MacLeod \\|first\\=Scott \\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-17 \\|title\\=Time to Test the Arab Peace Offer \\|url\\=http://mideast.blogs.time.com/2009/01/08/time\\-to\\-test\\-the\\-arab\\-peace\\-offer/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117001303/http://mideast.blogs.time.com/2009/01/08/time\\-to\\-test\\-the\\-arab\\-peace\\-offer/ \\|archive\\-date\\=January 17, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]}} Palestinians have criticised the [Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement \"Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement\") and [another with Bahrain](/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement \"Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement\") signed in September 2020, fearing the moves weaken the Arab Peace Initiative, regarding the UAE's move as \"a betrayal.\"{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.jpost.com/arab\\-israeli\\-conflict/saudi\\-former\\-intel\\-chief\\-slams\\-palestinian\\-leaderships\\-criticism\\-of\\-uae\\-israel\\-deal\\-644678 \\|title\\=Saudi former intel chief slams Palestinian's criticism of UAE\\-Israel deal \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Jerusalem Post]] \\|date\\=6 October 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006021450/https://www.jpost.com/arab\\-israeli\\-conflict/saudi\\-former\\-intel\\-chief\\-slams\\-palestinian\\-leaderships\\-criticism\\-of\\-uae\\-israel\\-deal\\-644678 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The Israeli government under [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon \"Ariel Sharon\") rejected the initiative as a \"non\\-starter\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/1898736\\.stm \\|title\\=Arabs offer Israel peace plan \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=2002\\-03\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-17 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 December 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214080717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/1898736\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} because it required Israel to withdraw to pre\\-June 1967 borders.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Sharon warns Saudi plan may be Arab plot \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2002/03/04/News/News.44486\\.html \\|date\\=March 4, 2002 \\|first\\=Gil \\|last\\=Hoffman \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Jerusalem Post]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203094239/http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2002/03/04/News/News.44486\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2011}} After the renewed Arab League endorsement in 2007, then\\-Prime Minister [Ehud Olmert](/wiki/Ehud_Olmert \"Ehud Olmert\") gave a cautious welcome to the plan.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/30/israel2\\|title\\=Olmert gives cautious welcome to Arab peace plan\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheGuardian.com]]\\|date\\=March 30, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143413/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/30/israel2\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2015, Israeli Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\") expressed tentative support for the Initiative,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\\-endorses\\-general\\-idea\\-behind\\-arab\\-peace\\-initiative/ \\|title\\=Netanyahu backs 'general idea' behind Arab Peace Initiative \\|work\\=\\[\\[Times of Israel]] \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-30 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530202808/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\\-endorses\\-general\\-idea\\-behind\\-arab\\-peace\\-initiative/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} but in 2018, he rejected it as a basis for future negotiations with the Palestinians.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/2016\\-06\\-13/ty\\-article/pm\\-netanyahu\\-israel\\-cannot\\-agree\\-to\\-2002\\-arab\\-league\\-peace\\-plan/0000017f\\-dbbd\\-d856\\-a37f\\-fffd5b200000 \\|title\\=Netanyahu: Israel Will Never Accept Arab Peace Initiative as Basis for Talks With Palestinians \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201134801/https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/2016\\-06\\-13/ty\\-article/pm\\-netanyahu\\-israel\\-cannot\\-agree\\-to\\-2002\\-arab\\-league\\-peace\\-plan/0000017f\\-dbbd\\-d856\\-a37f\\-fffd5b200000 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Issues in dispute
-----------------
The core issues of the conflict are borders, the status of settlements in the West Bank, the status of east Jerusalem, the Palestinian refugee right of return, and security.{{cite book \|last\=Stern\-Weiner \|first\=Jamie \|title\=Moment of Truth \|date\=November 2017 \|publisher\=OR Books \|isbn\=978\-1\-68219\-114\-9 \|chapter\=Introduction}}{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Avineri \|title\=The Making of Modern Zionism \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=N1UovgAACAAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2017 \|publisher\=\[\[Basic Books]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-465\-09479\-0 \|chapter\=Introduction}} With the PLO's recognition of Israel's right to exist in 1982, the international community with the main exception of the United States and Israel{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Prophets Without Honor \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2022 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-006047\-3 \|quote\=The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open\-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear\-cut process of decolonization based on 'international legitimacy' and 'all UN relevant resolutions.'}}{{cite book \|first\=Norman G. \|last\=Finkelstein \|author\-link\=Norman Finkelstein \|title\=Gaza \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=qo84DwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2018 \|publisher\=\[\[University of California Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-29571\-1 \|chapter\=Appendix \|quote\="I was the Minister of Justice. I am a lawyer," Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni told her Palestinian interlocutors during a critical round of the peace process in 2007, "but I am against law—international law in particular."}} has been in consensus on a framework for resolving the conflict on the basis of international law.{{cite book \|first\=Colter \|last\=Louwerse \|title\=Deluge \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8U9V0AEACAAJ\&pg\=PA \|publisher\=OR Books \|isbn\=978\-1\-68219\-619\-9 \|chapter\=3\|date\=16 April 2024 }} Various UN bodies and the ICJ have supported this position; every year, the UN General Assembly votes almost unamimously in favor of a resolution titled "Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine." This resolution consistently affirms the illegality of the Israeli settlements, the annexation of East Jerusalem, and the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war. It also emphasizes the need for an Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967 and the need for a just resolution to the refugee question on the basis of UN resolution 194\.{{cite book \|last\=Finkelstein \|first\=Norman G. \|author\-link\=Norman Finkelstein \|title\=Knowing Too Much \|publisher\=OR Books \|publication\-place\=New York: London \|date\=2012 \|isbn\=978\-1\-935928\-77\-5 \|oclc\=794273633 \|chapter\=Notes}}
Unilateral strategies and the rhetoric of hardline political factions, coupled with violence, have fostered mutual embitterment and hostility and a loss of faith in the possibility of reaching a peaceful settlement. Since the break down of negotiations, security has played a less important role in Israeli concerns, trailing behind employment, corruption, housing and other pressing issues.{{cite book \|first\=Sara M. \|last\=Roy \|title\=The Gaza Strip extended 3rd edition \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X8jsAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2016 \|publisher\=Institute for Palestine Studies \|isbn\=978\-0\-88728\-260\-7 \|chapter\=Preface to the Third Edition}} Israeli policy had reoriented to focus on managing the conflict and the associated occupation of Palestinian territory, rather than reaching a negotiated solution.{{harvnb\|Baconi\|2018\|pp\=}}{{cite book \|last\=Scheindlin \|title\=Moment of Truth \|date\=November 2017 \|isbn\=978\-1\-68219\-114\-9 \|chapter\=The shrinking Two\-State Constituency \|publisher\=OR Books}}{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Prophets Without Honor \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2022 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-006047\-3 \|chapter\=The Occupation's Traits of Permanence \|quote\=But the abject submission of the Palestinians and the ever deepening system of occupation and discrimination in the territories are Israel's sole and exclusive responsibility. As brilliantly explained by Michael Sfard, this is a system built on three pillars: the gun, the settlements, and the law that formalizes the network of colonization.1 Under the mantle of security claims, the Jewish state has created in the Palestinian territories one of the most efficient occupation regimes in history, which is, moreover, also cost\-effective, for it is the international community's donor money to the Palestinian Authority that saves the occupier the burden of having to directly administer the territories. This leaves Israel free to cater to its insatiable security needs with draconic measures, such as limiting the Palestinians' freedom of movement, erecting walls that separate communities, dotting roads with checkpoints where innocent people are manhandled, activating sophisticated intelligence mechanisms that control the lives of an ever growing number of suspects, conducting surprise searches of private houses in the middle of the night, and carrying out arbitrary administrative detentions. If this were not enough, vigilantes among the settlers, some known as "the Youth of the Hills," constantly harass Palestinian communities, destroy orchard trees, and arbitrarily apply a "price tag" of punishments to innocent civilians for whatever terrorist attack might have been perpetrated by a Palestinian squad. Underlying this very serious problem of the unpardonable depravity of settlers' extremism is the even more serious problem that has to do with the involvement of the entire Israeli body politic in maintaining and continuously expanding a regime of dominance in the territories. For too long, the peace process has served as a curtain behind which the policy of practical annexation has flourished.}} The expansion of [Israeli settlements](/wiki/Israeli_settlement "Israeli settlement") in the West Bank has led the majority of Palestinians to believe that Israel is not committed to reaching an agreement, but rather to a pursuit of establishing permanent control over this territory in order to provide that security.{{cite web \|url\=http://news\-basics.com/2011/israel\-and\-the\-palestinians/ \|title\=Overview of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians \|work\=News Basics \|access\-date\=13 February 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424152450/http://news\-basics.com/2011/israel\-and\-the\-palestinians/ \|archive\-date\=24 April 2012}}
### Status of Jerusalem
{{Main\|Status of Jerusalem}}
{{See also\|Western Wall\|Temple Mount\|Al\-Aqsa Mosque}}
[thumb\|Greater Jerusalem, May 2006\. [CIA](/wiki/CIA "CIA") [remote sensing](/wiki/Remote_sensing "Remote sensing") map showing what the CIA regards as settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, and walls](/wiki/File:Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg "Greater Jerusalem May 2006 CIA remote-sensing map 3500px.jpg")
In 1967, Israel [unilaterally annexed East Jerusalem](/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem "Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem"), in violation of international law. Israel seized a significant area further east of the city, eventually creating a barrier of Israeli settlements around the city, isolating Jerusalem's Palestinian population from the West Bank.{{harvnb\|Scott\-Baumann\|2023}}: "The Israeli government proceeded to annex East Jerusalem. This act violated international law, and the United Nations General Assembly condemned it... Furthermore, Israel confiscated a large swath of land to the east of the city that would, in time, form a barrier of Israeli settlements surrounding the city, thus cutting off the Palestinian population of Jerusalem from its West Bank hinterland." Israel's policy of constructing sprawling Jewish neighborhoods surrounding the Palestinian sections of the city were aimed at making a repartition of the city almost impossible. In a further effort to change the demography of Jerusalem in favor of a Jewish majority, Israel discouraged Palestinian presence in the city while encouraging Jewish presence, as a matter of policy. Specifically, Israel introduced policies restricting the space available for the construction of Palestinian neighborhoods, delaying or denying building permits and raising housing demolition orders. Tensions in Jerusalem are primarily driven by provocations by Israeli authorities and Jewish extremists against Arabs in the city.{{cite book\|author\=Avraham Sela\|title\=Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=YJwsAQAAIAAJ\&pg\=PA\|year\=2002\|publisher\=Bloomsbury Academic \|isbn\=978\-0\-8264\-1413\-7\|pages\=495}}: "Arab\-Jewish tensions stemmed from incidents in and around the Temple Mount (al\-haram al\-sharif) and provocative actions by Jewish extremists against Arabs. Particularly frustrating from a Palestinian viewpoint were the constant efforts made by the Israeli authorities to settle Jews in purely Arab neighborhoods by purchasing Arab or church property, or to appropriate inhabited Arab property by legal means on the grounds that it had been originally owned by Jews."
The Israeli government, including the [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset "Knesset") and [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel "Supreme Court of Israel"), is located in the "new city" of West Jerusalem and has been since Israel's founding in 1948\. After Israel annexed East Jerusalem in 1967, it assumed complete administrative control of East Jerusalem. Since then, various UN bodies have consistently denounced Israel's control over East Jerusalem as invalid. In 1980, Israel passed the [Jerusalem Law](/wiki/Jerusalem_Law "Jerusalem Law") declaring "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel."["Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (Unofficial translation)"](https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905144734/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10\_eng.htm \|date\=5 September 2014 }}. *www.knesset.gov.il*. Passed by the Knesset on the 17th Av, 5740 (30 July 1980\).{{better source needed\|date\=May 2023}}
Many countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, with exceptions being the United States,{{cite news \|last1\=Diamond \|first1\=Jeremy \|last2\=Labott \|first2\=Elise \|date\=6 December 2017 \|title\=Trump recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/06/politics/president\-donald\-trump\-jerusalem/index.html \|work\=\[\[CNN]] \|access\-date\=7 December 2017 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126162000/https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/06/politics/president\-donald\-trump\-jerusalem/index.html \|url\-status\=live}} and Russia.{{cite news \|last\=Ahren \|first\=Raphael \|date\=6 April 2017 \|title\=In curious twist, Russia recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in\-historic\-first\-russia\-recognizes\-west\-jerusalem\-as\-israels\-capital/ \|work\=\[\[Times of Israel]] \|location\=Jerusalem \|access\-date\=7 December 2017 \|archive\-date\=22 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054758/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in\-historic\-first\-russia\-recognizes\-west\-jerusalem\-as\-israels\-capital/ \|url\-status\=live}} The majority of UN member states and most international organisations do not recognise Israel's claims to East Jerusalem which occurred after the 1967 Six\-Day War, nor its 1980 Jerusalem Law proclamation.{{cite web \|url\=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/DDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB \|title\=UN security Council Resolution 478 \|publisher\=unispal.un.org \|access\-date\=23 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=12 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044309/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/DDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB \|url\-status\=dead}} The International Court of Justice in its 2004 Advisory opinion on the "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" described East Jerusalem as "occupied Palestinian territory".{{cite web \|last\=Lapidoth \|first\=Ruth \|title\=Jerusalem – Some Legal Issues \|url\=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth\-jerusalem.pdf \|publisher\=The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies \|access\-date\=7 April 2013 \|pages\=21–26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605013337/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth\-jerusalem.pdf \|archive\-date\=5 June 2014 \|url\-status\=dead}} Reprinted from: Rüdiger Wolfrum (Ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law ([Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"), online 2008–, print 2011\).
The three largest [Abrahamic religions](/wiki/Abrahamic_religions "Abrahamic religions")—[Judaism](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism"), [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity"), and [Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam")—hold Jerusalem as an important setting for their religious and historical narratives. Jerusalem is the holiest city in Judaism, being the former location of the Jewish temples on the [Temple Mount](/wiki/Temple_Mount "Temple Mount") and the capital of the ancient Israelite kingdom. For Muslims, Jerusalem is the third holiest site, being the location of the [Isra' and Mi'raj](/wiki/Isra%27_and_Mi%27raj "Isra' and Mi'raj") event, and the [Al\-Aqsa Mosque](/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque "Al-Aqsa Mosque"). For Christians, Jerusalem is the site of [Jesus' crucifixion](/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus "Crucifixion of Jesus") and the [Church of the Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre "Church of the Holy Sepulchre").
### Holy sites and Jerusalem's Temple Mount
[thumb\|upright\=1\.35\|Panorama of the [Western Wall](/wiki/Western_Wall "Western Wall") with the [Dome of the Rock](/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock "Dome of the Rock") (left) and [al\-Aqsa mosque](/wiki/Qibli_Mosque "Qibli Mosque") (right) in the background](/wiki/File:Klagemauer.JPG "Klagemauer.JPG")
Since the early 20th century, the issue of [holy places](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land") and particularly the sacred places in Jerusalem has been employed by nationalist politicians.{{cite book \|last1\=Reiter \|first1\=Yitzhak \|title\=Contested Holy Places in Israel–Palestine: Sharing and Conflict Resolution \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=9781351998857 \|page\=xiii}}
Israelis did not have unrestricted access to the holy places in East Jerusalem during the period of Jordanian occupation.{{cite book \|last1\=Breger \|first1\=Marshall J. \|last2\=Reiter \|first2\=Yitzhak\|date\=2010 \|last3\=Hammer \|first3\=Leonard \|title\=Holy Places in the Israeli\-Palestinian Conflict : Confrontation and Co\-Existence \|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis Group \|isbn\=9780203867457 \|chapter\=Regulation of holy places in the West Bank and Gaza}} Since 1975, Israel has banned Muslims from worshiping at [Joseph's Tomb](/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb "Joseph's Tomb"), a shrine considered sacred by both Jews and Muslims. Settlers established a yeshiva, installed a Torah scroll and covered the [mihrab](/wiki/Mihrab "Mihrab"). During the Second Intifada Palestinian protesters looted and burned the site.{{cite book \|last\=Gold \|first\=Dore \|author\-link\=Dore Gold \|title\=The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City \|location\=Washington, DC \|publisher\=Regnery Publishing \|date\=2007 \|pages\=5–6}}{{cite book \|chapter\=Targeting Heritage: The Abuse of Symbolic Sites in Modern Conflicts \|title\=Marketing heritage: archaeology and the consumption of the past \|last\=Golden \|first\=Jonathan \|editor1\-last\=Rowan \|editor1\-first\=Yorke M. \|editor2\-last\=Baram \|editor2\-first\=Uzi \|publisher\=Rowman Altamira \|year\=2004 \|pages\=183–202 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7591\-0342\-9 \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1W6BWEWdJWQC\&pg\=PA183 \|access\-date\=29 October 2015 \|archive\-date\=9 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012925/https://books.google.com/books?id\=1W6BWEWdJWQC\&pg\=PA183\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live}} Israeli security agencies routinely monitor and arrest Jewish extremists that plan attacks, though many serious incidents have still occurred.{{Cite web \|title\=Extremists – Talking With Jewish Extremists \| Israel's Next War? \|work\=\[\[Frontline (American TV program)\|Frontline]] \|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/israel/extreme/nameof.html \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|publisher\=\[\[PBS]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044654/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/israel/extreme/nameof.html \|archive\-date\=12 October 2017 \|url\-status\=live}} Israel has allowed almost complete autonomy to the Muslim trust ([Waqf](/wiki/Waqf "Waqf")) over the Temple Mount.{{harvnb\|Sela\|2002\|pp\=491–498\|chapter\="Jerusalem"}}
Palestinians have voiced concerns regarding the welfare of Christian and Muslim holy places under Israeli control.{{Cite book \|last\=Peled \|first\=Alisa Rubin \|title\=Debating Islam in the Jewish State: The Development of Policy toward Islamic Institutions in Israel \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=\[\[State University of New York Press]] \|page\=96 \|oclc\=929622466 \|quote\=In general, Israeli policy towards holy places can be considered a success with regard to its primary goal: facilitating Israel's acceptance into the international community of nations. However, the repeated failure of the Muslim Affairs Department to fulfill its mandate of protecting the Muslim holy places in Israel has been a largely forgotten chapter in Israeli history that deserves reexamination}} Additionally, some Palestinian advocates have made statements alleging that the [Western Wall Tunnel](/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel "Western Wall Tunnel") was re\-opened with the intent of causing the mosque's collapse.{{Cite news \|date\=2008\-03\-27 \|title\=Secret tunnel under Al\-Aqsa Mosque exposed \|url\=https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008%252F03%252F27%252F47501\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|website\=\[\[Al Arabiya English]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=9 August 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809080532/https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/03/27/47501\.html \|url\-status\=live}}
### Palestinian refugees
{{See also\|Palestinian right of return\|Palestinian refugee\|1948 Palestinian exodus}}
[thumb\|upright\|Palestinian refugees, 1948](/wiki/File:Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg "Woman nakba dress jug.jpg")
Palestinian refugees are people who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli conflict and the 1967 [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War").{{cite book \|last1\=Peters \|first2\=Mohammed \|last2\=Dajani Daoudi \|author2\-link\=Mohammed Dajani Daoudi \|first1\=Joel \|title\=The Israel–Palestine Conflict Parallel discourses \|year\=2011 \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-203\-83939\-3 \|pages\=26, 37 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-ubfEsbawzoC\&q\=The\+Israel\-Palestine\+Conflict\+Parallel\+Discourses \|access\-date\=12 November 2020 \|archive\-date\=9 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012926/https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-ubfEsbawzoC\&q\=The\+Israel\-Palestine\+Conflict\+Parallel\+Discourses\#v\=snippet\&q\=The%20Israel\-Palestine%20Conflict%20Parallel%20Discourses\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live}} The number of Palestinians who were expelled or fled from Israel was estimated at 711,000 in 1949\.{{cite web \|year\=1950 \|url\=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883!OpenDocument \|title\=General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950 \|publisher\=United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine \|access\-date\=20 November 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011203241/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883%21OpenDocument \|archive\-date\=11 October 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} The descendants of all refugees (not just Palestinian refugees {{cite web \|title\=Refugees \|url\=https://www.un.org/en/global\-issues/refugees \|website\=United Nations \|language\=en}}) are considered by the UN to also be refugees. As of 2010 there are 4\.7 million Palestinian refugees.{{Cite web \|title\=UNRWA \|url\=https://www.unrwa.org/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05\|publisher\=\[\[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=7 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107085923/https://www.unrwa.org/ \|url\-status\=live}} Between 350,000 and 400,000 Palestinians were displaced during the 1967 Arab–Israeli war. A third of the refugees live in recognized refugee camps in [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"), the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank") and the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"). The remainder live in and around the cities and towns of these host countries. Most Palestinian refugees were born outside Israel and are not allowed to live in any part of historic Palestine.{{harvnb\|Sela\|2002\|loc\=Efrat, Moshe. "Refugees."\|pp\=724–29}}{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2024\|loc\=Fateh, the PLO, and the PA: The Palestinian Para\-State}}: "Outside Palestine, meanwhile, live between 4 and 6 million Palestinians (reliable figures are not available). They exist in situations ranging from the utter misery (since 1982\) of those in refugee camps in Lebanon, to a wide diversity of conditions, some of them quite comfortable, in various other Arab countries, Europe, and the United States. These Palestinians 'of the diaspora' (al\-shatat in Arabic) possess a variety of passports, laissez\-passers, and refugee documents, some of which are looked upon with great suspicion by certain states, and some of them face harsh restrictions on their movement in consequence. The largest single group of Palestinians of the diaspora, between 2 and 3 million, carry Jordanian passports, and most of them live in Jordan. What unites the overwhelming majority of these 4 to 6 million people is that they or their parents or grandparents were obliged to leave their homes and became refugees in 1948 or afterward, and that they are barred from living in any part of their ancestral homeland, Palestine."
Israel has since 1948 prevented the return of Palestinian refugees and refused any settlement permitting their return except in limited cases.{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020\|p\=265}}: "Refugees. Israel agreed that the refugee problem was a regrettable humanitarian issue, Barak stated, and would recognize the right of the Palestinians to return to their own state, but that "no right of return to Israeli territory would prevail." However, he continued, Israel was prepared to admit several hundred refugees annually for a ten\- to fifteen\-year period, under a family unification program. In a later interview, Barak made it clear that the "family unification program" was not based on any Palestinian rights: "No Israeli prime minister will accept even one refugee on the basis of the right of return."{{harvnb\|Scott\-Baumann\|2023}} On the basis of the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights "Universal Declaration of Human Rights") and [UN General Assembly Resolution 194](/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_194 "UN General Assembly Resolution 194"), Palestinians claim the right of refugees to return to the lands, homes and villages where they lived before being driven into exile in 1948 and 1967\. Arafat himself repeatedly assured his American and Israeli interlocutors at Camp David that he primarily sought the principle of the right of return to be accepted, rather than the full right of return, in practice.{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020\|p\=251}}: "The Palestinian Position. Since 1948 the official or public position of Arafat, the PLO, Arafat's successor Mahmoud Abbas, and the Palestinian Authority has been—and, rhetorically at least, still is—that the Palestinian refugees as well as their descendants have the right to return to their lands, homes, and villages. Arafat reiterated that "demand" at Camp David, though he and other Palestinian leaders repeatedly assured the Americans and the Israelis that their real goal was Israeli acceptance only of the "principle" of refugee return, as distinct from implementing that "right" in practice."
Palestinian and international authors have justified the right of return of the Palestinian refugees on several grounds:{{Cite news \|date\=2003\-02\-18 \|title\=Right of return: Palestinian dream? \|language\=en\-GB \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in\_depth/middle\_east/2001/israel\_and\_the\_palestinians/issues/1099279\.stm \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in\_depth/middle\_east/2001/israel\_and\_the\_palestinians/issues/1099279\.stm \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite journal \|last\=Flapan \|first\=Simha \|date\=Summer 1987 \|title\=The Palestinian Exodus of 1948 \|journal\=Journal of Palestine Studies \|volume\=16 \|number\=4 \|pages\=3–26 \|doi\=10\.2307/2536718 \|jstor\=2536718}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Khalidi \|first1\=Rashid I. \|author\-link\=Rashid Khalidi \|date\=Winter 1992 \|title\=Observations on the Right of Return \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Palestine Studies]] \|volume\=21 \|number\=2 \|pages\=29–40 \|doi\=10\.2307/2537217 \|jstor\=2537217}}
Several scholars included in the broader [New Historians](/wiki/New_Historians "New Historians") argue that the Palestinian refugees fled or were chased out or expelled by the actions of the [Haganah](/wiki/Haganah "Haganah"), [Lehi](/wiki/Lehi_%28group%29 "Lehi (group)") and [Irgun](/wiki/Irgun "Irgun"), Zionist paramilitary groups.{{cite book \|last1\=Morris \|first1\=Benny \|title\=Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab conflict, 1881–2001 \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=\[\[Vintage Books]] \|location\=New York \|isbn\=978\-0\-679\-74475\-7 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr\_0/page/252 252–258] \|edition\=1st Vintage Books \|url\=https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr\_0/page/252}}{{cite book \|last1\=Masalha \|first1\=Nur \|author1\-link\=Nur Masalha \|title\=Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948 \|date\=1992 \|publisher\=\[\[Institute for Palestine Studies]] \|location\=Washington, DC \|isbn\=978\-0\-88728\-235\-5 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/175 175] \|edition\=4th \|url\=https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/175}} A number have also characterized this as an ethnic cleansing.{{cite book \|author\=\[\[Michael Mann (sociologist)\|Michael Mann]] \|title\=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|year\=2005\|pages\=109, 519 \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-83130\-7}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a\-z\-guide/arab\-israeli\-war/ \|last\=Morris \|first\=Benny \|author\-link\=Benny Morris \|title\=Arab–Israeli War \|publisher\=The Crimes of War Education Project \|access\-date\=14 March 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129173133/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a\-z\-guide/arab\-israeli\-war/ \|archive\-date\=29 January 2014}}{{cite book \|last\=Esber \|first\=Rosmarie \|author\-link\=Rosemarie Esber\|title\=Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians \|year\=2009 \|pages\=23 \|publisher\=Arabicus Books \& Media \|isbn\=978\-0\-9815131\-3\-3}}{{cite book \|last1\=Pappé \|first1\=Ilan \|author\-link\=Ilan Pappé \|title\=The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Oneworld Publications \|location\=Oxford \|isbn\=978\-1\-85168\-467\-0 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp/page/2 2–3] \|edition\=Repr. \|url\=https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp/page/2}} The [New Historians](/wiki/New_Historians "New Historians") cite indications of Arab leaders' desire for the Palestinian Arab population to stay put.See for example, {{cite journal \|last\=Masalha \|first\=Nur\-eldeen \|author\-link\=Nur Masalha \|year\=1988 \|title\=On Recent Hebrew and Israeli Sources for the Palestinian Exodus, 1947–49 \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Palestine Studies]] \|volume\=18 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=121–137 \|doi\=10\.2307/2537599 \|jstor\=2537599}} And {{cite news \|last\=Childers \|first\=Irskine \|title\=The Other Exodus \|work\=\[\[The Spectator]] \|location\=London \|date\=12 May 1961}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Home in [Balata](/wiki/Balata_Camp "Balata Camp") [refugee camp](/wiki/Refugee_camp "Refugee camp") demolished during the second Intifada, 2002](/wiki/File:Sumayya_and_her_cat_in_front_of_her_demolished_home_2002%2C_2nd_Intifada.jpg "Sumayya and her cat in front of her demolished home 2002, 2nd Intifada.jpg")
The Israeli [Law of Return](/wiki/Law_of_Return "Law of Return") that grants citizenship to people of Jewish descent has been described as discriminatory against other ethnic groups, especially Palestinians that cannot apply for such citizenship under the law of return, to the territory which they were expelled from or fled during the course of the 1948 war.{{cite book \|last\=Honig\-Parnass \|first\=Tikva \|title\=The False Prophets of Peace: Liberal Zionism and the Struggle for Palestine \|year\=2011 \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Books]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-60846\-130\-1 \|page\=5 \|quote\=Makdisi rightly argues that almost every law of South African Apartheid has its equivalent in Israel today.18 A significant example is the Law of Return (1950\), which even Kretzmer claims is explicitly discriminatory against Palestinian citizens.... The Law of Return, which determines the second\-class citizenship of Palestinians, is recognized as a fundamental principle in Israel and "is possibly even its very ''raison d'etre'' as a Jewish state."19}}{{cite book \|last\=Schmidt \|first\=Yvonne \|title\=Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories \|year\=2008 \|publisher\=GRIN Verlag oHG \|isbn\=978\-3\-638\-94450\-2 \|pages\=245–246 \|quote\=In any case has the Law of Return, 1950 discriminatory effect for Palestinian Arab people since it allows any Jew to immigrate to Israel, while – at the same time – it deprives all native Palestinian Arab refugees residing outside the borders of the state of Israel of their fundamental right to return to their homes and villages from which they were expelled or took flight in the course of the 1948 war that broke out because of the establishment of Israel.}}{{cite book \|last\=Kassim \|first\=Anis F. \|title\=The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 2001–2002: Vol. 11 \|year\=2002 \|publisher\=\[\[Brill Publishers\|Brill]] \|isbn\=978\-3\-638\-94450\-2 \|page\=150 \|quote\=Under the heading of "Discrimination", the Committee cited Israel's Law of Return as discriminatory against Palestinian refugees because of Israel's refusal to readmit them. The committee said: "The Committee notes with concern that the Law of Return which permits any Jew from anywhere in the world to immigrate and thereby virtually automatically enjoy residence and obtain citizenship in Israel, discriminates against Palestinians in the Diaspora upon whom the Government of Israel has imposed restrictive requirements that make it almost impossible to return to their land of birth."}}
According to the [UN Resolution 194](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194 "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194"), adopted in 1948, "the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible."{{cite web\|url\=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1A752D5C8191389E8525682D00701239 \|title\=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 \|publisher\=United Nations \|access\-date\=19 October 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025082136/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1A752D5C8191389E8525682D00701239 \|archive\-date\=25 October 2014}} [UN Resolution 3236](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3236 "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236") "reaffirms also the inalienable right of the Palestinians to return to their homes and property from which they have been displaced and uprooted, and calls for their return".{{cite web\|url\=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/025974039ACFB171852560DE00548BBE \|title\=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 \|publisher\=United Nations \|access\-date\=19 October 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020191042/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/025974039ACFB171852560DE00548BBE \|archive\-date\=20 October 2014}} [Resolution 242 from the UN](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 242") affirms the necessity for "achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem"; however, Resolution 242 does not specify that the "just settlement" must or should be in the form of a literal Palestinian right of return.{{cite journal \|last\=Radley \|first\=K. René \|year\=1978 \|title\=The Palestinian Refugees: The Right to Return in International Law \|journal\=\[\[American Journal of International Law]] \|volume\=72 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=586–614 \|doi\=10\.2307/2200460\|jstor\=2200460 \|s2cid\=147111254}}
Historically, there has been debate over the relative impact of the [causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus](/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus "Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus"), although there is a wide consensus that violent expulsions by Zionist and Israeli forces were the main factor. Other factors include psychological warfare and Arab sense of vulnerability. Notably, historian [Benny Morris](/wiki/Benny_Morris "Benny Morris") states that most of Palestine's 700,000 refugees fled because of the "flail of war" and expected to return home shortly after a successful Arab invasion. He documents instances in which Arab leaders advised the evacuation of entire communities as happened in Haifa although recognizes that these were isolated events.{{cite book \|last1\=Morris \|first1\=Benny \|title\=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist\-Arab conflict, 1881–2001 \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=\[\[Vintage Books]] \|location\=New York \|isbn\=978\-0\-679\-74475\-7 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr\_0/page/252 252–258] \|edition\=1st Vintage Books \|url\=https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr\_0/page/252}}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2008/0221/1203471491836\.html \|title\=Israel and the Palestinians \|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]] \|date\=2 February 2008 \|access\-date\=5 August 2012 \|archive\-date\=21 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021003425/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2008/0221/1203471491836\.html \|url\-status\=dead}} In his later work, Morris considers the displacement the result of a national conflict initiated by the Arabs themselves. In a 2004 interview with Haaretz, he described the exodus as largely resulting from an atmosphere of transfer that was promoted by Ben\-Gurion and understood by the military leadership. He also claimed that there "are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing".{{cite news \|last1\=Shavit \|first1\=Ari \|title\=Survival of the Fittest \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/survival\-of\-the\-fittest\-1\.61345 \|newspaper\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|access\-date\=7 January 2015 \|date\=2004\-01\-08 \|archive\-date\=30 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030132854/https://www.haaretz.com/survival\-of\-the\-fittest\-1\.61345 \|url\-status\=live}} He has been criticized by political scientist [Norman Finkelstein](/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein "Norman Finkelstein") for having seemingly changed his views for political, rather than historical, reasons.{{cite book \|last1\=Finkelstein \|first1\=Norman G. \|author\-link\=Norman Finkelstein \|title\=Knowing Too Much: Why the American Jewish Romance with Israel is Coming to an End \|date\=2012 \|publisher\=OR Books \|location\=New York \|isbn\=978\-1\-935928\-77\-5 \|pages\=Chapter 10}}
[thumb\|[Shatila refugee camp](/wiki/Shatila_refugee_camp "Shatila refugee camp") on the outskirts of [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut") in May 2019](/wiki/File:Shatila_-_street_view_%282%29.jpg "Shatila - street view (2).jpg")
Although Israel accepts the right of the [Palestinian Diaspora](/wiki/Palestinian_refugees "Palestinian refugees") to return into a new Palestinian state, Israel insists that the return of this population into the current state of Israel would threaten the stability of the Jewish state; an influx of Palestinian refugees would lead to the end of the state of Israel as a Jewish state since a demographic majority of Jews would not be maintained.{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=x72ZEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-532542\-3 \|pages\=50 \|quote\=A massive repatriation of Palestinian refugees would have clashed irreconcilably with the most vital and fundamental ethos of the new State of Israel, indeed with its very raison d'être, namely the consolidation of a Jewish state through the mass immigration of the survivors of the Nazi Holocaust in Europe and the uprooted and dispossessed Jews of North Africa and the Arab Middle East... No Israeli statesman, either in 1948 or in 2005, would conceive of peace based on the massive repatriation of Palestinian refugees as an offer the Jewish state could accept and yet survive. The ethos of Zionism was twofold; it was about demography – ingathering the exiles in a viable Jewish state with as small an Arab minority as possible – and land.}}{{cite book \|first\=John B. \|last\=Quigley \|title\=The Case for Palestine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VaUvqHNd6m0C\&pg\=PA \|year\=2005 \|publisher\=\[\[Duke University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-8223\-3539\-9\|quote\=Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel said that returning Palestinians might be a fifth column and a demographic threat to Israel as a Jewish state.}}{{Cite news \|last\=Erlanger \|first\=Steven \|date\=2007\-03\-31 \|title\=Olmert Rejects Right of Return for Palestinians \|language\=en\-US \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/world/middleeast/31mideast.html \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=22 March 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322164546/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/world/middleeast/31mideast.html \|url\-status\=live}}
### Israeli security concerns
{{See also\|United States security assistance to the Palestinian Authority\|Palestinian political violence\|2010 Palestinian militancy campaign}}
[left\|thumb\|Remains of an [Egged bus](/wiki/Egged_%28company%29 "Egged (company)") hit by suicide bomber in the aftermath of the [2011 southern Israel cross\-border attacks](/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks "2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks"). Eight people were killed, about 40 were injured.](/wiki/File:Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg "Terror Strikes Israeli Civilians in Southern Israel.jpg")
Throughout the conflict, Palestinian violence has been a concern for Israelis. Security concerns have historically been a key driver in Israeli political decision making, often expanding in scope and taking precedence over other considerations such as international law and Palestinian human rights.{{cite book \|first\=Noam \|last\=Chomsky \|author\-link\=Noam Chomsky \|title\=Fateful Triangle \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aHphMCIkhK0C\&pg\=PA \|year\=1999 \|publisher\=\[\[Pluto Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-89608\-601\-2 \|pages\= \|quote\=Evidently, the indigenous population also has a "security problem"; in fact, the Palestinians have already suffered the catastrophe that Israelis justly fear.}}{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2013\|loc\=Introduction}}: "Similarly, in this lexicon, "security" is an absolute priority of Israel's, the need for which is invariably described as rooted in genuine, deep\-seated existential fears. "Israeli security" therefore takes precedence over virtually everything else, including international law and the human rights of others. It is an endlessly expansive concept that includes a remarkable multitude of things, such as whether pasta or generator parts can be brought into the Gaza Strip, or whether miserably poor Palestinian villagers can be allowed water cisterns.1 By contrast, in spite of the precarious nature of their situation, Palestinians are presumed not to have any significant concerns about their security. This is the case even though nearly half the Palestinian population have lived for more than two generations under a grinding military occupation without the most basic human, civil, or political rights, and the rest have for many decades been dispersed from their ancestral homeland, many of them living under harsh, authoritarian Arab governments."{{cite book \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Ben\-Ami \|title\=Prophets Without Honor \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2022 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-006047\-3 \|chapter\=The Occupation's Traits of Permanence \|quote\=The Israeli debate over the occupied territories is, then, not just an ideological divide between right and left; it is also overwhelmingly influenced by the all\-encompassing "security network" that injects a security rationale into every political move.}} The occupation of the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem and the continued expansion of settlements in those areas have been justified on security grounds.{{harvnb\|Slater\|2020\|p\=221}}: "In any event, there was no legitimate security argument at all for the Israeli seizure of Arab East Jerusalem immediately after the 1967 war and for subsequently settling religious fanatics in the West Bank. The real motivating forces for most of the postwar Israeli expansionism into the West Bank and East Jerusalem were clearly "Greater Israel" nationalism and religious messianism. If anything, as many Israeli security experts pointed out at the time, the "need" to defend the settlers was a security liability... Israeli governments have long cited "security" as the reason they need to maintain occupation of Arab territories—but when Israel withdrew from Lebanon and Egyptian territory, the attacks against it ended. It is unlikely that an Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian territories would have a different result—and if it did, there would be little to prevent Israel from reinvading and occupying those territories. Moreover, in those circumstances repression of any continuing Palestinian violence would have a legitimacy that it currently lacks. For these reasons, Israel has a security problem with the Palestinians only in the same way that colonial powers had "security problems" with nationalist uprisings that eventually forced them to withdraw."
Israel, along with the United States["Palestinian Anti\-Terrorism Act of 2006\."](http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=189741) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128105216/http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID\=189741 \|date\=28 November 2007 }} [Global Legal Information Network](/wiki/Global_Legal_Information_Network "Global Legal Information Network"). 26 December 2006\. 30 May 2009\.{{better source needed\|date\=May 2023}} and the European Union, refer to any use of force by Palestinian groups as terroristic and criminal. This is in contrast to the consensus in international law which allows for Palestinians, as a people under illegal military occupation, to use lethal force against Israeli military targets and installations.{{cite book \|first\=Noura \|last\=Erakat \|author\-link\= Noura Erakat\| title\=Justice for Some \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-zGUDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA \|year\=2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Stanford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-5036\-1357\-7 \|chapter\=From Occupation to Warfare}}{{cite book \|first\=John B. \|last\=Quigley\|title\=The Case for Palestine \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VaUvqHNd6m0C\&pg\=PA \|year\=2005 \|publisher\=\[\[Duke University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-8223\-3539\-9 \|pages\=}}{{pn\|date\=July 2024}}
In Israel, Palestinian suicide bombers have targeted civilian buses, restaurants, shopping malls, hotels and marketplaces.{{Cite news \|date\=2007\-01\-29 \|title\=Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|language\=en\-GB \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/3256858\.stm\|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|archive\-date\=15 January 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115102834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/3256858\.stm \|url\-status\=live}} From 1993 to 2003, 303 [Palestinian suicide bombers](/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks "Palestinian suicide attacks") attacked Israel.{{cn\|date\=June 2024}} In 1994, Hamas initiated their first lethal suicide attack in response to the [cave of the Patriarchs massacre](/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre "Cave of the Patriarchs massacre") where American\-Israeli physician [Baruch Goldstein](/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein "Baruch Goldstein") opened fire in a mosque, killing 29 people and injuring 125\.{{harvnb\|Baconi\|2018\|loc\=Military Resistance Comes Undone}}: "On February 25, 1994, an American Jewish settler named Baruch Goldstein walked into the Ibrahimi Mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron during prayer time. Standing behind the rows of kneeling figures in front of him, Goldstein opened fire. Within minutes, twenty\-nine Muslim worshippers had been killed and close to one hundred injured. The atrocity jolted the nascent Israeli\-Palestinian bilateral negotiations that had gathered pace in the wake of the First Intifada, prompted by the PLO's strategic redirection in 1988\. Less than six months before the Hebron attack, in September 1993, PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin had awkwardly shaken hands in a widely publicized event on the South Lawn of the White House. The leaders had assembled in the American capital to sign the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self\-Government Arrangements, popularly known as the Oslo Accords, referring to the capital city where the secretive talks leading to the agreement had taken place. Following the signing, negotiations between Israel and the PLO in the form of a "peace process" were launched.1 Goldstein's attack served as a reminder of the bloody challenges this process faced. Forty\-one days after the shooting, once the time allotted for Muslim ritual mourning had been respected, a member of Hamas approached a bus stop in Afula, a city in northern Israel. Standing next to fellow passengers, the man detonated a suicide vest, killing seven Israelis. This was on April 6, 1994, a day that marked Hamas's first lethal suicide bombing in Israel."
The Israeli government initiated the construction of a [security barrier](/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier "West Bank Barrier") following scores of suicide bombings and terrorist attacks in July 2003\. Israel's coalition government approved the security barrier in the northern part of the green line between Israel and the West Bank. According to the [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces"), since the erection of the fence, terrorist acts have declined by approximately 90%.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.law.idf.il/351\-en/Patzar.aspx \|title\=The Security Barrier (Fence) \|publisher\=IDF Military Advocate General \|access\-date\=5 October 2014 \|archive\-date\=12 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044945/http://www.law.idf.il/351\-en/Patzar.aspx \|url\-status\=dead}} The decline in attacks can also be attributed to the permanent presence of Israeli troops inside and around Palestinian cities and increasing security cooperation between the IDF and the Palestinian Authority during this period.{{harvnb\|Scott\-Baumann\|2023}}: "Far fewer Israelis were killed in Palestinian suicide bombs after the construction of the barrier (130 in 2003 and fewer than 25 in 2005\), convincing most Israelis that it saved the lives of fellow Israelis and was necessary for their security. However, the decline in bombings can also be attributed to the permanent presence of Israeli troops inside and around Palestinian cities and increasing security cooperation between the IDF and the PA, particularly after the Second Intifada ended in 2005\." The barrier followed a route that ran almost entirely through land occupied by Israel in June 1967, unilaterally seizing more than 10% of the West Bank, including whole neighborhoods and settlement blocs, while splitting Palestinian villages in half with immediate effects on Palestinian's freedom of movement. The barrier, in some areas, isolated farmers from their fields and children from their schools, while also restricting Palestinians from moving within the West Bank or pursuing employment in Israel.{{cite book \|first\=Albert Habib \|last\=Hourani \|title\=A History of the Arab Peoples \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=A\_History\_of\_the\_Arab\_Peoples\&pg\=PA \|year\=2010 \|publisher\=\[\[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-674\-01017\-8 \|quote\=In places the barrier separated farmers from their lands, even children from their schools, while preventing Palestinians from travelling within the West Bank or seeking work in Israel.}}{{pn\|date\=July 2024}}{{harvnb\|Shlaim\|2015\|loc\=The Road Map to Nowhere 2003\-2006}}: "The barrier followed a route that ran almost entirely through land occupied by Israel in June 1967\."{{harvnb\|Baconi\|2018\|loc\=Chapter 3}}: "Rather than building the wall on Israeli land or along the 1967 borders, however, the structure snaked through Palestinian territories, unilaterally seizing more than 10 percent of the West Bank, including whole neighborhoods around East Jerusalem as well as major settlement blocs that were integrated into this de facto border. The structure split whole Palestinian villages in half and had an immediate effect on the freedom of movement for Palestinians within the occupied territories. Jewish settlers living illegally within the same land continued to be linked into Israel through exclusive Jewish\-only highways and bypass roads. On July 20, 2004, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion ruling that the wall was illegal, to no effect.4 With Israel's planned disengagement from the Gaza Strip and the construction of advanced "security" infrastructure, Sharon was actively restructuring the framework of Israel's occupation."
In 2004 the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") ruled that the construction of the barrier violated the Palestinian right to self\-determination, contravened the Fourth Geneva Convention, and could not be justified as a measure of Israeli self\-defense.{{cite book \|first\=Noura \|last\=Erakat \|title\=Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Justice\_for\_Some\&pg\=PA \|year\=2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Stanford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-5036\-0883\-2 \|chapter\=Notes \|quote\=Its 2004 decision held that the construction of the wall in the West Bank, as opposed to along the 1949 armistice line, violated the Palestinian right to self\-determination, contravened the Fourth Geneva Convention, and could not be justified as a measure of Israeli self\-defense. It advised Israel to "terminate its breaches of international law; it is under an obligation to cease forthwith the works of construction of the wall being built in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, to dismantle forthwith the structure therein situated." The court also observed that all states had an obligation "not to recognize the illegal situation resulting from the construction of the wall and not to render aid or assistance in maintaining the situation created by such construction."}} The ICJ further expressed that the construction of the wall by Israel could become a permanent fixture, altering the status quo. Israel's High Court, however, disagreed with the ICJ's conclusions, stating that they lacked a factual basis. Several human rights organizations, including B'Tselem, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International, echoed the ICJ's concerns. They suggested that the wall's route was designed to perpetuate the existence of settlements and facilitate their future annexation into Israel, and that the wall was a means for Israel to consolidate control over land used for illegal settlements. The sophisticated structure of the wall also indicated its likely permanence.{{cite book \|last\=Finkelstein \|first\=Norman G. \|author\-link\=Norman Finkelstein \|title\=Knowing Too Much \|publisher\=OR Books \|publication\-place\=New York \|date\=2012 \|isbn\=978\-1\-935928\-77\-5 \|chapter\=Appendix \|quote\=In its advisory opinion the ICJ voiced concern that "the construction of the wall and its associated régime create a 'fait accompli' on the ground that could well become permanent."115 Taking note of this ICJ concern, Israel's High Court rejoined that the ICJ lacked a "factual basis" for reaching definite conclusions.116 Not just the ICJ, however, but also many respected human rights organizations expressed such worries. B'Tselem concluded that the "underlying reason" of the wall's route was "to establish facts on the ground that would perpetuate the existence of settlements and facilitate their future annexation into Israel." Likewise, Human Rights Watch concluded that the "existing and planned route of the barrier appears to be designed chiefly to incorporate and make contiguous with Israel illegal civilian settlements." Likewise, Amnesty International concluded that Israel was building the wall to "consolidate its control over land which is being used for illegal Israeli settlements," and that "the very expensive and sophisticated structure of the fence/wall indicates that it is likely intended as a permanent structure."117}}
Since 2001, the threat of [Qassam rockets](/wiki/Qassam_rocket "Qassam rocket") fired from Palestinian territories into Israel continues to be of great concern for Israeli defense officials.{{cite news \|last\=Harel \|first\=Amos \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/932106\.html \|title\=Defense officials concerned as Hamas upgrades Qassam arsenal \|work\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|date\=7 December 2007 \|access\-date\=30 March 2009 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\=}} In 2006—the year following Israel's disengagement from the Gaza Strip—the Israeli government claimed to have recorded 1,726 such launches, more than four times the total rockets fired in 2005\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism\-\+Obstacle\+to\+Peace/Palestinian\+terror\+since\+2000/Victims\+of\+Palestinian\+Violence\+and\+Terrorism\+sinc.htm \|title\=Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000 \|publisher\=Israeli Ministry of Internal Affairs \|access\-date\=10 April 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403024612/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism\-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Victims%2Bof%2BPalestinian%2BViolence%2Band%2BTerrorism%2Bsinc.htm \|archive\-date\=3 April 2007}}{{Cite report \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/08/06/rockets\-gaza/harm\-civilians\-palestinian\-armed\-groups\-rocket\-attacks \|title\=Rockets from Gaza \|publisher\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]] \|date\=6 August 2009 \|access\-date\=15 November 2023 \|archive\-date\=18 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618234837/https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/08/06/rockets\-gaza/harm\-civilians\-palestinian\-armed\-groups\-rocket\-attacks \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Esveld \|first1\=Bill Van}} As of January 2009, over 8,600 rockets have been launched,{{Cite news \|date\=2009\-01\-18 \|title\=Q\&A: Gaza conflict \|language\=en\-GB \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7818022\.stm \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|archive\-date\=5 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705061215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7818022\.stm \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|date\=2008\-01\-21 \|title\=Gaza's rocket threat to Israel \|language\=en\-GB \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/3702088\.stm \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|archive\-date\=23 September 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923035807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/3702088\.stm \|url\-status\=live}} causing widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life.{{Cite news \|date\=2008\-02\-28 \|title\=Playing cat and mouse with Gaza rockets \|language\=en\-GB \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7270168\.stm \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|archive\-date\=6 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306235209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7270168\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} As a result of these attacks, Israelis living in southern Israel have had to spend long periods in bomb shelters. The relatively small payload carried on these rockets, Israel's advanced early warning system, American\-supplied anti\-missile capabilities, and network of shelters made the rockets rarely lethal. In 2014, out of 4,000 rockets fired from the Gaza Strip, only six Israeli civilians were killed. For comparison, the payload carried on these rockets is smaller than Israeli tank shells, of which 49,000 where fired in Gaza in 2014\.{{harvnb\|Khalidi\|2020\|loc\=Chapter 6}}: "However, none of the rockets had a warhead of the size or lethality of the over 49,000 tank and artillery shells fired by Israel in 2014\. The Soviet\-designed 122mm Grad or Katyusha rocket commonly used by Hamas and its allies normally carried either a 44\- or 66\-pound warhead (compared with the 96\-pound 155mm shells), although many were fitted with smaller warheads to increase their range. Most of the homemade Qassam rockets that were used had considerably smaller warheads. Together, the 4,000 Qassam, Katyusha, Grad, and other missiles that were fired from the Gaza Strip, and that reached Israel (many were so imprecise and poorly manufactured that they fell short and landed within the strip), would have likely had less explosive power in total than a dozen 2,000\-pound bombs."
There is significant debate within Israel about how to deal with the country's security concerns. Options have included military action (including [targeted killings](/wiki/Targeted_killing "Targeted killing") and [house demolitions](/wiki/House_demolition_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict") of terrorist operatives), diplomacy, unilateral gestures toward peace, and increased security measures such as checkpoints, roadblocks and [security barriers](/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier "West Bank Barrier"). The legality and the wisdom of all of the above tactics have been called into question by various commentators.{{cn\|date\=July 2024}}
Since mid\-June 2007, Israel's primary means of dealing with security concerns in the West Bank has been to cooperate with and permit United States\-sponsored training, equipping, and funding of the Palestinian Authority's security forces, which with Israeli help have largely succeeded in quelling West Bank supporters of Hamas.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/our\-man\-palestine/ \|title\=Our Man in Palestine \|first\=Nathan \|last\=Thrall \|magazine\=\[\[The New York Review of Books]] \|date\=14 October 2010 \|access\-date\=30 September 2010 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016073306/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/our\-man\-palestine/ \|url\-status\=live}}
### Water resources
{{Further\|Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories\|Water politics in the Jordan River basin\|Structural abuse}}
In the Middle East, [water resources](/wiki/Water_resources "Water resources") are of great political concern. Since Israel receives much of its water from two large underground [aquifers](/wiki/Aquifer "Aquifer") which continue under the [Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Israel%29 "Green Line (Israel)"), the use of this water has been contentious in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Israel withdraws most water from these areas, but it also supplies the West Bank with approximately 40 million cubic metres annually, contributing to 77% of Palestinians' water supply in the West Bank, which is to be shared for a population of about 2\.6 million.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy\-defense/.premium\-1\.532703 \|title\=How many Palestinians actually live in the West Bank? \|date\=30 June 2013 \|newspaper\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|access\-date\=18 October 2014 \|last1\=Hasson \|first1\=Nir \|archive\-date\=1 November 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101200545/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy\-defense/.premium\-1\.532703 \|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|right\|Palestinian villagers purchase water from water trucks in Khirbet A\-Duqaiqah in the [Hebron Hills](/wiki/Hebron_Hills "Hebron Hills")](/wiki/File:Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg "Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|A swimming pool in the Israeli settlement of [Ma'ale Adumim](/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim "Ma'ale Adumim"), West Bank](/wiki/File:Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG "Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG")
While Israel's consumption of this water has decreased since it began its occupation of the West Bank, it still consumes the majority of it: in the 1950s, Israel consumed 95% of the water output of the Western Aquifer, and 82% of that produced by the Northeastern Aquifer. Although this water was drawn entirely on Israel's own side of the pre\-1967 border, the sources of the water are nevertheless from the shared groundwater basins located under both West Bank and Israel.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.juragentium.unifi.it/en/surveys/palestin/water.pdf \|title\=Till the Last Drop: The Palestinian Water Crisis in the West Bank, Hydrogeology and Hydropolitics of a Regional Conflict \|access\-date\=29 November 2008 \|last\=Messerschmid \|first\=Clemens \|year\=2002 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217111417/http://www.juragentium.unifi.it/en/surveys/palestin/water.pdf \|archive\-date\=17 December 2008}}
In the [Oslo II Accord](/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord "Oslo II Accord"), both sides agreed to maintain "existing quantities of utilization from the resources." In so doing, the Palestinian Authority established the legality of Israeli water production in the West Bank, subject to a [Joint Water Committee](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_Joint_Water_Committee "Israeli–Palestinian Joint Water Committee") (JWC). Moreover, Israel obligated itself in this agreement to provide water to supplement Palestinian production, and further agreed to allow additional Palestinian drilling in the Eastern Aquifer, also subject to the Joint Water Committee.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/heskemb4\_eng.htm \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|via\=www.knesset.gov.il \|title\=Annex III: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs \|work\=Israeli\-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip \|archive\-date\=2002\-11\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021125081409/https://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/heskemb4\_eng.htm \|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.orsam.org.tr/en/oslo\-21\-and\-water\-problems\-in\-palestine\-a\-story\-of\-failure/ \|title\=Oslo\+21 and Water Problems in Palestine: A Story of Failure \|access\-date\=25 November 2023 \|archive\-date\=25 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125130918/https://www.orsam.org.tr/en/oslo\-21\-and\-water\-problems\-in\-palestine\-a\-story\-of\-failure/ \|url\-status\=live}} The water that Israel receives comes mainly from the Jordan River system, the Sea of Galilee and two underground sources. According to a 2003 BBC article the Palestinians lack access to the Jordan River system.{{cite news \|title\=Water war leaves Palestinians thirsty \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/2982730\.stm \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=16 June 2003 \|access\-date\=2 January 2012 \|archive\-date\=5 November 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105211813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/2982730\.stm \|url\-status\=live}}
According to a report of 2008 by the [Food and Agriculture Organization](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization "Food and Agriculture Organization") of the United Nations, water resources were confiscated for the benefit of the Israeli settlements in the Ghor. Palestinian irrigation pumps on the Jordan River were destroyed or confiscated after the 1967 war and Palestinians were not allowed to use water from the Jordan River system. Furthermore, the authorities did not allow any new irrigation wells to be drilled by Palestinian farmers, while it provided fresh water and allowed drilling wells for irrigation purposes at the Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries\_regions/israel/index.stm \|title\=Israel \|year\=2008 \|work\=Aquastat \|publisher\=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations \|access\-date\=25 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116204210/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries\_regions/israel/index.stm \|archive\-date\=16 January 2013}}
A report was released by the UN in August 2012 and [Max Gaylard](/wiki/Max_Gaylard "Max Gaylard"), the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in the occupied Palestinian territory, explained at the launch of the publication: "Gaza will have half a million more people by 2020 while its economy will grow only slowly. In consequence, the people of Gaza will have an even harder time getting enough drinking water and electricity, or sending their children to school". Gaylard present alongside Jean Gough, of the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), and Robert Turner, of the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). The report projects that Gaza's population will increase from 1\.6 million people to 2\.1 million people in 2020, leading to a density of more than 5,800 people per square kilometre.{{cite web \|title\=Lack of sufficient services in Gaza could get worse without urgent action, UN warns \|url\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=42751\#.UP35DaF4YZc \|publisher\=UN News Centre \|access\-date\=22 January 2013 \|date\=27 August 2012 \|archive\-date\=4 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104221705/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=42751\#.UP35DaF4YZc \|url\-status\=live}}
#### Future and financing
Numerous foreign nations and international organizations have established bilateral agreements with the Palestinian and Israeli water authorities. It was estimated that a future investment of about US$1\.1bn for the West Bank and $0\.8bn for the Gaza Strip Southern Governorates was needed for the planning period from 2003 to 2015\.{{citation \|first1\=Karen \|last1\=Assaf \|first2\=Bayoumi \|last2\= Attia \|first3\=Ali \|last3\=Darwish \|first4\=Batir \|last4\=Wardam \|first5\=Simone \|last5\=Klawitter \|publisher\=Heinrich\-Böll\-Foundation \|title\=Water as a human right: The understanding of water in the Arab countries of the Middle East – A four country analysis \|year\=2004 \|url\=http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/country045975/countries/PDF/waterbook \|access\-date\=23 April 2014 \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194258/http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/country045975/countries/PDF/waterbook \|url\-status\=live \|page\=229}}
In late 2012, a donation of $21\.6 million was announced by the Government of the Netherlands—the Dutch government stated that the funds would be provided to the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), for the specific benefit of Palestinian children. An article, published by the UN News website, stated that: "Of the $21\.6 million, $5\.7 will be allocated to UNRWA's 2012 Emergency Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory, which will support programmes in the West Bank and Gaza aiming to mitigate the effects on refugees of the deteriorating situation they face."
### Agricultural rights
{{See also\|Economy of the State of Palestine\#Israeli–Palestinian relations}}
The conflict has been about land since its inception.{{cite book \|last\=Gelvin\|first\=James L.\|title\=The Israeli\-Palestinian Conflict: 100 Years of War\|date\=2005\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|location\=New York}} When [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") became a state after the war in 1948, 77% of Palestine's land was used for the creation on the state.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.france24\.com/en/middle\-east/20231011\-from\-1947\-to\-2023\-retracing\-the\-complex\-and\-tragic\-israeli\-palestinian\-conflict \|title\=From 1947 to 2023: Retracing the complex, tragic Israeli\-Palestinian conflict \|date\=11 October 2023 \|access\-date\=15 November 2023 \|archive\-date\=15 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115131259/https://www.france24\.com/en/middle\-east/20231011\-from\-1947\-to\-2023\-retracing\-the\-complex\-and\-tragic\-israeli\-palestinian\-conflict \|url\-status\=live }} The majority of those living in Palestine at the time became refugees in other countries and this first land crisis became the root of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.{{cite book \|last1\=Sa'id \|first1\=Ahmad \|last2\=Abu\-Lughod \|first2\=Lila \|title\=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Columbia University Press]] \|location\=New York \|isbn\= \|page\=}}{{pn\|date\=June 2024}} Because the root of the conflict is with land, the disputes between Israel and Palestine are well\-manifested in the agriculture of Palestine.
In Palestine, agriculture is a mainstay in the economy. The production of agricultural goods supports the population's sustenance needs and fuels Palestine's export economy. According to the Council for European Palestinian Relations, the agricultural sector formally employs 13\.4% of the population and informally employs 90% of the population.{{cite news \|title\=Agriculture in Palestine: a post\-Oslo Analysis \|url\=http://thecepr.org/images/stories/pdf/memo%20agriculture.pdf \|access\-date\=24 April 2014 \|date\=2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904044734/http://thecepr.org/images/stories/pdf/memo%20agriculture.pdf \|archive\-date\=4 September 2015 \|url\-status\=dead}} Over the past 10 years{{when\|date\=November 2022}}, unemployment rates in Palestine have increased and the agricultural sector became the most impoverished sector in Palestine. Unemployment rates peaked in 2008 when they reached 41% in Gaza.{{cite book \|title\=Coping with Conflict: Poverty and Inclusion in the West Bank and Gaza \|pages\=37–61 \|chapter\-url\=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Poverty\_and\_Inclusion\_in\_the\_West\_Bank\_and\_Gaza\_Chapter3\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916065202/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Poverty\_and\_Inclusion\_in\_the\_West\_Bank\_and\_Gaza\_Chapter3\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-16 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=28 April 2014 \|chapter\=Poverty and the Labor Market: A Sheer Lack of Jobs?}}
Palestinian agriculture suffers from numerous problems including Israeli military and civilian attacks on farms and farmers, blockades to exportation of produce and importation of necessary inputs, widespread confiscation of land for nature reserves as well as military and settler use, confiscation and destruction of wells, and physical barriers within the West Bank.{{cite news \|title\=Palestinians lose billions to Israeli land bans, says World Bank report \|url\=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle\-east/palestinians\-lose\-billions\-to\-israeli\-land\-bans\-says\-world\-bank\-report \|access\-date\=13 April 2014 \|newspaper\=\[\[The National (Abu Dhabi)\|The National]] \|date\=8 October 2013 \|archive\-date\=28 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628163419/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle\-east/palestinians\-lose\-billions\-to\-israeli\-land\-bans\-says\-world\-bank\-report \|url\-status\=live}}
### Israel's West Bank barrier
[thumb\|The barrier between Israel and Palestine](/wiki/File:Holy_Land_2022_%281%29_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg "Holy Land 2022 (1) P473 Bethlehem barrier.jpg")
With the construction of the [separation barrier](/wiki/Separation_barrier "Separation barrier"), the Israeli state promised free movement across regions. However, border closures, curfews, and checkpoints has significantly restricted Palestinian movement.{{cite book \|last\=Stein \|first\=Rebecca \|title\=Itineraries in Conflict \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=\[\[Duke University Press]] \|location\=Durham \|page\=9}}{{Cite book \|last\=Hammad \|first\=Suzanne Hassan \|title\=Emplaced Resistances in Occupied Palestine: Stories of a Village, Its People, and Their Land \|date\=2023 \|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield \|isbn\=978\-1\-78661\-204\-5 \|pages\=20\-72 \|language\=English}} In 2012, there were 99 fixed check points and 310 flying checkpoints.{{cite book \|last\=Davis \|first\=Rochelle \|title\=Palestine and the Palestinians in the 21st century \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=\[\[Indiana University Press]] \|location\=Indianapolis}}{{pn\|date\=June 2024}} The border restrictions impacted the imports and exports in Palestine and weakened the industrial and agricultural sectors because of the constant Israeli control in the West Bank and Gaza.{{cite news \|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse]] \|title\=Palestinian Economic Recovery Plan Takes Shape \|url\=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle\-east/palestinian\-economic\-recovery\-plan\-takes\-shape \|access\-date\=14 April 2014 \|newspaper\=\[\[The National (Abu Dhabi)\|The National]] \|date\=12 July 2013 \|archive\-date\=28 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628161555/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle\-east/palestinian\-economic\-recovery\-plan\-takes\-shape \|url\-status\=live}} In order for the Palestinian economy to be prosperous, the restrictions on Palestinian land must be removed. According to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* and a report for [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank"), the Palestinian economy lost $3\.4bn (%35 of the annual GDP) to Israeli restrictions in the West Bank alone.{{cite news \|last\=Chalabi \|first\=Mona \|title\=How Does Palestine's Economy Work?\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/oct/14/palestine\-economy\-how\-does\-it\-work \|access\-date\=30 April 2014 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=14 October 2013 \|archive\-date\=12 May 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225531/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/oct/14/palestine\-economy\-how\-does\-it\-work \|url\-status\=live}}
### Palestinian violence outside of Israel
Some Palestinians have committed violent acts over the globe on the pretext of a struggle against Israel.{{Cite news \|date\=2011\-09\-02 \|title\=Mystery surrounds 'suicide' of Abu Nidal, once a ruthless killer and face of terror – Middle East, World – The Independent \|url\=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/mystery\-surrounds\-suicide\-of\-abu\-nidal\-once\-a\-ruthless\-killer\-and\-face\-of\-terror\-640464\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902075901/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/mystery\-surrounds\-suicide\-of\-abu\-nidal\-once\-a\-ruthless\-killer\-and\-face\-of\-terror\-640464\.html \|archive\-date\=2 September 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}}
During the late 1960s, groups affiliated with the PLO became increasingly infamous for its use of international terror. In 1969 alone, these groups were responsible for hijacking 82 planes. [El Al Airlines](/wiki/El_Al_Airlines "El Al Airlines") became a regular hijacking target.{{Cite news \|title\=Attempt to carry explosives device on El Al flight foiled \|url\=https://www.jpost.com/israel/attempt\-to\-carry\-explosives\-device\-on\-el\-al\-flight\-foiled \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|work\=\[\[The Jerusalem Post]] \|archive\-date\=5 March 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/https://www.jpost.com/israel/attempt\-to\-carry\-explosives\-device\-on\-el\-al\-flight\-foiled \|url\-status\=live}}*Encyclopedia of the Developing World*, Volume 3\. p. 1228\. The hijacking of [Air France](/wiki/Air_France "Air France") Flight 139 by the [Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine](/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine "Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine") culminated during a [hostage\-rescue mission](/wiki/Operation_Entebbe "Operation Entebbe"), where Israeli special forces successfully rescued the majority of the hostages.
However, one of the most well\-known and notorious terrorist acts was the capture and eventual [murder of 11 Israeli athletes](/wiki/Munich_Massacre "Munich Massacre") carried out by the [Black September Organization](/wiki/Black_September_Organization "Black September Organization") during the [1972 Olympic Games](/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics "1972 Summer Olympics").*Encyclopedia of the Developing World*, Volume 3\. M. Leonard, Thomas.{{page needed\|date\=February 2024}}
### Palestinian\-on\-Palestinian violence
[thumb\|A demonstration in support of [Fatah](/wiki/Fatah "Fatah") in [Gaza City](/wiki/Gaza_City "Gaza City") in January 2013](/wiki/File:2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_%2804%29.jpg "2013 Fatah anniversary rally in Gaza (04).jpg")
Fighting among rival Palestinian and Arab movements has played a crucial role in shaping Israel's security policy towards Palestinian militants, as well as in the Palestinian leadership's own policies.{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2010}} As early as the [1930s revolts in Palestine](/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine"), Arab forces fought each other while also skirmishing with Zionist and British forces, and internal conflicts continue to the present day.{{cn\|date\=August 2024}}
In the [First Intifada](/wiki/First_Intifada "First Intifada"), more than a thousand Palestinians were killed in a campaign initiated by the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization") to crack down on suspected [Israeli security service](/wiki/Shin_Bet "Shin Bet") informers and collaborators. The [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority "Palestinian Authority") was strongly criticized for its treatment of alleged collaborators, rights groups complaining that those labeled collaborators were denied fair trials. According to a report released by the [Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group](/wiki/Palestinian_Human_Rights_Monitoring_Group "Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group"), less than 45 percent of those killed were actually guilty of informing for Israel.{{Cite news \|date\=2002\-05\-22 \|title\=How Israel builds its fifth column \|work\=\[\[Christian Science Monitor]] \|url\=https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0522/p01s04\-wome.html/(page)/2 \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-05 \|issn\=0882\-7729 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205555/https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0522/p01s04\-wome.html/(page)/2 \|url\-status\=live}}{{better source needed\|date\=August 2024}}
### Overriding authority and international status
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=September 2018}}
[thumb\|[Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 "Area C (West Bank)"), controlled by Israel [under Oslo Accords](/wiki/West_Bank_Areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord "West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord"), in blue and red, in December 2011](/wiki/File:Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank%2C_Area_C.png "Restricted space in the West Bank, Area C.png")
As far as Israel is concerned, the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority is derived from the [Oslo Accords](/wiki/Oslo_Accords "Oslo Accords"), signed with the PLO, under which it acquired control over cities in the Palestinian territories (Area A) while the surrounding countryside came either under Israeli security and Palestinian civil administration (Area B) or complete Israeli civil administration ([Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 "Area C (West Bank)")). Israel has built additional highways to allow Israelis to traverse the area without entering Palestinian cities in Area A. The initial areas under Palestinian Authority control are diverse and non\-contiguous. The areas have changed over time by subsequent negotiations, including [Oslo II](/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord "Oslo II Accord"), [Wye River](/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum "Wye River Memorandum") and [Sharm el\-Sheik](/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum "Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum"). According to Palestinians, the separated areas make it impossible to create a viable nation and fails to address Palestinian security needs; Israel has expressed no agreement to withdrawal from some Areas B, resulting in no reduction in the division of the Palestinian areas, and the institution of a safe pass system, without Israeli checkpoints, between these parts.
Under the Oslo Accords, as a security measure, Israel has insisted on its control over all land, sea and air border crossings into the Palestinian territories, and the right to set import and export controls. This is to enable Israel to control the entry into the territories of materials of military significance and of potentially dangerous persons.
The PLO's objective for [international recognition of the State of Palestine](/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine "International recognition of the State of Palestine") is considered by Israel as a provocative "unilateral" act that is inconsistent with the Oslo Accords.
### Economic disputes and boycotts
{{See also\|Economy of the Palestinian territories\|Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions}}
In Gaza, the agricultural market suffers from economic boycotts and border closures and restrictions placed by Israel.{{Cite web \|url\=https://press.un.org/en/2022/gaef3574\.doc.htm \|title\=From 1947 to 2023: Retracing the complex, tragic Israeli\-Palestinian conflict \|access\-date\=15 November 2023 \|archive\-date\=15 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115131429/https://press.un.org/en/2022/gaef3574\.doc.htm \|url\-status\=live}} The PA's Minister of Agriculture estimates that around US$1\.2 billion were lost in September 2006 because of these security measures. This embargo was brought on by Hamas' refusal to recognize Israel's right to statehood.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2023}} As a result, the PA's 160,000 employees have not received their salaries in over one year.{{cite news \|last\=Patience \|first\=Martin \|title\=Q\&A: Palestinian Embargo \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/6768931\.stm \|access\-date\=30 April 2014 \|publisher\=BBC Jerusalem \|date\=19 June 2007 \|archive\-date\=12 May 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/6768931\.stm \|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Issues in dispute\n-----------------",
"The core issues of the conflict are borders, the status of settlements in the West Bank, the status of east Jerusalem, the Palestinian refugee right of return, and security.{{cite book \\|last\\=Stern\\-Weiner \\|first\\=Jamie \\|title\\=Moment of Truth \\|date\\=November 2017 \\|publisher\\=OR Books \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-68219\\-114\\-9 \\|chapter\\=Introduction}}{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Avineri \\|title\\=The Making of Modern Zionism \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N1UovgAACAAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Basic Books]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-465\\-09479\\-0 \\|chapter\\=Introduction}} With the PLO's recognition of Israel's right to exist in 1982, the international community with the main exception of the United States and Israel{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Prophets Without Honor \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-006047\\-3 \\|quote\\=The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open\\-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear\\-cut process of decolonization based on 'international legitimacy' and 'all UN relevant resolutions.'}}{{cite book \\|first\\=Norman G. \\|last\\=Finkelstein \\|author\\-link\\=Norman Finkelstein \\|title\\=Gaza \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qo84DwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-29571\\-1 \\|chapter\\=Appendix \\|quote\\=\"I was the Minister of Justice. I am a lawyer,\" Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni told her Palestinian interlocutors during a critical round of the peace process in 2007, \"but I am against law—international law in particular.\"}} has been in consensus on a framework for resolving the conflict on the basis of international law.{{cite book \\|first\\=Colter \\|last\\=Louwerse \\|title\\=Deluge \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8U9V0AEACAAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|publisher\\=OR Books \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-68219\\-619\\-9 \\|chapter\\=3\\|date\\=16 April 2024 }} Various UN bodies and the ICJ have supported this position; every year, the UN General Assembly votes almost unamimously in favor of a resolution titled \"Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine.\" This resolution consistently affirms the illegality of the Israeli settlements, the annexation of East Jerusalem, and the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war. It also emphasizes the need for an Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967 and the need for a just resolution to the refugee question on the basis of UN resolution 194\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Finkelstein \\|first\\=Norman G. \\|author\\-link\\=Norman Finkelstein \\|title\\=Knowing Too Much \\|publisher\\=OR Books \\|publication\\-place\\=New York: London \\|date\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-935928\\-77\\-5 \\|oclc\\=794273633 \\|chapter\\=Notes}}",
"Unilateral strategies and the rhetoric of hardline political factions, coupled with violence, have fostered mutual embitterment and hostility and a loss of faith in the possibility of reaching a peaceful settlement. Since the break down of negotiations, security has played a less important role in Israeli concerns, trailing behind employment, corruption, housing and other pressing issues.{{cite book \\|first\\=Sara M. \\|last\\=Roy \\|title\\=The Gaza Strip extended 3rd edition \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X8jsAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=Institute for Palestine Studies \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-88728\\-260\\-7 \\|chapter\\=Preface to the Third Edition}} Israeli policy had reoriented to focus on managing the conflict and the associated occupation of Palestinian territory, rather than reaching a negotiated solution.{{harvnb\\|Baconi\\|2018\\|pp\\=}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Scheindlin \\|title\\=Moment of Truth \\|date\\=November 2017 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-68219\\-114\\-9 \\|chapter\\=The shrinking Two\\-State Constituency \\|publisher\\=OR Books}}{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Prophets Without Honor \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-006047\\-3 \\|chapter\\=The Occupation's Traits of Permanence \\|quote\\=But the abject submission of the Palestinians and the ever deepening system of occupation and discrimination in the territories are Israel's sole and exclusive responsibility. As brilliantly explained by Michael Sfard, this is a system built on three pillars: the gun, the settlements, and the law that formalizes the network of colonization.1 Under the mantle of security claims, the Jewish state has created in the Palestinian territories one of the most efficient occupation regimes in history, which is, moreover, also cost\\-effective, for it is the international community's donor money to the Palestinian Authority that saves the occupier the burden of having to directly administer the territories. This leaves Israel free to cater to its insatiable security needs with draconic measures, such as limiting the Palestinians' freedom of movement, erecting walls that separate communities, dotting roads with checkpoints where innocent people are manhandled, activating sophisticated intelligence mechanisms that control the lives of an ever growing number of suspects, conducting surprise searches of private houses in the middle of the night, and carrying out arbitrary administrative detentions. If this were not enough, vigilantes among the settlers, some known as \"the Youth of the Hills,\" constantly harass Palestinian communities, destroy orchard trees, and arbitrarily apply a \"price tag\" of punishments to innocent civilians for whatever terrorist attack might have been perpetrated by a Palestinian squad. Underlying this very serious problem of the unpardonable depravity of settlers' extremism is the even more serious problem that has to do with the involvement of the entire Israeli body politic in maintaining and continuously expanding a regime of dominance in the territories. For too long, the peace process has served as a curtain behind which the policy of practical annexation has flourished.}} The expansion of [Israeli settlements](/wiki/Israeli_settlement \"Israeli settlement\") in the West Bank has led the majority of Palestinians to believe that Israel is not committed to reaching an agreement, but rather to a pursuit of establishing permanent control over this territory in order to provide that security.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news\\-basics.com/2011/israel\\-and\\-the\\-palestinians/ \\|title\\=Overview of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians \\|work\\=News Basics \\|access\\-date\\=13 February 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424152450/http://news\\-basics.com/2011/israel\\-and\\-the\\-palestinians/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2012}}",
"### Status of Jerusalem",
"{{Main\\|Status of Jerusalem}}\n{{See also\\|Western Wall\\|Temple Mount\\|Al\\-Aqsa Mosque}}\n[thumb\\|Greater Jerusalem, May 2006\\. [CIA](/wiki/CIA \"CIA\") [remote sensing](/wiki/Remote_sensing \"Remote sensing\") map showing what the CIA regards as settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, and walls](/wiki/File:Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map_3500px.jpg \"Greater Jerusalem May 2006 CIA remote-sensing map 3500px.jpg\")",
"In 1967, Israel [unilaterally annexed East Jerusalem](/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem \"Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem\"), in violation of international law. Israel seized a significant area further east of the city, eventually creating a barrier of Israeli settlements around the city, isolating Jerusalem's Palestinian population from the West Bank.{{harvnb\\|Scott\\-Baumann\\|2023}}: \"The Israeli government proceeded to annex East Jerusalem. This act violated international law, and the United Nations General Assembly condemned it... Furthermore, Israel confiscated a large swath of land to the east of the city that would, in time, form a barrier of Israeli settlements surrounding the city, thus cutting off the Palestinian population of Jerusalem from its West Bank hinterland.\" Israel's policy of constructing sprawling Jewish neighborhoods surrounding the Palestinian sections of the city were aimed at making a repartition of the city almost impossible. In a further effort to change the demography of Jerusalem in favor of a Jewish majority, Israel discouraged Palestinian presence in the city while encouraging Jewish presence, as a matter of policy. Specifically, Israel introduced policies restricting the space available for the construction of Palestinian neighborhoods, delaying or denying building permits and raising housing demolition orders. Tensions in Jerusalem are primarily driven by provocations by Israeli authorities and Jewish extremists against Arabs in the city.{{cite book\\|author\\=Avraham Sela\\|title\\=Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YJwsAQAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA\\|year\\=2002\\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury Academic \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8264\\-1413\\-7\\|pages\\=495}}: \"Arab\\-Jewish tensions stemmed from incidents in and around the Temple Mount (al\\-haram al\\-sharif) and provocative actions by Jewish extremists against Arabs. Particularly frustrating from a Palestinian viewpoint were the constant efforts made by the Israeli authorities to settle Jews in purely Arab neighborhoods by purchasing Arab or church property, or to appropriate inhabited Arab property by legal means on the grounds that it had been originally owned by Jews.\"",
"The Israeli government, including the [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset \"Knesset\") and [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel \"Supreme Court of Israel\"), is located in the \"new city\" of West Jerusalem and has been since Israel's founding in 1948\\. After Israel annexed East Jerusalem in 1967, it assumed complete administrative control of East Jerusalem. Since then, various UN bodies have consistently denounced Israel's control over East Jerusalem as invalid. In 1980, Israel passed the [Jerusalem Law](/wiki/Jerusalem_Law \"Jerusalem Law\") declaring \"Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel.\"[\"Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (Unofficial translation)\"](https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905144734/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10\\_eng.htm \\|date\\=5 September 2014 }}. *www.knesset.gov.il*. Passed by the Knesset on the 17th Av, 5740 (30 July 1980\\).{{better source needed\\|date\\=May 2023}}",
"Many countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, with exceptions being the United States,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Diamond \\|first1\\=Jeremy \\|last2\\=Labott \\|first2\\=Elise \\|date\\=6 December 2017 \\|title\\=Trump recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/06/politics/president\\-donald\\-trump\\-jerusalem/index.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126162000/https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/06/politics/president\\-donald\\-trump\\-jerusalem/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and Russia.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ahren \\|first\\=Raphael \\|date\\=6 April 2017 \\|title\\=In curious twist, Russia recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in\\-historic\\-first\\-russia\\-recognizes\\-west\\-jerusalem\\-as\\-israels\\-capital/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Times of Israel]] \\|location\\=Jerusalem \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054758/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in\\-historic\\-first\\-russia\\-recognizes\\-west\\-jerusalem\\-as\\-israels\\-capital/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The majority of UN member states and most international organisations do not recognise Israel's claims to East Jerusalem which occurred after the 1967 Six\\-Day War, nor its 1980 Jerusalem Law proclamation.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/DDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB \\|title\\=UN security Council Resolution 478 \\|publisher\\=unispal.un.org \\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044309/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/DDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The International Court of Justice in its 2004 Advisory opinion on the \"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory\" described East Jerusalem as \"occupied Palestinian territory\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Lapidoth \\|first\\=Ruth \\|title\\=Jerusalem – Some Legal Issues \\|url\\=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth\\-jerusalem.pdf \\|publisher\\=The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2013 \\|pages\\=21–26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605013337/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth\\-jerusalem.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Reprinted from: Rüdiger Wolfrum (Ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law ([Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"), online 2008–, print 2011\\).",
"The three largest [Abrahamic religions](/wiki/Abrahamic_religions \"Abrahamic religions\")—[Judaism](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\"), [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\"), and [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\")—hold Jerusalem as an important setting for their religious and historical narratives. Jerusalem is the holiest city in Judaism, being the former location of the Jewish temples on the [Temple Mount](/wiki/Temple_Mount \"Temple Mount\") and the capital of the ancient Israelite kingdom. For Muslims, Jerusalem is the third holiest site, being the location of the [Isra' and Mi'raj](/wiki/Isra%27_and_Mi%27raj \"Isra' and Mi'raj\") event, and the [Al\\-Aqsa Mosque](/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque \"Al-Aqsa Mosque\"). For Christians, Jerusalem is the site of [Jesus' crucifixion](/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus \"Crucifixion of Jesus\") and the [Church of the Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre \"Church of the Holy Sepulchre\").",
"### Holy sites and Jerusalem's Temple Mount",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.35\\|Panorama of the [Western Wall](/wiki/Western_Wall \"Western Wall\") with the [Dome of the Rock](/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock \"Dome of the Rock\") (left) and [al\\-Aqsa mosque](/wiki/Qibli_Mosque \"Qibli Mosque\") (right) in the background](/wiki/File:Klagemauer.JPG \"Klagemauer.JPG\")\nSince the early 20th century, the issue of [holy places](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\") and particularly the sacred places in Jerusalem has been employed by nationalist politicians.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Reiter \\|first1\\=Yitzhak \\|title\\=Contested Holy Places in Israel–Palestine: Sharing and Conflict Resolution \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=9781351998857 \\|page\\=xiii}}",
"Israelis did not have unrestricted access to the holy places in East Jerusalem during the period of Jordanian occupation.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Breger \\|first1\\=Marshall J. \\|last2\\=Reiter \\|first2\\=Yitzhak\\|date\\=2010 \\|last3\\=Hammer \\|first3\\=Leonard \\|title\\=Holy Places in the Israeli\\-Palestinian Conflict : Confrontation and Co\\-Existence \\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis Group \\|isbn\\=9780203867457 \\|chapter\\=Regulation of holy places in the West Bank and Gaza}} Since 1975, Israel has banned Muslims from worshiping at [Joseph's Tomb](/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb \"Joseph's Tomb\"), a shrine considered sacred by both Jews and Muslims. Settlers established a yeshiva, installed a Torah scroll and covered the [mihrab](/wiki/Mihrab \"Mihrab\"). During the Second Intifada Palestinian protesters looted and burned the site.{{cite book \\|last\\=Gold \\|first\\=Dore \\|author\\-link\\=Dore Gold \\|title\\=The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City \\|location\\=Washington, DC \\|publisher\\=Regnery Publishing \\|date\\=2007 \\|pages\\=5–6}}{{cite book \\|chapter\\=Targeting Heritage: The Abuse of Symbolic Sites in Modern Conflicts \\|title\\=Marketing heritage: archaeology and the consumption of the past \\|last\\=Golden \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|editor1\\-last\\=Rowan \\|editor1\\-first\\=Yorke M. \\|editor2\\-last\\=Baram \\|editor2\\-first\\=Uzi \\|publisher\\=Rowman Altamira \\|year\\=2004 \\|pages\\=183–202 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7591\\-0342\\-9 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1W6BWEWdJWQC\\&pg\\=PA183 \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012925/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1W6BWEWdJWQC\\&pg\\=PA183\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Israeli security agencies routinely monitor and arrest Jewish extremists that plan attacks, though many serious incidents have still occurred.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Extremists – Talking With Jewish Extremists \\| Israel's Next War? \\|work\\=\\[\\[Frontline (American TV program)\\|Frontline]] \\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/israel/extreme/nameof.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[PBS]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044654/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/israel/extreme/nameof.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Israel has allowed almost complete autonomy to the Muslim trust ([Waqf](/wiki/Waqf \"Waqf\")) over the Temple Mount.{{harvnb\\|Sela\\|2002\\|pp\\=491–498\\|chapter\\=\"Jerusalem\"}}",
"Palestinians have voiced concerns regarding the welfare of Christian and Muslim holy places under Israeli control.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Peled \\|first\\=Alisa Rubin \\|title\\=Debating Islam in the Jewish State: The Development of Policy toward Islamic Institutions in Israel \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[State University of New York Press]] \\|page\\=96 \\|oclc\\=929622466 \\|quote\\=In general, Israeli policy towards holy places can be considered a success with regard to its primary goal: facilitating Israel's acceptance into the international community of nations. However, the repeated failure of the Muslim Affairs Department to fulfill its mandate of protecting the Muslim holy places in Israel has been a largely forgotten chapter in Israeli history that deserves reexamination}} Additionally, some Palestinian advocates have made statements alleging that the [Western Wall Tunnel](/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel \"Western Wall Tunnel\") was re\\-opened with the intent of causing the mosque's collapse.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2008\\-03\\-27 \\|title\\=Secret tunnel under Al\\-Aqsa Mosque exposed \\|url\\=https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008%252F03%252F27%252F47501\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Al Arabiya English]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=9 August 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809080532/https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/03/27/47501\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Palestinian refugees",
"{{See also\\|Palestinian right of return\\|Palestinian refugee\\|1948 Palestinian exodus}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Palestinian refugees, 1948](/wiki/File:Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg \"Woman nakba dress jug.jpg\")\nPalestinian refugees are people who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli conflict and the 1967 [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Peters \\|first2\\=Mohammed \\|last2\\=Dajani Daoudi \\|author2\\-link\\=Mohammed Dajani Daoudi \\|first1\\=Joel \\|title\\=The Israel–Palestine Conflict Parallel discourses \\|year\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-203\\-83939\\-3 \\|pages\\=26, 37 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-ubfEsbawzoC\\&q\\=The\\+Israel\\-Palestine\\+Conflict\\+Parallel\\+Discourses \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012926/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-ubfEsbawzoC\\&q\\=The\\+Israel\\-Palestine\\+Conflict\\+Parallel\\+Discourses\\#v\\=snippet\\&q\\=The%20Israel\\-Palestine%20Conflict%20Parallel%20Discourses\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The number of Palestinians who were expelled or fled from Israel was estimated at 711,000 in 1949\\.{{cite web \\|year\\=1950 \\|url\\=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883!OpenDocument \\|title\\=General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950 \\|publisher\\=United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011203241/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883%21OpenDocument \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The descendants of all refugees (not just Palestinian refugees {{cite web \\|title\\=Refugees \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/en/global\\-issues/refugees \\|website\\=United Nations \\|language\\=en}}) are considered by the UN to also be refugees. As of 2010 there are 4\\.7 million Palestinian refugees.{{Cite web \\|title\\=UNRWA \\|url\\=https://www.unrwa.org/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=7 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107085923/https://www.unrwa.org/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Between 350,000 and 400,000 Palestinians were displaced during the 1967 Arab–Israeli war. A third of the refugees live in recognized refugee camps in [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"), the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") and the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\"). The remainder live in and around the cities and towns of these host countries. Most Palestinian refugees were born outside Israel and are not allowed to live in any part of historic Palestine.{{harvnb\\|Sela\\|2002\\|loc\\=Efrat, Moshe. \"Refugees.\"\\|pp\\=724–29}}{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2024\\|loc\\=Fateh, the PLO, and the PA: The Palestinian Para\\-State}}: \"Outside Palestine, meanwhile, live between 4 and 6 million Palestinians (reliable figures are not available). They exist in situations ranging from the utter misery (since 1982\\) of those in refugee camps in Lebanon, to a wide diversity of conditions, some of them quite comfortable, in various other Arab countries, Europe, and the United States. These Palestinians 'of the diaspora' (al\\-shatat in Arabic) possess a variety of passports, laissez\\-passers, and refugee documents, some of which are looked upon with great suspicion by certain states, and some of them face harsh restrictions on their movement in consequence. The largest single group of Palestinians of the diaspora, between 2 and 3 million, carry Jordanian passports, and most of them live in Jordan. What unites the overwhelming majority of these 4 to 6 million people is that they or their parents or grandparents were obliged to leave their homes and became refugees in 1948 or afterward, and that they are barred from living in any part of their ancestral homeland, Palestine.\"",
"Israel has since 1948 prevented the return of Palestinian refugees and refused any settlement permitting their return except in limited cases.{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020\\|p\\=265}}: \"Refugees. Israel agreed that the refugee problem was a regrettable humanitarian issue, Barak stated, and would recognize the right of the Palestinians to return to their own state, but that \"no right of return to Israeli territory would prevail.\" However, he continued, Israel was prepared to admit several hundred refugees annually for a ten\\- to fifteen\\-year period, under a family unification program. In a later interview, Barak made it clear that the \"family unification program\" was not based on any Palestinian rights: \"No Israeli prime minister will accept even one refugee on the basis of the right of return.\"{{harvnb\\|Scott\\-Baumann\\|2023}} On the basis of the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\") and [UN General Assembly Resolution 194](/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_194 \"UN General Assembly Resolution 194\"), Palestinians claim the right of refugees to return to the lands, homes and villages where they lived before being driven into exile in 1948 and 1967\\. Arafat himself repeatedly assured his American and Israeli interlocutors at Camp David that he primarily sought the principle of the right of return to be accepted, rather than the full right of return, in practice.{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020\\|p\\=251}}: \"The Palestinian Position. Since 1948 the official or public position of Arafat, the PLO, Arafat's successor Mahmoud Abbas, and the Palestinian Authority has been—and, rhetorically at least, still is—that the Palestinian refugees as well as their descendants have the right to return to their lands, homes, and villages. Arafat reiterated that \"demand\" at Camp David, though he and other Palestinian leaders repeatedly assured the Americans and the Israelis that their real goal was Israeli acceptance only of the \"principle\" of refugee return, as distinct from implementing that \"right\" in practice.\"",
"Palestinian and international authors have justified the right of return of the Palestinian refugees on several grounds:{{Cite news \\|date\\=2003\\-02\\-18 \\|title\\=Right of return: Palestinian dream? \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in\\_depth/middle\\_east/2001/israel\\_and\\_the\\_palestinians/issues/1099279\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in\\_depth/middle\\_east/2001/israel\\_and\\_the\\_palestinians/issues/1099279\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Flapan \\|first\\=Simha \\|date\\=Summer 1987 \\|title\\=The Palestinian Exodus of 1948 \\|journal\\=Journal of Palestine Studies \\|volume\\=16 \\|number\\=4 \\|pages\\=3–26 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2536718 \\|jstor\\=2536718}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Khalidi \\|first1\\=Rashid I. \\|author\\-link\\=Rashid Khalidi \\|date\\=Winter 1992 \\|title\\=Observations on the Right of Return \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Palestine Studies]] \\|volume\\=21 \\|number\\=2 \\|pages\\=29–40 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2537217 \\|jstor\\=2537217}}\nSeveral scholars included in the broader [New Historians](/wiki/New_Historians \"New Historians\") argue that the Palestinian refugees fled or were chased out or expelled by the actions of the [Haganah](/wiki/Haganah \"Haganah\"), [Lehi](/wiki/Lehi_%28group%29 \"Lehi (group)\") and [Irgun](/wiki/Irgun \"Irgun\"), Zionist paramilitary groups.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Morris \\|first1\\=Benny \\|title\\=Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab conflict, 1881–2001 \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vintage Books]] \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-679\\-74475\\-7 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr\\_0/page/252 252–258] \\|edition\\=1st Vintage Books \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr\\_0/page/252}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Masalha \\|first1\\=Nur \\|author1\\-link\\=Nur Masalha \\|title\\=Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of \"Transfer\" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948 \\|date\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Institute for Palestine Studies]] \\|location\\=Washington, DC \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-88728\\-235\\-5 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/175 175] \\|edition\\=4th \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/175}} A number have also characterized this as an ethnic cleansing.{{cite book \\|author\\=\\[\\[Michael Mann (sociologist)\\|Michael Mann]] \\|title\\=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|year\\=2005\\|pages\\=109, 519 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-83130\\-7}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a\\-z\\-guide/arab\\-israeli\\-war/ \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=Benny \\|author\\-link\\=Benny Morris \\|title\\=Arab–Israeli War \\|publisher\\=The Crimes of War Education Project \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129173133/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a\\-z\\-guide/arab\\-israeli\\-war/ \\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2014}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Esber \\|first\\=Rosmarie \\|author\\-link\\=Rosemarie Esber\\|title\\=Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians \\|year\\=2009 \\|pages\\=23 \\|publisher\\=Arabicus Books \\& Media \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9815131\\-3\\-3}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Pappé \\|first1\\=Ilan \\|author\\-link\\=Ilan Pappé \\|title\\=The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Oneworld Publications \\|location\\=Oxford \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85168\\-467\\-0 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp/page/2 2–3] \\|edition\\=Repr. \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp/page/2}} The [New Historians](/wiki/New_Historians \"New Historians\") cite indications of Arab leaders' desire for the Palestinian Arab population to stay put.See for example, {{cite journal \\|last\\=Masalha \\|first\\=Nur\\-eldeen \\|author\\-link\\=Nur Masalha \\|year\\=1988 \\|title\\=On Recent Hebrew and Israeli Sources for the Palestinian Exodus, 1947–49 \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Palestine Studies]] \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=121–137 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2537599 \\|jstor\\=2537599}} And {{cite news \\|last\\=Childers \\|first\\=Irskine \\|title\\=The Other Exodus \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Spectator]] \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=12 May 1961}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Home in [Balata](/wiki/Balata_Camp \"Balata Camp\") [refugee camp](/wiki/Refugee_camp \"Refugee camp\") demolished during the second Intifada, 2002](/wiki/File:Sumayya_and_her_cat_in_front_of_her_demolished_home_2002%2C_2nd_Intifada.jpg \"Sumayya and her cat in front of her demolished home 2002, 2nd Intifada.jpg\")",
"The Israeli [Law of Return](/wiki/Law_of_Return \"Law of Return\") that grants citizenship to people of Jewish descent has been described as discriminatory against other ethnic groups, especially Palestinians that cannot apply for such citizenship under the law of return, to the territory which they were expelled from or fled during the course of the 1948 war.{{cite book \\|last\\=Honig\\-Parnass \\|first\\=Tikva \\|title\\=The False Prophets of Peace: Liberal Zionism and the Struggle for Palestine \\|year\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Books]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-60846\\-130\\-1 \\|page\\=5 \\|quote\\=Makdisi rightly argues that almost every law of South African Apartheid has its equivalent in Israel today.18 A significant example is the Law of Return (1950\\), which even Kretzmer claims is explicitly discriminatory against Palestinian citizens.... The Law of Return, which determines the second\\-class citizenship of Palestinians, is recognized as a fundamental principle in Israel and \"is possibly even its very ''raison d'etre'' as a Jewish state.\"19}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Schmidt \\|first\\=Yvonne \\|title\\=Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories \\|year\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=GRIN Verlag oHG \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-638\\-94450\\-2 \\|pages\\=245–246 \\|quote\\=In any case has the Law of Return, 1950 discriminatory effect for Palestinian Arab people since it allows any Jew to immigrate to Israel, while – at the same time – it deprives all native Palestinian Arab refugees residing outside the borders of the state of Israel of their fundamental right to return to their homes and villages from which they were expelled or took flight in the course of the 1948 war that broke out because of the establishment of Israel.}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Kassim \\|first\\=Anis F. \\|title\\=The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 2001–2002: Vol. 11 \\|year\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Brill Publishers\\|Brill]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-638\\-94450\\-2 \\|page\\=150 \\|quote\\=Under the heading of \"Discrimination\", the Committee cited Israel's Law of Return as discriminatory against Palestinian refugees because of Israel's refusal to readmit them. The committee said: \"The Committee notes with concern that the Law of Return which permits any Jew from anywhere in the world to immigrate and thereby virtually automatically enjoy residence and obtain citizenship in Israel, discriminates against Palestinians in the Diaspora upon whom the Government of Israel has imposed restrictive requirements that make it almost impossible to return to their land of birth.\"}}",
"According to the [UN Resolution 194](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194 \"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194\"), adopted in 1948, \"the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1A752D5C8191389E8525682D00701239 \\|title\\=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 \\|publisher\\=United Nations \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025082136/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1A752D5C8191389E8525682D00701239 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2014}} [UN Resolution 3236](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3236 \"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236\") \"reaffirms also the inalienable right of the Palestinians to return to their homes and property from which they have been displaced and uprooted, and calls for their return\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/025974039ACFB171852560DE00548BBE \\|title\\=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 \\|publisher\\=United Nations \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020191042/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/025974039ACFB171852560DE00548BBE \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2014}} [Resolution 242 from the UN](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 242\") affirms the necessity for \"achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem\"; however, Resolution 242 does not specify that the \"just settlement\" must or should be in the form of a literal Palestinian right of return.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Radley \\|first\\=K. René \\|year\\=1978 \\|title\\=The Palestinian Refugees: The Right to Return in International Law \\|journal\\=\\[\\[American Journal of International Law]] \\|volume\\=72 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=586–614 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2200460\\|jstor\\=2200460 \\|s2cid\\=147111254}}",
"Historically, there has been debate over the relative impact of the [causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus](/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus \"Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus\"), although there is a wide consensus that violent expulsions by Zionist and Israeli forces were the main factor. Other factors include psychological warfare and Arab sense of vulnerability. Notably, historian [Benny Morris](/wiki/Benny_Morris \"Benny Morris\") states that most of Palestine's 700,000 refugees fled because of the \"flail of war\" and expected to return home shortly after a successful Arab invasion. He documents instances in which Arab leaders advised the evacuation of entire communities as happened in Haifa although recognizes that these were isolated events.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Morris \\|first1\\=Benny \\|title\\=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist\\-Arab conflict, 1881–2001 \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vintage Books]] \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-679\\-74475\\-7 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr\\_0/page/252 252–258] \\|edition\\=1st Vintage Books \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr\\_0/page/252}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2008/0221/1203471491836\\.html \\|title\\=Israel and the Palestinians \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|date\\=2 February 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021003425/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2008/0221/1203471491836\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In his later work, Morris considers the displacement the result of a national conflict initiated by the Arabs themselves. In a 2004 interview with Haaretz, he described the exodus as largely resulting from an atmosphere of transfer that was promoted by Ben\\-Gurion and understood by the military leadership. He also claimed that there \"are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Shavit \\|first1\\=Ari \\|title\\=Survival of the Fittest \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/survival\\-of\\-the\\-fittest\\-1\\.61345 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2015 \\|date\\=2004\\-01\\-08 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030132854/https://www.haaretz.com/survival\\-of\\-the\\-fittest\\-1\\.61345 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} He has been criticized by political scientist [Norman Finkelstein](/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein \"Norman Finkelstein\") for having seemingly changed his views for political, rather than historical, reasons.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Finkelstein \\|first1\\=Norman G. \\|author\\-link\\=Norman Finkelstein \\|title\\=Knowing Too Much: Why the American Jewish Romance with Israel is Coming to an End \\|date\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=OR Books \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-935928\\-77\\-5 \\|pages\\=Chapter 10}}",
"[thumb\\|[Shatila refugee camp](/wiki/Shatila_refugee_camp \"Shatila refugee camp\") on the outskirts of [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\") in May 2019](/wiki/File:Shatila_-_street_view_%282%29.jpg \"Shatila - street view (2).jpg\")\nAlthough Israel accepts the right of the [Palestinian Diaspora](/wiki/Palestinian_refugees \"Palestinian refugees\") to return into a new Palestinian state, Israel insists that the return of this population into the current state of Israel would threaten the stability of the Jewish state; an influx of Palestinian refugees would lead to the end of the state of Israel as a Jewish state since a demographic majority of Jews would not be maintained.{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=x72ZEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-532542\\-3 \\|pages\\=50 \\|quote\\=A massive repatriation of Palestinian refugees would have clashed irreconcilably with the most vital and fundamental ethos of the new State of Israel, indeed with its very raison d'être, namely the consolidation of a Jewish state through the mass immigration of the survivors of the Nazi Holocaust in Europe and the uprooted and dispossessed Jews of North Africa and the Arab Middle East... No Israeli statesman, either in 1948 or in 2005, would conceive of peace based on the massive repatriation of Palestinian refugees as an offer the Jewish state could accept and yet survive. The ethos of Zionism was twofold; it was about demography – ingathering the exiles in a viable Jewish state with as small an Arab minority as possible – and land.}}{{cite book \\|first\\=John B. \\|last\\=Quigley \\|title\\=The Case for Palestine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VaUvqHNd6m0C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2005 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Duke University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8223\\-3539\\-9\\|quote\\=Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel said that returning Palestinians might be a fifth column and a demographic threat to Israel as a Jewish state.}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Erlanger \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-31 \\|title\\=Olmert Rejects Right of Return for Palestinians \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/world/middleeast/31mideast.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 March 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322164546/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/world/middleeast/31mideast.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Israeli security concerns",
"{{See also\\|United States security assistance to the Palestinian Authority\\|Palestinian political violence\\|2010 Palestinian militancy campaign}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|Remains of an [Egged bus](/wiki/Egged_%28company%29 \"Egged (company)\") hit by suicide bomber in the aftermath of the [2011 southern Israel cross\\-border attacks](/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks \"2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks\"). Eight people were killed, about 40 were injured.](/wiki/File:Terror_Strikes_Israeli_Civilians_in_Southern_Israel.jpg \"Terror Strikes Israeli Civilians in Southern Israel.jpg\")",
"Throughout the conflict, Palestinian violence has been a concern for Israelis. Security concerns have historically been a key driver in Israeli political decision making, often expanding in scope and taking precedence over other considerations such as international law and Palestinian human rights.{{cite book \\|first\\=Noam \\|last\\=Chomsky \\|author\\-link\\=Noam Chomsky \\|title\\=Fateful Triangle \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aHphMCIkhK0C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Pluto Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-89608\\-601\\-2 \\|pages\\= \\|quote\\=Evidently, the indigenous population also has a \"security problem\"; in fact, the Palestinians have already suffered the catastrophe that Israelis justly fear.}}{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2013\\|loc\\=Introduction}}: \"Similarly, in this lexicon, \"security\" is an absolute priority of Israel's, the need for which is invariably described as rooted in genuine, deep\\-seated existential fears. \"Israeli security\" therefore takes precedence over virtually everything else, including international law and the human rights of others. It is an endlessly expansive concept that includes a remarkable multitude of things, such as whether pasta or generator parts can be brought into the Gaza Strip, or whether miserably poor Palestinian villagers can be allowed water cisterns.1 By contrast, in spite of the precarious nature of their situation, Palestinians are presumed not to have any significant concerns about their security. This is the case even though nearly half the Palestinian population have lived for more than two generations under a grinding military occupation without the most basic human, civil, or political rights, and the rest have for many decades been dispersed from their ancestral homeland, many of them living under harsh, authoritarian Arab governments.\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Ben\\-Ami \\|title\\=Prophets Without Honor \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hnhXEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-006047\\-3 \\|chapter\\=The Occupation's Traits of Permanence \\|quote\\=The Israeli debate over the occupied territories is, then, not just an ideological divide between right and left; it is also overwhelmingly influenced by the all\\-encompassing \"security network\" that injects a security rationale into every political move.}} The occupation of the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem and the continued expansion of settlements in those areas have been justified on security grounds.{{harvnb\\|Slater\\|2020\\|p\\=221}}: \"In any event, there was no legitimate security argument at all for the Israeli seizure of Arab East Jerusalem immediately after the 1967 war and for subsequently settling religious fanatics in the West Bank. The real motivating forces for most of the postwar Israeli expansionism into the West Bank and East Jerusalem were clearly \"Greater Israel\" nationalism and religious messianism. If anything, as many Israeli security experts pointed out at the time, the \"need\" to defend the settlers was a security liability... Israeli governments have long cited \"security\" as the reason they need to maintain occupation of Arab territories—but when Israel withdrew from Lebanon and Egyptian territory, the attacks against it ended. It is unlikely that an Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian territories would have a different result—and if it did, there would be little to prevent Israel from reinvading and occupying those territories. Moreover, in those circumstances repression of any continuing Palestinian violence would have a legitimacy that it currently lacks. For these reasons, Israel has a security problem with the Palestinians only in the same way that colonial powers had \"security problems\" with nationalist uprisings that eventually forced them to withdraw.\"",
"Israel, along with the United States[\"Palestinian Anti\\-Terrorism Act of 2006\\.\"](http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=189741) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128105216/http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID\\=189741 \\|date\\=28 November 2007 }} [Global Legal Information Network](/wiki/Global_Legal_Information_Network \"Global Legal Information Network\"). 26 December 2006\\. 30 May 2009\\.{{better source needed\\|date\\=May 2023}} and the European Union, refer to any use of force by Palestinian groups as terroristic and criminal. This is in contrast to the consensus in international law which allows for Palestinians, as a people under illegal military occupation, to use lethal force against Israeli military targets and installations.{{cite book \\|first\\=Noura \\|last\\=Erakat \\|author\\-link\\= Noura Erakat\\| title\\=Justice for Some \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-zGUDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Stanford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-5036\\-1357\\-7 \\|chapter\\=From Occupation to Warfare}}{{cite book \\|first\\=John B. \\|last\\=Quigley\\|title\\=The Case for Palestine \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VaUvqHNd6m0C\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2005 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Duke University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8223\\-3539\\-9 \\|pages\\=}}{{pn\\|date\\=July 2024}}",
"In Israel, Palestinian suicide bombers have targeted civilian buses, restaurants, shopping malls, hotels and marketplaces.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-29 \\|title\\=Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/3256858\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115102834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/3256858\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} From 1993 to 2003, 303 [Palestinian suicide bombers](/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks \"Palestinian suicide attacks\") attacked Israel.{{cn\\|date\\=June 2024}} In 1994, Hamas initiated their first lethal suicide attack in response to the [cave of the Patriarchs massacre](/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre \"Cave of the Patriarchs massacre\") where American\\-Israeli physician [Baruch Goldstein](/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein \"Baruch Goldstein\") opened fire in a mosque, killing 29 people and injuring 125\\.{{harvnb\\|Baconi\\|2018\\|loc\\=Military Resistance Comes Undone}}: \"On February 25, 1994, an American Jewish settler named Baruch Goldstein walked into the Ibrahimi Mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron during prayer time. Standing behind the rows of kneeling figures in front of him, Goldstein opened fire. Within minutes, twenty\\-nine Muslim worshippers had been killed and close to one hundred injured. The atrocity jolted the nascent Israeli\\-Palestinian bilateral negotiations that had gathered pace in the wake of the First Intifada, prompted by the PLO's strategic redirection in 1988\\. Less than six months before the Hebron attack, in September 1993, PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin had awkwardly shaken hands in a widely publicized event on the South Lawn of the White House. The leaders had assembled in the American capital to sign the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self\\-Government Arrangements, popularly known as the Oslo Accords, referring to the capital city where the secretive talks leading to the agreement had taken place. Following the signing, negotiations between Israel and the PLO in the form of a \"peace process\" were launched.1 Goldstein's attack served as a reminder of the bloody challenges this process faced. Forty\\-one days after the shooting, once the time allotted for Muslim ritual mourning had been respected, a member of Hamas approached a bus stop in Afula, a city in northern Israel. Standing next to fellow passengers, the man detonated a suicide vest, killing seven Israelis. This was on April 6, 1994, a day that marked Hamas's first lethal suicide bombing in Israel.\"",
"The Israeli government initiated the construction of a [security barrier](/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier \"West Bank Barrier\") following scores of suicide bombings and terrorist attacks in July 2003\\. Israel's coalition government approved the security barrier in the northern part of the green line between Israel and the West Bank. According to the [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\"), since the erection of the fence, terrorist acts have declined by approximately 90%.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.law.idf.il/351\\-en/Patzar.aspx \\|title\\=The Security Barrier (Fence) \\|publisher\\=IDF Military Advocate General \\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044945/http://www.law.idf.il/351\\-en/Patzar.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The decline in attacks can also be attributed to the permanent presence of Israeli troops inside and around Palestinian cities and increasing security cooperation between the IDF and the Palestinian Authority during this period.{{harvnb\\|Scott\\-Baumann\\|2023}}: \"Far fewer Israelis were killed in Palestinian suicide bombs after the construction of the barrier (130 in 2003 and fewer than 25 in 2005\\), convincing most Israelis that it saved the lives of fellow Israelis and was necessary for their security. However, the decline in bombings can also be attributed to the permanent presence of Israeli troops inside and around Palestinian cities and increasing security cooperation between the IDF and the PA, particularly after the Second Intifada ended in 2005\\.\" The barrier followed a route that ran almost entirely through land occupied by Israel in June 1967, unilaterally seizing more than 10% of the West Bank, including whole neighborhoods and settlement blocs, while splitting Palestinian villages in half with immediate effects on Palestinian's freedom of movement. The barrier, in some areas, isolated farmers from their fields and children from their schools, while also restricting Palestinians from moving within the West Bank or pursuing employment in Israel.{{cite book \\|first\\=Albert Habib \\|last\\=Hourani \\|title\\=A History of the Arab Peoples \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=A\\_History\\_of\\_the\\_Arab\\_Peoples\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Harvard University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-674\\-01017\\-8 \\|quote\\=In places the barrier separated farmers from their lands, even children from their schools, while preventing Palestinians from travelling within the West Bank or seeking work in Israel.}}{{pn\\|date\\=July 2024}}{{harvnb\\|Shlaim\\|2015\\|loc\\=The Road Map to Nowhere 2003\\-2006}}: \"The barrier followed a route that ran almost entirely through land occupied by Israel in June 1967\\.\"{{harvnb\\|Baconi\\|2018\\|loc\\=Chapter 3}}: \"Rather than building the wall on Israeli land or along the 1967 borders, however, the structure snaked through Palestinian territories, unilaterally seizing more than 10 percent of the West Bank, including whole neighborhoods around East Jerusalem as well as major settlement blocs that were integrated into this de facto border. The structure split whole Palestinian villages in half and had an immediate effect on the freedom of movement for Palestinians within the occupied territories. Jewish settlers living illegally within the same land continued to be linked into Israel through exclusive Jewish\\-only highways and bypass roads. On July 20, 2004, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion ruling that the wall was illegal, to no effect.4 With Israel's planned disengagement from the Gaza Strip and the construction of advanced \"security\" infrastructure, Sharon was actively restructuring the framework of Israel's occupation.\"",
"In 2004 the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") ruled that the construction of the barrier violated the Palestinian right to self\\-determination, contravened the Fourth Geneva Convention, and could not be justified as a measure of Israeli self\\-defense.{{cite book \\|first\\=Noura \\|last\\=Erakat \\|title\\=Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Justice\\_for\\_Some\\&pg\\=PA \\|year\\=2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Stanford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-5036\\-0883\\-2 \\|chapter\\=Notes \\|quote\\=Its 2004 decision held that the construction of the wall in the West Bank, as opposed to along the 1949 armistice line, violated the Palestinian right to self\\-determination, contravened the Fourth Geneva Convention, and could not be justified as a measure of Israeli self\\-defense. It advised Israel to \"terminate its breaches of international law; it is under an obligation to cease forthwith the works of construction of the wall being built in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, to dismantle forthwith the structure therein situated.\" The court also observed that all states had an obligation \"not to recognize the illegal situation resulting from the construction of the wall and not to render aid or assistance in maintaining the situation created by such construction.\"}} The ICJ further expressed that the construction of the wall by Israel could become a permanent fixture, altering the status quo. Israel's High Court, however, disagreed with the ICJ's conclusions, stating that they lacked a factual basis. Several human rights organizations, including B'Tselem, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International, echoed the ICJ's concerns. They suggested that the wall's route was designed to perpetuate the existence of settlements and facilitate their future annexation into Israel, and that the wall was a means for Israel to consolidate control over land used for illegal settlements. The sophisticated structure of the wall also indicated its likely permanence.{{cite book \\|last\\=Finkelstein \\|first\\=Norman G. \\|author\\-link\\=Norman Finkelstein \\|title\\=Knowing Too Much \\|publisher\\=OR Books \\|publication\\-place\\=New York \\|date\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-935928\\-77\\-5 \\|chapter\\=Appendix \\|quote\\=In its advisory opinion the ICJ voiced concern that \"the construction of the wall and its associated régime create a 'fait accompli' on the ground that could well become permanent.\"115 Taking note of this ICJ concern, Israel's High Court rejoined that the ICJ lacked a \"factual basis\" for reaching definite conclusions.116 Not just the ICJ, however, but also many respected human rights organizations expressed such worries. B'Tselem concluded that the \"underlying reason\" of the wall's route was \"to establish facts on the ground that would perpetuate the existence of settlements and facilitate their future annexation into Israel.\" Likewise, Human Rights Watch concluded that the \"existing and planned route of the barrier appears to be designed chiefly to incorporate and make contiguous with Israel illegal civilian settlements.\" Likewise, Amnesty International concluded that Israel was building the wall to \"consolidate its control over land which is being used for illegal Israeli settlements,\" and that \"the very expensive and sophisticated structure of the fence/wall indicates that it is likely intended as a permanent structure.\"117}}",
"Since 2001, the threat of [Qassam rockets](/wiki/Qassam_rocket \"Qassam rocket\") fired from Palestinian territories into Israel continues to be of great concern for Israeli defense officials.{{cite news \\|last\\=Harel \\|first\\=Amos \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/932106\\.html \\|title\\=Defense officials concerned as Hamas upgrades Qassam arsenal \\|work\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|date\\=7 December 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=}} In 2006—the year following Israel's disengagement from the Gaza Strip—the Israeli government claimed to have recorded 1,726 such launches, more than four times the total rockets fired in 2005\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism\\-\\+Obstacle\\+to\\+Peace/Palestinian\\+terror\\+since\\+2000/Victims\\+of\\+Palestinian\\+Violence\\+and\\+Terrorism\\+sinc.htm \\|title\\=Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000 \\|publisher\\=Israeli Ministry of Internal Affairs \\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403024612/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism\\-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Victims%2Bof%2BPalestinian%2BViolence%2Band%2BTerrorism%2Bsinc.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2007}}{{Cite report \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/08/06/rockets\\-gaza/harm\\-civilians\\-palestinian\\-armed\\-groups\\-rocket\\-attacks \\|title\\=Rockets from Gaza \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]] \\|date\\=6 August 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618234837/https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/08/06/rockets\\-gaza/harm\\-civilians\\-palestinian\\-armed\\-groups\\-rocket\\-attacks \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Esveld \\|first1\\=Bill Van}} As of January 2009, over 8,600 rockets have been launched,{{Cite news \\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-18 \\|title\\=Q\\&A: Gaza conflict \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7818022\\.stm \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705061215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7818022\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=2008\\-01\\-21 \\|title\\=Gaza's rocket threat to Israel \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/3702088\\.stm \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923035807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/3702088\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} causing widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-28 \\|title\\=Playing cat and mouse with Gaza rockets \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7270168\\.stm \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306235209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7270168\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} As a result of these attacks, Israelis living in southern Israel have had to spend long periods in bomb shelters. The relatively small payload carried on these rockets, Israel's advanced early warning system, American\\-supplied anti\\-missile capabilities, and network of shelters made the rockets rarely lethal. In 2014, out of 4,000 rockets fired from the Gaza Strip, only six Israeli civilians were killed. For comparison, the payload carried on these rockets is smaller than Israeli tank shells, of which 49,000 where fired in Gaza in 2014\\.{{harvnb\\|Khalidi\\|2020\\|loc\\=Chapter 6}}: \"However, none of the rockets had a warhead of the size or lethality of the over 49,000 tank and artillery shells fired by Israel in 2014\\. The Soviet\\-designed 122mm Grad or Katyusha rocket commonly used by Hamas and its allies normally carried either a 44\\- or 66\\-pound warhead (compared with the 96\\-pound 155mm shells), although many were fitted with smaller warheads to increase their range. Most of the homemade Qassam rockets that were used had considerably smaller warheads. Together, the 4,000 Qassam, Katyusha, Grad, and other missiles that were fired from the Gaza Strip, and that reached Israel (many were so imprecise and poorly manufactured that they fell short and landed within the strip), would have likely had less explosive power in total than a dozen 2,000\\-pound bombs.\"",
"There is significant debate within Israel about how to deal with the country's security concerns. Options have included military action (including [targeted killings](/wiki/Targeted_killing \"Targeted killing\") and [house demolitions](/wiki/House_demolition_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict \"House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict\") of terrorist operatives), diplomacy, unilateral gestures toward peace, and increased security measures such as checkpoints, roadblocks and [security barriers](/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier \"West Bank Barrier\"). The legality and the wisdom of all of the above tactics have been called into question by various commentators.{{cn\\|date\\=July 2024}}",
"Since mid\\-June 2007, Israel's primary means of dealing with security concerns in the West Bank has been to cooperate with and permit United States\\-sponsored training, equipping, and funding of the Palestinian Authority's security forces, which with Israeli help have largely succeeded in quelling West Bank supporters of Hamas.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/our\\-man\\-palestine/ \\|title\\=Our Man in Palestine \\|first\\=Nathan \\|last\\=Thrall \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[The New York Review of Books]] \\|date\\=14 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016073306/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/our\\-man\\-palestine/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Water resources",
"{{Further\\|Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories\\|Water politics in the Jordan River basin\\|Structural abuse}}",
"In the Middle East, [water resources](/wiki/Water_resources \"Water resources\") are of great political concern. Since Israel receives much of its water from two large underground [aquifers](/wiki/Aquifer \"Aquifer\") which continue under the [Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Israel%29 \"Green Line (Israel)\"), the use of this water has been contentious in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Israel withdraws most water from these areas, but it also supplies the West Bank with approximately 40 million cubic metres annually, contributing to 77% of Palestinians' water supply in the West Bank, which is to be shared for a population of about 2\\.6 million.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy\\-defense/.premium\\-1\\.532703 \\|title\\=How many Palestinians actually live in the West Bank? \\|date\\=30 June 2013 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2014 \\|last1\\=Hasson \\|first1\\=Nir \\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101200545/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy\\-defense/.premium\\-1\\.532703 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Palestinian villagers purchase water from water trucks in Khirbet A\\-Duqaiqah in the [Hebron Hills](/wiki/Hebron_Hills \"Hebron Hills\")](/wiki/File:Water_supply_in_West_Bank_and_Gaza_February_2014_5water_photoblog.jpg \"Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|A swimming pool in the Israeli settlement of [Ma'ale Adumim](/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim \"Ma'ale Adumim\"), West Bank](/wiki/File:Ma%27ale_adumim_02.JPG \"Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG\")\nWhile Israel's consumption of this water has decreased since it began its occupation of the West Bank, it still consumes the majority of it: in the 1950s, Israel consumed 95% of the water output of the Western Aquifer, and 82% of that produced by the Northeastern Aquifer. Although this water was drawn entirely on Israel's own side of the pre\\-1967 border, the sources of the water are nevertheless from the shared groundwater basins located under both West Bank and Israel.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.juragentium.unifi.it/en/surveys/palestin/water.pdf \\|title\\=Till the Last Drop: The Palestinian Water Crisis in the West Bank, Hydrogeology and Hydropolitics of a Regional Conflict \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2008 \\|last\\=Messerschmid \\|first\\=Clemens \\|year\\=2002 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217111417/http://www.juragentium.unifi.it/en/surveys/palestin/water.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=17 December 2008}}",
"In the [Oslo II Accord](/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord \"Oslo II Accord\"), both sides agreed to maintain \"existing quantities of utilization from the resources.\" In so doing, the Palestinian Authority established the legality of Israeli water production in the West Bank, subject to a [Joint Water Committee](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_Joint_Water_Committee \"Israeli–Palestinian Joint Water Committee\") (JWC). Moreover, Israel obligated itself in this agreement to provide water to supplement Palestinian production, and further agreed to allow additional Palestinian drilling in the Eastern Aquifer, also subject to the Joint Water Committee.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/heskemb4\\_eng.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|via\\=www.knesset.gov.il \\|title\\=Annex III: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs \\|work\\=Israeli\\-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip \\|archive\\-date\\=2002\\-11\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021125081409/https://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/heskemb4\\_eng.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.orsam.org.tr/en/oslo\\-21\\-and\\-water\\-problems\\-in\\-palestine\\-a\\-story\\-of\\-failure/ \\|title\\=Oslo\\+21 and Water Problems in Palestine: A Story of Failure \\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125130918/https://www.orsam.org.tr/en/oslo\\-21\\-and\\-water\\-problems\\-in\\-palestine\\-a\\-story\\-of\\-failure/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The water that Israel receives comes mainly from the Jordan River system, the Sea of Galilee and two underground sources. According to a 2003 BBC article the Palestinians lack access to the Jordan River system.{{cite news \\|title\\=Water war leaves Palestinians thirsty \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/2982730\\.stm \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=16 June 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105211813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/2982730\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"According to a report of 2008 by the [Food and Agriculture Organization](/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization \"Food and Agriculture Organization\") of the United Nations, water resources were confiscated for the benefit of the Israeli settlements in the Ghor. Palestinian irrigation pumps on the Jordan River were destroyed or confiscated after the 1967 war and Palestinians were not allowed to use water from the Jordan River system. Furthermore, the authorities did not allow any new irrigation wells to be drilled by Palestinian farmers, while it provided fresh water and allowed drilling wells for irrigation purposes at the Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries\\_regions/israel/index.stm \\|title\\=Israel \\|year\\=2008 \\|work\\=Aquastat \\|publisher\\=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations \\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116204210/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries\\_regions/israel/index.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2013}}",
"A report was released by the UN in August 2012 and [Max Gaylard](/wiki/Max_Gaylard \"Max Gaylard\"), the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in the occupied Palestinian territory, explained at the launch of the publication: \"Gaza will have half a million more people by 2020 while its economy will grow only slowly. In consequence, the people of Gaza will have an even harder time getting enough drinking water and electricity, or sending their children to school\". Gaylard present alongside Jean Gough, of the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), and Robert Turner, of the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). The report projects that Gaza's population will increase from 1\\.6 million people to 2\\.1 million people in 2020, leading to a density of more than 5,800 people per square kilometre.{{cite web \\|title\\=Lack of sufficient services in Gaza could get worse without urgent action, UN warns \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=42751\\#.UP35DaF4YZc \\|publisher\\=UN News Centre \\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2013 \\|date\\=27 August 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104221705/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=42751\\#.UP35DaF4YZc \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Future and financing",
"Numerous foreign nations and international organizations have established bilateral agreements with the Palestinian and Israeli water authorities. It was estimated that a future investment of about US$1\\.1bn for the West Bank and $0\\.8bn for the Gaza Strip Southern Governorates was needed for the planning period from 2003 to 2015\\.{{citation \\|first1\\=Karen \\|last1\\=Assaf \\|first2\\=Bayoumi \\|last2\\= Attia \\|first3\\=Ali \\|last3\\=Darwish \\|first4\\=Batir \\|last4\\=Wardam \\|first5\\=Simone \\|last5\\=Klawitter \\|publisher\\=Heinrich\\-Böll\\-Foundation \\|title\\=Water as a human right: The understanding of water in the Arab countries of the Middle East – A four country analysis \\|year\\=2004 \\|url\\=http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/country045975/countries/PDF/waterbook \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194258/http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/country045975/countries/PDF/waterbook \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|page\\=229}}",
"In late 2012, a donation of $21\\.6 million was announced by the Government of the Netherlands—the Dutch government stated that the funds would be provided to the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), for the specific benefit of Palestinian children. An article, published by the UN News website, stated that: \"Of the $21\\.6 million, $5\\.7 will be allocated to UNRWA's 2012 Emergency Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory, which will support programmes in the West Bank and Gaza aiming to mitigate the effects on refugees of the deteriorating situation they face.\"",
"### Agricultural rights",
"{{See also\\|Economy of the State of Palestine\\#Israeli–Palestinian relations}}\nThe conflict has been about land since its inception.{{cite book \\|last\\=Gelvin\\|first\\=James L.\\|title\\=The Israeli\\-Palestinian Conflict: 100 Years of War\\|date\\=2005\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|location\\=New York}} When [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") became a state after the war in 1948, 77% of Palestine's land was used for the creation on the state.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.france24\\.com/en/middle\\-east/20231011\\-from\\-1947\\-to\\-2023\\-retracing\\-the\\-complex\\-and\\-tragic\\-israeli\\-palestinian\\-conflict \\|title\\=From 1947 to 2023: Retracing the complex, tragic Israeli\\-Palestinian conflict \\|date\\=11 October 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115131259/https://www.france24\\.com/en/middle\\-east/20231011\\-from\\-1947\\-to\\-2023\\-retracing\\-the\\-complex\\-and\\-tragic\\-israeli\\-palestinian\\-conflict \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The majority of those living in Palestine at the time became refugees in other countries and this first land crisis became the root of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Sa'id \\|first1\\=Ahmad \\|last2\\=Abu\\-Lughod \\|first2\\=Lila \\|title\\=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Columbia University Press]] \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\= \\|page\\=}}{{pn\\|date\\=June 2024}} Because the root of the conflict is with land, the disputes between Israel and Palestine are well\\-manifested in the agriculture of Palestine.",
"In Palestine, agriculture is a mainstay in the economy. The production of agricultural goods supports the population's sustenance needs and fuels Palestine's export economy. According to the Council for European Palestinian Relations, the agricultural sector formally employs 13\\.4% of the population and informally employs 90% of the population.{{cite news \\|title\\=Agriculture in Palestine: a post\\-Oslo Analysis \\|url\\=http://thecepr.org/images/stories/pdf/memo%20agriculture.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2014 \\|date\\=2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904044734/http://thecepr.org/images/stories/pdf/memo%20agriculture.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Over the past 10 years{{when\\|date\\=November 2022}}, unemployment rates in Palestine have increased and the agricultural sector became the most impoverished sector in Palestine. Unemployment rates peaked in 2008 when they reached 41% in Gaza.{{cite book \\|title\\=Coping with Conflict: Poverty and Inclusion in the West Bank and Gaza \\|pages\\=37–61 \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Poverty\\_and\\_Inclusion\\_in\\_the\\_West\\_Bank\\_and\\_Gaza\\_Chapter3\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916065202/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Poverty\\_and\\_Inclusion\\_in\\_the\\_West\\_Bank\\_and\\_Gaza\\_Chapter3\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-16 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2014 \\|chapter\\=Poverty and the Labor Market: A Sheer Lack of Jobs?}}",
"Palestinian agriculture suffers from numerous problems including Israeli military and civilian attacks on farms and farmers, blockades to exportation of produce and importation of necessary inputs, widespread confiscation of land for nature reserves as well as military and settler use, confiscation and destruction of wells, and physical barriers within the West Bank.{{cite news \\|title\\=Palestinians lose billions to Israeli land bans, says World Bank report \\|url\\=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle\\-east/palestinians\\-lose\\-billions\\-to\\-israeli\\-land\\-bans\\-says\\-world\\-bank\\-report \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2014 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The National (Abu Dhabi)\\|The National]] \\|date\\=8 October 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628163419/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle\\-east/palestinians\\-lose\\-billions\\-to\\-israeli\\-land\\-bans\\-says\\-world\\-bank\\-report \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Israel's West Bank barrier",
"[thumb\\|The barrier between Israel and Palestine](/wiki/File:Holy_Land_2022_%281%29_P473_Bethlehem_barrier.jpg \"Holy Land 2022 (1) P473 Bethlehem barrier.jpg\")",
"With the construction of the [separation barrier](/wiki/Separation_barrier \"Separation barrier\"), the Israeli state promised free movement across regions. However, border closures, curfews, and checkpoints has significantly restricted Palestinian movement.{{cite book \\|last\\=Stein \\|first\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Itineraries in Conflict \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Duke University Press]] \\|location\\=Durham \\|page\\=9}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hammad \\|first\\=Suzanne Hassan \\|title\\=Emplaced Resistances in Occupied Palestine: Stories of a Village, Its People, and Their Land \\|date\\=2023 \\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78661\\-204\\-5 \\|pages\\=20\\-72 \\|language\\=English}} In 2012, there were 99 fixed check points and 310 flying checkpoints.{{cite book \\|last\\=Davis \\|first\\=Rochelle \\|title\\=Palestine and the Palestinians in the 21st century \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Indiana University Press]] \\|location\\=Indianapolis}}{{pn\\|date\\=June 2024}} The border restrictions impacted the imports and exports in Palestine and weakened the industrial and agricultural sectors because of the constant Israeli control in the West Bank and Gaza.{{cite news \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse]] \\|title\\=Palestinian Economic Recovery Plan Takes Shape \\|url\\=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle\\-east/palestinian\\-economic\\-recovery\\-plan\\-takes\\-shape \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2014 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The National (Abu Dhabi)\\|The National]] \\|date\\=12 July 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628161555/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle\\-east/palestinian\\-economic\\-recovery\\-plan\\-takes\\-shape \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In order for the Palestinian economy to be prosperous, the restrictions on Palestinian land must be removed. According to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* and a report for [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\"), the Palestinian economy lost $3\\.4bn (%35 of the annual GDP) to Israeli restrictions in the West Bank alone.{{cite news \\|last\\=Chalabi \\|first\\=Mona \\|title\\=How Does Palestine's Economy Work?\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/oct/14/palestine\\-economy\\-how\\-does\\-it\\-work \\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2014 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=14 October 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225531/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/oct/14/palestine\\-economy\\-how\\-does\\-it\\-work \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Palestinian violence outside of Israel",
"Some Palestinians have committed violent acts over the globe on the pretext of a struggle against Israel.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-02 \\|title\\=Mystery surrounds 'suicide' of Abu Nidal, once a ruthless killer and face of terror – Middle East, World – The Independent \\|url\\=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/mystery\\-surrounds\\-suicide\\-of\\-abu\\-nidal\\-once\\-a\\-ruthless\\-killer\\-and\\-face\\-of\\-terror\\-640464\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902075901/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/mystery\\-surrounds\\-suicide\\-of\\-abu\\-nidal\\-once\\-a\\-ruthless\\-killer\\-and\\-face\\-of\\-terror\\-640464\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2 September 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"During the late 1960s, groups affiliated with the PLO became increasingly infamous for its use of international terror. In 1969 alone, these groups were responsible for hijacking 82 planes. [El Al Airlines](/wiki/El_Al_Airlines \"El Al Airlines\") became a regular hijacking target.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Attempt to carry explosives device on El Al flight foiled \\|url\\=https://www.jpost.com/israel/attempt\\-to\\-carry\\-explosives\\-device\\-on\\-el\\-al\\-flight\\-foiled \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Jerusalem Post]] \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/https://www.jpost.com/israel/attempt\\-to\\-carry\\-explosives\\-device\\-on\\-el\\-al\\-flight\\-foiled \\|url\\-status\\=live}}*Encyclopedia of the Developing World*, Volume 3\\. p. 1228\\. The hijacking of [Air France](/wiki/Air_France \"Air France\") Flight 139 by the [Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine](/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine \"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine\") culminated during a [hostage\\-rescue mission](/wiki/Operation_Entebbe \"Operation Entebbe\"), where Israeli special forces successfully rescued the majority of the hostages.",
"However, one of the most well\\-known and notorious terrorist acts was the capture and eventual [murder of 11 Israeli athletes](/wiki/Munich_Massacre \"Munich Massacre\") carried out by the [Black September Organization](/wiki/Black_September_Organization \"Black September Organization\") during the [1972 Olympic Games](/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics \"1972 Summer Olympics\").*Encyclopedia of the Developing World*, Volume 3\\. M. Leonard, Thomas.{{page needed\\|date\\=February 2024}}",
"### Palestinian\\-on\\-Palestinian violence",
"[thumb\\|A demonstration in support of [Fatah](/wiki/Fatah \"Fatah\") in [Gaza City](/wiki/Gaza_City \"Gaza City\") in January 2013](/wiki/File:2013_Fatah_anniversary_rally_in_Gaza_%2804%29.jpg \"2013 Fatah anniversary rally in Gaza (04).jpg\")\nFighting among rival Palestinian and Arab movements has played a crucial role in shaping Israel's security policy towards Palestinian militants, as well as in the Palestinian leadership's own policies.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2010}} As early as the [1930s revolts in Palestine](/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine \"1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine\"), Arab forces fought each other while also skirmishing with Zionist and British forces, and internal conflicts continue to the present day.{{cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"In the [First Intifada](/wiki/First_Intifada \"First Intifada\"), more than a thousand Palestinians were killed in a campaign initiated by the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization \"Palestine Liberation Organization\") to crack down on suspected [Israeli security service](/wiki/Shin_Bet \"Shin Bet\") informers and collaborators. The [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority \"Palestinian Authority\") was strongly criticized for its treatment of alleged collaborators, rights groups complaining that those labeled collaborators were denied fair trials. According to a report released by the [Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group](/wiki/Palestinian_Human_Rights_Monitoring_Group \"Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group\"), less than 45 percent of those killed were actually guilty of informing for Israel.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2002\\-05\\-22 \\|title\\=How Israel builds its fifth column \\|work\\=\\[\\[Christian Science Monitor]] \\|url\\=https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0522/p01s04\\-wome.html/(page)/2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-05 \\|issn\\=0882\\-7729 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205555/https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0522/p01s04\\-wome.html/(page)/2 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{better source needed\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"### Overriding authority and international status",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=September 2018}}\n[thumb\\|[Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 \"Area C (West Bank)\"), controlled by Israel [under Oslo Accords](/wiki/West_Bank_Areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord \"West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord\"), in blue and red, in December 2011](/wiki/File:Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank%2C_Area_C.png \"Restricted space in the West Bank, Area C.png\")",
"As far as Israel is concerned, the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority is derived from the [Oslo Accords](/wiki/Oslo_Accords \"Oslo Accords\"), signed with the PLO, under which it acquired control over cities in the Palestinian territories (Area A) while the surrounding countryside came either under Israeli security and Palestinian civil administration (Area B) or complete Israeli civil administration ([Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 \"Area C (West Bank)\")). Israel has built additional highways to allow Israelis to traverse the area without entering Palestinian cities in Area A. The initial areas under Palestinian Authority control are diverse and non\\-contiguous. The areas have changed over time by subsequent negotiations, including [Oslo II](/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord \"Oslo II Accord\"), [Wye River](/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum \"Wye River Memorandum\") and [Sharm el\\-Sheik](/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum \"Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum\"). According to Palestinians, the separated areas make it impossible to create a viable nation and fails to address Palestinian security needs; Israel has expressed no agreement to withdrawal from some Areas B, resulting in no reduction in the division of the Palestinian areas, and the institution of a safe pass system, without Israeli checkpoints, between these parts.",
"Under the Oslo Accords, as a security measure, Israel has insisted on its control over all land, sea and air border crossings into the Palestinian territories, and the right to set import and export controls. This is to enable Israel to control the entry into the territories of materials of military significance and of potentially dangerous persons.",
"The PLO's objective for [international recognition of the State of Palestine](/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine \"International recognition of the State of Palestine\") is considered by Israel as a provocative \"unilateral\" act that is inconsistent with the Oslo Accords.",
"### Economic disputes and boycotts",
"{{See also\\|Economy of the Palestinian territories\\|Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions}}\nIn Gaza, the agricultural market suffers from economic boycotts and border closures and restrictions placed by Israel.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://press.un.org/en/2022/gaef3574\\.doc.htm \\|title\\=From 1947 to 2023: Retracing the complex, tragic Israeli\\-Palestinian conflict \\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115131429/https://press.un.org/en/2022/gaef3574\\.doc.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The PA's Minister of Agriculture estimates that around US$1\\.2 billion were lost in September 2006 because of these security measures. This embargo was brought on by Hamas' refusal to recognize Israel's right to statehood.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2023}} As a result, the PA's 160,000 employees have not received their salaries in over one year.{{cite news \\|last\\=Patience \\|first\\=Martin \\|title\\=Q\\&A: Palestinian Embargo \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/6768931\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=BBC Jerusalem \\|date\\=19 June 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/6768931\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early years
Andrews became interested in figure skating after her mother brought her to the ice rink when she was three. She recalled in 2018: "I wanted to get on the ice really, really bad, but I was too small, so I had to wait." She began learning to skate in 2005\. A video of nine\-year\-old Andrews skating to [Whip My Hair](/wiki/Whip_My_Hair "Whip My Hair") went viral after appearing on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") in December 2010\. By March 2018, it had reached 53 million views.
[Derrick Delmore](/wiki/Derrick_Delmore "Derrick Delmore") became her coach around 2013\. Andrews placed 6th on the novice level at the [2016 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2016_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships").
### 2016–2017 season
Andrews decided to move up to the junior level, coached by Delmore and Peter Kongkasem in [Lakewood, California](/wiki/Lakewood%2C_California "Lakewood, California") and [Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California "Riverside, California"). Making her international debut, she won the junior ladies title at the [Golden Bear of Zagreb](/wiki/Golden_Bear_of_Zagreb "Golden Bear of Zagreb") in October 2016\.
In January, she received the junior silver medal at the [2017 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2017_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"). After [Amber Glenn](/wiki/Amber_Glenn "Amber Glenn") withdrew, Andrews was added to the U.S. team to the [2017 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2017_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "2017 World Junior Figure Skating Championships") in [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei"), Taiwan. At the event, held in March, she qualified to the final segment by placing ninth in the short program and went on to finish twelfth overall.
### 2017–2018 season
Andrews began her season on the junior level, placing fifth at the [ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Austria "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria"). In December, making her senior international debut, she placed sixth at the [2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/2017_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb "2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb"), where she also obtained the minimum technical scores for both senior\-level [ISU Championships](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships "ISU Figure Skating Championships").
In January, Andrews finished sixth in the senior ladies' category at the [2018 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2018_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"), having placed eighth in the short program and fifth in the free skate. She was assigned to the [2018 Four Continents](/wiki/2018_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2018 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships"), where she placed seventh, and the [2018 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2018_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships"), from which she withdrew. She was replaced by [Emmy Ma](/wiki/Emmy_Ma "Emmy Ma").
### 2018–2019 season
In early August, Andrews competed at the [2018 CS Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy](/wiki/2018_CS_Asian_Open_Figure_Skating_Trophy "2018 CS Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy"); she placed second in the short program with a personal best score but dropped to fifth after the free skate. In September, at the [2018 CS Autumn Classic International](/wiki/2018_CS_Autumn_Classic_International "2018 CS Autumn Classic International"), she ranked fifth in the short and seventh overall. She attempted the triple Axel in the free program, but her jump had a two\-footed landing and was downgraded due to insufficient rotation. She made her [Grand Prix](/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating") debut in October at the [2018 Skate America](/wiki/2018_Skate_America "2018 Skate America") and placed ninth in the short program, tenth in the free skate, and tenth overall. She was also invited to the [2018 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2018_Skate_Canada_International "2018 Skate Canada International"), where she placed fourth in the short program, ninth in the free skate, and seventh overall.
Andrews placed eighth at the [2019 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2019_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2019 U.S. Figure Skating Championships").
### 2019–2020 season
[thumb\|Andrews performing short program at the [2019 Internationaux de France](/wiki/2019_Internationaux_de_France "2019 Internationaux de France")](/wiki/File:2019_Internationaux_de_France_Friday_ladies_SP_group_1_Starr_ANDREWS_8D9A6718.jpg "2019 Internationaux de France Friday ladies SP group 1 Starr ANDREWS 8D9A6718.jpg")
Beginning on the [Challenger series](/wiki/2019-20_ISU_Challenger_Series "2019-20 ISU Challenger Series"), Andrews placed fifth at both the [2019 CS Lombardia Trophy](/wiki/2019_CS_Lombardia_Trophy "2019 CS Lombardia Trophy") and the [2019 CS Finlandia Trophy](/wiki/2019_CS_Finlandia_Trophy "2019 CS Finlandia Trophy"). On the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2019-20_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "2019-20 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating"), Andrews placed fourth in the short program at the [2019 Internationaux de France](/wiki/2019_Internationaux_de_France "2019 Internationaux de France") with a new personal best. Fifth in the free skate, she placed fifth overall.
Andrews finished sixth at the [2020 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2020_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2020 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"). Finishing the season at the [2020 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2020_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "2020 World Junior Figure Skating Championships"), Andrews placed eighth.
### 2020–2021 season
Andrews started her season competing at the ISP Points Challenge, a virtual US domestic competition. At the first opportunity, she placed fourth. She was assigned to compete at the [2020 Skate America](/wiki/2020_Skate_America "2020 Skate America") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas"), an event attended only by skaters training in the United States due to the [coronavirus pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). She placed eighth.
Competing at the [2021 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2021_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2021 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"), also held in Las Vegas, Andrews placed twelfth.
### 2021–2022 season
Beginning the Olympic season on the [Challenger series](/wiki/2021-22_ISU_Challenger_Series "2021-22 ISU Challenger Series"), Andrews placed fifth at the [2021 CS Autumn Classic International](/wiki/2021_CS_Autumn_Classic_International "2021 CS Autumn Classic International").
Following [Bradie Tennell](/wiki/Bradie_Tennell "Bradie Tennell")'s withdrawal from the [2021 Skate America](/wiki/2021_Skate_America "2021 Skate America"), Andrews was named to replace her. She placed tenth at the event. She finished in fifth at the [2021 CS Cup of Austria](/wiki/2021_CS_Cup_of_Austria "2021 CS Cup of Austria"). She had to withdraw from the [2021 Internationaux de France](/wiki/2021_Internationaux_de_France "2021 Internationaux de France") due to an injury in the warmup.
Andrews finished ninth at the [2022 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2022_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2022 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"). This result earned her an assignment to the [2022 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2022_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2022 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships"), where she came ninth as well.
### 2022–2023 season
Andrews finished in sixth place at the [2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy](/wiki/2022_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy "2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy") to start the season. At her first [Grand Prix](/wiki/2022-23_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "2022-23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating") assignment, the [2022 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2022_Skate_Canada_International "2022 Skate Canada International"), she finished fifth in the short program in a close field. She then "surprised" many by finishing second in the free skate, rising to take the silver medal. She became the first [African American](/wiki/African_American "African American") woman to medal in singles in the [Grand Prix era](/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating") that began in 1995, and the second [Black](/wiki/Black_people "Black people") woman after Frenchwoman [Surya Bonaly](/wiki/Surya_Bonaly "Surya Bonaly"). Andrews noted the significance, saying "it is a huge deal for me. I am one of the few people of color in the sport, and to bring home a medal is even more special." Heading into the [2022 NHK Trophy](/wiki/2022_NHK_Trophy "2022 NHK Trophy"), she planned to add a second [flip](/wiki/Flip_jump "Flip jump") to her free skate, having recovered from an ankle "tweak" that had necessitated lessening her content in the early events. Fifth in the short program, she dropped to ninth after the free skate, where she singled her planned second flip.
At the [2023 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2023_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"), Andrews placed narrowly third in the short program. In the free skate she made two jump errors and was overtaken for the bronze medal by [Amber Glenn](/wiki/Amber_Glenn "Amber Glenn"), but still won the pewter medal and stood on the senior podium for the first time in her career. She was the first African\-American woman to stand on the US podium since [Debi Thomas](/wiki/Debi_Thomas "Debi Thomas") in [1988](/wiki/1988_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "1988 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"), which Andrews acknowledged as "amazing."
### 2023–2024 season
[thumb\|150px\|left\|Andrews at the [2023 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2023_Skate_Canada_International "2023 Skate Canada International")](/wiki/File:Skate_Canada_2023_-_Starr_Andrews.jpg "Skate Canada 2023 - Starr Andrews.jpg")
Andrews' preparation for the new season was first delayed while spending time preparing for a potential appearance at [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_%28festival%29 "Coachella (festival)") that ultimately did not come to fruition. She then had heart surgery to deal with [atrial tachycardia](/wiki/Atrial_tachycardia "Atrial tachycardia"), which she had been dealing with for a decade. She was ultimately able to begin work on her programs by July, but did not feature in early domestic and international competitions due both to the delays and to an unrelated illness. She finally debuted at the Kings Cup International in early October, winning the silver medal.
Beginning on the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2023-24_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "2023-24 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating") at the [2023 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2023_Skate_Canada_International "2023 Skate Canada International"), she finished sixth in the short program. Jump problems in the free skate dropped her to eighth place. She went on came tenth at the [2023 Grand Prix of Espoo](/wiki/2023_Grand_Prix_of_Espoo "2023 Grand Prix of Espoo").
Competing at the [2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/2023_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb "2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb") in Croatia, Andrews won the bronze medal.
At the [2024 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2024_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2024 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"), Andrews ninth in the short program but delivered a strong fifth\-place free skate and moved up to sixth overall.
### 2024–2025 season
Andrews began the season by competing on the [2024–25 ISU Challenger Series](/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_ISU_Challenger_Series "2024–25 ISU Challenger Series"), finishing fifth at the [2024 CS Cranberry Cup International](/wiki/2024_CS_Cranberry_Cup_International "2024 CS Cranberry Cup International") and tenth at the [2024 CS Denis Ten Memorial Challenge](/wiki/2024_CS_Denis_Ten_Memorial_Challenge "2024 CS Denis Ten Memorial Challenge").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early years",
"Andrews became interested in figure skating after her mother brought her to the ice rink when she was three. She recalled in 2018: \"I wanted to get on the ice really, really bad, but I was too small, so I had to wait.\" She began learning to skate in 2005\\. A video of nine\\-year\\-old Andrews skating to [Whip My Hair](/wiki/Whip_My_Hair \"Whip My Hair\") went viral after appearing on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") in December 2010\\. By March 2018, it had reached 53 million views.",
"[Derrick Delmore](/wiki/Derrick_Delmore \"Derrick Delmore\") became her coach around 2013\\. Andrews placed 6th on the novice level at the [2016 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2016_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\").",
"### 2016–2017 season",
"Andrews decided to move up to the junior level, coached by Delmore and Peter Kongkasem in [Lakewood, California](/wiki/Lakewood%2C_California \"Lakewood, California\") and [Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California \"Riverside, California\"). Making her international debut, she won the junior ladies title at the [Golden Bear of Zagreb](/wiki/Golden_Bear_of_Zagreb \"Golden Bear of Zagreb\") in October 2016\\.",
"In January, she received the junior silver medal at the [2017 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2017_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"). After [Amber Glenn](/wiki/Amber_Glenn \"Amber Glenn\") withdrew, Andrews was added to the U.S. team to the [2017 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2017_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2017 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") in [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"), Taiwan. At the event, held in March, she qualified to the final segment by placing ninth in the short program and went on to finish twelfth overall.",
"### 2017–2018 season",
"Andrews began her season on the junior level, placing fifth at the [ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Austria \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria\"). In December, making her senior international debut, she placed sixth at the [2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/2017_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb \"2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb\"), where she also obtained the minimum technical scores for both senior\\-level [ISU Championships](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships \"ISU Figure Skating Championships\").",
"In January, Andrews finished sixth in the senior ladies' category at the [2018 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2018_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"), having placed eighth in the short program and fifth in the free skate. She was assigned to the [2018 Four Continents](/wiki/2018_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2018 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\"), where she placed seventh, and the [2018 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2018_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\"), from which she withdrew. She was replaced by [Emmy Ma](/wiki/Emmy_Ma \"Emmy Ma\").",
"### 2018–2019 season",
"In early August, Andrews competed at the [2018 CS Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy](/wiki/2018_CS_Asian_Open_Figure_Skating_Trophy \"2018 CS Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy\"); she placed second in the short program with a personal best score but dropped to fifth after the free skate. In September, at the [2018 CS Autumn Classic International](/wiki/2018_CS_Autumn_Classic_International \"2018 CS Autumn Classic International\"), she ranked fifth in the short and seventh overall. She attempted the triple Axel in the free program, but her jump had a two\\-footed landing and was downgraded due to insufficient rotation. She made her [Grand Prix](/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") debut in October at the [2018 Skate America](/wiki/2018_Skate_America \"2018 Skate America\") and placed ninth in the short program, tenth in the free skate, and tenth overall. She was also invited to the [2018 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2018_Skate_Canada_International \"2018 Skate Canada International\"), where she placed fourth in the short program, ninth in the free skate, and seventh overall.",
"Andrews placed eighth at the [2019 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2019_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2019 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\").",
"### 2019–2020 season",
"[thumb\\|Andrews performing short program at the [2019 Internationaux de France](/wiki/2019_Internationaux_de_France \"2019 Internationaux de France\")](/wiki/File:2019_Internationaux_de_France_Friday_ladies_SP_group_1_Starr_ANDREWS_8D9A6718.jpg \"2019 Internationaux de France Friday ladies SP group 1 Starr ANDREWS 8D9A6718.jpg\")",
"Beginning on the [Challenger series](/wiki/2019-20_ISU_Challenger_Series \"2019-20 ISU Challenger Series\"), Andrews placed fifth at both the [2019 CS Lombardia Trophy](/wiki/2019_CS_Lombardia_Trophy \"2019 CS Lombardia Trophy\") and the [2019 CS Finlandia Trophy](/wiki/2019_CS_Finlandia_Trophy \"2019 CS Finlandia Trophy\"). On the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2019-20_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"2019-20 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\"), Andrews placed fourth in the short program at the [2019 Internationaux de France](/wiki/2019_Internationaux_de_France \"2019 Internationaux de France\") with a new personal best. Fifth in the free skate, she placed fifth overall.",
"Andrews finished sixth at the [2020 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2020_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2020 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"). Finishing the season at the [2020 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2020_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2020 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\"), Andrews placed eighth.",
"### 2020–2021 season",
"Andrews started her season competing at the ISP Points Challenge, a virtual US domestic competition. At the first opportunity, she placed fourth. She was assigned to compete at the [2020 Skate America](/wiki/2020_Skate_America \"2020 Skate America\") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\"), an event attended only by skaters training in the United States due to the [coronavirus pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). She placed eighth.",
"Competing at the [2021 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2021_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2021 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"), also held in Las Vegas, Andrews placed twelfth.",
"### 2021–2022 season",
"Beginning the Olympic season on the [Challenger series](/wiki/2021-22_ISU_Challenger_Series \"2021-22 ISU Challenger Series\"), Andrews placed fifth at the [2021 CS Autumn Classic International](/wiki/2021_CS_Autumn_Classic_International \"2021 CS Autumn Classic International\").",
"Following [Bradie Tennell](/wiki/Bradie_Tennell \"Bradie Tennell\")'s withdrawal from the [2021 Skate America](/wiki/2021_Skate_America \"2021 Skate America\"), Andrews was named to replace her. She placed tenth at the event. She finished in fifth at the [2021 CS Cup of Austria](/wiki/2021_CS_Cup_of_Austria \"2021 CS Cup of Austria\"). She had to withdraw from the [2021 Internationaux de France](/wiki/2021_Internationaux_de_France \"2021 Internationaux de France\") due to an injury in the warmup.",
"Andrews finished ninth at the [2022 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2022_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2022 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"). This result earned her an assignment to the [2022 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2022_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2022 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\"), where she came ninth as well.",
"### 2022–2023 season",
"Andrews finished in sixth place at the [2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy](/wiki/2022_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy \"2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy\") to start the season. At her first [Grand Prix](/wiki/2022-23_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"2022-23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") assignment, the [2022 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2022_Skate_Canada_International \"2022 Skate Canada International\"), she finished fifth in the short program in a close field. She then \"surprised\" many by finishing second in the free skate, rising to take the silver medal. She became the first [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\") woman to medal in singles in the [Grand Prix era](/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") that began in 1995, and the second [Black](/wiki/Black_people \"Black people\") woman after Frenchwoman [Surya Bonaly](/wiki/Surya_Bonaly \"Surya Bonaly\"). Andrews noted the significance, saying \"it is a huge deal for me. I am one of the few people of color in the sport, and to bring home a medal is even more special.\" Heading into the [2022 NHK Trophy](/wiki/2022_NHK_Trophy \"2022 NHK Trophy\"), she planned to add a second [flip](/wiki/Flip_jump \"Flip jump\") to her free skate, having recovered from an ankle \"tweak\" that had necessitated lessening her content in the early events. Fifth in the short program, she dropped to ninth after the free skate, where she singled her planned second flip.",
"At the [2023 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2023_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"), Andrews placed narrowly third in the short program. In the free skate she made two jump errors and was overtaken for the bronze medal by [Amber Glenn](/wiki/Amber_Glenn \"Amber Glenn\"), but still won the pewter medal and stood on the senior podium for the first time in her career. She was the first African\\-American woman to stand on the US podium since [Debi Thomas](/wiki/Debi_Thomas \"Debi Thomas\") in [1988](/wiki/1988_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"1988 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"), which Andrews acknowledged as \"amazing.\"",
"### 2023–2024 season",
"[thumb\\|150px\\|left\\|Andrews at the [2023 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2023_Skate_Canada_International \"2023 Skate Canada International\")](/wiki/File:Skate_Canada_2023_-_Starr_Andrews.jpg \"Skate Canada 2023 - Starr Andrews.jpg\")",
"Andrews' preparation for the new season was first delayed while spending time preparing for a potential appearance at [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_%28festival%29 \"Coachella (festival)\") that ultimately did not come to fruition. She then had heart surgery to deal with [atrial tachycardia](/wiki/Atrial_tachycardia \"Atrial tachycardia\"), which she had been dealing with for a decade. She was ultimately able to begin work on her programs by July, but did not feature in early domestic and international competitions due both to the delays and to an unrelated illness. She finally debuted at the Kings Cup International in early October, winning the silver medal.",
"Beginning on the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2023-24_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"2023-24 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") at the [2023 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2023_Skate_Canada_International \"2023 Skate Canada International\"), she finished sixth in the short program. Jump problems in the free skate dropped her to eighth place. She went on came tenth at the [2023 Grand Prix of Espoo](/wiki/2023_Grand_Prix_of_Espoo \"2023 Grand Prix of Espoo\").",
"Competing at the [2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/2023_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb \"2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb\") in Croatia, Andrews won the bronze medal.",
"At the [2024 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2024_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2024 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"), Andrews ninth in the short program but delivered a strong fifth\\-place free skate and moved up to sixth overall.",
"### 2024–2025 season",
"Andrews began the season by competing on the [2024–25 ISU Challenger Series](/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_ISU_Challenger_Series \"2024–25 ISU Challenger Series\"), finishing fifth at the [2024 CS Cranberry Cup International](/wiki/2024_CS_Cranberry_Cup_International \"2024 CS Cranberry Cup International\") and tenth at the [2024 CS Denis Ten Memorial Challenge](/wiki/2024_CS_Denis_Ten_Memorial_Challenge \"2024 CS Denis Ten Memorial Challenge\").",
""
] |
Character arc
-------------
### *Dallas*
[thumb\|right\|150px\|Valene's (Joan Van Ark, pictured in present day) storylines primarily revolved around her romantic relationship with [Gary Ewing](/wiki/Gary_Ewing "Gary Ewing"), the love of her life, with other characters often added internal conflict.](/wiki/File:Joan_Van_Ark.jpg "Joan Van Ark.jpg")
Valene Ewing first appears in *Dallas* in 1978, as the mother of [Lucy Ewing](/wiki/Lucy_Ewing "Lucy Ewing") ([Charlene Tilton](/wiki/Charlene_Tilton "Charlene Tilton")) and the ex\-wife of [Gary Ewing](/wiki/Gary_Ewing "Gary Ewing") ([David Ackroyd](/wiki/David_Ackroyd "David Ackroyd"), later played by [Ted Shackelford](/wiki/Ted_Shackelford "Ted Shackelford")), the middle son and the black sheep of the Ewing family. Valene and Gary Ewing were first married in their adolescence in 1960, when Gary was 17 years old and Valene was 15\. When a pregnant Valene persuades Gary to take her to the Southfork Ranch in order to introduce her to his family, they settle down at Southfork, and [Miss Ellie](/wiki/Miss_Ellie "Miss Ellie") ([Barbara Bel Geddes](/wiki/Barbara_Bel_Geddes "Barbara Bel Geddes")) gave Gary a job as ranch foreman. However, Gary and Valene were soon pressured and manipulated by Gary's older brother, [J.R.](/wiki/J.R._Ewing "J.R. Ewing") ([Larry Hagman](/wiki/Larry_Hagman "Larry Hagman")), who constantly tried to undermine and destroy their marriage. Gary's father [Jock](/wiki/Jock_Ewing "Jock Ewing") ([Jim Davis](/wiki/Jim_Davis_%28actor%29 "Jim Davis (actor)")) liked Valene and was excited to become a grandfather, but put pressure on Gary to stand up and face his responsibilities for becoming a teenage husband and father\-to\-be. When Valene gives birth to Lucy, J.R. makes it clear that the child is an Ewing and will be raised by the Ewings themselves. J.R.'s constant interference causes Gary and Val's marriage to collapse. Under the pressure, Gary fell victim to alcoholism, became violent in the process and walked out on Val and Lucy. With Gary gone, Valene is then driven off Southfork by J.R., but she soon returns to get baby Lucy and flees to [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), and later to her home state of [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee"), where she tries to get help from her mother, [Lilimae Clements](/wiki/Lilimae_Clements "Lilimae Clements") ([Julie Harris](/wiki/Julie_Harris "Julie Harris")), to take them in, but they are turned away. At this point, Valene and Lucy had already been tracked down by heavies that were hired by J.R. and the heavies rip Lucy right out of Valene's arms, and take Lucy back to Southfork to be raised by her paternal grandparents. When Valene later tried to take legal action to get Lucy back, J.R. warned Valene that he'd kill her if she came back to Texas. Valene is prevented from seeing her daughter again for many years as a result of this.
Valene's bitterness over her mother's indifference, and the subsequent loss of Lucy is not resolved until 1980, shortly after she and Gary had moved to Knots Landing, when Lilimae shows up unannounced. After a tense reunion, she eventually makes peace with Val. Much of Valene's early backstory is told through flashbacks in episodes of *Knots Landing*, and is only briefly referenced in *Dallas*.
While working in a diner in 1978, Valene decided to wait for Lucy outside her school and they got to know each other. They stayed in contact with each other in secret for several months afterward. In the fall of 1978, Lucy arranges a reunion for her parents. Gary and Valene move back to Southfork for a short time, but their reunion is again undermined by J.R., who arranged for Gary to take charge of a failing company, hoping that the pressure would drive Gary away. Gary realized that he would fall off the wagon unless he left Southfork, so he departed. J.R. then turned on Valene, trying to bribe her to leave (but Bobby and Lucy overhear J.R. and Valene's exchange and Lucy realizes that it was J.R. who was responsible for her estrangement from her mother, and that Valene didn't abandon her voluntarily). In December 1979, Valene and Gary are reunited once more in *Dallas*, and get married for the second time. Jock and Miss Ellie attend the wedding, as do Gary's brother [Bobby](/wiki/Bobby_Ewing "Bobby Ewing") ([Patrick Duffy](/wiki/Patrick_Duffy "Patrick Duffy")) and sister\-in\-law [Pamela Barnes Ewing](/wiki/Pamela_Barnes_Ewing "Pamela Barnes Ewing") ([Victoria Principal](/wiki/Victoria_Principal "Victoria Principal")). Shortly afterward, they move to [California](/wiki/California "California"), to live in a home that Miss Ellie had bought for them as a wedding gift.
Valene also appears in the final episode of *Dallas* during J.R.'s dream, which showed how things would have turned out had J.R. never existed. In this dream, Val meets Gary for the first time when they are both middle aged and they take a liking to each other, highlighting the idea that Gary and Val were always destined to end up together one way or another.
### *Knots Landing*
After their remarriage, Gary and Valene move to Knots Landing, a coastal suburb of Los Angeles, California. Valene is initially skeptical of the move, and describes Knots Landing as "no place to start over". She is struck by her neighbors, the Fairgates, and particularly by Sid's daughter, Annie, from Sid's first marriage, who reminds Val of her own daughter, Lucy. Gary is determined to stay and convinces Val to give Knots Landing a chance. Val becomes involved in [John B. Anderson's](/wiki/John_B._Anderson "John B. Anderson") Independent [1980 presidential election](/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election "1980 United States presidential election") effort, joining the local chapter of the Anderson\-Lucey '80 campaign. She also signs up neighbor [Karen Fairgate](/wiki/Karen_Fairgate "Karen Fairgate") ([Michele Lee](/wiki/Michele_Lee "Michele Lee")) and the pair eventually become best friends, a relationship struck when Annie, on the run, turns to Val for help, and Val convinces her to return to her father and stepmother. Val remained a central character on the show from 1979 to 1992\. Gary and Val's daughter, Lucy, visits her parents in Knots Landing and appears in one episode in the show's first season. Though largely uneducated, Valene discovers she has a talent for writing and writes a thinly veiled exposé of the Ewings of *Dallas* called "Capricorn Crude". Gary is extremely critical of the book, which affects their marriage. However, the book is published and Val becomes a best\-selling novelist and financially independent. Val leaves Gary after Gary's affair with his neighbor and business partner, [Abby Cunningham](/wiki/Abby_Cunningham "Abby Cunningham") ([Donna Mills](/wiki/Donna_Mills "Donna Mills")); and Val keeps the house in Seaview Circle. Gary and Val's second marriage ended in divorce nearly a year later. Val is subsequently married to Ben Gibson ([Doug Sheehan](/wiki/Doug_Sheehan "Doug Sheehan")) (1985–1987\), and later briefly to Danny Waleska ([Sam Behrens](/wiki/Sam_Behrens "Sam Behrens")) (1990\).
One of Val's most memorable storylines occurs during the 1984–85 season when she is told that her infant twins are [stillborn](/wiki/Stillborn "Stillborn"). Val senses that this could not be true as she clearly remembers hearing the babies cry. She suffers a nervous breakdown and disappears from Knots Landing for several months, and is later reunited with her babies, thanks largely to the investigations secretly undertaken by her neighbors Mack and [Karen MacKenzie](/wiki/Karen_MacKenzie "Karen MacKenzie"). During this storyline, Valene's home town is revealed as Shula, [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") (a fictional community in real\-life [Johnson County](/wiki/Johnson_County%2C_Tennessee "Johnson County, Tennessee")). In 1991, over 8 years after their second divorce, Gary and Val got married for the third time (Valene's fifth marriage, and Gary's fourth). While working on an assignment to write a biography about Greg Sumner ([William Devane](/wiki/William_Devane "William Devane")) in 1992, Valene crosses paths with some mafioso type characters who are targeting Sumner. Fearing that she could expose them, they kidnap Val and she is later believed to have died in a car accident. Joan Van Ark had decided to leave the series in 1992, at the end of Season 13, which turned out to be the show's penultimate season. However, Van Ark came back in the 2\-part finale to the show's final season in 1993, when it was discovered that Val was never in the car. Having escaped her kidnappers, she later returns to the cul\-de\-sac. Valene is seen once again in the 1997 reunion mini\-series *[Knots Landing: Back to the Cul\-de\-Sac](/wiki/Knots_Landing:Back_to_the_Cul-de-Sac "Back to the Cul-de-Sac")* where she begins a new career as a screenwriter and adapts her best\-selling novel "Hostage", which tells the story of her kidnapping five years earlier, into a film.
### *Dallas (2012 TV series)*
In 2013, it transpires Gary and Valene have separated again due to Gary falling off the wagon. [Sue Ellen Ewing](/wiki/Sue_Ellen_Ewing "Sue Ellen Ewing") ([Linda Gray](/wiki/Linda_Gray "Linda Gray")) calls Val on behalf of Gary, to tell her that Gary misses her. Val shows up at Southfork with her daughter Lucy, where she is met with a frosty reception from Gary. Val realizes she has returned to Dallas under false pretences and confronts Sue Ellen, who tells her to work things out with Gary while she still has the chance. Eventually, Gary and Valene return to their home in California together.
|
[
"Character arc\n-------------",
"### *Dallas*",
"[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|Valene's (Joan Van Ark, pictured in present day) storylines primarily revolved around her romantic relationship with [Gary Ewing](/wiki/Gary_Ewing \"Gary Ewing\"), the love of her life, with other characters often added internal conflict.](/wiki/File:Joan_Van_Ark.jpg \"Joan Van Ark.jpg\")\nValene Ewing first appears in *Dallas* in 1978, as the mother of [Lucy Ewing](/wiki/Lucy_Ewing \"Lucy Ewing\") ([Charlene Tilton](/wiki/Charlene_Tilton \"Charlene Tilton\")) and the ex\\-wife of [Gary Ewing](/wiki/Gary_Ewing \"Gary Ewing\") ([David Ackroyd](/wiki/David_Ackroyd \"David Ackroyd\"), later played by [Ted Shackelford](/wiki/Ted_Shackelford \"Ted Shackelford\")), the middle son and the black sheep of the Ewing family. Valene and Gary Ewing were first married in their adolescence in 1960, when Gary was 17 years old and Valene was 15\\. When a pregnant Valene persuades Gary to take her to the Southfork Ranch in order to introduce her to his family, they settle down at Southfork, and [Miss Ellie](/wiki/Miss_Ellie \"Miss Ellie\") ([Barbara Bel Geddes](/wiki/Barbara_Bel_Geddes \"Barbara Bel Geddes\")) gave Gary a job as ranch foreman. However, Gary and Valene were soon pressured and manipulated by Gary's older brother, [J.R.](/wiki/J.R._Ewing \"J.R. Ewing\") ([Larry Hagman](/wiki/Larry_Hagman \"Larry Hagman\")), who constantly tried to undermine and destroy their marriage. Gary's father [Jock](/wiki/Jock_Ewing \"Jock Ewing\") ([Jim Davis](/wiki/Jim_Davis_%28actor%29 \"Jim Davis (actor)\")) liked Valene and was excited to become a grandfather, but put pressure on Gary to stand up and face his responsibilities for becoming a teenage husband and father\\-to\\-be. When Valene gives birth to Lucy, J.R. makes it clear that the child is an Ewing and will be raised by the Ewings themselves. J.R.'s constant interference causes Gary and Val's marriage to collapse. Under the pressure, Gary fell victim to alcoholism, became violent in the process and walked out on Val and Lucy. With Gary gone, Valene is then driven off Southfork by J.R., but she soon returns to get baby Lucy and flees to [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"), and later to her home state of [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\"), where she tries to get help from her mother, [Lilimae Clements](/wiki/Lilimae_Clements \"Lilimae Clements\") ([Julie Harris](/wiki/Julie_Harris \"Julie Harris\")), to take them in, but they are turned away. At this point, Valene and Lucy had already been tracked down by heavies that were hired by J.R. and the heavies rip Lucy right out of Valene's arms, and take Lucy back to Southfork to be raised by her paternal grandparents. When Valene later tried to take legal action to get Lucy back, J.R. warned Valene that he'd kill her if she came back to Texas. Valene is prevented from seeing her daughter again for many years as a result of this.",
"Valene's bitterness over her mother's indifference, and the subsequent loss of Lucy is not resolved until 1980, shortly after she and Gary had moved to Knots Landing, when Lilimae shows up unannounced. After a tense reunion, she eventually makes peace with Val. Much of Valene's early backstory is told through flashbacks in episodes of *Knots Landing*, and is only briefly referenced in *Dallas*.",
"While working in a diner in 1978, Valene decided to wait for Lucy outside her school and they got to know each other. They stayed in contact with each other in secret for several months afterward. In the fall of 1978, Lucy arranges a reunion for her parents. Gary and Valene move back to Southfork for a short time, but their reunion is again undermined by J.R., who arranged for Gary to take charge of a failing company, hoping that the pressure would drive Gary away. Gary realized that he would fall off the wagon unless he left Southfork, so he departed. J.R. then turned on Valene, trying to bribe her to leave (but Bobby and Lucy overhear J.R. and Valene's exchange and Lucy realizes that it was J.R. who was responsible for her estrangement from her mother, and that Valene didn't abandon her voluntarily). In December 1979, Valene and Gary are reunited once more in *Dallas*, and get married for the second time. Jock and Miss Ellie attend the wedding, as do Gary's brother [Bobby](/wiki/Bobby_Ewing \"Bobby Ewing\") ([Patrick Duffy](/wiki/Patrick_Duffy \"Patrick Duffy\")) and sister\\-in\\-law [Pamela Barnes Ewing](/wiki/Pamela_Barnes_Ewing \"Pamela Barnes Ewing\") ([Victoria Principal](/wiki/Victoria_Principal \"Victoria Principal\")). Shortly afterward, they move to [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), to live in a home that Miss Ellie had bought for them as a wedding gift.",
"Valene also appears in the final episode of *Dallas* during J.R.'s dream, which showed how things would have turned out had J.R. never existed. In this dream, Val meets Gary for the first time when they are both middle aged and they take a liking to each other, highlighting the idea that Gary and Val were always destined to end up together one way or another.",
"### *Knots Landing*",
"After their remarriage, Gary and Valene move to Knots Landing, a coastal suburb of Los Angeles, California. Valene is initially skeptical of the move, and describes Knots Landing as \"no place to start over\". She is struck by her neighbors, the Fairgates, and particularly by Sid's daughter, Annie, from Sid's first marriage, who reminds Val of her own daughter, Lucy. Gary is determined to stay and convinces Val to give Knots Landing a chance. Val becomes involved in [John B. Anderson's](/wiki/John_B._Anderson \"John B. Anderson\") Independent [1980 presidential election](/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election \"1980 United States presidential election\") effort, joining the local chapter of the Anderson\\-Lucey '80 campaign. She also signs up neighbor [Karen Fairgate](/wiki/Karen_Fairgate \"Karen Fairgate\") ([Michele Lee](/wiki/Michele_Lee \"Michele Lee\")) and the pair eventually become best friends, a relationship struck when Annie, on the run, turns to Val for help, and Val convinces her to return to her father and stepmother. Val remained a central character on the show from 1979 to 1992\\. Gary and Val's daughter, Lucy, visits her parents in Knots Landing and appears in one episode in the show's first season. Though largely uneducated, Valene discovers she has a talent for writing and writes a thinly veiled exposé of the Ewings of *Dallas* called \"Capricorn Crude\". Gary is extremely critical of the book, which affects their marriage. However, the book is published and Val becomes a best\\-selling novelist and financially independent. Val leaves Gary after Gary's affair with his neighbor and business partner, [Abby Cunningham](/wiki/Abby_Cunningham \"Abby Cunningham\") ([Donna Mills](/wiki/Donna_Mills \"Donna Mills\")); and Val keeps the house in Seaview Circle. Gary and Val's second marriage ended in divorce nearly a year later. Val is subsequently married to Ben Gibson ([Doug Sheehan](/wiki/Doug_Sheehan \"Doug Sheehan\")) (1985–1987\\), and later briefly to Danny Waleska ([Sam Behrens](/wiki/Sam_Behrens \"Sam Behrens\")) (1990\\).",
"One of Val's most memorable storylines occurs during the 1984–85 season when she is told that her infant twins are [stillborn](/wiki/Stillborn \"Stillborn\"). Val senses that this could not be true as she clearly remembers hearing the babies cry. She suffers a nervous breakdown and disappears from Knots Landing for several months, and is later reunited with her babies, thanks largely to the investigations secretly undertaken by her neighbors Mack and [Karen MacKenzie](/wiki/Karen_MacKenzie \"Karen MacKenzie\"). During this storyline, Valene's home town is revealed as Shula, [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\") (a fictional community in real\\-life [Johnson County](/wiki/Johnson_County%2C_Tennessee \"Johnson County, Tennessee\")). In 1991, over 8 years after their second divorce, Gary and Val got married for the third time (Valene's fifth marriage, and Gary's fourth). While working on an assignment to write a biography about Greg Sumner ([William Devane](/wiki/William_Devane \"William Devane\")) in 1992, Valene crosses paths with some mafioso type characters who are targeting Sumner. Fearing that she could expose them, they kidnap Val and she is later believed to have died in a car accident. Joan Van Ark had decided to leave the series in 1992, at the end of Season 13, which turned out to be the show's penultimate season. However, Van Ark came back in the 2\\-part finale to the show's final season in 1993, when it was discovered that Val was never in the car. Having escaped her kidnappers, she later returns to the cul\\-de\\-sac. Valene is seen once again in the 1997 reunion mini\\-series *[Knots Landing: Back to the Cul\\-de\\-Sac](/wiki/Knots_Landing:Back_to_the_Cul-de-Sac \"Back to the Cul-de-Sac\")* where she begins a new career as a screenwriter and adapts her best\\-selling novel \"Hostage\", which tells the story of her kidnapping five years earlier, into a film.",
"### *Dallas (2012 TV series)*",
"In 2013, it transpires Gary and Valene have separated again due to Gary falling off the wagon. [Sue Ellen Ewing](/wiki/Sue_Ellen_Ewing \"Sue Ellen Ewing\") ([Linda Gray](/wiki/Linda_Gray \"Linda Gray\")) calls Val on behalf of Gary, to tell her that Gary misses her. Val shows up at Southfork with her daughter Lucy, where she is met with a frosty reception from Gary. Val realizes she has returned to Dallas under false pretences and confronts Sue Ellen, who tells her to work things out with Gary while she still has the chance. Eventually, Gary and Valene return to their home in California together.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Chelsea
Chelsea paid non\-league [Wokingham Town](/wiki/Wokingham_Town_F.C. "Wokingham Town F.C.") £100,000 to seal the signature of 18\-year\-old Barnard in July 1990\. He had to wait almost 2 years for his first\-team debut as he was competing with the established first\-team players [Gareth Hall](/wiki/Gareth_Hall "Gareth Hall") and [Frank Sinclair](/wiki/Frank_Sinclair "Frank Sinclair") for a place in the team. During his time at Chelsea, Barnard played for [Bobby Campbell](/wiki/Bobby_Campbell_%28English_footballer%29 "Bobby Campbell (English footballer)"), [Ian Porterfield](/wiki/Ian_Porterfield "Ian Porterfield") and [Glenn Hoddle](/wiki/Glenn_Hoddle "Glenn Hoddle"), but was only given a regular run in the team by caretaker manager [David Webb](/wiki/David_Webb_%28footballer%29 "David Webb (footballer)"). Barnard was signed at a time when the Blues were attempting to boost their standing in the First Division with the expensive purchases of [Dennis Wise](/wiki/Dennis_Wise "Dennis Wise") and [Andy Townsend](/wiki/Andy_Townsend "Andy Townsend"), Barnard was forced to wait almost two years for his first\-team debut. Comfortable playing anywhere along the left\-flank, his first appearance was as a replacement for [Vinnie Jones](/wiki/Vinnie_Jones "Vinnie Jones") in a 2–1 win over [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") towards the end of the 1991–92 season, and after two further substitute appearances he was rewarded with his first start, that ended with a 3–1 defeat at [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.").
Manager [Ian Porterfield](/wiki/Ian_Porterfield "Ian Porterfield") resisted the opportunity to include Barnard in his side at the beginning of the following campaign, preferring to play Gareth Hall out of position in the absence of regular left\-back Frank Sinclair, and with the exception of an outing at [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.") in October it wasn't until the final three months of the campaign – after [David Webb](/wiki/David_Webb_%28footballer%29 "David Webb (footballer)") was drafted in to replace Porterfield for the remainder of the season – that Barnard began to feature regularly. Given the freedom to roam on the left of Chelsea's midfield, he impressed with a number of cultured displays, the best of which came against [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") when he scored his first goal for the club, in what was a 4–0 win, and ended with a record that season of eight starts resulting in five wins, two draws and just a single defeat. However, Barnard was restricted to only nine starts in 1993–94, primarily as a left\-back.
A mid\-table league campaign was compensated for by a run to the final of the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup"), and although he did not feature in the final itself, Barnard did play in the semi\-final victory over [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. "Luton Town F.C.") after replacing the injured [Craig Burley](/wiki/Craig_Burley "Craig Burley") late in the first half. He struck his only goal of the season in a 2–0 defeat of [West Ham](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") in March, and his final appearance for the club came six weeks later when he was selected for in the side that was beaten by [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.") as Hoddle chose to protect his likely cup final team. Despite remaining with the club for a further 18 months, Barnard failed to reappear in the first\-team, eventually joining [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City "Bristol City") in October 1995 for a fee of £175,000, a move which proved to be a launching pad for his career as he went on to become a full international in the colors of [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_football_team "Wales national football team").
### Bristol City
Barnard transferred to [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. "Bristol City F.C.") for £175,000\. [Darren Barnard\-'I'm not too worried for me' Guardian Article May 2002](https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/may/07/clubsincrisis.football1) Confirms Transfer Fee to Bristol City as £175,000 retrieved 16 November 2010 Two seasons in [Division Two](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division "Football League Second Division") culminated in losing in the playoff semi\-finals to [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. "Brentford F.C."). Bought from Chelsea, where he had made just a handful of first\-team appearances, Barnard initially played on the left\-wing for City. However, manager [Joe Jordan](/wiki/Joe_Jordan_%28footballer%29 "Joe Jordan (footballer)") started to play him at left wing\-back shortly after his move to the club, and before long, Barnard was a fully\-fledged left wing\-back. His ability to run with the ball down the wing, overlap with [Brian Tinnion](/wiki/Brian_Tinnion "Brian Tinnion") and, of course, his free\-kicks had earned him some plaudits. Barnard left the club soon after, to join [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. "Barnsley F.C.") in the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League"), so this partnership was never seen in a competitive City side. Barnard scored 17 goals in 76 games for City.
### Barnsley
Barnsley was looking to strengthen their squad after promotion to the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") for the 1997–98 season, signing Barnard for £750,000 as well as players like [Eric Tinkler](/wiki/Eric_Tinkler "Eric Tinkler") and [Georgi Hristov](/wiki/Gjorgji_Hristov "Gjorgji Hristov"). Barnard became a Welsh international during this season, making his debut for Wales in a 0–0 draw against [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team "Jamaica national football team") on 25 March 1998 and went on to collect 18 caps whilst at Barnsley. Unfortunately for Barnsley, the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") dream lasted only one season, but Barnard played on for them in the [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division "Football League First Division") for another four seasons and played in the 1999–00 playoff final defeat to [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C."), in which he missed the opening penalty in the match, the last missed penalty at the old Wembley Stadium, although Barnsley was awarded another which [Craig Hignett](/wiki/Craig_Hignett "Craig Hignett") scored.{{cite news\|title\=Ipswich triumph at last\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/768682\.stm\|accessdate\=26 September 2018\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=29 May 2000}} In the 1998–99 season, Barnard turned down a move to go to Southampton in November, on his first game after he declined the move, he scored what possibly could be one of the all\-time great goals for his club and himself, a left\-footed volley from the corner of the penalty area after a fine pass by [Nicky Eaden](/wiki/Nicky_Eaden "Nicky Eaden"). The goal was in Barnsley's 7–1 win over Yorkshire rivals [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C. "Huddersfield Town A.F.C.") on 27 November 1998, a game shown live on Sky Sports. Barnard scored 28 goals in 201 appearances for the club with many assists.
### Grimsby Town
Barnard joined [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C. "Grimsby Town F.C.") for the start of the 2002–03 season along with fellow Barnsley player [Steve Chettle](/wiki/Steve_Chettle "Steve Chettle"). Barnard was used as a left\-sided midfielder in his first season while under manager [Paul Groves](/wiki/Paul_Groves_%28footballer%29 "Paul Groves (footballer)") but was also used at left\-back, the latter was primarily his main position after the departure of [Tony Gallimore](/wiki/Tony_Gallimore "Tony Gallimore") in the summer of 2003\. In both Barnard's seasons at [Blundell Park](/wiki/Blundell_Park "Blundell Park") he suffered relegations in which Grimsby went from Division One to Division Three. Following the club's financial difficulties many of Barnard's colleagues had been inexperienced youngsters. Despite not having any luck at his club, Barnard collected another 6 Welsh caps, the last as a substitute against [Norway](/wiki/Norway_national_football_team "Norway national football team") on 27 May 2004, coincidentally alongside former Grimsby teammates [Danny Coyne](/wiki/Danny_Coyne "Danny Coyne") and [John Oster](/wiki/John_Oster "John Oster").
### Aldershot Town
The former Aldershot and Farnborough District schoolboy joined [Aldershot Town](/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C. "Aldershot Town F.C.") in August 2004 after leaving [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town "Grimsby Town"). The Welsh international left\-sided defender was a major signing by the Aldershot manager [Terry Brown](/wiki/Terry_Brown_%28football_chairman%29 "Terry Brown (football chairman)"), becoming the club's penalty taker. In 2007 Barnard was made club captain as well as playing and captaining the Welsh semi Professional side. Barnard scored 24 goals in 127 appearances for Aldershot Town.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Chelsea",
"Chelsea paid non\\-league [Wokingham Town](/wiki/Wokingham_Town_F.C. \"Wokingham Town F.C.\") £100,000 to seal the signature of 18\\-year\\-old Barnard in July 1990\\. He had to wait almost 2 years for his first\\-team debut as he was competing with the established first\\-team players [Gareth Hall](/wiki/Gareth_Hall \"Gareth Hall\") and [Frank Sinclair](/wiki/Frank_Sinclair \"Frank Sinclair\") for a place in the team. During his time at Chelsea, Barnard played for [Bobby Campbell](/wiki/Bobby_Campbell_%28English_footballer%29 \"Bobby Campbell (English footballer)\"), [Ian Porterfield](/wiki/Ian_Porterfield \"Ian Porterfield\") and [Glenn Hoddle](/wiki/Glenn_Hoddle \"Glenn Hoddle\"), but was only given a regular run in the team by caretaker manager [David Webb](/wiki/David_Webb_%28footballer%29 \"David Webb (footballer)\"). Barnard was signed at a time when the Blues were attempting to boost their standing in the First Division with the expensive purchases of [Dennis Wise](/wiki/Dennis_Wise \"Dennis Wise\") and [Andy Townsend](/wiki/Andy_Townsend \"Andy Townsend\"), Barnard was forced to wait almost two years for his first\\-team debut. Comfortable playing anywhere along the left\\-flank, his first appearance was as a replacement for [Vinnie Jones](/wiki/Vinnie_Jones \"Vinnie Jones\") in a 2–1 win over [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") towards the end of the 1991–92 season, and after two further substitute appearances he was rewarded with his first start, that ended with a 3–1 defeat at [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\").",
"Manager [Ian Porterfield](/wiki/Ian_Porterfield \"Ian Porterfield\") resisted the opportunity to include Barnard in his side at the beginning of the following campaign, preferring to play Gareth Hall out of position in the absence of regular left\\-back Frank Sinclair, and with the exception of an outing at [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\") in October it wasn't until the final three months of the campaign – after [David Webb](/wiki/David_Webb_%28footballer%29 \"David Webb (footballer)\") was drafted in to replace Porterfield for the remainder of the season – that Barnard began to feature regularly. Given the freedom to roam on the left of Chelsea's midfield, he impressed with a number of cultured displays, the best of which came against [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") when he scored his first goal for the club, in what was a 4–0 win, and ended with a record that season of eight starts resulting in five wins, two draws and just a single defeat. However, Barnard was restricted to only nine starts in 1993–94, primarily as a left\\-back.",
"A mid\\-table league campaign was compensated for by a run to the final of the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\"), and although he did not feature in the final itself, Barnard did play in the semi\\-final victory over [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. \"Luton Town F.C.\") after replacing the injured [Craig Burley](/wiki/Craig_Burley \"Craig Burley\") late in the first half. He struck his only goal of the season in a 2–0 defeat of [West Ham](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") in March, and his final appearance for the club came six weeks later when he was selected for in the side that was beaten by [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\") as Hoddle chose to protect his likely cup final team. Despite remaining with the club for a further 18 months, Barnard failed to reappear in the first\\-team, eventually joining [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City \"Bristol City\") in October 1995 for a fee of £175,000, a move which proved to be a launching pad for his career as he went on to become a full international in the colors of [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_football_team \"Wales national football team\").",
"### Bristol City",
"Barnard transferred to [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. \"Bristol City F.C.\") for £175,000\\. [Darren Barnard\\-'I'm not too worried for me' Guardian Article May 2002](https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/may/07/clubsincrisis.football1) Confirms Transfer Fee to Bristol City as £175,000 retrieved 16 November 2010 Two seasons in [Division Two](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division \"Football League Second Division\") culminated in losing in the playoff semi\\-finals to [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. \"Brentford F.C.\"). Bought from Chelsea, where he had made just a handful of first\\-team appearances, Barnard initially played on the left\\-wing for City. However, manager [Joe Jordan](/wiki/Joe_Jordan_%28footballer%29 \"Joe Jordan (footballer)\") started to play him at left wing\\-back shortly after his move to the club, and before long, Barnard was a fully\\-fledged left wing\\-back. His ability to run with the ball down the wing, overlap with [Brian Tinnion](/wiki/Brian_Tinnion \"Brian Tinnion\") and, of course, his free\\-kicks had earned him some plaudits. Barnard left the club soon after, to join [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. \"Barnsley F.C.\") in the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\"), so this partnership was never seen in a competitive City side. Barnard scored 17 goals in 76 games for City.",
"### Barnsley",
"Barnsley was looking to strengthen their squad after promotion to the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") for the 1997–98 season, signing Barnard for £750,000 as well as players like [Eric Tinkler](/wiki/Eric_Tinkler \"Eric Tinkler\") and [Georgi Hristov](/wiki/Gjorgji_Hristov \"Gjorgji Hristov\"). Barnard became a Welsh international during this season, making his debut for Wales in a 0–0 draw against [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team \"Jamaica national football team\") on 25 March 1998 and went on to collect 18 caps whilst at Barnsley. Unfortunately for Barnsley, the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") dream lasted only one season, but Barnard played on for them in the [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\") for another four seasons and played in the 1999–00 playoff final defeat to [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\"), in which he missed the opening penalty in the match, the last missed penalty at the old Wembley Stadium, although Barnsley was awarded another which [Craig Hignett](/wiki/Craig_Hignett \"Craig Hignett\") scored.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ipswich triumph at last\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/768682\\.stm\\|accessdate\\=26 September 2018\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=29 May 2000}} In the 1998–99 season, Barnard turned down a move to go to Southampton in November, on his first game after he declined the move, he scored what possibly could be one of the all\\-time great goals for his club and himself, a left\\-footed volley from the corner of the penalty area after a fine pass by [Nicky Eaden](/wiki/Nicky_Eaden \"Nicky Eaden\"). The goal was in Barnsley's 7–1 win over Yorkshire rivals [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C. \"Huddersfield Town A.F.C.\") on 27 November 1998, a game shown live on Sky Sports. Barnard scored 28 goals in 201 appearances for the club with many assists.",
"### Grimsby Town",
"Barnard joined [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C. \"Grimsby Town F.C.\") for the start of the 2002–03 season along with fellow Barnsley player [Steve Chettle](/wiki/Steve_Chettle \"Steve Chettle\"). Barnard was used as a left\\-sided midfielder in his first season while under manager [Paul Groves](/wiki/Paul_Groves_%28footballer%29 \"Paul Groves (footballer)\") but was also used at left\\-back, the latter was primarily his main position after the departure of [Tony Gallimore](/wiki/Tony_Gallimore \"Tony Gallimore\") in the summer of 2003\\. In both Barnard's seasons at [Blundell Park](/wiki/Blundell_Park \"Blundell Park\") he suffered relegations in which Grimsby went from Division One to Division Three. Following the club's financial difficulties many of Barnard's colleagues had been inexperienced youngsters. Despite not having any luck at his club, Barnard collected another 6 Welsh caps, the last as a substitute against [Norway](/wiki/Norway_national_football_team \"Norway national football team\") on 27 May 2004, coincidentally alongside former Grimsby teammates [Danny Coyne](/wiki/Danny_Coyne \"Danny Coyne\") and [John Oster](/wiki/John_Oster \"John Oster\").",
"### Aldershot Town",
"The former Aldershot and Farnborough District schoolboy joined [Aldershot Town](/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C. \"Aldershot Town F.C.\") in August 2004 after leaving [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town \"Grimsby Town\"). The Welsh international left\\-sided defender was a major signing by the Aldershot manager [Terry Brown](/wiki/Terry_Brown_%28football_chairman%29 \"Terry Brown (football chairman)\"), becoming the club's penalty taker. In 2007 Barnard was made club captain as well as playing and captaining the Welsh semi Professional side. Barnard scored 24 goals in 127 appearances for Aldershot Town.",
""
] |
Acting career
-------------
Khoury has worked in a variety of roles on stage including the lead in *Antigone* by Jean Anouih, *The Glass Menagerie* by Tennessee Williams and *Salome* by Oscar Wilde, in Arabic as well as in Hebrew and English. Her television work includes the series *Parashat Hashavua*, written by [Ari Folman](/wiki/Ari_Folman "Ari Folman"), and *[Arab Labor](/wiki/Arab_Labor "Arab Labor")* written by [Sayed Kashua](/wiki/Sayed_Kashua "Sayed Kashua").
She made her big screen debut in 2002 in *[Rana's Wedding](/wiki/Rana%27s_Wedding "Rana's Wedding")*{{cite web \|url\=https://www.popmatters.com/film/reviews/r/ranas\-wedding.shtml \|title\= PopMatters review of "Rana's Wedding" \|website\= popmatters.com \|accessdate\=2011\-01\-14 \|archive\-url\=http://web.archive.org/web/20030919021745/https://www.popmatters.com/film/reviews/r/ranas\-wedding.shtml \|archive\-date\=19 September 2003}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.arabfilm.com/in\_theaters\_reviews\_rana.html \|title\= Arab Films review of "Rana's Wedding" \|website\= arabfilm.com \|accessdate\=9 June 2024}} by [Hany Abu\-Assad](/wiki/Hany_Abu-Assad "Hany Abu-Assad") (director of the Oscar\-nominated *[Paradise Now](/wiki/Paradise_Now "Paradise Now")*) which premiered in the [International Critics' Week](/wiki/International_Critics%27_Week "International Critics' Week") section at the [55th Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival "2002 Cannes Film Festival") representing Palestine.
In 2005 she gained international recognition for her role in *[The Syrian Bride](/wiki/The_Syrian_Bride "The Syrian Bride")*, portraying a young [Druze](/wiki/Druze "Druze") woman who risks losing her family by entering an arranged marriage with a Syrian national.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117924646?refcatid\=31 \|title\= The Syrian Bride (Review)\|work\= Variety \|accessdate\=9 June 2024 \|first\=Leslie \|last\=Felperin \|date\=2004\-08\-17}} Directed by [Eran Riklis](/wiki/Eran_Riklis "Eran Riklis") (*[Lemon Tree](/wiki/Lemon_Tree_%282008_film%29 "Lemon Tree (2008 film)")*) the film won the Audience Prize at the [Locarno Film Festival](/wiki/Locarno_Film_Festival "Locarno Film Festival").
Khoury starred in *[Lipstikka](/wiki/Lipstikka "Lipstikka")*, a British / Israeli psychological drama by [Jonathan Sagall](/wiki/Jonathan_Sagall "Jonathan Sagall"), in competition at the [Berlinale](/wiki/Berlinale "Berlinale") 2011\. At the Al\-Midan Arabic Theater in Haifa she starred in [Juliano Mer\-Khamis](/wiki/Juliano_Mer-Khamis "Juliano Mer-Khamis")'s adaptation of Roman Polanski's 1994 movie *Death and The Maiden* after the play by Chilean playwright [Ariel Dorfman](/wiki/Ariel_Dorfman "Ariel Dorfman").
Her film repertoire includes [Hiam Abbas](/wiki/Hiam_Abbass "Hiam Abbass")’s [inheritance movie](/wiki/Inheritance_%282012_film%29 "Inheritance (2012 film)") and [Susan Youssef](/wiki/Susan_Youssef "Susan Youssef") [Marjoun and the Flying Headscarf](/wiki/Marjoun_and_the_Flying_Headscarf "Marjoun and the Flying Headscarf") and [Amsterdam to Anatolia](/wiki/Amsterdam_to_Anatolia "Amsterdam to Anatolia") on [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix").
Khoury starred in the acclaimed mini series [Baghdad central](/wiki/Baghdad_Central_%28TV_series%29 "Baghdad Central (TV series)") for [Chanel4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4") and [Hulu](/wiki/Hulu "Hulu") and the series [Homeland](/wiki/Homeland_%28TV_series%29 "Homeland (TV series)") for [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 "Showtime (TV network)").
|
[
"Acting career\n-------------",
"Khoury has worked in a variety of roles on stage including the lead in *Antigone* by Jean Anouih, *The Glass Menagerie* by Tennessee Williams and *Salome* by Oscar Wilde, in Arabic as well as in Hebrew and English. Her television work includes the series *Parashat Hashavua*, written by [Ari Folman](/wiki/Ari_Folman \"Ari Folman\"), and *[Arab Labor](/wiki/Arab_Labor \"Arab Labor\")* written by [Sayed Kashua](/wiki/Sayed_Kashua \"Sayed Kashua\").",
"She made her big screen debut in 2002 in *[Rana's Wedding](/wiki/Rana%27s_Wedding \"Rana's Wedding\")*{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.popmatters.com/film/reviews/r/ranas\\-wedding.shtml \\|title\\= PopMatters review of \"Rana's Wedding\" \\|website\\= popmatters.com \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-01\\-14 \\|archive\\-url\\=http://web.archive.org/web/20030919021745/https://www.popmatters.com/film/reviews/r/ranas\\-wedding.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2003}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.arabfilm.com/in\\_theaters\\_reviews\\_rana.html \\|title\\= Arab Films review of \"Rana's Wedding\" \\|website\\= arabfilm.com \\|accessdate\\=9 June 2024}} by [Hany Abu\\-Assad](/wiki/Hany_Abu-Assad \"Hany Abu-Assad\") (director of the Oscar\\-nominated *[Paradise Now](/wiki/Paradise_Now \"Paradise Now\")*) which premiered in the [International Critics' Week](/wiki/International_Critics%27_Week \"International Critics' Week\") section at the [55th Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2002 Cannes Film Festival\") representing Palestine.",
"In 2005 she gained international recognition for her role in *[The Syrian Bride](/wiki/The_Syrian_Bride \"The Syrian Bride\")*, portraying a young [Druze](/wiki/Druze \"Druze\") woman who risks losing her family by entering an arranged marriage with a Syrian national.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117924646?refcatid\\=31 \\|title\\= The Syrian Bride (Review)\\|work\\= Variety \\|accessdate\\=9 June 2024 \\|first\\=Leslie \\|last\\=Felperin \\|date\\=2004\\-08\\-17}} Directed by [Eran Riklis](/wiki/Eran_Riklis \"Eran Riklis\") (*[Lemon Tree](/wiki/Lemon_Tree_%282008_film%29 \"Lemon Tree (2008 film)\")*) the film won the Audience Prize at the [Locarno Film Festival](/wiki/Locarno_Film_Festival \"Locarno Film Festival\").",
"Khoury starred in *[Lipstikka](/wiki/Lipstikka \"Lipstikka\")*, a British / Israeli psychological drama by [Jonathan Sagall](/wiki/Jonathan_Sagall \"Jonathan Sagall\"), in competition at the [Berlinale](/wiki/Berlinale \"Berlinale\") 2011\\. At the Al\\-Midan Arabic Theater in Haifa she starred in [Juliano Mer\\-Khamis](/wiki/Juliano_Mer-Khamis \"Juliano Mer-Khamis\")'s adaptation of Roman Polanski's 1994 movie *Death and The Maiden* after the play by Chilean playwright [Ariel Dorfman](/wiki/Ariel_Dorfman \"Ariel Dorfman\").",
"Her film repertoire includes [Hiam Abbas](/wiki/Hiam_Abbass \"Hiam Abbass\")’s [inheritance movie](/wiki/Inheritance_%282012_film%29 \"Inheritance (2012 film)\") and [Susan Youssef](/wiki/Susan_Youssef \"Susan Youssef\") [Marjoun and the Flying Headscarf](/wiki/Marjoun_and_the_Flying_Headscarf \"Marjoun and the Flying Headscarf\") and [Amsterdam to Anatolia](/wiki/Amsterdam_to_Anatolia \"Amsterdam to Anatolia\") on [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\").",
"Khoury starred in the acclaimed mini series [Baghdad central](/wiki/Baghdad_Central_%28TV_series%29 \"Baghdad Central (TV series)\") for [Chanel4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\") and [Hulu](/wiki/Hulu \"Hulu\") and the series [Homeland](/wiki/Homeland_%28TV_series%29 \"Homeland (TV series)\") for [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 \"Showtime (TV network)\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Her top finishes include third place at the Nations Cup in [Igls](/wiki/Igls "Igls"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria") in January 2004, and third place at the Nations Cup in [Königssee](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigssee "Königssee"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), February 2004\. She finished in the top 10 in seven of the eight events in the 2004–2005 Nations Cup series.[http://www\-11\.fil\-luge.org/Portals/0/extern/results/result2004\_en.asp?redirect\=FIL](http://www-11.fil-luge.org/Portals/0/extern/results/result2004_en.asp?redirect=FIL){{dead link\|date\=January 2018\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot\|fix\-attempted\=yes}} Abernathy finished 25th in the [37th World Championships](/wiki/FIL_World_Luge_Championships_2004 "FIL World Luge Championships 2004") in 2004 in [Nagano](/wiki/Nagano%2C_Nagano "Nagano, Nagano"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), but did not compete in the [2005 championships](/wiki/FIL_World_Luge_Championships "FIL World Luge Championships") in [Park City](/wiki/Park_City%2C_Utah "Park City, Utah"), [Utah](/wiki/Utah "Utah"), due to injuries suffered during [homologation](/wiki/Homologation "Homologation") at the [Cesana Pariol](/wiki/Cesana_Pariol "Cesana Pariol") track in [Cesana](/wiki/Cesana "Cesana"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), three weeks earlier.
Abernathy suffered a serious accident during a World Cup race in [Altenberg](/wiki/Altenberg%2C_Germany "Altenberg, Germany"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") in January 2001 that resulted in a severe brain injury. To recover from the injury, she used an [alternative medicine](/wiki/Alternative_medicine "Alternative medicine") treatment involving controlling rockets in a video game through electrical impulses from brain waves, a therapy designed to help her retrain her brain to compensate for the damaged areas. The therapy was successful and Abernathy was able to return to competition in time to qualify for the [2002 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.grandmaluge.com/crash.htm\|title\=Anne Abernathy \- Grandma Luge \- 1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, Virgin Islands Winter Olympic Team\|website\=www.grandmaluge.com}} The story of Abernathy's crash and recovery was featured on the [Discovery Health Channel](/wiki/Discovery_Health_Channel "Discovery Health Channel") series *[Impact: Stories of Survival](/wiki/Impact:Stories_of_Survival "Stories of Survival")*.
During practice for the competition at the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"), Abernathy crashed and broke her [wrist](/wiki/Wrist "Wrist") and her scapula, and was forced to withdraw from competition.
Abernathy is the oldest woman to ever compete in the Winter Olympic Games, breaking the old record during the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. She is the only woman to qualify for six Winter Olympic Games and one of only two female athletes to compete in five Winter Olympics. In 2006, she became the first woman over 50 to qualify for the Winter Olympics.
Abernathy was the first woman to qualify for six Winter Olympics. In the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City she became the oldest woman to ever compete in the Winter Games. She is the oldest female Olympian in any Olympic Games (Winter or Summer) and the first woman over the age of 50 in the Winter Olympics.
During the [Albertville](/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") Winter Olympics, she became the first athlete to compete with a camera on board, a feat that was nominated for an Emmy in technical broadcast achievement.
In the [1994 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics") in Lillehammer, Norway, Abernathy became the first athlete to create an online diary (now known as a blog) which was an exclusive on [AOL](/wiki/America_On_Line "America On Line").
Before her first Olympic appearance in [1988](/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics"), Abernathy was diagnosed and treated for non\-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer). Although the cancer returned several times during her sports career, the fact was kept hidden from the public through three Olympic appearances until it was revealed in a front page article of *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")''* prior to the [1998 Nagano Olympics](/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Her top finishes include third place at the Nations Cup in [Igls](/wiki/Igls \"Igls\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") in January 2004, and third place at the Nations Cup in [Königssee](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigssee \"Königssee\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), February 2004\\. She finished in the top 10 in seven of the eight events in the 2004–2005 Nations Cup series.[http://www\\-11\\.fil\\-luge.org/Portals/0/extern/results/result2004\\_en.asp?redirect\\=FIL](http://www-11.fil-luge.org/Portals/0/extern/results/result2004_en.asp?redirect=FIL){{dead link\\|date\\=January 2018\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}} Abernathy finished 25th in the [37th World Championships](/wiki/FIL_World_Luge_Championships_2004 \"FIL World Luge Championships 2004\") in 2004 in [Nagano](/wiki/Nagano%2C_Nagano \"Nagano, Nagano\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), but did not compete in the [2005 championships](/wiki/FIL_World_Luge_Championships \"FIL World Luge Championships\") in [Park City](/wiki/Park_City%2C_Utah \"Park City, Utah\"), [Utah](/wiki/Utah \"Utah\"), due to injuries suffered during [homologation](/wiki/Homologation \"Homologation\") at the [Cesana Pariol](/wiki/Cesana_Pariol \"Cesana Pariol\") track in [Cesana](/wiki/Cesana \"Cesana\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), three weeks earlier.",
"Abernathy suffered a serious accident during a World Cup race in [Altenberg](/wiki/Altenberg%2C_Germany \"Altenberg, Germany\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") in January 2001 that resulted in a severe brain injury. To recover from the injury, she used an [alternative medicine](/wiki/Alternative_medicine \"Alternative medicine\") treatment involving controlling rockets in a video game through electrical impulses from brain waves, a therapy designed to help her retrain her brain to compensate for the damaged areas. The therapy was successful and Abernathy was able to return to competition in time to qualify for the [2002 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics \"2002 Winter Olympics\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.grandmaluge.com/crash.htm\\|title\\=Anne Abernathy \\- Grandma Luge \\- 1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, Virgin Islands Winter Olympic Team\\|website\\=www.grandmaluge.com}} The story of Abernathy's crash and recovery was featured on the [Discovery Health Channel](/wiki/Discovery_Health_Channel \"Discovery Health Channel\") series *[Impact: Stories of Survival](/wiki/Impact:Stories_of_Survival \"Stories of Survival\")*.",
"During practice for the competition at the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics \"2006 Winter Olympics\"), Abernathy crashed and broke her [wrist](/wiki/Wrist \"Wrist\") and her scapula, and was forced to withdraw from competition.",
"Abernathy is the oldest woman to ever compete in the Winter Olympic Games, breaking the old record during the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. She is the only woman to qualify for six Winter Olympic Games and one of only two female athletes to compete in five Winter Olympics. In 2006, she became the first woman over 50 to qualify for the Winter Olympics.",
"Abernathy was the first woman to qualify for six Winter Olympics. In the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City she became the oldest woman to ever compete in the Winter Games. She is the oldest female Olympian in any Olympic Games (Winter or Summer) and the first woman over the age of 50 in the Winter Olympics.",
"During the [Albertville](/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics \"1992 Winter Olympics\") Winter Olympics, she became the first athlete to compete with a camera on board, a feat that was nominated for an Emmy in technical broadcast achievement.",
"In the [1994 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics \"1994 Winter Olympics\") in Lillehammer, Norway, Abernathy became the first athlete to create an online diary (now known as a blog) which was an exclusive on [AOL](/wiki/America_On_Line \"America On Line\").",
"Before her first Olympic appearance in [1988](/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics \"1988 Winter Olympics\"), Abernathy was diagnosed and treated for non\\-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer). Although the cancer returned several times during her sports career, the fact was kept hidden from the public through three Olympic appearances until it was revealed in a front page article of *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")''* prior to the [1998 Nagano Olympics](/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics \"1998 Winter Olympics\").",
""
] |
Design and packaging
--------------------
[thumb\|right\|200px\|A tampon with applicator](/wiki/Image:Tampon_with_applicator.jpg "Tampon with applicator.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|200px\|The elements of a tampon with applicator. Left: the bigger tube ("penetrator"). Center: cotton tampon with attached string. Right: the narrower tube.](/wiki/Image:Elements_of_a_tampon_with_applicator.jpg "Elements of a tampon with applicator.jpg")
[alt\=\|thumb\|Applicator tampon\|263x263px](/wiki/File:Playtex_tampon.jpg "Playtex tampon.jpg")
Tampon design varies between companies and across product lines in order to offer a variety of applicators, materials and absorbencies.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/femalehealth/periods/tampons.html\|title\= Tampons\|website\= Palo Alto Medical Foundation\|access\-date\= October 28, 2014}} There are two main categories of tampons based on the way of insertion – digital tampons inserted by finger, and applicator tampons. Tampon applicators may be made of plastic or cardboard, and are similar in design to a syringe. The applicator consists of two tubes, an "outer", or barrel, and "inner", or plunger. The outer tube has a smooth surface to aid insertion and sometimes comes with a rounded end that is petaled.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.steadyhealth.com/articles/Using\_tampons\_\_Facts\_and\_Myths\_a53\.html\|title\= Using Tampons: Facts And Myths\|website\= SteadyHealth\|access\-date\= October 28, 2014}}{{cite book\|author\=Lynda Madaras\|title\=What's Happening to My Body? Book for Girls: Revised Edition\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=QCC5Kbvy1fwC\&pg\=PA180\|date\=8 June 2007\|publisher\=Newmarket Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-55704\-768\-7\|page\=180}}
Differences exist in the way tampons expand when in use: applicator tampons generally expand axially (increase in length), while digital tampons will expand radially (increase in diameter).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.steadyhealth.com/medical\-answers/pain\-while\-inserting\-a\-tampon.html \|title\=Pain While Inserting A Tampon \|newspaper\=Steadyhealth.com \|access\-date\=October 28, 2014}} Most tampons have a cord or string for removal. The majority of tampons sold are made of rayon, or a blend of [rayon](/wiki/Rayon "Rayon") and [cotton](/wiki/Cotton "Cotton"). Organic cotton tampons are made from only 100% cotton.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.edana.org/docs/default\-source/default\-document\-library/tampons\-for\-menstrual\-hygiene\-\-\-modern\-products\-with\-ancient\-roots.pdf\|title\=Tampons for menstrual hygiene: Modern products with ancient roots\|access\-date\=October 28, 2014}}{{Dead link\|date\=February 2022 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Tampons may also come in scented or unscented varieties.
### Absorbency ratings
[thumb\|The main elements of a tampon depicted, labeling the tampon, plunger, barrel, finger grip, and string](/wiki/File:Tampon_Drawing.jpg "Tampon Drawing.jpg")
[thumb\|right\| Two water drop marks mean that the absorbency is between 6 and 9 g.](/wiki/Image:Tamponlable.jpg "Tamponlable.jpg")
#### In the US
Tampons are available in several absorbency ratings, which are consistent across manufacturers in the U.S. These differ in the amount of cotton in each product and are measured based on the amount of fluid they are able to absorb.{{cite web\|title\=Tampon Absorbency Ratings \- Which Tampon is Right for You\|url\=http://pms.about.com/od/hygiene/f/tampon\_absorben.htm\|access\-date\=October 28, 2014\|newspaper\=Pms.about.com}} The absorbency rates required by the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration "U.S. Food and Drug Administration") (FDA) for manufacturer labeling are listed below:{{Cite web\|title\=CFR \- Code of Federal Regulations Title 21\|url\=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr\=801\.430\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-04\|website\=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}
| \+FDA Absorbency Ratings |
| --- |
| Ranges of absorbency in grams | Corresponding term of absorbency |
| 6 and under | Light absorbency |
| 6 to 9 | Regular absorbency |
| 9 to 12 | Super absorbency |
| 12 to 15 | Super plus absorbency |
| 15 to 18 | Ultra absorbency |
| Above 18 | No term |
#### In Europe
Absorbency ratings outside the US may be different. The majority of non\-US manufacturers use absorbency rating and Code of Practice{{cite web\|url\=https://www.edana.org/docs/default\-source/default\-document\-library/tampons\-code\-of\-practice\-(english).pdf\|title\=Edana Code of Practice for tampons placed on the European market\|date\=September 2020\|website\=EDANA}} recommended by [EDANA](https://www.edana.org/) (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).
| \+*European absorbency ratings* | Droplets | Grams | Alternative size description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 droplet | \< 6 | |
| 2 droplets | 6–9 | Mini |
| 3 droplets | 9–12 | Regular |
| 4 droplets | 12–15 | Super |
| 5 droplets | 15–18 | |
| 6 droplets | 18–21 | |
#### In the UK
In the UK, the Absorbent Hygiene Product Manufacturers Association (AHPMA) has written a Tampon Code of Practice which companies can follow on a volunteer basis.{{Cite web\|title\=Tampon Code of Practice\|url\=http://www.ahpma.co.uk/tampon\_code\_of\_practice/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-19\|website\=AHPMA\|language\=en\-GB}} According to this code, UK manufacturers should follow the (European) EDANA code (see above).
### Testing
A piece of test equipment referred to as a Syngyna (short for synthetic vagina) is usually used to test absorbency. The machine uses a [condom](/wiki/Condom "Condom") into which the tampon is inserted, and synthetic menstrual fluid is fed into the test chamber.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ahpma.co.uk/docs/EDANA\_Syngina2\.pdf \|title\=Data \|website\=www.ahpma.co.uk \|access\-date\=2019\-06\-02 \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507233555/http://www.ahpma.co.uk/docs/EDANA\_Syngina2\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
A novel way of testing was developed by feminist medical experts after the [toxic shock syndrome](/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome "Toxic shock syndrome") (TSS) crisis, and used blood – rather than the industry standard blue saline – as a test material.{{Cite journal\|last\=Vostral\|first\=Sharra\|date\=2017\-05\-23\|title\=Toxic shock syndrome, tampons and laboratory standard–setting\|journal\=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal\|volume\=189\|issue\=20\|pages\=E726–E728\|doi\=10\.1503/cmaj.161479\|issn\=0820\-3946\|pmc\=5436965\|pmid\=28536130}}
### Labeling
The [FDA](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") requires the manufacturer to perform absorbency testing to determine the absorbency rating using the Syngyna method or other methods that are approved by the FDA. The manufacturer is also required to include on the package label the absorbency rating and a comparison to other absorbency ratings as an attempt to help consumers choose the right product and avoid complications of TSS. In addition, The following statement of association between tampons and TSS is required by the FDA to be on the package label as part of the labeling requirements: "Attention: Tampons are associated with Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). TSS is a rare but serious disease that may cause death. Read and save the enclosed information."
Such guidelines for package labeling are more lenient when it comes to tampons bought from vending machines. For example, tampons sold in vending machines are not required by the FDA to include labeling such as absorbency ratings or information about TSS.
### Costs
The average woman may use approximately 11,400 tampons in her lifetime (if using only tampons). Generally, a box of tampons costs can range from $6 to $10 USD and has 12 to 40 tampons per box. Thus, women could use around 9 boxes a year, leading to a total cost between US$54 and $90 per year (around $0\.20–$0\.40 per tampon).
Activists call the problem some women have when not being able to afford products "[period poverty](/wiki/Period_poverty "Period poverty")".
|
[
"Design and packaging\n--------------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|A tampon with applicator](/wiki/Image:Tampon_with_applicator.jpg \"Tampon with applicator.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|The elements of a tampon with applicator. Left: the bigger tube (\"penetrator\"). Center: cotton tampon with attached string. Right: the narrower tube.](/wiki/Image:Elements_of_a_tampon_with_applicator.jpg \"Elements of a tampon with applicator.jpg\")\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|Applicator tampon\\|263x263px](/wiki/File:Playtex_tampon.jpg \"Playtex tampon.jpg\")\nTampon design varies between companies and across product lines in order to offer a variety of applicators, materials and absorbencies.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/femalehealth/periods/tampons.html\\|title\\= Tampons\\|website\\= Palo Alto Medical Foundation\\|access\\-date\\= October 28, 2014}} There are two main categories of tampons based on the way of insertion – digital tampons inserted by finger, and applicator tampons. Tampon applicators may be made of plastic or cardboard, and are similar in design to a syringe. The applicator consists of two tubes, an \"outer\", or barrel, and \"inner\", or plunger. The outer tube has a smooth surface to aid insertion and sometimes comes with a rounded end that is petaled.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.steadyhealth.com/articles/Using\\_tampons\\_\\_Facts\\_and\\_Myths\\_a53\\.html\\|title\\= Using Tampons: Facts And Myths\\|website\\= SteadyHealth\\|access\\-date\\= October 28, 2014}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Lynda Madaras\\|title\\=What's Happening to My Body? Book for Girls: Revised Edition\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QCC5Kbvy1fwC\\&pg\\=PA180\\|date\\=8 June 2007\\|publisher\\=Newmarket Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55704\\-768\\-7\\|page\\=180}}",
"Differences exist in the way tampons expand when in use: applicator tampons generally expand axially (increase in length), while digital tampons will expand radially (increase in diameter).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.steadyhealth.com/medical\\-answers/pain\\-while\\-inserting\\-a\\-tampon.html \\|title\\=Pain While Inserting A Tampon \\|newspaper\\=Steadyhealth.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2014}} Most tampons have a cord or string for removal. The majority of tampons sold are made of rayon, or a blend of [rayon](/wiki/Rayon \"Rayon\") and [cotton](/wiki/Cotton \"Cotton\"). Organic cotton tampons are made from only 100% cotton.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.edana.org/docs/default\\-source/default\\-document\\-library/tampons\\-for\\-menstrual\\-hygiene\\-\\-\\-modern\\-products\\-with\\-ancient\\-roots.pdf\\|title\\=Tampons for menstrual hygiene: Modern products with ancient roots\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2014}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2022 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Tampons may also come in scented or unscented varieties.",
"### Absorbency ratings",
"[thumb\\|The main elements of a tampon depicted, labeling the tampon, plunger, barrel, finger grip, and string](/wiki/File:Tampon_Drawing.jpg \"Tampon Drawing.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\| Two water drop marks mean that the absorbency is between 6 and 9 g.](/wiki/Image:Tamponlable.jpg \"Tamponlable.jpg\")",
"#### In the US",
"Tampons are available in several absorbency ratings, which are consistent across manufacturers in the U.S. These differ in the amount of cotton in each product and are measured based on the amount of fluid they are able to absorb.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tampon Absorbency Ratings \\- Which Tampon is Right for You\\|url\\=http://pms.about.com/od/hygiene/f/tampon\\_absorben.htm\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2014\\|newspaper\\=Pms.about.com}} The absorbency rates required by the [U.S. Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration \"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) for manufacturer labeling are listed below:{{Cite web\\|title\\=CFR \\- Code of Federal Regulations Title 21\\|url\\=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr\\=801\\.430\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-04\\|website\\=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}",
"| \\+FDA Absorbency Ratings |\n| --- |\n| Ranges of absorbency in grams | Corresponding term of absorbency |\n| 6 and under | Light absorbency |\n| 6 to 9 | Regular absorbency |\n| 9 to 12 | Super absorbency |\n| 12 to 15 | Super plus absorbency |\n| 15 to 18 | Ultra absorbency |\n| Above 18 | No term |",
"",
"#### In Europe",
"Absorbency ratings outside the US may be different. The majority of non\\-US manufacturers use absorbency rating and Code of Practice{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.edana.org/docs/default\\-source/default\\-document\\-library/tampons\\-code\\-of\\-practice\\-(english).pdf\\|title\\=Edana Code of Practice for tampons placed on the European market\\|date\\=September 2020\\|website\\=EDANA}} recommended by [EDANA](https://www.edana.org/) (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).",
"| \\+*European absorbency ratings* | Droplets | Grams | Alternative size description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 droplet | \\< 6 | |\n| 2 droplets | 6–9 | Mini |\n| 3 droplets | 9–12 | Regular |\n| 4 droplets | 12–15 | Super |\n| 5 droplets | 15–18 | |\n| 6 droplets | 18–21 | |",
"",
"#### In the UK",
"In the UK, the Absorbent Hygiene Product Manufacturers Association (AHPMA) has written a Tampon Code of Practice which companies can follow on a volunteer basis.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Tampon Code of Practice\\|url\\=http://www.ahpma.co.uk/tampon\\_code\\_of\\_practice/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-19\\|website\\=AHPMA\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} According to this code, UK manufacturers should follow the (European) EDANA code (see above).",
"### Testing",
"A piece of test equipment referred to as a Syngyna (short for synthetic vagina) is usually used to test absorbency. The machine uses a [condom](/wiki/Condom \"Condom\") into which the tampon is inserted, and synthetic menstrual fluid is fed into the test chamber.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ahpma.co.uk/docs/EDANA\\_Syngina2\\.pdf \\|title\\=Data \\|website\\=www.ahpma.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-02 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507233555/http://www.ahpma.co.uk/docs/EDANA\\_Syngina2\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"A novel way of testing was developed by feminist medical experts after the [toxic shock syndrome](/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome \"Toxic shock syndrome\") (TSS) crisis, and used blood – rather than the industry standard blue saline – as a test material.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Vostral\\|first\\=Sharra\\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-23\\|title\\=Toxic shock syndrome, tampons and laboratory standard–setting\\|journal\\=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal\\|volume\\=189\\|issue\\=20\\|pages\\=E726–E728\\|doi\\=10\\.1503/cmaj.161479\\|issn\\=0820\\-3946\\|pmc\\=5436965\\|pmid\\=28536130}}",
"### Labeling",
"The [FDA](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") requires the manufacturer to perform absorbency testing to determine the absorbency rating using the Syngyna method or other methods that are approved by the FDA. The manufacturer is also required to include on the package label the absorbency rating and a comparison to other absorbency ratings as an attempt to help consumers choose the right product and avoid complications of TSS. In addition, The following statement of association between tampons and TSS is required by the FDA to be on the package label as part of the labeling requirements: \"Attention: Tampons are associated with Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). TSS is a rare but serious disease that may cause death. Read and save the enclosed information.\"",
"Such guidelines for package labeling are more lenient when it comes to tampons bought from vending machines. For example, tampons sold in vending machines are not required by the FDA to include labeling such as absorbency ratings or information about TSS.",
"### Costs",
"The average woman may use approximately 11,400 tampons in her lifetime (if using only tampons). Generally, a box of tampons costs can range from $6 to $10 USD and has 12 to 40 tampons per box. Thus, women could use around 9 boxes a year, leading to a total cost between US$54 and $90 per year (around $0\\.20–$0\\.40 per tampon). \nActivists call the problem some women have when not being able to afford products \"[period poverty](/wiki/Period_poverty \"Period poverty\")\".",
""
] |
Battle
------
### Initial stages
In July, 219, Guan Yu decided to launch an offensive of his own against Cao Cao to build on the conquest of Hanzhong. He ordered [Mi Fang](/wiki/Mi_Fang "Mi Fang") and [Shi Ren](/wiki/Shi_Ren "Shi Ren") to stay behind to guard [Jiangling County](/wiki/Jiangling_County "Jiangling County") and [Gong'an County](/wiki/Gong%27an_County "Gong'an County") respectively during his absence, while he personally led Liu Bei's forces in southern Jing Province to attack Cao Cao's strongholds in the north.
The campaign's objective was not clearly stated, but Guan Yu led his army along the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Hanshui%29 "Han River (Hanshui)") northward until he laid siege to Fancheng (present\-day [Fancheng District](/wiki/Fancheng_District "Fancheng District"), [Xiangyang](/wiki/Xiangyang "Xiangyang"), Hubei). From the advance route and the fact that Guan Yu chose to concentrate his main forces on Fancheng, his primary objective was believed to be the conquest of [Nanyang Commandery](/wiki/Nanyang_Commandery "Nanyang Commandery") (around present\-day [Nanyang, Henan](/wiki/Nanyang%2C_Henan "Nanyang, Henan")). Initially, the cities being attacked were not heavily guarded, as Cao Ren at Fancheng and Lü Chang ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|呂常}}) at [Xiangyang](/wiki/Xiangyang "Xiangyang") were both surrounded. Therefore, Cao Cao ordered [Yu Jin](/wiki/Yu_Jin "Yu Jin") to aid Cao Ren. After pitching camp on a lower ground about 4 km north to Fancheng, Yu Jin started to prepare a counteroffensive. Eager to prove his loyalty as he was suspected by others, Cao Cao's general [Pang De](/wiki/Pang_De "Pang De") volunteered to lead a detachment to engage Guan Yu, successfully forcing the latter to retreat several times. On one occasion, Pang De fired an arrow that became embedded in Guan Yu's helm. Since then Pang De was widely known and feared among the enemy as "General White Horse" because of the white steed he rode into battle.
Although Guan Yu could not defeat Pang De in battle, he nevertheless held firm control over the water routes around the area and maintained the encirclement of Fancheng.
#### Turning of the tide
[260px\|thumb\|Illustration of [Pang De](/wiki/Pang_De "Pang De") in a scene during the Battle of Fancheng from a [Qing dynasty](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") edition of the historical novel *[Romance of the Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms "Romance of the Three Kingdoms")*](/wiki/File:Pang_De_Portrait.jpg "Pang De Portrait.jpg")
In August, heavy rains caused the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Hanshui%29 "Han River (Hanshui)") to flood. Forces under the command of Yu Jin and Pang De were completely annihilated by the natural disaster, suffering at least 40,000 fatalities, and another 30,000 were captured by Guan Yu's navy. Pang De and Yu Jin were both captured; Yu Jin begged for his life and surrendered, while Pang De refused to surrender and was executed. Prior, [Wen Hui](/wiki/Wen_Hui "Wen Hui") had warned of the potential radical weather changes in the south and feared Guan Yu would use river\-floods to his advantage.(恢谓兖州刺史裴潜曰：“此间虽有贼，不足忧，而畏征南方有变。今水生而子孝县军，无有远备。关羽骁锐，乘利而进，必将为患。)*Sanguozhi* vol. 15\. Cao Ren, with several thousand of his surviving troops, were forced on the defensive by staying behind the safety of the walls. At the time, [Xu Huang](/wiki/Xu_Huang "Xu Huang"), who was stationed in Wancheng with his force purely consisting of new recruits, was only able to set up defensive fortifications instead of venturing out to relieve Cao Ren. Meanwhile, Hu Xiu ({{lang\|zh\|胡修}}), the Inspector of [Jing Province](/wiki/Jing_Province "Jing Province") (the position that had the authority to raise troops from within the entire Jing Provincede Crespigny, Rafe (1996\) Later Han Military Organisation. Canberra: Australian National University. Internet Edition.), and Fu Fang ({{lang\|zh\|傅方}}), Cao Cao's Administrator of Nanxiang (Nanxiang was located southeast of present\-day [Xichuan County](/wiki/Xichuan_County "Xichuan County"), Henan), both defected to Guan Yu.《[晉書·宣帝紀](/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7001 "晉書/卷001")》：帝又言荊州刺史胡脩粗暴，南鄉太守傅方驕奢，並不可居邊。魏武不之察。及蜀將關羽圍曹仁於樊，于禁等七軍皆沒，脩、方果降羽。*[Book of Jin](/wiki/Book_of_Jin "Book of Jin")* vol.1 Rebels and bandits in the counties of Liang ({{lang\|zh\|梁}}), Jia ({{lang\|zh\|郟}}), also officially accepted Guan Yu's command. Guan Yu's fame spread across [Huaxia](/wiki/Huaxia "Huaxia").({{lang\|zh\|二十四年，先主為漢中王，拜羽為前將軍，假節鉞。是歲，羽率衆攻曹仁於樊。曹公遣于禁助仁。秋，大霖雨，漢水汎溢，禁所督七軍皆沒。禁降羽，羽又斬將軍龐德。梁郟、陸渾羣盜或遙受羽印號，為之支黨，羽威震華夏。曹公议徙许都以避其锐}}) *Sanguozhi* vol. 36\.《[資治通鑑·卷六十八](/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian "Zizhi Tongjian")》：陸渾民孫狼等作亂，殺縣主簿，南附關羽。羽授狼印，給兵，還為寇賊，自許以南，往往遙應羽，羽威震華夏。*Zizhi Tongjian* vol.68
Due to the immense threat Guan Yu had begun to pose, Cao Cao considered relocating the capital. When Cao Cao asked his advisers for input, [Sima Yi](/wiki/Sima_Yi "Sima Yi") and [Jiang Ji](/wiki/Jiang_Ji "Jiang Ji") strongly opposed. They pointed out that the alliance between Liu Bei and Sun Quan was shaky at best due to the feuding over control of Jing Province, and Sun Quan would definitely be unhappy to see Guan Yu's success. They suggested that Cao Cao send an emissary to Sun Quan to recognize the latter's control over Jiangnan should Sun Quan agree to flank Guan Yu's rear.
Initially, Sun Quan sent an emissary to Guan Yu relating his wish for a marriage to be arranged between his own son and Guan's daughter. However, Guan Yu insulted the emissary and rejected the marriage proposal, infuriating Sun Quan. During the campaign in Xiangyang, Guan Yu's military numbers rose and exhausted his food\-supply. Because of this, Guan Yu supposedly sent out troops to confiscate grains stored in Xiang\-Guan (located north of present\-day [Yongzhou](/wiki/Yongzhou "Yongzhou"), Hunan), within Sun Quan's territory around 600 km from Xiangyang's location.(魏使于禁救樊，羽尽禽禁等，人马数万，托以粮乏，擅取湘关米。) *Sanguozhi vol.9* Sun Quan used this incident, coupled with Guan Yu's rejection of Sun Quan's marriage proposal and insult, to justify severing the alliance with Liu Bei.
At the outbreak of the battle, Liu Bei controlled three commanderies in southern Jing Province: Nan, Lingling, and Wuling.
### Stalemate
Guan Yu further ordered reinforcements from Jiangling and Gong'an to lay siege on Fancheng. With only several thousand troops left, Cao Ren was also plagued by low food supplies, so he considered abandoning Fancheng. Someone also urged him to escape while there was still time, since Guan Yu's forces had not completely surrounded Fancheng yet.(或謂仁曰：「今日之危，非力所支。可及羽圍未合，乘輕船夜走，雖失城，尚可全身。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 26\. [Man Chong](/wiki/Man_Chong "Man Chong"), the Administrator of Runan, disagreed and said, "The floodwaters may be flowing very fast, but the flood might not last long. Guan Yu had already sent a detachment of troops from his army to station at [Jia County](/wiki/Jia_County%2C_Henan "Jia County, Henan") (郟縣). There is already much panic and fear among the people living in the lands south of [Xu County](/wiki/Xuchang "Xuchang"). Guan Yu doesn't dare to advance further because he's worried that his base (in southern [Jing Province](/wiki/Jing_Province "Jing Province")) will come under attack. If we abandon Fancheng and leave, we'll end up losing all the territories south of the river. Sir, you should continue to hold up here." Cao Ren agreed with him. Man Chong drowned his horse and pledged to stay with the soldiers in Fancheng to the end.(寵曰：「山水速疾，兾其不久。聞羽遣別將已在郟下，自許以南，百姓擾擾，羽所以不敢遂進者，恐吾軍掎其後耳。今若遁去，洪河以南，非復國家有也；君宜待之。」仁曰：「善。」寵乃沈白馬，與軍人盟誓。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 26\. Cao Ren also strengthened Fancheng's defences, increasing the number of his troops to over 10,000 by drafting every available man in the city and going around the city rallying his soldiers.
As Xu Huang was ordered to reinforce Cao Ren, Cao Cao sent two officers, Xu Shang ({{lang\|zh\|徐商}}) and Lü Jian ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|呂建}}) to lead additional reinforcements to join Xu Huang, ordering the latter not to attack until all of the reinforcement sent to him had arrived. To wait for further reinforcements, Xu Huang pushed toward Yangling ({{lang\|zh\|陽陵}}), located to the north of Fancheng. As the majority of Cao Cao's force under Xu Huang's command consisted of new recruits, Xu faithfully carried out Cao Cao's order to restrain from attacking. Guan Yu was well aware of Xu Huang's situation, but due to confidence from the earlier victory had ignored Xu Huang's threat and divided his forces, sending another army to Xiangyang, believing that Fancheng would fall into his control. However, Guan Yu was unsuccessful in breaking through the city's defence.
Xu Huang afterwards seized the opportunity opened by Guan Yu dividing his forces, as Guan Yu's vanguard situated around three miles to the north of Fancheng, leaving a gap between it and the main army. Xu Huang pretended to dig a long trench, giving the false impression of cutting off Guan Yu's vanguard, which fell for the trick and retreated.*Sanguozhi* vol. 17\. Xu Huang's army therefore took the abandoned stronghold at Yan ({{lang\|zh\|偃}}) and pressed further toward Guan Yu's main army. By this time, 10,000 battle\-hardened veterans led by Yin Shu ({{lang\|zh\|殷署}}) and Zhu Gai ({{lang\|zh\|朱蓋}}) had joined Xu Huang, emboldening Xu Huang's army enough to pose a threat to Guan Yu.
### Strategies
[thumb\|right\|200px\|Depiction of Guan Yu attacking soldiers on boats in the Han River](/wiki/File:Long_Corridor-%E6%B0%B4%E6%B7%B9%E4%B8%83%E5%86%9B.JPG "Long Corridor-水淹七军.JPG")
During the stalemate, Cao Cao's emissary returned to [Luoyang](/wiki/Luoyang "Luoyang") with a letter from Sun Quan, which informed Cao that Sun planned to attack Guan Yu from the rear in [Jing Province](/wiki/Jing_Province "Jing Province"). Sun Quan asked Cao Cao to keep this secret so that Guan Yu would not be prepared, and most of Cao Cao's advisers agreed with the plan. However, [Dong Zhao](/wiki/Dong_Zhao_%28Three_Kingdoms%29 "Dong Zhao (Three Kingdoms)") objected, pointing out that Liu Bei and Sun Quan are both adversaries of Cao Cao despite the temporary submission of Sun Quan to Cao Cao. For the long term, it would be in the best interest of Cao Cao to weaken both adversaries, instead of letting one adversary become too strong. In the short term, if Guan Yu knew about Sun Quan's attack in his rear, he would certainly withdraw his army to reinforce his home base in Jing Province, and the siege of Fancheng would be lifted. In addition, Fancheng had been under siege for some period of time, and the morale of Cao Cao's forces was low. If this critical information was not passed along to the defenders, some people inside Fancheng might turn their back on Cao Cao, because food supplies were running out. Furthermore, Dong Zhao pointed out that even if Guan Yu knew Sun Quan's intention, he would not retreat swiftly because of his stubbornness and his confidence in the defence of Jiangling and Gong'an counties.(及关羽围曹仁于樊，孙权遣使辞以“遣兵西上，欲掩取羽。江陵、公安累重，羽失二城，必自奔走，樊军之围，不救自解。乞密不漏，令羽有备。”太祖诘群臣，群臣咸言宜当密之。昭曰：“军事尚权，期于合宜。宜应权以密，而内露之。羽闻权上，若还自护，围则速解，便获其利。可使两贼相对衔持，坐待其弊。秘而不露，使权得志，非计之上。又，围中将吏不知有救，计粮怖惧，傥有他意，为难不小。露之为便。且羽为人强梁，自恃二城守固，必不速退。”太祖曰：“善。”即敕救将徐晃以权书射著围里及羽屯中，围里闻之，志气百倍。羽果犹豫。权军至，得其二城，羽乃破败。)*Sanguozhi* vol. 26\.
Cao Cao and others were convinced by Dong Zhao and did exactly what he had proposed: copies of Sun Quan's letter was tied to arrows, which were then shot into Fancheng and Guan Yu's camp by Xu Huang's archers. The defenders' morale increased, while Guan Yu was put in a dilemma: he did not want to abandon the attack on Cao Cao, because he believed that Jiangling and Gong'an counties, his rear bases, would not easily fall. Furthermore, Guan Yu had conjectured if the enemy defenders were defeated, Sun Quan would exploit the opportunity to attack Cao Cao's weakened defences instead of attacking the three commanderies under Liu Bei, as Guan Yu anticipated Sun Quan would have more to gain from taking the vast region in the eastern region downstream of the [Yangtze River](/wiki/Yangtze_River "Yangtze River") from Cao Cao than in taking Liu Bei's three commanderies. As Guan Yu was hesitating, Cao Cao personally led another reinforcement army to the battlefield and had already reached Mobei (摩陂; southeast of present\-day [Jia County, Henan](/wiki/Jia_County%2C_Henan "Jia County, Henan")).
### Conclusion
The bulk of the forces under Guan Yu's command was camped in Weitou ({{lang\|zh\|圍頭}}), while the remaining camped in Sizhong ({{lang\|zh\|四冢}}). Xu Huang spread the word of an imminent attack on Weitou, but instead, he led his forces to strike Sizhong unexpectedly. Fearing the Sizhong camp would be lost, Guan Yu led 5,000 troops to the rescue, but the attack of Sizhong was only a decoy, as Guan Yu became ambushed by Xu Huang's men when he was on his way for the rescue mission. The defeated Guan Yu withdrew to his main camp, but Xu Huang's force followed closely behind and charged into Guan's main camp, successfully killing the defectors Hu Xiu and Fu Fang. With his camp overrun by the enemy, Guan Yu was forced to concede defeat by lifting the siege of Fancheng and retreating southward.
All of Cao Cao's commanders at the frontline believed that they should take advantage of the situation and pursue Guan Yu, except [Zhao Yan](/wiki/Zhao_Yan_%28Three_Kingdoms%29 "Zhao Yan (Three Kingdoms)") ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|趙儼}}), who pointed out that they should not pursue Guan Yu because Guan's force should be left alone so that they could fight Sun Quan, thus weakening both Cao Cao's adversaries. Cao Ren agreed with Zhao Yan and did not pursue Guan Yu, and sure enough, when news of Guan Yu's retreat reached Cao Cao, he sent an emissary to Cao Ren, prohibiting him from giving a chase for exactly that reason.
|
[
"Battle\n------",
"### Initial stages",
"In July, 219, Guan Yu decided to launch an offensive of his own against Cao Cao to build on the conquest of Hanzhong. He ordered [Mi Fang](/wiki/Mi_Fang \"Mi Fang\") and [Shi Ren](/wiki/Shi_Ren \"Shi Ren\") to stay behind to guard [Jiangling County](/wiki/Jiangling_County \"Jiangling County\") and [Gong'an County](/wiki/Gong%27an_County \"Gong'an County\") respectively during his absence, while he personally led Liu Bei's forces in southern Jing Province to attack Cao Cao's strongholds in the north.",
"The campaign's objective was not clearly stated, but Guan Yu led his army along the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Hanshui%29 \"Han River (Hanshui)\") northward until he laid siege to Fancheng (present\\-day [Fancheng District](/wiki/Fancheng_District \"Fancheng District\"), [Xiangyang](/wiki/Xiangyang \"Xiangyang\"), Hubei). From the advance route and the fact that Guan Yu chose to concentrate his main forces on Fancheng, his primary objective was believed to be the conquest of [Nanyang Commandery](/wiki/Nanyang_Commandery \"Nanyang Commandery\") (around present\\-day [Nanyang, Henan](/wiki/Nanyang%2C_Henan \"Nanyang, Henan\")). Initially, the cities being attacked were not heavily guarded, as Cao Ren at Fancheng and Lü Chang ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|呂常}}) at [Xiangyang](/wiki/Xiangyang \"Xiangyang\") were both surrounded. Therefore, Cao Cao ordered [Yu Jin](/wiki/Yu_Jin \"Yu Jin\") to aid Cao Ren. After pitching camp on a lower ground about 4 km north to Fancheng, Yu Jin started to prepare a counteroffensive. Eager to prove his loyalty as he was suspected by others, Cao Cao's general [Pang De](/wiki/Pang_De \"Pang De\") volunteered to lead a detachment to engage Guan Yu, successfully forcing the latter to retreat several times. On one occasion, Pang De fired an arrow that became embedded in Guan Yu's helm. Since then Pang De was widely known and feared among the enemy as \"General White Horse\" because of the white steed he rode into battle.",
"Although Guan Yu could not defeat Pang De in battle, he nevertheless held firm control over the water routes around the area and maintained the encirclement of Fancheng.",
"#### Turning of the tide",
"[260px\\|thumb\\|Illustration of [Pang De](/wiki/Pang_De \"Pang De\") in a scene during the Battle of Fancheng from a [Qing dynasty](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") edition of the historical novel *[Romance of the Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\")*](/wiki/File:Pang_De_Portrait.jpg \"Pang De Portrait.jpg\")",
"In August, heavy rains caused the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Hanshui%29 \"Han River (Hanshui)\") to flood. Forces under the command of Yu Jin and Pang De were completely annihilated by the natural disaster, suffering at least 40,000 fatalities, and another 30,000 were captured by Guan Yu's navy. Pang De and Yu Jin were both captured; Yu Jin begged for his life and surrendered, while Pang De refused to surrender and was executed. Prior, [Wen Hui](/wiki/Wen_Hui \"Wen Hui\") had warned of the potential radical weather changes in the south and feared Guan Yu would use river\\-floods to his advantage.(恢谓兖州刺史裴潜曰：“此间虽有贼，不足忧，而畏征南方有变。今水生而子孝县军，无有远备。关羽骁锐，乘利而进，必将为患。)*Sanguozhi* vol. 15\\. Cao Ren, with several thousand of his surviving troops, were forced on the defensive by staying behind the safety of the walls. At the time, [Xu Huang](/wiki/Xu_Huang \"Xu Huang\"), who was stationed in Wancheng with his force purely consisting of new recruits, was only able to set up defensive fortifications instead of venturing out to relieve Cao Ren. Meanwhile, Hu Xiu ({{lang\\|zh\\|胡修}}), the Inspector of [Jing Province](/wiki/Jing_Province \"Jing Province\") (the position that had the authority to raise troops from within the entire Jing Provincede Crespigny, Rafe (1996\\) Later Han Military Organisation. Canberra: Australian National University. Internet Edition.), and Fu Fang ({{lang\\|zh\\|傅方}}), Cao Cao's Administrator of Nanxiang (Nanxiang was located southeast of present\\-day [Xichuan County](/wiki/Xichuan_County \"Xichuan County\"), Henan), both defected to Guan Yu.《[晉書·宣帝紀](/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7001 \"晉書/卷001\")》：帝又言荊州刺史胡脩粗暴，南鄉太守傅方驕奢，並不可居邊。魏武不之察。及蜀將關羽圍曹仁於樊，于禁等七軍皆沒，脩、方果降羽。*[Book of Jin](/wiki/Book_of_Jin \"Book of Jin\")* vol.1 Rebels and bandits in the counties of Liang ({{lang\\|zh\\|梁}}), Jia ({{lang\\|zh\\|郟}}), also officially accepted Guan Yu's command. Guan Yu's fame spread across [Huaxia](/wiki/Huaxia \"Huaxia\").({{lang\\|zh\\|二十四年，先主為漢中王，拜羽為前將軍，假節鉞。是歲，羽率衆攻曹仁於樊。曹公遣于禁助仁。秋，大霖雨，漢水汎溢，禁所督七軍皆沒。禁降羽，羽又斬將軍龐德。梁郟、陸渾羣盜或遙受羽印號，為之支黨，羽威震華夏。曹公议徙许都以避其锐}}) *Sanguozhi* vol. 36\\.《[資治通鑑·卷六十八](/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian \"Zizhi Tongjian\")》：陸渾民孫狼等作亂，殺縣主簿，南附關羽。羽授狼印，給兵，還為寇賊，自許以南，往往遙應羽，羽威震華夏。*Zizhi Tongjian* vol.68",
"Due to the immense threat Guan Yu had begun to pose, Cao Cao considered relocating the capital. When Cao Cao asked his advisers for input, [Sima Yi](/wiki/Sima_Yi \"Sima Yi\") and [Jiang Ji](/wiki/Jiang_Ji \"Jiang Ji\") strongly opposed. They pointed out that the alliance between Liu Bei and Sun Quan was shaky at best due to the feuding over control of Jing Province, and Sun Quan would definitely be unhappy to see Guan Yu's success. They suggested that Cao Cao send an emissary to Sun Quan to recognize the latter's control over Jiangnan should Sun Quan agree to flank Guan Yu's rear.",
"Initially, Sun Quan sent an emissary to Guan Yu relating his wish for a marriage to be arranged between his own son and Guan's daughter. However, Guan Yu insulted the emissary and rejected the marriage proposal, infuriating Sun Quan. During the campaign in Xiangyang, Guan Yu's military numbers rose and exhausted his food\\-supply. Because of this, Guan Yu supposedly sent out troops to confiscate grains stored in Xiang\\-Guan (located north of present\\-day [Yongzhou](/wiki/Yongzhou \"Yongzhou\"), Hunan), within Sun Quan's territory around 600 km from Xiangyang's location.(魏使于禁救樊，羽尽禽禁等，人马数万，托以粮乏，擅取湘关米。) *Sanguozhi vol.9* Sun Quan used this incident, coupled with Guan Yu's rejection of Sun Quan's marriage proposal and insult, to justify severing the alliance with Liu Bei.",
"At the outbreak of the battle, Liu Bei controlled three commanderies in southern Jing Province: Nan, Lingling, and Wuling.",
"### Stalemate",
"Guan Yu further ordered reinforcements from Jiangling and Gong'an to lay siege on Fancheng. With only several thousand troops left, Cao Ren was also plagued by low food supplies, so he considered abandoning Fancheng. Someone also urged him to escape while there was still time, since Guan Yu's forces had not completely surrounded Fancheng yet.(或謂仁曰：「今日之危，非力所支。可及羽圍未合，乘輕船夜走，雖失城，尚可全身。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 26\\. [Man Chong](/wiki/Man_Chong \"Man Chong\"), the Administrator of Runan, disagreed and said, \"The floodwaters may be flowing very fast, but the flood might not last long. Guan Yu had already sent a detachment of troops from his army to station at [Jia County](/wiki/Jia_County%2C_Henan \"Jia County, Henan\") (郟縣). There is already much panic and fear among the people living in the lands south of [Xu County](/wiki/Xuchang \"Xuchang\"). Guan Yu doesn't dare to advance further because he's worried that his base (in southern [Jing Province](/wiki/Jing_Province \"Jing Province\")) will come under attack. If we abandon Fancheng and leave, we'll end up losing all the territories south of the river. Sir, you should continue to hold up here.\" Cao Ren agreed with him. Man Chong drowned his horse and pledged to stay with the soldiers in Fancheng to the end.(寵曰：「山水速疾，兾其不久。聞羽遣別將已在郟下，自許以南，百姓擾擾，羽所以不敢遂進者，恐吾軍掎其後耳。今若遁去，洪河以南，非復國家有也；君宜待之。」仁曰：「善。」寵乃沈白馬，與軍人盟誓。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 26\\. Cao Ren also strengthened Fancheng's defences, increasing the number of his troops to over 10,000 by drafting every available man in the city and going around the city rallying his soldiers.",
"As Xu Huang was ordered to reinforce Cao Ren, Cao Cao sent two officers, Xu Shang ({{lang\\|zh\\|徐商}}) and Lü Jian ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|呂建}}) to lead additional reinforcements to join Xu Huang, ordering the latter not to attack until all of the reinforcement sent to him had arrived. To wait for further reinforcements, Xu Huang pushed toward Yangling ({{lang\\|zh\\|陽陵}}), located to the north of Fancheng. As the majority of Cao Cao's force under Xu Huang's command consisted of new recruits, Xu faithfully carried out Cao Cao's order to restrain from attacking. Guan Yu was well aware of Xu Huang's situation, but due to confidence from the earlier victory had ignored Xu Huang's threat and divided his forces, sending another army to Xiangyang, believing that Fancheng would fall into his control. However, Guan Yu was unsuccessful in breaking through the city's defence.",
"Xu Huang afterwards seized the opportunity opened by Guan Yu dividing his forces, as Guan Yu's vanguard situated around three miles to the north of Fancheng, leaving a gap between it and the main army. Xu Huang pretended to dig a long trench, giving the false impression of cutting off Guan Yu's vanguard, which fell for the trick and retreated.*Sanguozhi* vol. 17\\. Xu Huang's army therefore took the abandoned stronghold at Yan ({{lang\\|zh\\|偃}}) and pressed further toward Guan Yu's main army. By this time, 10,000 battle\\-hardened veterans led by Yin Shu ({{lang\\|zh\\|殷署}}) and Zhu Gai ({{lang\\|zh\\|朱蓋}}) had joined Xu Huang, emboldening Xu Huang's army enough to pose a threat to Guan Yu.",
"### Strategies",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Depiction of Guan Yu attacking soldiers on boats in the Han River](/wiki/File:Long_Corridor-%E6%B0%B4%E6%B7%B9%E4%B8%83%E5%86%9B.JPG \"Long Corridor-水淹七军.JPG\")",
"During the stalemate, Cao Cao's emissary returned to [Luoyang](/wiki/Luoyang \"Luoyang\") with a letter from Sun Quan, which informed Cao that Sun planned to attack Guan Yu from the rear in [Jing Province](/wiki/Jing_Province \"Jing Province\"). Sun Quan asked Cao Cao to keep this secret so that Guan Yu would not be prepared, and most of Cao Cao's advisers agreed with the plan. However, [Dong Zhao](/wiki/Dong_Zhao_%28Three_Kingdoms%29 \"Dong Zhao (Three Kingdoms)\") objected, pointing out that Liu Bei and Sun Quan are both adversaries of Cao Cao despite the temporary submission of Sun Quan to Cao Cao. For the long term, it would be in the best interest of Cao Cao to weaken both adversaries, instead of letting one adversary become too strong. In the short term, if Guan Yu knew about Sun Quan's attack in his rear, he would certainly withdraw his army to reinforce his home base in Jing Province, and the siege of Fancheng would be lifted. In addition, Fancheng had been under siege for some period of time, and the morale of Cao Cao's forces was low. If this critical information was not passed along to the defenders, some people inside Fancheng might turn their back on Cao Cao, because food supplies were running out. Furthermore, Dong Zhao pointed out that even if Guan Yu knew Sun Quan's intention, he would not retreat swiftly because of his stubbornness and his confidence in the defence of Jiangling and Gong'an counties.(及关羽围曹仁于樊，孙权遣使辞以“遣兵西上，欲掩取羽。江陵、公安累重，羽失二城，必自奔走，樊军之围，不救自解。乞密不漏，令羽有备。”太祖诘群臣，群臣咸言宜当密之。昭曰：“军事尚权，期于合宜。宜应权以密，而内露之。羽闻权上，若还自护，围则速解，便获其利。可使两贼相对衔持，坐待其弊。秘而不露，使权得志，非计之上。又，围中将吏不知有救，计粮怖惧，傥有他意，为难不小。露之为便。且羽为人强梁，自恃二城守固，必不速退。”太祖曰：“善。”即敕救将徐晃以权书射著围里及羽屯中，围里闻之，志气百倍。羽果犹豫。权军至，得其二城，羽乃破败。)*Sanguozhi* vol. 26\\.",
"Cao Cao and others were convinced by Dong Zhao and did exactly what he had proposed: copies of Sun Quan's letter was tied to arrows, which were then shot into Fancheng and Guan Yu's camp by Xu Huang's archers. The defenders' morale increased, while Guan Yu was put in a dilemma: he did not want to abandon the attack on Cao Cao, because he believed that Jiangling and Gong'an counties, his rear bases, would not easily fall. Furthermore, Guan Yu had conjectured if the enemy defenders were defeated, Sun Quan would exploit the opportunity to attack Cao Cao's weakened defences instead of attacking the three commanderies under Liu Bei, as Guan Yu anticipated Sun Quan would have more to gain from taking the vast region in the eastern region downstream of the [Yangtze River](/wiki/Yangtze_River \"Yangtze River\") from Cao Cao than in taking Liu Bei's three commanderies. As Guan Yu was hesitating, Cao Cao personally led another reinforcement army to the battlefield and had already reached Mobei (摩陂; southeast of present\\-day [Jia County, Henan](/wiki/Jia_County%2C_Henan \"Jia County, Henan\")).",
"### Conclusion",
"The bulk of the forces under Guan Yu's command was camped in Weitou ({{lang\\|zh\\|圍頭}}), while the remaining camped in Sizhong ({{lang\\|zh\\|四冢}}). Xu Huang spread the word of an imminent attack on Weitou, but instead, he led his forces to strike Sizhong unexpectedly. Fearing the Sizhong camp would be lost, Guan Yu led 5,000 troops to the rescue, but the attack of Sizhong was only a decoy, as Guan Yu became ambushed by Xu Huang's men when he was on his way for the rescue mission. The defeated Guan Yu withdrew to his main camp, but Xu Huang's force followed closely behind and charged into Guan's main camp, successfully killing the defectors Hu Xiu and Fu Fang. With his camp overrun by the enemy, Guan Yu was forced to concede defeat by lifting the siege of Fancheng and retreating southward.",
"All of Cao Cao's commanders at the frontline believed that they should take advantage of the situation and pursue Guan Yu, except [Zhao Yan](/wiki/Zhao_Yan_%28Three_Kingdoms%29 \"Zhao Yan (Three Kingdoms)\") ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|趙儼}}), who pointed out that they should not pursue Guan Yu because Guan's force should be left alone so that they could fight Sun Quan, thus weakening both Cao Cao's adversaries. Cao Ren agreed with Zhao Yan and did not pursue Guan Yu, and sure enough, when news of Guan Yu's retreat reached Cao Cao, he sent an emissary to Cao Ren, prohibiting him from giving a chase for exactly that reason.",
""
] |
### Initial stages
In July, 219, Guan Yu decided to launch an offensive of his own against Cao Cao to build on the conquest of Hanzhong. He ordered [Mi Fang](/wiki/Mi_Fang "Mi Fang") and [Shi Ren](/wiki/Shi_Ren "Shi Ren") to stay behind to guard [Jiangling County](/wiki/Jiangling_County "Jiangling County") and [Gong'an County](/wiki/Gong%27an_County "Gong'an County") respectively during his absence, while he personally led Liu Bei's forces in southern Jing Province to attack Cao Cao's strongholds in the north.
The campaign's objective was not clearly stated, but Guan Yu led his army along the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Hanshui%29 "Han River (Hanshui)") northward until he laid siege to Fancheng (present\-day [Fancheng District](/wiki/Fancheng_District "Fancheng District"), [Xiangyang](/wiki/Xiangyang "Xiangyang"), Hubei). From the advance route and the fact that Guan Yu chose to concentrate his main forces on Fancheng, his primary objective was believed to be the conquest of [Nanyang Commandery](/wiki/Nanyang_Commandery "Nanyang Commandery") (around present\-day [Nanyang, Henan](/wiki/Nanyang%2C_Henan "Nanyang, Henan")). Initially, the cities being attacked were not heavily guarded, as Cao Ren at Fancheng and Lü Chang ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|呂常}}) at [Xiangyang](/wiki/Xiangyang "Xiangyang") were both surrounded. Therefore, Cao Cao ordered [Yu Jin](/wiki/Yu_Jin "Yu Jin") to aid Cao Ren. After pitching camp on a lower ground about 4 km north to Fancheng, Yu Jin started to prepare a counteroffensive. Eager to prove his loyalty as he was suspected by others, Cao Cao's general [Pang De](/wiki/Pang_De "Pang De") volunteered to lead a detachment to engage Guan Yu, successfully forcing the latter to retreat several times. On one occasion, Pang De fired an arrow that became embedded in Guan Yu's helm. Since then Pang De was widely known and feared among the enemy as "General White Horse" because of the white steed he rode into battle.
Although Guan Yu could not defeat Pang De in battle, he nevertheless held firm control over the water routes around the area and maintained the encirclement of Fancheng.
#### Turning of the tide
[260px\|thumb\|Illustration of [Pang De](/wiki/Pang_De "Pang De") in a scene during the Battle of Fancheng from a [Qing dynasty](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") edition of the historical novel *[Romance of the Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms "Romance of the Three Kingdoms")*](/wiki/File:Pang_De_Portrait.jpg "Pang De Portrait.jpg")
In August, heavy rains caused the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Hanshui%29 "Han River (Hanshui)") to flood. Forces under the command of Yu Jin and Pang De were completely annihilated by the natural disaster, suffering at least 40,000 fatalities, and another 30,000 were captured by Guan Yu's navy. Pang De and Yu Jin were both captured; Yu Jin begged for his life and surrendered, while Pang De refused to surrender and was executed. Prior, [Wen Hui](/wiki/Wen_Hui "Wen Hui") had warned of the potential radical weather changes in the south and feared Guan Yu would use river\-floods to his advantage.(恢谓兖州刺史裴潜曰：“此间虽有贼，不足忧，而畏征南方有变。今水生而子孝县军，无有远备。关羽骁锐，乘利而进，必将为患。)*Sanguozhi* vol. 15\. Cao Ren, with several thousand of his surviving troops, were forced on the defensive by staying behind the safety of the walls. At the time, [Xu Huang](/wiki/Xu_Huang "Xu Huang"), who was stationed in Wancheng with his force purely consisting of new recruits, was only able to set up defensive fortifications instead of venturing out to relieve Cao Ren. Meanwhile, Hu Xiu ({{lang\|zh\|胡修}}), the Inspector of [Jing Province](/wiki/Jing_Province "Jing Province") (the position that had the authority to raise troops from within the entire Jing Provincede Crespigny, Rafe (1996\) Later Han Military Organisation. Canberra: Australian National University. Internet Edition.), and Fu Fang ({{lang\|zh\|傅方}}), Cao Cao's Administrator of Nanxiang (Nanxiang was located southeast of present\-day [Xichuan County](/wiki/Xichuan_County "Xichuan County"), Henan), both defected to Guan Yu.《[晉書·宣帝紀](/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7001 "晉書/卷001")》：帝又言荊州刺史胡脩粗暴，南鄉太守傅方驕奢，並不可居邊。魏武不之察。及蜀將關羽圍曹仁於樊，于禁等七軍皆沒，脩、方果降羽。*[Book of Jin](/wiki/Book_of_Jin "Book of Jin")* vol.1 Rebels and bandits in the counties of Liang ({{lang\|zh\|梁}}), Jia ({{lang\|zh\|郟}}), also officially accepted Guan Yu's command. Guan Yu's fame spread across [Huaxia](/wiki/Huaxia "Huaxia").({{lang\|zh\|二十四年，先主為漢中王，拜羽為前將軍，假節鉞。是歲，羽率衆攻曹仁於樊。曹公遣于禁助仁。秋，大霖雨，漢水汎溢，禁所督七軍皆沒。禁降羽，羽又斬將軍龐德。梁郟、陸渾羣盜或遙受羽印號，為之支黨，羽威震華夏。曹公议徙许都以避其锐}}) *Sanguozhi* vol. 36\.《[資治通鑑·卷六十八](/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian "Zizhi Tongjian")》：陸渾民孫狼等作亂，殺縣主簿，南附關羽。羽授狼印，給兵，還為寇賊，自許以南，往往遙應羽，羽威震華夏。*Zizhi Tongjian* vol.68
Due to the immense threat Guan Yu had begun to pose, Cao Cao considered relocating the capital. When Cao Cao asked his advisers for input, [Sima Yi](/wiki/Sima_Yi "Sima Yi") and [Jiang Ji](/wiki/Jiang_Ji "Jiang Ji") strongly opposed. They pointed out that the alliance between Liu Bei and Sun Quan was shaky at best due to the feuding over control of Jing Province, and Sun Quan would definitely be unhappy to see Guan Yu's success. They suggested that Cao Cao send an emissary to Sun Quan to recognize the latter's control over Jiangnan should Sun Quan agree to flank Guan Yu's rear.
Initially, Sun Quan sent an emissary to Guan Yu relating his wish for a marriage to be arranged between his own son and Guan's daughter. However, Guan Yu insulted the emissary and rejected the marriage proposal, infuriating Sun Quan. During the campaign in Xiangyang, Guan Yu's military numbers rose and exhausted his food\-supply. Because of this, Guan Yu supposedly sent out troops to confiscate grains stored in Xiang\-Guan (located north of present\-day [Yongzhou](/wiki/Yongzhou "Yongzhou"), Hunan), within Sun Quan's territory around 600 km from Xiangyang's location.(魏使于禁救樊，羽尽禽禁等，人马数万，托以粮乏，擅取湘关米。) *Sanguozhi vol.9* Sun Quan used this incident, coupled with Guan Yu's rejection of Sun Quan's marriage proposal and insult, to justify severing the alliance with Liu Bei.
At the outbreak of the battle, Liu Bei controlled three commanderies in southern Jing Province: Nan, Lingling, and Wuling.
|
[
"### Initial stages",
"In July, 219, Guan Yu decided to launch an offensive of his own against Cao Cao to build on the conquest of Hanzhong. He ordered [Mi Fang](/wiki/Mi_Fang \"Mi Fang\") and [Shi Ren](/wiki/Shi_Ren \"Shi Ren\") to stay behind to guard [Jiangling County](/wiki/Jiangling_County \"Jiangling County\") and [Gong'an County](/wiki/Gong%27an_County \"Gong'an County\") respectively during his absence, while he personally led Liu Bei's forces in southern Jing Province to attack Cao Cao's strongholds in the north.",
"The campaign's objective was not clearly stated, but Guan Yu led his army along the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Hanshui%29 \"Han River (Hanshui)\") northward until he laid siege to Fancheng (present\\-day [Fancheng District](/wiki/Fancheng_District \"Fancheng District\"), [Xiangyang](/wiki/Xiangyang \"Xiangyang\"), Hubei). From the advance route and the fact that Guan Yu chose to concentrate his main forces on Fancheng, his primary objective was believed to be the conquest of [Nanyang Commandery](/wiki/Nanyang_Commandery \"Nanyang Commandery\") (around present\\-day [Nanyang, Henan](/wiki/Nanyang%2C_Henan \"Nanyang, Henan\")). Initially, the cities being attacked were not heavily guarded, as Cao Ren at Fancheng and Lü Chang ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|呂常}}) at [Xiangyang](/wiki/Xiangyang \"Xiangyang\") were both surrounded. Therefore, Cao Cao ordered [Yu Jin](/wiki/Yu_Jin \"Yu Jin\") to aid Cao Ren. After pitching camp on a lower ground about 4 km north to Fancheng, Yu Jin started to prepare a counteroffensive. Eager to prove his loyalty as he was suspected by others, Cao Cao's general [Pang De](/wiki/Pang_De \"Pang De\") volunteered to lead a detachment to engage Guan Yu, successfully forcing the latter to retreat several times. On one occasion, Pang De fired an arrow that became embedded in Guan Yu's helm. Since then Pang De was widely known and feared among the enemy as \"General White Horse\" because of the white steed he rode into battle.",
"Although Guan Yu could not defeat Pang De in battle, he nevertheless held firm control over the water routes around the area and maintained the encirclement of Fancheng.",
"#### Turning of the tide",
"[260px\\|thumb\\|Illustration of [Pang De](/wiki/Pang_De \"Pang De\") in a scene during the Battle of Fancheng from a [Qing dynasty](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") edition of the historical novel *[Romance of the Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\")*](/wiki/File:Pang_De_Portrait.jpg \"Pang De Portrait.jpg\")",
"In August, heavy rains caused the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Hanshui%29 \"Han River (Hanshui)\") to flood. Forces under the command of Yu Jin and Pang De were completely annihilated by the natural disaster, suffering at least 40,000 fatalities, and another 30,000 were captured by Guan Yu's navy. Pang De and Yu Jin were both captured; Yu Jin begged for his life and surrendered, while Pang De refused to surrender and was executed. Prior, [Wen Hui](/wiki/Wen_Hui \"Wen Hui\") had warned of the potential radical weather changes in the south and feared Guan Yu would use river\\-floods to his advantage.(恢谓兖州刺史裴潜曰：“此间虽有贼，不足忧，而畏征南方有变。今水生而子孝县军，无有远备。关羽骁锐，乘利而进，必将为患。)*Sanguozhi* vol. 15\\. Cao Ren, with several thousand of his surviving troops, were forced on the defensive by staying behind the safety of the walls. At the time, [Xu Huang](/wiki/Xu_Huang \"Xu Huang\"), who was stationed in Wancheng with his force purely consisting of new recruits, was only able to set up defensive fortifications instead of venturing out to relieve Cao Ren. Meanwhile, Hu Xiu ({{lang\\|zh\\|胡修}}), the Inspector of [Jing Province](/wiki/Jing_Province \"Jing Province\") (the position that had the authority to raise troops from within the entire Jing Provincede Crespigny, Rafe (1996\\) Later Han Military Organisation. Canberra: Australian National University. Internet Edition.), and Fu Fang ({{lang\\|zh\\|傅方}}), Cao Cao's Administrator of Nanxiang (Nanxiang was located southeast of present\\-day [Xichuan County](/wiki/Xichuan_County \"Xichuan County\"), Henan), both defected to Guan Yu.《[晉書·宣帝紀](/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7001 \"晉書/卷001\")》：帝又言荊州刺史胡脩粗暴，南鄉太守傅方驕奢，並不可居邊。魏武不之察。及蜀將關羽圍曹仁於樊，于禁等七軍皆沒，脩、方果降羽。*[Book of Jin](/wiki/Book_of_Jin \"Book of Jin\")* vol.1 Rebels and bandits in the counties of Liang ({{lang\\|zh\\|梁}}), Jia ({{lang\\|zh\\|郟}}), also officially accepted Guan Yu's command. Guan Yu's fame spread across [Huaxia](/wiki/Huaxia \"Huaxia\").({{lang\\|zh\\|二十四年，先主為漢中王，拜羽為前將軍，假節鉞。是歲，羽率衆攻曹仁於樊。曹公遣于禁助仁。秋，大霖雨，漢水汎溢，禁所督七軍皆沒。禁降羽，羽又斬將軍龐德。梁郟、陸渾羣盜或遙受羽印號，為之支黨，羽威震華夏。曹公议徙许都以避其锐}}) *Sanguozhi* vol. 36\\.《[資治通鑑·卷六十八](/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian \"Zizhi Tongjian\")》：陸渾民孫狼等作亂，殺縣主簿，南附關羽。羽授狼印，給兵，還為寇賊，自許以南，往往遙應羽，羽威震華夏。*Zizhi Tongjian* vol.68",
"Due to the immense threat Guan Yu had begun to pose, Cao Cao considered relocating the capital. When Cao Cao asked his advisers for input, [Sima Yi](/wiki/Sima_Yi \"Sima Yi\") and [Jiang Ji](/wiki/Jiang_Ji \"Jiang Ji\") strongly opposed. They pointed out that the alliance between Liu Bei and Sun Quan was shaky at best due to the feuding over control of Jing Province, and Sun Quan would definitely be unhappy to see Guan Yu's success. They suggested that Cao Cao send an emissary to Sun Quan to recognize the latter's control over Jiangnan should Sun Quan agree to flank Guan Yu's rear.",
"Initially, Sun Quan sent an emissary to Guan Yu relating his wish for a marriage to be arranged between his own son and Guan's daughter. However, Guan Yu insulted the emissary and rejected the marriage proposal, infuriating Sun Quan. During the campaign in Xiangyang, Guan Yu's military numbers rose and exhausted his food\\-supply. Because of this, Guan Yu supposedly sent out troops to confiscate grains stored in Xiang\\-Guan (located north of present\\-day [Yongzhou](/wiki/Yongzhou \"Yongzhou\"), Hunan), within Sun Quan's territory around 600 km from Xiangyang's location.(魏使于禁救樊，羽尽禽禁等，人马数万，托以粮乏，擅取湘关米。) *Sanguozhi vol.9* Sun Quan used this incident, coupled with Guan Yu's rejection of Sun Quan's marriage proposal and insult, to justify severing the alliance with Liu Bei.",
"At the outbreak of the battle, Liu Bei controlled three commanderies in southern Jing Province: Nan, Lingling, and Wuling.",
""
] |
History
-------
The society, established via a [deed of trust](/wiki/Trust_instrument "Trust instrument") in September 1762 with the name of the "Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorships", offered both [whole life](/wiki/Whole_life_insurance "Whole life insurance") and [fixed term](/wiki/Term_life_insurance "Term life insurance") policies. Premiums, which were constant for the duration of the policy, were based on a method devised by the mathematician [James Dodson](/wiki/James_Dodson_%28mathematician%29 "James Dodson (mathematician)") using mortality figures for Northampton and the amount payable on death, the [basic sum assured](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Conventional_and_unitised "With-profits policy#Conventional and unitised"), was guaranteed, a major advantage at the time.
As Dodson had died five years earlier, [Edward Rowe Mores](/wiki/Edward_Rowe_Mores "Edward Rowe Mores") became its chief executive officer with the title of [actuary](/wiki/Actuary "Actuary")—the first use of the term—though he was an administrator rather than a statistician.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.actuaries.org.uk/\_\_data/assets/pdf\_file/0020/37082/ELAS\_catalogue\_final\_Oct\_2007B.pdf \|title\=Equitable Life Assurance Society Archive1762–1975 \|publisher\=Equitable Life Assurance Society Archive (Institute of Actuaries Library, London) \|date\=October 2007 \|accessdate\=2009\-08\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202054943/http://www.actuaries.org.uk/\_\_data/assets/pdf\_file/0020/37082/ELAS\_catalogue\_final\_Oct\_2007B.pdf \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2008 }}
The first modern actuary, [William Morgan](/wiki/William_Morgan_%28scientist%29 "William Morgan (scientist)"), was appointed in 1775 and served until 1830\. In 1776 the Society carried out the first actuarial valuation of liabilities and subsequently distributed the first [reversionary bonus](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Types_of_bonus "With-profits policy#Types of bonus") (1781\) and [interim bonus](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Types_of_bonus "With-profits policy#Types of bonus") (1809\) among its members. It also used regular valuations to balance competing interests. Its products therefore met the description of a modern [with\-profits policy](/wiki/With-profits_policy "With-profits policy").
The society sought to treat its members equitably and the directors tried to ensure that the policyholders received a fair return on their respective investments. Throughout the society's history, the allocation of bonuses (at regular intervals of up to five years) was a carefully thought\-through decision based on actuarial advice, designed to promote fairness and equity between different groups and generations of policyholders.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hm\-treasury.gov.uk/media/3/4/penrose\_part1amendhs.pdf \|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080910141039/http://www.hm\-treasury.gov.uk/media/3/4/penrose\_part1amendhs.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2008\-09\-10 \|author\=Lord Penrose \|title\=Chapter 1 The Equitable Life Inquiry \|publisher\=\[\[HM Treasury]] \|date\=2004\-03\-08 \|accessdate\=2009\-08\-20 }}
Its methods were successful enough for it to be able to reduce its premiums by 10% in 1777, and there was a further reduction in 1781\. By 1799 the society had assets of £4m and its 5,000 membership subsequently doubled to 10,000 in 1810\. Famous 19th\-century policyholders included [Samuel Taylor Coleridge](/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge "Samuel Taylor Coleridge"), [William Wilberforce](/wiki/William_Wilberforce "William Wilberforce") and [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott "Sir Walter Scott").
The [Life Assurance Companies Act 1870](/wiki/Life_Assurance_Companies_Act_1870 "Life Assurance Companies Act 1870") ([33 \& 34 Vict.](/wiki/33_%26_34_Vict. "33 & 34 Vict.") c. 61\) was passed, "requiring all life offices to publish financial data on the lines so long followed by the Equitable."{{cite web\|url\=https://api.parliament.uk/historic\-hansard/commons/1873/jul/21/life\-assurance\-companies\-act\-1870\-life\|work\=\[\[Hansard\|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]\|date\=21 July 1873\|title\=LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANIES ACT, 1870—LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICES RETURNS.—QUESTION.\|access\-date\=2009\-08\-24}}
In the 20th century, Henry Manly devised the concept and theory of staff pensions, which the Society marketed from 1913\. Pensions became available to the self\-employed in 1957 when the Society launched the [Retirement annuity plan](/wiki/Retirement_annuity_plan "Retirement annuity plan"). Corporate pension scheme members included employees of the [NHS](/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service"), [Unilever](/wiki/Unilever "Unilever") and the [Post Office](/wiki/Post_Office "Post Office").
### Organisation
The society's first offices were in the parsonage of St Nicholas Acons in Nicholas Lane, London, moving to [Blackfriars](/wiki/Blackfriars%2C_London "Blackfriars, London") in 1774\. Approval of policies, the main business of the Society, was undertaken by the Court of Directors; whilst resolutions had to be approved at two meetings of the General Court which all members were entitled to attend. From 1786 this court also dealt with grievances, and there was early tension between initial subscribers wanting a return on investment and those wanting to recruit new members. In 1816 a waiting period was introduced for new members, and only the oldest 5,000 policies were entitled to bonuses.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.equitable.co.uk/content/content\_9\.asp\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406013605/http://www.equitable.co.uk/content/content\_9\.asp\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2004\-04\-06\|title\=AboutEquitable:Fast Facts\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-24}} In 1893 the [memorandum and articles of association](/wiki/Articles_of_association_%28law%29 "Articles of association (law)") were adopted, incorporating the society as "The Equitable Life Assurance Society" and transferring power to the directors; the 1816 membership and bonus restrictions were removed.
The society moved to Mansion House Street in 1863, Coleman Street in 1924 (both in the City of London) and new offices in [Aylesbury](/wiki/Aylesbury "Aylesbury") in January 1983\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/nostalgia/From\-world\-adventures\-to\-pancake.3365306\.jp\|title\=From world adventures to pancake races\|publisher\=Ayelsbury Today\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-14}} The archives of the society from 1762 to 1975 are held by the [Institute of Actuaries](/wiki/Institute_of_Actuaries "Institute of Actuaries").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.actuaries.org.uk/knowledge/elas\_archive \|publisher\=The Actuarian Profession \|title\=Equitable Life Assurance Society (ELAS) archive \|accessdate\=2009\-08\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210156/http://www.actuaries.org.uk/knowledge/elas\_archive \|archive\-date\=February 25, 2009 }}
The society acquired the University Life Assurance Society and the Reversionary Interest Society in 1919 and the Equitable Reversionary Interest Society in 1920\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The society, established via a [deed of trust](/wiki/Trust_instrument \"Trust instrument\") in September 1762 with the name of the \"Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorships\", offered both [whole life](/wiki/Whole_life_insurance \"Whole life insurance\") and [fixed term](/wiki/Term_life_insurance \"Term life insurance\") policies. Premiums, which were constant for the duration of the policy, were based on a method devised by the mathematician [James Dodson](/wiki/James_Dodson_%28mathematician%29 \"James Dodson (mathematician)\") using mortality figures for Northampton and the amount payable on death, the [basic sum assured](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Conventional_and_unitised \"With-profits policy#Conventional and unitised\"), was guaranteed, a major advantage at the time.\nAs Dodson had died five years earlier, [Edward Rowe Mores](/wiki/Edward_Rowe_Mores \"Edward Rowe Mores\") became its chief executive officer with the title of [actuary](/wiki/Actuary \"Actuary\")—the first use of the term—though he was an administrator rather than a statistician.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.actuaries.org.uk/\\_\\_data/assets/pdf\\_file/0020/37082/ELAS\\_catalogue\\_final\\_Oct\\_2007B.pdf \\|title\\=Equitable Life Assurance Society Archive1762–1975 \\|publisher\\=Equitable Life Assurance Society Archive (Institute of Actuaries Library, London) \\|date\\=October 2007 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202054943/http://www.actuaries.org.uk/\\_\\_data/assets/pdf\\_file/0020/37082/ELAS\\_catalogue\\_final\\_Oct\\_2007B.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2008 }}\nThe first modern actuary, [William Morgan](/wiki/William_Morgan_%28scientist%29 \"William Morgan (scientist)\"), was appointed in 1775 and served until 1830\\. In 1776 the Society carried out the first actuarial valuation of liabilities and subsequently distributed the first [reversionary bonus](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Types_of_bonus \"With-profits policy#Types of bonus\") (1781\\) and [interim bonus](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Types_of_bonus \"With-profits policy#Types of bonus\") (1809\\) among its members. It also used regular valuations to balance competing interests. Its products therefore met the description of a modern [with\\-profits policy](/wiki/With-profits_policy \"With-profits policy\").",
"The society sought to treat its members equitably and the directors tried to ensure that the policyholders received a fair return on their respective investments. Throughout the society's history, the allocation of bonuses (at regular intervals of up to five years) was a carefully thought\\-through decision based on actuarial advice, designed to promote fairness and equity between different groups and generations of policyholders.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hm\\-treasury.gov.uk/media/3/4/penrose\\_part1amendhs.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080910141039/http://www.hm\\-treasury.gov.uk/media/3/4/penrose\\_part1amendhs.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-10 \\|author\\=Lord Penrose \\|title\\=Chapter 1 The Equitable Life Inquiry \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[HM Treasury]] \\|date\\=2004\\-03\\-08 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-20 }}",
"Its methods were successful enough for it to be able to reduce its premiums by 10% in 1777, and there was a further reduction in 1781\\. By 1799 the society had assets of £4m and its 5,000 membership subsequently doubled to 10,000 in 1810\\. Famous 19th\\-century policyholders included [Samuel Taylor Coleridge](/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge \"Samuel Taylor Coleridge\"), [William Wilberforce](/wiki/William_Wilberforce \"William Wilberforce\") and [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott \"Sir Walter Scott\").",
"The [Life Assurance Companies Act 1870](/wiki/Life_Assurance_Companies_Act_1870 \"Life Assurance Companies Act 1870\") ([33 \\& 34 Vict.](/wiki/33_%26_34_Vict. \"33 & 34 Vict.\") c. 61\\) was passed, \"requiring all life offices to publish financial data on the lines so long followed by the Equitable.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://api.parliament.uk/historic\\-hansard/commons/1873/jul/21/life\\-assurance\\-companies\\-act\\-1870\\-life\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hansard\\|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]\\|date\\=21 July 1873\\|title\\=LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANIES ACT, 1870—LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICES RETURNS.—QUESTION.\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-24}}",
"In the 20th century, Henry Manly devised the concept and theory of staff pensions, which the Society marketed from 1913\\. Pensions became available to the self\\-employed in 1957 when the Society launched the [Retirement annuity plan](/wiki/Retirement_annuity_plan \"Retirement annuity plan\"). Corporate pension scheme members included employees of the [NHS](/wiki/National_Health_Service \"National Health Service\"), [Unilever](/wiki/Unilever \"Unilever\") and the [Post Office](/wiki/Post_Office \"Post Office\").",
"### Organisation",
"The society's first offices were in the parsonage of St Nicholas Acons in Nicholas Lane, London, moving to [Blackfriars](/wiki/Blackfriars%2C_London \"Blackfriars, London\") in 1774\\. Approval of policies, the main business of the Society, was undertaken by the Court of Directors; whilst resolutions had to be approved at two meetings of the General Court which all members were entitled to attend. From 1786 this court also dealt with grievances, and there was early tension between initial subscribers wanting a return on investment and those wanting to recruit new members. In 1816 a waiting period was introduced for new members, and only the oldest 5,000 policies were entitled to bonuses.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.equitable.co.uk/content/content\\_9\\.asp\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406013605/http://www.equitable.co.uk/content/content\\_9\\.asp\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2004\\-04\\-06\\|title\\=AboutEquitable:Fast Facts\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-24}} In 1893 the [memorandum and articles of association](/wiki/Articles_of_association_%28law%29 \"Articles of association (law)\") were adopted, incorporating the society as \"The Equitable Life Assurance Society\" and transferring power to the directors; the 1816 membership and bonus restrictions were removed.",
"The society moved to Mansion House Street in 1863, Coleman Street in 1924 (both in the City of London) and new offices in [Aylesbury](/wiki/Aylesbury \"Aylesbury\") in January 1983\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/nostalgia/From\\-world\\-adventures\\-to\\-pancake.3365306\\.jp\\|title\\=From world adventures to pancake races\\|publisher\\=Ayelsbury Today\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-14}} The archives of the society from 1762 to 1975 are held by the [Institute of Actuaries](/wiki/Institute_of_Actuaries \"Institute of Actuaries\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.actuaries.org.uk/knowledge/elas\\_archive \\|publisher\\=The Actuarian Profession \\|title\\=Equitable Life Assurance Society (ELAS) archive \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210156/http://www.actuaries.org.uk/knowledge/elas\\_archive \\|archive\\-date\\=February 25, 2009 }}",
"The society acquired the University Life Assurance Society and the Reversionary Interest Society in 1919 and the Equitable Reversionary Interest Society in 1920\\.",
""
] |
Guaranteed Annuity Rates, Article 65 and the 1999 Hyman case
------------------------------------------------------------
Many of Equitable's with\-profits policies were designed to provide a pension for the policyholder on retirement,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/Equitable\_Final\_Glick\_QC.pdf\|title\=Glick Report \- Joint opinion of Ian Glick QC and Richard Snowden for the Financial Services Authority\|date\=May 2001\|publisher\=\[\[Financial Services Authority]]\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-25}} and the lump sum available to buy an [annuity](/wiki/Annuity "Annuity") depended on the sum assured, the reversionary bonuses and the larger [terminal bonus](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Types_of_bonus "With-profits policy#Types of bonus"). Both types of bonus were allocated at the discretion of the directors in accordance with Article 65 of the Articles of Association, the total being intended to reflect the investment return earned over the lifetime of the policy, subject to [smoothing](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Smoothing "With-profits policy#Smoothing").
Between 1956 and the advent of [Personal Pension Schemes](/wiki/Personal_pension_scheme "Personal pension scheme") in July 1988, Equitable sold policies with an option to choose at the retirement date between a fixed Guaranteed Annuity Rate (GAR) or the Current Annuity Rate (i.e. the market annuity rate at that time) (CAR). The latter reflected the anticipated investment return on the lump sum over the annuity holder's lifetime and often changed depending on long\-term interest yields and views on future longevity. No additional premium was charged in respect of the guarantee.
In 1979, legislation allowed the lump sum to be transferred to another annuity provider. As a result, communications with policyholders increasingly focused on the lump sum rather than annuity benefits.
The GAR was calculated using an interest yield of 4% per annum until 1975 when it was increased to 7%. By May 2001, of Equitable's 1\.1m policyholders about 16% held a GAR option.
During the 1980s and 1990s Equitable experienced a further period of rapid growth. It developed market\-leading personal pension and additional voluntary contribution plans while maintaining its record of operating with one of the lowest expense ratios in the industry. Its success was "partly based on its reputation, its strategy of paying no commissions to insurance agents or independent advisers and its tactic of always keeping reserves low and returning to its members more money than other companies".{{cite web \| title \= European Parliament Report \- Committee of Inquiry into the crisis of the Equitable Life Assurance Society\| publisher \= \[\[European Parliament]]\| url \= http://www.europarl.europa.eu/comparl/tempcom/equi/report\_en.pdf\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-27 }}
In 1993 the CAR fell below the guaranteed annuity rate, thus prompting GAR policyholders to exercise their rights. According to actuary Christopher Headdon, policies issued from 1975 to 1988 were worth approximately 25% more than CARs; the total difference amounted to some £1 billion to £1\.5 billion.
Based on an affidavit sworn by Christopher Headdon on 28 June 1999, "from the 1980s onwards, Equitable was aware of the GAR risk. ... At no time did Equitable ever hedge or reinsure adequately against the GAR risk to counteract it. The reason for this was Equitable's belief that it could ... neutralise the potential effect of the GAR risk through the exercise of its discretion to allocate final bonuses under Article 65" (of the Articles of Association).
In 1994, Equitable exercised its discretion under that Article to reduce the terminal bonus of those policies with Guaranteed Annuity Rates, negating the benefit from the guarantee but preserving the assets of non\-GAR policyholders.
By July 1998 there were a number of complaints to the Personal Investment Authority [ombudsman](/wiki/Ombudsman "Ombudsman") and it was decided to seek a [declaratory judgement](/wiki/Declaratory_judgement "Declaratory judgement"). David Hyman was selected as the representative policyholder. Hearings started in July 1999, and in September the High Court ruled in the Equitable's favour; but this was reversed by the [Appeal Court](/wiki/Appeal_Court "Appeal Court") in January 2000\. The Equitable now sought a ruling by the [House of Lords](/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords "Judicial functions of the House of Lords").
### House of Lords ruling on the Hyman case
{{main\|Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman}}
On 20 July 2000 the House of Lords upheld the Appeal Court ruling.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3219069\.stm\|publisher\=BBC News\|title\=Timeline: Equitable Life scandal\|date\=2009\-08\-17\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-26}} They concluded that GAR policies required that the guaranteed rate was applied to calculate the contractual annuity; and that the effect of the differential terminal bonus rates was that the annuity was calculated at current annuity rates, not at the guaranteed rate, and was not lawful. "The self\-evident commercial object of the inclusion of guaranteed rates in the policy is to protect the policyholder against a fall in market annuity rates ... The supposition of the parties must be presumed to have been that the directors would not exercise their discretion \[in Article 65] in conflict with contractual rights."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.parliament.the\-stationery\-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldjudgmt/jd000720/equite\-1\.htm\|publisher\=House of Lords\|title\=Judgments \- Equitable Life Assurance Society v. Hyman\|accessdate\=2010\-01\-02\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907195013/http://www.parliament.the\-stationery\-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldjudgmt/jd000720/equite\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=2008\-09\-07}}
Even before that stage, Equitable, which had long claimed to be more transparent than its rivals, had assets worth £3 billion less than communications with policyholders had indicated.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3547441\.stm\|publisher\=BBC News\|title\=Where Equitable Life went wrong\|date\=2004\-03\-09\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-21}}
|
[
"Guaranteed Annuity Rates, Article 65 and the 1999 Hyman case\n------------------------------------------------------------",
"Many of Equitable's with\\-profits policies were designed to provide a pension for the policyholder on retirement,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/Equitable\\_Final\\_Glick\\_QC.pdf\\|title\\=Glick Report \\- Joint opinion of Ian Glick QC and Richard Snowden for the Financial Services Authority\\|date\\=May 2001\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Financial Services Authority]]\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-25}} and the lump sum available to buy an [annuity](/wiki/Annuity \"Annuity\") depended on the sum assured, the reversionary bonuses and the larger [terminal bonus](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Types_of_bonus \"With-profits policy#Types of bonus\"). Both types of bonus were allocated at the discretion of the directors in accordance with Article 65 of the Articles of Association, the total being intended to reflect the investment return earned over the lifetime of the policy, subject to [smoothing](/wiki/With-profits_policy%23Smoothing \"With-profits policy#Smoothing\").\nBetween 1956 and the advent of [Personal Pension Schemes](/wiki/Personal_pension_scheme \"Personal pension scheme\") in July 1988, Equitable sold policies with an option to choose at the retirement date between a fixed Guaranteed Annuity Rate (GAR) or the Current Annuity Rate (i.e. the market annuity rate at that time) (CAR). The latter reflected the anticipated investment return on the lump sum over the annuity holder's lifetime and often changed depending on long\\-term interest yields and views on future longevity. No additional premium was charged in respect of the guarantee.",
"In 1979, legislation allowed the lump sum to be transferred to another annuity provider. As a result, communications with policyholders increasingly focused on the lump sum rather than annuity benefits.",
"The GAR was calculated using an interest yield of 4% per annum until 1975 when it was increased to 7%. By May 2001, of Equitable's 1\\.1m policyholders about 16% held a GAR option.",
"During the 1980s and 1990s Equitable experienced a further period of rapid growth. It developed market\\-leading personal pension and additional voluntary contribution plans while maintaining its record of operating with one of the lowest expense ratios in the industry. Its success was \"partly based on its reputation, its strategy of paying no commissions to insurance agents or independent advisers and its tactic of always keeping reserves low and returning to its members more money than other companies\".{{cite web \\| title \\= European Parliament Report \\- Committee of Inquiry into the crisis of the Equitable Life Assurance Society\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[European Parliament]]\\| url \\= http://www.europarl.europa.eu/comparl/tempcom/equi/report\\_en.pdf\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-27 }}",
"In 1993 the CAR fell below the guaranteed annuity rate, thus prompting GAR policyholders to exercise their rights. According to actuary Christopher Headdon, policies issued from 1975 to 1988 were worth approximately 25% more than CARs; the total difference amounted to some £1 billion to £1\\.5 billion.",
"Based on an affidavit sworn by Christopher Headdon on 28 June 1999, \"from the 1980s onwards, Equitable was aware of the GAR risk. ... At no time did Equitable ever hedge or reinsure adequately against the GAR risk to counteract it. The reason for this was Equitable's belief that it could ... neutralise the potential effect of the GAR risk through the exercise of its discretion to allocate final bonuses under Article 65\" (of the Articles of Association).",
"In 1994, Equitable exercised its discretion under that Article to reduce the terminal bonus of those policies with Guaranteed Annuity Rates, negating the benefit from the guarantee but preserving the assets of non\\-GAR policyholders.",
"By July 1998 there were a number of complaints to the Personal Investment Authority [ombudsman](/wiki/Ombudsman \"Ombudsman\") and it was decided to seek a [declaratory judgement](/wiki/Declaratory_judgement \"Declaratory judgement\"). David Hyman was selected as the representative policyholder. Hearings started in July 1999, and in September the High Court ruled in the Equitable's favour; but this was reversed by the [Appeal Court](/wiki/Appeal_Court \"Appeal Court\") in January 2000\\. The Equitable now sought a ruling by the [House of Lords](/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords \"Judicial functions of the House of Lords\").",
"### House of Lords ruling on the Hyman case",
"{{main\\|Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman}}\nOn 20 July 2000 the House of Lords upheld the Appeal Court ruling.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3219069\\.stm\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|title\\=Timeline: Equitable Life scandal\\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-17\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-26}} They concluded that GAR policies required that the guaranteed rate was applied to calculate the contractual annuity; and that the effect of the differential terminal bonus rates was that the annuity was calculated at current annuity rates, not at the guaranteed rate, and was not lawful. \"The self\\-evident commercial object of the inclusion of guaranteed rates in the policy is to protect the policyholder against a fall in market annuity rates ... The supposition of the parties must be presumed to have been that the directors would not exercise their discretion \\[in Article 65] in conflict with contractual rights.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.parliament.the\\-stationery\\-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldjudgmt/jd000720/equite\\-1\\.htm\\|publisher\\=House of Lords\\|title\\=Judgments \\- Equitable Life Assurance Society v. Hyman\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-01\\-02\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907195013/http://www.parliament.the\\-stationery\\-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldjudgmt/jd000720/equite\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-07}}",
"Even before that stage, Equitable, which had long claimed to be more transparent than its rivals, had assets worth £3 billion less than communications with policyholders had indicated.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3547441\\.stm\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|title\\=Where Equitable Life went wrong\\|date\\=2004\\-03\\-09\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-21}}",
""
] |
Aftermath of the Hyman case and partial sales, 2001–9
-----------------------------------------------------
Having not insured against losing the case, and with no other way to make provision for the immediate £1\.5 billion increase in long\-term liabilities, Equitable put itself up for sale. By the end of July, about ten companies, including the [Prudential](/wiki/Prudential_plc "Prudential plc"), had considered, but rejected a bid. Equitable had intended using money from the sale to allocate bonuses for the first seven months of 2000, but now this was not available.
On 8 December 2000 it closed to new business, and immediately set a [Market Value Adjustment](/wiki/Market_Value_Reduction "Market Value Reduction") of 10% which was later increased to 15%.{{cite news\|title\=Scottish Equitable becomes latest insurer to impose early exit penalty\|work\=The Independent\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/scottish\-equitable\-becomes\-latest\-insurer\-to\-impose\-early\-exit\-penalty\-669045\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229070925/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/scottish\-equitable\-becomes\-latest\-insurer\-to\-impose\-early\-exit\-penalty\-669045\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2008\-12\-29\|date\=2001\-09\-12\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-26\|location\=London\|first\=Katherine\|last\=Griffiths}}
On 19 December, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury") announced a review of the [Financial Services Authority](/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority "Financial Services Authority") (FSA)'s regulation of Equitable. The following day, Equitable announced that their President and seven non\-executive directors would step down. [Vanni Treves](/wiki/Vanni_Treves "Vanni Treves") became Chairman in March 2001, with Charles Thomson as Chief Executive.
On 4 February 2001 the [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax_%28United_Kingdom_bank%29 "Halifax (United Kingdom bank)") agreed to buy Equitable's operating assets, salesforce and non\-profit business for a payment of up to £1 billion into the with\-profits fund, subject to policyholder agreement. On 20 September 2001, compromise proposals were published offering 17\.5% increase for GARs in exchange for the guarantee and 2\.5% for non\-GARs in exchange for abandoning any legal claim.{{clarify\|date\=December 2016}} The deal was accepted by 98% of GAR policyholders, and was sanctioned by the High Court in February 2002\.
Both groups of policyholders (those whose pensions had vested and those that had not) received further bad news. In July 2001 deferred pensioners (the second group) were angered to be told their savings had been reduced by 16%, and then in November 2002 pensioners were told that "with\-profits annuities, like yours, are now out of line by about 30%."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/improving\_services/special\_reports/pca/equitable\_life/index.html\|title\=Equitable Life: a decade of regulatory failure\|date\=2008\-07\-18\|publisher\=\[\[Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501204346/http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/improving\_services/special\_reports/pca/equitable\_life/index.html\|archive\-date\=May 1, 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-26}} 50,000 annuitants suffered a 20% reduction in income.
In February 2007, Equitable completed the transfer of £4\.6 billion of annuities to [Canada Life](/wiki/Canada_Life "Canada Life"), and in November transferred all £1\.8 billion of with\-profits annuity policies to Prudential, a deal accepted by 98% of members voting at a meeting.
In November 2008, Equitable announced that the sale of the Society would be put on hold and that the Board would instead review the arrangements to run off its existing business. Gross assets as of December 2008 were £8,754 million, around 25% of the value in 2000\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.equitable.co.uk/media/13449/RA%2009%20(08%20results).pdf\|title\=Annual Report and Accounts 2008\|publisher\=The Equitable Life Assurance Society\|access\-date\=15 February 2019}}
Treves stepped down as chairman in September 2009 and was replaced by Ian Brimecome.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/insurance/6000357/Equitable\-Life\-chairman\-Vanni\-Treves\-has\-a\-few\-regrets\-but\-he\-did\-it\-his\-way.html\|title\=Equitable Life chairman Vanni Treves has a few regrets, but he did it his way\|last\=Dunkley\|first\=Jamie\|date\=9 August 2009\|work\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=15 February 2019\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0307\-1235}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.equitable.co.uk/about\-us/the\-board/\|title\=About Us: The Board\|website\=Equitable Life\|access\-date\=15 February 2019}}
|
[
"Aftermath of the Hyman case and partial sales, 2001–9\n-----------------------------------------------------",
"Having not insured against losing the case, and with no other way to make provision for the immediate £1\\.5 billion increase in long\\-term liabilities, Equitable put itself up for sale. By the end of July, about ten companies, including the [Prudential](/wiki/Prudential_plc \"Prudential plc\"), had considered, but rejected a bid. Equitable had intended using money from the sale to allocate bonuses for the first seven months of 2000, but now this was not available.",
"On 8 December 2000 it closed to new business, and immediately set a [Market Value Adjustment](/wiki/Market_Value_Reduction \"Market Value Reduction\") of 10% which was later increased to 15%.{{cite news\\|title\\=Scottish Equitable becomes latest insurer to impose early exit penalty\\|work\\=The Independent\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/scottish\\-equitable\\-becomes\\-latest\\-insurer\\-to\\-impose\\-early\\-exit\\-penalty\\-669045\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229070925/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/scottish\\-equitable\\-becomes\\-latest\\-insurer\\-to\\-impose\\-early\\-exit\\-penalty\\-669045\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-29\\|date\\=2001\\-09\\-12\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-26\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Katherine\\|last\\=Griffiths}}",
"On 19 December, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\") announced a review of the [Financial Services Authority](/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority \"Financial Services Authority\") (FSA)'s regulation of Equitable. The following day, Equitable announced that their President and seven non\\-executive directors would step down. [Vanni Treves](/wiki/Vanni_Treves \"Vanni Treves\") became Chairman in March 2001, with Charles Thomson as Chief Executive.",
"On 4 February 2001 the [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax_%28United_Kingdom_bank%29 \"Halifax (United Kingdom bank)\") agreed to buy Equitable's operating assets, salesforce and non\\-profit business for a payment of up to £1 billion into the with\\-profits fund, subject to policyholder agreement. On 20 September 2001, compromise proposals were published offering 17\\.5% increase for GARs in exchange for the guarantee and 2\\.5% for non\\-GARs in exchange for abandoning any legal claim.{{clarify\\|date\\=December 2016}} The deal was accepted by 98% of GAR policyholders, and was sanctioned by the High Court in February 2002\\.",
"Both groups of policyholders (those whose pensions had vested and those that had not) received further bad news. In July 2001 deferred pensioners (the second group) were angered to be told their savings had been reduced by 16%, and then in November 2002 pensioners were told that \"with\\-profits annuities, like yours, are now out of line by about 30%.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/improving\\_services/special\\_reports/pca/equitable\\_life/index.html\\|title\\=Equitable Life: a decade of regulatory failure\\|date\\=2008\\-07\\-18\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501204346/http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/improving\\_services/special\\_reports/pca/equitable\\_life/index.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 1, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-26}} 50,000 annuitants suffered a 20% reduction in income.",
"In February 2007, Equitable completed the transfer of £4\\.6 billion of annuities to [Canada Life](/wiki/Canada_Life \"Canada Life\"), and in November transferred all £1\\.8 billion of with\\-profits annuity policies to Prudential, a deal accepted by 98% of members voting at a meeting.",
"In November 2008, Equitable announced that the sale of the Society would be put on hold and that the Board would instead review the arrangements to run off its existing business. Gross assets as of December 2008 were £8,754 million, around 25% of the value in 2000\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.equitable.co.uk/media/13449/RA%2009%20(08%20results).pdf\\|title\\=Annual Report and Accounts 2008\\|publisher\\=The Equitable Life Assurance Society\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019}}",
"Treves stepped down as chairman in September 2009 and was replaced by Ian Brimecome.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/insurance/6000357/Equitable\\-Life\\-chairman\\-Vanni\\-Treves\\-has\\-a\\-few\\-regrets\\-but\\-he\\-did\\-it\\-his\\-way.html\\|title\\=Equitable Life chairman Vanni Treves has a few regrets, but he did it his way\\|last\\=Dunkley\\|first\\=Jamie\\|date\\=9 August 2009\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0307\\-1235}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.equitable.co.uk/about\\-us/the\\-board/\\|title\\=About Us: The Board\\|website\\=Equitable Life\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019}}",
""
] |
European Parliament investigation, 2007
---------------------------------------
In June 2007 the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") issued a 385\-page report on Equitable Life. Its fifteen\-month investigation followed the implementation in July 2004 of EC Directive 92/96/EEC (the Third Life Directive or 3LD), which governs the single market in life insurance. This directive required the UK, where Equitable's headquarters were, to supervise its "entire business", and curtailed the supervisory power of other EU countries where Equitable operated.
The EU Parliament's remit was to investigate, [without prejudice](/wiki/Without_prejudice "Without prejudice"), alleged breaches of Community law in relation to the collapse, to assess the UK regulatory regime in respect of Equitable Life, and to look at the adequacy of remedies available to policyholders including the 15,000 non\-UK members. The 22\-member committee heard evidence from 38 witnesses and analysed 92 public documents, and its report is the only one completely independent of UK Government influence. Whilst a detailed summary of the full document is well outside the scope of this article, an examination of the effectiveness of the supervision of Equitable is given below and closely follows the wording.
* Financial supervision covering the Assurance undertaking's entire business.
The evidence suggests that the regulator focused exclusively on solvency margins, and took little or no account of accrued terminal bonuses in its overall analysis of the financial health of the company. It quotes Penrose as saying that the Policyholders' Reasonable Expectations (PRE) would have included terminal bonus even if the amount was not defined; however the [Government Actuary's Department](/wiki/Government_Actuary%27s_Department "Government Actuary's Department") (GAD) and the Treasury deny PRE existed as the terminal bonus was not guaranteed.
The report goes on to say that if it is considered that these types of bonuses are an integral part of the company's "entire business", the regulatory authorities should have taken them into account. Although the regulator was given the option of not forcing Equitable to build reserves for discretionary bonuses, that did not absolve the authorities from their duty of financial supervision covering the "assurance undertaking's entire business".
* Every insurance company is required to have sound administrative and accounting procedures and adequate internal control mechanisms. Though the Appointed Actuary (AA) is not a role required by the directive, it was an essential part of the UK's own system of insurance regulation. Inter alia, the AA was required to act as a guardian of policyholders' interests; but the overall evidence suggests that "the UK regulator did not fulfil its obligation ... in that Roy Ranson became CEO without relinquishing his role as the Appointed Actuary." The Treasury rejected this claim as the 3LD does not mention the AA.
The overall evidence received suggested that by not taking swift action on this matter, the UK regulator did not fulfil its obligation to require from Equitable sound administrative and accounting procedures and adequate internal control mechanisms, as required explicitly.
* Ensure that the competent authorities have the powers and means necessary for the supervision of assurance undertakings.
The UK had the legal power to supervise Equitable. The Baird report stated that in January 1999, the total number of staff involved in the Government's prudential regulation of about 200 insurance companies was less than 135\.
The Penrose report also states that "the DTI insurance division was ill equipped to participate in the regulatory process. It had inadequate staff and those involved at line supervisor level in particular were not qualified to make any significant contribution to the process. For all practical purposes, scrutiny of the actuarial functioning of life offices was in the hands of GAD until the reorganisation under FSA was in place". More evidence also strongly suggests that the regulator adopted a conscious and deliberate "hands\-off" approach with regard to the Equitable case. If this were proven to be the case, it would constitute a breach of the regulator's obligation to ensure the respect of PRE and therefore a breach of the letter and aim of Article 10 of the 3LD. Both the Baird and Penrose reports contain criticisms of the regulator's lack of a "pro\-active approach".
In its conclusion on p. 117, the report said that the powers bestowed on the Secretary of State (as prescribed by Section 68 of the Insurance Companies Act 1982\) to waive the application of prudential regulations appear to be incompatible with the letter and the aim of the Directive, and were used inappropriately (particularly when granting authorisation on numerous occasions to include future profits in the assets available to meet the solvency margin), and that therefore ... there are serious concerns that the 3LD was not correctly transposed in full.
"The committee is of the opinion that the application of the 3LD by the UK in respect of the ELAS case was deficient and that UK regulators and authorities did not adequately respect the ultimate purpose of the Directive."{{cite web \| title \= REPORT on the crisis of the Equitable Life Assurance Society : Investigation into the correct transposition into UK law of the 3LD and itsapplication/implementation by UK authorities in relation to the ELAS \|publisher \= \[\[European Parliament]]\| url \= http://www.europarl.europa.eu/comparl/tempcom/equi/report\_en.pdf\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-27 }}
|
[
"European Parliament investigation, 2007\n---------------------------------------",
"In June 2007 the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") issued a 385\\-page report on Equitable Life. Its fifteen\\-month investigation followed the implementation in July 2004 of EC Directive 92/96/EEC (the Third Life Directive or 3LD), which governs the single market in life insurance. This directive required the UK, where Equitable's headquarters were, to supervise its \"entire business\", and curtailed the supervisory power of other EU countries where Equitable operated.",
"The EU Parliament's remit was to investigate, [without prejudice](/wiki/Without_prejudice \"Without prejudice\"), alleged breaches of Community law in relation to the collapse, to assess the UK regulatory regime in respect of Equitable Life, and to look at the adequacy of remedies available to policyholders including the 15,000 non\\-UK members. The 22\\-member committee heard evidence from 38 witnesses and analysed 92 public documents, and its report is the only one completely independent of UK Government influence. Whilst a detailed summary of the full document is well outside the scope of this article, an examination of the effectiveness of the supervision of Equitable is given below and closely follows the wording.\n* Financial supervision covering the Assurance undertaking's entire business.",
"The evidence suggests that the regulator focused exclusively on solvency margins, and took little or no account of accrued terminal bonuses in its overall analysis of the financial health of the company. It quotes Penrose as saying that the Policyholders' Reasonable Expectations (PRE) would have included terminal bonus even if the amount was not defined; however the [Government Actuary's Department](/wiki/Government_Actuary%27s_Department \"Government Actuary's Department\") (GAD) and the Treasury deny PRE existed as the terminal bonus was not guaranteed.",
"The report goes on to say that if it is considered that these types of bonuses are an integral part of the company's \"entire business\", the regulatory authorities should have taken them into account. Although the regulator was given the option of not forcing Equitable to build reserves for discretionary bonuses, that did not absolve the authorities from their duty of financial supervision covering the \"assurance undertaking's entire business\".",
"* Every insurance company is required to have sound administrative and accounting procedures and adequate internal control mechanisms. Though the Appointed Actuary (AA) is not a role required by the directive, it was an essential part of the UK's own system of insurance regulation. Inter alia, the AA was required to act as a guardian of policyholders' interests; but the overall evidence suggests that \"the UK regulator did not fulfil its obligation ... in that Roy Ranson became CEO without relinquishing his role as the Appointed Actuary.\" The Treasury rejected this claim as the 3LD does not mention the AA.",
"The overall evidence received suggested that by not taking swift action on this matter, the UK regulator did not fulfil its obligation to require from Equitable sound administrative and accounting procedures and adequate internal control mechanisms, as required explicitly.",
"* Ensure that the competent authorities have the powers and means necessary for the supervision of assurance undertakings.\nThe UK had the legal power to supervise Equitable. The Baird report stated that in January 1999, the total number of staff involved in the Government's prudential regulation of about 200 insurance companies was less than 135\\.",
"The Penrose report also states that \"the DTI insurance division was ill equipped to participate in the regulatory process. It had inadequate staff and those involved at line supervisor level in particular were not qualified to make any significant contribution to the process. For all practical purposes, scrutiny of the actuarial functioning of life offices was in the hands of GAD until the reorganisation under FSA was in place\". More evidence also strongly suggests that the regulator adopted a conscious and deliberate \"hands\\-off\" approach with regard to the Equitable case. If this were proven to be the case, it would constitute a breach of the regulator's obligation to ensure the respect of PRE and therefore a breach of the letter and aim of Article 10 of the 3LD. Both the Baird and Penrose reports contain criticisms of the regulator's lack of a \"pro\\-active approach\".",
"In its conclusion on p. 117, the report said that the powers bestowed on the Secretary of State (as prescribed by Section 68 of the Insurance Companies Act 1982\\) to waive the application of prudential regulations appear to be incompatible with the letter and the aim of the Directive, and were used inappropriately (particularly when granting authorisation on numerous occasions to include future profits in the assets available to meet the solvency margin), and that therefore ... there are serious concerns that the 3LD was not correctly transposed in full.",
"\"The committee is of the opinion that the application of the 3LD by the UK in respect of the ELAS case was deficient and that UK regulators and authorities did not adequately respect the ultimate purpose of the Directive.\"{{cite web \\| title \\= REPORT on the crisis of the Equitable Life Assurance Society : Investigation into the correct transposition into UK law of the 3LD and itsapplication/implementation by UK authorities in relation to the ELAS \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[European Parliament]]\\| url \\= http://www.europarl.europa.eu/comparl/tempcom/equi/report\\_en.pdf\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-27 }}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Childhood and early career
Isemonger grew up in the [Sutherland Shire](/wiki/Sutherland_Shire "Sutherland Shire") and began playing rugby league at an early age for his local club side Como Jannali Rugby League Football Club. He spent all of his early years playing C grade for Como Jannali after an unsuccessful stint playing basketball with the Sutherland Pirates. He was eventually signed by the [Cronulla\-Sutherland Sharks](/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks "Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks") while still a teenager.
### 1998
After signing with his local [National Rugby League](/wiki/National_Rugby_League "National Rugby League") side Isemonger eventually made his first grade debut on 10 July 1998 at the age of twenty against the [Parramatta Eels](/wiki/Parramatta_Eels "Parramatta Eels").
### 1999\-2005
Over the next several years, Isemonger was both in and out of the first grade team with the Sharks for a variety of reasons; originally having to compete with representative players such as [Chris McKenna](/wiki/Chris_McKenna_%28rugby_league%29 "Chris McKenna (rugby league)"), [Tawera Nikau](/wiki/Tawera_Nikau "Tawera Nikau"), [Les Davidson](/wiki/Les_Davidson "Les Davidson") and [Danny Lee](/wiki/Danny_Lee_%28rugby_league%29 "Danny Lee (rugby league)") meant a first team position was more often than not hard to come by. With several senior players moving on as the years passed Isemonger was able to get more game time but again hit a stumbling block with two [knee reconstructions](/wiki/Knee_reconstruction "Knee reconstruction") in 2001 and 2002\.[Lang punch drunk at welcome party](http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/03/30/1017206161038.html)
After eight seasons with Cronulla in which he made a total of seventy\-four appearances, Isemonger was subsequently released from his contract by new coach [Stuart Raper](/wiki/Stuart_Raper "Stuart Raper").
### 2006–present
After being released by Cronulla, Isemonger signed on to local rivals the [St George Illawarra Dragons](/wiki/St_George_Illawarra_Dragons "St George Illawarra Dragons") for the beginning of the 2006 NRL season.
Isemonger retired in 2007 and took to coaching his junior club the Como Jannali Crocodiles under the watchful eye of close friend and lifelong mentor Kev McDermott. "I'm so glad to finally return to a life of danger with the Como Crocs." He said at the time.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Childhood and early career",
"Isemonger grew up in the [Sutherland Shire](/wiki/Sutherland_Shire \"Sutherland Shire\") and began playing rugby league at an early age for his local club side Como Jannali Rugby League Football Club. He spent all of his early years playing C grade for Como Jannali after an unsuccessful stint playing basketball with the Sutherland Pirates. He was eventually signed by the [Cronulla\\-Sutherland Sharks](/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks \"Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks\") while still a teenager.",
"### 1998",
"After signing with his local [National Rugby League](/wiki/National_Rugby_League \"National Rugby League\") side Isemonger eventually made his first grade debut on 10 July 1998 at the age of twenty against the [Parramatta Eels](/wiki/Parramatta_Eels \"Parramatta Eels\").",
"### 1999\\-2005",
"Over the next several years, Isemonger was both in and out of the first grade team with the Sharks for a variety of reasons; originally having to compete with representative players such as [Chris McKenna](/wiki/Chris_McKenna_%28rugby_league%29 \"Chris McKenna (rugby league)\"), [Tawera Nikau](/wiki/Tawera_Nikau \"Tawera Nikau\"), [Les Davidson](/wiki/Les_Davidson \"Les Davidson\") and [Danny Lee](/wiki/Danny_Lee_%28rugby_league%29 \"Danny Lee (rugby league)\") meant a first team position was more often than not hard to come by. With several senior players moving on as the years passed Isemonger was able to get more game time but again hit a stumbling block with two [knee reconstructions](/wiki/Knee_reconstruction \"Knee reconstruction\") in 2001 and 2002\\.[Lang punch drunk at welcome party](http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/03/30/1017206161038.html)",
"After eight seasons with Cronulla in which he made a total of seventy\\-four appearances, Isemonger was subsequently released from his contract by new coach [Stuart Raper](/wiki/Stuart_Raper \"Stuart Raper\").",
"### 2006–present",
"After being released by Cronulla, Isemonger signed on to local rivals the [St George Illawarra Dragons](/wiki/St_George_Illawarra_Dragons \"St George Illawarra Dragons\") for the beginning of the 2006 NRL season.",
"Isemonger retired in 2007 and took to coaching his junior club the Como Jannali Crocodiles under the watchful eye of close friend and lifelong mentor Kev McDermott. \"I'm so glad to finally return to a life of danger with the Como Crocs.\" He said at the time.",
""
] |
History
-------
The old parish church, a roofless 16th century building currently in poor condition, survives on a mound in the old kirkyard, by the Gowrie Burn. This site was formerly close to the sea; much land has been reclaimed from the [Firth of Tay](/wiki/Firth_of_Tay "Firth of Tay") in recent times, and it is now some way inland. This was an [early Christian](/wiki/Early_Christian "Early Christian") site, dedicated to St [Curetán](/wiki/Curet%C3%A1n "Curetán"). An artistically important and well\-preserved cross\-slab carved on five faces from this site is on display in the [Museum of Scotland](/wiki/Museum_of_Scotland "Museum of Scotland") in [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"). Dating from the early 9th century, the front shows a cross decorated with interlace, the back three stylised clerics, one holding an object which may be a charter with appended [seal](/wiki/Seal_%28emblem%29 "Seal (emblem)"), above two dragon\-like creatures.
This cross\-slab was formerly built into a window of the medieval church, along with another smaller, damaged example, also now in Edinburgh (not on display).
The village was formerly part of the estate of Mylnefield. The quarry at Invergowrie supplied important sites around the UK, stone being included in the base of [Nelson's column](/wiki/Nelson%27s_column "Nelson's column") and [St Katherine's Docks](/wiki/St_Katherine%27s_Docks "St Katherine's Docks") in London. The quarry workers hit a spring at the beginning of the 20th century and the quarry filled with water. The former quarry can be seen as you leave Invergowrie station by train heading to Perth and now looks like a large lake. Until 1967, the main source of work in the village was a paper mill.
The legend of the Gows o' Gowrie, stones supposed thrown by the devil around Invergowrie. The prophecy comes from a verse by Thomas the Rhymer (circa 1280\).
> "When the Yowes o' Gowrie come to land,
> The Day o' Judgement's near at hand"
[thumb\|Invergowrie churches: the nearer square tower belongs to the Church of Scotland Parish Church of Invergowrie and the rear spire is the Scottish Episcopal Church of Invergowrie](/wiki/File:Invergowrie_Churches.jpg "Invergowrie Churches.jpg")
Where the stones are, if they exist, has not been quite agreed. There is a "Deil's stone" at Greystanes, behind the Hilton hotel, surrounded by a Victorian fence. There is also a lump of rock which used to be called "the Paddock Stone" or the "Fairy Stone" in the wood situated on the Waterside road, near the quarry. It was said another stone was left in Invergowrie Bay, but that is now covered in silt and not visible. The Parish of Longforgan, by Adam Phillips, contains several paragraphs on the subject. The stones are of course glacial deposits. There was also the large Victorian house called "The Gows", now part of the Invergowrie Technology Park.
On 22 October 1979 a [rail crash](/wiki/Invergowrie_rail_crash "Invergowrie rail crash") occurred after a warning signal was ignored resulting in the death of five people and 50 injuries.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The old parish church, a roofless 16th century building currently in poor condition, survives on a mound in the old kirkyard, by the Gowrie Burn. This site was formerly close to the sea; much land has been reclaimed from the [Firth of Tay](/wiki/Firth_of_Tay \"Firth of Tay\") in recent times, and it is now some way inland. This was an [early Christian](/wiki/Early_Christian \"Early Christian\") site, dedicated to St [Curetán](/wiki/Curet%C3%A1n \"Curetán\"). An artistically important and well\\-preserved cross\\-slab carved on five faces from this site is on display in the [Museum of Scotland](/wiki/Museum_of_Scotland \"Museum of Scotland\") in [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"). Dating from the early 9th century, the front shows a cross decorated with interlace, the back three stylised clerics, one holding an object which may be a charter with appended [seal](/wiki/Seal_%28emblem%29 \"Seal (emblem)\"), above two dragon\\-like creatures.",
"This cross\\-slab was formerly built into a window of the medieval church, along with another smaller, damaged example, also now in Edinburgh (not on display).",
"The village was formerly part of the estate of Mylnefield. The quarry at Invergowrie supplied important sites around the UK, stone being included in the base of [Nelson's column](/wiki/Nelson%27s_column \"Nelson's column\") and [St Katherine's Docks](/wiki/St_Katherine%27s_Docks \"St Katherine's Docks\") in London. The quarry workers hit a spring at the beginning of the 20th century and the quarry filled with water. The former quarry can be seen as you leave Invergowrie station by train heading to Perth and now looks like a large lake. Until 1967, the main source of work in the village was a paper mill.",
"The legend of the Gows o' Gowrie, stones supposed thrown by the devil around Invergowrie. The prophecy comes from a verse by Thomas the Rhymer (circa 1280\\).",
"> \"When the Yowes o' Gowrie come to land, \n> The Day o' Judgement's near at hand\"",
"[thumb\\|Invergowrie churches: the nearer square tower belongs to the Church of Scotland Parish Church of Invergowrie and the rear spire is the Scottish Episcopal Church of Invergowrie](/wiki/File:Invergowrie_Churches.jpg \"Invergowrie Churches.jpg\")\nWhere the stones are, if they exist, has not been quite agreed. There is a \"Deil's stone\" at Greystanes, behind the Hilton hotel, surrounded by a Victorian fence. There is also a lump of rock which used to be called \"the Paddock Stone\" or the \"Fairy Stone\" in the wood situated on the Waterside road, near the quarry. It was said another stone was left in Invergowrie Bay, but that is now covered in silt and not visible. The Parish of Longforgan, by Adam Phillips, contains several paragraphs on the subject. The stones are of course glacial deposits. There was also the large Victorian house called \"The Gows\", now part of the Invergowrie Technology Park.",
"On 22 October 1979 a [rail crash](/wiki/Invergowrie_rail_crash \"Invergowrie rail crash\") occurred after a warning signal was ignored resulting in the death of five people and 50 injuries.",
""
] |
Marriage
--------
Jones married Frances Agnes Vaughan, the daughter of Col. Eugene James Vaughan, on 13 June 1867 in [St Peter's Church, Carmarthen](/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church%2C_Carmarthen "St Peter's Church, Carmarthen").{{cite journal \|author\= \|date\=1 July 1867 \|title\=PRIODWYD \|url\=https://journals.library.wales/view/2785689/2807746/37 \|journal\=Yr haul \|volume\=127 \|page\=224 \|via\=\[\[The National Library of Wales]] \|access\-date\=15 March 2023}} After the marriage, they resided at Lammas Street, Carmarthen near the business of Jones' father, where he spent much of his time. They had a stillbirth in January 1868\.{{cite news \|author\= \|date\=19 July 1875 \|title\=A Carmarthen Divorce Case \|url\=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3502115/3502120/47 \|work\=\[\[South Wales Daily News]] \|location\=\[\[Cardiff]] \|via\=\[\[The National Library of Wales]] \|access\-date\=15 March 2024}}
According to Jones, they lived comfortably together until the end of 1871, when she began an affair with John Lewis, a married timber merchant and former [Mayor of Carmarthen](/wiki/Mayor_of_Carmarthen "Mayor of Carmarthen"). He forbade her from seeing Lewis, but she continued to do so. Shortly after her father's death in October 1871, he gave her a push as she was getting out of bed and told her to sleep with the servant. Several anonymous letters regarding the affair were sent to Jones, which he always showed her. Because of their differences, they took meals separately. When she miscarried in November 1872, he walked into her room, locked the door, and told her that many a man would strike her had he been provoked like this, but ostensibly he did not strike her.
In July of the following year, Jones received a letter addressed to his wife, which he believed had been written by Lewis. It read "Dear dear Fanny, meet me where you did last night and we can make an appointment for to\-night." In April 1874, it was arranged that she would stay at her mother's and he signed an agreement offering to take her back after six months, so long as the affair did not continue and he found her conduct acceptable. After this event, it was observed that she and Lewis often met clandestinely and they were seen in fields together under adulterous circumstances. At the seaside village of [Llansteffan](/wiki/Llansteffan "Llansteffan"), they were seen emerging from a cave.
### *Jones vs. Jones and Lewis*
The case of *Jones vs. Jones and Lewis*, a petition for a dissolution of the marriage between Charles William Jones and Frances Agnes Jones on the ground of her adultery with John Lewis, was heard on two separate occasions on 19 and 22 July 1875 before [James Hannen, Baron Hannen](/wiki/James_Hannen%2C_Baron_Hannen "James Hannen, Baron Hannen") and a special jury. Jones and Lewis denied his charging them with adultery and she alleged that he had acted cruelly towards her. Jones denied the charge of cruelty, his angry words having been admissible by the intimacy between his wife and Lewis.
Under cross\-examination, Jones said he did not remember calling his wife a "barren b–" and that she did not take care of herself when pregnant as he had asked her to. They had often talked about not having children, he said, and he often took her out to concerts and the circus. He could not recall having said, as claimed, that hopes of his father not remarrying were blighted hy her, because she had had no children, but he could recall plainly that she had wished she was dead and that some mention of divorce was made. Regardless of the intimacy between his wife and Lewis, he said he had always tried to remain on friendly terms with her, but was still much annoyed. He did not say he wanted a divorce, but admitted that he would marry again in such an event. Jones told the court that he was naturally of a jealous disposion, as his wife was a very attractive woman and popular with most people.
Under re\-examination, Jones said he had not had any disputes with his wife until he discovered that she was being unfaithful. He did not take objection to her having amusement, but did object to her going out by herself at night and meeting John Lewis. After his wife had left, he recalled that he had received several letters from her, including one that commenced "Dear Charles", asking him to take her back. Several witnesses were then called to give their accounts and recalled seeing his wife and Lewis in clandestine circumstances.
The jury found that Jones had not been guilty of cruelty and that Lewis and Jones' wife had not been guilty of adultery. Baron Hannen said he hoped a resumption of the agreement entered into of cohabitation in six months might be carried out.{{cite news \|author\= \|date\=30 July 1875 \|title\=THE CARMARTHEN DIVORCE SUIT. \|url\=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3307503/3307511/55 \|work\=\[\[The Cambrian]] \|location\=\[\[Wales]] \|via\=\[\[The National Library of Wales]] \|access\-date\=15 March 2024}}
|
[
"Marriage\n--------",
"Jones married Frances Agnes Vaughan, the daughter of Col. Eugene James Vaughan, on 13 June 1867 in [St Peter's Church, Carmarthen](/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church%2C_Carmarthen \"St Peter's Church, Carmarthen\").{{cite journal \\|author\\= \\|date\\=1 July 1867 \\|title\\=PRIODWYD \\|url\\=https://journals.library.wales/view/2785689/2807746/37 \\|journal\\=Yr haul \\|volume\\=127 \\|page\\=224 \\|via\\=\\[\\[The National Library of Wales]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2023}} After the marriage, they resided at Lammas Street, Carmarthen near the business of Jones' father, where he spent much of his time. They had a stillbirth in January 1868\\.{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|date\\=19 July 1875 \\|title\\=A Carmarthen Divorce Case \\|url\\=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3502115/3502120/47 \\|work\\=\\[\\[South Wales Daily News]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Cardiff]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[The National Library of Wales]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2024}}",
"According to Jones, they lived comfortably together until the end of 1871, when she began an affair with John Lewis, a married timber merchant and former [Mayor of Carmarthen](/wiki/Mayor_of_Carmarthen \"Mayor of Carmarthen\"). He forbade her from seeing Lewis, but she continued to do so. Shortly after her father's death in October 1871, he gave her a push as she was getting out of bed and told her to sleep with the servant. Several anonymous letters regarding the affair were sent to Jones, which he always showed her. Because of their differences, they took meals separately. When she miscarried in November 1872, he walked into her room, locked the door, and told her that many a man would strike her had he been provoked like this, but ostensibly he did not strike her.",
"In July of the following year, Jones received a letter addressed to his wife, which he believed had been written by Lewis. It read \"Dear dear Fanny, meet me where you did last night and we can make an appointment for to\\-night.\" In April 1874, it was arranged that she would stay at her mother's and he signed an agreement offering to take her back after six months, so long as the affair did not continue and he found her conduct acceptable. After this event, it was observed that she and Lewis often met clandestinely and they were seen in fields together under adulterous circumstances. At the seaside village of [Llansteffan](/wiki/Llansteffan \"Llansteffan\"), they were seen emerging from a cave.",
"### *Jones vs. Jones and Lewis*",
"The case of *Jones vs. Jones and Lewis*, a petition for a dissolution of the marriage between Charles William Jones and Frances Agnes Jones on the ground of her adultery with John Lewis, was heard on two separate occasions on 19 and 22 July 1875 before [James Hannen, Baron Hannen](/wiki/James_Hannen%2C_Baron_Hannen \"James Hannen, Baron Hannen\") and a special jury. Jones and Lewis denied his charging them with adultery and she alleged that he had acted cruelly towards her. Jones denied the charge of cruelty, his angry words having been admissible by the intimacy between his wife and Lewis.",
"Under cross\\-examination, Jones said he did not remember calling his wife a \"barren b–\" and that she did not take care of herself when pregnant as he had asked her to. They had often talked about not having children, he said, and he often took her out to concerts and the circus. He could not recall having said, as claimed, that hopes of his father not remarrying were blighted hy her, because she had had no children, but he could recall plainly that she had wished she was dead and that some mention of divorce was made. Regardless of the intimacy between his wife and Lewis, he said he had always tried to remain on friendly terms with her, but was still much annoyed. He did not say he wanted a divorce, but admitted that he would marry again in such an event. Jones told the court that he was naturally of a jealous disposion, as his wife was a very attractive woman and popular with most people.",
"Under re\\-examination, Jones said he had not had any disputes with his wife until he discovered that she was being unfaithful. He did not take objection to her having amusement, but did object to her going out by herself at night and meeting John Lewis. After his wife had left, he recalled that he had received several letters from her, including one that commenced \"Dear Charles\", asking him to take her back. Several witnesses were then called to give their accounts and recalled seeing his wife and Lewis in clandestine circumstances.",
"The jury found that Jones had not been guilty of cruelty and that Lewis and Jones' wife had not been guilty of adultery. Baron Hannen said he hoped a resumption of the agreement entered into of cohabitation in six months might be carried out.{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|date\\=30 July 1875 \\|title\\=THE CARMARTHEN DIVORCE SUIT. \\|url\\=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3307503/3307511/55 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Cambrian]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Wales]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[The National Library of Wales]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2024}}",
""
] |
Continuity with English parliament
----------------------------------
[thumb\|The composition of the final English House of Commons, as elected in 1705\. Note that party loyalties are an approximation.](/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_elected_members%2C_1705.svg "House of Commons elected members, 1705.svg")
The last [English parliament](/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England "List of Parliaments of England") ([Queen Anne's second parliament](/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Queen_Anne "2nd Parliament of Queen Anne")) officially began on 14 June 1705 and sat for three [sessions](/wiki/Legislative_session "Legislative session"). The first session met from 25 October 1705 to 19 March 1706, the second from 3 December 1706 to 8 April 1707 and the third from 14 April 1707 to 24 April 1707\.
According to a clause of the Act of Union, Anne had until 1 May 1707 to convert the current sitting members of the English parliament into the English members of a British parliament, otherwise she would have to call for fresh elections.
In her closing speech of 24 April 1707, Anne informed the English parliament of her intention to exercise the treaty clause before 1 May and have current members of the English parliament sit in the first British parliament."I think it expedient that the Lords of parliament of England, and Commons of the present parliament of England, should be the members of the respective houses of the first parliament of Great Britain, for and on the behalf of England; and therefore I intend within the time limited, to publish a proclamation for the purpose, pursuant to the powers given me by the acts of parliament of both kingdoms, ratifying the treaty of Union" (Anne's speech of 24 April 1707, as published in Cobbett (1810\) *Parliamentary History of Great Britain*, vol. 6: pp. 580–81\). After the speech, at Anne's command, parliament was prorogued until 30 April. On 29 April, as promised in her speech, Anne invoked the clause of the Act of Union reviving the parliament by [proclamation](/wiki/Proclamation "Proclamation"). In another proclamation on 5 June, Anne listed the Scottish members (16 peers and 45 commissioners) by name and, *without* issuing new [writs of summons](/wiki/Hereditary_peer%23Writs_of_summons "Hereditary peer#Writs of summons"), the Queen scheduled the first parliament of Great Britain to "meet and be holden" on 23 October 1707\.
It was not immediately clear, for the purposes of the 1694 [Triennial Act](/wiki/Meeting_of_Parliament_Act_1694 "Meeting of Parliament Act 1694"), whether the First Parliament of Great Britain would count as a "new" parliament or as a continuation of the current English parliament that had already sat for two years. Some (e.g. [Harley](/wiki/Robert_Harley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer "Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer")) argued that it was a continuation, as it was not summoned by fresh writs, and thus expected its term would expire 14 June 1708, and it would have to be dissolved and new elections called before the deadline. But others (e.g. [Marlborough](/wiki/John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough "John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough")) argued that because Anne's proclamation of 29 April did *not* renew the prorogation of the last English parliament (set to expire on 30 April), then the last English parliament was legally defunct and the First British Parliament was new, and the triennial clock was reset. Although it seems that Marlborough's opinion prevailed,Cobbett (1810: pp. 588–89\) it was not tested as ultimately the First British Parliament would sit through only one session and be dissolved in April 1708, before the triennial deadline.
The matter of continuity remains ambiguous in the records. The authoritative 19th\-century parliamentary historian [William Cobbett](/wiki/William_Cobbett "William Cobbett") considered the First British Parliament a new and distinct parliament, and separated it from the Anne's last English parliament.Cobbett (1810, vol. 6, p. 589\). Collections of [statute](/wiki/Statute "Statute") records treat it inconsistently, e.g. the *[Statutes at Large](/wiki/Statutes_at_Large "Statutes at Large")* collections of both Pickering and Ruffhead label the last English session as "5 Anne", and the first British session as "6 Anne" (albeit dating its beginning on 23 October, the date of meeting, and not 29 April, the date of Anne's proclamation).Pickering's *Statutes at Large*, vol. 11, [p. 290](https://books.google.com/books?id=EvguAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA290) By contrast, the *[Statutes of the Realm](/wiki/Statutes_of_the_Realm "Statutes of the Realm")* (an official collection) does not differentiate the statute labels, and lists both sessions on the same roll, merged into one, with the last English statute labelled [6 Ann.](/wiki/6_Ann. "6 Ann.") c. 34 and the first British statute labeled [6 Ann.](/wiki/6_Ann._%28GB%29 "6 Ann. (GB)") c. 35\.See *Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes*, 1890: [p. 76](https://books.google.com/books?id=6J5RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76).
The ambiguity of continuity mattered to the case of [John Asgill](/wiki/John_Asgill "John Asgill"), a member of parliament for [Bramber](/wiki/Bramber_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Bramber (UK Parliament constituency)"), elected in 1705, who was arrested on 12 June 1707 and imprisoned at [Fleet Prison](/wiki/Fleet_Prison "Fleet Prison") for debt. Although this was in the interval between the closure of the English parliament and the opening of the British one, Asgill appealed to [parliamentary immunity](/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity "Parliamentary immunity") from arrest on the grounds that he was a member of a current parliament. Asgill's appeal was debated in the British House of Commons shortly after opening. Although the House ended up agreeing, on 16 December, that Asgill had retained immunity in that period ("ought to have the privilege"), they did not explain why, nor declare precisely of which parliament he was a member at the time of his arrest.J. Hatsell (1818\) *Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons*, vol. 2, p. 41 Nonetheless, two days after ordering his release, the House voted to expel Asgill on different grounds (authoring a [blasphemous](/wiki/Blasphemy "Blasphemy") book).Cobbett (1810:p. 601\)
|
[
"Continuity with English parliament\n----------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|The composition of the final English House of Commons, as elected in 1705\\. Note that party loyalties are an approximation.](/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_elected_members%2C_1705.svg \"House of Commons elected members, 1705.svg\")",
"The last [English parliament](/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England \"List of Parliaments of England\") ([Queen Anne's second parliament](/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Queen_Anne \"2nd Parliament of Queen Anne\")) officially began on 14 June 1705 and sat for three [sessions](/wiki/Legislative_session \"Legislative session\"). The first session met from 25 October 1705 to 19 March 1706, the second from 3 December 1706 to 8 April 1707 and the third from 14 April 1707 to 24 April 1707\\.",
"According to a clause of the Act of Union, Anne had until 1 May 1707 to convert the current sitting members of the English parliament into the English members of a British parliament, otherwise she would have to call for fresh elections.",
"In her closing speech of 24 April 1707, Anne informed the English parliament of her intention to exercise the treaty clause before 1 May and have current members of the English parliament sit in the first British parliament.\"I think it expedient that the Lords of parliament of England, and Commons of the present parliament of England, should be the members of the respective houses of the first parliament of Great Britain, for and on the behalf of England; and therefore I intend within the time limited, to publish a proclamation for the purpose, pursuant to the powers given me by the acts of parliament of both kingdoms, ratifying the treaty of Union\" (Anne's speech of 24 April 1707, as published in Cobbett (1810\\) *Parliamentary History of Great Britain*, vol. 6: pp. 580–81\\). After the speech, at Anne's command, parliament was prorogued until 30 April. On 29 April, as promised in her speech, Anne invoked the clause of the Act of Union reviving the parliament by [proclamation](/wiki/Proclamation \"Proclamation\"). In another proclamation on 5 June, Anne listed the Scottish members (16 peers and 45 commissioners) by name and, *without* issuing new [writs of summons](/wiki/Hereditary_peer%23Writs_of_summons \"Hereditary peer#Writs of summons\"), the Queen scheduled the first parliament of Great Britain to \"meet and be holden\" on 23 October 1707\\.",
"It was not immediately clear, for the purposes of the 1694 [Triennial Act](/wiki/Meeting_of_Parliament_Act_1694 \"Meeting of Parliament Act 1694\"), whether the First Parliament of Great Britain would count as a \"new\" parliament or as a continuation of the current English parliament that had already sat for two years. Some (e.g. [Harley](/wiki/Robert_Harley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer \"Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer\")) argued that it was a continuation, as it was not summoned by fresh writs, and thus expected its term would expire 14 June 1708, and it would have to be dissolved and new elections called before the deadline. But others (e.g. [Marlborough](/wiki/John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough \"John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough\")) argued that because Anne's proclamation of 29 April did *not* renew the prorogation of the last English parliament (set to expire on 30 April), then the last English parliament was legally defunct and the First British Parliament was new, and the triennial clock was reset. Although it seems that Marlborough's opinion prevailed,Cobbett (1810: pp. 588–89\\) it was not tested as ultimately the First British Parliament would sit through only one session and be dissolved in April 1708, before the triennial deadline.",
"The matter of continuity remains ambiguous in the records. The authoritative 19th\\-century parliamentary historian [William Cobbett](/wiki/William_Cobbett \"William Cobbett\") considered the First British Parliament a new and distinct parliament, and separated it from the Anne's last English parliament.Cobbett (1810, vol. 6, p. 589\\). Collections of [statute](/wiki/Statute \"Statute\") records treat it inconsistently, e.g. the *[Statutes at Large](/wiki/Statutes_at_Large \"Statutes at Large\")* collections of both Pickering and Ruffhead label the last English session as \"5 Anne\", and the first British session as \"6 Anne\" (albeit dating its beginning on 23 October, the date of meeting, and not 29 April, the date of Anne's proclamation).Pickering's *Statutes at Large*, vol. 11, [p. 290](https://books.google.com/books?id=EvguAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA290) By contrast, the *[Statutes of the Realm](/wiki/Statutes_of_the_Realm \"Statutes of the Realm\")* (an official collection) does not differentiate the statute labels, and lists both sessions on the same roll, merged into one, with the last English statute labelled [6 Ann.](/wiki/6_Ann. \"6 Ann.\") c. 34 and the first British statute labeled [6 Ann.](/wiki/6_Ann._%28GB%29 \"6 Ann. (GB)\") c. 35\\.See *Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes*, 1890: [p. 76](https://books.google.com/books?id=6J5RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76).",
"The ambiguity of continuity mattered to the case of [John Asgill](/wiki/John_Asgill \"John Asgill\"), a member of parliament for [Bramber](/wiki/Bramber_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Bramber (UK Parliament constituency)\"), elected in 1705, who was arrested on 12 June 1707 and imprisoned at [Fleet Prison](/wiki/Fleet_Prison \"Fleet Prison\") for debt. Although this was in the interval between the closure of the English parliament and the opening of the British one, Asgill appealed to [parliamentary immunity](/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity \"Parliamentary immunity\") from arrest on the grounds that he was a member of a current parliament. Asgill's appeal was debated in the British House of Commons shortly after opening. Although the House ended up agreeing, on 16 December, that Asgill had retained immunity in that period (\"ought to have the privilege\"), they did not explain why, nor declare precisely of which parliament he was a member at the time of his arrest.J. Hatsell (1818\\) *Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons*, vol. 2, p. 41 Nonetheless, two days after ordering his release, the House voted to expel Asgill on different grounds (authoring a [blasphemous](/wiki/Blasphemy \"Blasphemy\") book).Cobbett (1810:p. 601\\)",
""
] |
Party composition
-----------------
The concept of party was much looser than it later became. Neither contemporaries or subsequent historians could be absolutely certain of who belonged in which category, however some estimates can be made.
Ambitious noble and gentry families formed themselves into connections of relatives and hangers on. Connections grouped themselves into factions, usually supporting a prominent public figure seeking royal favour and office for himself and his associates. Factions were usually of a [Whig](/wiki/British_Whig_Party "British Whig Party") or [Tory](/wiki/British_Tory_Party "British Tory Party") tendency.
Cross\-cutting the Whig and Tory division was the Court and Country one. Court Party supporters were those who tended to support the Queen's ministers. Country Party men were inclined to oppose all Ministries.
The party divisions in Scotland were similar to those in England and Wales (although more inclined to Court and Whig than Country and Tory attitudes). Scottish politics also included the [Squadrone Volante](/wiki/Squadrone_Volante "Squadrone Volante"). This was a group, named after a type of cavalry formation, which had first opposed the Union but developed into moderate supporters of it.
An estimate of the composition of the Parliament of England, after the 1705 election, was Tory 267 and Whig 246\.
|
[
"Party composition\n-----------------",
"The concept of party was much looser than it later became. Neither contemporaries or subsequent historians could be absolutely certain of who belonged in which category, however some estimates can be made.",
"Ambitious noble and gentry families formed themselves into connections of relatives and hangers on. Connections grouped themselves into factions, usually supporting a prominent public figure seeking royal favour and office for himself and his associates. Factions were usually of a [Whig](/wiki/British_Whig_Party \"British Whig Party\") or [Tory](/wiki/British_Tory_Party \"British Tory Party\") tendency.",
"Cross\\-cutting the Whig and Tory division was the Court and Country one. Court Party supporters were those who tended to support the Queen's ministers. Country Party men were inclined to oppose all Ministries.",
"The party divisions in Scotland were similar to those in England and Wales (although more inclined to Court and Whig than Country and Tory attitudes). Scottish politics also included the [Squadrone Volante](/wiki/Squadrone_Volante \"Squadrone Volante\"). This was a group, named after a type of cavalry formation, which had first opposed the Union but developed into moderate supporters of it.",
"An estimate of the composition of the Parliament of England, after the 1705 election, was Tory 267 and Whig 246\\.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
*Targui* is a game for 2–4 players, each of which controls a different Touareg tribe. ("Targui" is the singular of "Touareg".)
### Components
In addition to a blank board with 49 squares (7 x 7\), the game box contains 53 land tiles, 140 markers (35 x 4 different colors), 20 tribe cards, 16 Destiny cards, camel pawns, and gold and silver coins.
### Setup
Players decide how long the game will be, from 8 to 16 game turns. Land tiles are randomly placed on the game board until all 49 squares have been covered. Each player chooses a corner of the board which then represents their home oasis. Each player is given five tribe cards, ten camels, five silver coins and one gold coin.
### Gameplay
Each game turn is subdivided into a certain number of rounds, which is determined by a die roll at the start of each game turn.
Each player gets a turn during each impulse, the order of play being determined randomly. On each turn, a player can either claim unoccupied land or attempt to conquer occupied land.
#### Unoccupied land
A player can move one or more move camel tokens into an adjacent and unoccupied land to claim it. This ownership remains even after all the owner's camels have been moved elsewhere, unless another player moves their own camels in while it is unoccupied and thus claims ownership.
#### Occupied land
To conquer an occupied territory, a player must attack from an adjacent land. Combat is resolved for the attacker by adding a die roll to the total strategic value of all the lands owned by the attacker. This number is divided in half and the end result represents the number of camels lost by the defender. The defender then goes through the same exercise, resulting in a loss of camels for the attacker.
### Receiving money and buying reinforcements
At the end of each player's turn, the player receives coins equal to the total economic status of the player's lands. The player can also buy new camel reinforcement with their coins.
### Victory conditions
A player can win outright by eliminating all other players. If this does not happen before the end of the game, then the player with the highest economic status — the total value of all the lands they own — is the winner.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"*Targui* is a game for 2–4 players, each of which controls a different Touareg tribe. (\"Targui\" is the singular of \"Touareg\".)",
"### Components",
"In addition to a blank board with 49 squares (7 x 7\\), the game box contains 53 land tiles, 140 markers (35 x 4 different colors), 20 tribe cards, 16 Destiny cards, camel pawns, and gold and silver coins.",
"### Setup",
"Players decide how long the game will be, from 8 to 16 game turns. Land tiles are randomly placed on the game board until all 49 squares have been covered. Each player chooses a corner of the board which then represents their home oasis. Each player is given five tribe cards, ten camels, five silver coins and one gold coin.",
"### Gameplay",
"Each game turn is subdivided into a certain number of rounds, which is determined by a die roll at the start of each game turn.",
"Each player gets a turn during each impulse, the order of play being determined randomly. On each turn, a player can either claim unoccupied land or attempt to conquer occupied land.",
"#### Unoccupied land",
"A player can move one or more move camel tokens into an adjacent and unoccupied land to claim it. This ownership remains even after all the owner's camels have been moved elsewhere, unless another player moves their own camels in while it is unoccupied and thus claims ownership.",
"#### Occupied land",
"To conquer an occupied territory, a player must attack from an adjacent land. Combat is resolved for the attacker by adding a die roll to the total strategic value of all the lands owned by the attacker. This number is divided in half and the end result represents the number of camels lost by the defender. The defender then goes through the same exercise, resulting in a loss of camels for the attacker.",
"### Receiving money and buying reinforcements",
"At the end of each player's turn, the player receives coins equal to the total economic status of the player's lands. The player can also buy new camel reinforcement with their coins.",
"### Victory conditions",
"A player can win outright by eliminating all other players. If this does not happen before the end of the game, then the player with the highest economic status — the total value of all the lands they own — is the winner.",
""
] |
Overview
--------
Two assumptions are made in using DCG and its related measures.
1. Highly relevant documents are more useful when appearing earlier in a search engine result list (have higher ranks)
2. Highly relevant documents are more useful than marginally relevant documents, which are in turn more useful than non\-relevant documents.
### Cumulative Gain
DCG is a refinement of a simpler measure, Cumulative Gain (CG). Cumulative Gain is the sum of the graded relevance values of all results in a search result list. CG does not take into account the rank (position) of a result in the result list. The CG at a particular rank position p is defined as:
\\mathrm{CG\_{p}} \= \\sum\_{i\=1}^{p} rel\_{i}
Where rel\_{i} is the graded relevance of the result at position i.
The value computed with the CG function is unaffected by changes in the ordering of search results. That is, moving a highly relevant document d\_{i} above a higher ranked, less relevant, document d\_{j} does not change the computed value for CG (assuming i,j \\leq p). Based on the two assumptions made above about the usefulness of search results, (N)DCG is usually preferred over CG. Cumulative Gain is sometimes called Graded Precision.
### Discounted Cumulative Gain
The premise of DCG is that highly relevant documents appearing lower in a search result list should be penalized, as the graded relevance value is reduced logarithmically proportional to the position of the result.
The usual formula of DCG accumulated at a particular rank position p is defined as:
\\mathrm{DCG\_{p}} \= \\sum\_{i\=1}^{p} \\frac{rel\_{i}}{\\log\_{2}(i\+1\)} \= rel\_1 \+ \\sum\_{i\=2}^{p} \\frac{rel\_{i}}{\\log\_{2}(i\+1\)}
Until 2013, there was no theoretically sound justification for using a [logarithmic](/wiki/Logarithm "Logarithm") reduction factor{{cite book \| title\=Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice \|author1\=B. Croft \|author2\=D. Metzler \|author3\=T. Strohman \|year\=2010 \| publisher\=Addison Wesley}} other than the fact that it produces a smooth reduction. But Wang et al. (2013\)Yining Wang, Liwei Wang, Yuanzhi Li, Di He, Wei Chen, [Tie\-Yan Liu](/wiki/Tie-Yan_Liu "Tie-Yan Liu"). 2013\. A Theoretical Analysis of Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) Ranking Measures. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Learning Theory (COLT 2013\). gave theoretical guarantee for using the logarithmic reduction factor in Normalized DCG (NDCG). The authors show that for every pair of substantially different ranking functions, the NDCG can decide which one is better in a consistent manner.
An alternative formulation of DCGChris Burges, Tal Shaked, Erin Renshaw, Ari Lazier, Matt Deeds, Nicole Hamilton, and Greg Hullender. 2005\. Learning to rank using gradient descent. In Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Machine learning (ICML '05\). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 89\-96\. DOI\=10\.1145/1102351\.1102363 [http://doi.acm.org/10\.1145/1102351\.1102363](http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1102351.1102363) places stronger emphasis on retrieving relevant documents:
\\mathrm{DCG\_{p}} \= \\sum\_{i\=1}^{p} \\frac{ 2^{rel\_{i}} \- 1 }{ \\log\_{2}(i\+1\)}
The latter formula is commonly used in industrial applications including major web search companies{{cite web\|title\=Introduction to Information Retrieval \- Evaluation\|url\=http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs276/handouts/EvaluationNew\-handout\-6\-per.pdf\|publisher\=Stanford University\|accessdate\=23 March 2014\|date\=21 April 2013}} and data science competition platforms such as Kaggle.{{cite web\|title\=Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain\|url\=https://www.kaggle.com/wiki/NormalizedDiscountedCumulativeGain\|accessdate\=23 March 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323105008/https://www.kaggle.com/wiki/NormalizedDiscountedCumulativeGain\|archive\-date\=23 March 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
These two formulations of DCG are the same when the relevance values of documents are [binary](/wiki/Binary_function "Binary function");{{rp\|320}} rel\_{i} \\in \\{0,1\\}.
Note that Croft et al. (2010\) and Burges et al. (2005\) present the second DCG with a log of base e, while both versions of DCG above use a log of base 2\. When computing NDCG with the first formulation of DCG, the base of the log does not matter, but the base of the log does affect the value of NDCG for the second formulation. Clearly, the base of the log affects the value of DCG in both formulations.
Convex and smooth approximations to DCG have also been developed, for use as an objective function in gradient based learning methods.D. Cossock and T. Zhang, "Statistical Analysis of Bayes Optimal Subset Ranking," in *IEEE Transactions on Information Theory*, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 5140\-5154, Nov. 2008, doi: 10\.1109/TIT.2008\.929939\.
### Normalized DCG
{{More citations needed section\|date\=February 2020}}
Search result lists vary in length depending on the [query](/wiki/Web_search_query "Web search query"). Comparing a search engine's performance from one query to the next cannot be consistently achieved using DCG alone, so the cumulative gain at each position for a chosen value of p should be normalized across queries. This is done by sorting all **relevant** documents in the corpus by their relative relevance, producing the maximum possible DCG through position p, also called Ideal DCG (IDCG) through that position. For a query, the *normalized discounted cumulative gain*, or nDCG, is computed as:
\\mathrm{nDCG\_{p}} \= \\frac{DCG\_{p}}{IDCG\_{p}} ,
where IDCG is ideal discounted cumulative gain,
\\mathrm{IDCG\_{p}} \= \\sum\_{i\=1}^{\|REL\_p\|} \\frac{ 2^{rel\_{i}} \- 1 }{ \\log\_{2}(i\+1\)}
and REL\_p represents the list of relevant documents (ordered by their relevance) in the corpus up to position p.
The nDCG values for all queries can be averaged to obtain a measure of the average performance of a search engine's ranking algorithm. Note that in a perfect ranking algorithm, the DCG\_p will be the same as the IDCG\_p producing an nDCG of 1\.0\. All nDCG calculations are then relative values on the interval 0\.0 to 1\.0 and so are cross\-query comparable.
The main difficulty encountered in using nDCG is the unavailability of an ideal ordering of results when only partial [relevance feedback](/wiki/Relevance_feedback "Relevance feedback") is available.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"Two assumptions are made in using DCG and its related measures.",
"1. Highly relevant documents are more useful when appearing earlier in a search engine result list (have higher ranks)\n2. Highly relevant documents are more useful than marginally relevant documents, which are in turn more useful than non\\-relevant documents.",
"### Cumulative Gain",
"DCG is a refinement of a simpler measure, Cumulative Gain (CG). Cumulative Gain is the sum of the graded relevance values of all results in a search result list. CG does not take into account the rank (position) of a result in the result list. The CG at a particular rank position p is defined as:",
"\\\\mathrm{CG\\_{p}} \\= \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{p} rel\\_{i} \nWhere rel\\_{i} is the graded relevance of the result at position i.",
"The value computed with the CG function is unaffected by changes in the ordering of search results. That is, moving a highly relevant document d\\_{i} above a higher ranked, less relevant, document d\\_{j} does not change the computed value for CG (assuming i,j \\\\leq p). Based on the two assumptions made above about the usefulness of search results, (N)DCG is usually preferred over CG. Cumulative Gain is sometimes called Graded Precision.",
"### Discounted Cumulative Gain",
"The premise of DCG is that highly relevant documents appearing lower in a search result list should be penalized, as the graded relevance value is reduced logarithmically proportional to the position of the result.",
"The usual formula of DCG accumulated at a particular rank position p is defined as:",
"\\\\mathrm{DCG\\_{p}} \\= \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{p} \\\\frac{rel\\_{i}}{\\\\log\\_{2}(i\\+1\\)} \\= rel\\_1 \\+ \\\\sum\\_{i\\=2}^{p} \\\\frac{rel\\_{i}}{\\\\log\\_{2}(i\\+1\\)} \nUntil 2013, there was no theoretically sound justification for using a [logarithmic](/wiki/Logarithm \"Logarithm\") reduction factor{{cite book \\| title\\=Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice \\|author1\\=B. Croft \\|author2\\=D. Metzler \\|author3\\=T. Strohman \\|year\\=2010 \\| publisher\\=Addison Wesley}} other than the fact that it produces a smooth reduction. But Wang et al. (2013\\)Yining Wang, Liwei Wang, Yuanzhi Li, Di He, Wei Chen, [Tie\\-Yan Liu](/wiki/Tie-Yan_Liu \"Tie-Yan Liu\"). 2013\\. A Theoretical Analysis of Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) Ranking Measures. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Learning Theory (COLT 2013\\). gave theoretical guarantee for using the logarithmic reduction factor in Normalized DCG (NDCG). The authors show that for every pair of substantially different ranking functions, the NDCG can decide which one is better in a consistent manner.",
"An alternative formulation of DCGChris Burges, Tal Shaked, Erin Renshaw, Ari Lazier, Matt Deeds, Nicole Hamilton, and Greg Hullender. 2005\\. Learning to rank using gradient descent. In Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Machine learning (ICML '05\\). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 89\\-96\\. DOI\\=10\\.1145/1102351\\.1102363 [http://doi.acm.org/10\\.1145/1102351\\.1102363](http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1102351.1102363) places stronger emphasis on retrieving relevant documents:",
"\\\\mathrm{DCG\\_{p}} \\= \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{p} \\\\frac{ 2^{rel\\_{i}} \\- 1 }{ \\\\log\\_{2}(i\\+1\\)} \nThe latter formula is commonly used in industrial applications including major web search companies{{cite web\\|title\\=Introduction to Information Retrieval \\- Evaluation\\|url\\=http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs276/handouts/EvaluationNew\\-handout\\-6\\-per.pdf\\|publisher\\=Stanford University\\|accessdate\\=23 March 2014\\|date\\=21 April 2013}} and data science competition platforms such as Kaggle.{{cite web\\|title\\=Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain\\|url\\=https://www.kaggle.com/wiki/NormalizedDiscountedCumulativeGain\\|accessdate\\=23 March 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323105008/https://www.kaggle.com/wiki/NormalizedDiscountedCumulativeGain\\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"These two formulations of DCG are the same when the relevance values of documents are [binary](/wiki/Binary_function \"Binary function\");{{rp\\|320}} rel\\_{i} \\\\in \\\\{0,1\\\\}.",
"Note that Croft et al. (2010\\) and Burges et al. (2005\\) present the second DCG with a log of base e, while both versions of DCG above use a log of base 2\\. When computing NDCG with the first formulation of DCG, the base of the log does not matter, but the base of the log does affect the value of NDCG for the second formulation. Clearly, the base of the log affects the value of DCG in both formulations.",
"Convex and smooth approximations to DCG have also been developed, for use as an objective function in gradient based learning methods.D. Cossock and T. Zhang, \"Statistical Analysis of Bayes Optimal Subset Ranking,\" in *IEEE Transactions on Information Theory*, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 5140\\-5154, Nov. 2008, doi: 10\\.1109/TIT.2008\\.929939\\.",
"### Normalized DCG",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=February 2020}}",
"Search result lists vary in length depending on the [query](/wiki/Web_search_query \"Web search query\"). Comparing a search engine's performance from one query to the next cannot be consistently achieved using DCG alone, so the cumulative gain at each position for a chosen value of p should be normalized across queries. This is done by sorting all **relevant** documents in the corpus by their relative relevance, producing the maximum possible DCG through position p, also called Ideal DCG (IDCG) through that position. For a query, the *normalized discounted cumulative gain*, or nDCG, is computed as:",
"\\\\mathrm{nDCG\\_{p}} \\= \\\\frac{DCG\\_{p}}{IDCG\\_{p}} ,\nwhere IDCG is ideal discounted cumulative gain,",
"\\\\mathrm{IDCG\\_{p}} \\= \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{\\|REL\\_p\\|} \\\\frac{ 2^{rel\\_{i}} \\- 1 }{ \\\\log\\_{2}(i\\+1\\)} \nand REL\\_p represents the list of relevant documents (ordered by their relevance) in the corpus up to position p.",
"The nDCG values for all queries can be averaged to obtain a measure of the average performance of a search engine's ranking algorithm. Note that in a perfect ranking algorithm, the DCG\\_p will be the same as the IDCG\\_p producing an nDCG of 1\\.0\\. All nDCG calculations are then relative values on the interval 0\\.0 to 1\\.0 and so are cross\\-query comparable.",
"The main difficulty encountered in using nDCG is the unavailability of an ideal ordering of results when only partial [relevance feedback](/wiki/Relevance_feedback \"Relevance feedback\") is available.",
""
] |
Professional career and experience
----------------------------------
He worked with the [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Ukraine "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine") participated in the translation section of the [Writer's Union of Ukraine](/wiki/Writer%27s_Union_of_Ukraine "Writer's Union of Ukraine"), which maintained relations with [Vasyl Stus](/wiki/Vasyl_Stus "Vasyl Stus").
He worked as Second Secretary Permanent Mission of the Ukrainian SSR to the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations").
In 1978\-1984 \- Permanent Representative of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") to the United Nations Office at [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva");
In 1984\-1992 \- Head of Department of International Organizations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the [Ukrainian SSR](/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR "Ukrainian SSR").
In 1986 \- he was members of the delegation of the Ukrainian SSR at the special session of the [UN General Assembly](/wiki/UN_General_Assembly "UN General Assembly") on [Namibia](/wiki/Namibia "Namibia").
In 1991 \- he was the [Ukrainian SSR](/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR "Ukrainian SSR") member delegation to the 46th session of the [UN General Assembly](/wiki/UN_General_Assembly "UN General Assembly")
In 1992\-1993 \- [Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations](/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Ukraine_to_the_United_Nations "Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations");
In 1994\-1996 \- [Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary](/wiki/Ambassador_Extraordinary_and_Plenipotentiary "Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary") of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada").
In 1996 he was killed in a car accident.[Ambassador Viktor Batiuk killed in car accident](http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1996/499603.shtml)
|
[
"Professional career and experience\n----------------------------------",
"He worked with the [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Ukraine \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine\") participated in the translation section of the [Writer's Union of Ukraine](/wiki/Writer%27s_Union_of_Ukraine \"Writer's Union of Ukraine\"), which maintained relations with [Vasyl Stus](/wiki/Vasyl_Stus \"Vasyl Stus\").",
"He worked as Second Secretary Permanent Mission of the Ukrainian SSR to the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\").",
"In 1978\\-1984 \\- Permanent Representative of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") to the United Nations Office at [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\");",
"In 1984\\-1992 \\- Head of Department of International Organizations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the [Ukrainian SSR](/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR \"Ukrainian SSR\").",
"In 1986 \\- he was members of the delegation of the Ukrainian SSR at the special session of the [UN General Assembly](/wiki/UN_General_Assembly \"UN General Assembly\") on [Namibia](/wiki/Namibia \"Namibia\").",
"In 1991 \\- he was the [Ukrainian SSR](/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR \"Ukrainian SSR\") member delegation to the 46th session of the [UN General Assembly](/wiki/UN_General_Assembly \"UN General Assembly\")",
"In 1992\\-1993 \\- [Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations](/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Ukraine_to_the_United_Nations \"Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations\");",
"In 1994\\-1996 \\- [Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary](/wiki/Ambassador_Extraordinary_and_Plenipotentiary \"Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary\") of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\").",
"In 1996 he was killed in a car accident.[Ambassador Viktor Batiuk killed in car accident](http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1996/499603.shtml)",
""
] |
Career
------
### 1990s
In 1990, Geffen recorded his first song, "Friend" \["chaver"], together with the band "Cats in the Piping". In 1992, he released his first album, "Ze Rak Or Hayareach" \[*It's Only the Moonlight*], all of whose tracks were written and the music composed by Geffen himself.
Also in 1992, he played a part in the teenage television series *[A Matter of Time](/wiki/Inyan_Shel_Zman "Inyan Shel Zman")*. That year, he also wrote a song for the Israeli movie *The Beach Boys*. Geffen performed in clubs with his band HaTauyót \["The Mistakes"] (the Hebrew name is purposefully misspelled in two places).
In 1993, Geffen released his second album, *Achshav Me'unan* \[*It's Cloudy Now*], which went gold in the same year and expressed his generation's dissatisfaction with the Israeli government. It was produced by Moshe Levi and Ofer Meiri, who created the typical Geffen sound. The title track "It's Cloudy Now" was followed by the question that many Israeli teenagers asked with Geffen – "Do you want change?"
In 1994, Geffen released his third album, *Aviv Geffen III*, a concept album about negative effects on someone who was forced to join the army, the album did not mark a change in Geffen's sound. The production was handled by Geffen and Lior Tevet. The album featured the major hit "Ha'im Lehiot Bach Mehohav?" \["Should I Be In Love With You?"], which was promoted by a video and followed the success of *Achshav Me'unan*.
In his next album, *Shumakom* \[*Nowhere*], Geffen took charge of the production, albeit with help from Reuven Shapira (as sound engineer), and producer Moshe Levi. Geffen again wrote all the lyrics and music.
As a political activist, Geffen also expressed the hope for peace with Israel's neighbors.
On 4 November 1995, the Israeli peace political parties organized a rally to support the peace process. Geffen was invited to perform, and surprisingly decided to perform Livkot Lekha \["Cry for You"], which he wrote and gave to Israeli singer [Arik Einstein](/wiki/Arik_Einstein "Arik Einstein"). Only later was it discovered that the lyrics prophesied the tragic assassination of Prime Minister [Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin") later that night.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/geffen.html \|title\=Aviv Geffen \|publisher\=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org \|date\=4 November 1995 \|access\-date\=26 August 2011\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041029/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/geffen.html\| archive\-date\= 17 July 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} "Cry for You" became a kind of anthem, and was the song that symbolized the Candle Children who mourned Rabin's death visually with memorial candles.
In 1996, Geffen released *HaMikhtav* \[*The Letter*]. *Mèred HaDmaót* \[*The Tears Rebellion*] was written after Rabin's murder in 1995\. It expressed a change and a turning point in Geffen's music. Later, in 1996, Geffen recorded what was known later as "The Israeli version of '[Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28John_Lennon_song%29 "Imagine (John Lennon song)")'", "Shir Tikvá" \["Let's Walk for the Dream"], which expressed deeply Geffen's vision.
In 1997, Geffen released his first compilation, which included a CD with the best songs of the early era, and a second CD which included B sides and live performances. An attempt to widen his audience on a global level saw one of Geffen's more unusual albums, *Halulìm* \[*Hollowed*]. Like his "big brothers", it was also produced by Moshe Levi, but unlike them, it is a hard, cold, and alienated, full of distortion. Despite heavy promotion (such as billboards), it failed commercially.
1999 saw the release of Geffen's 8th studio album – *Leilót Levanìm* \[*White Nights*], created under the influence of the changes in Geffen's life. Moshe Levi was again the producer; the combination of the two created a soft and melodic album compared to Halulim. It contained the song "Mexico" which stayed on the Israeli charts for a long time.
### 2000s
In September 2000, Geffen released his 9th album, *Yomán Masá* \[*A Journey's Log*], for the first time produced by Louie Lahav, and on a new label – "[Helicon](/wiki/Helicon_Records "Helicon Records")". Geffen collaborated with two notable colleagues – [Daniel Salomon](/wiki/Daniel_Salomon_%28musician%29 "Daniel Salomon (musician)") (who joined from the Leilot Levanim tour) and Moshe Levi, who was involved in the orchestration. Geffen had recorded 11 melodic songs, with a bonus track – a tribute to [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan") – an Israeli cover of Geshem Kaved Omed Lipol \["A Hard Rain's Gonna Fall"] (translated by his father). The album produced three notable hits for Geffen: Uri Ur \["Wake Up"], Tsalakót \["Scars"], and Yoman Masa (together with [Arik Einstein](/wiki/Arik_Einstein "Arik Einstein")).
In 2001 Geffen met and began to collaborate with [British rock](/wiki/British_rock "British rock") star [Steven Wilson](/wiki/Steven_Wilson "Steven Wilson"), with whom he created the band [Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield "Blackfield"). Blackfield combines the musical efforts of both musicians and they perform their own original compositions as well as Aviv's own songs translated into English. The band released three highly acclaimed albums in the mid\-2000s (see ahead) and conducted major tours for each release. Their fourth release in 2013 saw Wilson take more of a back seat due to his own increasing workload, opting to produce the album and contribute minor writing and recording work only.
Two years after "A Journey's Log" (April 2002\), Geffen released his next album: "[Memento Mori](/wiki/Memento_Mori "Memento Mori")", which he dedicated to his grandmother, who died a short time before the album's release. The name was taken from the Latin phrase, "Remember You Will Die" (meaning one should remember one's mortality). Like his previous albums, "Memento Mori" was soft (but still features harder compositions). The album featured two major hits: Keren Or \["Ray of Light"] and Holèch Kadima \["Moving Forward"]. From this album came the single Shir Atzuv \[*Sad Song"].*
In 2003 the Israeli documentary film "[Aviv](/wiki/Aviv_%282003_film%29 "Aviv (2003 film)")" was released which focused on Aviv Geffen's life. The film premiered at the [Bangkok International Film Festival](/wiki/Bangkok_International_Film_Festival "Bangkok International Film Festival").
[thumb\|right\|250px\|[Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield "Blackfield") in concert, Geffen on right (2005\)](/wiki/File:Blackfield2.jpg "Blackfield2.jpg")
[200px\|right\|thumb\|Aviv Geffen, 2005](/wiki/File:Aviv_Geffen.jpg "Aviv Geffen.jpg")
In 2004 the album "[Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield_%28album%29 "Blackfield (album)")" was released which was a result of the collaboration between Geffen and [Steven Wilson](/wiki/Steven_Wilson "Steven Wilson") of [Porcupine Tree](/wiki/Porcupine_Tree "Porcupine Tree").{{cite web \|last\=Anderson \|first\=Rick \|url\=http://allmusic.com/album/blackfield\-r726742 \|title\=Blackfield \|publisher\=AllMusic \|date\=22 February 2005 \|access\-date\=26 August 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 November 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115072854/http://allmusic.com/album/blackfield\-r726742 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Blackfield/Biography/ \|title\=Blackfield Biography \|publisher\=Starpulse.com \|date\=17 June 2010 \|access\-date\=26 August 2011\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716132445/http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Blackfield/Biography/\| archive\-date\= 16 July 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Its followup [Blackfield II](/wiki/Blackfield_II "Blackfield II") *was released in early 2007,{{cite web \|last\=Greenberg \|first\=Adam \|url\=http://allmusic.com/album/blackfield\-ii\-r951314 \|title\=Blackfield II \|publisher\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=26 August 2011 \|archive\-date\=27 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827232919/http://allmusic.com/album/blackfield\-ii\-r951314 \|url\-status\=live }} followed by the live DVD* Blackfield: Live in NYC *later in the year. Both of the Blackfield albums spawned several hits, notably "Blackfield", "Pain" and "Once". A third album, entitled* [Welcome to my DNA](/wiki/Welcome_to_my_DNA "Welcome to my DNA") *was released in March 2011, in which most songs were written by Geffen. It also contains a renewed version of the track "Zigota"" ({{lang\|he\|זיגוטה}}) from his album* Memento Mori*.*
In 2006 Geffen's 11th album Im HaZmán *\["With Time"] was released. The theme song is a cover of a French [chanson](/wiki/Amour_Anarchie "Amour Anarchie") by [Léo Ferré](/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9 "Léo Ferré"), which indicated matureness and sobering from the clichés that he symbolized in his initial years. Most recently he compiled a 2CD/1DVD live album, simply titled* Live. *Lately, Geffen declared himself [radical left](/wiki/Far_left "Far left").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.forward.com/articles/leftist\-rocker\-sings\-his\-country\-s\-praises/ \|title\=Leftist Rocker Sings His Country's Praises \|publisher\=The Jewish Daily Forward \|access\-date\=22 January 2012 \|archive\-date\=8 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308112534/http://www.forward.com/articles/leftist\-rocker\-sings\-his\-country\-s\-praises/ \|url\-status\=live }}*
After releasing two albums with Blackfield, Geffen announced in November 2007 that he was recording his first English\-language studio album.{{cite news \|url\=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\_and\_entertainment/music/article6877680\.ece \|title\=Aviv Geffen recording his first English\-language studio album \|publisher\=Times \|access\-date\=26 August 2011 \|location\=London \|first\=Anushka \|last\=Asthana \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308112531/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\_and\_entertainment/music/article6877680\.ece \|archive\-date\=8 March 2020 \|url\-status\=dead }} In January 2008 his single 'End of the World' charted at number one in Poland and he performed at [Bush Hall](/wiki/Bush_Hall "Bush Hall") in London on the 31st. He released a single (Silence) at the end of 2008 and is touring throughout January 2009, with dates in [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"), Berlin, [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"), Amsterdam, [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), Paris and London.
In June, he announced that recording had begun at [Sarm West Studios](/wiki/Sarm_West_Studios "Sarm West Studios"), with [Trevor Horn](/wiki/Trevor_Horn "Trevor Horn") producing and [Steven Wilson](/wiki/Steven_Wilson "Steven Wilson") and [Mike Garson](/wiki/Mike_Garson "Mike Garson") featuring on the album. These sessions led to his debut English\-language album, Aviv Geffen*, released towards the end of summer 2009\. The debut single released was 'It was Meant to be a Love Song'.*
### 2010s
In March 2011, [Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield "Blackfield")'s third studio album was released called [Welcome to my DNA](/wiki/Welcome_to_my_DNA "Welcome to my DNA")*.{{cite web \|last\=Ruhlmann \|first\=William \|url\=http://allmusic.com/album/welcome\-to\-my\-dna\-r2176452 \|title\=Welcome to My DNA – Blackfield \|publisher\=AllMusic \|date\=28 March 2011 \|access\-date\=26 August 2011 \|archive\-date\=30 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830003324/http://allmusic.com/album/welcome\-to\-my\-dna\-r2176452 \|url\-status\=live }} 2013 saw the release of* "[Blackfield IV](/wiki/Blackfield_IV "Blackfield IV")" *with contributions of several guest vocalists.*
Beginning in 2012, Aviv Geffen served as one of the four coaches on the Israeli version of the vocal performance competition show [The Voice Israel](/wiki/The_Voice_Israel "The Voice Israel")*.*
Geffen spent most of 2015 recording the upcoming fourth Blackfield record, still with involvement of Steve Wilson who obviously took over some guitar and vocal duties, although he had announced in 2014 that he had to stop from being part of Blackfield due to lack of time. The new album was recorded in London and Los Angeles, produced by the legendary Alan Parsons. According to Geffen's Twitter account the album (or just parts of the album) was finally mixed. The record, named [Blackfield V](/wiki/Blackfield_V "Blackfield V")*, is released on 10 February 2017\.*
Aviv Geffen's solo EP Mr Down \& Mrs High *was released in the UK on 23 May 2012\. Part produced by [Tony Visconti](/wiki/Tony_Visconti "Tony Visconti") and [Trevor Horn](/wiki/Trevor_Horn "Trevor Horn"), the EP features four tracks, includes the lead song Mr Down \& Mrs High, with 'Jerusalem', "Highway' and 'When Summer Comes'.*
In 2018 he was appointed as the global music director for [WeWork](/wiki/WeWork "WeWork").
### 2020s
In August of 2022, Geffen apologized for his past anti\-settler views during a concert at a settlement in the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank"). Geffen said he had undergone a process of personal transformation that had “opened my eyes”, and that he had previously been “ignorant”.{{Cite web \|last\=Jerusalem \|first\=Ben Lynfield in \|date\=2022\-08\-29 \|title\=Israeli rock star praises ‘brother’ settlers as he recants past views in move to right \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/29/israeli\-rock\-star\-praises\-brother\-settlers\-recants\-past\-views\-aviv\-geffen \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-29 \|website\=the Guardian \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=29 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829144917/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/29/israeli\-rock\-star\-praises\-brother\-settlers\-recants\-past\-views\-aviv\-geffen \|url\-status\=live }}
Personal
--------
In 1996 Geffen married Israeli actress {{ill\|Ilana Berkowitz\|he\|אילנה ברקוביץ'}}. The couple divorced in 1998\. In 2005 Geffen married Shani Friedan after a seven\-year relationship. The couple's first son was born in 2007\. This marriage also ended in a divorce.
Geffen is an [atheist](/wiki/Atheist "Atheist").{{cite web \| url \= http://lflmagazine.nl/interviews/aviv\-geffen\-blackfield\-ik\-ben\-bereid\-om\-voor\-israel\-en\-mijn\-muziek\-te\-sterven \| access\-date \= 16 November 2016 \| language \= nl \| title \= Aviv Geffen (Blackfield): "Ik ben bereid om voor Israël en mijn muziek te sterven" \| first \= Patrick \| last \= Lamberts \| website \= lflmagazine.nl \| location \= Amsterdam, Netherlands \| date \= 27 August 2013 \| quote \= Ik ben Joods, maar honderd procent atheïst. Religies en goden drijven mensen uiteen; muziek brengt mensen nader tot elkaar. Muziek is daarom mijn god (''I'm Jewish, but one hundred percent atheist. Religions and gods drive people apart; Music brings people together. Music is therefore my god'') \| archive\-date \= 17 November 2016 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20161117070650/http://lflmagazine.nl/interviews/aviv\-geffen\-blackfield\-ik\-ben\-bereid\-om\-voor\-israel\-en\-mijn\-muziek\-te\-sterven \| url\-status \= live }}
Musical influences
------------------
Over the years, Geffen's musical style has been influenced by rock bands like [Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd "Pink Floyd"), [U2](/wiki/U2 "U2"), [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead "Radiohead"), [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 "Nirvana (band)"), and artists like [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon "John Lennon") and [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan"). Geffen's piano and guitar playing is mainly influenced by Radiohead's [Thom Yorke](/wiki/Thom_Yorke "Thom Yorke") and U2's The Edge. Geffen has often cited Bob Dylan and [Roger Waters](/wiki/Roger_Waters "Roger Waters") as major influences.
Discography
-----------
### Solo albums
{{Div col}}
1992 – * Ze Rak Or Hayareach *("It's Only The Moonlight")
1993 –*
* Ahshav Meunan *("It's Cloudy Now")
1994 –*
* Aviv Geffen III*1995 –*
* Shumakom *(*Nowhere*)
1996 –*
* HaMihtav *(*The Letter*)
1997 –*
* Yareach Malé *("Full Moon") – 2CD compilation album.
1998 –*
* Halulim *("Hollowed")
1999 –*
* Leyloth Levanim *("White Nights")
2000 –*
* Yoman Massah *("A Journey's Log")
2002 –*
* Memento Mori*2006 –*
* [Im Hazman](/wiki/Im_Hazman "Im Hazman") *("As Time Goes By")
2006 –*
* Mihuts LaTacharut *("Out Of The Race") – Exclusive to the Ltd edition 2CD version of "As Time Goes By".
2007 –*
* Rak Shirey Ahava *(Only Love Songs) – Love songs collection sold exclusively at the Aroma Espresso Bar chain.
2008 –*
* Live *– 2CD and DVD box set.
2009 –*
* [Aviv Geffen](/wiki/Aviv_Geffen_%28album%29 "Aviv Geffen (album)") *– First English language album.
2011 –*
* Mr. Down \& Mrs. High *(E.P.)
2012 –*
* Psefas *(*Mosaic*)
2014 –*
* Sdakim *(*Cracks*)
{{Div col end}}*
### Singles not included in albums
1991 – "Haver" ("Friend")
1999 – "Rock and Roll"
2000 – "Kmo BaShir" ("Like in The Song")
### Albums with Blackfield
2004 – * + - * [Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield_%28album%29 "Blackfield (album)")*2007 –*
* [Blackfield II](/wiki/Blackfield_II "Blackfield II")*2007 –*
* NYC – Blackfield Live in New York City *– CD and DVD set and separate DVD.
2011 –*
* [Welcome to My DNA](/wiki/Welcome_to_My_DNA "Welcome to My DNA")*2013 –*
* [Blackfield IV](/wiki/Blackfield_IV "Blackfield IV")*2017 –*
* [Blackfield V](/wiki/Blackfield_V "Blackfield V")*2020 –*
* For the Music
### Work for other artists
{{Div col}}
1993 – Keren Hachth, album "Keren Hachth"
1999 – [Rockfour](/wiki/Rockfour "Rockfour"), album "Rockfour Live"
2001 – [Porcupine Tree](/wiki/Porcupine_Tree "Porcupine Tree"), album "[In Absentia](/wiki/In_Absentia "In Absentia")"
2002 – [Daniel Salomon](/wiki/Daniel_Salomon_%28musician%29 "Daniel Salomon (musician)"), album "Daniel Salomon", (also record producer)
2003 – Shachar Even\-Tzur, album "Eyrumim" ("Naked"), (also record producer)
2005 – [Daniel Salomon](/wiki/Daniel_Salomon_%28musician%29 "Daniel Salomon (musician)"), album "Rabot HaDrachim", ("There's Many Ways")
2006 – [Ninet Tayeb](/wiki/Ninet_Tayeb "Ninet Tayeb"), album ["Yehefa" ("Barefoot")](/wiki/Barefoot_%28album%29 "Barefoot (album)"), (also record producer)
{{Div col end}}
See also
--------
* + - * + - * + [Aviv](/wiki/Aviv_%282003_film%29 "Aviv (2003 film)")'' – a 2003 documentary about Aviv Geffen
* [List of peace activists](/wiki/List_of_peace_activists "List of peace activists")
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 1990s",
"In 1990, Geffen recorded his first song, \"Friend\" \\[\"chaver\"], together with the band \"Cats in the Piping\". In 1992, he released his first album, \"Ze Rak Or Hayareach\" \\[*It's Only the Moonlight*], all of whose tracks were written and the music composed by Geffen himself.",
"Also in 1992, he played a part in the teenage television series *[A Matter of Time](/wiki/Inyan_Shel_Zman \"Inyan Shel Zman\")*. That year, he also wrote a song for the Israeli movie *The Beach Boys*. Geffen performed in clubs with his band HaTauyót \\[\"The Mistakes\"] (the Hebrew name is purposefully misspelled in two places).",
"In 1993, Geffen released his second album, *Achshav Me'unan* \\[*It's Cloudy Now*], which went gold in the same year and expressed his generation's dissatisfaction with the Israeli government. It was produced by Moshe Levi and Ofer Meiri, who created the typical Geffen sound. The title track \"It's Cloudy Now\" was followed by the question that many Israeli teenagers asked with Geffen – \"Do you want change?\"",
"In 1994, Geffen released his third album, *Aviv Geffen III*, a concept album about negative effects on someone who was forced to join the army, the album did not mark a change in Geffen's sound. The production was handled by Geffen and Lior Tevet. The album featured the major hit \"Ha'im Lehiot Bach Mehohav?\" \\[\"Should I Be In Love With You?\"], which was promoted by a video and followed the success of *Achshav Me'unan*.",
"In his next album, *Shumakom* \\[*Nowhere*], Geffen took charge of the production, albeit with help from Reuven Shapira (as sound engineer), and producer Moshe Levi. Geffen again wrote all the lyrics and music.",
"As a political activist, Geffen also expressed the hope for peace with Israel's neighbors.",
"On 4 November 1995, the Israeli peace political parties organized a rally to support the peace process. Geffen was invited to perform, and surprisingly decided to perform Livkot Lekha \\[\"Cry for You\"], which he wrote and gave to Israeli singer [Arik Einstein](/wiki/Arik_Einstein \"Arik Einstein\"). Only later was it discovered that the lyrics prophesied the tragic assassination of Prime Minister [Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin \"Yitzhak Rabin\") later that night.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/geffen.html \\|title\\=Aviv Geffen \\|publisher\\=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org \\|date\\=4 November 1995 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2011\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041029/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/geffen.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 17 July 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} \"Cry for You\" became a kind of anthem, and was the song that symbolized the Candle Children who mourned Rabin's death visually with memorial candles.",
"In 1996, Geffen released *HaMikhtav* \\[*The Letter*]. *Mèred HaDmaót* \\[*The Tears Rebellion*] was written after Rabin's murder in 1995\\. It expressed a change and a turning point in Geffen's music. Later, in 1996, Geffen recorded what was known later as \"The Israeli version of '[Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28John_Lennon_song%29 \"Imagine (John Lennon song)\")'\", \"Shir Tikvá\" \\[\"Let's Walk for the Dream\"], which expressed deeply Geffen's vision.",
"In 1997, Geffen released his first compilation, which included a CD with the best songs of the early era, and a second CD which included B sides and live performances. An attempt to widen his audience on a global level saw one of Geffen's more unusual albums, *Halulìm* \\[*Hollowed*]. Like his \"big brothers\", it was also produced by Moshe Levi, but unlike them, it is a hard, cold, and alienated, full of distortion. Despite heavy promotion (such as billboards), it failed commercially.",
"1999 saw the release of Geffen's 8th studio album – *Leilót Levanìm* \\[*White Nights*], created under the influence of the changes in Geffen's life. Moshe Levi was again the producer; the combination of the two created a soft and melodic album compared to Halulim. It contained the song \"Mexico\" which stayed on the Israeli charts for a long time.",
"### 2000s",
"In September 2000, Geffen released his 9th album, *Yomán Masá* \\[*A Journey's Log*], for the first time produced by Louie Lahav, and on a new label – \"[Helicon](/wiki/Helicon_Records \"Helicon Records\")\". Geffen collaborated with two notable colleagues – [Daniel Salomon](/wiki/Daniel_Salomon_%28musician%29 \"Daniel Salomon (musician)\") (who joined from the Leilot Levanim tour) and Moshe Levi, who was involved in the orchestration. Geffen had recorded 11 melodic songs, with a bonus track – a tribute to [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\") – an Israeli cover of Geshem Kaved Omed Lipol \\[\"A Hard Rain's Gonna Fall\"] (translated by his father). The album produced three notable hits for Geffen: Uri Ur \\[\"Wake Up\"], Tsalakót \\[\"Scars\"], and Yoman Masa (together with [Arik Einstein](/wiki/Arik_Einstein \"Arik Einstein\")).",
"In 2001 Geffen met and began to collaborate with [British rock](/wiki/British_rock \"British rock\") star [Steven Wilson](/wiki/Steven_Wilson \"Steven Wilson\"), with whom he created the band [Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield \"Blackfield\"). Blackfield combines the musical efforts of both musicians and they perform their own original compositions as well as Aviv's own songs translated into English. The band released three highly acclaimed albums in the mid\\-2000s (see ahead) and conducted major tours for each release. Their fourth release in 2013 saw Wilson take more of a back seat due to his own increasing workload, opting to produce the album and contribute minor writing and recording work only.",
"Two years after \"A Journey's Log\" (April 2002\\), Geffen released his next album: \"[Memento Mori](/wiki/Memento_Mori \"Memento Mori\")\", which he dedicated to his grandmother, who died a short time before the album's release. The name was taken from the Latin phrase, \"Remember You Will Die\" (meaning one should remember one's mortality). Like his previous albums, \"Memento Mori\" was soft (but still features harder compositions). The album featured two major hits: Keren Or \\[\"Ray of Light\"] and Holèch Kadima \\[\"Moving Forward\"]. From this album came the single Shir Atzuv \\[*Sad Song\"].*",
"In 2003 the Israeli documentary film \"[Aviv](/wiki/Aviv_%282003_film%29 \"Aviv (2003 film)\")\" was released which focused on Aviv Geffen's life. The film premiered at the [Bangkok International Film Festival](/wiki/Bangkok_International_Film_Festival \"Bangkok International Film Festival\").\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|[Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield \"Blackfield\") in concert, Geffen on right (2005\\)](/wiki/File:Blackfield2.jpg \"Blackfield2.jpg\")\n[200px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Aviv Geffen, 2005](/wiki/File:Aviv_Geffen.jpg \"Aviv Geffen.jpg\")\nIn 2004 the album \"[Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield_%28album%29 \"Blackfield (album)\")\" was released which was a result of the collaboration between Geffen and [Steven Wilson](/wiki/Steven_Wilson \"Steven Wilson\") of [Porcupine Tree](/wiki/Porcupine_Tree \"Porcupine Tree\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=Rick \\|url\\=http://allmusic.com/album/blackfield\\-r726742 \\|title\\=Blackfield \\|publisher\\=AllMusic \\|date\\=22 February 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 November 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115072854/http://allmusic.com/album/blackfield\\-r726742 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Blackfield/Biography/ \\|title\\=Blackfield Biography \\|publisher\\=Starpulse.com \\|date\\=17 June 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2011\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716132445/http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Blackfield/Biography/\\| archive\\-date\\= 16 July 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Its followup [Blackfield II](/wiki/Blackfield_II \"Blackfield II\") *was released in early 2007,{{cite web \\|last\\=Greenberg \\|first\\=Adam \\|url\\=http://allmusic.com/album/blackfield\\-ii\\-r951314 \\|title\\=Blackfield II \\|publisher\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827232919/http://allmusic.com/album/blackfield\\-ii\\-r951314 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} followed by the live DVD* Blackfield: Live in NYC *later in the year. Both of the Blackfield albums spawned several hits, notably \"Blackfield\", \"Pain\" and \"Once\". A third album, entitled* [Welcome to my DNA](/wiki/Welcome_to_my_DNA \"Welcome to my DNA\") *was released in March 2011, in which most songs were written by Geffen. It also contains a renewed version of the track \"Zigota\"\" ({{lang\\|he\\|זיגוטה}}) from his album* Memento Mori*.*",
"In 2006 Geffen's 11th album Im HaZmán *\\[\"With Time\"] was released. The theme song is a cover of a French [chanson](/wiki/Amour_Anarchie \"Amour Anarchie\") by [Léo Ferré](/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9 \"Léo Ferré\"), which indicated matureness and sobering from the clichés that he symbolized in his initial years. Most recently he compiled a 2CD/1DVD live album, simply titled* Live. *Lately, Geffen declared himself [radical left](/wiki/Far_left \"Far left\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.forward.com/articles/leftist\\-rocker\\-sings\\-his\\-country\\-s\\-praises/ \\|title\\=Leftist Rocker Sings His Country's Praises \\|publisher\\=The Jewish Daily Forward \\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308112534/http://www.forward.com/articles/leftist\\-rocker\\-sings\\-his\\-country\\-s\\-praises/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}*",
"After releasing two albums with Blackfield, Geffen announced in November 2007 that he was recording his first English\\-language studio album.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\\_and\\_entertainment/music/article6877680\\.ece \\|title\\=Aviv Geffen recording his first English\\-language studio album \\|publisher\\=Times \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2011 \\|location\\=London \\|first\\=Anushka \\|last\\=Asthana \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308112531/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\\_and\\_entertainment/music/article6877680\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In January 2008 his single 'End of the World' charted at number one in Poland and he performed at [Bush Hall](/wiki/Bush_Hall \"Bush Hall\") in London on the 31st. He released a single (Silence) at the end of 2008 and is touring throughout January 2009, with dates in [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\"), Berlin, [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"), [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\"), Amsterdam, [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), Paris and London.\nIn June, he announced that recording had begun at [Sarm West Studios](/wiki/Sarm_West_Studios \"Sarm West Studios\"), with [Trevor Horn](/wiki/Trevor_Horn \"Trevor Horn\") producing and [Steven Wilson](/wiki/Steven_Wilson \"Steven Wilson\") and [Mike Garson](/wiki/Mike_Garson \"Mike Garson\") featuring on the album. These sessions led to his debut English\\-language album, Aviv Geffen*, released towards the end of summer 2009\\. The debut single released was 'It was Meant to be a Love Song'.*",
"### 2010s",
"In March 2011, [Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield \"Blackfield\")'s third studio album was released called [Welcome to my DNA](/wiki/Welcome_to_my_DNA \"Welcome to my DNA\")*.{{cite web \\|last\\=Ruhlmann \\|first\\=William \\|url\\=http://allmusic.com/album/welcome\\-to\\-my\\-dna\\-r2176452 \\|title\\=Welcome to My DNA – Blackfield \\|publisher\\=AllMusic \\|date\\=28 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830003324/http://allmusic.com/album/welcome\\-to\\-my\\-dna\\-r2176452 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} 2013 saw the release of* \"[Blackfield IV](/wiki/Blackfield_IV \"Blackfield IV\")\" *with contributions of several guest vocalists.*",
"Beginning in 2012, Aviv Geffen served as one of the four coaches on the Israeli version of the vocal performance competition show [The Voice Israel](/wiki/The_Voice_Israel \"The Voice Israel\")*.*",
"Geffen spent most of 2015 recording the upcoming fourth Blackfield record, still with involvement of Steve Wilson who obviously took over some guitar and vocal duties, although he had announced in 2014 that he had to stop from being part of Blackfield due to lack of time. The new album was recorded in London and Los Angeles, produced by the legendary Alan Parsons. According to Geffen's Twitter account the album (or just parts of the album) was finally mixed. The record, named [Blackfield V](/wiki/Blackfield_V \"Blackfield V\")*, is released on 10 February 2017\\.*",
"Aviv Geffen's solo EP Mr Down \\& Mrs High *was released in the UK on 23 May 2012\\. Part produced by [Tony Visconti](/wiki/Tony_Visconti \"Tony Visconti\") and [Trevor Horn](/wiki/Trevor_Horn \"Trevor Horn\"), the EP features four tracks, includes the lead song Mr Down \\& Mrs High, with 'Jerusalem', \"Highway' and 'When Summer Comes'.*",
"In 2018 he was appointed as the global music director for [WeWork](/wiki/WeWork \"WeWork\").\n### 2020s",
"In August of 2022, Geffen apologized for his past anti\\-settler views during a concert at a settlement in the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\"). Geffen said he had undergone a process of personal transformation that had “opened my eyes”, and that he had previously been “ignorant”.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Jerusalem \\|first\\=Ben Lynfield in \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-29 \\|title\\=Israeli rock star praises ‘brother’ settlers as he recants past views in move to right \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/29/israeli\\-rock\\-star\\-praises\\-brother\\-settlers\\-recants\\-past\\-views\\-aviv\\-geffen \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-29 \\|website\\=the Guardian \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829144917/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/29/israeli\\-rock\\-star\\-praises\\-brother\\-settlers\\-recants\\-past\\-views\\-aviv\\-geffen \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nPersonal\n--------",
"In 1996 Geffen married Israeli actress {{ill\\|Ilana Berkowitz\\|he\\|אילנה ברקוביץ'}}. The couple divorced in 1998\\. In 2005 Geffen married Shani Friedan after a seven\\-year relationship. The couple's first son was born in 2007\\. This marriage also ended in a divorce.\nGeffen is an [atheist](/wiki/Atheist \"Atheist\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://lflmagazine.nl/interviews/aviv\\-geffen\\-blackfield\\-ik\\-ben\\-bereid\\-om\\-voor\\-israel\\-en\\-mijn\\-muziek\\-te\\-sterven \\| access\\-date \\= 16 November 2016 \\| language \\= nl \\| title \\= Aviv Geffen (Blackfield): \"Ik ben bereid om voor Israël en mijn muziek te sterven\" \\| first \\= Patrick \\| last \\= Lamberts \\| website \\= lflmagazine.nl \\| location \\= Amsterdam, Netherlands \\| date \\= 27 August 2013 \\| quote \\= Ik ben Joods, maar honderd procent atheïst. Religies en goden drijven mensen uiteen; muziek brengt mensen nader tot elkaar. Muziek is daarom mijn god (''I'm Jewish, but one hundred percent atheist. Religions and gods drive people apart; Music brings people together. Music is therefore my god'') \\| archive\\-date \\= 17 November 2016 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161117070650/http://lflmagazine.nl/interviews/aviv\\-geffen\\-blackfield\\-ik\\-ben\\-bereid\\-om\\-voor\\-israel\\-en\\-mijn\\-muziek\\-te\\-sterven \\| url\\-status \\= live }}\nMusical influences\n------------------",
"Over the years, Geffen's musical style has been influenced by rock bands like [Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd \"Pink Floyd\"), [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\"), [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead \"Radiohead\"), [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 \"Nirvana (band)\"), and artists like [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\") and [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\"). Geffen's piano and guitar playing is mainly influenced by Radiohead's [Thom Yorke](/wiki/Thom_Yorke \"Thom Yorke\") and U2's The Edge. Geffen has often cited Bob Dylan and [Roger Waters](/wiki/Roger_Waters \"Roger Waters\") as major influences.\nDiscography\n-----------",
"### Solo albums",
"{{Div col}} \n 1992 – * Ze Rak Or Hayareach *(\"It's Only The Moonlight\")\n 1993 –*\n* Ahshav Meunan *(\"It's Cloudy Now\")\n 1994 –*\n* Aviv Geffen III*1995 –*\n* Shumakom *(*Nowhere*)\n 1996 –*\n* HaMihtav *(*The Letter*) \n 1997 –*\n* Yareach Malé *(\"Full Moon\") – 2CD compilation album.\n 1998 –*\n* Halulim *(\"Hollowed\")\n 1999 –*\n* Leyloth Levanim *(\"White Nights\")\n 2000 –*\n* Yoman Massah *(\"A Journey's Log\")\n 2002 –*\n* Memento Mori*2006 –*\n* [Im Hazman](/wiki/Im_Hazman \"Im Hazman\") *(\"As Time Goes By\")\n 2006 –*\n* Mihuts LaTacharut *(\"Out Of The Race\") – Exclusive to the Ltd edition 2CD version of \"As Time Goes By\".\n 2007 –*\n* Rak Shirey Ahava *(Only Love Songs) – Love songs collection sold exclusively at the Aroma Espresso Bar chain.\n 2008 –*\n* Live *– 2CD and DVD box set.\n 2009 –*\n* [Aviv Geffen](/wiki/Aviv_Geffen_%28album%29 \"Aviv Geffen (album)\") *– First English language album.\n 2011 –*\n* Mr. Down \\& Mrs. High *(E.P.) \n 2012 –*\n* Psefas *(*Mosaic*)\n 2014 –*\n* Sdakim *(*Cracks*)\n{{Div col end}}*",
"### Singles not included in albums",
"1991 – \"Haver\" (\"Friend\")\n 1999 – \"Rock and Roll\"\n 2000 – \"Kmo BaShir\" (\"Like in The Song\")\n### Albums with Blackfield",
"2004 – * + - * [Blackfield](/wiki/Blackfield_%28album%29 \"Blackfield (album)\")*2007 –*\n* [Blackfield II](/wiki/Blackfield_II \"Blackfield II\")*2007 –*\n* NYC – Blackfield Live in New York City *– CD and DVD set and separate DVD.\n 2011 –*\n* [Welcome to My DNA](/wiki/Welcome_to_My_DNA \"Welcome to My DNA\")*2013 –*\n* [Blackfield IV](/wiki/Blackfield_IV \"Blackfield IV\")*2017 –*\n* [Blackfield V](/wiki/Blackfield_V \"Blackfield V\")*2020 –*\n* For the Music",
"### Work for other artists",
"{{Div col}} \n 1993 – Keren Hachth, album \"Keren Hachth\"\n 1999 – [Rockfour](/wiki/Rockfour \"Rockfour\"), album \"Rockfour Live\"\n 2001 – [Porcupine Tree](/wiki/Porcupine_Tree \"Porcupine Tree\"), album \"[In Absentia](/wiki/In_Absentia \"In Absentia\")\"\n 2002 – [Daniel Salomon](/wiki/Daniel_Salomon_%28musician%29 \"Daniel Salomon (musician)\"), album \"Daniel Salomon\", (also record producer)\n 2003 – Shachar Even\\-Tzur, album \"Eyrumim\" (\"Naked\"), (also record producer)\n 2005 – [Daniel Salomon](/wiki/Daniel_Salomon_%28musician%29 \"Daniel Salomon (musician)\"), album \"Rabot HaDrachim\", (\"There's Many Ways\")\n 2006 – [Ninet Tayeb](/wiki/Ninet_Tayeb \"Ninet Tayeb\"), album [\"Yehefa\" (\"Barefoot\")](/wiki/Barefoot_%28album%29 \"Barefoot (album)\"), (also record producer)\n {{Div col end}}\nSee also\n--------",
"* + - * + - * + [Aviv](/wiki/Aviv_%282003_film%29 \"Aviv (2003 film)\")'' – a 2003 documentary about Aviv Geffen\n* [List of peace activists](/wiki/List_of_peace_activists \"List of peace activists\")"
] |
### 1990s
In 1990, Geffen recorded his first song, "Friend" \["chaver"], together with the band "Cats in the Piping". In 1992, he released his first album, "Ze Rak Or Hayareach" \[*It's Only the Moonlight*], all of whose tracks were written and the music composed by Geffen himself.
Also in 1992, he played a part in the teenage television series *[A Matter of Time](/wiki/Inyan_Shel_Zman "Inyan Shel Zman")*. That year, he also wrote a song for the Israeli movie *The Beach Boys*. Geffen performed in clubs with his band HaTauyót \["The Mistakes"] (the Hebrew name is purposefully misspelled in two places).
In 1993, Geffen released his second album, *Achshav Me'unan* \[*It's Cloudy Now*], which went gold in the same year and expressed his generation's dissatisfaction with the Israeli government. It was produced by Moshe Levi and Ofer Meiri, who created the typical Geffen sound. The title track "It's Cloudy Now" was followed by the question that many Israeli teenagers asked with Geffen – "Do you want change?"
In 1994, Geffen released his third album, *Aviv Geffen III*, a concept album about negative effects on someone who was forced to join the army, the album did not mark a change in Geffen's sound. The production was handled by Geffen and Lior Tevet. The album featured the major hit "Ha'im Lehiot Bach Mehohav?" \["Should I Be In Love With You?"], which was promoted by a video and followed the success of *Achshav Me'unan*.
In his next album, *Shumakom* \[*Nowhere*], Geffen took charge of the production, albeit with help from Reuven Shapira (as sound engineer), and producer Moshe Levi. Geffen again wrote all the lyrics and music.
As a political activist, Geffen also expressed the hope for peace with Israel's neighbors.
On 4 November 1995, the Israeli peace political parties organized a rally to support the peace process. Geffen was invited to perform, and surprisingly decided to perform Livkot Lekha \["Cry for You"], which he wrote and gave to Israeli singer [Arik Einstein](/wiki/Arik_Einstein "Arik Einstein"). Only later was it discovered that the lyrics prophesied the tragic assassination of Prime Minister [Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin") later that night.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/geffen.html \|title\=Aviv Geffen \|publisher\=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org \|date\=4 November 1995 \|access\-date\=26 August 2011\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041029/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/geffen.html\| archive\-date\= 17 July 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} "Cry for You" became a kind of anthem, and was the song that symbolized the Candle Children who mourned Rabin's death visually with memorial candles.
In 1996, Geffen released *HaMikhtav* \[*The Letter*]. *Mèred HaDmaót* \[*The Tears Rebellion*] was written after Rabin's murder in 1995\. It expressed a change and a turning point in Geffen's music. Later, in 1996, Geffen recorded what was known later as "The Israeli version of '[Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28John_Lennon_song%29 "Imagine (John Lennon song)")'", "Shir Tikvá" \["Let's Walk for the Dream"], which expressed deeply Geffen's vision.
In 1997, Geffen released his first compilation, which included a CD with the best songs of the early era, and a second CD which included B sides and live performances. An attempt to widen his audience on a global level saw one of Geffen's more unusual albums, *Halulìm* \[*Hollowed*]. Like his "big brothers", it was also produced by Moshe Levi, but unlike them, it is a hard, cold, and alienated, full of distortion. Despite heavy promotion (such as billboards), it failed commercially.
1999 saw the release of Geffen's 8th studio album – *Leilót Levanìm* \[*White Nights*], created under the influence of the changes in Geffen's life. Moshe Levi was again the producer; the combination of the two created a soft and melodic album compared to Halulim. It contained the song "Mexico" which stayed on the Israeli charts for a long time.
|
[
"### 1990s",
"In 1990, Geffen recorded his first song, \"Friend\" \\[\"chaver\"], together with the band \"Cats in the Piping\". In 1992, he released his first album, \"Ze Rak Or Hayareach\" \\[*It's Only the Moonlight*], all of whose tracks were written and the music composed by Geffen himself.",
"Also in 1992, he played a part in the teenage television series *[A Matter of Time](/wiki/Inyan_Shel_Zman \"Inyan Shel Zman\")*. That year, he also wrote a song for the Israeli movie *The Beach Boys*. Geffen performed in clubs with his band HaTauyót \\[\"The Mistakes\"] (the Hebrew name is purposefully misspelled in two places).",
"In 1993, Geffen released his second album, *Achshav Me'unan* \\[*It's Cloudy Now*], which went gold in the same year and expressed his generation's dissatisfaction with the Israeli government. It was produced by Moshe Levi and Ofer Meiri, who created the typical Geffen sound. The title track \"It's Cloudy Now\" was followed by the question that many Israeli teenagers asked with Geffen – \"Do you want change?\"",
"In 1994, Geffen released his third album, *Aviv Geffen III*, a concept album about negative effects on someone who was forced to join the army, the album did not mark a change in Geffen's sound. The production was handled by Geffen and Lior Tevet. The album featured the major hit \"Ha'im Lehiot Bach Mehohav?\" \\[\"Should I Be In Love With You?\"], which was promoted by a video and followed the success of *Achshav Me'unan*.",
"In his next album, *Shumakom* \\[*Nowhere*], Geffen took charge of the production, albeit with help from Reuven Shapira (as sound engineer), and producer Moshe Levi. Geffen again wrote all the lyrics and music.",
"As a political activist, Geffen also expressed the hope for peace with Israel's neighbors.",
"On 4 November 1995, the Israeli peace political parties organized a rally to support the peace process. Geffen was invited to perform, and surprisingly decided to perform Livkot Lekha \\[\"Cry for You\"], which he wrote and gave to Israeli singer [Arik Einstein](/wiki/Arik_Einstein \"Arik Einstein\"). Only later was it discovered that the lyrics prophesied the tragic assassination of Prime Minister [Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin \"Yitzhak Rabin\") later that night.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/geffen.html \\|title\\=Aviv Geffen \\|publisher\\=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org \\|date\\=4 November 1995 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2011\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041029/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/geffen.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 17 July 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} \"Cry for You\" became a kind of anthem, and was the song that symbolized the Candle Children who mourned Rabin's death visually with memorial candles.",
"In 1996, Geffen released *HaMikhtav* \\[*The Letter*]. *Mèred HaDmaót* \\[*The Tears Rebellion*] was written after Rabin's murder in 1995\\. It expressed a change and a turning point in Geffen's music. Later, in 1996, Geffen recorded what was known later as \"The Israeli version of '[Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28John_Lennon_song%29 \"Imagine (John Lennon song)\")'\", \"Shir Tikvá\" \\[\"Let's Walk for the Dream\"], which expressed deeply Geffen's vision.",
"In 1997, Geffen released his first compilation, which included a CD with the best songs of the early era, and a second CD which included B sides and live performances. An attempt to widen his audience on a global level saw one of Geffen's more unusual albums, *Halulìm* \\[*Hollowed*]. Like his \"big brothers\", it was also produced by Moshe Levi, but unlike them, it is a hard, cold, and alienated, full of distortion. Despite heavy promotion (such as billboards), it failed commercially.",
"1999 saw the release of Geffen's 8th studio album – *Leilót Levanìm* \\[*White Nights*], created under the influence of the changes in Geffen's life. Moshe Levi was again the producer; the combination of the two created a soft and melodic album compared to Halulim. It contained the song \"Mexico\" which stayed on the Israeli charts for a long time.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Prior was born in London to a British father and a Russian\-Ukrainian mother, who is a direct descendant of [Konstantin Stanislavski](/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski "Konstantin Stanislavski").{{cite news\| url\=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\_and\_entertainment/music/article7085607\.ece \| work\=The Times \| location\=London \| title\=Meet conducting whizkid Alex Prior \| date\=3 April 2010 \| access\-date\=23 April 2010 \| first\=Alan \| last\=Franks\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073252/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\_and\_entertainment/music/article7085607\.ece\|archive\-date\=15 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}} Prior began composing at the age of eight and by his early teens had written 40 works, including symphonies, concertos, two ballets, two operas, and a Requiem for the [children of Beslan](/wiki/Beslan_school_siege "Beslan school siege"). At an early age, he began piano lessons. He later enrolled in the junior department of the [Royal College of Music](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music "Royal College of Music"). At 13, he entered the [Saint Petersburg Conservatory](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory "Saint Petersburg Conservatory") where he studied composition with [Boris Tishchenko](/wiki/Boris_Tishchenko "Boris Tishchenko") and opera and symphonic conducting with Alexander Alexeev (a pupil of [Hans Swarowsky](/wiki/Hans_Swarowsky "Hans Swarowsky")). In 2009, at age 17, he graduated with distinction, with two masters degrees in symphonic and operatic conducting, and in composition from the St. Petersburg Conservatory, a feat previously accomplished by only [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev").
Prior has conducted many of the world orchestras and ensembles, including the San Francisco, Detroit, Dallas, Toledo, Seattle, Queensland, Düsseldorf, and Houston Symphony Orchestras. Further collaborations include performances with the Brevard Festival Orchestra,{{Cite web \|title\=Instagram \|url\=https://www.instagram.com/brevardmusic/reel/C063uYjLxFQ/ \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-27 \|website\=www.instagram.com}} the New World Symphony, Gewandhaus Orchestra in Leipzig, Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid/Orchestra of [Teatro Reál](/wiki/Teatro_Real "Teatro Real"), the [Swedish Chamber Orchestra](/wiki/Swedish_Chamber_Orchestra "Swedish Chamber Orchestra"), the Spanish Radio Orchestra, the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra, the [Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen](/wiki/Deutsche_Kammerphilharmonie "Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie"), the Badische Staatskapelle Karslsruhe, the Deustche Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland\-Pfalz, the German Radio Orchestra in Saarbrücken, Camerata Salzburg, the Estonian Radio Symphony Orchestra, Polish National Orchestra, the Vienna Chamber Orchestra, the Norwegian Radio Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the [Royal Northern Sinfonia](/wiki/Northern_Sinfonia "Northern Sinfonia"), the Copenhagen and Calgary Philharmonic orchestras, and the Kristiansand, Helsingborg, and Aarhus Symphony Orchestras.
He was appointed as Chief Conductor of the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra at just 23 years of age (with a designate season prior to commencing his full tenure in 2017\). Prior invested greatly in the artistic output and community outreach of the orchestra – championing new music,{{Cite web \|last\=Mark \|first\=Morris \|date\=23 April 2022 \|title\=ESO channels the elements with new works including one from up\-and\-coming composer Alissa Cheung \|url\=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/local\-arts/eso\-channels\-the\-elements\-with\-new\-works\-including\-one\-from\-up\-and\-coming\-composer\-alissa\-cheung }} with a focus on programming which reflects the rich diversity and cultural history of the region. By his third season every masters' series concert featured music by female composers.
Other operatic engagements include [Martinu's Mirandolina](/wiki/Mirandolina "Mirandolina") at the Bayerische Staatsoper, La Traviata with Leipzig Opera,{{Cite web \|title\=Opernnetz \- Zeitschrift fuer Musiktheater und Oper \|url\=http://o\-ton.online/Alt/seiten/rezensionen/lei\_tra\_hoe\_131102\.htm \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=o\-ton.online}} Rusalka at the Tiroler Festspiele in Erl,{{Cite web \|last\=Peter \|first\=Wolf Dieter \|date\=27 December 2019 \|title\=Dvoraks 'Rusalka' im Festspielhaus Erl \|url\=https://www.abendzeitung\-muenchen.de/kultur/buehne/dvoraks\-rusalka\-im\-festspielhaus\-erl\-art\-485073 \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=www.abendzeitung\-muenchen.de \|language\=de}} Hänsel und Gretel at Vancouver Opera,{{Cite web \|title\=A HANSEL AND GRETEL FULL OF DELIGHT – AND SOME THINGS TO GET USED TO \|url\=https://www.vanclassicalmusic.com/a\-hansel\-and\-gretel\-full\-of\-delight\-and\-some\-things\-to\-get\-used\-to \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=Vancouver Classical Music }} and two productions of Richard Strauss's Elektra – one with Edmonton Opera{{Cite web \|last\=Morris \|first\=Mark \|date\=12 March 2017 \|title\=Edmonton Opera's Elektra is alternately violent and tender, triumphant and despairing \|url\=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/local\-arts/edmonton\-operas\-elektra\-is\-alternately\-violent\-and\-tender\-triumphant\-and\-despairing }} and the other with Theater Erfurt,{{Cite web \|last\=mdr.de \|title\=Trauer muss Elektra tragen? Das Theater Erfurt kann sich mit dieser Neuproduktion schmücken {{!}} MDR.DE \|url\=https://www.mdr.de/mdr\-klassik\-radio/klassikthemen/erfurt\-theater\-neuinszenierung\-oper\-elektra\-100\.html \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=www.mdr.de \|language\=de}} where he also led a critically acclaimed production of Weingartner's epic opera "Orestes" – the first performance of this opera in well over 100 years,{{Cite web \|title\=ERFURT/ Theater: ORESTES von Felix Weingartner. Premiere. 112 Jahre, 11 Monate und 26 Tage bis zur Grosstat der Wiederbelebung \|url\=https://onlinemerker.com/erfurt\-theater\-orestes\-von\-felix\-weingartner\-premiere\-112\-jahre\-11\-monate\-und\-26\-tage\-bis\-zur\-grosstat\-der\-wiederbelebung/ \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=Online Merker \|language\=de}} as well as a completely sold out production of [Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner")'s [The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman "The Flying Dutchman").{{Cite web \|title\=Theater Erfurt \|url\=https://www.theater\-erfurt.de/stuecke/der\-fliegende\-hollaender\-2 \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=Theater Erfurt \|language\=de}} At [Frankfurt Opera](/wiki/Frankfurt_Opera "Frankfurt Opera"), where he has a long\-lasting ongoing relationship with the orchestra and the company, he has conducted Verdi's Rigoletto, Martinu's Julietta,[https://oper\-frankfurt.de/media/pdf/Julietta.pdf](https://oper-frankfurt.de/media/pdf/Julietta.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=August 2024}} and in their symphonic series Holst's The Planets.{{Cite web \|title\=Sergio Tiempo und Alexander Prior \|url\=https://www.museumskonzerte.de/konzerte/sergio\-tiempo\-und\-alexander\-prior/ \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=Museumskonzerte Frankfurt \|language\=de\-DE}} A planned production of Holländer in 2021 was sadly cancelled due to the COVID19 pandemic. Following his debut with Mozart's The Magic Flute{{Cite web \|title\=Alexander Prior, Conductor {{!}} Performances \|url\=https://www.operabase.com/artists/alexander\-prior\-458/performances/en \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=Operabase }} at [Staatstheater Braunschweig](/wiki/Staatstheater_Braunschweig "Staatstheater Braunschweig") he was invited back to conduct a new production of Verdi's Rigoletto, after which the orchestra awarded him their prestigious and rare "Louis\-Spohr\-Medal".{{Cite web \|date\=13 June 2017 \|title\=InTune — The Houston Symphony Magazine — June 2017 by Houston Symphony \- Issuu \|url\=https://issuu.com/houstonsymphony/docs/intune\_june2017 \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=issuu.com }}
Prior's Piano Concerto No. 1 was premiered at the V International Piano Festival in St. Petersburg in September 2006\. Prior was runner\-up in the 2008 International Prokofiev Composers Competition – his Piano Concerto No. 2 *Northern Dances* was performed by the State Academic Symphony of St. Petersburg in the Great Philharmonic Hall. In 2006, Prior's ballet *Mowgli* (based on [Rudyard Kipling](/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling "Rudyard Kipling")'s *[The Jungle Book](/wiki/The_Jungle_Book "The Jungle Book")*) was commissioned by choreographers Natalia Kasatkina and Vladimir Vassilev of the Moscow State Classical Ballet. The official premiere took place at the Kremlin Theatre in Moscow in February 2008\.
In November 2008 he conducted a performance of [Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov")'s *[The Tsar's Bride](/wiki/The_Tsar%27s_Bride_%28opera%29 "The Tsar's Bride (opera)")* in St. Petersburg, followed by a performance of [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky")'s *[The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker "The Nutcracker")* in January 2009\.
On 8 January 2010, the [Seattle Symphony](/wiki/Seattle_Symphony "Seattle Symphony") appointed Prior as an Assistant Conductor.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.seattlesymphony.org/symphony/press/kit/release\_detail.aspx?ID\=680 \|title\=Seattle Symphony Names 17\-year\-old Conductor Alexander Prior Assistant to the Guest Conductors \|work\=\[\[Seattle Symphony\|Seattle Symphony Orchestra Website]] \|date\=8 January 2010 \|access\-date\=29 August 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609163605/http://www.seattlesymphony.org/symphony/press/kit/release\_detail.aspx?ID\=680 \|archive\-date\=9 June 2011 }}Bingham, John, ["British teenage 'prodigy' Alexander Prior joins Seattle Symphony Orchestra: Alexander Prior, a British teenager hailed as a musical prodigy, has taken up a conducting appointment with the Seattle Symphony Orchestra"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/6965880/British-teenage-prodigy-Alexander-Prior-joins-Seattle-Symphony-Orchestra.html), *[The Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")* (UK), 11 January 2010
In Summer 2010\. he was a conducting fellow at the [Tanglewood Music Center](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Center "Tanglewood Music Center").
In August 2011, he conducted the world premiere of his Triple Concerto, entitled "That which must forever remain unspoken", with the City Chamber Orchestra of Hong Kong.Cf. Alex Prior website.["Prodigies From Around the World"](http://www.hkiac.gov.hk/2011/en/prog/prodigies.html), City Chamber Orchestra of Hong Kong, July 2011
In 2011, Prior was the principal conductor for the Northwest Mahler Festival in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle").["The 2011 Northwest Mahler Festival Principal Conductor: Alex Prior"](http://www.nwmahlerfestival.org/principal_conductor_2011.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216105631/http://www.nwmahlerfestival.org/principal\_conductor\_2011\.html \|date\=16 February 2012 }}, Northwest Mahler Festiaval
In December 2011, Prior made his debut with the Royal Danish Orchestra and [Royal Danish Ballet](/wiki/Royal_Danish_Ballet "Royal Danish Ballet") performing [The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker "The Nutcracker") at the [Royal Danish Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre "Royal Danish Theatre") in Copenhagen. He has subsequently reinvited to conduct Carmen at the Royal Danish Theatre.{{Citation \|title\=Entr'acte from Bizet's Carmen \| date\=30 October 2023 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=xMXhtdDPz44 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-27 \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Alexander Prior, Conductor \|url\=https://www.operabase.com/artists/alexander\-prior\-458/en \|access\-date\=27 January 2024 \|website\=Operabase \|date\=7 December 2023 }}
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Prior was born in London to a British father and a Russian\\-Ukrainian mother, who is a direct descendant of [Konstantin Stanislavski](/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski \"Konstantin Stanislavski\").{{cite news\\| url\\=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\\_and\\_entertainment/music/article7085607\\.ece \\| work\\=The Times \\| location\\=London \\| title\\=Meet conducting whizkid Alex Prior \\| date\\=3 April 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=23 April 2010 \\| first\\=Alan \\| last\\=Franks\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073252/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\\_and\\_entertainment/music/article7085607\\.ece\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Prior began composing at the age of eight and by his early teens had written 40 works, including symphonies, concertos, two ballets, two operas, and a Requiem for the [children of Beslan](/wiki/Beslan_school_siege \"Beslan school siege\"). At an early age, he began piano lessons. He later enrolled in the junior department of the [Royal College of Music](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music \"Royal College of Music\"). At 13, he entered the [Saint Petersburg Conservatory](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory \"Saint Petersburg Conservatory\") where he studied composition with [Boris Tishchenko](/wiki/Boris_Tishchenko \"Boris Tishchenko\") and opera and symphonic conducting with Alexander Alexeev (a pupil of [Hans Swarowsky](/wiki/Hans_Swarowsky \"Hans Swarowsky\")). In 2009, at age 17, he graduated with distinction, with two masters degrees in symphonic and operatic conducting, and in composition from the St. Petersburg Conservatory, a feat previously accomplished by only [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\").",
"Prior has conducted many of the world orchestras and ensembles, including the San Francisco, Detroit, Dallas, Toledo, Seattle, Queensland, Düsseldorf, and Houston Symphony Orchestras. Further collaborations include performances with the Brevard Festival Orchestra,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Instagram \\|url\\=https://www.instagram.com/brevardmusic/reel/C063uYjLxFQ/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-27 \\|website\\=www.instagram.com}} the New World Symphony, Gewandhaus Orchestra in Leipzig, Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid/Orchestra of [Teatro Reál](/wiki/Teatro_Real \"Teatro Real\"), the [Swedish Chamber Orchestra](/wiki/Swedish_Chamber_Orchestra \"Swedish Chamber Orchestra\"), the Spanish Radio Orchestra, the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra, the [Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen](/wiki/Deutsche_Kammerphilharmonie \"Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie\"), the Badische Staatskapelle Karslsruhe, the Deustche Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland\\-Pfalz, the German Radio Orchestra in Saarbrücken, Camerata Salzburg, the Estonian Radio Symphony Orchestra, Polish National Orchestra, the Vienna Chamber Orchestra, the Norwegian Radio Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the [Royal Northern Sinfonia](/wiki/Northern_Sinfonia \"Northern Sinfonia\"), the Copenhagen and Calgary Philharmonic orchestras, and the Kristiansand, Helsingborg, and Aarhus Symphony Orchestras.\nHe was appointed as Chief Conductor of the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra at just 23 years of age (with a designate season prior to commencing his full tenure in 2017\\). Prior invested greatly in the artistic output and community outreach of the orchestra – championing new music,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mark \\|first\\=Morris \\|date\\=23 April 2022 \\|title\\=ESO channels the elements with new works including one from up\\-and\\-coming composer Alissa Cheung \\|url\\=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/local\\-arts/eso\\-channels\\-the\\-elements\\-with\\-new\\-works\\-including\\-one\\-from\\-up\\-and\\-coming\\-composer\\-alissa\\-cheung }} with a focus on programming which reflects the rich diversity and cultural history of the region. By his third season every masters' series concert featured music by female composers.",
"Other operatic engagements include [Martinu's Mirandolina](/wiki/Mirandolina \"Mirandolina\") at the Bayerische Staatsoper, La Traviata with Leipzig Opera,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Opernnetz \\- Zeitschrift fuer Musiktheater und Oper \\|url\\=http://o\\-ton.online/Alt/seiten/rezensionen/lei\\_tra\\_hoe\\_131102\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=o\\-ton.online}} Rusalka at the Tiroler Festspiele in Erl,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Peter \\|first\\=Wolf Dieter \\|date\\=27 December 2019 \\|title\\=Dvoraks 'Rusalka' im Festspielhaus Erl \\|url\\=https://www.abendzeitung\\-muenchen.de/kultur/buehne/dvoraks\\-rusalka\\-im\\-festspielhaus\\-erl\\-art\\-485073 \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=www.abendzeitung\\-muenchen.de \\|language\\=de}} Hänsel und Gretel at Vancouver Opera,{{Cite web \\|title\\=A HANSEL AND GRETEL FULL OF DELIGHT – AND SOME THINGS TO GET USED TO \\|url\\=https://www.vanclassicalmusic.com/a\\-hansel\\-and\\-gretel\\-full\\-of\\-delight\\-and\\-some\\-things\\-to\\-get\\-used\\-to \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=Vancouver Classical Music }} and two productions of Richard Strauss's Elektra – one with Edmonton Opera{{Cite web \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=12 March 2017 \\|title\\=Edmonton Opera's Elektra is alternately violent and tender, triumphant and despairing \\|url\\=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/local\\-arts/edmonton\\-operas\\-elektra\\-is\\-alternately\\-violent\\-and\\-tender\\-triumphant\\-and\\-despairing }} and the other with Theater Erfurt,{{Cite web \\|last\\=mdr.de \\|title\\=Trauer muss Elektra tragen? Das Theater Erfurt kann sich mit dieser Neuproduktion schmücken {{!}} MDR.DE \\|url\\=https://www.mdr.de/mdr\\-klassik\\-radio/klassikthemen/erfurt\\-theater\\-neuinszenierung\\-oper\\-elektra\\-100\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=www.mdr.de \\|language\\=de}} where he also led a critically acclaimed production of Weingartner's epic opera \"Orestes\" – the first performance of this opera in well over 100 years,{{Cite web \\|title\\=ERFURT/ Theater: ORESTES von Felix Weingartner. Premiere. 112 Jahre, 11 Monate und 26 Tage bis zur Grosstat der Wiederbelebung \\|url\\=https://onlinemerker.com/erfurt\\-theater\\-orestes\\-von\\-felix\\-weingartner\\-premiere\\-112\\-jahre\\-11\\-monate\\-und\\-26\\-tage\\-bis\\-zur\\-grosstat\\-der\\-wiederbelebung/ \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=Online Merker \\|language\\=de}} as well as a completely sold out production of [Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\")'s [The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman \"The Flying Dutchman\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Theater Erfurt \\|url\\=https://www.theater\\-erfurt.de/stuecke/der\\-fliegende\\-hollaender\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=Theater Erfurt \\|language\\=de}} At [Frankfurt Opera](/wiki/Frankfurt_Opera \"Frankfurt Opera\"), where he has a long\\-lasting ongoing relationship with the orchestra and the company, he has conducted Verdi's Rigoletto, Martinu's Julietta,[https://oper\\-frankfurt.de/media/pdf/Julietta.pdf](https://oper-frankfurt.de/media/pdf/Julietta.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=August 2024}} and in their symphonic series Holst's The Planets.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Sergio Tiempo und Alexander Prior \\|url\\=https://www.museumskonzerte.de/konzerte/sergio\\-tiempo\\-und\\-alexander\\-prior/ \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=Museumskonzerte Frankfurt \\|language\\=de\\-DE}} A planned production of Holländer in 2021 was sadly cancelled due to the COVID19 pandemic. Following his debut with Mozart's The Magic Flute{{Cite web \\|title\\=Alexander Prior, Conductor {{!}} Performances \\|url\\=https://www.operabase.com/artists/alexander\\-prior\\-458/performances/en \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=Operabase }} at [Staatstheater Braunschweig](/wiki/Staatstheater_Braunschweig \"Staatstheater Braunschweig\") he was invited back to conduct a new production of Verdi's Rigoletto, after which the orchestra awarded him their prestigious and rare \"Louis\\-Spohr\\-Medal\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=13 June 2017 \\|title\\=InTune — The Houston Symphony Magazine — June 2017 by Houston Symphony \\- Issuu \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/houstonsymphony/docs/intune\\_june2017 \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=issuu.com }} \nPrior's Piano Concerto No. 1 was premiered at the V International Piano Festival in St. Petersburg in September 2006\\. Prior was runner\\-up in the 2008 International Prokofiev Composers Competition – his Piano Concerto No. 2 *Northern Dances* was performed by the State Academic Symphony of St. Petersburg in the Great Philharmonic Hall. In 2006, Prior's ballet *Mowgli* (based on [Rudyard Kipling](/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling \"Rudyard Kipling\")'s *[The Jungle Book](/wiki/The_Jungle_Book \"The Jungle Book\")*) was commissioned by choreographers Natalia Kasatkina and Vladimir Vassilev of the Moscow State Classical Ballet. The official premiere took place at the Kremlin Theatre in Moscow in February 2008\\.",
"In November 2008 he conducted a performance of [Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov \"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\")'s *[The Tsar's Bride](/wiki/The_Tsar%27s_Bride_%28opera%29 \"The Tsar's Bride (opera)\")* in St. Petersburg, followed by a performance of [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky \"Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\")'s *[The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker \"The Nutcracker\")* in January 2009\\.",
"On 8 January 2010, the [Seattle Symphony](/wiki/Seattle_Symphony \"Seattle Symphony\") appointed Prior as an Assistant Conductor.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.seattlesymphony.org/symphony/press/kit/release\\_detail.aspx?ID\\=680 \\|title\\=Seattle Symphony Names 17\\-year\\-old Conductor Alexander Prior Assistant to the Guest Conductors \\|work\\=\\[\\[Seattle Symphony\\|Seattle Symphony Orchestra Website]] \\|date\\=8 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=29 August 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609163605/http://www.seattlesymphony.org/symphony/press/kit/release\\_detail.aspx?ID\\=680 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2011 }}Bingham, John, [\"British teenage 'prodigy' Alexander Prior joins Seattle Symphony Orchestra: Alexander Prior, a British teenager hailed as a musical prodigy, has taken up a conducting appointment with the Seattle Symphony Orchestra\"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/6965880/British-teenage-prodigy-Alexander-Prior-joins-Seattle-Symphony-Orchestra.html), *[The Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")* (UK), 11 January 2010",
"In Summer 2010\\. he was a conducting fellow at the [Tanglewood Music Center](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Center \"Tanglewood Music Center\").",
"In August 2011, he conducted the world premiere of his Triple Concerto, entitled \"That which must forever remain unspoken\", with the City Chamber Orchestra of Hong Kong.Cf. Alex Prior website.[\"Prodigies From Around the World\"](http://www.hkiac.gov.hk/2011/en/prog/prodigies.html), City Chamber Orchestra of Hong Kong, July 2011",
"In 2011, Prior was the principal conductor for the Northwest Mahler Festival in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\").[\"The 2011 Northwest Mahler Festival Principal Conductor: Alex Prior\"](http://www.nwmahlerfestival.org/principal_conductor_2011.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216105631/http://www.nwmahlerfestival.org/principal\\_conductor\\_2011\\.html \\|date\\=16 February 2012 }}, Northwest Mahler Festiaval",
"In December 2011, Prior made his debut with the Royal Danish Orchestra and [Royal Danish Ballet](/wiki/Royal_Danish_Ballet \"Royal Danish Ballet\") performing [The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker \"The Nutcracker\") at the [Royal Danish Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre \"Royal Danish Theatre\") in Copenhagen. He has subsequently reinvited to conduct Carmen at the Royal Danish Theatre.{{Citation \\|title\\=Entr'acte from Bizet's Carmen \\| date\\=30 October 2023 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=xMXhtdDPz44 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-27 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Alexander Prior, Conductor \\|url\\=https://www.operabase.com/artists/alexander\\-prior\\-458/en \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024 \\|website\\=Operabase \\|date\\=7 December 2023 }}",
""
] |
Content of the Basic Law
------------------------
The [Basic Law](/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel "Basic Laws of Israel") comprises eleven clauses, as follows:{{cite web\|url\=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/News/PressReleases/Pages/Pr13978\_pg.aspx\|title\=Full text of Basic Law: Israel as the Nation State of the Jewish People\|website\=The Knesset: Laws\|publisher\=State of Israel\|access\-date\=9 August 2018}}{{cite web \|last1\=Wootliff \|first1\=Raoul \|title\=Final text of Jewish nation\-state law, approved by the Knesset early on July 19 \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/final\-text\-of\-jewish\-nation\-state\-bill\-set\-to\-become\-law/ \|website\=The Times of Israel \|access\-date\=19 July 2018}}
**1 — Basic Principles**
A. The [land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") is the [historical homeland](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel") of the [Jewish people](/wiki/Jews "Jews"), in which the [State of Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") was established.
B. The State of Israel is the national home of the Jewish people, in which it fulfills its natural, cultural, religious, and historical right to [self\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination "Self-determination").
C. The right to exercise national self\-determination in the State of Israel is unique to the Jewish people.
**2 — Symbols of the State**
A. The [name of the state](/wiki/Israel%23Etymology "Israel#Etymology") is "Israel".
B. The [state flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Israel "Flag of Israel") is white, with [two blue stripes](/wiki/Tallit "Tallit") near the edges and a blue [Star of David](/wiki/Star_of_David "Star of David") in the center.
C. The [state emblem](/wiki/Emblem_of_Israel "Emblem of Israel") is a seven\-branched [menorah](/wiki/Temple_menorah "Temple menorah") with [olive leaves](/wiki/Olive_leaf "Olive leaf") on both sides and the word "Israel" beneath it.
D. The state anthem is "[Hatikvah](/wiki/Hatikvah "Hatikvah")".
E. Details regarding state symbols will be determined by the law.
**3 — Capital of the State**
[Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"), complete and united, is the [capital of Israel](/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem "Status of Jerusalem").
**4 — Language**
A. The state's language is [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language").
B. The [Arabic language](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law.
C. This clause does not harm the status given to the Arabic language before this law came into effect.
**5 — Ingathering of the Exiles**
The state will be open for [Jewish immigration](/wiki/Aliyah "Aliyah") and the [ingathering of exiles](/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel "Gathering of Israel").
**6 — Connection to the Jewish people**
A. The state will strive to ensure the safety of the members of the Jewish people and of [its citizens](/wiki/Israelis "Israelis") in trouble or in captivity due to the fact of their [Jewishness](/wiki/Jewish_identity "Jewish identity") or their citizenship.
B. The state shall act within [the Diaspora](/wiki/Jewish_diaspora "Jewish diaspora") to strengthen the affinity between the state and members of the Jewish people.
C. The state shall act to preserve the [cultural](/wiki/Jewish_culture "Jewish culture"), [historical](/wiki/Jewish_history "Jewish history"), and [religious heritage](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism") of the Jewish people among Jews in the Diaspora.
**7 — Jewish Settlement**
A. The state views the development of [Jewish settlement](/wiki/Settlement_movement_%28Israel%29 "Settlement movement (Israel)") as a national value and will act to encourage and promote its establishment and consolidation.
**8 — Official Calendar**
The [Hebrew calendar](/wiki/Hebrew_calendar "Hebrew calendar") is the official calendar of the state and alongside it the [Gregorian calendar](/wiki/Gregorian_calendar "Gregorian calendar") will be used as an official calendar. Use of the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will be determined by law.
**9 — Independence Day and Memorial Days**
A. [Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28Israel%29 "Independence Day (Israel)") is the official national holiday of the state.
B. [Memorial Day for the Fallen in Israel's Wars](/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron "Yom HaZikaron") and [Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day](/wiki/Yom_HaShoah "Yom HaShoah") are official memorial days of the State.
**10 — Days of Rest and Sabbath**
The [Sabbath](/wiki/Sabbath "Sabbath") and the festivals of Israel are the established [days of rest in the state](/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel "Public holidays in Israel"); Non\-Jews have a right to maintain days of rest on their Sabbaths and festivals; Details of this issue will be determined by law.
**11 — Immutability**
This Basic Law shall not be amended, unless by another Basic Law passed by a majority of [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset "Knesset") members.
|
[
"Content of the Basic Law\n------------------------",
"The [Basic Law](/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel \"Basic Laws of Israel\") comprises eleven clauses, as follows:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/News/PressReleases/Pages/Pr13978\\_pg.aspx\\|title\\=Full text of Basic Law: Israel as the Nation State of the Jewish People\\|website\\=The Knesset: Laws\\|publisher\\=State of Israel\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2018}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Wootliff \\|first1\\=Raoul \\|title\\=Final text of Jewish nation\\-state law, approved by the Knesset early on July 19 \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/final\\-text\\-of\\-jewish\\-nation\\-state\\-bill\\-set\\-to\\-become\\-law/ \\|website\\=The Times of Israel \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2018}}",
"**1 — Basic Principles**",
"A. The [land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") is the [historical homeland](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel \"History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel\") of the [Jewish people](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\"), in which the [State of Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") was established.",
"B. The State of Israel is the national home of the Jewish people, in which it fulfills its natural, cultural, religious, and historical right to [self\\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination \"Self-determination\").",
"C. The right to exercise national self\\-determination in the State of Israel is unique to the Jewish people.",
"**2 — Symbols of the State**",
"A. The [name of the state](/wiki/Israel%23Etymology \"Israel#Etymology\") is \"Israel\".",
"B. The [state flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Israel \"Flag of Israel\") is white, with [two blue stripes](/wiki/Tallit \"Tallit\") near the edges and a blue [Star of David](/wiki/Star_of_David \"Star of David\") in the center.",
"C. The [state emblem](/wiki/Emblem_of_Israel \"Emblem of Israel\") is a seven\\-branched [menorah](/wiki/Temple_menorah \"Temple menorah\") with [olive leaves](/wiki/Olive_leaf \"Olive leaf\") on both sides and the word \"Israel\" beneath it.",
"D. The state anthem is \"[Hatikvah](/wiki/Hatikvah \"Hatikvah\")\".",
"E. Details regarding state symbols will be determined by the law.",
"**3 — Capital of the State**",
"[Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"), complete and united, is the [capital of Israel](/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem \"Status of Jerusalem\").",
"**4 — Language**",
"A. The state's language is [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\").",
"B. The [Arabic language](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law.",
"C. This clause does not harm the status given to the Arabic language before this law came into effect.",
"**5 — Ingathering of the Exiles**",
"The state will be open for [Jewish immigration](/wiki/Aliyah \"Aliyah\") and the [ingathering of exiles](/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel \"Gathering of Israel\").",
"**6 — Connection to the Jewish people**",
"A. The state will strive to ensure the safety of the members of the Jewish people and of [its citizens](/wiki/Israelis \"Israelis\") in trouble or in captivity due to the fact of their [Jewishness](/wiki/Jewish_identity \"Jewish identity\") or their citizenship.",
"B. The state shall act within [the Diaspora](/wiki/Jewish_diaspora \"Jewish diaspora\") to strengthen the affinity between the state and members of the Jewish people.",
"C. The state shall act to preserve the [cultural](/wiki/Jewish_culture \"Jewish culture\"), [historical](/wiki/Jewish_history \"Jewish history\"), and [religious heritage](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") of the Jewish people among Jews in the Diaspora.",
"**7 — Jewish Settlement**",
"A. The state views the development of [Jewish settlement](/wiki/Settlement_movement_%28Israel%29 \"Settlement movement (Israel)\") as a national value and will act to encourage and promote its establishment and consolidation.",
"**8 — Official Calendar**",
"The [Hebrew calendar](/wiki/Hebrew_calendar \"Hebrew calendar\") is the official calendar of the state and alongside it the [Gregorian calendar](/wiki/Gregorian_calendar \"Gregorian calendar\") will be used as an official calendar. Use of the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will be determined by law.",
"**9 — Independence Day and Memorial Days**",
"A. [Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28Israel%29 \"Independence Day (Israel)\") is the official national holiday of the state.",
"B. [Memorial Day for the Fallen in Israel's Wars](/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron \"Yom HaZikaron\") and [Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day](/wiki/Yom_HaShoah \"Yom HaShoah\") are official memorial days of the State.",
"**10 — Days of Rest and Sabbath**",
"The [Sabbath](/wiki/Sabbath \"Sabbath\") and the festivals of Israel are the established [days of rest in the state](/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel \"Public holidays in Israel\"); Non\\-Jews have a right to maintain days of rest on their Sabbaths and festivals; Details of this issue will be determined by law.",
"**11 — Immutability**",
"This Basic Law shall not be amended, unless by another Basic Law passed by a majority of [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset \"Knesset\") members.",
""
] |
Reaction
--------
### In Israel
Retired Israeli Chief Justice [Aharon Barak](/wiki/Aharon_Barak "Aharon Barak"), who led the "constitutional revolution" that established [judicial review](/wiki/Judicial_review "Judicial review") in the 1990s, said that "This is an important law". Barak drew a distinction between national and civic rights: "The recognition of the minority rights of Israel's Arab citizens does not grant them a national right to self\-determination within the State of Israel. They are a minority whose identity and culture must be protected, but if they want to realize their right to [national self\-determination](/wiki/National_self-determination "National self-determination"), they can only do it in a state of their own, not in Israel." He also accepted the argument that the [right to equality](/wiki/Right_to_equality "Right to equality") does not belong in this law, but insisted that it be made explicit (rather than just implied) in [Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty](/wiki/Basic_Law:Human_Dignity_and_Liberty "Human Dignity and Liberty").{{Cite web \|last\=Navon \|first\=Emmanuel \|date\=29 December 2018 \|title\=No, Aharon Barak does not oppose Israel's Nation\-State Law \|url\=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/No\-Aharon\-Barak\-does\-not\-oppose\-Israels\-Nation\-State\-Law\-575768 \|access\-date\= \|website\=\[\[The Jerusalem Post]]}}
[thumb\|Druze flags alongside Israeli flags during a rally against the law in Tel Aviv on 4 August 2018](/wiki/File:Israeli_Druze_rally_against_Nation-State_Law.jpg "Israeli Druze rally against Nation-State Law.jpg")
Heads of Israel's [Druze](/wiki/Druze "Druze") community petitioned the [Israeli Supreme Court](/wiki/Israeli_Supreme_Court "Israeli Supreme Court") in protest against the law, and 100 Druze reservists complained that though having fought in Israel's wars for generations, the bill relegated them to second\-class status.{{cite news \|title\=Druze IDF officers protest against Nationality Law \|url\=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-5316576,00\.html \|work\=Ynetnews \|date\=25 July 2018 \|language\=en}} According to Rami Zeedan, who is himself an Israeli Druze, the main problem in the law in the eyes of the Israeli Druze is ignoring the definition of "Israeli" as the nation of the state, while the Druze hold this as integral part of their social self\- identification.{{Cite journal\|last\=Zeedan\|first\=Rami\|date\=2020\|title\=Reconsidering the Druze Narrative in the Wake of the Basic Law: Israel as the Nation\-State of the Jewish People\|url\=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10\.2979/israelstudies.25\.3\.14\|journal\=Israel Studies\|volume\=25\|issue\=3\|pages\=153–166\|doi\=10\.2979/israelstudies.25\.3\.14\|jstor\=10\.2979/israelstudies.25\.3\.14\|hdl\=1808/33570 \|s2cid\=226541697 \|issn\=1084\-9513\|hdl\-access\=free}}
[The Assembly of Catholic Ordinaries of the Holy Land](/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Holy_Land_and_Cyprus "List of Catholic dioceses in Holy Land and Cyprus") asked the government to rescind the law.{{Cite web \|date\=2 November 2018 \|title\=Assembly of Catholic Ordinaries calls on Israel to rescind its Nation State Law \|url\=https://www.lpj.org/assembly\-of\-catholic\-ordinaries\-calls\-on\-israel\-to\-rescind\-its\-nation\-state\-law/ \|website\=\[\[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]}}
When the law passed, [Israeli Arab](/wiki/Israeli_Arab "Israeli Arab") parliamentary members of the [Joint List](/wiki/Joint_List "Joint List") ripped up copies of the bill and shouted, “[Apartheid](/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid "Israel and apartheid"),” on the floor of the [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset "Knesset"). [Ayman Odeh](/wiki/Ayman_Odeh "Ayman Odeh"), the then leader of a coalition of primarily Arab parties in opposition, said in a statement that Israel had “passed a law of Jewish supremacy and told us that we will always be second\-class citizens”.
Mass protests were held in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") following the law, which critics labelled as racist towards the country's Arabs. In particular, many Arabs were angered by the law's downgrading of Arabic from an official language to one with an ambiguous "special status".
Palestinians, liberal American Jews, and many Israelis on the left denounced the law as racist and undemocratic, with Yohanan Plesner, the head of the non\-partisan [Israel Democracy Institute](/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute "Israel Democracy Institute"), calling the new law “jingoistic and divisive” and an “unnecessary embarrassment to Israel”.
Likud MK [Benny Begin](/wiki/Benny_Begin "Benny Begin"), son of the party's co\-founder [Menachem Begin](/wiki/Menachem_Begin "Menachem Begin"), expressed his concern about the direction of his party; in his opinion, it is moving a little further away from human rights.{{cite news \|title\=Knesset: Israel verabschiedet Gesetz zu "jüdischem Nationalstaat" \|url\=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2018\-07/knesset\-israel\-benjamin\-netanjahu\-hebraeisch\-gesetz\-siedlungen \|work\=ZEIT ONLINE \|date\=19 July 2018 \|language\=de}} The [Adalah Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel](/wiki/Adalah_%E2%80%93_The_Legal_Center_for_Arab_Minority_Rights_in_Israel "Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel") said that the law "contains key elements of apartheid", which is not only immoral, but absolutely prohibited under international law". Adalah Director Hassan Jabareen said that the law would make Israel an exclusively Jewish country, which "made discrimination a constitutional value and made its attachment to favouring Jewish supremacy the reason for its institutions".
[Shimon Stein](/wiki/Shimon_Stein "Shimon Stein") and [Moshe Zimmermann](/wiki/Moshe_Zimmermann "Moshe Zimmermann") commented that the new law calls into question the equality of Arabs living in Israel concerning the loss of Arabic's status as an official language, also claiming that "only" the country's Jewish settlements and [Jewish immigration](/wiki/Aliyah "Aliyah") are considered fundamental values. They claimed that the first clause, which states, "The land of Israel is the historical homeland of the Jewish people, in which the State of Israel was established", opens up a loophole for [annexation](/wiki/Annexation "Annexation") of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank") and a goodbye to the [two\-state solution](/wiki/Two-state_solution "Two-state solution") and [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy").{{cite news \|title\=Die israelische Demokratie wird verdrängt \|url\=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/israel\-die\-israelische\-demokratie\-wird\-verdraengt/22831220\.html \|work\=Der Tagesspiegel Online \|date\=22 July 2018 \|language\=de\-DE}}
[Eugene Kontorovich](/wiki/Eugene_Kontorovich "Eugene Kontorovich") published an article on the proposed law in which he compared it to the situation in many European nation\-states, and found that seven member states of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") "have constitutional 'nationhood' provisions, which typically speak of the state as being the national home and locus of self\-determination for the country's majority ethnic group". He supported this claim with two detailed examples, [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia "Latvia") and [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia"), stating that in the light of this, the proposed bill in Israel had "nothing racist, or even unusual, about having national or religious character reflected in constitutional commitments" and concluded that "it is hard to understand why what works for them should be so widely denounced when it comes to Israel."{{cite journal \|title\=A Comparative Constitutional Perspective on Israel's Nation\-State Law \|journal\=Israel Studies \|date\=2020 \|volume\=25 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=137 \|doi\=10\.2979/israelstudies.25\.3\.13\|last1\=Kontorovich \|s2cid\=226490489 }}
[Ayman Odeh](/wiki/Ayman_Odeh "Ayman Odeh"), head of the [Joint List](/wiki/Joint_List "Joint List") party, condemned the law, seeing it as "the death of democracy".
Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu responded that the civil rights of every Israeli citizen is guaranteed in a series of Knesset laws, including [Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty](/wiki/Basic_Law:Human_Dignity_and_Liberty "Human Dignity and Liberty"), but the national rights of the Jewish people in Israel had not been enshrined by law until now.{{cite web \|title\=PM Netanyahu's remarks at the start of the weekly Cabinet meeting \|url\=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2018/Pages/PM\-Netanyahu\-s\-remarks\-at\-the\-start\-of\-the\-weekly\-Cabinet\-meeting\-29\-July\-2018\.aspx \|publisher\=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs \|date\=29 Jul 2018}}
In response to complaints from the Druze community, Netanyahu stated in a subsequent cabinet meeting: "In contrast to the outrageous comments from the left attacking the Jewish state, I was touched by the sentiments of our brothers and sisters in the Druze community", and committed to meeting with Druze leaders to find solutions to their concerns.{{cite news \|title\=Netanyahu: Left Criticism of Nation\-state Law 'absurd' \|url\=https://www.jpost.com/Israel\-News/Netanyahu\-Left\-criticism\-of\-Nation\-State\-Law\-absurd\-Druze\-concerns\-563683 \|work\=Jerusalem Post \|date\=29 July 2018}} Initial meetings with Druze leaders fell apart, however, when Netanyahu walked out after one Druze leader refused Netanyahu's demand that he take back his use of the term "apartheid" to refer to the law on social media. Some Druze participants suggested that Netanyahu had deliberately torpedoed the meeting when he saw that they would not endorse cosmetic changes to the law.{{cite news \|title\=Behind the scenes:How Netanyahu's Apartheid trap torpedoed talks with Druze leaders.\|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/.premium\-how\-netanyahu\-s\-apartheid\-trap\-torpedoed\-talks\-with\-druze\-leaders\|access\-date\=29 August 2018 \|work\=Haaretz {{!}} haaretz.com}}
A [poll](/wiki/Opinion_poll "Opinion poll") conducted by Panel Politics found that 58% of Israeli Jews support the law, 34% are against and 8% have no opinion (among 532 responses). The poll found more support among people who define themselves as right\-wing or centrist, while leftists are more likely to oppose it.{{cite news \|title\=Majority of Israeli Jews Support Nation\-state Law, Polls Determine\|url\=https://www.jpost.com/Israel\-News/Majority\-of\-Jews\-support\-Nation\-State\-Law\-polls\-determine\-563840 \|work\=Jerusalem Post \|date\=31 July 2018}} A survey, conducted by the [Israeli Democracy Institute](/wiki/Israeli_Democracy_Institute "Israeli Democracy Institute") and based on the replies of 600 Israelis, showed that the majority of the public, 59\.6% of Jews and 72\.5% of Arabs, believe that equality for all Israeli citizens should have been also covered by the law.{{cite news \|title\=Polls: Israeli Jews happy with legislation \|url\=https://www.jpost.com/Israel\-News/Majority\-of\-Jews\-support\-Nation\-State\-Law\-polls\-determine\-563840 \|access\-date\=1 August 2018 \|work\=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com}}{{cite web \|title\=60% of Israelis Think the New Nation\-State Law Should Have Included 'Equality' \|url\=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/24311 \|website\=en.idi.org.il \|access\-date\=1 August 2018 \|language\=he}}
[thumb\|Israeli Arabs and their supporters rally with Palestinian flags against the law in Tel Aviv on 11 August 2018](/wiki/File:Protest_against_Basic_Law_Israel_as_the_Nation_State_of_the_Jewish_People_2.jpg "Protest against Basic Law Israel as the Nation State of the Jewish People 2.jpg")
In response to the presence of [Palestinian flags](/wiki/Palestinian_flag "Palestinian flag") during a protest against the law in Tel Aviv,{{cite news \|last1\=Dakwar \|first1\=Haia \|title\=Israel's Arab minority rallies against new nation\-state law \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-israel\-politics\-law\-protests/israels\-arab\-minority\-rallies\-against\-new\-nation\-state\-law\-idUSKBN1KW0KP \|work\=Reuters \|date\=11 August 2018}} Netanyahu said: "There is no greater testament to the necessity of this law. We will continue to wave the [Israeli flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Israel "Flag of Israel") and sing [Hatikvah](/wiki/Hatikvah "Hatikvah") with great pride."{{cite news \|title\=Netanyahu: Palestinian flags at protest show 'necessity of Nation\-State Law' \|url\=https://www.jpost.com/Arab\-Israeli\-Conflict/Netanyahu\-Palestinian\-flags\-at\-protest\-show\-necessity\-of\-Nation\-State\-Law\-564628 \|work\=Jerusalem Post \|date\=11 August 2018}}
### Outside Israel
The secretary\-general of the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization"), [Saeb Erekat](/wiki/Saeb_Erekat "Saeb Erekat"), described it as a "dangerous and [racist](/wiki/Racist "Racist") law" which "officially legalizes [apartheid](/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid "Israel and apartheid") and legally defines Israel as an apartheid system".
Backlash abroad has shown disapproval of the law by Jewish groups, with the [American Jewish Committee](/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee "American Jewish Committee") stating the law "put at risk the commitment of Israel's founders to build a country that is both Jewish and democratic". Additionally, [Jonathan Greenblatt](/wiki/Jonathan_Greenblatt "Jonathan Greenblatt"), CEO of the [Anti\-Defamation League](/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League "Anti-Defamation League") (ADL), said: "While there are provisions that we agree with—notably with regard to state symbols like the anthem, flag, and capital Jerusalem; as well as in re\-affirming that the State of Israel is open to Jewish immigration—we are troubled by the fact that the law, which celebrates the fundamental Jewish nature of the state, raises significant questions about the government's long\-term commitment to its pluralistic identity and democratic nature."{{cite web \|title\=Israeli Knesset's Approval of 'Nation\-State' Law Draws Mixed Reactions From Jewish Groups Around World \|url\=https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/07/19/israeli\-knessets\-approval\-of\-nation\-state\-law\-draws\-mixed\-reactions\-from\-jewish\-groups\-around\-world/ \|website\=Algemeiner.com \|access\-date\=24 July 2018}}
The [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") expressed concern over the passing of the law, saying it would "complicate a two\-state solution to the Israel\-Palestinian conflict".{{cite news \|title\=EU expresses concern over Israel's Jewish nation\-state law \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-israel\-politics\-law\-eu/eu\-expresses\-concern\-over\-israels\-jewish\-nation\-state\-law\-idUSKBN1K91K7 \|work\=Reuters \|date\=19 July 2018}}
Turkish President [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"), while addressing [Grand National Assembly](/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey "Grand National Assembly of Turkey") MPs in [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara "Ankara"), said that the "spirit of [Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler")" lives on in Israel, commenting specifically that he believes "no difference \[exists] between Hitler's obsession with [a pure race](/wiki/Aryan_race "Aryan race") and the understanding that these ancient lands are just for the Jews." He also called Israel "the world's most [Zionist](/wiki/Zionism "Zionism"), [fascist](/wiki/Fascism "Fascism"), [racist](/wiki/Racism "Racism") state." The statements were condemned by Israeli prime minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu"), who described [Erdoğan's rule](/wiki/Presidency_of_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan "Presidency of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan") as "a dark dictatorship" and stated that Erdoğan "is [massacring Syrians](/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war "Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war") and [Kurds](/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict "Kurdish–Turkish conflict") and has jailed tens of thousands of his own citizens."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.itv.com/news/2018\-07\-24/turkish\-president\-calls\-israel\-fascist\-and\-racist\-over\-nation\-state\-law\|title\=Turkish president calls Israel fascist and racist over nation state law\|work\=\[\[ITV.com]]\|date\=24 July 2018\|accessdate\=4 May 2022}}{{Cite news \|date\=24 July 2018 \|title\=Erdogan calls Israel world's 'most fascist, racist' state \|url\=https://www.france24\.com/en/20180724\-erdogan\-calls\-israel\-worlds\-most\-fascist\-racist\-state \|url\-status\=live \|work\=\[\[France 24]] \|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse]]}} In addition, Israel considers [comparisons of its government with the Nazi regime](/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany "Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany") as an egregious insult.{{Cite news \|date\=24 July 2018 \|title\=Israel rebukes Turkey's Erdogan over 'Hitler' comparison \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-44938472 \|url\-status\=live \|work\=\[\[BBC]]}}
|
[
"Reaction\n--------",
"### In Israel",
"Retired Israeli Chief Justice [Aharon Barak](/wiki/Aharon_Barak \"Aharon Barak\"), who led the \"constitutional revolution\" that established [judicial review](/wiki/Judicial_review \"Judicial review\") in the 1990s, said that \"This is an important law\". Barak drew a distinction between national and civic rights: \"The recognition of the minority rights of Israel's Arab citizens does not grant them a national right to self\\-determination within the State of Israel. They are a minority whose identity and culture must be protected, but if they want to realize their right to [national self\\-determination](/wiki/National_self-determination \"National self-determination\"), they can only do it in a state of their own, not in Israel.\" He also accepted the argument that the [right to equality](/wiki/Right_to_equality \"Right to equality\") does not belong in this law, but insisted that it be made explicit (rather than just implied) in [Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty](/wiki/Basic_Law:Human_Dignity_and_Liberty \"Human Dignity and Liberty\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Navon \\|first\\=Emmanuel \\|date\\=29 December 2018 \\|title\\=No, Aharon Barak does not oppose Israel's Nation\\-State Law \\|url\\=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/No\\-Aharon\\-Barak\\-does\\-not\\-oppose\\-Israels\\-Nation\\-State\\-Law\\-575768 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Jerusalem Post]]}}",
"[thumb\\|Druze flags alongside Israeli flags during a rally against the law in Tel Aviv on 4 August 2018](/wiki/File:Israeli_Druze_rally_against_Nation-State_Law.jpg \"Israeli Druze rally against Nation-State Law.jpg\")\nHeads of Israel's [Druze](/wiki/Druze \"Druze\") community petitioned the [Israeli Supreme Court](/wiki/Israeli_Supreme_Court \"Israeli Supreme Court\") in protest against the law, and 100 Druze reservists complained that though having fought in Israel's wars for generations, the bill relegated them to second\\-class status.{{cite news \\|title\\=Druze IDF officers protest against Nationality Law \\|url\\=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-5316576,00\\.html \\|work\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=25 July 2018 \\|language\\=en}} According to Rami Zeedan, who is himself an Israeli Druze, the main problem in the law in the eyes of the Israeli Druze is ignoring the definition of \"Israeli\" as the nation of the state, while the Druze hold this as integral part of their social self\\- identification.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Zeedan\\|first\\=Rami\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=Reconsidering the Druze Narrative in the Wake of the Basic Law: Israel as the Nation\\-State of the Jewish People\\|url\\=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10\\.2979/israelstudies.25\\.3\\.14\\|journal\\=Israel Studies\\|volume\\=25\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=153–166\\|doi\\=10\\.2979/israelstudies.25\\.3\\.14\\|jstor\\=10\\.2979/israelstudies.25\\.3\\.14\\|hdl\\=1808/33570 \\|s2cid\\=226541697 \\|issn\\=1084\\-9513\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}}",
"[The Assembly of Catholic Ordinaries of the Holy Land](/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Holy_Land_and_Cyprus \"List of Catholic dioceses in Holy Land and Cyprus\") asked the government to rescind the law.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2 November 2018 \\|title\\=Assembly of Catholic Ordinaries calls on Israel to rescind its Nation State Law \\|url\\=https://www.lpj.org/assembly\\-of\\-catholic\\-ordinaries\\-calls\\-on\\-israel\\-to\\-rescind\\-its\\-nation\\-state\\-law/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]}}",
"When the law passed, [Israeli Arab](/wiki/Israeli_Arab \"Israeli Arab\") parliamentary members of the [Joint List](/wiki/Joint_List \"Joint List\") ripped up copies of the bill and shouted, “[Apartheid](/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid \"Israel and apartheid\"),” on the floor of the [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset \"Knesset\"). [Ayman Odeh](/wiki/Ayman_Odeh \"Ayman Odeh\"), the then leader of a coalition of primarily Arab parties in opposition, said in a statement that Israel had “passed a law of Jewish supremacy and told us that we will always be second\\-class citizens”.",
"Mass protests were held in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") following the law, which critics labelled as racist towards the country's Arabs. In particular, many Arabs were angered by the law's downgrading of Arabic from an official language to one with an ambiguous \"special status\".",
"Palestinians, liberal American Jews, and many Israelis on the left denounced the law as racist and undemocratic, with Yohanan Plesner, the head of the non\\-partisan [Israel Democracy Institute](/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute \"Israel Democracy Institute\"), calling the new law “jingoistic and divisive” and an “unnecessary embarrassment to Israel”.",
"Likud MK [Benny Begin](/wiki/Benny_Begin \"Benny Begin\"), son of the party's co\\-founder [Menachem Begin](/wiki/Menachem_Begin \"Menachem Begin\"), expressed his concern about the direction of his party; in his opinion, it is moving a little further away from human rights.{{cite news \\|title\\=Knesset: Israel verabschiedet Gesetz zu \"jüdischem Nationalstaat\" \\|url\\=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2018\\-07/knesset\\-israel\\-benjamin\\-netanjahu\\-hebraeisch\\-gesetz\\-siedlungen \\|work\\=ZEIT ONLINE \\|date\\=19 July 2018 \\|language\\=de}} The [Adalah Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel](/wiki/Adalah_%E2%80%93_The_Legal_Center_for_Arab_Minority_Rights_in_Israel \"Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel\") said that the law \"contains key elements of apartheid\", which is not only immoral, but absolutely prohibited under international law\". Adalah Director Hassan Jabareen said that the law would make Israel an exclusively Jewish country, which \"made discrimination a constitutional value and made its attachment to favouring Jewish supremacy the reason for its institutions\".",
"[Shimon Stein](/wiki/Shimon_Stein \"Shimon Stein\") and [Moshe Zimmermann](/wiki/Moshe_Zimmermann \"Moshe Zimmermann\") commented that the new law calls into question the equality of Arabs living in Israel concerning the loss of Arabic's status as an official language, also claiming that \"only\" the country's Jewish settlements and [Jewish immigration](/wiki/Aliyah \"Aliyah\") are considered fundamental values. They claimed that the first clause, which states, \"The land of Israel is the historical homeland of the Jewish people, in which the State of Israel was established\", opens up a loophole for [annexation](/wiki/Annexation \"Annexation\") of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") and a goodbye to the [two\\-state solution](/wiki/Two-state_solution \"Two-state solution\") and [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Die israelische Demokratie wird verdrängt \\|url\\=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/israel\\-die\\-israelische\\-demokratie\\-wird\\-verdraengt/22831220\\.html \\|work\\=Der Tagesspiegel Online \\|date\\=22 July 2018 \\|language\\=de\\-DE}}",
"[Eugene Kontorovich](/wiki/Eugene_Kontorovich \"Eugene Kontorovich\") published an article on the proposed law in which he compared it to the situation in many European nation\\-states, and found that seven member states of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") \"have constitutional 'nationhood' provisions, which typically speak of the state as being the national home and locus of self\\-determination for the country's majority ethnic group\". He supported this claim with two detailed examples, [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia \"Latvia\") and [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\"), stating that in the light of this, the proposed bill in Israel had \"nothing racist, or even unusual, about having national or religious character reflected in constitutional commitments\" and concluded that \"it is hard to understand why what works for them should be so widely denounced when it comes to Israel.\"{{cite journal \\|title\\=A Comparative Constitutional Perspective on Israel's Nation\\-State Law \\|journal\\=Israel Studies \\|date\\=2020 \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=137 \\|doi\\=10\\.2979/israelstudies.25\\.3\\.13\\|last1\\=Kontorovich \\|s2cid\\=226490489 }}",
"[Ayman Odeh](/wiki/Ayman_Odeh \"Ayman Odeh\"), head of the [Joint List](/wiki/Joint_List \"Joint List\") party, condemned the law, seeing it as \"the death of democracy\".",
"Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu responded that the civil rights of every Israeli citizen is guaranteed in a series of Knesset laws, including [Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty](/wiki/Basic_Law:Human_Dignity_and_Liberty \"Human Dignity and Liberty\"), but the national rights of the Jewish people in Israel had not been enshrined by law until now.{{cite web \\|title\\=PM Netanyahu's remarks at the start of the weekly Cabinet meeting \\|url\\=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2018/Pages/PM\\-Netanyahu\\-s\\-remarks\\-at\\-the\\-start\\-of\\-the\\-weekly\\-Cabinet\\-meeting\\-29\\-July\\-2018\\.aspx \\|publisher\\=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs \\|date\\=29 Jul 2018}}",
"In response to complaints from the Druze community, Netanyahu stated in a subsequent cabinet meeting: \"In contrast to the outrageous comments from the left attacking the Jewish state, I was touched by the sentiments of our brothers and sisters in the Druze community\", and committed to meeting with Druze leaders to find solutions to their concerns.{{cite news \\|title\\=Netanyahu: Left Criticism of Nation\\-state Law 'absurd' \\|url\\=https://www.jpost.com/Israel\\-News/Netanyahu\\-Left\\-criticism\\-of\\-Nation\\-State\\-Law\\-absurd\\-Druze\\-concerns\\-563683 \\|work\\=Jerusalem Post \\|date\\=29 July 2018}} Initial meetings with Druze leaders fell apart, however, when Netanyahu walked out after one Druze leader refused Netanyahu's demand that he take back his use of the term \"apartheid\" to refer to the law on social media. Some Druze participants suggested that Netanyahu had deliberately torpedoed the meeting when he saw that they would not endorse cosmetic changes to the law.{{cite news \\|title\\=Behind the scenes:How Netanyahu's Apartheid trap torpedoed talks with Druze leaders.\\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/.premium\\-how\\-netanyahu\\-s\\-apartheid\\-trap\\-torpedoed\\-talks\\-with\\-druze\\-leaders\\|access\\-date\\=29 August 2018 \\|work\\=Haaretz {{!}} haaretz.com}}",
"A [poll](/wiki/Opinion_poll \"Opinion poll\") conducted by Panel Politics found that 58% of Israeli Jews support the law, 34% are against and 8% have no opinion (among 532 responses). The poll found more support among people who define themselves as right\\-wing or centrist, while leftists are more likely to oppose it.{{cite news \\|title\\=Majority of Israeli Jews Support Nation\\-state Law, Polls Determine\\|url\\=https://www.jpost.com/Israel\\-News/Majority\\-of\\-Jews\\-support\\-Nation\\-State\\-Law\\-polls\\-determine\\-563840 \\|work\\=Jerusalem Post \\|date\\=31 July 2018}} A survey, conducted by the [Israeli Democracy Institute](/wiki/Israeli_Democracy_Institute \"Israeli Democracy Institute\") and based on the replies of 600 Israelis, showed that the majority of the public, 59\\.6% of Jews and 72\\.5% of Arabs, believe that equality for all Israeli citizens should have been also covered by the law.{{cite news \\|title\\=Polls: Israeli Jews happy with legislation \\|url\\=https://www.jpost.com/Israel\\-News/Majority\\-of\\-Jews\\-support\\-Nation\\-State\\-Law\\-polls\\-determine\\-563840 \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2018 \\|work\\=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com}}{{cite web \\|title\\=60% of Israelis Think the New Nation\\-State Law Should Have Included 'Equality' \\|url\\=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/24311 \\|website\\=en.idi.org.il \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2018 \\|language\\=he}}",
"[thumb\\|Israeli Arabs and their supporters rally with Palestinian flags against the law in Tel Aviv on 11 August 2018](/wiki/File:Protest_against_Basic_Law_Israel_as_the_Nation_State_of_the_Jewish_People_2.jpg \"Protest against Basic Law Israel as the Nation State of the Jewish People 2.jpg\")\nIn response to the presence of [Palestinian flags](/wiki/Palestinian_flag \"Palestinian flag\") during a protest against the law in Tel Aviv,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Dakwar \\|first1\\=Haia \\|title\\=Israel's Arab minority rallies against new nation\\-state law \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-israel\\-politics\\-law\\-protests/israels\\-arab\\-minority\\-rallies\\-against\\-new\\-nation\\-state\\-law\\-idUSKBN1KW0KP \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=11 August 2018}} Netanyahu said: \"There is no greater testament to the necessity of this law. We will continue to wave the [Israeli flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Israel \"Flag of Israel\") and sing [Hatikvah](/wiki/Hatikvah \"Hatikvah\") with great pride.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Netanyahu: Palestinian flags at protest show 'necessity of Nation\\-State Law' \\|url\\=https://www.jpost.com/Arab\\-Israeli\\-Conflict/Netanyahu\\-Palestinian\\-flags\\-at\\-protest\\-show\\-necessity\\-of\\-Nation\\-State\\-Law\\-564628 \\|work\\=Jerusalem Post \\|date\\=11 August 2018}}",
"### Outside Israel",
"The secretary\\-general of the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization \"Palestine Liberation Organization\"), [Saeb Erekat](/wiki/Saeb_Erekat \"Saeb Erekat\"), described it as a \"dangerous and [racist](/wiki/Racist \"Racist\") law\" which \"officially legalizes [apartheid](/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid \"Israel and apartheid\") and legally defines Israel as an apartheid system\".",
"Backlash abroad has shown disapproval of the law by Jewish groups, with the [American Jewish Committee](/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee \"American Jewish Committee\") stating the law \"put at risk the commitment of Israel's founders to build a country that is both Jewish and democratic\". Additionally, [Jonathan Greenblatt](/wiki/Jonathan_Greenblatt \"Jonathan Greenblatt\"), CEO of the [Anti\\-Defamation League](/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League \"Anti-Defamation League\") (ADL), said: \"While there are provisions that we agree with—notably with regard to state symbols like the anthem, flag, and capital Jerusalem; as well as in re\\-affirming that the State of Israel is open to Jewish immigration—we are troubled by the fact that the law, which celebrates the fundamental Jewish nature of the state, raises significant questions about the government's long\\-term commitment to its pluralistic identity and democratic nature.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Israeli Knesset's Approval of 'Nation\\-State' Law Draws Mixed Reactions From Jewish Groups Around World \\|url\\=https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/07/19/israeli\\-knessets\\-approval\\-of\\-nation\\-state\\-law\\-draws\\-mixed\\-reactions\\-from\\-jewish\\-groups\\-around\\-world/ \\|website\\=Algemeiner.com \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2018}}",
"The [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") expressed concern over the passing of the law, saying it would \"complicate a two\\-state solution to the Israel\\-Palestinian conflict\".{{cite news \\|title\\=EU expresses concern over Israel's Jewish nation\\-state law \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-israel\\-politics\\-law\\-eu/eu\\-expresses\\-concern\\-over\\-israels\\-jewish\\-nation\\-state\\-law\\-idUSKBN1K91K7 \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=19 July 2018}}",
"Turkish President [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan \"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan\"), while addressing [Grand National Assembly](/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey \"Grand National Assembly of Turkey\") MPs in [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\"), said that the \"spirit of [Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\")\" lives on in Israel, commenting specifically that he believes \"no difference \\[exists] between Hitler's obsession with [a pure race](/wiki/Aryan_race \"Aryan race\") and the understanding that these ancient lands are just for the Jews.\" He also called Israel \"the world's most [Zionist](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\"), [fascist](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\"), [racist](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\") state.\" The statements were condemned by Israeli prime minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\"), who described [Erdoğan's rule](/wiki/Presidency_of_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan \"Presidency of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan\") as \"a dark dictatorship\" and stated that Erdoğan \"is [massacring Syrians](/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war \"Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war\") and [Kurds](/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict \"Kurdish–Turkish conflict\") and has jailed tens of thousands of his own citizens.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/news/2018\\-07\\-24/turkish\\-president\\-calls\\-israel\\-fascist\\-and\\-racist\\-over\\-nation\\-state\\-law\\|title\\=Turkish president calls Israel fascist and racist over nation state law\\|work\\=\\[\\[ITV.com]]\\|date\\=24 July 2018\\|accessdate\\=4 May 2022}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=24 July 2018 \\|title\\=Erdogan calls Israel world's 'most fascist, racist' state \\|url\\=https://www.france24\\.com/en/20180724\\-erdogan\\-calls\\-israel\\-worlds\\-most\\-fascist\\-racist\\-state \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|work\\=\\[\\[France 24]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse]]}} In addition, Israel considers [comparisons of its government with the Nazi regime](/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany \"Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany\") as an egregious insult.{{Cite news \\|date\\=24 July 2018 \\|title\\=Israel rebukes Turkey's Erdogan over 'Hitler' comparison \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-44938472 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC]]}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1960\= 1107
\|1970\= 972
\|1980\= 853
\|1990\= 426
\|2000\= 722
\|2010\= 651
\|2020\= 642
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2020 census
| \+**Greendale city, Missouri – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Greendale city, Missouri \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\=160XX00US2929152\&tid\=DECENNIALSF12000\.P004\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\= }} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Greendale city, Missouri \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US2929152\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\= }} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Greendale city, Missouri \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US2929152\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\= }} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|% 2020}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 227 | 181 |125
31\.44% |
27\.80% |
19\.47%
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 462 | 440 |437
63\.99% |
67\.59% |
68\.07%
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 1 | 0 |2
0\.14% |
0\.00% |
0\.31%
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 0 | 5 |27
0\.00% |
0\.77% |
4\.21%
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 0 | 0 |0
0\.00% |
0\.00% |
0\.00%
| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 3 | 3 |3
0\.42% |
0\.46% |
0\.47%
| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 21 | 10 |25
2\.91% |
1\.54% |
3\.89%
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 8 | 12 |23
1\.11% |
1\.84% |
3\.58%
| **Total** | **722** | **651** |**642**
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%**
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-08}} of 2010, there were 651 people, 312 households, and 174 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|3100\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 329 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1566\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 28\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 68\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.8% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.8% of the population.
There were 312 households, of which 24\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 22\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44\.2% were non\-families. 40\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.09 and the average family size was 2\.82\.
The median age in the city was 45\.9 years. 16% of residents were under the age of 18; 10\.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\.7% were from 25 to 44; 37% were from 45 to 64; and 15\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 43\.6% male and 56\.4% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 722 people, 331 households, and 201 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|3,480\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 343 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1,653\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 31\.86% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 64\.40% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.14% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.69% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 2\.91% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.11% of the population.
There were 331 households, out of which 28\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 18\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39\.0% were non\-families. 33\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.18 and the average family size was 2\.77\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22\.0% under the age of 18, 5\.1% from 18 to 24, 30\.9% from 25 to 44, 29\.1% from 45 to 64, and 12\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 76\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72\.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $56,083, and the median income for a family was $66,250\. Males had a median income of $48,125 versus $29,306 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $23,284\. About 2\.5% of families and 3\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 2\.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1960\\= 1107\n\\|1970\\= 972\n\\|1980\\= 853\n\\|1990\\= 426\n\\|2000\\= 722\n\\|2010\\= 651\n\\|2020\\= 642\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+**Greendale city, Missouri – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Greendale city, Missouri \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\\=160XX00US2929152\\&tid\\=DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\= }} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Greendale city, Missouri \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US2929152\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\= }} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Greendale city, Missouri \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US2929152\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\= }} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|% 2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 227 | 181 |125",
"31\\.44% |\n 27\\.80% |\n19\\.47%",
"| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 462 | 440 |437",
"63\\.99% |\n 67\\.59% |\n68\\.07%",
"| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 1 | 0 |2",
"0\\.14% |\n 0\\.00% |\n0\\.31%",
"| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 0 | 5 |27",
"0\\.00% |\n 0\\.77% |\n4\\.21%",
"| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 0 | 0 |0",
"0\\.00% |\n 0\\.00% |\n0\\.00%",
"| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 3 | 3 |3",
"0\\.42% |\n 0\\.46% |\n0\\.47%",
"| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 21 | 10 |25",
"2\\.91% |\n 1\\.54% |\n3\\.89%",
"| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 8 | 12 |23",
"1\\.11% |\n 1\\.84% |\n3\\.58%",
"| **Total** | **722** | **651** |**642**",
"**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**",
"",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-08}} of 2010, there were 651 people, 312 households, and 174 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|3100\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 329 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1566\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 28\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 68\\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.8% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.8% of the population.",
"There were 312 households, of which 24\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 22\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44\\.2% were non\\-families. 40\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.09 and the average family size was 2\\.82\\.",
"The median age in the city was 45\\.9 years. 16% of residents were under the age of 18; 10\\.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\\.7% were from 25 to 44; 37% were from 45 to 64; and 15\\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 43\\.6% male and 56\\.4% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 722 people, 331 households, and 201 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|3,480\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 343 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1,653\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 31\\.86% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 64\\.40% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.14% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.69% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 2\\.91% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.11% of the population.",
"There were 331 households, out of which 28\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 18\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39\\.0% were non\\-families. 33\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.18 and the average family size was 2\\.77\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 22\\.0% under the age of 18, 5\\.1% from 18 to 24, 30\\.9% from 25 to 44, 29\\.1% from 45 to 64, and 12\\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 76\\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72\\.7 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $56,083, and the median income for a family was $66,250\\. Males had a median income of $48,125 versus $29,306 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $23,284\\. About 2\\.5% of families and 3\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 2\\.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
The novel begins at the end of the story. The prologue leads you to know how Guinevere came to write the story of her and [Arthur](/wiki/King_Arthur "King Arthur"), and the Knights. Guinevere is in a convent when [Lancelot](/wiki/Lancelot "Lancelot") comes to her telling her of Arthur's death and deterioration of Britain. Lancelot tells her that he had a vision of [Merlin](/wiki/Merlin "Merlin") telling him to go to her and ask her to write down the story of her life, and the life of Arthur. He says that it isn't meant for the people of today, but a future generation of Britons.
The novel then opens with Guinevere's birth, and a prophecy that was told to her father the night she was born. Guinevere is to be a "white shadow" or gwenhwyfar. Guinevere spends her early years being adored and pampered by her father, a minor king in northern Britain. As he ages, he sends her away to her mother's sister and her husband, who is king of a nearby land. Her aunt has one daughter near her age; Elaine. Elaine and Guinevere grow up together as best friends. Elaine is headstrong, stubborn, and always puts herself first, even before her older cousin. Elaine also adores the legend of Arthur, and then when Arthur takes his place at the throne of Britain, uniting the country and fighting the Saxons, Elaine becomes obsessed with him, believing herself to be his future bride, and meant for his unending love.
When Arthur is chosen a bride, it is Guinevere, which complicates her relationship with Elaine, igniting fierce jealousy in the heart of Elaine. Lancelot is sent to retrieve Guinevere for Arthur and take her to "Camelot" for him. At their first meeting they fall passionately and helplessly in love. Though, here, Guinevere's affair with Lancelot is celibate, although no less passionate, and at times much more realistic than other versions of the story. When Lancelot tells Arthur about his bride, Guinevere, Arthur realizes Lancelot's love for her, but due to their great friendship, and his own love and trust in Guinevere, Arthur finds a way to accept it and move on.
Years later, Elaine schemes to make Lancelot her husband, as revenge to Guinevere for taking Arthur from her. Though Lancelot does not love Elaine, he takes her for a bride and together they leave Camelot for his family's lands in Gaul, to start a family.
As time passes, it becomes clear Guinevere cannot become pregnant. In need of an heir, she and Arthur decide to recognize his bastard son Mordred, whom he had with his sister Morguase. They bring Mordred and his half\-brothers to Camelot, to train to become Knights. Guinevere takes a special liking to Mordred, who dreams of a unified Britain. His dreams are the undoing of Arthur. Mordred meets with Saxon leaders in secret to make a peace treaty, as Arthur goes to fight the Saxons. Seeing his son betray him, and stay on the Saxon side leads him to failure and his own death, by Mordred's hand. These are the events that have just taken place when we find Guinevere in the convent during the prologue.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"The novel begins at the end of the story. The prologue leads you to know how Guinevere came to write the story of her and [Arthur](/wiki/King_Arthur \"King Arthur\"), and the Knights. Guinevere is in a convent when [Lancelot](/wiki/Lancelot \"Lancelot\") comes to her telling her of Arthur's death and deterioration of Britain. Lancelot tells her that he had a vision of [Merlin](/wiki/Merlin \"Merlin\") telling him to go to her and ask her to write down the story of her life, and the life of Arthur. He says that it isn't meant for the people of today, but a future generation of Britons.",
"The novel then opens with Guinevere's birth, and a prophecy that was told to her father the night she was born. Guinevere is to be a \"white shadow\" or gwenhwyfar. Guinevere spends her early years being adored and pampered by her father, a minor king in northern Britain. As he ages, he sends her away to her mother's sister and her husband, who is king of a nearby land. Her aunt has one daughter near her age; Elaine. Elaine and Guinevere grow up together as best friends. Elaine is headstrong, stubborn, and always puts herself first, even before her older cousin. Elaine also adores the legend of Arthur, and then when Arthur takes his place at the throne of Britain, uniting the country and fighting the Saxons, Elaine becomes obsessed with him, believing herself to be his future bride, and meant for his unending love.",
"When Arthur is chosen a bride, it is Guinevere, which complicates her relationship with Elaine, igniting fierce jealousy in the heart of Elaine. Lancelot is sent to retrieve Guinevere for Arthur and take her to \"Camelot\" for him. At their first meeting they fall passionately and helplessly in love. Though, here, Guinevere's affair with Lancelot is celibate, although no less passionate, and at times much more realistic than other versions of the story. When Lancelot tells Arthur about his bride, Guinevere, Arthur realizes Lancelot's love for her, but due to their great friendship, and his own love and trust in Guinevere, Arthur finds a way to accept it and move on.",
"Years later, Elaine schemes to make Lancelot her husband, as revenge to Guinevere for taking Arthur from her. Though Lancelot does not love Elaine, he takes her for a bride and together they leave Camelot for his family's lands in Gaul, to start a family.",
"As time passes, it becomes clear Guinevere cannot become pregnant. In need of an heir, she and Arthur decide to recognize his bastard son Mordred, whom he had with his sister Morguase. They bring Mordred and his half\\-brothers to Camelot, to train to become Knights. Guinevere takes a special liking to Mordred, who dreams of a unified Britain. His dreams are the undoing of Arthur. Mordred meets with Saxon leaders in secret to make a peace treaty, as Arthur goes to fight the Saxons. Seeing his son betray him, and stay on the Saxon side leads him to failure and his own death, by Mordred's hand. These are the events that have just taken place when we find Guinevere in the convent during the prologue.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Cricket
Botham was born in [Doncaster](/wiki/Doncaster "Doncaster") and initially followed in his father's footsteps, playing county cricket for [Hampshire](/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club "Hampshire County Cricket Club"). He played three matches in the 1996 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://cricketarchive.com/Players/4/4213/4213\.html\|title\=Liam Botham\|url\-access\=subscription\|publisher\=\[\[CricketArchive]]\|access\-date\=7 July 2021}} He took the wicket of former England captain [Mike Gatting](/wiki/Mike_Gatting "Mike Gatting") on his County Championship debut.
After retiring from rugby, there were signs that Botham might return to playing competitive cricket; in 2006, he played in an England XI victory against Lancashire in a testimonial match for [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_Cricket_Ground "Old Trafford Cricket Ground").
### Rugby union
Botham left cricket in 1997 after one senior season and signed for [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union "Rugby union") club [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool_R.F.C. "West Hartlepool R.F.C."), where he played as a wing or fullback. He later moved to [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff_RFC "Cardiff RFC") and [Newcastle Falcons](/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons "Newcastle Falcons").
While at Newcastle the club won the 2001 [Tetley Bitter Cup](/wiki/Tetley_Bitter_Cup "Tetley Bitter Cup"), in the final of which he was a replacement,{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/1187949\.stm\|title\=Newcastle snatch Cup glory\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=24 February 2001\|accessdate\=26 December 2009}} and reached the final of the [European Shield](/wiki/European_Shield "European Shield").
Botham made his début for the England under\-21 team in 1997 against France, and then played in the SANZAR tournament in South Africa in 1998\.{{Cite web \|date\=1998\-11\-22 \|title\=Rugby Union: Botham in swing on the wing \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby\-union\-botham\-in\-swing\-on\-the\-wing\-1186648\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-09 \|website\=The Independent \|language\=en}} He was called up to the senior [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team "England national rugby union team") squad by [Clive Woodward](/wiki/Clive_Woodward "Clive Woodward") for their [2000 tour of South Africa](/wiki/2000_England_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa "2000 England rugby union tour of South Africa").{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby\_union/760455\.stm\|title\=Johnson reclaims England captaincy\|work\=BBC Sport\|publisher\=\[\[British Broadcasting Corporation]]\|date\=7 June 2000\|accessdate\=9 February 2016}} He played in tour matches against the Leopards and Griqualand West{{Cite web\|title\=BBC News {{!}} RUGBY UNION {{!}} England tame Leopards\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/rugby\_union/789693\.stm\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-04\|website\=news.bbc.co.uk}}{{Cite web\|title\=BBC News {{!}} RUGBY UNION {{!}} Rampant England smash Griquas\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/rugby\_union/799310\.stm\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-04\|website\=news.bbc.co.uk}} but never won a senior international cap.
### Rugby league
After becoming disillusioned with rugby union, he switched sports again in 2003 to rugby league. He initially joined the [Bradford Bulls](/wiki/Bradford_Bulls "Bradford Bulls") and had a short spell playing for their academy team. He then signed a dual\-code contract with [Super League](/wiki/Super_League "Super League") club [Leeds Rhinos](/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos "Leeds Rhinos"), who felt that signing the inexperienced Botham was less of a risk as he also played for their partner rugby union club [Leeds Tykes](/wiki/Leeds_Tykes "Leeds Tykes").
In 2004, Botham also played for [London Broncos](/wiki/London_Broncos%231994%E2%80%932005:Broncos_and_Super_League "Broncos and Super League") on loan, and in 2005 signed for [Wigan Warriors](/wiki/Wigan_Warriors "Wigan Warriors"), feeling he could not get a regular place in the Rhinos team. In his three seasons in rugby league, usually as a {{rlp\|sr}}, he played 28 senior games, scoring 7 tries and 6 goals.[Rugby League Project](http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/liam-botham/summary.html)
In 2005, Botham announced his retirement aged 27 after a [neck](/wiki/Neck "Neck") injury.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Cricket",
"Botham was born in [Doncaster](/wiki/Doncaster \"Doncaster\") and initially followed in his father's footsteps, playing county cricket for [Hampshire](/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Hampshire County Cricket Club\"). He played three matches in the 1996 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://cricketarchive.com/Players/4/4213/4213\\.html\\|title\\=Liam Botham\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CricketArchive]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2021}} He took the wicket of former England captain [Mike Gatting](/wiki/Mike_Gatting \"Mike Gatting\") on his County Championship debut.",
"After retiring from rugby, there were signs that Botham might return to playing competitive cricket; in 2006, he played in an England XI victory against Lancashire in a testimonial match for [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_Cricket_Ground \"Old Trafford Cricket Ground\").",
"### Rugby union",
"Botham left cricket in 1997 after one senior season and signed for [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") club [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool_R.F.C. \"West Hartlepool R.F.C.\"), where he played as a wing or fullback. He later moved to [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff_RFC \"Cardiff RFC\") and [Newcastle Falcons](/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons \"Newcastle Falcons\").",
"While at Newcastle the club won the 2001 [Tetley Bitter Cup](/wiki/Tetley_Bitter_Cup \"Tetley Bitter Cup\"), in the final of which he was a replacement,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/1187949\\.stm\\|title\\=Newcastle snatch Cup glory\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=24 February 2001\\|accessdate\\=26 December 2009}} and reached the final of the [European Shield](/wiki/European_Shield \"European Shield\").",
"Botham made his début for the England under\\-21 team in 1997 against France, and then played in the SANZAR tournament in South Africa in 1998\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=1998\\-11\\-22 \\|title\\=Rugby Union: Botham in swing on the wing \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby\\-union\\-botham\\-in\\-swing\\-on\\-the\\-wing\\-1186648\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-09 \\|website\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} He was called up to the senior [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team \"England national rugby union team\") squad by [Clive Woodward](/wiki/Clive_Woodward \"Clive Woodward\") for their [2000 tour of South Africa](/wiki/2000_England_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa \"2000 England rugby union tour of South Africa\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby\\_union/760455\\.stm\\|title\\=Johnson reclaims England captaincy\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Broadcasting Corporation]]\\|date\\=7 June 2000\\|accessdate\\=9 February 2016}} He played in tour matches against the Leopards and Griqualand West{{Cite web\\|title\\=BBC News {{!}} RUGBY UNION {{!}} England tame Leopards\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/rugby\\_union/789693\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-04\\|website\\=news.bbc.co.uk}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=BBC News {{!}} RUGBY UNION {{!}} Rampant England smash Griquas\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/rugby\\_union/799310\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-04\\|website\\=news.bbc.co.uk}} but never won a senior international cap.",
"### Rugby league",
"After becoming disillusioned with rugby union, he switched sports again in 2003 to rugby league. He initially joined the [Bradford Bulls](/wiki/Bradford_Bulls \"Bradford Bulls\") and had a short spell playing for their academy team. He then signed a dual\\-code contract with [Super League](/wiki/Super_League \"Super League\") club [Leeds Rhinos](/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos \"Leeds Rhinos\"), who felt that signing the inexperienced Botham was less of a risk as he also played for their partner rugby union club [Leeds Tykes](/wiki/Leeds_Tykes \"Leeds Tykes\").",
"In 2004, Botham also played for [London Broncos](/wiki/London_Broncos%231994%E2%80%932005:Broncos_and_Super_League \"Broncos and Super League\") on loan, and in 2005 signed for [Wigan Warriors](/wiki/Wigan_Warriors \"Wigan Warriors\"), feeling he could not get a regular place in the Rhinos team. In his three seasons in rugby league, usually as a {{rlp\\|sr}}, he played 28 senior games, scoring 7 tries and 6 goals.[Rugby League Project](http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/liam-botham/summary.html)",
"In 2005, Botham announced his retirement aged 27 after a [neck](/wiki/Neck \"Neck\") injury.",
""
] |
History
-------
The single quotation mark is traced to Ancient Greek practice, adopted and adapted by monastic copyists. [Isidore of Seville](/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville "Isidore of Seville"), in his seventh century encyclopedia, {{lang\|la\|\[\[Etymologiae]]}}, described their use of the Greek *diplé* (a [chevron](/wiki/Angle_bracket "Angle bracket")):
{{verse translation\|language\=la\|
\[13] ⟩ Diple. Hanc scriptores nostri adponunt in libris ecclesiasticorum virorum ad separanda vel \[ad] demonstranda testimonia sanctarum Scripturarum.{{cite magazine \|url\= https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/deux\-points\-et\-guillemets\-le\-proces\-verbal\_779087\.html \|title\=Deux\-points et guillemets: Le 'procès\-verbal' \|first\=Pedro \|last\=Uribe Echeverria \|date\=7 August 2009 \|access\-date\=5 June 2020 \|work\=\[\[L'Express]] \|lang\=fr \|quote\=Dans le chapitre sur les symboles graphiques, Isidore évoque la diplè (chevron, en grec) : ' \> Diplè : nos copistes placent ce signe dans les livres des gens d'Eglise pour séparer ou pour signaler les citations tirées des Saintes Ecritures.'}}{{Cite book \|title\=Etymologiarum libri XX/Liber I \|url\= https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Etymologiarum\_libri\_XX/Liber\_I\#XXI. \|access\-date\=28 October 2020 \|via\=Wikisource \|archive\-date\=31 October 2020 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201031113634/https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Etymologiarum\_libri\_XX/Liber\_I\#XXI. \|url\-status\=live}}
\|\[13] ⟩ Diplé. Our copyists place this sign in the books of the people of the Church, to separate or to indicate the quotations drawn from the \[\[Holy Scripture]]s.
}}
The double quotation mark derives from a marginal notation used in fifteenth\-century [manuscript](/wiki/Manuscript "Manuscript") annotations to indicate a passage of particular importance (not necessarily a quotation); the notation was placed in the outside margin of the page and was repeated alongside each line of the passage.{{cite web \|title\=Conseils de typographie: Les guillemets \|trans\-title\=Typography Tips: Quotation marks \|url\= http://www.cuy.be/orthotypo/orthotypo\_guilles.php \|website\=cuy.be \|access\-date\=5 June 2020 \|archive\-date\=6 August 2020 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806180412/http://www.cuy.be/orthotypo/orthotypo\_guilles.php \|url\-status\=live}} In his edition of the works of [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle"), which appeared in 1483 or 1484, the Milanese [Renaissance humanist](/wiki/Renaissance_humanist "Renaissance humanist") [Francesco Filelfo](/wiki/Francesco_Filelfo "Francesco Filelfo") marked literal and appropriate quotes with oblique double dashes on the left margin of each line. Until then, literal quotations had been highlighted or not at the author's discretion. {{Clarify\|text\=Non\-verbal loans\|date\=November 2022}} were marked on the edge. After the publication of Filelfo's edition, the quotation marks for literal quotations prevailed.{{cite book \|first\=Giordano \|last\=Castellani \|title\=Francesco Filelfo's "Orationes et Opuscula", 1483/1484\. The first example of quotation marks in print? \|editor\-first\=Stephan \|editor\-last\=Füssel \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=\[\[Harrassowitz Verlag]] \|location\=Wiesbaden}} During the seventeenth century this treatment became specific to quoted material, and it grew common, especially in Britain, to print quotation marks (now in the modern opening and closing forms) at the beginning and end of the quotation as well as in the margin; the French usage (see under [Specific language features](/wiki/%23Specific_language_features "#Specific language features") below) is a remnant of this. In most other languages, including English, the marginal marks dropped out of use in the last years of the eighteenth century. The usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters was generalized.
[thumb\|{{lang\|fr\|Guillemets}} by the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Imprimerie nationale]]}} in {{lang\|fr\|Bulletin de l’Agence générale des colonies}}, No. 302, May 1934, showing the usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters](/wiki/File:Guillemets_%28Imprimerie_nationale%2C_1934%29.png "Guillemets (Imprimerie nationale, 1934).png")
[thumb\|Clash between the apostrophe and curved quotation marks in a phrase meaning “the crimes of the ‘good Samaritans’{{thinsp}}”](/wiki/File:Quotation_%26_apostrophe.png "Quotation & apostrophe.png")
By the nineteenth century, the design and usage began to be specific to each region. In [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe") the custom became to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity of each mark aimed *outward.* In [Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain") those marks were elevated to the same height as the top of capital letters: {{char\|“…”}}.
[thumb\|Clearly distinguishable apostrophe and angular quotation marks.](/wiki/File:Guillemets_%26_apostrophe.png "Guillemets & apostrophe.png")
[thumb\|Blank space (in yellow) provoked by elevated quotation marks; some type designers consider this excessive.](/wiki/File:Quotation_%26_spaces.png "Quotation & spaces.png")
In [France](/wiki/French_Third_Republic "French Third Republic"), by the end of the nineteenth century, the marks were modified to an angular shape: {{char\|«…»}}. Some authors{{cite web\|url\= http://paris.blog.lemonde.fr/2007/10/14/guillemets\-anglais\-ou\-guillemets\-francais\-un\-choix\-graphique\-aussi/\|title\=Guillemets anglais ou guillemets français – Un choix graphique, aussi\|first\=Peter\|last\=Gabor\|website\=design et typo\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071016042122/http://paris.blog.lemonde.fr/2007/10/14/guillemets\-anglais\-ou\-guillemets\-francais\-un\-choix\-graphique\-aussi/\|archive\-date\=16 October 2007\|url\-status\=dead}} claim that the reason for this was a practical one, in order to get a character that was clearly distinguishable from the apostrophes, the commas, and the parentheses. Also, in other scripts, the angular quotation marks are distinguishable from other punctuation characters: the [Greek breathing marks](/wiki/Greek_diacritics%23Breathings "Greek diacritics#Breathings"), the [Armenian emphasis and apostrophe](/wiki/Armenian_alphabet%23Punctuation "Armenian alphabet#Punctuation"), the Arabic [comma](/wiki/Comma%23In_other_languages "Comma#In other languages"), the [decimal separator](/wiki/Decimal_mark%23Other_numeral_systems "Decimal mark#Other numeral systems"), the [thousands separator](/wiki/Thousands_separator "Thousands separator"), etc. Other authors claim that the reason for this was an aesthetic one: the elevated quotation marks created extra white space before and after the word, below the quotation marks. This was considered aesthetically unpleasing, while the in\-line quotation marks helped to maintain the [typographical color](/wiki/Type_color "Type color"), since the quotation marks had the same height and were aligned with the lower case letters. Nevertheless, while other languages do not insert spaces between the quotation marks and the word(s) quoted, the French usage does insert them, even if they are narrow spaces.
The *curved* quotation marks ("66–99") usage, {{char\|“…”}}, was exported to some non\-Latin scripts, notably where there was some [English](/wiki/English_language "English language") influence, for instance in [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas "Indigenous languages of the Americas") scripts{{Cite book \|last\=Daniels \|first\=Peter T. \|url\= https://books.google.fr/books?id\=ospMAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA589\&lpg\=PA589\&dq\=punctuation\+in\+Cherokee\&source\=bl\&ots\=9dJwmkgX8y\&sig\=7r\_uEB9cNnhxPvSGKYUbaisb4ms\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwjO26u4subdAhWszIUKHZ5uBMEQ6AEwEnoECFEQAQ\#v\=onepage\&q\=punctuation%20in%20Cherokee\&f\=false \|title\=The World's Writing Systems \|last2\=Bright \|first2\=William \|date\=1996 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=9780195079937 \|pages\=589}} and [Indic scripts](/wiki/Brahmic_scripts "Brahmic scripts").{{cite journal \|last1\=Kelkar \|first1\=Ashok R. \|title\=Punctuation and other marks in marathi writing : a functional analysis \|journal\=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute \|date\=31 January 1990 \|volume\=50 \|pages\=263–75 \|publisher\=Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post\-Graduate and Research Institute (\[\[deemed university]]) \|location\=\[\[Pune, India]]\|issn\=0045\-9801 \|oclc\=564132924\|jstor\=42931389}} On the other hand, [Greek](/wiki/Greek_script "Greek script"), [Cyrillic](/wiki/Cyrillic_script "Cyrillic script"), [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_script "Arabic script") and [Ethiopic](/wiki/Ethiopic_script "Ethiopic script") adopted the French "angular" quotation marks, {{char\|«…»}}. The [Far East](/wiki/Far_East "Far East") angle bracket quotation marks, {{char\|《…》}}, are also a development of the in\-line angular quotation marks.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}
In [Central Europe](/wiki/Central_Europe "Central Europe"), the practice was to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity aimed *inward.* The [German](/wiki/German_language "German language") tradition preferred the curved quotation marks, the first one at the level of the commas, the second one at the level of the apostrophes: {{char\|„…“}}. Alternatively, these marks could be angular and in\-line with lower case letters, but still pointing inward: {{char\|»…«}}. Some neighboring regions adopted the German curved marks tradition with lower–upper alignment, while some, e.g. Poland, adopted a variant with the convexity of the closing mark aimed rightward like the opening one, {{char\|„…”}}.
[Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") (and [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland")) choose a convention where the convexity of both marks was aimed to the right but lined up both at the top level: {{char\|”…”}}.
In [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe"),{{clarify\|date\=December 2021}} there was hesitation between the French tradition {{char\|«…»}} and the German tradition {{char\|„…“}}. The French tradition prevailed in [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") (Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus), whereas the German tradition, or its modified version with the convexity of the closing mark aimed rightward, has become dominant in [Southeastern Europe](/wiki/Southeastern_Europe "Southeastern Europe"), e.g. in the Balkan countries.
The reemergence of **single quotation marks**, {{char\|‘…’}}, around 1800 came about as a means of indicating a secondary level of quotation.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} In some languages using the angular quotation marks, the usage of the single guillemet, {{char\|‹…›}}, became obsolete, being replaced by double curved ones: {{char\|“…”}}, though the single ones still survive, for instance, in Switzerland. In Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, the curved quotation marks, {{char\|„…“}}, are used as a secondary level or in handwriting, while the angular marks, {{char\|«…»}}, are used as the primary level on printed text.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The single quotation mark is traced to Ancient Greek practice, adopted and adapted by monastic copyists. [Isidore of Seville](/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville \"Isidore of Seville\"), in his seventh century encyclopedia, {{lang\\|la\\|\\[\\[Etymologiae]]}}, described their use of the Greek *diplé* (a [chevron](/wiki/Angle_bracket \"Angle bracket\")):",
"{{verse translation\\|language\\=la\\|\n\\[13] ⟩ Diple. Hanc scriptores nostri adponunt in libris ecclesiasticorum virorum ad separanda vel \\[ad] demonstranda testimonia sanctarum Scripturarum.{{cite magazine \\|url\\= https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/deux\\-points\\-et\\-guillemets\\-le\\-proces\\-verbal\\_779087\\.html \\|title\\=Deux\\-points et guillemets: Le 'procès\\-verbal' \\|first\\=Pedro \\|last\\=Uribe Echeverria \\|date\\=7 August 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2020 \\|work\\=\\[\\[L'Express]] \\|lang\\=fr \\|quote\\=Dans le chapitre sur les symboles graphiques, Isidore évoque la diplè (chevron, en grec) : ' \\> Diplè : nos copistes placent ce signe dans les livres des gens d'Eglise pour séparer ou pour signaler les citations tirées des Saintes Ecritures.'}}{{Cite book \\|title\\=Etymologiarum libri XX/Liber I \\|url\\= https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Etymologiarum\\_libri\\_XX/Liber\\_I\\#XXI. \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2020 \\|via\\=Wikisource \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201031113634/https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Etymologiarum\\_libri\\_XX/Liber\\_I\\#XXI. \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"\\|\\[13] ⟩ Diplé. Our copyists place this sign in the books of the people of the Church, to separate or to indicate the quotations drawn from the \\[\\[Holy Scripture]]s.\n}}",
"The double quotation mark derives from a marginal notation used in fifteenth\\-century [manuscript](/wiki/Manuscript \"Manuscript\") annotations to indicate a passage of particular importance (not necessarily a quotation); the notation was placed in the outside margin of the page and was repeated alongside each line of the passage.{{cite web \\|title\\=Conseils de typographie: Les guillemets \\|trans\\-title\\=Typography Tips: Quotation marks \\|url\\= http://www.cuy.be/orthotypo/orthotypo\\_guilles.php \\|website\\=cuy.be \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806180412/http://www.cuy.be/orthotypo/orthotypo\\_guilles.php \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In his edition of the works of [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle \"Aristotle\"), which appeared in 1483 or 1484, the Milanese [Renaissance humanist](/wiki/Renaissance_humanist \"Renaissance humanist\") [Francesco Filelfo](/wiki/Francesco_Filelfo \"Francesco Filelfo\") marked literal and appropriate quotes with oblique double dashes on the left margin of each line. Until then, literal quotations had been highlighted or not at the author's discretion. {{Clarify\\|text\\=Non\\-verbal loans\\|date\\=November 2022}} were marked on the edge. After the publication of Filelfo's edition, the quotation marks for literal quotations prevailed.{{cite book \\|first\\=Giordano \\|last\\=Castellani \\|title\\=Francesco Filelfo's \"Orationes et Opuscula\", 1483/1484\\. The first example of quotation marks in print? \\|editor\\-first\\=Stephan \\|editor\\-last\\=Füssel \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Harrassowitz Verlag]] \\|location\\=Wiesbaden}} During the seventeenth century this treatment became specific to quoted material, and it grew common, especially in Britain, to print quotation marks (now in the modern opening and closing forms) at the beginning and end of the quotation as well as in the margin; the French usage (see under [Specific language features](/wiki/%23Specific_language_features \"#Specific language features\") below) is a remnant of this. In most other languages, including English, the marginal marks dropped out of use in the last years of the eighteenth century. The usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters was generalized.",
"[thumb\\|{{lang\\|fr\\|Guillemets}} by the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Imprimerie nationale]]}} in {{lang\\|fr\\|Bulletin de l’Agence générale des colonies}}, No. 302, May 1934, showing the usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters](/wiki/File:Guillemets_%28Imprimerie_nationale%2C_1934%29.png \"Guillemets (Imprimerie nationale, 1934).png\")\n[thumb\\|Clash between the apostrophe and curved quotation marks in a phrase meaning “the crimes of the ‘good Samaritans’{{thinsp}}”](/wiki/File:Quotation_%26_apostrophe.png \"Quotation & apostrophe.png\")",
"By the nineteenth century, the design and usage began to be specific to each region. In [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\") the custom became to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity of each mark aimed *outward.* In [Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\") those marks were elevated to the same height as the top of capital letters: {{char\\|“…”}}.",
"[thumb\\|Clearly distinguishable apostrophe and angular quotation marks.](/wiki/File:Guillemets_%26_apostrophe.png \"Guillemets & apostrophe.png\")\n[thumb\\|Blank space (in yellow) provoked by elevated quotation marks; some type designers consider this excessive.](/wiki/File:Quotation_%26_spaces.png \"Quotation & spaces.png\")",
"In [France](/wiki/French_Third_Republic \"French Third Republic\"), by the end of the nineteenth century, the marks were modified to an angular shape: {{char\\|«…»}}. Some authors{{cite web\\|url\\= http://paris.blog.lemonde.fr/2007/10/14/guillemets\\-anglais\\-ou\\-guillemets\\-francais\\-un\\-choix\\-graphique\\-aussi/\\|title\\=Guillemets anglais ou guillemets français – Un choix graphique, aussi\\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Gabor\\|website\\=design et typo\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071016042122/http://paris.blog.lemonde.fr/2007/10/14/guillemets\\-anglais\\-ou\\-guillemets\\-francais\\-un\\-choix\\-graphique\\-aussi/\\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} claim that the reason for this was a practical one, in order to get a character that was clearly distinguishable from the apostrophes, the commas, and the parentheses. Also, in other scripts, the angular quotation marks are distinguishable from other punctuation characters: the [Greek breathing marks](/wiki/Greek_diacritics%23Breathings \"Greek diacritics#Breathings\"), the [Armenian emphasis and apostrophe](/wiki/Armenian_alphabet%23Punctuation \"Armenian alphabet#Punctuation\"), the Arabic [comma](/wiki/Comma%23In_other_languages \"Comma#In other languages\"), the [decimal separator](/wiki/Decimal_mark%23Other_numeral_systems \"Decimal mark#Other numeral systems\"), the [thousands separator](/wiki/Thousands_separator \"Thousands separator\"), etc. Other authors claim that the reason for this was an aesthetic one: the elevated quotation marks created extra white space before and after the word, below the quotation marks. This was considered aesthetically unpleasing, while the in\\-line quotation marks helped to maintain the [typographical color](/wiki/Type_color \"Type color\"), since the quotation marks had the same height and were aligned with the lower case letters. Nevertheless, while other languages do not insert spaces between the quotation marks and the word(s) quoted, the French usage does insert them, even if they are narrow spaces.",
"The *curved* quotation marks (\"66–99\") usage, {{char\\|“…”}}, was exported to some non\\-Latin scripts, notably where there was some [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") influence, for instance in [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous languages of the Americas\") scripts{{Cite book \\|last\\=Daniels \\|first\\=Peter T. \\|url\\= https://books.google.fr/books?id\\=ospMAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA589\\&lpg\\=PA589\\&dq\\=punctuation\\+in\\+Cherokee\\&source\\=bl\\&ots\\=9dJwmkgX8y\\&sig\\=7r\\_uEB9cNnhxPvSGKYUbaisb4ms\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwjO26u4subdAhWszIUKHZ5uBMEQ6AEwEnoECFEQAQ\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=punctuation%20in%20Cherokee\\&f\\=false \\|title\\=The World's Writing Systems \\|last2\\=Bright \\|first2\\=William \\|date\\=1996 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\\=9780195079937 \\|pages\\=589}} and [Indic scripts](/wiki/Brahmic_scripts \"Brahmic scripts\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kelkar \\|first1\\=Ashok R. \\|title\\=Punctuation and other marks in marathi writing : a functional analysis \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute \\|date\\=31 January 1990 \\|volume\\=50 \\|pages\\=263–75 \\|publisher\\=Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post\\-Graduate and Research Institute (\\[\\[deemed university]]) \\|location\\=\\[\\[Pune, India]]\\|issn\\=0045\\-9801 \\|oclc\\=564132924\\|jstor\\=42931389}} On the other hand, [Greek](/wiki/Greek_script \"Greek script\"), [Cyrillic](/wiki/Cyrillic_script \"Cyrillic script\"), [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_script \"Arabic script\") and [Ethiopic](/wiki/Ethiopic_script \"Ethiopic script\") adopted the French \"angular\" quotation marks, {{char\\|«…»}}. The [Far East](/wiki/Far_East \"Far East\") angle bracket quotation marks, {{char\\|《…》}}, are also a development of the in\\-line angular quotation marks.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}",
"In [Central Europe](/wiki/Central_Europe \"Central Europe\"), the practice was to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity aimed *inward.* The [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\") tradition preferred the curved quotation marks, the first one at the level of the commas, the second one at the level of the apostrophes: {{char\\|„…“}}. Alternatively, these marks could be angular and in\\-line with lower case letters, but still pointing inward: {{char\\|»…«}}. Some neighboring regions adopted the German curved marks tradition with lower–upper alignment, while some, e.g. Poland, adopted a variant with the convexity of the closing mark aimed rightward like the opening one, {{char\\|„…”}}.",
"[Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") (and [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\")) choose a convention where the convexity of both marks was aimed to the right but lined up both at the top level: {{char\\|”…”}}.",
"In [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\"),{{clarify\\|date\\=December 2021}} there was hesitation between the French tradition {{char\\|«…»}} and the German tradition {{char\\|„…“}}. The French tradition prevailed in [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") (Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus), whereas the German tradition, or its modified version with the convexity of the closing mark aimed rightward, has become dominant in [Southeastern Europe](/wiki/Southeastern_Europe \"Southeastern Europe\"), e.g. in the Balkan countries.",
"The reemergence of **single quotation marks**, {{char\\|‘…’}}, around 1800 came about as a means of indicating a secondary level of quotation.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}} In some languages using the angular quotation marks, the usage of the single guillemet, {{char\\|‹…›}}, became obsolete, being replaced by double curved ones: {{char\\|“…”}}, though the single ones still survive, for instance, in Switzerland. In Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, the curved quotation marks, {{char\\|„…“}}, are used as a secondary level or in handwriting, while the angular marks, {{char\\|«…»}}, are used as the primary level on printed text.",
""
] |
Specific language features
--------------------------
### Bulgarian
Contemporary Bulgarian employs the [em dash](/wiki/Em_dash "Em dash") or the quotation dash (the [horizontal bar](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash "#Quotation dash")) followed by a space character at the beginning of each direct\-speech segment by a different character in order to mark [direct speech](/wiki/Direct_speech "Direct speech") in prose and in most journalistic question and answer [interviews](/wiki/Interview "Interview"); in such cases, the use of standard quotation marks is left for in\-text citations or to mark the names of institutions, companies, and sometimes also brand or model names.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2020}}
[Air quotes](/wiki/Air_quotes "Air quotes") are also widely used in face\-to\-face communication in contemporary Bulgarian but usually resemble `" ... "` (secondary: `' ... '`) unlike written Bulgarian quotation marks.
### Dutch
{{Expand Dutch\|section\=yes\|Aanhalingsteken\|date\=September 2013}}
The standard form in the preceding table is taught in schools and used in handwriting. Most large newspapers have kept these low\-high quotation marks, {{char\|„}} and {{char\|”}}; otherwise, the alternative form with single or double English\-style quotes is now often the only form seen in printed matter. Neutral (straight) quotation marks, {{char\|"}} and {{char\|'}}, are used widely, especially in texts typed on computers and on websites.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/advies/aanhalingstekens\-hoog\-of\-laag \|title\=hoge aanhalingstekens / lage aanhalingstekens \| Genootschap Onze Taal \|publisher\=Onzetaal.nl \|date\=26 August 2011 \|access\-date\=11 August 2015 \|archive\-date\=5 October 2012 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121005101533/http://onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/advies/aanhalingstekens\-hoog\-of\-laag \|url\-status\=live}}
Although not generally common in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") any more, double angle (guillemet) quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium. Examples include the Flemish [HUMO](/wiki/HUMO "HUMO") magazine and the Metro newspaper in Brussels.{{cite web \|title\=Lees hier Metro online \|language\=nl \|trans\-title\=Read here Metro online \|website\=Metro online \|url\= http://www.metroclub.be/nl/metrotime/ \|access\-date\=23 November 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110000806/http://www.metroclub.be/nl/metrotime/ \|archive\-date\=10 November 2013}}
### German
[thumb\|500px\|Different forms of German and English quotation marks and similar looking signs](/wiki/File:Quotation_marks_and_similar_signs.svg "Quotation marks and similar signs.svg")
The symbol used as the left (typographical) quote in English is used as the right quote in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") and [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria") and a "low double comma" {{char\|„}} (not used in English) is used for the left quote. Its single quote form {{char\|‚}} looks like a comma.
| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) | HTML | Description | Wrong Symbols |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|‚{{color\|silver\|A}}‘}}}} | {{unbulletedlist\|U\+201A (8218\)\|U\+2018 (8216\)}} | {{unbulletedlist\|\‚\|\‘}} | German single quotes (left and right) | {{unbulletedlist\|, – comma (U \+ 002C) left\|' – apostrophe (U\+0027\) right}} |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|„{{color\|silver\|A}}“}}}} | {{unbulletedlist\|U\+201E (8222\)\|U\+201C (8220\)}} | {{unbulletedlist\|\„\|\“}} | German double quotes (left and right) | " – neutral (vertical) double quotes (U\+0022\) |
Some fonts, e.g. [Verdana](/wiki/Verdana "Verdana"), were not designed with the flexibility to use an English left quote as a German right quote. Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage.
Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in [German](/wiki/German_language "German language").
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|de\|Andreas fragte mich: „Hast du den Artikel ‚EU\-Erweiterung‘ gelesen?“}} (Andreas asked me: "Have you read the 'EU Expansion' article?")
}}
This style of quoting is also used in [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarian_language "Bulgarian language"), [Czech](/wiki/Czech_language "Czech language"), [Danish](/wiki/Danish_language "Danish language"), [Estonian](/wiki/Estonian_language "Estonian language"), [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_language "Georgian language"), [Icelandic](/wiki/Icelandic_language "Icelandic language"), [Latvian](/wiki/Latvian_language "Latvian language"), [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language "Lithuanian language"), [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"), [Serbo\-Croatian](/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language "Serbo-Croatian language"), [Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language "Slovak language"), [Slovene](/wiki/Slovene_language "Slovene language") and in [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language "Ukrainian language"). {{Clarify \|text\=In Bulgarian, Icelandic, Estonian, Lithuanian, and Russian, single quotation marks are not used. \|reason\=Is this true of the other languages listed above, too? Need citations! \|date\=July 2017}}
Sometimes, especially in novels, guillemets (angled quotation marks) are used in Germany and Austria (but pointing in the opposite direction compared to [French](/wiki/French_%28language%29 "French (language)")): {{char\|»A ›B‹?«}}
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|de\|Andreas fragte mich: »Hast du den Artikel ›EU\-Erweiterung‹ gelesen?«}}
Andreas asked me: "Have you read the 'EU Expansion' article?"
}}
In [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), the [French\-style angle quotation mark sets](/wiki/%23French "#French") are also used for [German](/wiki/German_language "German language") printed text: «A ‹B›?»
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|de\|Andreas fragte mich: «Hast du den Artikel ‹EU\-Erweiterung› gelesen?»}}
Andreas asked me: 'Have you read the "EU Expansion" article?'
}}
### Finnish and Swedish
In [Finnish](/wiki/Finnish_language "Finnish language") and [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_language "Swedish language"), right quotes, called citation marks, {{char\|”…”}}, are used to mark both the beginning and the end of a quote. Double right\-pointing angular quotes, {{char\|»…»}}, can also be used.
Alternatively, an [en\-dash](/wiki/En-dash "En-dash") followed by a ([non\-breaking](/wiki/Non-breaking_space "Non-breaking space")) space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted (see section [Quotation dash](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash "#Quotation dash") below). A line\-break should not be allowed between the en\-dash and the first word of the quotation.
| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) | HTML | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|’{{color\|silver\|A}}’}}}} | U\+2019 (8217\) | \’ | Secondary level quotation |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|”{{color\|silver\|A}}”}}}} | U\+201D (8221\) | \” | Primary level quotation |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|»{{color\|silver\|A}}»}}}} | U\+00BB (187\) | \» | Alternative primary level quotation |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|– {{color\|silver\|A}}}}}} | U\+2013 (8211\) | \– | Alternative denotation at the beginning of quoted speech |
### French
[French](/wiki/French_language "French language") uses angle quotation marks ([guillemets](/wiki/Guillemet "Guillemet"), or *duck\-foot quotes*), adding a 'quarter\-em space'{{efn\|{{unichar\|2005\|Four\-Per\-Em Space\|nlink\=Space (punctuation)\|html\=}}}} within the quotes. With proper localization, computers automatically add the proper spacing. When localization is not available, many people use a [non\-breaking space](/wiki/Non-breaking_space "Non-breaking space") between the quotation mark and the nearest word inside it{{cn\|date\=February 2024}} because the difference between a non\-breaking space and a [four\-per\-em space](/wiki/Whitespace_character%23Unicode "Whitespace character#Unicode") is virtually imperceptible, many [computer fonts](/wiki/Computer_fonts "Computer fonts") do not include a quarter\-em space, and the Unicode quarter\-em space is [breakable](/wiki/Line_wrap_and_word_wrap "Line wrap and word wrap"). Even more commonly, many people put a normal (breaking) space inside the quotation marks{{cn\|date\=February 2024}} because the non\-breaking space cannot be accessed easily from the keyboard, or because they are not aware of this typographical refinement. Using a breakable space of any kind often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line, since the quotation mark is erroneously treated as an independent word.
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|« Voulez\-vous un sandwich, Henri ? »}}
“Would you like a sandwich, Henri?”
}}
French news sites such as *[Libération](/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration "Libération")*, *[Les Échos](/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_%28France%29 "Les Échos (France)")* and *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")* do not add manual spacing, leaving it up to localization and the browser to space the guillemets properly.
| Sample
[Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) *HTML*
Description
| |
| Quote
Space
| {{serif\|{{huge\|« {{color\|silver\|A}} »}}}} | {{unbulletedlist\|U\+00AB (171\) ''\«''\|U\+00BB (187\) ''\»''}}
U\+00A0 (160\) *\ * |
French double angle quotes (left and right), legacy (approximative) spacing usual on the web, with *normal* (four per em) *no\-break space* (justifying, thus inappropriate) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|«{{thinsp}}{{color\|silver\|A}}{{thinsp}}»}}}} | U\+202F (8239\) *\&\#x202F;* | French double angle quotes (left and right), correct spacing used by typographers, with *narrow* (six per em) non\-breaking spaces, represented on the web using *narrow no\-break space* |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|«{{color\|silver\|A}}»}}}} | | French double angle quotes (left and right) without space (not recommended in French) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|‹ {{color\|silver\|A}} ›}}}} | {{unbulletedlist\|U\+2039 (8249\) ''\‹''\|U\+203A (8250\) ''\›''}}
U\+00A0 (160\) *\ * |
French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, legacy (approximative) spacing usual on the web, with *normal* (four per em) *no\-break space* (justifying, thus inappropriate) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|‹{{thinsp}}{{color\|silver\|A}}{{thinsp}}›}}}} | U\+202F (8239\) *\&\#x202F;* | French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, correct spacing used by typographers, with *narrow* (six per em) non\-breaking spaces, represented on the web using *narrow no\-break space* |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|‹{{color\|silver\|A}}›}}}} | | French single angle quotes (left and right) without space (not recommended in French) |
[thumb\|Guillemets by the [Imprimerie nationale](/wiki/Imprimerie_nationale "Imprimerie nationale") in *Bulletin de l’Agence générale des colonies*, No. 302, Mai 1934, showing the [comma](/wiki/Comma "Comma")\-shaped symbols sitting on the [baseline](/wiki/Baseline_%28typography%29 "Baseline (typography)")](/wiki/File:Guillemets_%28Imprimerie_nationale%2C_1934%29.png "Guillemets (Imprimerie nationale, 1934).png")
Initially, the French guillemets were not angle shaped but also used the comma (6/9\) shape.{{cn\|date\=August 2024}} They were different from English quotes because they were standing (like today's guillemets) *on* the baseline (like lowercase letters), not raised above it (like apostrophes and English quotation marks) or hanging below it (like commas). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this shape evolved to look like {{char\|((}} small parentheses {{char\|))}}. The angle shape was introduced later to make them easier to distinguish from apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers. [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") currently does not provide alternate codes for these 6/9 guillemets on the baseline, as they are considered to be form variants of guillemets, implemented in older French typography (such as the [Didot font](/wiki/Didot_%28typeface%29 "Didot (typeface)") design). With this older style there was also not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets; both often pointed to the right (as today's French closing guillemets do).{{cn\|date\=August 2024}}
In old\-style printed books, when quotations span multiple lines of text (including multiple paragraphs), an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the *beginning* of each line continuing a quotation; this right\-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does **not** close the current quotation. This convention was consistently used from the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers, but is no longer in use today. Such insertion of continuation quotation marks was rigidly maintained, even at a word hyphenation break. Since these continuation marks are obsolete in French, there is no support for automatic insertion of continuation guillemets in HTML or CSS, nor in word\-processors. Old\-style typesetting is emulated by breaking up the final layout with manual line breaks, and inserting the quotation marks at line start, much like pointy brackets before quoted plain text e\-mail:
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient
» le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la crois\-
» sance économique. »}}
}}
Unlike English, French does not identify unquoted material within a quotation by using a second set of quotation marks. Compare:
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique. »\|italic\=set}}
"This is a great day for Montrealers", the minister maintained. "These investments will stimulate economic growth."
}}
For clarity, some newspapers put nested quoted material in italics:
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|« ''C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais,'' soutient le ministre. ''Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique.'' »\|italic\=unset}}
}}
The French Imprimerie nationale (cf. *Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale*, presses de l'Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 2002\) does not use different quotation marks for nesting quotes:
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|« Son « explication » n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.}}
"His 'explanation' is just a lie", the deputy protested.
}}
In this case, when there should be two adjacent opening or closing marks, only one is written:
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|Il répondit : « Ce n’est qu’un « gadget ! ».}}
He answered: "It's only a 'gizmo'."
}}
The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules, for instance in situations when the keyboard or the software context doesn't allow the use of guillemets. The French news site *[L'Humanité](/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9 "L'Humanité")* uses straight quotation marks along with angle ones.
English quotes are also used sometimes for nested quotations:
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|« Son “explication” n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.}}
"His 'explanation' is just a lie", the deputy protested.
}}
But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics. Single quotation marks are much more rarely used, and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers:
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|« Son ''explication'' n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.\|italic\=unset}}
{{lang\|fr\|Il répondit : « Ce n’est qu’un ''gadget'' ! ».\|italic\=unset}}
}}
Further, running dialogue does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re\-opening the quotation. (For other languages employing dashes, see section [Quotation dash](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash "#Quotation dash") below.) The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well. In general, quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible, including not just unspoken text such as "he said" (as previously noted), but also as long as the conversion extends. The quotation marks end at the last word of spoken text (rather than extending to the end of the paragraph) when the final part is not spoken.
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|fr\|« Je ne vous parle pas, monsieur, dit\-il.}}
{{lang\|fr\|— Mais je vous parle, moi ! » s’écria le jeune homme exaspéré de ce mélange d’insolence et de bonnes manières, de convenance et de dédain.}} (\[\[Alexandre Dumas, père\|Dumas]], ''\[\[The Three Musketeers\|Les trois mousquetaires]]'')
"I am not speaking to you, sir", he said.
"But ''I'' am speaking to you!" cried the young man, exasperated by this combination of insolence and good manners, of protocol and disdain.
}}
### Greek
[Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") uses angled quotation marks (**{{lang\|el\|\[\[wikt:εισαγωγικά\|εισαγωγικά]]}}** – *isagogiká*):
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|el\|«Μιλάει σοβαρά;» ρώτησε την Μαρία.
«Ναι, σίγουρα», αποκρίθηκε.}}
}}
and the [quotation dash](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash "#Quotation dash") (**{{lang\|el\|\[\[wikt:παύλα\|παύλα]]}}** – *pávla*):
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|el\|― Μιλάει σοβαρά; ρώτησε την Μαρία.
― Ναι, σίγουρα, αποκρίθηκε.}}
}}
which translate to:
{{block indent\|1\=
"Is he serious?" he asked Maria.
"Yes, certainly," she replied.
}}
A closing quotation mark, {{char\|»}}, is added to the beginning of each new paragraph within a quotation.
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|el\|« Η Βικιπαίδεια ή Wikipedia είναι ένα συλλογικό εγκυκλοπαιδικό
» εγχείρημα που έχει συσταθεί στο Διαδίκτυο, παγκόσμιο, πολύγλωσσο,
» που λειτουργεί με την αρχή του wiki. »}}
}}
When quotations are nested, the nested parts use English\-style quotation marks, double and then (if necessary) single: {{char\|«…“…‘…’…”…»}}.{{cn\|date\=October 2024}}
| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) | HTML | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|«{{color\|silver\|Α}}»}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+00AB (0171\)\|U\+00BB (0187\)}} | {{cslist\|\«\|\»}} | Greek first level double quotes (**{{lang\|el\|\[\[wikt:εισαγωγικά\|εισαγωγικά]]}}**) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|― {{color\|silver\|Α}}}}}} | U\+2014 (8212\) | \&\#8212; | Greek direct quotation em\-dash |
### Hungarian
According to current recommendation by the [Hungarian Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences "Hungarian Academy of Sciences") the main Hungarian quotation marks are comma\-shaped double quotation marks set on the base\-line at the beginning of the quote and at apostrophe\-height at the end of it for first level, ({{char\|„Quote”}}), reversed »French quotes« without space (the German tradition) for the second level, and thus the following nested quotation pattern emerges:
* {{char\|„Quote »inside« quote”}}
... and with third level:
* {{char\|„Quote »inside ’inside of inside’ inside« quote”}}
In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by *uniform (unpaired)* apostrophe\-shaped quotation marks:
* {{char\|''die Biene'' ’méh’}}
A [quotation dash](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash "#Quotation dash") is also used, and is predominant in [belletristic](/wiki/Belletristic "Belletristic") literature.
* {{char\|– Merre jártál? – kérdezte a köpcös}}.
| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) | HTML | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|„{{color\|silver\|A}}”}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+201E (8222\)\|U\+201D (8221\)}} | {{cslist\|\„\|\”}} | Hungarian first level double quotes (left and right) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|»{{color\|silver\|A}}«}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+00BB (0171\)\|U\+00AB (0187\)}} | {{cslist\|\»\|\«}} | Hungarian second level double quotes (left and right) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|’{{color\|silver\|A}}’}}}} | U\+2019 (8217\) | \’ | Hungarian *unpaired* quotes signifying "meaning of the preceding term" |
### Hebrew
In Israel, the traditional practice in printing and handwriting is to use „low\-high” quote marks. Since the 2000s, the plain quotes have become more common.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2024}} The 2013 revision of the SI\-1452 standard for [Hebrew keyboard](/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard "Hebrew keyboard"), available since 2012 in Windows 8 and in desktop Linux systems, supports both systems, as does the [Gboard](/wiki/Gboard "Gboard") keyboard for touchscreen devices.
### Norwegian
[Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language "Norwegian language") uses angled quotation marks (**{{lang\|nb\|\[\[wikt:Anførselstegn\|Anførselstegn]]}}**)
| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) | HTML | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|«{{color\|silver\|Α}}»}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+00AB (0171\)\|U\+00BB (0187\)}} | {{cslist\|\«\|\»}} |
### Polish
{{Update\|section\|reason\=The PN\-83/P\-55366 standard was withdrawn in 2014, according to Polish Wikipedia\|inaccurate\=yes\|date\=March 2024}}
According to current [PN\-83/P\-55366](/wiki/PN-83/P-55366 "PN-83/P-55366") standard from 1983 (but not dictionaries, see below), *Typesetting rules for composing Polish text* (*Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim*) one can use either „ordinary Polish quotes” or «French quotes» (without space) for first level, and ‚single Polish quotes’ or «French quotes» for second level, which gives three styles of nested quotes:
1. {{char\|„Quote ‚inside’ quote”}}
2. {{char\|„Quote «inside» quote”}}
3. {{char\|«Quote ‚inside’ quote»}}
There is no space on the internal side of quote marks, with the exception of {{frac\|1\|4}} *[firet](/wiki/Em_%28typography%29%23Firet "Em (typography)#Firet")* (≈ {{frac\|1\|4}} [em](/wiki/Em_%28typography%29 "Em (typography)")) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them (e.g. ,„ and ’”).
The above rules have not changed since at least the previous [BN\-76/7440\-02](/wiki/BN-76/7440-02 "BN-76/7440-02") standard from 1976 and are probably much older.
These rules on the use of guillemets conflict with the ones given by Polish dictionaries, including the *Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny PWN* recommended by the [Polish Language Council](/wiki/Polish_Language_Council "Polish Language Council"). The PWN rules state:
{{quote\|In specific uses, guillemets also appear. Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions (mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries), as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.{{cite web \|title\=Zasady pisowni i interpunkcji \|language\=pl \|url\= http://so.pwn.pl/zasady.php?id\=629866 \|work\=Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny (online edition) \|publisher\=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA \|access\-date\=11 September 2012 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121120220728/http://so.pwn.pl/zasady.php?id\=629866 \|archive\-date\=20 November 2012}}}}
In Polish printed books and publications, this dictionary\-recommended style for guillemets (also known as »German quotes«) is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles, but almost never for ordinary text in paragraphs.
Another style of quoting is to use an [em\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash "Em-dash") to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively for quoting dialogues rather than for single statements, and is virtually always the one used for that purpose in works of fiction.
{{block indent\|1\=
Mag skłonił się. Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo.
— Jak się nazywa ta wieś, panie? — zapytał przybysz. Kowal wzruszył ramionami.
— Głupi Osioł.
— Głupi...?
— Osioł — powtórzył kowal takim tonem, jakby wyzywał gościa, żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować. Mag zamyślił się.
— Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię — stwierdził w końcu. — W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał. Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą, kowalu, o twoim synu.
The wizard bowed. A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully.
“What is the name of this place, sir?” said the wizard.
The blacksmith shrugged.
“Stupid Donkey,” he said. \[original English version is "Bad Ass", but that's not a common phrase in Polish]
“Stupid—?”
“Donkey,” repeated the blacksmith, his tone defying anyone to make something of it.
The wizard considered this.
“A name with a story behind it,” he said at last, “which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear. But I would like to speak to you, smith, about your son.”
(— \[\[Terry Pratchett]], ''Equal Rites'')
}}
An [en\-dash](/wiki/En-dash "En-dash") is sometimes used in place of the [em\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash "Em-dash"), especially so in newspaper texts.
| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) | HTML | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|‚{{color\|silver\|A}}’}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+201A (8218\)\|U\+2019 (8217\)}} | {{cslist\|\‚\|\’}} | Polish single quotes (left and right) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|„{{color\|silver\|A}}”}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+201E (8222\)\|U\+201D (8221\)}} | {{cslist\|\„\|\”}} | Polish double quotes (left and right) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|— {{color\|silver\|A}}}}}} | U\+2014 (8212\) | \— | Polish direct quotation [em\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash "Em-dash") |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|– {{color\|silver\|A}}}}}} | U\+2013 (8211\) | \– | Polish direct quotation [en\-dash](/wiki/En-dash "En-dash") |
### Portuguese
Neither the [Portuguese](/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa%2C_Classe_de_Letras "Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras") [language regulator](/wiki/Language_regulator "Language regulator") nor the [Brazilian](/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras "Academia Brasileira de Letras") prescribe a particular shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used.
In [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"), angular quotation marks (ex. {{notatypo\|«quote»}}) are traditionally used. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, normally used by typographers, and are also the usual style in reference sources,{{cite web \|url\= https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua\-portuguesa/aspas\|title\=Definição ou significado de aspas no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa \|language\=pt \|website\=Infopédia – Dicionários Porto Editora \|access\-date\=23 December 2016 \|archive\-date\=25 November 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161125051548/https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua\-portuguesa/aspas \|url\-status\=live}}*Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea*. Academia das Ciências, Lisboa, 2001Cunha, Celso \& Lindley Cintra. *Gramática do Português Contemporâneo*. Edições João Sá da Cunha, Lisboa, 2013 as well as on some websites dedicated to the Portuguese language.{{cite web \|url\= https://ciberduvidas.iscte\-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o\-uso\-das\-aspas\-\-e\-/13051 \|title\=O uso das aspas “…” e «…» \|publisher\=ISCTE\-IUL \|website\=Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa \|access\-date\=6 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=17 March 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170317102827/https://ciberduvidas.iscte\-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o\-uso\-das\-aspas\-\-e\-/13051 \|url\-status\=live}}
The *Código de Redação*{{cite web \|url\= http://publications.europa.eu/code/pt/pt\-4100410pt.htm \|title\=Código de Redação Interinstitucional — 10\.4\.10\. Aspas \|language\=pt \|trans\-title\=Code of Inter\-institutional Translation \|publisher\=Serviço das Publicações \|id\=OP/B.3/CRI \|website\=publications.europa.eu \|access\-date\=6 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113348/http://publications.europa.eu/code/pt/pt\-4100410pt.htm \|url\-status\=live}} for Portuguese\-language documents published in the European Union prescribes three levels of quotation marks, {{char\|«…“…‘…’…”…»}}:
{{block indent\|1\=
''E estava escrito «Alguém perguntou “Quem foi que gritou ‘Meu Deus!’?”.» na folha de papel.''
And it was written “Someone asked ‘Who shouted “My God!”?’.” on the sheet of paper.
}}
* in black: main sentence which contains the quotations;
* in green: 1st level quotation;
* in red: 2nd level quotation;
* in blue: 3rd level quotation;
The usage of curved quotation marks (ex. {{notatypo\|{{serif\|“quote”}} and {{serif\|‘quote’}}}}) is growing in Portugal,{{cite web\|url\= http://www.prof2000\.pt/users/primavera/d34\_aspas\_altas.htm\|title\=As aspas altas\|publisher\=}}{{dead link\|date\=October 2019}}{{better source\|date\=August 2017}} probably due to the omnipresence of the English language and to the corresponding difficulty (or even inability) to enter angular quotation marks on some machines (mobile phones, cash registers, calculators, etc.).
In [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), angular quotation marks are rare, and curved quotation marks ({{notatypo\|{{serif\|“quote”}} and {{serif\|‘quote’}}}}) are almost always used. An example of this can be seen in the difference between a [Portuguese keyboard](/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants_%23Portugal "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants #Portugal") (which has a key for {{char\|«}} and {{char\|»}}) and a [Brazilian keyboard](/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants_%23Brazil "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants #Brazil").
The [Portuguese\-speaking African countries](/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries "Portuguese-speaking African countries") tend to follow Portugal's conventions, not the Brazilian ones.
Other usages of quotation marks ({{char\|“quote„}} for double, {{char\|‹quote›}} for single) are obsolete in Portuguese.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}.
### Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian
In [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarusian_language "Belarusian language"), [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"), and [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language "Ukrainian language"), the angled quotation ([Belarusian](/wiki/Belarusian_language "Belarusian language"): «двукоссе», [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): «кавычки», [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language "Ukrainian language"): «лапки») marks are used without spaces. In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks.
Example in Russian:
{{lang\|ru\|Пушкин писал Дельвигу: «Жду „Цыганов“ и тотчас тисну».}}
([Pushkin](/wiki/Pushkin "Pushkin") wrote to Delvig: "Waiting for '[Gypsies](/wiki/The_Gypsies_%28poem%29 "The Gypsies (poem)")', and publish at once.")
Example in Ukrainian:
{{lang\|uk\|«І, звісно, не обійтись без користування словником. Один мій знайомий поет і літературознавець якось жартуючи сказав: “Я волію читати словники, ніж поеми. У словнику ті самі слова, що і в поемі, але подані в систематизованому порядку”. Це сказано жартома, але “читати словники” — не така вже дивовижна і дивацька річ, як може здатися».}}
("And, of course, you can't avoid using a dictionary. One of my acquaintances, a poet and literary critic, once jokingly said: 'I prefer to read dictionaries than poems. The dictionary has the same words as in the poem, but is presented in a systematic way'. It's a joke, but 'reading dictionaries' is not as amazing and bizarre as it may seem.")
### Spanish
[Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_%28language%29 "Spanish (language)") uses angled quotation marks ({{lang\|es\|comillas latinas}} or {{lang\|es\|angulares}}), with no space between the quotation mark and the quoted material.
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|es\|«Esto es un ejemplo de cómo se suele hacer una cita literal en español».}}
"This is an example of how a literal quotation is usually written in Spanish."
}}
When quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is:This system follows the rules laid down in section 5\.10 of the orthography guide [*Ortografía de la lengua española*](http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000015.nsf/(voanexos)/arch7E8694F9D6446133C12571640039A189/$FILE/Ortografia.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090126144509/http://rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000015\.nsf/(voanexos)/arch7E8694F9D6446133C12571640039A189/$FILE/Ortografia.pdf \|date\=26 January 2009}} published by the [Real Academia Española](/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola "Real Academia Española") (RAE).
{{block indent\|1\=
{{lang\|es\|«Antonio me dijo: “Vaya ‘cacharro’ que se ha comprado Julián”».}}
"Antonio told me, 'What a piece of "junk" Julián has purchased for himself'".
}}
The use of English quotation marks is increasing in Spanish;{{citation needed\|date\=October 2018}} the *[El País](/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs "El País")* style guide, which is widely followed in Spain, recommends them. [Hispanic Americans](/wiki/Hispanic_America "Hispanic America") often use them, owing to influence from the United States.
### Chinese, Japanese and Korean
Corner brackets are well\-suited for [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language"), [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_language "Japanese language"), and [Korean](/wiki/Korean_language "Korean language") languages, because they accommodate [vertical and horizontal writing](/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts "Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts") equally well. China, South Korea, and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically. Usage differs when writing horizontally:
* In [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), corner brackets are used.
* In [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), corner brackets and English\-style quotes are used.
* In [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea"), angle quotes are used.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
* In [mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China"), English\-style quotes (full width “ ”) are official and prevalent; corner brackets are rare today. The Unicode code points used are the English quotes (rendered as fullwidth by the font), not the fullwidth forms.
* In [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") and [Macau](/wiki/Macau "Macau"), where [traditional characters](/wiki/Traditional_characters "Traditional characters") are used, corner brackets are prevalent, although English\-style quotes are also used.
* In the Chinese language, double angle brackets are placed around titles of books, documents, movies, pieces of art or music, magazines, newspapers, laws, etc. When nested, single angle brackets are used inside double angle brackets. With some exceptions, this usage parallels the usage of italics in English:
「你看過《三國演義》嗎？」他問我。
"Have you read *[Romance of the Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms "Romance of the Three Kingdoms")*?", he asked me.
When corner brackets are being used for quotations, quote\-within\-quote segments are marked with white corner brackets.
| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) | Description | Usage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{nowrap\|{{huge\|「{{color\|silver\|文字}}」}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+300C (12300\)\|U\+300D (12301\)}} | Corner brackets {{plainlist\| \* \[\[Chinese language\|Chinese]]: {{Interlanguage link multi\|單引號\|zh\|3\=引號}} (''dān yǐn hào'') \* \[\[Japanese punctuation\|Japanese]]: {{Interlanguage link multi\|鉤括弧\|ja\|3\=鉤括弧}} (''kagikakko'') \* {{lang\-ko\|낫표}} (''natpyo'') }} | {{plainlist\| \* \[\[Japanese typographic symbols\|Japanese]] \* Korean \* Traditional Chinese }} |
| {{Css\-style\|writing\-mode:vertical\-rl;white\-space: nowrap;\|{{huge\|﹁{{color\|silver\|文字}}﹂}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+FE41 (65089\)\|U\+FE42 (65090\)}}(non\-normative){{efn\|name\=cjkvert\|These codes for vertical\-writing characters are for presentation forms in the Unicode CJK compatibility forms section. Typical documents use normative character codes which are shown for the horizontal writing in this table, and applications are usually responsible to render correct forms depending on the writing direction used.}} | For vertical writing:{{plainlist\| \* Japanese \* Korean \* Traditional Chinese \* Simplified Chinese }} |
| {{nowrap\|{{huge\|『{{color\|silver\|文字}}』}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+300E (12302\)\|U\+300F (12303\)}} | White corner brackets{{plainlist\| \* Chinese: 雙引號 (''shuāng yǐn hào'') \* Japanese: {{Interlanguage link multi\|二重鉤括弧\|ja\|3\=二重鉤括弧}} (''nijū kagikakko'') \* Korean: 겹낫표 (''gyeomnatpyo'') }} | {{plainlist\| \* Japanese \* Korean (book titles) \* Traditional Chinese }} |
| {{Css\-style\|writing\-mode:vertical\-rl;white\-space:nowrap;\|{{huge\|﹃{{color\|silver\|文字}}﹄}}}} | U\+FE43 (65091\), U\+FE44 (65092\)(non\-normative){{efn\|name\=cjkvert}} | For vertical writing:{{plainlist\| \* Japanese \* Korean \* Traditional Chinese \* Simplified Chinese }} |
| {{huge\|“{{color\|silver\|한}}”}} | {{cslist\|U\+201C (8220\)\|U\+201D (8221\)}} | Double quotation marks{{plainlist\| \* Korean: 큰따옴표 (''keunttaompyo'') \* Chinese: 雙引號 (''shuāng yǐn hào'') }} | {{plainlist\| \* Korean (\[\[South Korea]]) \* Traditional Chinese (acceptable but less common, happened in Hong Kong mainly as a result of influence from mainland China) \* Simplified Chinese }} |
| {{huge\|‘{{color\|silver\|한}}’}} | {{cslist\|U\+2018 (8216\)\|U\+2019 (8217\)}} | Single quotation marks{{plainlist\| \* Korean: 작은따옴표 (''jageunttaompyo'') \* Chinese: 單引號 (''dān yǐn hào'') }} | {{plainlist\| \* Korean (South Korea) \* Chinese (for quote\-within\-quote segments) }} |
| {{huge\|《{{color\|silver\|한}}》}} | {{cslist\|U\+300A (12298\)\|U\+300B (12299\)}} | Double angle brackets{{plainlist\| \* Korean: 겹화살괄호 (''gyeophwasalgwalho'') \* Chinese: 書名號 (''shū míng hào'') }} | {{plainlist\| \* Korean (book titles) \* \[\[Chinese language\|Chinese]] (used for titles of books, documents, movies, pieces of art or music, magazines, newspapers, laws, etc. ) }} |
| {{huge\|〈{{color\|silver\|한}}〉}} | {{cslist\|U\+3008 (12296\)\|U\+3009 (12297\)}} | Single angle brackets{{plainlist\| \* Korean: 홑화살괄호 (''hothwasalgwalho'') \* Chinese: 書名號 (''shū míng hào'') }} | {{plainlist\| \* Korean (book sub\-titles) \* \[\[Chinese language\|Chinese]] (for book titles within book titles.) }} |
|
[
"Specific language features\n--------------------------",
"### Bulgarian",
"Contemporary Bulgarian employs the [em dash](/wiki/Em_dash \"Em dash\") or the quotation dash (the [horizontal bar](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash \"#Quotation dash\")) followed by a space character at the beginning of each direct\\-speech segment by a different character in order to mark [direct speech](/wiki/Direct_speech \"Direct speech\") in prose and in most journalistic question and answer [interviews](/wiki/Interview \"Interview\"); in such cases, the use of standard quotation marks is left for in\\-text citations or to mark the names of institutions, companies, and sometimes also brand or model names.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2020}}",
"[Air quotes](/wiki/Air_quotes \"Air quotes\") are also widely used in face\\-to\\-face communication in contemporary Bulgarian but usually resemble `\" ... \"` (secondary: `' ... '`) unlike written Bulgarian quotation marks.",
"### Dutch",
"{{Expand Dutch\\|section\\=yes\\|Aanhalingsteken\\|date\\=September 2013}}\nThe standard form in the preceding table is taught in schools and used in handwriting. Most large newspapers have kept these low\\-high quotation marks, {{char\\|„}} and {{char\\|”}}; otherwise, the alternative form with single or double English\\-style quotes is now often the only form seen in printed matter. Neutral (straight) quotation marks, {{char\\|\"}} and {{char\\|'}}, are used widely, especially in texts typed on computers and on websites.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/advies/aanhalingstekens\\-hoog\\-of\\-laag \\|title\\=hoge aanhalingstekens / lage aanhalingstekens \\| Genootschap Onze Taal \\|publisher\\=Onzetaal.nl \\|date\\=26 August 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121005101533/http://onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/advies/aanhalingstekens\\-hoog\\-of\\-laag \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Although not generally common in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") any more, double angle (guillemet) quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium. Examples include the Flemish [HUMO](/wiki/HUMO \"HUMO\") magazine and the Metro newspaper in Brussels.{{cite web \\|title\\=Lees hier Metro online \\|language\\=nl \\|trans\\-title\\=Read here Metro online \\|website\\=Metro online \\|url\\= http://www.metroclub.be/nl/metrotime/ \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110000806/http://www.metroclub.be/nl/metrotime/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 November 2013}}",
"### German",
"[thumb\\|500px\\|Different forms of German and English quotation marks and similar looking signs](/wiki/File:Quotation_marks_and_similar_signs.svg \"Quotation marks and similar signs.svg\")\nThe symbol used as the left (typographical) quote in English is used as the right quote in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") and [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") and a \"low double comma\" {{char\\|„}} (not used in English) is used for the left quote. Its single quote form {{char\\|‚}} looks like a comma.",
"",
"| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) | HTML | Description | Wrong Symbols |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|‚{{color\\|silver\\|A}}‘}}}} | {{unbulletedlist\\|U\\+201A (8218\\)\\|U\\+2018 (8216\\)}} | {{unbulletedlist\\|\\‚\\|\\‘}} | German single quotes (left and right) | {{unbulletedlist\\|, – comma (U \\+ 002C) left\\|' – apostrophe (U\\+0027\\) right}} |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|„{{color\\|silver\\|A}}“}}}} | {{unbulletedlist\\|U\\+201E (8222\\)\\|U\\+201C (8220\\)}} | {{unbulletedlist\\|\\„\\|\\“}} | German double quotes (left and right) | \" – neutral (vertical) double quotes (U\\+0022\\) |",
"Some fonts, e.g. [Verdana](/wiki/Verdana \"Verdana\"), were not designed with the flexibility to use an English left quote as a German right quote. Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage.",
"Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\").",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|de\\|Andreas fragte mich: „Hast du den Artikel ‚EU\\-Erweiterung‘ gelesen?“}} (Andreas asked me: \"Have you read the 'EU Expansion' article?\")\n}}",
"This style of quoting is also used in [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarian_language \"Bulgarian language\"), [Czech](/wiki/Czech_language \"Czech language\"), [Danish](/wiki/Danish_language \"Danish language\"), [Estonian](/wiki/Estonian_language \"Estonian language\"), [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_language \"Georgian language\"), [Icelandic](/wiki/Icelandic_language \"Icelandic language\"), [Latvian](/wiki/Latvian_language \"Latvian language\"), [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language \"Lithuanian language\"), [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"), [Serbo\\-Croatian](/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language \"Serbo-Croatian language\"), [Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language \"Slovak language\"), [Slovene](/wiki/Slovene_language \"Slovene language\") and in [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language \"Ukrainian language\"). {{Clarify \\|text\\=In Bulgarian, Icelandic, Estonian, Lithuanian, and Russian, single quotation marks are not used. \\|reason\\=Is this true of the other languages listed above, too? Need citations! \\|date\\=July 2017}}",
"Sometimes, especially in novels, guillemets (angled quotation marks) are used in Germany and Austria (but pointing in the opposite direction compared to [French](/wiki/French_%28language%29 \"French (language)\")): {{char\\|»A ›B‹?«}}",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|de\\|Andreas fragte mich: »Hast du den Artikel ›EU\\-Erweiterung‹ gelesen?«}}",
"Andreas asked me: \"Have you read the 'EU Expansion' article?\"\n}}",
"In [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), the [French\\-style angle quotation mark sets](/wiki/%23French \"#French\") are also used for [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\") printed text: «A ‹B›?»",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|de\\|Andreas fragte mich: «Hast du den Artikel ‹EU\\-Erweiterung› gelesen?»}}",
"Andreas asked me: 'Have you read the \"EU Expansion\" article?'\n}}",
"### Finnish and Swedish",
"In [Finnish](/wiki/Finnish_language \"Finnish language\") and [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_language \"Swedish language\"), right quotes, called citation marks, {{char\\|”…”}}, are used to mark both the beginning and the end of a quote. Double right\\-pointing angular quotes, {{char\\|»…»}}, can also be used.",
"Alternatively, an [en\\-dash](/wiki/En-dash \"En-dash\") followed by a ([non\\-breaking](/wiki/Non-breaking_space \"Non-breaking space\")) space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted (see section [Quotation dash](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash \"#Quotation dash\") below). A line\\-break should not be allowed between the en\\-dash and the first word of the quotation.",
"",
"| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) | HTML | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|’{{color\\|silver\\|A}}’}}}} | U\\+2019 (8217\\) | \\’ | Secondary level quotation |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|”{{color\\|silver\\|A}}”}}}} | U\\+201D (8221\\) | \\” | Primary level quotation |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|»{{color\\|silver\\|A}}»}}}} | U\\+00BB (187\\) | \\» | Alternative primary level quotation |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|– {{color\\|silver\\|A}}}}}} | U\\+2013 (8211\\) | \\– | Alternative denotation at the beginning of quoted speech |",
"### French",
"[French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\") uses angle quotation marks ([guillemets](/wiki/Guillemet \"Guillemet\"), or *duck\\-foot quotes*), adding a 'quarter\\-em space'{{efn\\|{{unichar\\|2005\\|Four\\-Per\\-Em Space\\|nlink\\=Space (punctuation)\\|html\\=}}}} within the quotes. With proper localization, computers automatically add the proper spacing. When localization is not available, many people use a [non\\-breaking space](/wiki/Non-breaking_space \"Non-breaking space\") between the quotation mark and the nearest word inside it{{cn\\|date\\=February 2024}} because the difference between a non\\-breaking space and a [four\\-per\\-em space](/wiki/Whitespace_character%23Unicode \"Whitespace character#Unicode\") is virtually imperceptible, many [computer fonts](/wiki/Computer_fonts \"Computer fonts\") do not include a quarter\\-em space, and the Unicode quarter\\-em space is [breakable](/wiki/Line_wrap_and_word_wrap \"Line wrap and word wrap\"). Even more commonly, many people put a normal (breaking) space inside the quotation marks{{cn\\|date\\=February 2024}} because the non\\-breaking space cannot be accessed easily from the keyboard, or because they are not aware of this typographical refinement. Using a breakable space of any kind often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line, since the quotation mark is erroneously treated as an independent word.",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|« Voulez\\-vous un sandwich, Henri ? »}}",
"“Would you like a sandwich, Henri?”\n}}",
"French news sites such as *[Libération](/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration \"Libération\")*, *[Les Échos](/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_%28France%29 \"Les Échos (France)\")* and *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")* do not add manual spacing, leaving it up to localization and the browser to space the guillemets properly.",
"",
"| Sample",
"[Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) *HTML*",
"Description",
"| |\n| Quote",
"Space",
"| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|« {{color\\|silver\\|A}} »}}}} | {{unbulletedlist\\|U\\+00AB (171\\) ''\\«''\\|U\\+00BB (187\\) ''\\»''}}",
"U\\+00A0 (160\\) *\\ * |\n French double angle quotes (left and right), legacy (approximative) spacing usual on the web, with *normal* (four per em) *no\\-break space* (justifying, thus inappropriate) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|«{{thinsp}}{{color\\|silver\\|A}}{{thinsp}}»}}}} | U\\+202F (8239\\) *\\&\\#x202F;* | French double angle quotes (left and right), correct spacing used by typographers, with *narrow* (six per em) non\\-breaking spaces, represented on the web using *narrow no\\-break space* |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|«{{color\\|silver\\|A}}»}}}} | | French double angle quotes (left and right) without space (not recommended in French) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|‹ {{color\\|silver\\|A}} ›}}}} | {{unbulletedlist\\|U\\+2039 (8249\\) ''\\‹''\\|U\\+203A (8250\\) ''\\›''}}",
"U\\+00A0 (160\\) *\\ * |\n French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, legacy (approximative) spacing usual on the web, with *normal* (four per em) *no\\-break space* (justifying, thus inappropriate) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|‹{{thinsp}}{{color\\|silver\\|A}}{{thinsp}}›}}}} | U\\+202F (8239\\) *\\&\\#x202F;* | French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, correct spacing used by typographers, with *narrow* (six per em) non\\-breaking spaces, represented on the web using *narrow no\\-break space* |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|‹{{color\\|silver\\|A}}›}}}} | | French single angle quotes (left and right) without space (not recommended in French) |",
"[thumb\\|Guillemets by the [Imprimerie nationale](/wiki/Imprimerie_nationale \"Imprimerie nationale\") in *Bulletin de l’Agence générale des colonies*, No. 302, Mai 1934, showing the [comma](/wiki/Comma \"Comma\")\\-shaped symbols sitting on the [baseline](/wiki/Baseline_%28typography%29 \"Baseline (typography)\")](/wiki/File:Guillemets_%28Imprimerie_nationale%2C_1934%29.png \"Guillemets (Imprimerie nationale, 1934).png\")\nInitially, the French guillemets were not angle shaped but also used the comma (6/9\\) shape.{{cn\\|date\\=August 2024}} They were different from English quotes because they were standing (like today's guillemets) *on* the baseline (like lowercase letters), not raised above it (like apostrophes and English quotation marks) or hanging below it (like commas). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this shape evolved to look like {{char\\|((}} small parentheses {{char\\|))}}. The angle shape was introduced later to make them easier to distinguish from apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers. [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") currently does not provide alternate codes for these 6/9 guillemets on the baseline, as they are considered to be form variants of guillemets, implemented in older French typography (such as the [Didot font](/wiki/Didot_%28typeface%29 \"Didot (typeface)\") design). With this older style there was also not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets; both often pointed to the right (as today's French closing guillemets do).{{cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"In old\\-style printed books, when quotations span multiple lines of text (including multiple paragraphs), an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the *beginning* of each line continuing a quotation; this right\\-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does **not** close the current quotation. This convention was consistently used from the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers, but is no longer in use today. Such insertion of continuation quotation marks was rigidly maintained, even at a word hyphenation break. Since these continuation marks are obsolete in French, there is no support for automatic insertion of continuation guillemets in HTML or CSS, nor in word\\-processors. Old\\-style typesetting is emulated by breaking up the final layout with manual line breaks, and inserting the quotation marks at line start, much like pointy brackets before quoted plain text e\\-mail:",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient \n» le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la crois\\- \n» sance économique. »}}\n}}",
"Unlike English, French does not identify unquoted material within a quotation by using a second set of quotation marks. Compare:",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique. »\\|italic\\=set}}",
"\"This is a great day for Montrealers\", the minister maintained. \"These investments will stimulate economic growth.\"\n}}",
"For clarity, some newspapers put nested quoted material in italics:",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|« ''C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais,'' soutient le ministre. ''Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique.'' »\\|italic\\=unset}}\n}}",
"The French Imprimerie nationale (cf. *Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale*, presses de l'Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 2002\\) does not use different quotation marks for nesting quotes:\n{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|« Son « explication » n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.}}",
"\"His 'explanation' is just a lie\", the deputy protested.\n}}",
"In this case, when there should be two adjacent opening or closing marks, only one is written:",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|Il répondit : « Ce n’est qu’un « gadget ! ».}}",
"He answered: \"It's only a 'gizmo'.\"\n}}",
"The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules, for instance in situations when the keyboard or the software context doesn't allow the use of guillemets. The French news site *[L'Humanité](/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9 \"L'Humanité\")* uses straight quotation marks along with angle ones.",
"English quotes are also used sometimes for nested quotations:\n{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|« Son “explication” n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.}}",
"\"His 'explanation' is just a lie\", the deputy protested.\n}}",
"But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics. Single quotation marks are much more rarely used, and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers:",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|« Son ''explication'' n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.\\|italic\\=unset}}",
"{{lang\\|fr\\|Il répondit : « Ce n’est qu’un ''gadget'' ! ».\\|italic\\=unset}}\n}}",
"Further, running dialogue does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re\\-opening the quotation. (For other languages employing dashes, see section [Quotation dash](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash \"#Quotation dash\") below.) The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well. In general, quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible, including not just unspoken text such as \"he said\" (as previously noted), but also as long as the conversion extends. The quotation marks end at the last word of spoken text (rather than extending to the end of the paragraph) when the final part is not spoken.\n{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|fr\\|« Je ne vous parle pas, monsieur, dit\\-il.}}",
"{{lang\\|fr\\|— Mais je vous parle, moi ! » s’écria le jeune homme exaspéré de ce mélange d’insolence et de bonnes manières, de convenance et de dédain.}} (\\[\\[Alexandre Dumas, père\\|Dumas]], ''\\[\\[The Three Musketeers\\|Les trois mousquetaires]]'')",
"\"I am not speaking to you, sir\", he said.",
"\"But ''I'' am speaking to you!\" cried the young man, exasperated by this combination of insolence and good manners, of protocol and disdain.\n}}",
"### Greek",
"[Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") uses angled quotation marks (**{{lang\\|el\\|\\[\\[wikt:εισαγωγικά\\|εισαγωγικά]]}}** – *isagogiká*):\n{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|el\\|«Μιλάει σοβαρά;» ρώτησε την Μαρία. \n«Ναι, σίγουρα», αποκρίθηκε.}}\n}}\nand the [quotation dash](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash \"#Quotation dash\") (**{{lang\\|el\\|\\[\\[wikt:παύλα\\|παύλα]]}}** – *pávla*):\n{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|el\\|― Μιλάει σοβαρά; ρώτησε την Μαρία. \n― Ναι, σίγουρα, αποκρίθηκε.}}\n}}\nwhich translate to:\n{{block indent\\|1\\=\n\"Is he serious?\" he asked Maria.",
"\"Yes, certainly,\" she replied.\n}}\nA closing quotation mark, {{char\\|»}}, is added to the beginning of each new paragraph within a quotation.",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|el\\|« Η Βικιπαίδεια ή Wikipedia είναι ένα συλλογικό εγκυκλοπαιδικό \n» εγχείρημα που έχει συσταθεί στο Διαδίκτυο, παγκόσμιο, πολύγλωσσο, \n» που λειτουργεί με την αρχή του wiki. »}}\n}}",
"When quotations are nested, the nested parts use English\\-style quotation marks, double and then (if necessary) single: {{char\\|«…“…‘…’…”…»}}.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2024}}",
"",
"| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) | HTML | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|«{{color\\|silver\\|Α}}»}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+00AB (0171\\)\\|U\\+00BB (0187\\)}} | {{cslist\\|\\«\\|\\»}} | Greek first level double quotes (**{{lang\\|el\\|\\[\\[wikt:εισαγωγικά\\|εισαγωγικά]]}}**) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|― {{color\\|silver\\|Α}}}}}} | U\\+2014 (8212\\) | \\&\\#8212; | Greek direct quotation em\\-dash |",
"### Hungarian",
"According to current recommendation by the [Hungarian Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences \"Hungarian Academy of Sciences\") the main Hungarian quotation marks are comma\\-shaped double quotation marks set on the base\\-line at the beginning of the quote and at apostrophe\\-height at the end of it for first level, ({{char\\|„Quote”}}), reversed »French quotes« without space (the German tradition) for the second level, and thus the following nested quotation pattern emerges:\n* {{char\\|„Quote »inside« quote”}}",
"... and with third level:\n* {{char\\|„Quote »inside ’inside of inside’ inside« quote”}}",
"In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by *uniform (unpaired)* apostrophe\\-shaped quotation marks:\n* {{char\\|''die Biene'' ’méh’}}",
"A [quotation dash](/wiki/%23Quotation_dash \"#Quotation dash\") is also used, and is predominant in [belletristic](/wiki/Belletristic \"Belletristic\") literature.\n* {{char\\|– Merre jártál? – kérdezte a köpcös}}.",
"",
"| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) | HTML | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|„{{color\\|silver\\|A}}”}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+201E (8222\\)\\|U\\+201D (8221\\)}} | {{cslist\\|\\„\\|\\”}} | Hungarian first level double quotes (left and right) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|»{{color\\|silver\\|A}}«}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+00BB (0171\\)\\|U\\+00AB (0187\\)}} | {{cslist\\|\\»\\|\\«}} | Hungarian second level double quotes (left and right) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|’{{color\\|silver\\|A}}’}}}} | U\\+2019 (8217\\) | \\’ | Hungarian *unpaired* quotes signifying \"meaning of the preceding term\" |",
"### Hebrew",
"In Israel, the traditional practice in printing and handwriting is to use „low\\-high” quote marks. Since the 2000s, the plain quotes have become more common.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2024}} The 2013 revision of the SI\\-1452 standard for [Hebrew keyboard](/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard \"Hebrew keyboard\"), available since 2012 in Windows 8 and in desktop Linux systems, supports both systems, as does the [Gboard](/wiki/Gboard \"Gboard\") keyboard for touchscreen devices.",
"### Norwegian",
"[Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language \"Norwegian language\") uses angled quotation marks (**{{lang\\|nb\\|\\[\\[wikt:Anførselstegn\\|Anførselstegn]]}}**)",
"",
"| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) | HTML | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|«{{color\\|silver\\|Α}}»}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+00AB (0171\\)\\|U\\+00BB (0187\\)}} | {{cslist\\|\\«\\|\\»}} |",
"### Polish",
"{{Update\\|section\\|reason\\=The PN\\-83/P\\-55366 standard was withdrawn in 2014, according to Polish Wikipedia\\|inaccurate\\=yes\\|date\\=March 2024}}\nAccording to current [PN\\-83/P\\-55366](/wiki/PN-83/P-55366 \"PN-83/P-55366\") standard from 1983 (but not dictionaries, see below), *Typesetting rules for composing Polish text* (*Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim*) one can use either „ordinary Polish quotes” or «French quotes» (without space) for first level, and ‚single Polish quotes’ or «French quotes» for second level, which gives three styles of nested quotes:",
"1. {{char\\|„Quote ‚inside’ quote”}}\n2. {{char\\|„Quote «inside» quote”}}\n3. {{char\\|«Quote ‚inside’ quote»}}",
"There is no space on the internal side of quote marks, with the exception of {{frac\\|1\\|4}} *[firet](/wiki/Em_%28typography%29%23Firet \"Em (typography)#Firet\")* (≈ {{frac\\|1\\|4}} [em](/wiki/Em_%28typography%29 \"Em (typography)\")) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them (e.g. ,„ and ’”).",
"The above rules have not changed since at least the previous [BN\\-76/7440\\-02](/wiki/BN-76/7440-02 \"BN-76/7440-02\") standard from 1976 and are probably much older.",
"These rules on the use of guillemets conflict with the ones given by Polish dictionaries, including the *Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny PWN* recommended by the [Polish Language Council](/wiki/Polish_Language_Council \"Polish Language Council\"). The PWN rules state:",
"{{quote\\|In specific uses, guillemets also appear. Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions (mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries), as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.{{cite web \\|title\\=Zasady pisowni i interpunkcji \\|language\\=pl \\|url\\= http://so.pwn.pl/zasady.php?id\\=629866 \\|work\\=Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny (online edition) \\|publisher\\=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121120220728/http://so.pwn.pl/zasady.php?id\\=629866 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2012}}}}",
"In Polish printed books and publications, this dictionary\\-recommended style for guillemets (also known as »German quotes«) is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles, but almost never for ordinary text in paragraphs.",
"Another style of quoting is to use an [em\\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash \"Em-dash\") to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively for quoting dialogues rather than for single statements, and is virtually always the one used for that purpose in works of fiction.",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\nMag skłonił się. Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo.",
"— Jak się nazywa ta wieś, panie? — zapytał przybysz. Kowal wzruszył ramionami.",
"— Głupi Osioł.",
"— Głupi...?",
"— Osioł — powtórzył kowal takim tonem, jakby wyzywał gościa, żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować. Mag zamyślił się.",
"— Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię — stwierdził w końcu. — W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał. Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą, kowalu, o twoim synu.",
"The wizard bowed. A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully.",
"“What is the name of this place, sir?” said the wizard.",
"The blacksmith shrugged.",
"“Stupid Donkey,” he said. \\[original English version is \"Bad Ass\", but that's not a common phrase in Polish]",
"“Stupid—?”",
"“Donkey,” repeated the blacksmith, his tone defying anyone to make something of it.",
"The wizard considered this.",
"“A name with a story behind it,” he said at last, “which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear. But I would like to speak to you, smith, about your son.”",
"(— \\[\\[Terry Pratchett]], ''Equal Rites'')\n}}",
"An [en\\-dash](/wiki/En-dash \"En-dash\") is sometimes used in place of the [em\\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash \"Em-dash\"), especially so in newspaper texts.",
"",
"| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) | HTML | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|‚{{color\\|silver\\|A}}’}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+201A (8218\\)\\|U\\+2019 (8217\\)}} | {{cslist\\|\\‚\\|\\’}} | Polish single quotes (left and right) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|„{{color\\|silver\\|A}}”}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+201E (8222\\)\\|U\\+201D (8221\\)}} | {{cslist\\|\\„\\|\\”}} | Polish double quotes (left and right) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|— {{color\\|silver\\|A}}}}}} | U\\+2014 (8212\\) | \\— | Polish direct quotation [em\\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash \"Em-dash\") |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|– {{color\\|silver\\|A}}}}}} | U\\+2013 (8211\\) | \\– | Polish direct quotation [en\\-dash](/wiki/En-dash \"En-dash\") |",
"### Portuguese",
"Neither the [Portuguese](/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa%2C_Classe_de_Letras \"Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras\") [language regulator](/wiki/Language_regulator \"Language regulator\") nor the [Brazilian](/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras \"Academia Brasileira de Letras\") prescribe a particular shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used.",
"In [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), angular quotation marks (ex. {{notatypo\\|«quote»}}) are traditionally used. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, normally used by typographers, and are also the usual style in reference sources,{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua\\-portuguesa/aspas\\|title\\=Definição ou significado de aspas no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa \\|language\\=pt \\|website\\=Infopédia – Dicionários Porto Editora \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161125051548/https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua\\-portuguesa/aspas \\|url\\-status\\=live}}*Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea*. Academia das Ciências, Lisboa, 2001Cunha, Celso \\& Lindley Cintra. *Gramática do Português Contemporâneo*. Edições João Sá da Cunha, Lisboa, 2013 as well as on some websites dedicated to the Portuguese language.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://ciberduvidas.iscte\\-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o\\-uso\\-das\\-aspas\\-\\-e\\-/13051 \\|title\\=O uso das aspas “…” e «…» \\|publisher\\=ISCTE\\-IUL \\|website\\=Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 March 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170317102827/https://ciberduvidas.iscte\\-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o\\-uso\\-das\\-aspas\\-\\-e\\-/13051 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The *Código de Redação*{{cite web \\|url\\= http://publications.europa.eu/code/pt/pt\\-4100410pt.htm \\|title\\=Código de Redação Interinstitucional — 10\\.4\\.10\\. Aspas \\|language\\=pt \\|trans\\-title\\=Code of Inter\\-institutional Translation \\|publisher\\=Serviço das Publicações \\|id\\=OP/B.3/CRI \\|website\\=publications.europa.eu \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113348/http://publications.europa.eu/code/pt/pt\\-4100410pt.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} for Portuguese\\-language documents published in the European Union prescribes three levels of quotation marks, {{char\\|«…“…‘…’…”…»}}:",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n''E estava escrito «Alguém perguntou “Quem foi que gritou ‘Meu Deus!’?”.» na folha de papel.''",
"And it was written “Someone asked ‘Who shouted “My God!”?’.” on the sheet of paper.\n}}",
"* in black: main sentence which contains the quotations;\n* in green: 1st level quotation;\n* in red: 2nd level quotation;\n* in blue: 3rd level quotation;",
"The usage of curved quotation marks (ex. {{notatypo\\|{{serif\\|“quote”}} and {{serif\\|‘quote’}}}}) is growing in Portugal,{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.prof2000\\.pt/users/primavera/d34\\_aspas\\_altas.htm\\|title\\=As aspas altas\\|publisher\\=}}{{dead link\\|date\\=October 2019}}{{better source\\|date\\=August 2017}} probably due to the omnipresence of the English language and to the corresponding difficulty (or even inability) to enter angular quotation marks on some machines (mobile phones, cash registers, calculators, etc.).",
"In [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), angular quotation marks are rare, and curved quotation marks ({{notatypo\\|{{serif\\|“quote”}} and {{serif\\|‘quote’}}}}) are almost always used. An example of this can be seen in the difference between a [Portuguese keyboard](/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants_%23Portugal \"List of QWERTY keyboard language variants #Portugal\") (which has a key for {{char\\|«}} and {{char\\|»}}) and a [Brazilian keyboard](/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants_%23Brazil \"List of QWERTY keyboard language variants #Brazil\").",
"The [Portuguese\\-speaking African countries](/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries \"Portuguese-speaking African countries\") tend to follow Portugal's conventions, not the Brazilian ones.",
"Other usages of quotation marks ({{char\\|“quote„}} for double, {{char\\|‹quote›}} for single) are obsolete in Portuguese.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}.",
"### Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian",
"In [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarusian_language \"Belarusian language\"), [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"), and [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language \"Ukrainian language\"), the angled quotation ([Belarusian](/wiki/Belarusian_language \"Belarusian language\"): «двукоссе», [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): «кавычки», [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language \"Ukrainian language\"): «лапки») marks are used without spaces. In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks.",
"Example in Russian:",
"{{lang\\|ru\\|Пушкин писал Дельвигу: «Жду „Цыганов“ и тотчас тисну».}}",
"([Pushkin](/wiki/Pushkin \"Pushkin\") wrote to Delvig: \"Waiting for '[Gypsies](/wiki/The_Gypsies_%28poem%29 \"The Gypsies (poem)\")', and publish at once.\")",
"Example in Ukrainian:",
"{{lang\\|uk\\|«І, звісно, не обійтись без користування словником. Один мій знайомий поет і літературознавець якось жартуючи сказав: “Я волію читати словники, ніж поеми. У словнику ті самі слова, що і в поемі, але подані в систематизованому порядку”. Це сказано жартома, але “читати словники” — не така вже дивовижна і дивацька річ, як може здатися».}}",
"(\"And, of course, you can't avoid using a dictionary. One of my acquaintances, a poet and literary critic, once jokingly said: 'I prefer to read dictionaries than poems. The dictionary has the same words as in the poem, but is presented in a systematic way'. It's a joke, but 'reading dictionaries' is not as amazing and bizarre as it may seem.\")",
"### Spanish",
"[Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_%28language%29 \"Spanish (language)\") uses angled quotation marks ({{lang\\|es\\|comillas latinas}} or {{lang\\|es\\|angulares}}), with no space between the quotation mark and the quoted material.",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|es\\|«Esto es un ejemplo de cómo se suele hacer una cita literal en español».}}",
"\"This is an example of how a literal quotation is usually written in Spanish.\"\n}}",
"When quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is:This system follows the rules laid down in section 5\\.10 of the orthography guide [*Ortografía de la lengua española*](http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000015.nsf/(voanexos)/arch7E8694F9D6446133C12571640039A189/$FILE/Ortografia.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090126144509/http://rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000015\\.nsf/(voanexos)/arch7E8694F9D6446133C12571640039A189/$FILE/Ortografia.pdf \\|date\\=26 January 2009}} published by the [Real Academia Española](/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola \"Real Academia Española\") (RAE).",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n{{lang\\|es\\|«Antonio me dijo: “Vaya ‘cacharro’ que se ha comprado Julián”».}}",
"\"Antonio told me, 'What a piece of \"junk\" Julián has purchased for himself'\".\n}}",
"The use of English quotation marks is increasing in Spanish;{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2018}} the *[El País](/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs \"El País\")* style guide, which is widely followed in Spain, recommends them. [Hispanic Americans](/wiki/Hispanic_America \"Hispanic America\") often use them, owing to influence from the United States.",
"### Chinese, Japanese and Korean",
"Corner brackets are well\\-suited for [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\"), [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_language \"Japanese language\"), and [Korean](/wiki/Korean_language \"Korean language\") languages, because they accommodate [vertical and horizontal writing](/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts \"Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts\") equally well. China, South Korea, and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically. Usage differs when writing horizontally:\n* In [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), corner brackets are used.\n* In [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), corner brackets and English\\-style quotes are used.\n* In [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\"), angle quotes are used.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}\n* In [mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\"), English\\-style quotes (full width “ ”) are official and prevalent; corner brackets are rare today. The Unicode code points used are the English quotes (rendered as fullwidth by the font), not the fullwidth forms.\n* In [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") and [Macau](/wiki/Macau \"Macau\"), where [traditional characters](/wiki/Traditional_characters \"Traditional characters\") are used, corner brackets are prevalent, although English\\-style quotes are also used.\n* In the Chinese language, double angle brackets are placed around titles of books, documents, movies, pieces of art or music, magazines, newspapers, laws, etc. When nested, single angle brackets are used inside double angle brackets. With some exceptions, this usage parallels the usage of italics in English:",
"「你看過《三國演義》嗎？」他問我。\n\"Have you read *[Romance of the Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\")*?\", he asked me.\nWhen corner brackets are being used for quotations, quote\\-within\\-quote segments are marked with white corner brackets.",
"",
"| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) | Description | Usage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{nowrap\\|{{huge\\|「{{color\\|silver\\|文字}}」}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+300C (12300\\)\\|U\\+300D (12301\\)}} | Corner brackets {{plainlist\\| \\* \\[\\[Chinese language\\|Chinese]]: {{Interlanguage link multi\\|單引號\\|zh\\|3\\=引號}} (''dān yǐn hào'') \\* \\[\\[Japanese punctuation\\|Japanese]]: {{Interlanguage link multi\\|鉤括弧\\|ja\\|3\\=鉤括弧}} (''kagikakko'') \\* {{lang\\-ko\\|낫표}} (''natpyo'') }} | {{plainlist\\| \\* \\[\\[Japanese typographic symbols\\|Japanese]] \\* Korean \\* Traditional Chinese }} |\n| {{Css\\-style\\|writing\\-mode:vertical\\-rl;white\\-space: nowrap;\\|{{huge\\|﹁{{color\\|silver\\|文字}}﹂}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+FE41 (65089\\)\\|U\\+FE42 (65090\\)}}(non\\-normative){{efn\\|name\\=cjkvert\\|These codes for vertical\\-writing characters are for presentation forms in the Unicode CJK compatibility forms section. Typical documents use normative character codes which are shown for the horizontal writing in this table, and applications are usually responsible to render correct forms depending on the writing direction used.}} | For vertical writing:{{plainlist\\| \\* Japanese \\* Korean \\* Traditional Chinese \\* Simplified Chinese }} |\n| {{nowrap\\|{{huge\\|『{{color\\|silver\\|文字}}』}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+300E (12302\\)\\|U\\+300F (12303\\)}} | White corner brackets{{plainlist\\| \\* Chinese: 雙引號 (''shuāng yǐn hào'') \\* Japanese: {{Interlanguage link multi\\|二重鉤括弧\\|ja\\|3\\=二重鉤括弧}} (''nijū kagikakko'') \\* Korean: 겹낫표 (''gyeomnatpyo'') }} | {{plainlist\\| \\* Japanese \\* Korean (book titles) \\* Traditional Chinese }} |\n| {{Css\\-style\\|writing\\-mode:vertical\\-rl;white\\-space:nowrap;\\|{{huge\\|﹃{{color\\|silver\\|文字}}﹄}}}} | U\\+FE43 (65091\\), U\\+FE44 (65092\\)(non\\-normative){{efn\\|name\\=cjkvert}} | For vertical writing:{{plainlist\\| \\* Japanese \\* Korean \\* Traditional Chinese \\* Simplified Chinese }} |\n| {{huge\\|“{{color\\|silver\\|한}}”}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+201C (8220\\)\\|U\\+201D (8221\\)}} | Double quotation marks{{plainlist\\| \\* Korean: 큰따옴표 (''keunttaompyo'') \\* Chinese: 雙引號 (''shuāng yǐn hào'') }} | {{plainlist\\| \\* Korean (\\[\\[South Korea]]) \\* Traditional Chinese (acceptable but less common, happened in Hong Kong mainly as a result of influence from mainland China) \\* Simplified Chinese }} |\n| {{huge\\|‘{{color\\|silver\\|한}}’}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+2018 (8216\\)\\|U\\+2019 (8217\\)}} | Single quotation marks{{plainlist\\| \\* Korean: 작은따옴표 (''jageunttaompyo'') \\* Chinese: 單引號 (''dān yǐn hào'') }} | {{plainlist\\| \\* Korean (South Korea) \\* Chinese (for quote\\-within\\-quote segments) }} |\n| {{huge\\|《{{color\\|silver\\|한}}》}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+300A (12298\\)\\|U\\+300B (12299\\)}} | Double angle brackets{{plainlist\\| \\* Korean: 겹화살괄호 (''gyeophwasalgwalho'') \\* Chinese: 書名號 (''shū míng hào'') }} | {{plainlist\\| \\* Korean (book titles) \\* \\[\\[Chinese language\\|Chinese]] (used for titles of books, documents, movies, pieces of art or music, magazines, newspapers, laws, etc. ) }} |\n| {{huge\\|〈{{color\\|silver\\|한}}〉}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+3008 (12296\\)\\|U\\+3009 (12297\\)}} | Single angle brackets{{plainlist\\| \\* Korean: 홑화살괄호 (''hothwasalgwalho'') \\* Chinese: 書名號 (''shū míng hào'') }} | {{plainlist\\| \\* Korean (book sub\\-titles) \\* \\[\\[Chinese language\\|Chinese]] (for book titles within book titles.) }} |",
"",
""
] |
### Polish
{{Update\|section\|reason\=The PN\-83/P\-55366 standard was withdrawn in 2014, according to Polish Wikipedia\|inaccurate\=yes\|date\=March 2024}}
According to current [PN\-83/P\-55366](/wiki/PN-83/P-55366 "PN-83/P-55366") standard from 1983 (but not dictionaries, see below), *Typesetting rules for composing Polish text* (*Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim*) one can use either „ordinary Polish quotes” or «French quotes» (without space) for first level, and ‚single Polish quotes’ or «French quotes» for second level, which gives three styles of nested quotes:
1. {{char\|„Quote ‚inside’ quote”}}
2. {{char\|„Quote «inside» quote”}}
3. {{char\|«Quote ‚inside’ quote»}}
There is no space on the internal side of quote marks, with the exception of {{frac\|1\|4}} *[firet](/wiki/Em_%28typography%29%23Firet "Em (typography)#Firet")* (≈ {{frac\|1\|4}} [em](/wiki/Em_%28typography%29 "Em (typography)")) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them (e.g. ,„ and ’”).
The above rules have not changed since at least the previous [BN\-76/7440\-02](/wiki/BN-76/7440-02 "BN-76/7440-02") standard from 1976 and are probably much older.
These rules on the use of guillemets conflict with the ones given by Polish dictionaries, including the *Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny PWN* recommended by the [Polish Language Council](/wiki/Polish_Language_Council "Polish Language Council"). The PWN rules state:
{{quote\|In specific uses, guillemets also appear. Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions (mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries), as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.{{cite web \|title\=Zasady pisowni i interpunkcji \|language\=pl \|url\= http://so.pwn.pl/zasady.php?id\=629866 \|work\=Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny (online edition) \|publisher\=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA \|access\-date\=11 September 2012 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121120220728/http://so.pwn.pl/zasady.php?id\=629866 \|archive\-date\=20 November 2012}}}}
In Polish printed books and publications, this dictionary\-recommended style for guillemets (also known as »German quotes«) is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles, but almost never for ordinary text in paragraphs.
Another style of quoting is to use an [em\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash "Em-dash") to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively for quoting dialogues rather than for single statements, and is virtually always the one used for that purpose in works of fiction.
{{block indent\|1\=
Mag skłonił się. Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo.
— Jak się nazywa ta wieś, panie? — zapytał przybysz. Kowal wzruszył ramionami.
— Głupi Osioł.
— Głupi...?
— Osioł — powtórzył kowal takim tonem, jakby wyzywał gościa, żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować. Mag zamyślił się.
— Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię — stwierdził w końcu. — W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał. Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą, kowalu, o twoim synu.
The wizard bowed. A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully.
“What is the name of this place, sir?” said the wizard.
The blacksmith shrugged.
“Stupid Donkey,” he said. \[original English version is "Bad Ass", but that's not a common phrase in Polish]
“Stupid—?”
“Donkey,” repeated the blacksmith, his tone defying anyone to make something of it.
The wizard considered this.
“A name with a story behind it,” he said at last, “which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear. But I would like to speak to you, smith, about your son.”
(— \[\[Terry Pratchett]], ''Equal Rites'')
}}
An [en\-dash](/wiki/En-dash "En-dash") is sometimes used in place of the [em\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash "Em-dash"), especially so in newspaper texts.
| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") (decimal) | HTML | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|‚{{color\|silver\|A}}’}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+201A (8218\)\|U\+2019 (8217\)}} | {{cslist\|\‚\|\’}} | Polish single quotes (left and right) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|„{{color\|silver\|A}}”}}}} | {{cslist\|U\+201E (8222\)\|U\+201D (8221\)}} | {{cslist\|\„\|\”}} | Polish double quotes (left and right) |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|— {{color\|silver\|A}}}}}} | U\+2014 (8212\) | \— | Polish direct quotation [em\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash "Em-dash") |
| {{serif\|{{huge\|– {{color\|silver\|A}}}}}} | U\+2013 (8211\) | \– | Polish direct quotation [en\-dash](/wiki/En-dash "En-dash") |
|
[
"### Polish",
"{{Update\\|section\\|reason\\=The PN\\-83/P\\-55366 standard was withdrawn in 2014, according to Polish Wikipedia\\|inaccurate\\=yes\\|date\\=March 2024}}\nAccording to current [PN\\-83/P\\-55366](/wiki/PN-83/P-55366 \"PN-83/P-55366\") standard from 1983 (but not dictionaries, see below), *Typesetting rules for composing Polish text* (*Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim*) one can use either „ordinary Polish quotes” or «French quotes» (without space) for first level, and ‚single Polish quotes’ or «French quotes» for second level, which gives three styles of nested quotes:",
"1. {{char\\|„Quote ‚inside’ quote”}}\n2. {{char\\|„Quote «inside» quote”}}\n3. {{char\\|«Quote ‚inside’ quote»}}",
"There is no space on the internal side of quote marks, with the exception of {{frac\\|1\\|4}} *[firet](/wiki/Em_%28typography%29%23Firet \"Em (typography)#Firet\")* (≈ {{frac\\|1\\|4}} [em](/wiki/Em_%28typography%29 \"Em (typography)\")) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them (e.g. ,„ and ’”).",
"The above rules have not changed since at least the previous [BN\\-76/7440\\-02](/wiki/BN-76/7440-02 \"BN-76/7440-02\") standard from 1976 and are probably much older.",
"These rules on the use of guillemets conflict with the ones given by Polish dictionaries, including the *Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny PWN* recommended by the [Polish Language Council](/wiki/Polish_Language_Council \"Polish Language Council\"). The PWN rules state:",
"{{quote\\|In specific uses, guillemets also appear. Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions (mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries), as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.{{cite web \\|title\\=Zasady pisowni i interpunkcji \\|language\\=pl \\|url\\= http://so.pwn.pl/zasady.php?id\\=629866 \\|work\\=Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny (online edition) \\|publisher\\=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121120220728/http://so.pwn.pl/zasady.php?id\\=629866 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2012}}}}",
"In Polish printed books and publications, this dictionary\\-recommended style for guillemets (also known as »German quotes«) is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles, but almost never for ordinary text in paragraphs.",
"Another style of quoting is to use an [em\\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash \"Em-dash\") to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively for quoting dialogues rather than for single statements, and is virtually always the one used for that purpose in works of fiction.",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\nMag skłonił się. Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo.",
"— Jak się nazywa ta wieś, panie? — zapytał przybysz. Kowal wzruszył ramionami.",
"— Głupi Osioł.",
"— Głupi...?",
"— Osioł — powtórzył kowal takim tonem, jakby wyzywał gościa, żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować. Mag zamyślił się.",
"— Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię — stwierdził w końcu. — W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał. Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą, kowalu, o twoim synu.",
"The wizard bowed. A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully.",
"“What is the name of this place, sir?” said the wizard.",
"The blacksmith shrugged.",
"“Stupid Donkey,” he said. \\[original English version is \"Bad Ass\", but that's not a common phrase in Polish]",
"“Stupid—?”",
"“Donkey,” repeated the blacksmith, his tone defying anyone to make something of it.",
"The wizard considered this.",
"“A name with a story behind it,” he said at last, “which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear. But I would like to speak to you, smith, about your son.”",
"(— \\[\\[Terry Pratchett]], ''Equal Rites'')\n}}",
"An [en\\-dash](/wiki/En-dash \"En-dash\") is sometimes used in place of the [em\\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash \"Em-dash\"), especially so in newspaper texts.",
"",
"| Samples | [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") (decimal) | HTML | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|‚{{color\\|silver\\|A}}’}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+201A (8218\\)\\|U\\+2019 (8217\\)}} | {{cslist\\|\\‚\\|\\’}} | Polish single quotes (left and right) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|„{{color\\|silver\\|A}}”}}}} | {{cslist\\|U\\+201E (8222\\)\\|U\\+201D (8221\\)}} | {{cslist\\|\\„\\|\\”}} | Polish double quotes (left and right) |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|— {{color\\|silver\\|A}}}}}} | U\\+2014 (8212\\) | \\— | Polish direct quotation [em\\-dash](/wiki/Em-dash \"Em-dash\") |\n| {{serif\\|{{huge\\|– {{color\\|silver\\|A}}}}}} | U\\+2013 (8211\\) | \\– | Polish direct quotation [en\\-dash](/wiki/En-dash \"En-dash\") |",
""
] |
### Portuguese
Neither the [Portuguese](/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa%2C_Classe_de_Letras "Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras") [language regulator](/wiki/Language_regulator "Language regulator") nor the [Brazilian](/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras "Academia Brasileira de Letras") prescribe a particular shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used.
In [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"), angular quotation marks (ex. {{notatypo\|«quote»}}) are traditionally used. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, normally used by typographers, and are also the usual style in reference sources,{{cite web \|url\= https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua\-portuguesa/aspas\|title\=Definição ou significado de aspas no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa \|language\=pt \|website\=Infopédia – Dicionários Porto Editora \|access\-date\=23 December 2016 \|archive\-date\=25 November 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161125051548/https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua\-portuguesa/aspas \|url\-status\=live}}*Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea*. Academia das Ciências, Lisboa, 2001Cunha, Celso \& Lindley Cintra. *Gramática do Português Contemporâneo*. Edições João Sá da Cunha, Lisboa, 2013 as well as on some websites dedicated to the Portuguese language.{{cite web \|url\= https://ciberduvidas.iscte\-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o\-uso\-das\-aspas\-\-e\-/13051 \|title\=O uso das aspas “…” e «…» \|publisher\=ISCTE\-IUL \|website\=Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa \|access\-date\=6 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=17 March 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170317102827/https://ciberduvidas.iscte\-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o\-uso\-das\-aspas\-\-e\-/13051 \|url\-status\=live}}
The *Código de Redação*{{cite web \|url\= http://publications.europa.eu/code/pt/pt\-4100410pt.htm \|title\=Código de Redação Interinstitucional — 10\.4\.10\. Aspas \|language\=pt \|trans\-title\=Code of Inter\-institutional Translation \|publisher\=Serviço das Publicações \|id\=OP/B.3/CRI \|website\=publications.europa.eu \|access\-date\=6 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113348/http://publications.europa.eu/code/pt/pt\-4100410pt.htm \|url\-status\=live}} for Portuguese\-language documents published in the European Union prescribes three levels of quotation marks, {{char\|«…“…‘…’…”…»}}:
{{block indent\|1\=
''E estava escrito «Alguém perguntou “Quem foi que gritou ‘Meu Deus!’?”.» na folha de papel.''
And it was written “Someone asked ‘Who shouted “My God!”?’.” on the sheet of paper.
}}
* in black: main sentence which contains the quotations;
* in green: 1st level quotation;
* in red: 2nd level quotation;
* in blue: 3rd level quotation;
The usage of curved quotation marks (ex. {{notatypo\|{{serif\|“quote”}} and {{serif\|‘quote’}}}}) is growing in Portugal,{{cite web\|url\= http://www.prof2000\.pt/users/primavera/d34\_aspas\_altas.htm\|title\=As aspas altas\|publisher\=}}{{dead link\|date\=October 2019}}{{better source\|date\=August 2017}} probably due to the omnipresence of the English language and to the corresponding difficulty (or even inability) to enter angular quotation marks on some machines (mobile phones, cash registers, calculators, etc.).
In [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), angular quotation marks are rare, and curved quotation marks ({{notatypo\|{{serif\|“quote”}} and {{serif\|‘quote’}}}}) are almost always used. An example of this can be seen in the difference between a [Portuguese keyboard](/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants_%23Portugal "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants #Portugal") (which has a key for {{char\|«}} and {{char\|»}}) and a [Brazilian keyboard](/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants_%23Brazil "List of QWERTY keyboard language variants #Brazil").
The [Portuguese\-speaking African countries](/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries "Portuguese-speaking African countries") tend to follow Portugal's conventions, not the Brazilian ones.
Other usages of quotation marks ({{char\|“quote„}} for double, {{char\|‹quote›}} for single) are obsolete in Portuguese.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}.
|
[
"### Portuguese",
"Neither the [Portuguese](/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa%2C_Classe_de_Letras \"Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras\") [language regulator](/wiki/Language_regulator \"Language regulator\") nor the [Brazilian](/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras \"Academia Brasileira de Letras\") prescribe a particular shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used.",
"In [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), angular quotation marks (ex. {{notatypo\\|«quote»}}) are traditionally used. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, normally used by typographers, and are also the usual style in reference sources,{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua\\-portuguesa/aspas\\|title\\=Definição ou significado de aspas no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa \\|language\\=pt \\|website\\=Infopédia – Dicionários Porto Editora \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161125051548/https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua\\-portuguesa/aspas \\|url\\-status\\=live}}*Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea*. Academia das Ciências, Lisboa, 2001Cunha, Celso \\& Lindley Cintra. *Gramática do Português Contemporâneo*. Edições João Sá da Cunha, Lisboa, 2013 as well as on some websites dedicated to the Portuguese language.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://ciberduvidas.iscte\\-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o\\-uso\\-das\\-aspas\\-\\-e\\-/13051 \\|title\\=O uso das aspas “…” e «…» \\|publisher\\=ISCTE\\-IUL \\|website\\=Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 March 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170317102827/https://ciberduvidas.iscte\\-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o\\-uso\\-das\\-aspas\\-\\-e\\-/13051 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The *Código de Redação*{{cite web \\|url\\= http://publications.europa.eu/code/pt/pt\\-4100410pt.htm \\|title\\=Código de Redação Interinstitucional — 10\\.4\\.10\\. Aspas \\|language\\=pt \\|trans\\-title\\=Code of Inter\\-institutional Translation \\|publisher\\=Serviço das Publicações \\|id\\=OP/B.3/CRI \\|website\\=publications.europa.eu \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113348/http://publications.europa.eu/code/pt/pt\\-4100410pt.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} for Portuguese\\-language documents published in the European Union prescribes three levels of quotation marks, {{char\\|«…“…‘…’…”…»}}:",
"{{block indent\\|1\\=\n''E estava escrito «Alguém perguntou “Quem foi que gritou ‘Meu Deus!’?”.» na folha de papel.''",
"And it was written “Someone asked ‘Who shouted “My God!”?’.” on the sheet of paper.\n}}",
"* in black: main sentence which contains the quotations;\n* in green: 1st level quotation;\n* in red: 2nd level quotation;\n* in blue: 3rd level quotation;",
"The usage of curved quotation marks (ex. {{notatypo\\|{{serif\\|“quote”}} and {{serif\\|‘quote’}}}}) is growing in Portugal,{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.prof2000\\.pt/users/primavera/d34\\_aspas\\_altas.htm\\|title\\=As aspas altas\\|publisher\\=}}{{dead link\\|date\\=October 2019}}{{better source\\|date\\=August 2017}} probably due to the omnipresence of the English language and to the corresponding difficulty (or even inability) to enter angular quotation marks on some machines (mobile phones, cash registers, calculators, etc.).",
"In [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), angular quotation marks are rare, and curved quotation marks ({{notatypo\\|{{serif\\|“quote”}} and {{serif\\|‘quote’}}}}) are almost always used. An example of this can be seen in the difference between a [Portuguese keyboard](/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants_%23Portugal \"List of QWERTY keyboard language variants #Portugal\") (which has a key for {{char\\|«}} and {{char\\|»}}) and a [Brazilian keyboard](/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants_%23Brazil \"List of QWERTY keyboard language variants #Brazil\").",
"The [Portuguese\\-speaking African countries](/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries \"Portuguese-speaking African countries\") tend to follow Portugal's conventions, not the Brazilian ones.",
"Other usages of quotation marks ({{char\\|“quote„}} for double, {{char\\|‹quote›}} for single) are obsolete in Portuguese.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}.",
""
] |
Electronic documents
--------------------
Different [typefaces](/wiki/Typeface "Typeface"), [character encodings](/wiki/Character_encoding "Character encoding") and [computer languages](/wiki/Computer_language "Computer language") use various encodings and glyphs for quotation marks.
### Typewriters and early computers
'Ambidextrous' or 'straight' quotation marks {{char\|' "}} were introduced on [typewriters](/wiki/Typewriter "Typewriter") to minimise the number of keys on the keyboard, and were inherited by [computer keyboards](/wiki/Computer_keyboard "Computer keyboard") and [character sets](/wiki/Character_set "Character set"). The [ASCII](/wiki/ASCII "ASCII") character set, which has been used on a wide variety of computers since the 1960s, contains the straight versions only ({{unichar\|0027\|apostrophe\|nlink\=apostrophe}} and {{unichar\|0022\|quotation mark}}).
Many systems, such as the [personal computers](/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer") of the 1980s and early 1990s, actually drew these ASCII quotes like closing quotes on\-screen and in printouts, so text would *appear* like this (approximately):
{{monodiv\|{{block indent\|1\=
″Good morning, Dave,″ said HAL.
′Good morning, Dave,′ said HAL.
}} }}
These same systems often drew the [backtick](/wiki/Backtick "Backtick") (the free standing character {{unichar\|0060\|grave accent\|nlink\=backtick}}) as an 'open quote' glyph (usually a mirror image so it still sloped in the direction of a grave accent). Using this character as the opening quote gave a [typographic approximation](/wiki/Typographic_approximation "Typographic approximation") of curved single quotes. Nothing similar was available for the double quote, so many people resorted to using two single quotes for double quotes, which would *look* approximately like the following:
{{monodiv\|{{block indent\|1\=
\`\`Good morning, Dave,′′ said HAL.
\`Good morning, Dave,′ said HAL.
}} }}
The typesetting application [TeX](/wiki/TeX "TeX") uses this convention for input files. The following is an example of TeX input which yields proper curly quotation marks.
{{code\|\`\`Good morning, Dave,'' said HAL.}}
{{code\|\`Good morning, Dave,' said HAL.}}
The [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") standard added [codepoints](/wiki/Codepoint "Codepoint") for slanted or curved quotes ({{unichar\|201C\|left double quotation mark}} and {{unichar\|201D\|right double quotation mark}}, described further below), shown here for comparison:
{{monodiv\|{{block indent\|1\=
“Good morning, Dave,” said HAL.
‘Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.
}}}}
The Unicode mapping for [PostScript Standard Encoding](/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding "PostScript Standard Encoding") preserves the typographic approximation convention by mapping its equivalent of ASCII grave and single\-quote to the Unicode curly quotation mark characters.
### Keyboard layouts
On most keyboards, typographical quotation marks are absent.
When typewriter keyboards were designed, curved quotation marks were not implemented. Instead, to limit the number of characters (and keys) required, straight quotation marks were invented as a compromise. (In countries that use angled quotation marks, those were not implemented on typewriters either{{citation needed\|date\=February 2020}}.)
Early computer keyboards copied layouts that had been established by typewriter keyboards. Most computer keyboards do not have specific keys for curved quotation marks or angled quotation marks. This may also have to do with computer character sets:
* [IBM character sets](/wiki/Code_page%23IBM_PC_/_DOS_%28OEM%29_code_pages "Code page#IBM PC / DOS (OEM) code pages") generally do not include curved quotation mark characters, therefore, keys for those marks are absent from most IBM computer keyboards.
* Microsoft followed the example of IBM in its character set and keyboard design. Curved quotation marks were implemented later in [Windows character sets](/wiki/Windows_code_page "Windows code page"), but most Microsoft computer keyboards{{cite web \|url\= https://docs.microsoft.com/en\-us/globalization/windows\-keyboard\-layouts \|title\=Windows Keyboard Layouts \|website\=Microsoft Docs \|date\=4 January 2017 \|access\-date\=22 October 2019 \|archive\-date\=26 May 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090150/https://docs.microsoft.com/en\-us/globalization/windows\-keyboard\-layouts \|url\-status\=live}} do not have a dedicated key for the curved quotation mark characters. On keyboards with the {{keypress\|Alt Gr}} key or both the {{keypress\|Alt}} key and the [numeric keypad](/wiki/Numeric_keypad "Numeric keypad"), they are accessible through a series of keystrokes that involve these keys.{{efn\|Using the \[\[numeric keypad]], {{keypress\|Alt\|0}}{{keypress\|1\|4\|5\|chain\=}} through {{keypress\|Alt\|0}}{{keypress\|1\|4\|8\|chain\=}} yield, respectively, {{char\|‘}}, {{char\|’}}, {{char\|“}}, and {{char\|”}}.{{cite web\|url\= https://fsymbols.com/keyboard/windows/alt\-codes/list/\|title\=Alt codes list ☺♥♪ keyboard symbols\|website\=fsymbols.com\|last\=Méñshykov\|first\=Ihor\|access\-date\=8 June 2020}}}} Also, techniques using [their Unicode code points](/wiki/%23Unicode_code_point_table "#Unicode code point table") are available; see [Unicode input](/wiki/Unicode_input%23Hexadecimal_code_input "Unicode input#Hexadecimal code input").
* [Macintosh character sets](/wiki/Code_page%23Apple_related_code_pages "Code page#Apple related code pages") have always had curved quotation marks available. Nevertheless, these are mostly only accessible through a series of keystrokes involving the {{keypress\|Opt}} key.
In languages that use the curved “...” quotation marks, they are available{{efn\|name\="keyboard"\|in 1st or 2nd level access, i.e., specific key or using the {{keypress\|Shift}} key; not 3rd or 4th level access, i.e., using {{keypress\|Alt Gr}} key or {{keypress\|Opt}} key, in conjunction or not with the {{keypress\|Shift}} key.}} in:
* none
In languages that use angular «...» quotation marks, they are available{{efn\|name\="keyboard"}} in:
* [Macintosh Arabic keyboard](/wiki/Arabic_keyboard%23Mac_Arabic_Keyboard "Arabic keyboard#Mac Arabic Keyboard");{{cite web \|url\= https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/30/keyboards/layouts/index.html \|title\=Keyboard Layout Index\| website\=Unicode.org \|access\-date\=24 March 2018 \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207040750/http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/30/keyboards/layouts/index.html \|url\-status\=live}}
* Armenian keyboard{{cite web \|url\= https://www\-01\.ibm.com/software/globalization/topics/keyboards/registry\_index.html \|title\=IBM Globalization – Keyboard layouts \|date\=17 March 2017 \|website\=www\-01\.IBM.com \|access\-date\=6 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=10 January 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170110151229/http://www\-01\.ibm.com/software/globalization/topics/keyboards/registry\_index.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|url\= https://docs.microsoft.com/en\-us/globalization/windows\-keyboard\-layouts \|title\=Armenian Eastern (Legacy) Keyboard Layout \|website\=Microsoft Docs \|access\-date\=22 October 2019 \|archive\-date\=26 May 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090150/https://docs.microsoft.com/en\-us/globalization/windows\-keyboard\-layouts \|url\-status\=live}}
* [Canadian keyboard](/wiki/QWERTY%23Canadian_French "QWERTY#Canadian French"){{cite web \|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdca.html \|title\=Canadian French Keyboard Layout \|website\=Microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111012104817/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdca.html \|archive\-date\=12 October 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* French [BÉPO](/wiki/B%C3%89PO "BÉPO") keyboard{{cite web \|url\= https://bepo.fr/wiki/Accueil \|title\=Disposition de clavier bépo \|language\=fr \|website\=BEPO.fr \|access\-date\=14 May 2019 \|archive\-date\=11 May 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190511162425/http://bepo.fr/wiki/Accueil \|url\-status\=live}}
* Greek keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdhe319\.html\|title\=Greek (319\) Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120319015819/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdhe319\.html \|archive\-date\=19 March 2012 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* Khmer keyboard
* Latvian ergonomic keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdlv.html\|title\=Latvian Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114239/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdlv.html \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* Pashto keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpash.html\|title\=Pashto (Afghanistan) Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114230/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpash.html \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* Persian keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdfa.html\|title\=Persian Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130215065913/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdfa.html \|archive\-date\=15 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* [Portuguese keyboard](/wiki/Portuguese_keyboard_layout "Portuguese keyboard layout"){{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpo.html\|title\=Portuguese Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150621050157/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpo.html \|archive\-date\=21 June 2015 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* Syriac keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdsyr1\.html\|title\=Syriac Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114237/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdsyr1\.html \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* Uyghur keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdughr1\.html\|title\=Uyghur Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161111112225/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdughr1\.html \|archive\-date\=11 November 2016 \|url\-status\=dead}}
In languages that use the corner bracket 「...」 quotation marks, they are available{{efn\|name\="keyboard"}} in:
* Japanese keyboard
In languages that use the angle bracket 《...》{{efn\|name\="mongolian"\|These should be rotated 90 degrees in vertical text.}} they are available in:
* Mongolian keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdmonmo.html\|title\=Mongolian (Mongolian Script) Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114216/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdmonmo.html \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* New Tai Lue keyboard
In languages that use the curved „...“ quotation marks, they are available{{efn\|name\="keyboard"}} in:
* Bulgarian keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdbgph.html\|title\=Bulgarian (Phonetic) Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114225/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdbgph.html \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* Georgian keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdgeo.html\|title\=Georgian Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140422001446/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdgeo.html \|archive\-date\=22 April 2014 \|url\-status\=dead}}
* Macedonian keyboard{{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdmacst.html\|title\=Macedonian (FYROM) – Standard Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114234/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdmacst.html \|archive\-date\=7 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}
In languages that use the curved „...” quotation marks, they are available{{efn\|name\="keyboard"}} in:
* [Romanian Standard SR 13392:2004 keyboard](/wiki/Romanian_keyboard_layout "Romanian keyboard layout"){{cite web\|url\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdrost.html\|title\=Romanian (Standard) Keyboard Layout\|website\=www.microsoft.com \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024210701/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdrost.html \|archive\-date\=24 October 2012 \|url\-status\=dead}}
In languages that use the curved ”...” quotation marks, they are available{{efn\|name\="keyboard"}} in:
* none
### Curved quotes within and across applications
Historically, support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them.{{efn\|
\[\[Unicode and email\|To use non ASCII characters in e\-mail]] and on \[\[Usenet]] the sending mail application generally needs to set a \[\[MIME type]] specifying the encoding. In most cases (the exceptions being if \[\[UTF\-7]] is used or if the \[\[8BITMIME]] extension is present), this also requires the use of a \[\[MIME\#Content\-Transfer\-Encoding\|content\-transfer encoding]]. (\[\[Mozilla Thunderbird]] allows insertion of \[\[HTML]] code such as {{code\|‘}} and {{code\|”}} to produce typographic quotation marks; see \[\[\#Unicode code point table\|below]].)}}
The term "smart quotes", {{char\|“…”}}, is from the name in several word processors of a function aimed this problem: automatically converting straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes, the feature attempts to be "smart" enough to determine whether the punctuation marked opening or closing. Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones,{{cn\|date\=June 2021}} word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users (at minimum as available characters). Before [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") was widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8\-bit encoding the software and underlying [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") was using. The character sets for [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") and [Macintosh](/wiki/Apple_Macintosh "Apple Macintosh") used two different pairs of values for curved quotes, while [ISO 8859\-1](/wiki/ISO_8859-1 "ISO 8859-1") (historically the default character set for the [Unixes](/wiki/Unix "Unix") and older [Linux](/wiki/Linux "Linux") systems) has *no* curved quotes, making cross\-platform and \-application compatibility difficult.
Performance by these "smart quotes" features was far from perfect overall (variance potential by e.g. subject matter, formatting/style convention, user typing habits). As many word processors (including Microsoft Word and [OpenOffice.org](/wiki/OpenOffice.org "OpenOffice.org")) have the function enabled by default, users may not have realized that the ASCII\-compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something different (conversely users could incorrectly assume its functioning in other applications, e.g. composing emails).
The curved [apostrophe](/wiki/Apostrophe "Apostrophe") is the same character as the closing single quote.["Smart" apostrophes](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part2/ch06/psec117.html) *[The Chicago Manual of Style](/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style "The Chicago Manual of Style") Online* (17th ed.). Part 2, Chapter 6\.117\. Retrieved 3 January 2019\. Subscription required (free trial available). "Smart quotes" features wrongly convert initial apostrophes (as in 'tis, 'em, 'til, and '89\) into *opening* single quotes. (An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show *['Til Death](/wiki/%27Til_Death "'Til Death")*.) The two very different functions of this character can cause confusion, particularly in British styles,{{efn\|group\=35em\|name\=GB\|\[\[UK English]], \[\[Scots Gaelic]] and \[\[Welsh language\|Welsh]] as described in the article.}} in which single quotes are the standard primary.
Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes (or any other non\-ASCII characters) from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process (including the [clipboard](/wiki/Clipboard_%28software%29 "Clipboard (software)") if applicable) are Unicode\-aware. But there are still applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur.
There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely used [markup languages](/wiki/Markup_language "Markup language") HTML, [XML](/wiki/XML "XML"), and [SGML](/wiki/SGML "SGML"). If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. For example, many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default, so the quote characters may appear as the generic replacement character {{char\|�}} or "[mojibake](/wiki/Mojibake "Mojibake")" (gibberish). HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes: `‘` (left single), `’` (right single or apostrophe), `‚` (low 9 single), `“` (left double), `”` (right double), and `„` (low 9 double). XML does not define these by default, but specifications based on it can do so, and XHTML does. In addition, while the HTML 4, XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal, SGML and older versions of HTML (and many old implementations) only support decimal references. Thus, to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML, it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references. That is, to represent the double curly quotes use `“` and `”`, and to represent single curly quotes use `‘` and `’`. Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings (i.e. RSS aggregators and search results).
In [Windows](/wiki/Windows "Windows") file and folder names, the straight double quotation mark is prohibited, as it is a [reserved character](/wiki/Reserved_character "Reserved character"). The curved quotation marks, as well as the straight single quotation mark, are permitted.
### Usenet and email
The style of quoting known as [Usenet quoting](/wiki/Usenet_quoting "Usenet quoting") uses the [greater\-than sign](/wiki/Greater-than_sign "Greater-than sign"), {{char\|\>}} prepended to a line of text to mark it as a quote. This convention was later standardized in {{IETF RFC\|3676}}, and was adopted subsequently by many email clients when automatically including quoted text from previous messages (in [plain text](/wiki/Plain_text "Plain text") mode).
### Unicode code point table
In Unicode, 30 characters are marked `Quotation Mark=Yes` by [character property](/wiki/Unicode_character_property "Unicode character property").{{cite web \|url\= https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt \|title\=Unicode 16\.0 UCD: PropList.txt \|date\=2024\-05\-31 \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-16}} They all have general category "Punctuation", and a subcategory Open, Close, Initial, Final or Other (`Ps, Pe, Pi, Pf, Po`). Several other Unicode characters with quotation mark semantics lack the character property.
| Quotation marks in Unicode ([Character property](/wiki/Unicode_character_property "Unicode character property") "Quotation\_Mark"\=Yes) | |
| --- | --- |
| Character | Comments |
| {{unichar\|0022\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Typewriter ("programmer's") quote, ambidextrous. Also known as "double quote". |
| {{unichar\|0027\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Typewriter ("programmer's") straight single quote, ambidextrous |
| {{unichar\|00AB \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Double angle quote ([chevron](/wiki/Chevron_%28insignia%29 "Chevron (insignia)"), [guillemet](/wiki/Guillemets "Guillemets"), duck\-foot quote), left |
| {{unichar\|00BB \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Double angle quote, right |
| {{unichar\|2018 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Single curved quote, left. Also known as *inverted [comma](/wiki/Comma "Comma")* or *turned comma*{{efn\|Also sometimes used by 18th\- and 19th\-century printers for the small "c" for Scottish names, e.g. {{char\|M‘Culloch}} rather than {{char\|McCulloch}}.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.greenbag.org/v12n3/v12n3\_collins.pdf \|title\=M'Culloch and the Turned Comma \|publisher\=The Green Bag Inc. \|access\-date\=7 January 2014 \|archive\-date\=24 September 2015 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023612/http://www.greenbag.org/v12n3/v12n3\_collins.pdf \|url\-status\=live}} For a printed example see the Green Bag reference or the \[\[s:Page:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.djvu/306\|Dictionary of Australasian Biography, page 290]] (Wikisource).}} |
| {{unichar\|2019 \|size\=180%\|nlink\=Right single quotation mark\|html\=}} | Single curved quote, right{{efn\|The same U\+2019 \[\[code point]] and glyph is used for typographic (curly) \[\[apostrophe]]s. Both \[\[\#Typewriter quotation marks\|U\+0027]] and U\+2019 are ambiguous about distinguishing punctuation from apostrophes.}} |
| {{unichar\|201A\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Low single curved quote, left |
| {{unichar\|201B \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | also called *single reversed comma*, *quotation mark* |
| {{unichar\|201C \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Double curved quote, left |
| {{unichar\|201D\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Double curved quote, right |
| {{unichar\|201E\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Low double curved quote, left |
| {{unichar\|201F\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | also called *double reversed comma*, *quotation mark* |
| {{unichar\|2039\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Single angle quote, left |
| {{unichar\|203A \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Single angle quote, right |
| {{unichar\|2E42\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | also called *double low reversed comma*, *quotation mark* |
| Quotation marks in [Miscellaneous Technical](/wiki/Miscellaneous_Technical "Miscellaneous Technical") | |
| {{unichar\|231C \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | jointly, these are also called *[Quine corners](/wiki/Quine_corner "Quine corner")*, indicating [quasi\-quotation](/wiki/Quasi-quotation "Quasi-quotation") or [Gödel numerals](/wiki/G%C3%B6del_numeral "Gödel numeral") |
| {{unichar\|231D \|size\=180%\|html\=}} |
| Quotation marks in [dingbats](/wiki/Dingbat "Dingbat") | |
| {{unichar\|275B \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |
| {{unichar\|275C \|\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |
| {{unichar\|275D \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |
| {{unichar\|275E \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |
| {{unichar\|1F676 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |
| {{unichar\|1F677 \|\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |
| {{unichar\|1F678\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |
| Quotation marks in [Braille Patterns](/wiki/Braille_Patterns "Braille Patterns") | |
| {{unichar\|2826\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Braille double closing quotation mark; `Quotation Mark=No` |
| {{unichar\|2834\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Braille double opening quotation mark; `Quotation Mark=No` |
| Quotation marks in [Chinese, Japanese, and Korean](/wiki/CJK_characters "CJK characters") (CJK) | |
| {{unichar\|300C\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK |
| {{unichar\|300D \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK |
| {{unichar\|300E\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK |
| {{unichar\|300F\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK |
| {{unichar\|301D \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK |
| {{unichar\|301E \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK |
| {{unichar\|301F \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK |
| Alternate encodings | |
| {{unichar\|FE41 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | [CJK Compatibility Form](/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Forms "CJK Compatibility Forms") (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U\+300C |
| {{unichar\|FE42 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U\+300D |
| {{unichar\|FE43 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U\+300E |
| {{unichar\|FE44 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U\+300F |
| {{unichar\|FF02 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | [Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms](/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms "Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms"), fullwidth form corresponds with narrow U\+0022 |
| {{unichar\|FF07 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, fullwidth form corresponds with narrow U\+0027 |
| {{unichar\|FF62 \|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, halfwidth form corresponds with wide U\+300C |
| {{unichar\|FF63\|size\=180%\|html\=}} | Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, halfwidth form corresponds with wide U\+300D |
|
[
"Electronic documents\n--------------------",
"Different [typefaces](/wiki/Typeface \"Typeface\"), [character encodings](/wiki/Character_encoding \"Character encoding\") and [computer languages](/wiki/Computer_language \"Computer language\") use various encodings and glyphs for quotation marks.",
"### Typewriters and early computers",
"'Ambidextrous' or 'straight' quotation marks {{char\\|' \"}} were introduced on [typewriters](/wiki/Typewriter \"Typewriter\") to minimise the number of keys on the keyboard, and were inherited by [computer keyboards](/wiki/Computer_keyboard \"Computer keyboard\") and [character sets](/wiki/Character_set \"Character set\"). The [ASCII](/wiki/ASCII \"ASCII\") character set, which has been used on a wide variety of computers since the 1960s, contains the straight versions only ({{unichar\\|0027\\|apostrophe\\|nlink\\=apostrophe}} and {{unichar\\|0022\\|quotation mark}}).",
"Many systems, such as the [personal computers](/wiki/Personal_computer \"Personal computer\") of the 1980s and early 1990s, actually drew these ASCII quotes like closing quotes on\\-screen and in printouts, so text would *appear* like this (approximately):",
"{{monodiv\\|{{block indent\\|1\\=\n″Good morning, Dave,″ said HAL.",
"′Good morning, Dave,′ said HAL.\n}} }}",
"These same systems often drew the [backtick](/wiki/Backtick \"Backtick\") (the free standing character {{unichar\\|0060\\|grave accent\\|nlink\\=backtick}}) as an 'open quote' glyph (usually a mirror image so it still sloped in the direction of a grave accent). Using this character as the opening quote gave a [typographic approximation](/wiki/Typographic_approximation \"Typographic approximation\") of curved single quotes. Nothing similar was available for the double quote, so many people resorted to using two single quotes for double quotes, which would *look* approximately like the following:",
"{{monodiv\\|{{block indent\\|1\\=\n\\`\\`Good morning, Dave,′′ said HAL.",
"\\`Good morning, Dave,′ said HAL.\n}} }}",
"The typesetting application [TeX](/wiki/TeX \"TeX\") uses this convention for input files. The following is an example of TeX input which yields proper curly quotation marks.",
"{{code\\|\\`\\`Good morning, Dave,'' said HAL.}}\n {{code\\|\\`Good morning, Dave,' said HAL.}}\nThe [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") standard added [codepoints](/wiki/Codepoint \"Codepoint\") for slanted or curved quotes ({{unichar\\|201C\\|left double quotation mark}} and {{unichar\\|201D\\|right double quotation mark}}, described further below), shown here for comparison:",
"{{monodiv\\|{{block indent\\|1\\=\n“Good morning, Dave,” said HAL.",
"‘Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.\n}}}}",
"The Unicode mapping for [PostScript Standard Encoding](/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding \"PostScript Standard Encoding\") preserves the typographic approximation convention by mapping its equivalent of ASCII grave and single\\-quote to the Unicode curly quotation mark characters.",
"### Keyboard layouts",
"On most keyboards, typographical quotation marks are absent.",
"When typewriter keyboards were designed, curved quotation marks were not implemented. Instead, to limit the number of characters (and keys) required, straight quotation marks were invented as a compromise. (In countries that use angled quotation marks, those were not implemented on typewriters either{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2020}}.)",
"Early computer keyboards copied layouts that had been established by typewriter keyboards. Most computer keyboards do not have specific keys for curved quotation marks or angled quotation marks. This may also have to do with computer character sets:\n* [IBM character sets](/wiki/Code_page%23IBM_PC_/_DOS_%28OEM%29_code_pages \"Code page#IBM PC / DOS (OEM) code pages\") generally do not include curved quotation mark characters, therefore, keys for those marks are absent from most IBM computer keyboards.\n* Microsoft followed the example of IBM in its character set and keyboard design. Curved quotation marks were implemented later in [Windows character sets](/wiki/Windows_code_page \"Windows code page\"), but most Microsoft computer keyboards{{cite web \\|url\\= https://docs.microsoft.com/en\\-us/globalization/windows\\-keyboard\\-layouts \\|title\\=Windows Keyboard Layouts \\|website\\=Microsoft Docs \\|date\\=4 January 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090150/https://docs.microsoft.com/en\\-us/globalization/windows\\-keyboard\\-layouts \\|url\\-status\\=live}} do not have a dedicated key for the curved quotation mark characters. On keyboards with the {{keypress\\|Alt Gr}} key or both the {{keypress\\|Alt}} key and the [numeric keypad](/wiki/Numeric_keypad \"Numeric keypad\"), they are accessible through a series of keystrokes that involve these keys.{{efn\\|Using the \\[\\[numeric keypad]], {{keypress\\|Alt\\|0}}{{keypress\\|1\\|4\\|5\\|chain\\=}} through {{keypress\\|Alt\\|0}}{{keypress\\|1\\|4\\|8\\|chain\\=}} yield, respectively, {{char\\|‘}}, {{char\\|’}}, {{char\\|“}}, and {{char\\|”}}.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://fsymbols.com/keyboard/windows/alt\\-codes/list/\\|title\\=Alt codes list ☺♥♪ keyboard symbols\\|website\\=fsymbols.com\\|last\\=Méñshykov\\|first\\=Ihor\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2020}}}} Also, techniques using [their Unicode code points](/wiki/%23Unicode_code_point_table \"#Unicode code point table\") are available; see [Unicode input](/wiki/Unicode_input%23Hexadecimal_code_input \"Unicode input#Hexadecimal code input\").\n* [Macintosh character sets](/wiki/Code_page%23Apple_related_code_pages \"Code page#Apple related code pages\") have always had curved quotation marks available. Nevertheless, these are mostly only accessible through a series of keystrokes involving the {{keypress\\|Opt}} key.",
"In languages that use the curved “...” quotation marks, they are available{{efn\\|name\\=\"keyboard\"\\|in 1st or 2nd level access, i.e., specific key or using the {{keypress\\|Shift}} key; not 3rd or 4th level access, i.e., using {{keypress\\|Alt Gr}} key or {{keypress\\|Opt}} key, in conjunction or not with the {{keypress\\|Shift}} key.}} in:\n* none",
"In languages that use angular «...» quotation marks, they are available{{efn\\|name\\=\"keyboard\"}} in:\n* [Macintosh Arabic keyboard](/wiki/Arabic_keyboard%23Mac_Arabic_Keyboard \"Arabic keyboard#Mac Arabic Keyboard\");{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/30/keyboards/layouts/index.html \\|title\\=Keyboard Layout Index\\| website\\=Unicode.org \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207040750/http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/30/keyboards/layouts/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* Armenian keyboard{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www\\-01\\.ibm.com/software/globalization/topics/keyboards/registry\\_index.html \\|title\\=IBM Globalization – Keyboard layouts \\|date\\=17 March 2017 \\|website\\=www\\-01\\.IBM.com \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170110151229/http://www\\-01\\.ibm.com/software/globalization/topics/keyboards/registry\\_index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\\= https://docs.microsoft.com/en\\-us/globalization/windows\\-keyboard\\-layouts \\|title\\=Armenian Eastern (Legacy) Keyboard Layout \\|website\\=Microsoft Docs \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090150/https://docs.microsoft.com/en\\-us/globalization/windows\\-keyboard\\-layouts \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* [Canadian keyboard](/wiki/QWERTY%23Canadian_French \"QWERTY#Canadian French\"){{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdca.html \\|title\\=Canadian French Keyboard Layout \\|website\\=Microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111012104817/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdca.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* French [BÉPO](/wiki/B%C3%89PO \"BÉPO\") keyboard{{cite web \\|url\\= https://bepo.fr/wiki/Accueil \\|title\\=Disposition de clavier bépo \\|language\\=fr \\|website\\=BEPO.fr \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190511162425/http://bepo.fr/wiki/Accueil \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* Greek keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdhe319\\.html\\|title\\=Greek (319\\) Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120319015819/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdhe319\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Khmer keyboard\n* Latvian ergonomic keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdlv.html\\|title\\=Latvian Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114239/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdlv.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Pashto keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpash.html\\|title\\=Pashto (Afghanistan) Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114230/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpash.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Persian keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdfa.html\\|title\\=Persian Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130215065913/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdfa.html \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* [Portuguese keyboard](/wiki/Portuguese_keyboard_layout \"Portuguese keyboard layout\"){{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpo.html\\|title\\=Portuguese Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150621050157/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpo.html \\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Syriac keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdsyr1\\.html\\|title\\=Syriac Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114237/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdsyr1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Uyghur keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdughr1\\.html\\|title\\=Uyghur Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161111112225/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdughr1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In languages that use the corner bracket 「...」 quotation marks, they are available{{efn\\|name\\=\"keyboard\"}} in:\n* Japanese keyboard",
"In languages that use the angle bracket 《...》{{efn\\|name\\=\"mongolian\"\\|These should be rotated 90 degrees in vertical text.}} they are available in:\n* Mongolian keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdmonmo.html\\|title\\=Mongolian (Mongolian Script) Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114216/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdmonmo.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* New Tai Lue keyboard",
"In languages that use the curved „...“ quotation marks, they are available{{efn\\|name\\=\"keyboard\"}} in:\n* Bulgarian keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdbgph.html\\|title\\=Bulgarian (Phonetic) Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114225/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdbgph.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Georgian keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdgeo.html\\|title\\=Georgian Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140422001446/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdgeo.html \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Macedonian keyboard{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdmacst.html\\|title\\=Macedonian (FYROM) – Standard Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114234/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdmacst.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In languages that use the curved „...” quotation marks, they are available{{efn\\|name\\=\"keyboard\"}} in:\n* [Romanian Standard SR 13392:2004 keyboard](/wiki/Romanian_keyboard_layout \"Romanian keyboard layout\"){{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdrost.html\\|title\\=Romanian (Standard) Keyboard Layout\\|website\\=www.microsoft.com \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024210701/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdrost.html \\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In languages that use the curved ”...” quotation marks, they are available{{efn\\|name\\=\"keyboard\"}} in:\n* none",
"### Curved quotes within and across applications",
"Historically, support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them.{{efn\\|\n\\[\\[Unicode and email\\|To use non ASCII characters in e\\-mail]] and on \\[\\[Usenet]] the sending mail application generally needs to set a \\[\\[MIME type]] specifying the encoding. In most cases (the exceptions being if \\[\\[UTF\\-7]] is used or if the \\[\\[8BITMIME]] extension is present), this also requires the use of a \\[\\[MIME\\#Content\\-Transfer\\-Encoding\\|content\\-transfer encoding]]. (\\[\\[Mozilla Thunderbird]] allows insertion of \\[\\[HTML]] code such as {{code\\|‘}} and {{code\\|”}} to produce typographic quotation marks; see \\[\\[\\#Unicode code point table\\|below]].)}}",
"The term \"smart quotes\", {{char\\|“…”}}, is from the name in several word processors of a function aimed this problem: automatically converting straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes, the feature attempts to be \"smart\" enough to determine whether the punctuation marked opening or closing. Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones,{{cn\\|date\\=June 2021}} word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users (at minimum as available characters). Before [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") was widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8\\-bit encoding the software and underlying [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system \"Operating system\") was using. The character sets for [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") and [Macintosh](/wiki/Apple_Macintosh \"Apple Macintosh\") used two different pairs of values for curved quotes, while [ISO 8859\\-1](/wiki/ISO_8859-1 \"ISO 8859-1\") (historically the default character set for the [Unixes](/wiki/Unix \"Unix\") and older [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\") systems) has *no* curved quotes, making cross\\-platform and \\-application compatibility difficult.",
"Performance by these \"smart quotes\" features was far from perfect overall (variance potential by e.g. subject matter, formatting/style convention, user typing habits). As many word processors (including Microsoft Word and [OpenOffice.org](/wiki/OpenOffice.org \"OpenOffice.org\")) have the function enabled by default, users may not have realized that the ASCII\\-compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something different (conversely users could incorrectly assume its functioning in other applications, e.g. composing emails).",
"The curved [apostrophe](/wiki/Apostrophe \"Apostrophe\") is the same character as the closing single quote.[\"Smart\" apostrophes](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part2/ch06/psec117.html) *[The Chicago Manual of Style](/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style \"The Chicago Manual of Style\") Online* (17th ed.). Part 2, Chapter 6\\.117\\. Retrieved 3 January 2019\\. Subscription required (free trial available). \"Smart quotes\" features wrongly convert initial apostrophes (as in 'tis, 'em, 'til, and '89\\) into *opening* single quotes. (An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show *['Til Death](/wiki/%27Til_Death \"'Til Death\")*.) The two very different functions of this character can cause confusion, particularly in British styles,{{efn\\|group\\=35em\\|name\\=GB\\|\\[\\[UK English]], \\[\\[Scots Gaelic]] and \\[\\[Welsh language\\|Welsh]] as described in the article.}} in which single quotes are the standard primary.",
"Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes (or any other non\\-ASCII characters) from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process (including the [clipboard](/wiki/Clipboard_%28software%29 \"Clipboard (software)\") if applicable) are Unicode\\-aware. But there are still applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur.",
"There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely used [markup languages](/wiki/Markup_language \"Markup language\") HTML, [XML](/wiki/XML \"XML\"), and [SGML](/wiki/SGML \"SGML\"). If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. For example, many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default, so the quote characters may appear as the generic replacement character {{char\\|�}} or \"[mojibake](/wiki/Mojibake \"Mojibake\")\" (gibberish). HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes: `‘` (left single), `’` (right single or apostrophe), `‚` (low 9 single), `“` (left double), `”` (right double), and `„` (low 9 double). XML does not define these by default, but specifications based on it can do so, and XHTML does. In addition, while the HTML 4, XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal, SGML and older versions of HTML (and many old implementations) only support decimal references. Thus, to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML, it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references. That is, to represent the double curly quotes use `“` and `”`, and to represent single curly quotes use `‘` and `’`. Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings (i.e. RSS aggregators and search results).",
"In [Windows](/wiki/Windows \"Windows\") file and folder names, the straight double quotation mark is prohibited, as it is a [reserved character](/wiki/Reserved_character \"Reserved character\"). The curved quotation marks, as well as the straight single quotation mark, are permitted.",
"### Usenet and email",
"The style of quoting known as [Usenet quoting](/wiki/Usenet_quoting \"Usenet quoting\") uses the [greater\\-than sign](/wiki/Greater-than_sign \"Greater-than sign\"), {{char\\|\\>}} prepended to a line of text to mark it as a quote. This convention was later standardized in {{IETF RFC\\|3676}}, and was adopted subsequently by many email clients when automatically including quoted text from previous messages (in [plain text](/wiki/Plain_text \"Plain text\") mode).",
"### Unicode code point table",
"In Unicode, 30 characters are marked `Quotation Mark=Yes` by [character property](/wiki/Unicode_character_property \"Unicode character property\").{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt \\|title\\=Unicode 16\\.0 UCD: PropList.txt \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-16}} They all have general category \"Punctuation\", and a subcategory Open, Close, Initial, Final or Other (`Ps, Pe, Pi, Pf, Po`). Several other Unicode characters with quotation mark semantics lack the character property.",
"| Quotation marks in Unicode ([Character property](/wiki/Unicode_character_property \"Unicode character property\") \"Quotation\\_Mark\"\\=Yes) | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Character | Comments |\n| {{unichar\\|0022\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Typewriter (\"programmer's\") quote, ambidextrous. Also known as \"double quote\". |\n| {{unichar\\|0027\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Typewriter (\"programmer's\") straight single quote, ambidextrous |\n| {{unichar\\|00AB \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Double angle quote ([chevron](/wiki/Chevron_%28insignia%29 \"Chevron (insignia)\"), [guillemet](/wiki/Guillemets \"Guillemets\"), duck\\-foot quote), left |\n| {{unichar\\|00BB \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Double angle quote, right |\n| {{unichar\\|2018 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Single curved quote, left. Also known as *inverted [comma](/wiki/Comma \"Comma\")* or *turned comma*{{efn\\|Also sometimes used by 18th\\- and 19th\\-century printers for the small \"c\" for Scottish names, e.g. {{char\\|M‘Culloch}} rather than {{char\\|McCulloch}}.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.greenbag.org/v12n3/v12n3\\_collins.pdf \\|title\\=M'Culloch and the Turned Comma \\|publisher\\=The Green Bag Inc. \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023612/http://www.greenbag.org/v12n3/v12n3\\_collins.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live}} For a printed example see the Green Bag reference or the \\[\\[s:Page:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.djvu/306\\|Dictionary of Australasian Biography, page 290]] (Wikisource).}} |\n| {{unichar\\|2019 \\|size\\=180%\\|nlink\\=Right single quotation mark\\|html\\=}} | Single curved quote, right{{efn\\|The same U\\+2019 \\[\\[code point]] and glyph is used for typographic (curly) \\[\\[apostrophe]]s. Both \\[\\[\\#Typewriter quotation marks\\|U\\+0027]] and U\\+2019 are ambiguous about distinguishing punctuation from apostrophes.}} |\n| {{unichar\\|201A\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Low single curved quote, left |\n| {{unichar\\|201B \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | also called *single reversed comma*, *quotation mark* |\n| {{unichar\\|201C \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Double curved quote, left |\n| {{unichar\\|201D\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Double curved quote, right |\n| {{unichar\\|201E\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Low double curved quote, left |\n| {{unichar\\|201F\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | also called *double reversed comma*, *quotation mark* |\n| {{unichar\\|2039\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Single angle quote, left |\n| {{unichar\\|203A \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Single angle quote, right |\n| {{unichar\\|2E42\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | also called *double low reversed comma*, *quotation mark* |\n| Quotation marks in [Miscellaneous Technical](/wiki/Miscellaneous_Technical \"Miscellaneous Technical\") | |\n| {{unichar\\|231C \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | jointly, these are also called *[Quine corners](/wiki/Quine_corner \"Quine corner\")*, indicating [quasi\\-quotation](/wiki/Quasi-quotation \"Quasi-quotation\") or [Gödel numerals](/wiki/G%C3%B6del_numeral \"Gödel numeral\") |\n| {{unichar\\|231D \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} |\n| Quotation marks in [dingbats](/wiki/Dingbat \"Dingbat\") | |\n| {{unichar\\|275B \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| {{unichar\\|275C \\|\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| {{unichar\\|275D \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| {{unichar\\|275E \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| {{unichar\\|1F676 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| {{unichar\\|1F677 \\|\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| {{unichar\\|1F678\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| Quotation marks in [Braille Patterns](/wiki/Braille_Patterns \"Braille Patterns\") | |\n| {{unichar\\|2826\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Braille double closing quotation mark; `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| {{unichar\\|2834\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Braille double opening quotation mark; `Quotation Mark=No` |\n| Quotation marks in [Chinese, Japanese, and Korean](/wiki/CJK_characters \"CJK characters\") (CJK) | |\n| {{unichar\\|300C\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK |\n| {{unichar\\|300D \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK |\n| {{unichar\\|300E\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK |\n| {{unichar\\|300F\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK |\n| {{unichar\\|301D \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK |\n| {{unichar\\|301E \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK |\n| {{unichar\\|301F \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK |\n| Alternate encodings | |\n| {{unichar\\|FE41 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | [CJK Compatibility Form](/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Forms \"CJK Compatibility Forms\") (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U\\+300C |\n| {{unichar\\|FE42 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U\\+300D |\n| {{unichar\\|FE43 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U\\+300E |\n| {{unichar\\|FE44 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U\\+300F |\n| {{unichar\\|FF02 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | [Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms](/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms \"Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms\"), fullwidth form corresponds with narrow U\\+0022 |\n| {{unichar\\|FF07 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, fullwidth form corresponds with narrow U\\+0027 |\n| {{unichar\\|FF62 \\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, halfwidth form corresponds with wide U\\+300C |\n| {{unichar\\|FF63\\|size\\=180%\\|html\\=}} | Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, halfwidth form corresponds with wide U\\+300D |",
"",
""
] |
### Curved quotes within and across applications
Historically, support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them.{{efn\|
\[\[Unicode and email\|To use non ASCII characters in e\-mail]] and on \[\[Usenet]] the sending mail application generally needs to set a \[\[MIME type]] specifying the encoding. In most cases (the exceptions being if \[\[UTF\-7]] is used or if the \[\[8BITMIME]] extension is present), this also requires the use of a \[\[MIME\#Content\-Transfer\-Encoding\|content\-transfer encoding]]. (\[\[Mozilla Thunderbird]] allows insertion of \[\[HTML]] code such as {{code\|‘}} and {{code\|”}} to produce typographic quotation marks; see \[\[\#Unicode code point table\|below]].)}}
The term "smart quotes", {{char\|“…”}}, is from the name in several word processors of a function aimed this problem: automatically converting straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes, the feature attempts to be "smart" enough to determine whether the punctuation marked opening or closing. Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones,{{cn\|date\=June 2021}} word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users (at minimum as available characters). Before [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode") was widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8\-bit encoding the software and underlying [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") was using. The character sets for [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") and [Macintosh](/wiki/Apple_Macintosh "Apple Macintosh") used two different pairs of values for curved quotes, while [ISO 8859\-1](/wiki/ISO_8859-1 "ISO 8859-1") (historically the default character set for the [Unixes](/wiki/Unix "Unix") and older [Linux](/wiki/Linux "Linux") systems) has *no* curved quotes, making cross\-platform and \-application compatibility difficult.
Performance by these "smart quotes" features was far from perfect overall (variance potential by e.g. subject matter, formatting/style convention, user typing habits). As many word processors (including Microsoft Word and [OpenOffice.org](/wiki/OpenOffice.org "OpenOffice.org")) have the function enabled by default, users may not have realized that the ASCII\-compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something different (conversely users could incorrectly assume its functioning in other applications, e.g. composing emails).
The curved [apostrophe](/wiki/Apostrophe "Apostrophe") is the same character as the closing single quote.["Smart" apostrophes](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part2/ch06/psec117.html) *[The Chicago Manual of Style](/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style "The Chicago Manual of Style") Online* (17th ed.). Part 2, Chapter 6\.117\. Retrieved 3 January 2019\. Subscription required (free trial available). "Smart quotes" features wrongly convert initial apostrophes (as in 'tis, 'em, 'til, and '89\) into *opening* single quotes. (An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show *['Til Death](/wiki/%27Til_Death "'Til Death")*.) The two very different functions of this character can cause confusion, particularly in British styles,{{efn\|group\=35em\|name\=GB\|\[\[UK English]], \[\[Scots Gaelic]] and \[\[Welsh language\|Welsh]] as described in the article.}} in which single quotes are the standard primary.
Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes (or any other non\-ASCII characters) from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process (including the [clipboard](/wiki/Clipboard_%28software%29 "Clipboard (software)") if applicable) are Unicode\-aware. But there are still applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur.
There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely used [markup languages](/wiki/Markup_language "Markup language") HTML, [XML](/wiki/XML "XML"), and [SGML](/wiki/SGML "SGML"). If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. For example, many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default, so the quote characters may appear as the generic replacement character {{char\|�}} or "[mojibake](/wiki/Mojibake "Mojibake")" (gibberish). HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes: `‘` (left single), `’` (right single or apostrophe), `‚` (low 9 single), `“` (left double), `”` (right double), and `„` (low 9 double). XML does not define these by default, but specifications based on it can do so, and XHTML does. In addition, while the HTML 4, XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal, SGML and older versions of HTML (and many old implementations) only support decimal references. Thus, to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML, it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references. That is, to represent the double curly quotes use `“` and `”`, and to represent single curly quotes use `‘` and `’`. Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings (i.e. RSS aggregators and search results).
In [Windows](/wiki/Windows "Windows") file and folder names, the straight double quotation mark is prohibited, as it is a [reserved character](/wiki/Reserved_character "Reserved character"). The curved quotation marks, as well as the straight single quotation mark, are permitted.
|
[
"### Curved quotes within and across applications",
"Historically, support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them.{{efn\\|\n\\[\\[Unicode and email\\|To use non ASCII characters in e\\-mail]] and on \\[\\[Usenet]] the sending mail application generally needs to set a \\[\\[MIME type]] specifying the encoding. In most cases (the exceptions being if \\[\\[UTF\\-7]] is used or if the \\[\\[8BITMIME]] extension is present), this also requires the use of a \\[\\[MIME\\#Content\\-Transfer\\-Encoding\\|content\\-transfer encoding]]. (\\[\\[Mozilla Thunderbird]] allows insertion of \\[\\[HTML]] code such as {{code\\|‘}} and {{code\\|”}} to produce typographic quotation marks; see \\[\\[\\#Unicode code point table\\|below]].)}}",
"The term \"smart quotes\", {{char\\|“…”}}, is from the name in several word processors of a function aimed this problem: automatically converting straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes, the feature attempts to be \"smart\" enough to determine whether the punctuation marked opening or closing. Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones,{{cn\\|date\\=June 2021}} word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users (at minimum as available characters). Before [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\") was widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8\\-bit encoding the software and underlying [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system \"Operating system\") was using. The character sets for [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") and [Macintosh](/wiki/Apple_Macintosh \"Apple Macintosh\") used two different pairs of values for curved quotes, while [ISO 8859\\-1](/wiki/ISO_8859-1 \"ISO 8859-1\") (historically the default character set for the [Unixes](/wiki/Unix \"Unix\") and older [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\") systems) has *no* curved quotes, making cross\\-platform and \\-application compatibility difficult.",
"Performance by these \"smart quotes\" features was far from perfect overall (variance potential by e.g. subject matter, formatting/style convention, user typing habits). As many word processors (including Microsoft Word and [OpenOffice.org](/wiki/OpenOffice.org \"OpenOffice.org\")) have the function enabled by default, users may not have realized that the ASCII\\-compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something different (conversely users could incorrectly assume its functioning in other applications, e.g. composing emails).",
"The curved [apostrophe](/wiki/Apostrophe \"Apostrophe\") is the same character as the closing single quote.[\"Smart\" apostrophes](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part2/ch06/psec117.html) *[The Chicago Manual of Style](/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style \"The Chicago Manual of Style\") Online* (17th ed.). Part 2, Chapter 6\\.117\\. Retrieved 3 January 2019\\. Subscription required (free trial available). \"Smart quotes\" features wrongly convert initial apostrophes (as in 'tis, 'em, 'til, and '89\\) into *opening* single quotes. (An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show *['Til Death](/wiki/%27Til_Death \"'Til Death\")*.) The two very different functions of this character can cause confusion, particularly in British styles,{{efn\\|group\\=35em\\|name\\=GB\\|\\[\\[UK English]], \\[\\[Scots Gaelic]] and \\[\\[Welsh language\\|Welsh]] as described in the article.}} in which single quotes are the standard primary.",
"Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes (or any other non\\-ASCII characters) from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process (including the [clipboard](/wiki/Clipboard_%28software%29 \"Clipboard (software)\") if applicable) are Unicode\\-aware. But there are still applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur.",
"There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely used [markup languages](/wiki/Markup_language \"Markup language\") HTML, [XML](/wiki/XML \"XML\"), and [SGML](/wiki/SGML \"SGML\"). If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. For example, many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default, so the quote characters may appear as the generic replacement character {{char\\|�}} or \"[mojibake](/wiki/Mojibake \"Mojibake\")\" (gibberish). HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes: `‘` (left single), `’` (right single or apostrophe), `‚` (low 9 single), `“` (left double), `”` (right double), and `„` (low 9 double). XML does not define these by default, but specifications based on it can do so, and XHTML does. In addition, while the HTML 4, XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal, SGML and older versions of HTML (and many old implementations) only support decimal references. Thus, to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML, it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references. That is, to represent the double curly quotes use `“` and `”`, and to represent single curly quotes use `‘` and `’`. Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings (i.e. RSS aggregators and search results).",
"In [Windows](/wiki/Windows \"Windows\") file and folder names, the straight double quotation mark is prohibited, as it is a [reserved character](/wiki/Reserved_character \"Reserved character\"). The curved quotation marks, as well as the straight single quotation mark, are permitted.",
""
] |
History
-------
Tournon\-d'Agenais was founded in 1271 by [Philip III](/wiki/Philip_III_of_France "Philip III of France") (1245–1285\), King of France from 1270 to 1280, son of King Louis IX, commonly known as Saint Louis.
At the heart of the urban planning in this [bastide](/wiki/Bastide "Bastide") is the typical central square (Place des Corniers) with stone houses above arched stone arcades. This reflects the planners’ intent to create a vital place for social and commercial exchanges among the new residents.{{cite web\|title\=An Introduction to Bastides (PPT), at About The Bastides\|url\=http://bastides.library.cornell.edu/about\|website\=John Reps Collection\|publisher\=Cornell University Library\|access\-date\=14 June 2016}} In addition, the halle (market building), the town house and the maison of Bayle are located in this central square, showing a centralization of the municipal institutions. In the center of the square there is also the town hall, which was a symbol of a major struggle during the Middle Ages for an ample supply of water. The castle of Tournon d'Agenais was destroyed in 1212, noted by the English in 1283 and played an important role during the Hundred Year War.{{cite web\|title\=Histoire et patrimoine\|url\=http://www.tournon\-dagenais.com/la\-commune/\|website\=Tournon d'Agenais\|access\-date\=14 June 2016}} On the other side of the main square, a few streets away, there is the bishop's house called 'Abescat'. This was built during the 13th century and became the parish church of Tournon after the old church was destroyed in the 1560s during the [French Wars of Religion](/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion "French Wars of Religion").{{Base Mérimée\|IA47002593\|Maison dite l'Abescat}}
During the Albigensian War, in 1212, Simon de Montfort gave the house of Abescat to the bishop of Agen (probably the site, the land, or an earlier house, because the current house is later). During the Hundred Years' War, the city changed hands often.
The Protestants razed the Catholic church in 1580 then it was replaced by the Abescat30\. The Récollets convent was built in the 17th century on the ruins of the old Château de Tournon, in order to revive the Catholic religion after the departure of the Protestants.
During the period of the National Convention (1792\-1795\), the commune bore the revolutionary name of Tournon\-la\-Montagne.
A very large commune, Tournon\-d'Agenais was divided twice in the 19th century: in 1837 to create the communes of Montayral and Saint\-Vite (the population of Tournon decreased by 2,650 inhabitants), then in 1876 to create the communes of 'Anthé, Bourlens, Cazideroque, Courbiac, Masquières and Thézac (the population of Tournon decreases by 2,800 inhabitants)31\.
On 3 July 1944, 1,500 men of the Panzergrenadier division "das Gepent" coming from Cahors and heading towards Villeneuve\-sur\-Lot, fired on the few resistance fighters present at Place du Foirail. The reprisal operations against the resistance fighters and the civilian population lasted 6 hours, during which several people were tortured and killed by the Germans. Many houses were looted, ransacked and some burned. This event is known as the sack of Tournon\-d'Agenais.
Several architectural testimonies remain of its rich past, such as:
```
the belfry and its lunar clock
the 13th century House
the Saint-André-de-Carabaysses church (or Lamothe church)
the Abescat room
his city tour
```
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Tournon\\-d'Agenais was founded in 1271 by [Philip III](/wiki/Philip_III_of_France \"Philip III of France\") (1245–1285\\), King of France from 1270 to 1280, son of King Louis IX, commonly known as Saint Louis. \nAt the heart of the urban planning in this [bastide](/wiki/Bastide \"Bastide\") is the typical central square (Place des Corniers) with stone houses above arched stone arcades. This reflects the planners’ intent to create a vital place for social and commercial exchanges among the new residents.{{cite web\\|title\\=An Introduction to Bastides (PPT), at About The Bastides\\|url\\=http://bastides.library.cornell.edu/about\\|website\\=John Reps Collection\\|publisher\\=Cornell University Library\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2016}} In addition, the halle (market building), the town house and the maison of Bayle are located in this central square, showing a centralization of the municipal institutions. In the center of the square there is also the town hall, which was a symbol of a major struggle during the Middle Ages for an ample supply of water. The castle of Tournon d'Agenais was destroyed in 1212, noted by the English in 1283 and played an important role during the Hundred Year War.{{cite web\\|title\\=Histoire et patrimoine\\|url\\=http://www.tournon\\-dagenais.com/la\\-commune/\\|website\\=Tournon d'Agenais\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2016}} On the other side of the main square, a few streets away, there is the bishop's house called 'Abescat'. This was built during the 13th century and became the parish church of Tournon after the old church was destroyed in the 1560s during the [French Wars of Religion](/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion \"French Wars of Religion\").{{Base Mérimée\\|IA47002593\\|Maison dite l'Abescat}}",
"During the Albigensian War, in 1212, Simon de Montfort gave the house of Abescat to the bishop of Agen (probably the site, the land, or an earlier house, because the current house is later). During the Hundred Years' War, the city changed hands often.",
"The Protestants razed the Catholic church in 1580 then it was replaced by the Abescat30\\. The Récollets convent was built in the 17th century on the ruins of the old Château de Tournon, in order to revive the Catholic religion after the departure of the Protestants.",
"During the period of the National Convention (1792\\-1795\\), the commune bore the revolutionary name of Tournon\\-la\\-Montagne.",
"A very large commune, Tournon\\-d'Agenais was divided twice in the 19th century: in 1837 to create the communes of Montayral and Saint\\-Vite (the population of Tournon decreased by 2,650 inhabitants), then in 1876 to create the communes of 'Anthé, Bourlens, Cazideroque, Courbiac, Masquières and Thézac (the population of Tournon decreases by 2,800 inhabitants)31\\.",
"On 3 July 1944, 1,500 men of the Panzergrenadier division \"das Gepent\" coming from Cahors and heading towards Villeneuve\\-sur\\-Lot, fired on the few resistance fighters present at Place du Foirail. The reprisal operations against the resistance fighters and the civilian population lasted 6 hours, during which several people were tortured and killed by the Germans. Many houses were looted, ransacked and some burned. This event is known as the sack of Tournon\\-d'Agenais.",
"Several architectural testimonies remain of its rich past, such as:",
"",
"```\n the belfry and its lunar clock\n the 13th century House\n the Saint-André-de-Carabaysses church (or Lamothe church)\n the Abescat room\n his city tour",
"```"
] |
Activities
----------
AMSI pursues its mission through its three key program areas:
* School Education
* Research \& Higher Education
* Industry, Business \& Government
### School Education Program
AMSI's School Education program was established in 2004 under the International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics (ICE\-EM). Through ICE\-EM, a sequence of mathematics texts, teacher resources, and professional development for school years 5–10 were developed.
In 2009, the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations provided funding for the extension of ICE\-EM activities under the Improving Mathematics Education in Schools (TIMES) project. This funded an expansion of the teaching professional development program across Australia, the development of teacher resource modules for years 5–10, and Maths: Make your career count—a suite of materials to promote careers in mathematics.
In work by Frank Barrington and Peter Brown, ICE\-EM collected and published data on national enrolments in mathematics at year 12 and made a careful state\-by\-state comparison of year 12 curricula.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2018}}
### Research \& Higher Education Program
AMSI operates multiple Research and Higher Education programs to improve mathematical education and research in Australia.{{cite web \|title\=ACE Program \|url\=https://rhed.amsi.org.au/about/ \|website\=Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute \|publisher\=AMSI \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-02}}
#### ACE Network
The ACE network offers a range of online honours and masters level courses to supplement the range of subjects in university.
{{cite web \|title\=ACE Program \|url\=https://rhed.amsi.org.au/ace/ \|website\=Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute \|publisher\=AMSI \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-02}}
#### Summer School
AMSI operates a yearly summer school, in which honour and postgraduate students study short courses in the summer. It is hosted by a number of Australian universities. {{cite web \|title \= amsi\-summer\-school\-2018 \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713061247/https://www.emblaustralia.org/events\-speakers/amsi\-summer\-school\-2018 \|website\=EMBL Australia}}/
#### Research
The AMSI Research Program expands and improves the mathematical sciences research base in Australia. The program promotes collaboration between member institutions and with international researchers and gives students at member institutions networking opportunities.
AMSI provides workshop sponsorship allocated through its Scientific Advisory Committee to AMSI members. AMSI also sponsors annual AMSI Lecturers and the Australian MS Mahler Lecturer.
Funding from the Department of Education, Science and Training enabled the establishment of the AMSI Access Grid Room (AGR) network. The AGR network facilitates distributed lectures, teaching, and research. A national program of collaborative teaching of advanced mathematics at honors level at multiple remote sites is now established.
### Industry, Business and Government Program
AMSI highlights the relevance of mathematics to industry through wide\-ranging industry\-linked activities including:
* AMSI's internship program
* Industry workshops
* Mathematical and statistical consulting services
The activities showcase the benefits of using mathematical tools in business, industry and government.
#### AMSI Intern
AMSI Intern is a national program that links postgraduate students and their university supervisors across all disciplines with industry partners through short\-term 4\-5 month tightly focused partner research internships. The postgraduate student is supported by an academic mentor from the host university throughout the internship placement period.
|
[
"Activities\n----------",
"AMSI pursues its mission through its three key program areas: \n* School Education\n* Research \\& Higher Education\n* Industry, Business \\& Government",
"### School Education Program",
"AMSI's School Education program was established in 2004 under the International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics (ICE\\-EM). Through ICE\\-EM, a sequence of mathematics texts, teacher resources, and professional development for school years 5–10 were developed.",
"In 2009, the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations provided funding for the extension of ICE\\-EM activities under the Improving Mathematics Education in Schools (TIMES) project. This funded an expansion of the teaching professional development program across Australia, the development of teacher resource modules for years 5–10, and Maths: Make your career count—a suite of materials to promote careers in mathematics.",
"In work by Frank Barrington and Peter Brown, ICE\\-EM collected and published data on national enrolments in mathematics at year 12 and made a careful state\\-by\\-state comparison of year 12 curricula.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2018}}",
"### Research \\& Higher Education Program",
"AMSI operates multiple Research and Higher Education programs to improve mathematical education and research in Australia.{{cite web \\|title\\=ACE Program \\|url\\=https://rhed.amsi.org.au/about/ \\|website\\=Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute \\|publisher\\=AMSI \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-02}}",
"",
"",
"#### ACE Network",
"The ACE network offers a range of online honours and masters level courses to supplement the range of subjects in university.\n{{cite web \\|title\\=ACE Program \\|url\\=https://rhed.amsi.org.au/ace/ \\|website\\=Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute \\|publisher\\=AMSI \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-02}}",
"",
"#### Summer School",
"AMSI operates a yearly summer school, in which honour and postgraduate students study short courses in the summer. It is hosted by a number of Australian universities. {{cite web \\|title \\= amsi\\-summer\\-school\\-2018 \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713061247/https://www.emblaustralia.org/events\\-speakers/amsi\\-summer\\-school\\-2018 \\|website\\=EMBL Australia}}/",
"",
"#### Research",
"The AMSI Research Program expands and improves the mathematical sciences research base in Australia. The program promotes collaboration between member institutions and with international researchers and gives students at member institutions networking opportunities.",
"AMSI provides workshop sponsorship allocated through its Scientific Advisory Committee to AMSI members. AMSI also sponsors annual AMSI Lecturers and the Australian MS Mahler Lecturer.",
"Funding from the Department of Education, Science and Training enabled the establishment of the AMSI Access Grid Room (AGR) network. The AGR network facilitates distributed lectures, teaching, and research. A national program of collaborative teaching of advanced mathematics at honors level at multiple remote sites is now established.",
"### Industry, Business and Government Program",
"AMSI highlights the relevance of mathematics to industry through wide\\-ranging industry\\-linked activities including:\n* AMSI's internship program\n* Industry workshops\n* Mathematical and statistical consulting services\nThe activities showcase the benefits of using mathematical tools in business, industry and government.",
"#### AMSI Intern",
"AMSI Intern is a national program that links postgraduate students and their university supervisors across all disciplines with industry partners through short\\-term 4\\-5 month tightly focused partner research internships. The postgraduate student is supported by an academic mentor from the host university throughout the internship placement period.",
""
] |
Fictional character biography
-----------------------------
Born in [Boise](/wiki/Boise "Boise"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho "Idaho"), Samuel Sterns lived in the shadow of his brilliant brother Phillip, and he worked in a menial capacity for a [chemical plant](/wiki/Chemical_plant "Chemical plant") where Phillip was employed as a researcher. While Sterns was transporting radioactive materials, an explosive accident bombarded him with [gamma radiation](/wiki/Gamma_ray "Gamma ray"), which turned his skin green, abnormally enlarged his cranium and brain, and granted him a superhuman intellect that reflected his subconscious desire to be smarter than his brother.*Tales to Astonish* \#63\. Marvel Comics.{{cite book \|last1\=Brevoort \|first1\=Tom \|last2\=DeFalco \|first2\=Tom \|last3\=Manning \|first3\=Matthew K. \|last4\=Sanderson \|first4\=Peter \|last5\=Wiacek \|first5\=Win \|title\=Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=DK Publishing \|isbn\=978\-1465455505 \|page\=103}} Calling himself "the Leader", he forms an espionage ring to overthrow the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") [federal government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States"), enlisting spies as the [Chameleon](/wiki/Chameleon_%28character%29 "Chameleon (character)") to steal its secrets.*Tales to Astonish* \#60\-63\. Marvel Comics. After his men are duly thwarted by the [Hulk](/wiki/Hulk "Hulk"), the Leader decides to capture the Hulk with an android army known as "Humanoids".*Tales to Astonish* \#62\-64\. Marvel Comics. However, the Hulk breaks free and destroys the Leader's laboratory, forcing his retreat.*Tales to Astonish* \#68\-69\. Marvel Comics. Impressed by the Hulk's strength, the Leader later convinces him to steal the [Watcher](/wiki/Watcher_%28comics%29 "Watcher (comics)")'s "Ultimate Machine", a device containing all knowledge in the universe.*Tales to Astonish* \#73\. Marvel Comics. After obtaining the device and visualizing its contents, the Leader apparently dies of shock, with even his enhanced brain unable to comprehend the knowledge that the Ultimate Machine contains.*Tales to Astonish* \#74\. Marvel Comics.
The Leader is later resurrected by a Humanoid designed specifically to do so. Months later, he resurfaces to engage in a number of plots against the Hulk, including an alliance with [General Ross](/wiki/Thunderbolt_Ross "Thunderbolt Ross").*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#115\-117\. Marvel Comics. He also attempts to steal the U.S. Army's Tripod Observation Module (TOM), nicknamed the Murder Module and then, with the help of the [Rhino](/wiki/Rhino_%28character%29 "Rhino (character)"), interrupts the wedding of Bruce Banner (the Hulk's alter ego) and [Betty Ross](/wiki/Betty_Ross "Betty Ross") by shooting Banner with a ray which restores the Hulk to his savage state,*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#123\-124\. Marvel Comics. gamma\-irradiates Manhattan's water supply to transform its inhabitants into loyal servants,*The Incredible Hulk Annual* \#11\. Marvel Comics. and clashes with the Hulk and the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 "Avengers (comics)") twice.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#278\-284\. Marvel Comics. Eventually, the Leader's mutation destabilizes and he reverts to the form of Samuel Sterns. He convinces the Gray Hulk to transfer the gamma radiation from the recently Hulk\-like [Rick Jones](/wiki/Rick_Jones_%28character%29 "Rick Jones (character)") into himself, and the Leader is restored with a new appearance and a psychic link to Rick.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#342\. Marvel Comics. The Leader subsequently detonates a gamma bomb in a small Arizona town, killing over 5,000 people. The few survivors, now enhanced, provide him with valuable research subjects and a group of superhuman enforcers called the [Riot Squad](/wiki/Riot_Squad_%28comics%29 "Riot Squad (comics)").*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#344\-345\. Marvel Comics. With their help, he builds a self\-sufficient society called Freehold in [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta"), populated with civilians dying from radiation poisoning. When the Leader's brother Philip Sterns becomes the [Madman](/wiki/Madman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Madman (Marvel Comics)"), the Leader deems him a threat and sends the Hulk to eliminate him.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#366\. Marvel Comics.
When Freehold is targeted by [HYDRA](/wiki/Hydra_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Hydra (Marvel Comics)"), the Leader sends his followers to invade the covert [Pantheon](/wiki/Pantheon_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Pantheon (Marvel Comics)") organization and coerce them into aiding Freehold. To the Hulk's chagrin, the Leader and the Pantheon's head Agamemnon ultimately form an alliance. At the same time, the Leader is experiencing Rick's grief over the recent death of his girlfriend [Marlo Chandler](/wiki/Marlo_Chandler "Marlo Chandler"). The Leader offers to revive Marlo by using the power of his follower Soul Man, hoping to use Rick as a pawn against the Hulk and taking the opportunity to analyze Soul Man's power in a bid to achieve immortality.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#397\-399\. Marvel Comics. Marlo's revival is interrupted by a two\-pronged attack on Freehold by the Hulk and HYDRA, and the Leader is apparently killed in the crossfire.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#400\. Marvel Comics. The now\-incorporeal Leader controls his follower Omnibus and attempts to throw the world into a state of war. Omnibus is eventually exposed by his fellow Freehold citizens, exiled into the Arctic, and is eaten by a [polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear "Polar bear").*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#442\. Marvel Comics.
When Banner is dying from [ALS](/wiki/ALS "ALS"), the Leader summons the Hulk to give him a cure in exchange for witnessing his ascension from the mortal plane.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 3\) \#30\-32\. Marvel Comics. However, he explodes in the process and is reduced to a disembodied head in a tank within a hidden California base.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 3\) \#75\-76\. Marvel Comics.
After the Leader regains his body through unknown means, he is captured by [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D.") and brought to trial for his crimes, but his attorney manages to have him found not guilty by reason of insanity.*She\-Hulk* (vol. 4\) \#20\. Marvel Comics. Shortly afterward, the Leader discovers he is dying and builds a dome in a Nevada desert to survive.*World War Hulk: Aftersmash! Warbound* \#3\-5\. Marvel Comics. Upon recovering, he joins the [Intelligencia](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_teams_and_organizations%23Intelligencia "List of Marvel Comics teams and organizations#Intelligencia"),*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#604\. Marvel Comics. and he takes part in the creation of the Harpy II ([Marlo Chandler](/wiki/Marlo_Chandler "Marlo Chandler")), the [Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk "Red Hulk") (General Ross), and the [Red She\-Hulk](/wiki/Betty_Ross%23Becoming_the_Red_She-Hulk "Betty Ross#Becoming the Red She-Hulk") (Betty Ross). However, when Ross discovers that the Red She\-Hulk is his daughter, he drains the gamma radiation from the Leader's body, depriving him of his super\-intelligence and reverting him to his human form.*Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#23\. Marvel Comics.
Subsequently taken into custody so that he may divulge information on the Intelligencia's plans,*Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#28\. Marvel Comics. Sterns is subjected to a dose of red gamma radiation by the Red Hulk, who intends to make Sterns his intelligence agent.*Thunderbolts* (vol. 2\) \#2\. Marvel Comics. However, Sterns is shot and killed when the [Punisher](/wiki/Punisher "Punisher") discovers him.*Thunderbolts* (vol. 2\) \#3\. Marvel Comics. The Red Hulk further exposes his body to gamma radiation, which revives him and transforms him into the Red Leader.*Thunderbolts* (vol. 2\) \#4\. Marvel Comics. Initially forced to work for [Ross's Thunderbolts](/wiki/Thunderbolts_%28comics%29%23Red_Hulk%27s_Thunderbolts "Thunderbolts (comics)#Red Hulk's Thunderbolts"), the Red Leader manages to escape and begins to rebuild his criminal empire, but is recaptured. He makes a pact with [Mephisto](/wiki/Mephisto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Mephisto (Marvel Comics)") to free himself, and is later dragged to Hell.*Thunderbolts* (vol. 2\) \#20\-22\. Marvel Comics.
After somehow escaping from Mephisto's captivity, the Red Leader is tracked down by "Doc Green", an ingenious and ruthless new personality of the Hulk, and is deprived of his powers. However, the Red Leader had previously taken possession of an artificial intelligence created by Banner, which restores his intellect, powers and original green\-skinned complexion.*Hulk* (vol. 3\) \#13\. Marvel Comics.
In the miniseries *Hulkverines*, the Leader is shown to be detained at Shadow Base Remote Facility 43B using Big Bob's Lumber Lounge in Akron, Ohio as a front. He is approached by Agent Castillo, who informs him that the Hulk has returned from the dead and they need his help to kill him. The Leader accepts, but stabs Agent Castillo, stating that he would rather do it himself. The Leader arrives at the area where the Hulk and [Weapon H](/wiki/Weapon_H "Weapon H") are fighting each other, until Shadow Base agents led by Agent NG catch up to him. As the Hulk starts sneezing, the Leader states to Agent NG that he infected Clayton Cortez with a gamma\-altering virus. Arriving where Weapon H had knocked the Hulk unconscious, the Leader begs for Weapon H to finish him off. When the Leader threatens his family as part of Plan C, he detonates some bombs near Weapon H to get away. Clayton chases after the Leader until [Wolverine](/wiki/Wolverine_%28character%29 "Wolverine (character)") arrives.*Hulkverines* \#1\. Marvel Comics. The Leader brings out the Humanoids, only for them to be regressed back to their pods by reverse\-engineered Humanoids when former [Weapon X](/wiki/Weapon_X "Weapon X") Project scientist Dr. Aliana Alba shows up. She advises the Leader to leave the disposal of Wolverine to her. After a brief fight, the Leader explains that he was pursuing the Hulk, while Dr. Alba states that she was pursuing Wolverine. They come to a conclusion that they were manipulated by [someone who wants Weapon H dead](/wiki/Minotaur_%28comics%29 "Minotaur (comics)"). This leads to them making plans to capture the Hulk to collaborate on a project. The Leader and Dr. Alba later attack Shadow Base's Remote Facility FN34\.*Hulkverines* \#2\. Marvel Comics. After the larger Humanoid abducts Wolverine and Bruce Banner, it brings them to Shadow Base's Remote Facility FN34 as they begin the experiment that gives the Hulk the claws of Wolverine and Wolverine the strength of the Hulk. The Leader and Dr. Alba unleash the mutated Hulk and Wolverine on Shadow Base Auto\-Op WMD Facility BX91 in Central, Ohio using Green Energy Corp as a front. Weapon H arrives and lures them towards the Leader and Dr. Alba. When Weapon H destroys the remote control in the Leader's hand, Dr. Alba withdraws the nanobots that were placed in Wolverine and Bruce Banner and places them in Weapon H. It does not work on Weapon H, as the Leader repairs his teleporter enough to get himself and Dr. Alba away from Weapon H. After watching the aftermath from afar, the Leader and Dr. Alba share a romantic kiss as they embrace each other.*Hulkverines* \#3\. Marvel Comics.
After the Hulk left after finding that [Xemnu](/wiki/Xemnu "Xemnu") devoured the Minotaur and transformed him into a Xemnu/Minotaur hybrid, the Leader visits him. While controlling Rick Jones when spying on the Hulk, the Leader advises the Minotaur to leave the Hulk to him.*The Immortal Hulk* \#33\. Marvel Comics.
The Leader later studies the Below\-Place, where gamma mutates travel to after dying and before resurrecting. He harnesses the [One Below All](/wiki/One_Below_All "One Below All")'s power and transforms into a colossal crab\-like monster before the Hulk defeats him.*The Immortal Hulk* \#34\-36, 0, and 37\-50, *Empyre: The Immortal She\-Hulk* \#1 and *King in Black: The Immortal Hulk* \#1\. Marvel Comics.
During the "[Empyre](/wiki/Empyre "Empyre")" storyline, it was revealed that the Leader also used the Green Door to return the She\-Hulk to life after she was possessed by a [Cotati](/wiki/Cotati_%28comics%29 "Cotati (comics)").*Empyre: The Immortal She\-Hulk* \#1\. Marvel Comics.
|
[
"Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------",
"Born in [Boise](/wiki/Boise \"Boise\"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\"), Samuel Sterns lived in the shadow of his brilliant brother Phillip, and he worked in a menial capacity for a [chemical plant](/wiki/Chemical_plant \"Chemical plant\") where Phillip was employed as a researcher. While Sterns was transporting radioactive materials, an explosive accident bombarded him with [gamma radiation](/wiki/Gamma_ray \"Gamma ray\"), which turned his skin green, abnormally enlarged his cranium and brain, and granted him a superhuman intellect that reflected his subconscious desire to be smarter than his brother.*Tales to Astonish* \\#63\\. Marvel Comics.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Brevoort \\|first1\\=Tom \\|last2\\=DeFalco \\|first2\\=Tom \\|last3\\=Manning \\|first3\\=Matthew K. \\|last4\\=Sanderson \\|first4\\=Peter \\|last5\\=Wiacek \\|first5\\=Win \\|title\\=Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=DK Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-1465455505 \\|page\\=103}} Calling himself \"the Leader\", he forms an espionage ring to overthrow the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [federal government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States \"Federal government of the United States\"), enlisting spies as the [Chameleon](/wiki/Chameleon_%28character%29 \"Chameleon (character)\") to steal its secrets.*Tales to Astonish* \\#60\\-63\\. Marvel Comics. After his men are duly thwarted by the [Hulk](/wiki/Hulk \"Hulk\"), the Leader decides to capture the Hulk with an android army known as \"Humanoids\".*Tales to Astonish* \\#62\\-64\\. Marvel Comics. However, the Hulk breaks free and destroys the Leader's laboratory, forcing his retreat.*Tales to Astonish* \\#68\\-69\\. Marvel Comics. Impressed by the Hulk's strength, the Leader later convinces him to steal the [Watcher](/wiki/Watcher_%28comics%29 \"Watcher (comics)\")'s \"Ultimate Machine\", a device containing all knowledge in the universe.*Tales to Astonish* \\#73\\. Marvel Comics. After obtaining the device and visualizing its contents, the Leader apparently dies of shock, with even his enhanced brain unable to comprehend the knowledge that the Ultimate Machine contains.*Tales to Astonish* \\#74\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The Leader is later resurrected by a Humanoid designed specifically to do so. Months later, he resurfaces to engage in a number of plots against the Hulk, including an alliance with [General Ross](/wiki/Thunderbolt_Ross \"Thunderbolt Ross\").*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#115\\-117\\. Marvel Comics. He also attempts to steal the U.S. Army's Tripod Observation Module (TOM), nicknamed the Murder Module and then, with the help of the [Rhino](/wiki/Rhino_%28character%29 \"Rhino (character)\"), interrupts the wedding of Bruce Banner (the Hulk's alter ego) and [Betty Ross](/wiki/Betty_Ross \"Betty Ross\") by shooting Banner with a ray which restores the Hulk to his savage state,*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#123\\-124\\. Marvel Comics. gamma\\-irradiates Manhattan's water supply to transform its inhabitants into loyal servants,*The Incredible Hulk Annual* \\#11\\. Marvel Comics. and clashes with the Hulk and the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 \"Avengers (comics)\") twice.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#278\\-284\\. Marvel Comics. Eventually, the Leader's mutation destabilizes and he reverts to the form of Samuel Sterns. He convinces the Gray Hulk to transfer the gamma radiation from the recently Hulk\\-like [Rick Jones](/wiki/Rick_Jones_%28character%29 \"Rick Jones (character)\") into himself, and the Leader is restored with a new appearance and a psychic link to Rick.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#342\\. Marvel Comics. The Leader subsequently detonates a gamma bomb in a small Arizona town, killing over 5,000 people. The few survivors, now enhanced, provide him with valuable research subjects and a group of superhuman enforcers called the [Riot Squad](/wiki/Riot_Squad_%28comics%29 \"Riot Squad (comics)\").*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#344\\-345\\. Marvel Comics. With their help, he builds a self\\-sufficient society called Freehold in [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\"), populated with civilians dying from radiation poisoning. When the Leader's brother Philip Sterns becomes the [Madman](/wiki/Madman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Madman (Marvel Comics)\"), the Leader deems him a threat and sends the Hulk to eliminate him.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#366\\. Marvel Comics.",
"When Freehold is targeted by [HYDRA](/wiki/Hydra_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Hydra (Marvel Comics)\"), the Leader sends his followers to invade the covert [Pantheon](/wiki/Pantheon_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Pantheon (Marvel Comics)\") organization and coerce them into aiding Freehold. To the Hulk's chagrin, the Leader and the Pantheon's head Agamemnon ultimately form an alliance. At the same time, the Leader is experiencing Rick's grief over the recent death of his girlfriend [Marlo Chandler](/wiki/Marlo_Chandler \"Marlo Chandler\"). The Leader offers to revive Marlo by using the power of his follower Soul Man, hoping to use Rick as a pawn against the Hulk and taking the opportunity to analyze Soul Man's power in a bid to achieve immortality.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#397\\-399\\. Marvel Comics. Marlo's revival is interrupted by a two\\-pronged attack on Freehold by the Hulk and HYDRA, and the Leader is apparently killed in the crossfire.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#400\\. Marvel Comics. The now\\-incorporeal Leader controls his follower Omnibus and attempts to throw the world into a state of war. Omnibus is eventually exposed by his fellow Freehold citizens, exiled into the Arctic, and is eaten by a [polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\").*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#442\\. Marvel Comics.",
"When Banner is dying from [ALS](/wiki/ALS \"ALS\"), the Leader summons the Hulk to give him a cure in exchange for witnessing his ascension from the mortal plane.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 3\\) \\#30\\-32\\. Marvel Comics. However, he explodes in the process and is reduced to a disembodied head in a tank within a hidden California base.*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 3\\) \\#75\\-76\\. Marvel Comics.",
"After the Leader regains his body through unknown means, he is captured by [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\") and brought to trial for his crimes, but his attorney manages to have him found not guilty by reason of insanity.*She\\-Hulk* (vol. 4\\) \\#20\\. Marvel Comics. Shortly afterward, the Leader discovers he is dying and builds a dome in a Nevada desert to survive.*World War Hulk: Aftersmash! Warbound* \\#3\\-5\\. Marvel Comics. Upon recovering, he joins the [Intelligencia](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_teams_and_organizations%23Intelligencia \"List of Marvel Comics teams and organizations#Intelligencia\"),*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#604\\. Marvel Comics. and he takes part in the creation of the Harpy II ([Marlo Chandler](/wiki/Marlo_Chandler \"Marlo Chandler\")), the [Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk \"Red Hulk\") (General Ross), and the [Red She\\-Hulk](/wiki/Betty_Ross%23Becoming_the_Red_She-Hulk \"Betty Ross#Becoming the Red She-Hulk\") (Betty Ross). However, when Ross discovers that the Red She\\-Hulk is his daughter, he drains the gamma radiation from the Leader's body, depriving him of his super\\-intelligence and reverting him to his human form.*Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#23\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Subsequently taken into custody so that he may divulge information on the Intelligencia's plans,*Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#28\\. Marvel Comics. Sterns is subjected to a dose of red gamma radiation by the Red Hulk, who intends to make Sterns his intelligence agent.*Thunderbolts* (vol. 2\\) \\#2\\. Marvel Comics. However, Sterns is shot and killed when the [Punisher](/wiki/Punisher \"Punisher\") discovers him.*Thunderbolts* (vol. 2\\) \\#3\\. Marvel Comics. The Red Hulk further exposes his body to gamma radiation, which revives him and transforms him into the Red Leader.*Thunderbolts* (vol. 2\\) \\#4\\. Marvel Comics. Initially forced to work for [Ross's Thunderbolts](/wiki/Thunderbolts_%28comics%29%23Red_Hulk%27s_Thunderbolts \"Thunderbolts (comics)#Red Hulk's Thunderbolts\"), the Red Leader manages to escape and begins to rebuild his criminal empire, but is recaptured. He makes a pact with [Mephisto](/wiki/Mephisto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Mephisto (Marvel Comics)\") to free himself, and is later dragged to Hell.*Thunderbolts* (vol. 2\\) \\#20\\-22\\. Marvel Comics.",
"After somehow escaping from Mephisto's captivity, the Red Leader is tracked down by \"Doc Green\", an ingenious and ruthless new personality of the Hulk, and is deprived of his powers. However, the Red Leader had previously taken possession of an artificial intelligence created by Banner, which restores his intellect, powers and original green\\-skinned complexion.*Hulk* (vol. 3\\) \\#13\\. Marvel Comics.",
"In the miniseries *Hulkverines*, the Leader is shown to be detained at Shadow Base Remote Facility 43B using Big Bob's Lumber Lounge in Akron, Ohio as a front. He is approached by Agent Castillo, who informs him that the Hulk has returned from the dead and they need his help to kill him. The Leader accepts, but stabs Agent Castillo, stating that he would rather do it himself. The Leader arrives at the area where the Hulk and [Weapon H](/wiki/Weapon_H \"Weapon H\") are fighting each other, until Shadow Base agents led by Agent NG catch up to him. As the Hulk starts sneezing, the Leader states to Agent NG that he infected Clayton Cortez with a gamma\\-altering virus. Arriving where Weapon H had knocked the Hulk unconscious, the Leader begs for Weapon H to finish him off. When the Leader threatens his family as part of Plan C, he detonates some bombs near Weapon H to get away. Clayton chases after the Leader until [Wolverine](/wiki/Wolverine_%28character%29 \"Wolverine (character)\") arrives.*Hulkverines* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics. The Leader brings out the Humanoids, only for them to be regressed back to their pods by reverse\\-engineered Humanoids when former [Weapon X](/wiki/Weapon_X \"Weapon X\") Project scientist Dr. Aliana Alba shows up. She advises the Leader to leave the disposal of Wolverine to her. After a brief fight, the Leader explains that he was pursuing the Hulk, while Dr. Alba states that she was pursuing Wolverine. They come to a conclusion that they were manipulated by [someone who wants Weapon H dead](/wiki/Minotaur_%28comics%29 \"Minotaur (comics)\"). This leads to them making plans to capture the Hulk to collaborate on a project. The Leader and Dr. Alba later attack Shadow Base's Remote Facility FN34\\.*Hulkverines* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics. After the larger Humanoid abducts Wolverine and Bruce Banner, it brings them to Shadow Base's Remote Facility FN34 as they begin the experiment that gives the Hulk the claws of Wolverine and Wolverine the strength of the Hulk. The Leader and Dr. Alba unleash the mutated Hulk and Wolverine on Shadow Base Auto\\-Op WMD Facility BX91 in Central, Ohio using Green Energy Corp as a front. Weapon H arrives and lures them towards the Leader and Dr. Alba. When Weapon H destroys the remote control in the Leader's hand, Dr. Alba withdraws the nanobots that were placed in Wolverine and Bruce Banner and places them in Weapon H. It does not work on Weapon H, as the Leader repairs his teleporter enough to get himself and Dr. Alba away from Weapon H. After watching the aftermath from afar, the Leader and Dr. Alba share a romantic kiss as they embrace each other.*Hulkverines* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.",
"After the Hulk left after finding that [Xemnu](/wiki/Xemnu \"Xemnu\") devoured the Minotaur and transformed him into a Xemnu/Minotaur hybrid, the Leader visits him. While controlling Rick Jones when spying on the Hulk, the Leader advises the Minotaur to leave the Hulk to him.*The Immortal Hulk* \\#33\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The Leader later studies the Below\\-Place, where gamma mutates travel to after dying and before resurrecting. He harnesses the [One Below All](/wiki/One_Below_All \"One Below All\")'s power and transforms into a colossal crab\\-like monster before the Hulk defeats him.*The Immortal Hulk* \\#34\\-36, 0, and 37\\-50, *Empyre: The Immortal She\\-Hulk* \\#1 and *King in Black: The Immortal Hulk* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.",
"During the \"[Empyre](/wiki/Empyre \"Empyre\")\" storyline, it was revealed that the Leader also used the Green Door to return the She\\-Hulk to life after she was possessed by a [Cotati](/wiki/Cotati_%28comics%29 \"Cotati (comics)\").*Empyre: The Immortal She\\-Hulk* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.",
""
] |
Powers and abilities
--------------------
The Leader has superhuman [mental](/wiki/Mind "Mind") acumen as a result of his exposure to an explosion of gamma\-irradiated waste. He is capable of knowledge and comprehension that is beyond the human ability to understand. Just as the Hulk has the potential for limitless strength, the Leader has the potential for limitless intelligence, being capable of mastering every worldly subject and adopting concepts completely foreign to his environment. His higher brain functions, including pattern recognition, information storage/retrieval and logical / philosophical structuring have been enhanced to inhuman levels. He also has total recall of every event he has witnessed since the accident that transformed him and can calculate possibilities and outcomes so accurately that it borders on predicting the future. Despite his limitless intelligence and supreme knowledge, his effectiveness as a villain is greatly hampered by his own arrogance, immaturity, impatience and obsession with killing the Hulk, which constantly causes him to lose sight of necessary details and act prematurely, causing the ruin of his schemes. His [egotism](/wiki/Egotism "Egotism") also briefly led him to embark on two mad and impractical schemes to turn the rest of humanity into gamma mutates like himself.
He has also unlocked latent telekinetic and telepathic powers within himself. He is able to control the minds of ordinary humans by merely touching them (aside from gamma\-mutated individuals like the Hulk or the Abomination), mind\-wipe the memories of several humans at once, create [illusions](/wiki/Illusion "Illusion") to trick others or disguise himself, and project telekinetic blasts potent enough to topple a very weakened Hulk.
The Leader is also a technological genius that specializes in gamma radiation. He has created technology that is beyond human ability, including vehicles, weaponry, computers, laser pistols, pulse weapons and kinetic gauntlets, and is particularly adept at genetic engineering and manipulating radiation for many nefarious purposes. The Leader has created an army of synthetic henchmen at his disposal called the "Humanoids" that have served him throughout his career of world domination, mainly as bodyguards, soldiers and laboratory servants. They have versatile programming capacities to allow them to perform any task, do not tire, talk or need sustenance and have elastic\-like bodies that make them immune to blunt impacts. They range in size from microscopic to hundreds of feet tall. The Humanoids are usually controlled directly through the Leader's own mental commands, but can also be pre\-programmed to carry out a certain directive. The Leader has also developed gamma bombs, shield generators to cover large areas, cages for holding the Hulk, powered armor, teleportation devices, android duplicates, a means of controlling the minds of the Hulk or the [Rhino](/wiki/Rhino_%28character%29 "Rhino (character)") through technological devices,*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\) \#157\-159\. Marvel Comics. a special Humanoid which was programmed to bring him back to life in the event of his death by using a device called the Revivo\-Beam that was also made to do so and Omnivac, a sentient computer that maintains the enormous space station that he has used as a base of operations.
On occasion, the Leader has been shown to have the ability to change himself back into Samuel Sterns, but this ability resulted in him losing all memory of his identity as the Leader, as Sterns' mind was ill\-equipped to cope with the Leader's intellect (although he always remembered everything when he changed back into the Leader again). It has been revealed when the Leader changes back into Sterns, Sterns gets a little smarter each time this happens (although Sterns is *still* nowhere *near* the Leader as far as intellect is concerned).*The Immortal Hulk* \#34\. Marvel Comics.
Although the Leader can be killed, being a gamma mutate, he is able to resurrect himself each time he is by passing through the Green Door, which makes him virtually immortal.
|
[
"Powers and abilities\n--------------------",
"The Leader has superhuman [mental](/wiki/Mind \"Mind\") acumen as a result of his exposure to an explosion of gamma\\-irradiated waste. He is capable of knowledge and comprehension that is beyond the human ability to understand. Just as the Hulk has the potential for limitless strength, the Leader has the potential for limitless intelligence, being capable of mastering every worldly subject and adopting concepts completely foreign to his environment. His higher brain functions, including pattern recognition, information storage/retrieval and logical / philosophical structuring have been enhanced to inhuman levels. He also has total recall of every event he has witnessed since the accident that transformed him and can calculate possibilities and outcomes so accurately that it borders on predicting the future. Despite his limitless intelligence and supreme knowledge, his effectiveness as a villain is greatly hampered by his own arrogance, immaturity, impatience and obsession with killing the Hulk, which constantly causes him to lose sight of necessary details and act prematurely, causing the ruin of his schemes. His [egotism](/wiki/Egotism \"Egotism\") also briefly led him to embark on two mad and impractical schemes to turn the rest of humanity into gamma mutates like himself.",
"He has also unlocked latent telekinetic and telepathic powers within himself. He is able to control the minds of ordinary humans by merely touching them (aside from gamma\\-mutated individuals like the Hulk or the Abomination), mind\\-wipe the memories of several humans at once, create [illusions](/wiki/Illusion \"Illusion\") to trick others or disguise himself, and project telekinetic blasts potent enough to topple a very weakened Hulk.",
"The Leader is also a technological genius that specializes in gamma radiation. He has created technology that is beyond human ability, including vehicles, weaponry, computers, laser pistols, pulse weapons and kinetic gauntlets, and is particularly adept at genetic engineering and manipulating radiation for many nefarious purposes. The Leader has created an army of synthetic henchmen at his disposal called the \"Humanoids\" that have served him throughout his career of world domination, mainly as bodyguards, soldiers and laboratory servants. They have versatile programming capacities to allow them to perform any task, do not tire, talk or need sustenance and have elastic\\-like bodies that make them immune to blunt impacts. They range in size from microscopic to hundreds of feet tall. The Humanoids are usually controlled directly through the Leader's own mental commands, but can also be pre\\-programmed to carry out a certain directive. The Leader has also developed gamma bombs, shield generators to cover large areas, cages for holding the Hulk, powered armor, teleportation devices, android duplicates, a means of controlling the minds of the Hulk or the [Rhino](/wiki/Rhino_%28character%29 \"Rhino (character)\") through technological devices,*The Incredible Hulk* (vol. 2\\) \\#157\\-159\\. Marvel Comics. a special Humanoid which was programmed to bring him back to life in the event of his death by using a device called the Revivo\\-Beam that was also made to do so and Omnivac, a sentient computer that maintains the enormous space station that he has used as a base of operations.",
"On occasion, the Leader has been shown to have the ability to change himself back into Samuel Sterns, but this ability resulted in him losing all memory of his identity as the Leader, as Sterns' mind was ill\\-equipped to cope with the Leader's intellect (although he always remembered everything when he changed back into the Leader again). It has been revealed when the Leader changes back into Sterns, Sterns gets a little smarter each time this happens (although Sterns is *still* nowhere *near* the Leader as far as intellect is concerned).*The Immortal Hulk* \\#34\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Although the Leader can be killed, being a gamma mutate, he is able to resurrect himself each time he is by passing through the Green Door, which makes him virtually immortal.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Formation and debut
The band formed in Tampa, Florida in 2002\. Vilches had already been playing solo shows for some time and decided to bring on 2 more members full\-time to add a full band sound including Andrew Verastegui on lead guitar and Diego Verastegui on drums. Prior to that he had taken on guitarist Steve Martinez, formerly the drummer of Irrate. *Mortimer Nova* reformed in 2009 as lead guitarist A Verastegui left the band in May 2008\. During August 2009, the band reformed with old drummer D Verastegui and Eric Hanson, formerly of Irrate and Faded Nimbus.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bluedistortion.com/faded\-nimbus/ \|title\=Faded Nimbus on Blue Distortion\|date\=June 28, 2005 }} *Mortimer Nova* stopped performing live in 2010 with the last lineup consisting of Vilches and D Verastegui. In November 2013, Mortimer Nova became active again on the website *SoundCloud* and *ReverbNation* by announcing upcoming shows.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.reverbnation.com/mortimernova \|title\=Mortimer Nova 2014 shows}} In 2014, they started performing live again with new drummer Robert Barrie and bassist Alan Thomas.
### *Terminal*
In late 2006, Mortimer Nova recorded its first album. This was the first album recorded as a full band and included Vilches and A Verastegui on guitar and vocals and D Verastegui on drums and percussion. The band had moved in together in a townhouse in Tampa, Florida while recording the album. The album was mastered by A Verastegui and Anthony Becker. It was well received and multiple tracks from it continue to stay in circulation on satellite, internet and terrestrial radio nationally.
### *Terrible The Fish Has Drowned*
The band reformed briefly in 2009 to record a 2nd studio album. Eric Hanson joined D Verastegui and Vilches to record a 10\-song full\-length album titled *Terrible The Fish Has Drowned*. The album features strong psychedelic overtones and uses a lot of soundscapes. The band broke up during the final mix of the tracks but Vilches still released the album the same year.
### *Mouth Full Of Bees*
2011 saw the release of the album *Mouth Full Of Bees*, an experimental album made up of live performances and all acoustic renditions of previously unreleased solo material that had been recorded between 2006 and 2010\. The songs included on the album were recorded originally for a 2\-disc live/solo acoustic album containing a decade's worth of live material but the live tracks from 2000 to 2005 had gone missing. In 2011, the decision was made to release just the 2006–2010 recordings. There is an intro and ending track on the disc and there are no breaks in\-between songs but rather filler noise, music and songs.
### *Flotsam*
Vilches' first solo album *Flotsam* was released in 2012\. The album combines dark electronic tracks, heavily distorted guitar tracks and ends with acoustic ballads. Even with such diversity from one track to another, the album as a whole was well received. This was also the first album recorded and mastered entirely by Vilches.
### *The Diary Of Valerie Hutchinson*
In 2013, *The Diary Of Valerie Hutchinson* was released. It was scheduled to release in 2011 as the first disc on what was to be a 2\-disc album called *Mouth Full Of Bees* but the tracks from 2000 to 2005 had gone missing. Once they were discovered, *The Diary Of Valerie Hutchinson* was released on its own. Just like *Mouth Full Of Bees*, it is made up of live recordings, demos and previously unreleased acoustic material.
### Reformation
In November 2013 show dates were announced on multiple websites for Mortimer Nova after 3 years of the band not performing. On January 21, 2014, Mortimer Nova announced the recording of a new album via social media and continued regularly updating their official website.{{cite web \|url\=https://reverbnation.com/mortimernova/ \|title\=Mortimer Nova returns – ReverbNation}} The band's line up was updated in February 2014 to include new members Robert Barrie on drums and Alan Thomas on Bass. Live performances immediately followed as the band prepared for the next album release.{{cite web \|url\=http://mortimernova.bandcamp.com/ \|title\=Mortimer Nova on BandCamp}}
### *You Are Now Manually Breathing*
On May 12, 2014, the album *You Are Now Manually Breathing* was quietly released, only being announced on Facebook{{cite web \|url\=http://www.facebook.com/mortimernova \|title\=You Are Now Manually Breathing album release\|website\=\[\[Facebook]] }}{{Primary source inline\|date\=January 2020}} and via iTunes{{cite web \|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/mortimer\-nova/id294136292 \|title\=No party, no show, just a cd release – via iTunes\|website\=\[\[iTunes]] }} accompanied by a message stating "no party, no show; just a cd release". The album was an all electronic album with Vilches' vocals over a variety of different electronic and synth\-based styles of music. The album did not feature any of the new band members but was still released under the Mortimer Nova moniker.
### *A Silver Tongue for a Steel Heart*
On January 1, 2015 *A Silver Tongue for a Steel Heart* was intended to be released as the last solo album of Mortimer Nova. Vilches had picked up local singer\-songwriter Bonnie Gosack and they began working on new material immediately after this album was released. During the recording of the follow\-up album, *Medium*, she unexpectedly died at the age of 34{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/1077392056/posts/10205630395614011/?pnref\=story \|title\=In memory of Bonnie Gosack\|website\=\[\[Facebook]] }}{{Primary source inline\|date\=January 2020}} and the band was put on a permanent hiatus. On September 23, 2016, after over a year of silence Vilches, a post was put up on the band's ReverbNation page saying "goodbye." with a link to a previously unreleased and unfinished version of a song.{{cite web \|url\=https://reverbnation.com/mortimernova/ \|title\=Mortimer Nova says goodbye – ReverbNation}} The band's Facebook page has also been shut down. Since then, *Medium* has also appeared on the band's Bandcamp site though it was never promoted anywhere.
### *Medium*
December 6, 2016 a 4 track EP titled *Medium* was posted on the BandCamp website. This album had been stopped during production and most of the recordings were scrapped as unfinished due to the untimely passing of their new lead singer. The album was self published and made available for free. BandCamp is the only place it has been made available to listen or download.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Formation and debut",
"The band formed in Tampa, Florida in 2002\\. Vilches had already been playing solo shows for some time and decided to bring on 2 more members full\\-time to add a full band sound including Andrew Verastegui on lead guitar and Diego Verastegui on drums. Prior to that he had taken on guitarist Steve Martinez, formerly the drummer of Irrate. *Mortimer Nova* reformed in 2009 as lead guitarist A Verastegui left the band in May 2008\\. During August 2009, the band reformed with old drummer D Verastegui and Eric Hanson, formerly of Irrate and Faded Nimbus.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bluedistortion.com/faded\\-nimbus/ \\|title\\=Faded Nimbus on Blue Distortion\\|date\\=June 28, 2005 }} *Mortimer Nova* stopped performing live in 2010 with the last lineup consisting of Vilches and D Verastegui. In November 2013, Mortimer Nova became active again on the website *SoundCloud* and *ReverbNation* by announcing upcoming shows.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.reverbnation.com/mortimernova \\|title\\=Mortimer Nova 2014 shows}} In 2014, they started performing live again with new drummer Robert Barrie and bassist Alan Thomas.",
"### *Terminal*",
"In late 2006, Mortimer Nova recorded its first album. This was the first album recorded as a full band and included Vilches and A Verastegui on guitar and vocals and D Verastegui on drums and percussion. The band had moved in together in a townhouse in Tampa, Florida while recording the album. The album was mastered by A Verastegui and Anthony Becker. It was well received and multiple tracks from it continue to stay in circulation on satellite, internet and terrestrial radio nationally.",
"### *Terrible The Fish Has Drowned*",
"The band reformed briefly in 2009 to record a 2nd studio album. Eric Hanson joined D Verastegui and Vilches to record a 10\\-song full\\-length album titled *Terrible The Fish Has Drowned*. The album features strong psychedelic overtones and uses a lot of soundscapes. The band broke up during the final mix of the tracks but Vilches still released the album the same year.",
"### *Mouth Full Of Bees*",
"2011 saw the release of the album *Mouth Full Of Bees*, an experimental album made up of live performances and all acoustic renditions of previously unreleased solo material that had been recorded between 2006 and 2010\\. The songs included on the album were recorded originally for a 2\\-disc live/solo acoustic album containing a decade's worth of live material but the live tracks from 2000 to 2005 had gone missing. In 2011, the decision was made to release just the 2006–2010 recordings. There is an intro and ending track on the disc and there are no breaks in\\-between songs but rather filler noise, music and songs.",
"### *Flotsam*",
"Vilches' first solo album *Flotsam* was released in 2012\\. The album combines dark electronic tracks, heavily distorted guitar tracks and ends with acoustic ballads. Even with such diversity from one track to another, the album as a whole was well received. This was also the first album recorded and mastered entirely by Vilches.",
"### *The Diary Of Valerie Hutchinson*",
"In 2013, *The Diary Of Valerie Hutchinson* was released. It was scheduled to release in 2011 as the first disc on what was to be a 2\\-disc album called *Mouth Full Of Bees* but the tracks from 2000 to 2005 had gone missing. Once they were discovered, *The Diary Of Valerie Hutchinson* was released on its own. Just like *Mouth Full Of Bees*, it is made up of live recordings, demos and previously unreleased acoustic material.",
"### Reformation",
"In November 2013 show dates were announced on multiple websites for Mortimer Nova after 3 years of the band not performing. On January 21, 2014, Mortimer Nova announced the recording of a new album via social media and continued regularly updating their official website.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://reverbnation.com/mortimernova/ \\|title\\=Mortimer Nova returns – ReverbNation}} The band's line up was updated in February 2014 to include new members Robert Barrie on drums and Alan Thomas on Bass. Live performances immediately followed as the band prepared for the next album release.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mortimernova.bandcamp.com/ \\|title\\=Mortimer Nova on BandCamp}}",
"### *You Are Now Manually Breathing*",
"On May 12, 2014, the album *You Are Now Manually Breathing* was quietly released, only being announced on Facebook{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.facebook.com/mortimernova \\|title\\=You Are Now Manually Breathing album release\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]] }}{{Primary source inline\\|date\\=January 2020}} and via iTunes{{cite web \\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/mortimer\\-nova/id294136292 \\|title\\=No party, no show, just a cd release – via iTunes\\|website\\=\\[\\[iTunes]] }} accompanied by a message stating \"no party, no show; just a cd release\". The album was an all electronic album with Vilches' vocals over a variety of different electronic and synth\\-based styles of music. The album did not feature any of the new band members but was still released under the Mortimer Nova moniker.",
"### *A Silver Tongue for a Steel Heart*",
"On January 1, 2015 *A Silver Tongue for a Steel Heart* was intended to be released as the last solo album of Mortimer Nova. Vilches had picked up local singer\\-songwriter Bonnie Gosack and they began working on new material immediately after this album was released. During the recording of the follow\\-up album, *Medium*, she unexpectedly died at the age of 34{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/1077392056/posts/10205630395614011/?pnref\\=story \\|title\\=In memory of Bonnie Gosack\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]] }}{{Primary source inline\\|date\\=January 2020}} and the band was put on a permanent hiatus. On September 23, 2016, after over a year of silence Vilches, a post was put up on the band's ReverbNation page saying \"goodbye.\" with a link to a previously unreleased and unfinished version of a song.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://reverbnation.com/mortimernova/ \\|title\\=Mortimer Nova says goodbye – ReverbNation}} The band's Facebook page has also been shut down. Since then, *Medium* has also appeared on the band's Bandcamp site though it was never promoted anywhere.",
"### *Medium*",
"December 6, 2016 a 4 track EP titled *Medium* was posted on the BandCamp website. This album had been stopped during production and most of the recordings were scrapped as unfinished due to the untimely passing of their new lead singer. The album was self published and made available for free. BandCamp is the only place it has been made available to listen or download.",
""
] |
IBM PC/AT and compatible systems
--------------------------------
{{For\|the palettes of previous original IBM PC, IBM XT and IBM PCjr/Tandy 1000 series hardware displays\|List of 8\-bit computer hardware graphics\#IBM PC/XT and compatible systems}}
### EGA
The [Enhanced Graphics Adapter](/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter "Enhanced Graphics Adapter") (EGA) supports all [CGA modes](/wiki/List_of_8-bit_computer_hardware_palettes%23CGA "List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes#CGA") and add three more: two 320×200 and 640×200 graphic modes, both with the full CGA 16\-color palette (intended to be used with the same "digital RGB" CGA color monitor of 200 scan lines) and an extra 640×350 graphic mode with 16 colors chosen from a [6\-bit RGB (64 colors) palette](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%236-bit_RGB "List of monochrome and RGB color formats#6-bit RGB") for what IBM then called an "analog RGB"{{fact\|date\=January 2019}} type monitor.Richard Wilton, Programmer's Guide to PC \& PS/2 VIDEO SYSTEMS, 1987, Microsoft Press.
The word *[analog](/wiki/Analog_signal "Analog signal")* means here that the RGB signals can have more than the bare two possible levels 0 and 1; (as the so\-called —by IBM— "digital RGB" CGA monitor type has) despite its name, colors are produced digitally, so there exist binary (quantized) steps for every primary RGB signal (two bits, four levels per primary, in this case). Thus, the EGA signal from the computer to this kind of monitor had two wires for each primary red, green and blue. IBM developed a true analog video interface later, for the more advanced MCGA and VGA display adapters and monitors (and earlier, for the [Professional Graphics Controller](/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller "Professional Graphics Controller"), announced simultaneously with the EGA) which are unrelated to (and incompatible with) the EGA "analog" monitors; see the next section.
Some early EGA cards shipped with only 64 KB of video memory—the nominal was 128 KB, up to a maximum of 256 KB to allow more screen pages in memory. With only 64 KB, the EGA 640×350 graphic mode provides only four colors. 4\-color 640×350 graphics was never a proper mode by itself (merely a conditional downgrade of the 640×350 16\-color mode) and therefore was not popular.
Monochrome "analog" monitors also existed for EGA. The colors are then mapped internally to the correspondent [luminance](/wiki/Luminance_%28relative%29 "Luminance (relative)") gray, (the sum of the 30% of the red signal, the 59% of the green and the 11% of the blue) giving a 16\-shades from a 64\-grayscale palette. "Positive" class monitors inverts the signal, providing that the default EGA colors for text modes (black background and white foreground) displays reversed, (white background and black foreground) as if were a printed document.
| [16\-color CGA](/wiki/List_of_8-bit_computer_hardware_palettes%23CGA "List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes#CGA") | 16\-color EGA | EGA on monochrome monitor | EGA palette |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Image:Screen color test EGA 16colors CGA.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_EGA_16colors_CGA.png "Screen color test EGA 16colors CGA.png") | [Image:Screen color test EGA 16colors.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_EGA_16colors.png "Screen color test EGA 16colors.png") | [Image:Screen color test EGA 16colors mono.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_EGA_16colors_mono.png "Screen color test EGA 16colors mono.png") | [Image:Ega palette color test chart.png](/wiki/Image:Ega_palette_color_test_chart.png "Ega palette color test chart.png") |
{\| class\="wikitable" style\="text\-align: center"
\|\+ **EGA color palette**
\|\- style\="color:white;"
\| style\="background:\#000; width:3pc;" title\="\#000"\| 0x00
\| style\="background:\#005; width:3pc;" title\="\#005"\| 0x01
\| style\="background:\#500; width:3pc;" title\="\#500"\| 0x02
\| style\="background:\#505; width:3pc;" title\="\#505"\| 0x03
\| style\="background:\#050; width:3pc;" title\="\#050"\| 0x04
\| style\="background:\#055; width:3pc;" title\="\#055"\| 0x05
\| style\="background:\#550; width:3pc;" title\="\#550"\| 0x06
\| style\="background:\#555; width:3pc;" title\="\#555"\| 0x07
\|\- style\="color:white;"
\| style\="background:\#00a; width:3pc;" title\="\#00A"\| 0x08
\| style\="background:\#00f; width:3pc;" title\="\#00F"\| 0x09
\| style\="background:\#50a; width:3pc;" title\="\#50A"\| 0x0A
\| style\="background:\#50f; width:3pc;" title\="\#50F"\| 0x0B
\| style\="background:\#05a; width:3pc;" title\="\#05A"\| 0x0C
\| style\="background:\#05f; width:3pc;" title\="\#05F"\| 0x0D
\| style\="background:\#55a; width:3pc;" title\="\#55A"\| 0x0E
\| style\="background:\#55f; width:3pc;" title\="\#55F"\| 0x0F
\|\-
\| style\="color:white; background:\#a00; width:3pc;" title\="\#A00"\| 0x10
\| style\="color:white; background:\#a05; width:3pc;" title\="\#A05"\| 0x11
\| style\="color:white; background:\#f00; width:3pc;" title\="\#F00"\| 0x12
\| style\="color:white; background:\#f05; width:3pc;" title\="\#F05"\| 0x13
\| style\="color:white; background:\#a50; width:3pc;" title\="\#A50"\| 0x14
\| style\="color:white; background:\#a55; width:3pc;" title\="\#A55"\| 0x15
\| style\="color:white; background:\#f50; width:3pc;" title\="\#F50"\| 0x16
\| style\="color:black; background:\#f55; width:3pc;" title\="\#F55"\| 0x17
\|\-
\| style\="color:white; background:\#a0a; width:3pc;" title\="\#A0A"\| 0x18
\| style\="color:white; background:\#a0f; width:3pc;" title\="\#A0F"\| 0x19
\| style\="color:white; background:\#f0a; width:3pc;" title\="\#F0A"\| 0x1A
\| style\="color:white; background:\#f0f; width:3pc;" title\="\#F0F"\| 0x1B
\| style\="color:white; background:\#a5a; width:3pc;" title\="\#A5A"\| 0x1C
\| style\="color:white; background:\#a5f; width:3pc;" title\="\#A5F"\| 0x1D
\| style\="color:black; background:\#f5a; width:3pc;" title\="\#F5A"\| 0x1E
\| style\="color:black; background:\#f5f; width:3pc;" title\="\#F5F"\| 0x1F
\|\-
\| style\="color:white; background:\#0a0; width:3pc;" title\="\#0A0"\| 0x20
\| style\="color:white; background:\#0a5; width:3pc;" title\="\#0A5"\| 0x21
\| style\="color:white; background:\#5a0; width:3pc;" title\="\#5A0"\| 0x22
\| style\="color:black; background:\#5a5; width:3pc;" title\="\#5A5"\| 0x23
\| style\="color:white; background:\#0f0; width:3pc;" title\="\#0F0"\| 0x24
\| style\="color:black; background:\#0f5; width:3pc;" title\="\#0F5"\| 0x25
\| style\="color:black; background:\#5f0; width:3pc;" title\="\#5F0"\| 0x26
\| style\="color:black; background:\#5f5; width:3pc;" title\="\#5F5"\| 0x27
\|\-
\| style\="color:white; background:\#0aa; width:3pc;" title\="\#0AA"\| 0x28
\| style\="color:white; background:\#0af; width:3pc;" title\="\#0AF"\| 0x29
\| style\="color:black; background:\#5aa; width:3pc;" title\="\#5AA"\| 0x2A
\| style\="color:black; background:\#5af; width:3pc;" title\="\#5AF"\| 0x2B
\| style\="color:black; background:\#0fa; width:3pc;" title\="\#0FA"\| 0x2C
\| style\="color:black; background:\#0ff; width:3pc;" title\="\#0FF"\| 0x2D
\| style\="color:black; background:\#5fa; width:3pc;" title\="\#5FA"\| 0x2E
\| style\="color:black; background:\#5ff; width:3pc;" title\="\#5FF"\| 0x2F
\|\- style\="color:black;"
\| style\="background:\#aa0; width:3pc;" title\="\#AA0"\| 0x30
\| style\="background:\#aa5; width:3pc;" title\="\#AA5"\| 0x31
\| style\="background:\#fa0; width:3pc;" title\="\#FA0"\| 0x32
\| style\="background:\#fa5; width:3pc;" title\="\#FA5"\| 0x33
\| style\="background:\#af0; width:3pc;" title\="\#AF0"\| 0x34
\| style\="background:\#af5; width:3pc;" title\="\#AF5"\| 0x35
\| style\="background:\#ff0; width:3pc;" title\="\#FF0"\| 0x36
\| style\="background:\#ff5; width:3pc;" title\="\#FF5"\| 0x37
\|\- style\="color:black;"
\| style\="background:\#aaa; width:3pc;" title\="\#AAA"\| 0x38
\| style\="background:\#aaf; width:3pc;" title\="\#AAF"\| 0x39
\| style\="background:\#faa; width:3pc;" title\="\#FAA"\| 0x3A
\| style\="background:\#faf; width:3pc;" title\="\#FAF"\| 0x3B
\| style\="background:\#afa; width:3pc;" title\="\#AFA"\| 0x3C
\| style\="background:\#aff; width:3pc;" title\="\#AFF"\| 0x3D
\| style\="background:\#ffa; width:3pc;" title\="\#FFA"\| 0x3E
\| style\="background:\#fff; width:3pc;" title\="\#FFF"\| 0x3F
\|}
Note: The colors underlined exist in the [CGA](/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter "Color Graphics Adapter") palette; as well as it is used as default 16\-color [EGA](/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter "Enhanced Graphics Adapter") color palette.
### PGC (Professional Graphics Controller)
The [Professional Graphics Controller](/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller "Professional Graphics Controller") used a 12\-bit RGB palette (4096 colors), from which 256 could be displayed. Targeted at the CAD market this mode has limited software support, although some clone boards exist.
### MCGA and VGA{{anchor\|MCGA\|VGA}}
The [Multi\-Color Graphics Array](/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array "Multi-Color Graphics Array") (MCGA) and [Video Graphics Array](/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array "Video Graphics Array") (VGA) used a 6\-bits per channel, 64 level digital\-to\-analog converter to give an [18\-bit RGB palette (262,144 colors)](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2318-bit_RGB "List of monochrome and RGB color formats#18-bit RGB"), from which can be selected any 2, 16, or 256 at a time. They both provided full compatibility with [CGA](/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter "Color Graphics Adapter") modes, while VGA included all the [EGA](/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter "Enhanced Graphics Adapter") modes as well as the MCGA modes. When connected to analog monochrome monitors, they offered 64 levels of grey. Some of the first [portable PCs](/wiki/Portable_computer "Portable computer") featured a flat monochrome [plasma display](/wiki/Plasma_display "Plasma display") with a VGA in shades of red.
{\|
\|16 colors
\|256 colors
\|64 shades on grayscale display
\|64 shades on red plasma display
\|\-
\|[Image:Screen color test VGA 16colors.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_VGA_16colors.png "Screen color test VGA 16colors.png")
\|[Image:Screen color test VGA 256colors.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_VGA_256colors.png "Screen color test VGA 256colors.png")
\|[Image:Screen color test VGA 256colors mono.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_VGA_256colors_mono.png "Screen color test VGA 256colors mono.png")
\|[Image:Screen color test VGA 256colors mono plasma.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_VGA_256colors_mono_plasma.png "Screen color test VGA 256colors mono plasma.png")
\|}
### 8514/A and XGA{{anchor\|8514/A\|XGA}}
The [8514/A](/wiki/IBM_8514 "IBM 8514") uses the [18\-bit RGB palette](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2318-bit_RGB "List of monochrome and RGB color formats#18-bit RGB") from which the user could select any 256 at a time in both 640×480 and 1024×768 graphic modes. It does not support compatibility with VGA modes, but a VGA card is usually already installed and *bridged* to the 8514/A to provide a single output cable for a single monitor which can display any of all VGA and 8514/A possible modes.
The [Extended Graphics Array (XGA)](/wiki/XGA "XGA") supports all 8514/A modes plus an 800×600 [16\-bit RGB](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2316-bit_RGB "List of monochrome and RGB color formats#16-bit RGB") [Highcolor](/wiki/Highcolor "Highcolor") mode, with 65,536 simultaneous colors on screen.
### Super VGA (SVGA){{anchor\|Super VGA\|SVGA}}
Enhanced clones of the IBM VGA, known as [Super VGA](/wiki/Super_VGA "Super VGA"), (SVGA) support 256 simultaneous colors in 640×480 and higher pixel resolutions (800×600, 1024×768\) in both 16 and 256 picked colors from the VGA [18\-bit RGB palette](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2318-bit_RGB "List of monochrome and RGB color formats#18-bit RGB"), depending on the model and the manufacturer. Also, some SVGA cards support [15\-](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2315-bit_RGB "List of monochrome and RGB color formats#15-bit RGB") and [16\-bit RGB](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2316-bit_RGB "List of monochrome and RGB color formats#16-bit RGB") [Highcolor](/wiki/Highcolor "Highcolor") modes, with 32,768 or 65,536 simultaneous colors on screen in 640×480 and higher resolutions. Some later models reach the [24\-bit RGB](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2324-bit_RGB "List of monochrome and RGB color formats#24-bit RGB") [true\-color](/wiki/24-bit_color "24-bit color") modes.
In the 1990s, most manufacturers adhered to the [VESA BIOS Extensions](/wiki/VESA_BIOS_Extensions "VESA BIOS Extensions") (VBE), used for enabling standard support for advanced video modes (at high resolutions and color depths).
They are the direct predecessors, not the IBM 8514/A nor XGA, of actual graphic display PC hardware.
### Super XGA (SXGA){{anchor\|Super XGA\|SXGA}}
{{Stubsect\|date\=April 2019}}
|
[
"IBM PC/AT and compatible systems\n--------------------------------",
"{{For\\|the palettes of previous original IBM PC, IBM XT and IBM PCjr/Tandy 1000 series hardware displays\\|List of 8\\-bit computer hardware graphics\\#IBM PC/XT and compatible systems}}",
"### EGA",
"The [Enhanced Graphics Adapter](/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter \"Enhanced Graphics Adapter\") (EGA) supports all [CGA modes](/wiki/List_of_8-bit_computer_hardware_palettes%23CGA \"List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes#CGA\") and add three more: two 320×200 and 640×200 graphic modes, both with the full CGA 16\\-color palette (intended to be used with the same \"digital RGB\" CGA color monitor of 200 scan lines) and an extra 640×350 graphic mode with 16 colors chosen from a [6\\-bit RGB (64 colors) palette](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%236-bit_RGB \"List of monochrome and RGB color formats#6-bit RGB\") for what IBM then called an \"analog RGB\"{{fact\\|date\\=January 2019}} type monitor.Richard Wilton, Programmer's Guide to PC \\& PS/2 VIDEO SYSTEMS, 1987, Microsoft Press.",
"The word *[analog](/wiki/Analog_signal \"Analog signal\")* means here that the RGB signals can have more than the bare two possible levels 0 and 1; (as the so\\-called —by IBM— \"digital RGB\" CGA monitor type has) despite its name, colors are produced digitally, so there exist binary (quantized) steps for every primary RGB signal (two bits, four levels per primary, in this case). Thus, the EGA signal from the computer to this kind of monitor had two wires for each primary red, green and blue. IBM developed a true analog video interface later, for the more advanced MCGA and VGA display adapters and monitors (and earlier, for the [Professional Graphics Controller](/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller \"Professional Graphics Controller\"), announced simultaneously with the EGA) which are unrelated to (and incompatible with) the EGA \"analog\" monitors; see the next section.",
"Some early EGA cards shipped with only 64 KB of video memory—the nominal was 128 KB, up to a maximum of 256 KB to allow more screen pages in memory. With only 64 KB, the EGA 640×350 graphic mode provides only four colors. 4\\-color 640×350 graphics was never a proper mode by itself (merely a conditional downgrade of the 640×350 16\\-color mode) and therefore was not popular.",
"Monochrome \"analog\" monitors also existed for EGA. The colors are then mapped internally to the correspondent [luminance](/wiki/Luminance_%28relative%29 \"Luminance (relative)\") gray, (the sum of the 30% of the red signal, the 59% of the green and the 11% of the blue) giving a 16\\-shades from a 64\\-grayscale palette. \"Positive\" class monitors inverts the signal, providing that the default EGA colors for text modes (black background and white foreground) displays reversed, (white background and black foreground) as if were a printed document.",
"",
"| [16\\-color CGA](/wiki/List_of_8-bit_computer_hardware_palettes%23CGA \"List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes#CGA\") | 16\\-color EGA | EGA on monochrome monitor | EGA palette |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Image:Screen color test EGA 16colors CGA.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_EGA_16colors_CGA.png \"Screen color test EGA 16colors CGA.png\") | [Image:Screen color test EGA 16colors.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_EGA_16colors.png \"Screen color test EGA 16colors.png\") | [Image:Screen color test EGA 16colors mono.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_EGA_16colors_mono.png \"Screen color test EGA 16colors mono.png\") | [Image:Ega palette color test chart.png](/wiki/Image:Ega_palette_color_test_chart.png \"Ega palette color test chart.png\") |",
"{\\| class\\=\"wikitable\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center\"\n\\|\\+ **EGA color palette**\n\\|\\- style\\=\"color:white;\" \n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#000; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#000\"\\| 0x00\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#005; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#005\"\\| 0x01\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#500; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#500\"\\| 0x02\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#505; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#505\"\\| 0x03\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#050; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#050\"\\| 0x04\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#055; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#055\"\\| 0x05\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#550; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#550\"\\| 0x06\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#555; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#555\"\\| 0x07\n\\|\\- style\\=\"color:white;\" \n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#00a; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#00A\"\\| 0x08\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#00f; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#00F\"\\| 0x09\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#50a; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#50A\"\\| 0x0A\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#50f; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#50F\"\\| 0x0B\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#05a; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#05A\"\\| 0x0C\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#05f; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#05F\"\\| 0x0D\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#55a; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#55A\"\\| 0x0E\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#55f; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#55F\"\\| 0x0F\n\\|\\-\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#a00; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#A00\"\\| 0x10\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#a05; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#A05\"\\| 0x11\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#f00; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#F00\"\\| 0x12\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#f05; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#F05\"\\| 0x13\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#a50; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#A50\"\\| 0x14\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#a55; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#A55\"\\| 0x15\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#f50; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#F50\"\\| 0x16\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#f55; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#F55\"\\| 0x17\n\\|\\-\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#a0a; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#A0A\"\\| 0x18\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#a0f; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#A0F\"\\| 0x19\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#f0a; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#F0A\"\\| 0x1A\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#f0f; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#F0F\"\\| 0x1B\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#a5a; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#A5A\"\\| 0x1C\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#a5f; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#A5F\"\\| 0x1D\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#f5a; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#F5A\"\\| 0x1E\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#f5f; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#F5F\"\\| 0x1F\n\\|\\-\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#0a0; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#0A0\"\\| 0x20\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#0a5; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#0A5\"\\| 0x21\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#5a0; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#5A0\"\\| 0x22\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#5a5; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#5A5\"\\| 0x23\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#0f0; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#0F0\"\\| 0x24\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#0f5; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#0F5\"\\| 0x25\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#5f0; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#5F0\"\\| 0x26\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#5f5; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#5F5\"\\| 0x27\n\\|\\-\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#0aa; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#0AA\"\\| 0x28\n\\| style\\=\"color:white; background:\\#0af; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#0AF\"\\| 0x29\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#5aa; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#5AA\"\\| 0x2A\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#5af; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#5AF\"\\| 0x2B\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#0fa; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#0FA\"\\| 0x2C\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#0ff; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#0FF\"\\| 0x2D\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#5fa; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#5FA\"\\| 0x2E\n\\| style\\=\"color:black; background:\\#5ff; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#5FF\"\\| 0x2F\n\\|\\- style\\=\"color:black;\" \n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#aa0; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#AA0\"\\| 0x30\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#aa5; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#AA5\"\\| 0x31\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#fa0; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#FA0\"\\| 0x32\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#fa5; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#FA5\"\\| 0x33\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#af0; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#AF0\"\\| 0x34\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#af5; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#AF5\"\\| 0x35\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ff0; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#FF0\"\\| 0x36\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ff5; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#FF5\"\\| 0x37\n\\|\\- style\\=\"color:black;\" \n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#aaa; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#AAA\"\\| 0x38\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#aaf; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#AAF\"\\| 0x39\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#faa; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#FAA\"\\| 0x3A\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#faf; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#FAF\"\\| 0x3B\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#afa; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#AFA\"\\| 0x3C\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#aff; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#AFF\"\\| 0x3D\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffa; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#FFA\"\\| 0x3E\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#fff; width:3pc;\" title\\=\"\\#FFF\"\\| 0x3F\n\\|}\nNote: The colors underlined exist in the [CGA](/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter \"Color Graphics Adapter\") palette; as well as it is used as default 16\\-color [EGA](/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter \"Enhanced Graphics Adapter\") color palette.\n### PGC (Professional Graphics Controller)",
"The [Professional Graphics Controller](/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller \"Professional Graphics Controller\") used a 12\\-bit RGB palette (4096 colors), from which 256 could be displayed. Targeted at the CAD market this mode has limited software support, although some clone boards exist.",
"### MCGA and VGA{{anchor\\|MCGA\\|VGA}}",
"The [Multi\\-Color Graphics Array](/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array \"Multi-Color Graphics Array\") (MCGA) and [Video Graphics Array](/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array \"Video Graphics Array\") (VGA) used a 6\\-bits per channel, 64 level digital\\-to\\-analog converter to give an [18\\-bit RGB palette (262,144 colors)](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2318-bit_RGB \"List of monochrome and RGB color formats#18-bit RGB\"), from which can be selected any 2, 16, or 256 at a time. They both provided full compatibility with [CGA](/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter \"Color Graphics Adapter\") modes, while VGA included all the [EGA](/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter \"Enhanced Graphics Adapter\") modes as well as the MCGA modes. When connected to analog monochrome monitors, they offered 64 levels of grey. Some of the first [portable PCs](/wiki/Portable_computer \"Portable computer\") featured a flat monochrome [plasma display](/wiki/Plasma_display \"Plasma display\") with a VGA in shades of red.",
"{\\|\n\\|16 colors\n\\|256 colors\n\\|64 shades on grayscale display\n\\|64 shades on red plasma display\n\\|\\-\n\\|[Image:Screen color test VGA 16colors.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_VGA_16colors.png \"Screen color test VGA 16colors.png\")\n\\|[Image:Screen color test VGA 256colors.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_VGA_256colors.png \"Screen color test VGA 256colors.png\")\n\\|[Image:Screen color test VGA 256colors mono.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_VGA_256colors_mono.png \"Screen color test VGA 256colors mono.png\")\n\\|[Image:Screen color test VGA 256colors mono plasma.png](/wiki/Image:Screen_color_test_VGA_256colors_mono_plasma.png \"Screen color test VGA 256colors mono plasma.png\")\n\\|}\n### 8514/A and XGA{{anchor\\|8514/A\\|XGA}}",
"The [8514/A](/wiki/IBM_8514 \"IBM 8514\") uses the [18\\-bit RGB palette](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2318-bit_RGB \"List of monochrome and RGB color formats#18-bit RGB\") from which the user could select any 256 at a time in both 640×480 and 1024×768 graphic modes. It does not support compatibility with VGA modes, but a VGA card is usually already installed and *bridged* to the 8514/A to provide a single output cable for a single monitor which can display any of all VGA and 8514/A possible modes.",
"The [Extended Graphics Array (XGA)](/wiki/XGA \"XGA\") supports all 8514/A modes plus an 800×600 [16\\-bit RGB](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2316-bit_RGB \"List of monochrome and RGB color formats#16-bit RGB\") [Highcolor](/wiki/Highcolor \"Highcolor\") mode, with 65,536 simultaneous colors on screen.",
"### Super VGA (SVGA){{anchor\\|Super VGA\\|SVGA}}",
"Enhanced clones of the IBM VGA, known as [Super VGA](/wiki/Super_VGA \"Super VGA\"), (SVGA) support 256 simultaneous colors in 640×480 and higher pixel resolutions (800×600, 1024×768\\) in both 16 and 256 picked colors from the VGA [18\\-bit RGB palette](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2318-bit_RGB \"List of monochrome and RGB color formats#18-bit RGB\"), depending on the model and the manufacturer. Also, some SVGA cards support [15\\-](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2315-bit_RGB \"List of monochrome and RGB color formats#15-bit RGB\") and [16\\-bit RGB](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2316-bit_RGB \"List of monochrome and RGB color formats#16-bit RGB\") [Highcolor](/wiki/Highcolor \"Highcolor\") modes, with 32,768 or 65,536 simultaneous colors on screen in 640×480 and higher resolutions. Some later models reach the [24\\-bit RGB](/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats%2324-bit_RGB \"List of monochrome and RGB color formats#24-bit RGB\") [true\\-color](/wiki/24-bit_color \"24-bit color\") modes.",
"In the 1990s, most manufacturers adhered to the [VESA BIOS Extensions](/wiki/VESA_BIOS_Extensions \"VESA BIOS Extensions\") (VBE), used for enabling standard support for advanced video modes (at high resolutions and color depths).",
"They are the direct predecessors, not the IBM 8514/A nor XGA, of actual graphic display PC hardware.",
"### Super XGA (SXGA){{anchor\\|Super XGA\\|SXGA}}",
"",
"{{Stubsect\\|date\\=April 2019}}"
] |
Plot
----
Husin ([Awie](/wiki/Awie "Awie")) returns to his village (Kampung Pisang) after working in Singapore. He finds work with his best friends Khuda (TJ Isa), Wani (Sharwani NS), and Yeh Sekupang (Rab Khalid) in a charcoal factory. Meanwhile, Khuda has just married older woman Kak Limah.
However, Kak Limah is found dead in the garden. At the same time, Husin, Wani, and Khuda go into the forest but don't know the news of Kak Limah's death.
Meanwhile, Yeh Sekupang (Head of Information Bureau at Kampung Pisang) is managing Kak Limah's body and assigns Nayan (Ropie Cecupak) to take care of the remains. Nayan is confused with the death of Kak Limah. Meanwhile, Khuda comes home to meet Kak Limah along with Husin and Wani. The three notice strange details and eventually realize they are interacting with a ghost. Ustaz Solihin then appears, who helps them confront Kak Limah's ghost. However, Solihin's efforts fail. The five of them learn that Kak Limah's spirit had disturbed Kampung Pisang. The next day, the body of Kak Limah is buried.
Even after the funeral Yeh Sekupang is still disturbed by Kak Limah's spiritual transformation. Ustaz Solihin then wants to abolish the spirit that is still lingering in Kampung Pisang. They try five times to recapture Kak Limah's spirit, led by Ustaz Solihin. After several hours, Kak Limah's spirit is captured, but Ustaz Solihin is once again defeated by the spirit.
As a result of this commotion, the head of a community of *[orang bunian](/wiki/Orang_bunian "Orang bunian")* ("elves" in the English translation) with his entourage descend into the human realm to explain what has happened. The spirit was sworn into the original appearance of Nor Aini. Nor Aini is the sister of Eton who falls in love with Khuda. They were married but Khuda had breached the condition by bringing Nor Aini down to human nature without the knowledge of her father. Life in human nature is not as fancy as she is accustomed to in her ethereal realm.
Nor Aini became insane which made Khuda hide her in the garden. Khuda cheated on his wife and married Kak Limah. This made Nor Aini so angry and revengeful which caused Kak Limah to die. The elf father warned Husin that he was not even able to marry Eton for such a thing to happen. The entourage finally brought back Nor Aini back to the base. The next day, Nor Aini, together with her three other friends, had broken her father's command and came down to human nature once again to disturb Husin, Wani, Khuda, and Yeh.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2019}}
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Husin ([Awie](/wiki/Awie \"Awie\")) returns to his village (Kampung Pisang) after working in Singapore. He finds work with his best friends Khuda (TJ Isa), Wani (Sharwani NS), and Yeh Sekupang (Rab Khalid) in a charcoal factory. Meanwhile, Khuda has just married older woman Kak Limah.",
"However, Kak Limah is found dead in the garden. At the same time, Husin, Wani, and Khuda go into the forest but don't know the news of Kak Limah's death.",
"Meanwhile, Yeh Sekupang (Head of Information Bureau at Kampung Pisang) is managing Kak Limah's body and assigns Nayan (Ropie Cecupak) to take care of the remains. Nayan is confused with the death of Kak Limah. Meanwhile, Khuda comes home to meet Kak Limah along with Husin and Wani. The three notice strange details and eventually realize they are interacting with a ghost. Ustaz Solihin then appears, who helps them confront Kak Limah's ghost. However, Solihin's efforts fail. The five of them learn that Kak Limah's spirit had disturbed Kampung Pisang. The next day, the body of Kak Limah is buried.",
"Even after the funeral Yeh Sekupang is still disturbed by Kak Limah's spiritual transformation. Ustaz Solihin then wants to abolish the spirit that is still lingering in Kampung Pisang. They try five times to recapture Kak Limah's spirit, led by Ustaz Solihin. After several hours, Kak Limah's spirit is captured, but Ustaz Solihin is once again defeated by the spirit.",
"As a result of this commotion, the head of a community of *[orang bunian](/wiki/Orang_bunian \"Orang bunian\")* (\"elves\" in the English translation) with his entourage descend into the human realm to explain what has happened. The spirit was sworn into the original appearance of Nor Aini. Nor Aini is the sister of Eton who falls in love with Khuda. They were married but Khuda had breached the condition by bringing Nor Aini down to human nature without the knowledge of her father. Life in human nature is not as fancy as she is accustomed to in her ethereal realm.",
"Nor Aini became insane which made Khuda hide her in the garden. Khuda cheated on his wife and married Kak Limah. This made Nor Aini so angry and revengeful which caused Kak Limah to die. The elf father warned Husin that he was not even able to marry Eton for such a thing to happen. The entourage finally brought back Nor Aini back to the base. The next day, Nor Aini, together with her three other friends, had broken her father's command and came down to human nature once again to disturb Husin, Wani, Khuda, and Yeh.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2019}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The Lenape people were divided into three dialectal divisions, which later became the basis for the three Clans of the Lenape. These divisions were the *Monsi* ([Munsee](/wiki/Munsee "Munsee")) or Wolf, the *Unami* or Turtle, and the *Unilactigo* or Turkey. Today the clans are known as the *Tùkwsit* (Wolf Clan), *Pùkuwànko* (Turtle Clan), and *Pële* (Turkey Clan). The Delaware Nation is the *Pùkuwànko* (Turtle Clan).
The Delaware were the first Indian nation to enter into a treaty with the newly formed government of the United States; [the treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Pitt_%281778%29 "Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778)") was signed on September 17, 1778\.
The Oklahoma branches were established in 1867, with the purchase of land by Delaware from the [Cherokee Nation](/wiki/Cherokee_Nation "Cherokee Nation"); they made two payments totaling $438,000\. A court dispute followed over whether the sale included citizenship rights for the Delaware within the Cherokee Nation. In 1867, the courts ruled that they had only purchased rights to the land for their lifetimes.
The [Curtis Act of 1898](/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898 "Curtis Act of 1898") dissolved tribal governments and ordered the allotment of tribal lands to individual members of tribes. The Lenape fought the act in the courts but lost. The lands were allotted in {{Convert\|160\|acre\|m2\|adj\=on}} lots in 1907, with any land left over sold to non\-Indians.
The Nation became federally recognized on July 5, 1958, as the "Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma." They ratified their current constitution in 1972\. In November 1999, the tribe officially changed its name to the Delaware Nation.McCollum, Timothy James. [Delaware, Western.](http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/D/DE012.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224043804/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/D/DE012\.html \|date\=2008\-12\-24 }} *Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History \& Culture.* (retrieved 21 Feb 2009\)
In September 2000 the Delaware Nation of Oklahoma received 11\.5 acres of land in [Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Thornbury_Township%2C_Delaware_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania"){{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1129\&dat\=20000919\&id\=tNtRAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=t28DAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4789,6286829\&hl\=en\|title\=Delaware Indians may use land donated by couple as burial ground\|newspaper\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=September 19, 2000 \|page\=B\-10 \|access\-date\=April 14, 2018}}
In 2004 the Delaware of Oklahoma sued Pennsylvania over land lost in 1800\. This was related to the colonial government's [Walking Purchase](/wiki/Walking_Purchase "Walking Purchase") of 1737, an agreement of doubtful legal veracity.Duffy, Shannon. ["Indian Tribe Sues Over Pennsylvania Land."](http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1074259221938) *Law.com.* 20 Jan 2004\. Retrieved 3 Jan 2012\.["Walking Purchase"](http://www.delawaretribeofindians.nsn.us/walking_purchase.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603101715/http://delawaretribeofindians.nsn.us/walking\_purchase.html \|date\=2009\-06\-03 }}, Delaware Tribe of Indians The court held that the justness of the extinguishment of aboriginal title is nonjusticiable, including in the case of fraud. Because the extinguishment occurred prior to the passage of the first Indian Nonintercourse Act in 1790, that Act did not avail the Delaware.
As a result, the court granted the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss. In its conclusion the court stated: "... we find that the Delaware Nation's aboriginal rights to Tatamy's Place were extinguished in 1737 and that, later, fee title to the land was granted to Chief Tatamy—not to the tribe as a collectivity."{{Cite web\|url\=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us\-3rd\-circuit/1177750\.html\|title \= FindLaw's United States Third Circuit case and opinions}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Lenape people were divided into three dialectal divisions, which later became the basis for the three Clans of the Lenape. These divisions were the *Monsi* ([Munsee](/wiki/Munsee \"Munsee\")) or Wolf, the *Unami* or Turtle, and the *Unilactigo* or Turkey. Today the clans are known as the *Tùkwsit* (Wolf Clan), *Pùkuwànko* (Turtle Clan), and *Pële* (Turkey Clan). The Delaware Nation is the *Pùkuwànko* (Turtle Clan).",
"The Delaware were the first Indian nation to enter into a treaty with the newly formed government of the United States; [the treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Pitt_%281778%29 \"Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778)\") was signed on September 17, 1778\\.",
"The Oklahoma branches were established in 1867, with the purchase of land by Delaware from the [Cherokee Nation](/wiki/Cherokee_Nation \"Cherokee Nation\"); they made two payments totaling $438,000\\. A court dispute followed over whether the sale included citizenship rights for the Delaware within the Cherokee Nation. In 1867, the courts ruled that they had only purchased rights to the land for their lifetimes.",
"The [Curtis Act of 1898](/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898 \"Curtis Act of 1898\") dissolved tribal governments and ordered the allotment of tribal lands to individual members of tribes. The Lenape fought the act in the courts but lost. The lands were allotted in {{Convert\\|160\\|acre\\|m2\\|adj\\=on}} lots in 1907, with any land left over sold to non\\-Indians.",
"The Nation became federally recognized on July 5, 1958, as the \"Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma.\" They ratified their current constitution in 1972\\. In November 1999, the tribe officially changed its name to the Delaware Nation.McCollum, Timothy James. [Delaware, Western.](http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/D/DE012.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224043804/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/D/DE012\\.html \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-24 }} *Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History \\& Culture.* (retrieved 21 Feb 2009\\)",
"In September 2000 the Delaware Nation of Oklahoma received 11\\.5 acres of land in [Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Thornbury_Township%2C_Delaware_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1129\\&dat\\=20000919\\&id\\=tNtRAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=t28DAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4789,6286829\\&hl\\=en\\|title\\=Delaware Indians may use land donated by couple as burial ground\\|newspaper\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=September 19, 2000 \\|page\\=B\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2018}}",
"In 2004 the Delaware of Oklahoma sued Pennsylvania over land lost in 1800\\. This was related to the colonial government's [Walking Purchase](/wiki/Walking_Purchase \"Walking Purchase\") of 1737, an agreement of doubtful legal veracity.Duffy, Shannon. [\"Indian Tribe Sues Over Pennsylvania Land.\"](http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1074259221938) *Law.com.* 20 Jan 2004\\. Retrieved 3 Jan 2012\\.[\"Walking Purchase\"](http://www.delawaretribeofindians.nsn.us/walking_purchase.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603101715/http://delawaretribeofindians.nsn.us/walking\\_purchase.html \\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-03 }}, Delaware Tribe of Indians The court held that the justness of the extinguishment of aboriginal title is nonjusticiable, including in the case of fraud. Because the extinguishment occurred prior to the passage of the first Indian Nonintercourse Act in 1790, that Act did not avail the Delaware.",
"As a result, the court granted the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss. In its conclusion the court stated: \"... we find that the Delaware Nation's aboriginal rights to Tatamy's Place were extinguished in 1737 and that, later, fee title to the land was granted to Chief Tatamy—not to the tribe as a collectivity.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us\\-3rd\\-circuit/1177750\\.html\\|title \\= FindLaw's United States Third Circuit case and opinions}}",
""
] |
Cultural influence
------------------
The story of the Seven Beauties presented an allegorical story with a religious significance. Religious symbolism in paintings or illustrations was not widely accepted.{{Cite book \|last\=Sims \|first\=Eleanor \|title\=Peerless Images: Persian painting and its sources \|last2\=Marshak \|first2\=B.I. \|last3\=Grube \|first3\=Ernst J. \|publisher\=Yale University Press \|year\=2002 \|isbn\=0300090382 \|location\=Connecticut \|pages\=89, 94, 115, 118, 133, 248}} At the time, it was common for manuscripts to not be outwardly religious because there was no official religious iconography adopted in Islam, so it is believed Nizami hid the moral and divine messaging in a narrative. This may be thought of as a way that the poem and its illustrations changed the reading of manuscripts.
In the early 1940s, to mark the 800th anniversary of Nizami Ganjavi, [Azerbaijani](/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan "Music of Azerbaijan") composer [Uzeyir Hajibeyov](/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov "Uzeyir Hajibeyov") planned to write seven songs for the seven beauties of the poem. However, he only wrote two songs: "Sensiz" ("Without You", 1941\) and "Sevgili Janan" ("Beloved", 1943\).Сафарова З. Узеир Гаджибеков. — Баку: Язычы, 1985\. — P. 61\.
In 1952 [Azerbaijani](/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan "Music of Azerbaijan") composer [Gara Garayev](/wiki/Gara_Garayev "Gara Garayev") composed the ballet *[Seven Beauties](/wiki/Seven_Beauties_%28ballet%29 "Seven Beauties (ballet)")* based on motifs of Nizami Ganjavi's *Seven beauties*.
In 1959, a fountain with a bronze sculpture "Bahram Gur" depicting the hero of the poem killing serpentine dragon at his feet was erected in [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku").Эфендизаде Р. М.. Архитектура Советского Азербайджана. — М.: Стройиздат, 1986\. — P. 108\. This statue references the [ancient Iranian narrative](/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion "Ancient Iranian religion") of the deity [Bahram](/wiki/Verethragna "Verethragna") slaying the [evil serpent](/wiki/Zahhak "Zahhak").
In 1979Абдуллаев Микаил Гусейн оглы // 225 лет Академии художеств СССР. Каталог выставки. — Изобразительное искусство, 1985\. — V. II. — P. 6\. the [Nizami Gəncəvi subway station](/wiki/Nizami_G%C9%99nc%C9%99vi_%28Baku_Metro%29 "Nizami Gəncəvi (Baku Metro)") in Baku was decorated by Azerbaijani painter [Mikayil Abdullayev](/wiki/Mikayil_Abdullayev "Mikayil Abdullayev") with mosaic murals based on the works of Nizami.Эфендизаде Р. М. Архитектура Советского Азербайджана. — М.: Стройиздат, 1986\. — P. 289\. Three of these murals depict heroes of the *Seven Beauties* poem.
The opera *[Turandot](/wiki/Turandot "Turandot")* by [Giacomo Puccini](/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini "Giacomo Puccini") is based on the story of Tuesday, being told to King Bahram by his companion of the red dome, associated with Mars.{{cite book\|author\=Nizami\|title\=Haft Paykar: A Medieval Persian Romance\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=v0CFCgAAQBAJ\|page\=xviii\|date\=21 August 2015\|publisher\=Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated\|isbn\=978\-1\-62466\-446\-5}}
{{commons category\|Seven beauties\|The Seven Beauties}}
|
[
"Cultural influence\n------------------",
"The story of the Seven Beauties presented an allegorical story with a religious significance. Religious symbolism in paintings or illustrations was not widely accepted.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Sims \\|first\\=Eleanor \\|title\\=Peerless Images: Persian painting and its sources \\|last2\\=Marshak \\|first2\\=B.I. \\|last3\\=Grube \\|first3\\=Ernst J. \\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\|year\\=2002 \\|isbn\\=0300090382 \\|location\\=Connecticut \\|pages\\=89, 94, 115, 118, 133, 248}} At the time, it was common for manuscripts to not be outwardly religious because there was no official religious iconography adopted in Islam, so it is believed Nizami hid the moral and divine messaging in a narrative. This may be thought of as a way that the poem and its illustrations changed the reading of manuscripts.",
"In the early 1940s, to mark the 800th anniversary of Nizami Ganjavi, [Azerbaijani](/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan \"Music of Azerbaijan\") composer [Uzeyir Hajibeyov](/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov \"Uzeyir Hajibeyov\") planned to write seven songs for the seven beauties of the poem. However, he only wrote two songs: \"Sensiz\" (\"Without You\", 1941\\) and \"Sevgili Janan\" (\"Beloved\", 1943\\).Сафарова З. Узеир Гаджибеков. — Баку: Язычы, 1985\\. — P. 61\\.",
"In 1952 [Azerbaijani](/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan \"Music of Azerbaijan\") composer [Gara Garayev](/wiki/Gara_Garayev \"Gara Garayev\") composed the ballet *[Seven Beauties](/wiki/Seven_Beauties_%28ballet%29 \"Seven Beauties (ballet)\")* based on motifs of Nizami Ganjavi's *Seven beauties*.",
"In 1959, a fountain with a bronze sculpture \"Bahram Gur\" depicting the hero of the poem killing serpentine dragon at his feet was erected in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\").Эфендизаде Р. М.. Архитектура Советского Азербайджана. — М.: Стройиздат, 1986\\. — P. 108\\. This statue references the [ancient Iranian narrative](/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion \"Ancient Iranian religion\") of the deity [Bahram](/wiki/Verethragna \"Verethragna\") slaying the [evil serpent](/wiki/Zahhak \"Zahhak\").",
"In 1979Абдуллаев Микаил Гусейн оглы // 225 лет Академии художеств СССР. Каталог выставки. — Изобразительное искусство, 1985\\. — V. II. — P. 6\\. the [Nizami Gəncəvi subway station](/wiki/Nizami_G%C9%99nc%C9%99vi_%28Baku_Metro%29 \"Nizami Gəncəvi (Baku Metro)\") in Baku was decorated by Azerbaijani painter [Mikayil Abdullayev](/wiki/Mikayil_Abdullayev \"Mikayil Abdullayev\") with mosaic murals based on the works of Nizami.Эфендизаде Р. М. Архитектура Советского Азербайджана. — М.: Стройиздат, 1986\\. — P. 289\\. Three of these murals depict heroes of the *Seven Beauties* poem.",
"The opera *[Turandot](/wiki/Turandot \"Turandot\")* by [Giacomo Puccini](/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini \"Giacomo Puccini\") is based on the story of Tuesday, being told to King Bahram by his companion of the red dome, associated with Mars.{{cite book\\|author\\=Nizami\\|title\\=Haft Paykar: A Medieval Persian Romance\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=v0CFCgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=xviii\\|date\\=21 August 2015\\|publisher\\=Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-62466\\-446\\-5}}\n{{commons category\\|Seven beauties\\|The Seven Beauties}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The school received its operating charter in 1995\. It was one of the first 19 charter schools to ever open in the State of Texas.Knight, Paul. "[War Breaks Out At A Houston Charter School, Obama (Possibly) Embarrassed](http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2009/02/girls_and_boys_prep_charter.php)." *[Houston Press](/wiki/Houston_Press "Houston Press")*. Monday February 23, 2009\. Retrieved on December 2, 2011\.
According to an article of the *[African\-American News and Issues](/wiki/African-American_News_and_Issues "African-American News and Issues")*, Carroll Salley, a former employee of the [Houston Independent School District](/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District "Houston Independent School District") (HISD), opened the school because she did not like how African\-American students were treated in that district.Muhammad, Jesse. "[Girls \& Boys Prep brings out the best](https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153600/https://aframnews.com/html/2005-11-02/commun.htm)." *[African\-American News and Issues](/wiki/African-American_News_and_Issues "African-American News and Issues")*. Retrieved on December 2, 2011\. Initially it had high school grades only but later added earlier grades. It catered to students classified as "at risk". Kimya McKinney, the daughter of Salley, at one point became the school principal.
In 1996, the school opened in a three\-story office building. Soon after the opening, the school administrators learned that they needed to spend $30,000 so the building was in compliance with City of Houston fire codes. In 1997 the school offered [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"), [French](/wiki/French_language "French language"), [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"), and [Swahili](/wiki/Swahili_language "Swahili language").Markley, Melanie. "[Chartering new paths to learning / Charter schools are taking Texas and rest of nation by storm](http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1997_3002094){{dead link\|date\=October 2019 }}." *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. Monday September 15, 1997\. A20\. Retrieved on December 2, 2011\. Available from the [Houston Public Library](/wiki/Houston_Public_Library "Houston Public Library") [newspapers center](http://www.houstonlibrary.org/newspapers) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213551/https://www.houstonlibrary.org/newspapers \|date\=2021\-06\-27 }}, accessible with a library card number and password.
Up to July 2007 several teachers never received certification to teach. In 2007 the school board began efforts to ensure all teachers were certified. It also, in July of that year, hired Victoria Dunn as superintendent. This began a power struggle within the school community. Dunn removed McKinney from her position circa January 2008\.
In 2008 the [Texas Education Agency](/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency "Texas Education Agency") (TEA) ranked the school "academically unacceptable." In 2011 the school had a 50% graduation rate.Mellon, Ericka. "[Study: One\-third of Harris County public school students don't graduate](http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Study-One-third-of-Harris-County-public-school-2341334.php)." *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle "Houston Chronicle")*. Friday December 2, 2011\. Retrieved on December 2, 2011\.
At the end of the school's life, it was fully K\-12\.{{cite web\|author\=Downing, Margaret\|url\=https://www.houstonpress.com/news/the\-rise\-and\-crashing\-fall\-of\-girls\-and\-boys\-academy\-7802819\|title\=The Rise and Crashing Fall of Girls and Boys Academy\|work\=\[\[Houston Press]]\|date\=2015\-09\-29\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-31\|quote\=Most early charter schools in Texas haven’t survived, Ratcliffe says. “In the\[...]much more closely.”}} In 2014 the system had 758 students.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.chron.com/news/education/article/2\-Houston\-schools\-lose\-charter\-for\-poor\-5945117\.php\|title\=4 Houston area schools to lose charters for poor performance\|work\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=2014\-12\-09\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-31}}
### Closure
According to [Texas Education Agency](/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency "Texas Education Agency") (TEA) spokesperson Debbie Ratcliffe, the charter school establishment process was, in 1995, simpler and less arduous compared to the 2015 process, and that therefore many of the earlier charter schools did not have the foundation to ultimately survive. Margaret Downing of the *[Houston Press](/wiki/Houston_Press "Houston Press")* wrote that establishing a charter school is "an ambitious enterprise for anyone" and that since the TEA inspectors meant to oversee the school were "overburdened", the school "didn’t even get the minimal oversight a school chartered to a local school district would get — little attention was being paid to the school as matters continued to spiral out of control."
The school's final president of the school's board of directors, Peter Clark, stated that the school had $600,000 in debt in March 2014\. Margaret Downing of the *[Houston Press](/wiki/Houston_Press "Houston Press")* stated that "According to some" the school destroyed its financial stability by trying to purchase property, as it was trying to avoid significant expenses in renting property.
In December 2014, the TEA announced that the school's performance was insufficient, with a failing academic grade in the 2012–2013 school year, and that it had insufficient financial performance levels in the 2011\-2012 and 2013\-2014 school years. The agency sought to revoke its charter, and even though the school administration attempted to relieve itself of the debt in attempt to ward off the order, the TEA announced that its revocation was permanent. Ratcliffe stated that the school frequently faced financial problems and instability, and that the agency had on two occasions each attempted to correct it with conservators and monitors, respectively. Of the Houston\-area charters the TEA was seeking to close that year, Girls and Boys was the largest. In August 2015 the school owed $157,835 in interest and back taxes from the [Internal Revenue Service](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service") (IRS); The school system closed in August 2015; area parents stated that school officials had promised that the school would still continue, but it ultimately did not.
Creditors filed lawsuits against the school upon the closure. The mid\-September 2015 balance owed to the IRS was down to $7,148, as Clark stated that the IRS reduced the money owed. Downing concluded that GBPA "ultimately sank under the weight of those ambitions in a manner both very public and profound".
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The school received its operating charter in 1995\\. It was one of the first 19 charter schools to ever open in the State of Texas.Knight, Paul. \"[War Breaks Out At A Houston Charter School, Obama (Possibly) Embarrassed](http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2009/02/girls_and_boys_prep_charter.php).\" *[Houston Press](/wiki/Houston_Press \"Houston Press\")*. Monday February 23, 2009\\. Retrieved on December 2, 2011\\.",
"According to an article of the *[African\\-American News and Issues](/wiki/African-American_News_and_Issues \"African-American News and Issues\")*, Carroll Salley, a former employee of the [Houston Independent School District](/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District \"Houston Independent School District\") (HISD), opened the school because she did not like how African\\-American students were treated in that district.Muhammad, Jesse. \"[Girls \\& Boys Prep brings out the best](https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153600/https://aframnews.com/html/2005-11-02/commun.htm).\" *[African\\-American News and Issues](/wiki/African-American_News_and_Issues \"African-American News and Issues\")*. Retrieved on December 2, 2011\\. Initially it had high school grades only but later added earlier grades. It catered to students classified as \"at risk\". Kimya McKinney, the daughter of Salley, at one point became the school principal.",
"In 1996, the school opened in a three\\-story office building. Soon after the opening, the school administrators learned that they needed to spend $30,000 so the building was in compliance with City of Houston fire codes. In 1997 the school offered [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_language \"Arabic language\"), [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\"), [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"), and [Swahili](/wiki/Swahili_language \"Swahili language\").Markley, Melanie. \"[Chartering new paths to learning / Charter schools are taking Texas and rest of nation by storm](http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1997_3002094){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2019 }}.\" *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")*. Monday September 15, 1997\\. A20\\. Retrieved on December 2, 2011\\. Available from the [Houston Public Library](/wiki/Houston_Public_Library \"Houston Public Library\") [newspapers center](http://www.houstonlibrary.org/newspapers) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213551/https://www.houstonlibrary.org/newspapers \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-27 }}, accessible with a library card number and password.",
"Up to July 2007 several teachers never received certification to teach. In 2007 the school board began efforts to ensure all teachers were certified. It also, in July of that year, hired Victoria Dunn as superintendent. This began a power struggle within the school community. Dunn removed McKinney from her position circa January 2008\\.",
"In 2008 the [Texas Education Agency](/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency \"Texas Education Agency\") (TEA) ranked the school \"academically unacceptable.\" In 2011 the school had a 50% graduation rate.Mellon, Ericka. \"[Study: One\\-third of Harris County public school students don't graduate](http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Study-One-third-of-Harris-County-public-school-2341334.php).\" *[Houston Chronicle](/wiki/Houston_Chronicle \"Houston Chronicle\")*. Friday December 2, 2011\\. Retrieved on December 2, 2011\\.",
"At the end of the school's life, it was fully K\\-12\\.{{cite web\\|author\\=Downing, Margaret\\|url\\=https://www.houstonpress.com/news/the\\-rise\\-and\\-crashing\\-fall\\-of\\-girls\\-and\\-boys\\-academy\\-7802819\\|title\\=The Rise and Crashing Fall of Girls and Boys Academy\\|work\\=\\[\\[Houston Press]]\\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-29\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-31\\|quote\\=Most early charter schools in Texas haven’t survived, Ratcliffe says. “In the\\[...]much more closely.”}} In 2014 the system had 758 students.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chron.com/news/education/article/2\\-Houston\\-schools\\-lose\\-charter\\-for\\-poor\\-5945117\\.php\\|title\\=4 Houston area schools to lose charters for poor performance\\|work\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-09\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-31}}",
"### Closure",
"According to [Texas Education Agency](/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency \"Texas Education Agency\") (TEA) spokesperson Debbie Ratcliffe, the charter school establishment process was, in 1995, simpler and less arduous compared to the 2015 process, and that therefore many of the earlier charter schools did not have the foundation to ultimately survive. Margaret Downing of the *[Houston Press](/wiki/Houston_Press \"Houston Press\")* wrote that establishing a charter school is \"an ambitious enterprise for anyone\" and that since the TEA inspectors meant to oversee the school were \"overburdened\", the school \"didn’t even get the minimal oversight a school chartered to a local school district would get — little attention was being paid to the school as matters continued to spiral out of control.\"",
"The school's final president of the school's board of directors, Peter Clark, stated that the school had $600,000 in debt in March 2014\\. Margaret Downing of the *[Houston Press](/wiki/Houston_Press \"Houston Press\")* stated that \"According to some\" the school destroyed its financial stability by trying to purchase property, as it was trying to avoid significant expenses in renting property.",
"In December 2014, the TEA announced that the school's performance was insufficient, with a failing academic grade in the 2012–2013 school year, and that it had insufficient financial performance levels in the 2011\\-2012 and 2013\\-2014 school years. The agency sought to revoke its charter, and even though the school administration attempted to relieve itself of the debt in attempt to ward off the order, the TEA announced that its revocation was permanent. Ratcliffe stated that the school frequently faced financial problems and instability, and that the agency had on two occasions each attempted to correct it with conservators and monitors, respectively. Of the Houston\\-area charters the TEA was seeking to close that year, Girls and Boys was the largest. In August 2015 the school owed $157,835 in interest and back taxes from the [Internal Revenue Service](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service \"Internal Revenue Service\") (IRS); The school system closed in August 2015; area parents stated that school officials had promised that the school would still continue, but it ultimately did not.",
"Creditors filed lawsuits against the school upon the closure. The mid\\-September 2015 balance owed to the IRS was down to $7,148, as Clark stated that the IRS reduced the money owed. Downing concluded that GBPA \"ultimately sank under the weight of those ambitions in a manner both very public and profound\".",
""
] |
Overview
--------
### *The Glove of Darth Vader*
After the destruction of the second [Death Star](/wiki/Death_Star "Death Star") and the death of [the Emperor](/wiki/Palpatine "Palpatine"), the [Galactic Empire](/wiki/Galactic_Empire_%28Star_Wars%29 "Galactic Empire (Star Wars)") is left without a true leader. The Supreme Prophet [Kadann](/wiki/Jedi_Prince%23Supreme_Prophet_Kadann "Jedi Prince#Supreme Prophet Kadann") has prophesied that the next leader of the Empire would wear the indestructible right hand glove of [Darth Vader](/wiki/Darth_Vader "Darth Vader"), so Imperial senator Timothy Barclay sends Captain Dunwell to find the glove. The [Rebel Alliance](/wiki/Rebel_Alliance "Rebel Alliance") and the Senate's Planetary Intelligence Network, hoping to find information on the new emperor, send [C\-3PO](/wiki/C-3PO "C-3PO") and [R2\-D2](/wiki/R2-D2 "R2-D2") to the planet [Kessel](/wiki/Kessel_%28Star_Wars%29 "Kessel (Star Wars)"). There they discover Grand Moff Hissa introducing Trioculus, who claims to be Palpatine's son, as the heir to the Empire. Although he manages to trick his followers by seemingly producing [Force lightning](/wiki/Force_lightning "Force lightning"), he demands that his advisors find the glove so he can cement his power. After much searching and no clues on the glove's whereabouts, Captain Dunwell, the head of the Whaladon Processing Center on [Mon Calamari](/wiki/Mon_Calamari_%28fictional_planet%29 "Mon Calamari (fictional planet)"), contacts him to inform him that he has found the glove, deep underneath the ocean. By chance, [Luke Skywalker](/wiki/Luke_Skywalker "Luke Skywalker") and [Admiral Ackbar](/wiki/Admiral_Ackbar "Admiral Ackbar"), after picking up the droids from Kessel, bring them to Mon Calamari to download the information that R2\-D2 found. Although the whaling ship is destroyed and Captain Dunwell killed, Luke is unable to stop Trioculus from obtaining the glove and becoming the new emperor. As he parts ways with Luke, Trioculus swears he will destroy him.
### *The Lost City of the Jedi*
After an attempted assassination by the Empire trying to blow up Luke's [X\-wing fighter](/wiki/X-wing_fighter "X-wing fighter"), he has a vision of [Obi\-Wan Kenobi](/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi "Obi-Wan Kenobi"). Obi\-Wan tells Luke of the secret Lost City of the Jedi hidden beneath the [rainforests](/wiki/Rainforests "Rainforests") of [Yavin 4](/wiki/Yavin_4 "Yavin 4"). Unknown to Luke at the time, the city is home to a 12\-year\-old boy named Ken, who is called the "Jedi Prince". In the city, with the vast databanks on the computers, Ken learns the history of the Jedi and the Rebellion from his only companions, his caretaker droids. As Luke is searching the forests he meets a mysterious healer, Baji. With Baji, he searches the forests, eventually encountering Ken, who had run away from the droids. Before he is questioned further, his caretaker droid Dee\-Jay finds him and helps him vanish in a puff of smoke. Luke, more determined to find this city, returns to get help from the rest of the Rebels.
Meanwhile, Emperor Trioculus has a meeting with Supreme Prophet Kadann. Kadann tells him that he is not the true son of Palpatine, but still gives him the blessing of the Prophets. He also tells him of the Lost City of the Jedi, where the Jedi Prince lives, saying that this prince could end Trioculus' reign. Able to infiltrate the Rebel's meeting with an explosive device, he demands that they reveal to him the location of the city. When they refuse, he readies the device's explosion, while still taking in the beauty of [Princess Leia](/wiki/Princess_Leia "Princess Leia"). As Luke stops the explosion, Trioculus starts his second plan: to raze the forests in order to find the entrance. During this implementation, he suddenly goes blind and orders the capture of the healer, Baji. Baji tells him that when he uses the power of Vader's glove, he is injuring his nerve endings, causing blindness and his body to rot. Baji tells him of a cure, but it can only be found in his hut, which is about to be destroyed by the fires. Unable to stop his troops, Trioculus rushes into the hut, and saves the cure, but is badly burned and scarred. As the Rebels attempt to stop the troops, Luke finally finds the city. With the help of the droids at the weather\-controlling center, he creates a rainstorm to put an end to the fires. Ken decides to leave with Luke and join the Rebels in their fight leaving the city and his caretakers. Without finding the city, Trioculus leaves the planet, vowing to destroy all of the Rebels except Leia, whom he would make his queen.
### *Zorba the Hutt's Revenge*
In order to help Ken become accustomed to the world outside of the Lost City of the Jedi, Luke brings him to [Tatooine](/wiki/Tatooine "Tatooine") to experience the "Droidfest." Although they are attacked by [Tusken Raiders](/wiki/Tusken_Raiders "Tusken Raiders") and bounty hunters hoping to get the reward Trioculus set for Ken, they manage to escape to [Bespin](/wiki/Bespin "Bespin") with [Han Solo](/wiki/Han_Solo "Han Solo")'s housewarming gift, a housekeeping droid named Kate. Meanwhile, [Zorba the Hutt](/wiki/Zorba_the_Hutt "Zorba the Hutt"), the father of [Jabba](/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt "Jabba the Hutt"), upon learning of his son's death, flies to Cloud City in order to claim Jabba's casino. Although the governor, [Lando Calrissian](/wiki/Lando_Calrissian "Lando Calrissian"), who has taken over the casino, refuses the claim, he agrees to bet the city and the casino on a game of sabacc. With Zorba marking the cards in an ultraviolet paint that only Hutts can see, Lando lost the city and left after warning Han and Leia.
After a series of mishaps, Leia is captured by Trioculus's guards and brought to his factory on the planet and Ken is captured by Zorba. When Zorba learns that his son's murderer is in the custody of Trioculus he proposes a trade. Trioculus, however, won't give up his queen, and although has his stormtroopers ready to aid him, is defeated by Zorba's police force. Ken, however, is able to escape his jailers through a use of a [Jedi mind trick](/wiki/Jedi_mind_trick "Jedi mind trick") and is reunited with Han. Luke is also able to rescue Leia and all are taken aboard the *[Millennium Falcon](/wiki/Millennium_Falcon "Millennium Falcon")* before Zorba destroys Trioculus's factory. Thinking that Leia was killed, he taunts Trioculus before freezing him in carbonite. The rebels leave the planet with Han wondering if he'll ever be able to ask Leia to marry him.
### *Mission from Mount Yoda*
With Trioculus imprisoned in carbonite, the Prophets meet in Kadann's Chamber of Dark Visions to hear his new prophecy on the leadership of the Empire. Kadann spoke in [quatrains](/wiki/Quatrains "Quatrains"), prophesying that Trioculus would never again get the blessing to be leader, the new leader is on [Duro](/wiki/Duro_%28Star_Wars%29 "Duro (Star Wars)") and finally about the last days of the Rebel Alliance. As the Prophets concoct a plan to retrieve Trioculus's body and destroy it, Luke, Leia and Han fly to [Dagobah](/wiki/Dagobah "Dagobah"). The rebels began to colonize Dagobah by building a school, which Ken is to attend, and a fortress that served as the Defense Research and Planetary Assistance Center, DRAPAC. DRAPAC was based on Mount [Yoda](/wiki/Yoda "Yoda"), and was the subject of Kadann's prophecy.{{Efn\|When the dragon pack,
Perched upon Yoda's stony back,
Receives a visitor pierced by gold,
Then come the last days of the Rebel Alliance.}}
While there, a Duros, Dustini, brings news that the planet Duro is under attack by [Imperial stormtroopers](/wiki/Imperial_stormtroopers "Imperial stormtroopers"), who are stealing artifacts. Though he managed to save some, one was a golden crown that was booby trapped and stabbed Dustini, seemingly fulfilling the prophecy. As the Rebels send a mission to Duro to stop the Empire, the Prophets destroy the block of carbonite, only to discover it was fake and Trioculus was still alive. In a secret cavern on Duro, Luke, Han and Ken finally encounter Triclops, the true son of Palpatine. Though the Imperials attacked trying to abduct Triclops, with his help the rebels escaped and brought Triclops back to DRAPAC, with him promising to bring down his father's Empire.
### *Queen of the Empire*
When a demonstration of a "decoy" Human Replica Droid of Leia goes wrong and the droid shoots a scientist, Han and Leia are forced to fly him to his home planet of Chad to get treatment. When they reach the planet's hospital a [hurricane](/wiki/Hurricane "Hurricane") is ravaging it. After Han is able to bring the scientist to the doctors, he is trapped by falling rubble caused by the storm. When Leia eventually saves him, he reveals that the experience scared him that he would not be able to reveal his big plans. Upon leaving the scientist in the doctors' care, Han proposes to Leia and they plan on eloping at Hologram Fun World, an amusement park. With the help of the new owner of the park, Lando Calrissian, they plan a wedding and visit many [hologram](/wiki/Hologram "Hologram") attractions, including a trip through the [Alderaan](/wiki/Alderaan "Alderaan") of Leia's memories.
While they are at the park, one of Zorba the Hutt's spies in the park tells him that Leia is alive and he plans on capturing her and killing her on Tatooine as she did to his son. With some help, he manages to capture her during a magic show and take her to his ship, with the carbonite\-frozen body of Trioculus, for the trip to Tatooine. Zorba's ship, however, is captured by the Moffship of Grand Moff Hissa. When they discover Trioculus is still alive, he is quickly unfrozen and only spares Zorba's life when Zorba reveals where Leia is. Hoping to turn Leia to his side, Trioculus drops Zorba into the Pit of Carkoon into the mouth of the [Sarlacc](/wiki/Sarlacc "Sarlacc"). While Trioculus makes plans to marry Leia, Han and Lando, joined by Luke, Ken and the Human Replica Droid of Leia are able to infiltrate the Moffship and plan a rescue operation. They rescue Leia and are able to replace her with the Human Replica Droid, who goes to the wedding in Leia's place. While the *Millennium Falcon* escapes, the droid's lasers pierce Trioculus's heart. As he lay dying, unbeknownst to anyone, Zorba crawled out of the Sarlacc, as no creature in the universe can digest a Hutt.
### *Prophets of the Dark Side*
As Trioculus lay dying he made Grand Moff Hissa promise that he would make Luke Skywalker and the rest of the Rebels pay for killing him. Meanwhile, at the Rebel base, they realize that Triclops, while [sleepwalking](/wiki/Sleepwalking "Sleepwalking"), goes through files at the base and transmits them, through an implant on his tooth, to Imperial probe droids which are evading defenses. Leia proposes that a defense probe be built from plans found at the Lost City of the Jedi. These plans happen to be from Ken's homework assignments, prompting him and Luke to return to the city. While there, Ken's caretaker Dee\-Jay and the other droids tell them about a decoy transport to the city that now leads to an underground sea of lava and also warn them of a prophecy by Supreme Prophet Kadann.{{Efn\|When the Jedi Knight
Becomes a captive of Scardia
Then shall the Jedi Prince
Betray the Lost City.}}
While they return to the Rebel base on Yavin, Zorba the Hutt has a meeting with the Prophets of the Dark Side in their space station Scardia. He tells of the grand moffs betrayals and plans of making Trioculus leader once again. When the Moffship is captured, they are put to trial, and surprised to see Zorba as the main witness. All of the moffs are sentenced to certain death, with Hissa's being the cruelest, as the loyalest supporter of Trioculus.
Back on [Yavin 4](/wiki/Yavin_4 "Yavin 4"), Luke decides to give Triclops false information about the decoy transporter. In order to stop the information leak altogether, Luke, Ken, and [Chewbacca](/wiki/Chewbacca "Chewbacca") went to the planet Arzid to find a mushroom to deactivate the implant. While there they are captured by Imperial stormtroopers and brought to the Prophets. Kadann, using the false information from Triclops, sends Hissa to his death in the decoy transport and threatens that he will send Luke if Ken doesn't betray the location of the real transport. He also promises Ken that he will reveal who his father was. With that motivation, Ken betrays the city and is brought with the Prophets to it. There Kadann reveals that Ken's father is Triclops, meaning that the Emperor was his grandfather. Not wanting to believe them and crying, Ken is told that he will be bred to be the new Emperor and will know the dark side of [the Force](/wiki/The_Force "The Force"). Meanwhile, Luke, finally able to get free of his guards and rescued by Han and the others, is able to sneak into the city through a steam vent. He rescues Ken, but not before the city is shut down by the Imperials and an earthquake destroys the main computer. Although Luke and Ken are able to reach the surface, Kadann and the other prophets are trapped in the city. Ken is able to come to terms with his parentage, but is unable to speak to his father about it, as Triclops manages to escape and evade capture in the forests of Yavin. The story ends with Leia, preparing for her wedding and seeing a vision of Han with their two children, wondering if they are twins.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"### *The Glove of Darth Vader*",
"After the destruction of the second [Death Star](/wiki/Death_Star \"Death Star\") and the death of [the Emperor](/wiki/Palpatine \"Palpatine\"), the [Galactic Empire](/wiki/Galactic_Empire_%28Star_Wars%29 \"Galactic Empire (Star Wars)\") is left without a true leader. The Supreme Prophet [Kadann](/wiki/Jedi_Prince%23Supreme_Prophet_Kadann \"Jedi Prince#Supreme Prophet Kadann\") has prophesied that the next leader of the Empire would wear the indestructible right hand glove of [Darth Vader](/wiki/Darth_Vader \"Darth Vader\"), so Imperial senator Timothy Barclay sends Captain Dunwell to find the glove. The [Rebel Alliance](/wiki/Rebel_Alliance \"Rebel Alliance\") and the Senate's Planetary Intelligence Network, hoping to find information on the new emperor, send [C\\-3PO](/wiki/C-3PO \"C-3PO\") and [R2\\-D2](/wiki/R2-D2 \"R2-D2\") to the planet [Kessel](/wiki/Kessel_%28Star_Wars%29 \"Kessel (Star Wars)\"). There they discover Grand Moff Hissa introducing Trioculus, who claims to be Palpatine's son, as the heir to the Empire. Although he manages to trick his followers by seemingly producing [Force lightning](/wiki/Force_lightning \"Force lightning\"), he demands that his advisors find the glove so he can cement his power. After much searching and no clues on the glove's whereabouts, Captain Dunwell, the head of the Whaladon Processing Center on [Mon Calamari](/wiki/Mon_Calamari_%28fictional_planet%29 \"Mon Calamari (fictional planet)\"), contacts him to inform him that he has found the glove, deep underneath the ocean. By chance, [Luke Skywalker](/wiki/Luke_Skywalker \"Luke Skywalker\") and [Admiral Ackbar](/wiki/Admiral_Ackbar \"Admiral Ackbar\"), after picking up the droids from Kessel, bring them to Mon Calamari to download the information that R2\\-D2 found. Although the whaling ship is destroyed and Captain Dunwell killed, Luke is unable to stop Trioculus from obtaining the glove and becoming the new emperor. As he parts ways with Luke, Trioculus swears he will destroy him.",
"### *The Lost City of the Jedi*",
"After an attempted assassination by the Empire trying to blow up Luke's [X\\-wing fighter](/wiki/X-wing_fighter \"X-wing fighter\"), he has a vision of [Obi\\-Wan Kenobi](/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi \"Obi-Wan Kenobi\"). Obi\\-Wan tells Luke of the secret Lost City of the Jedi hidden beneath the [rainforests](/wiki/Rainforests \"Rainforests\") of [Yavin 4](/wiki/Yavin_4 \"Yavin 4\"). Unknown to Luke at the time, the city is home to a 12\\-year\\-old boy named Ken, who is called the \"Jedi Prince\". In the city, with the vast databanks on the computers, Ken learns the history of the Jedi and the Rebellion from his only companions, his caretaker droids. As Luke is searching the forests he meets a mysterious healer, Baji. With Baji, he searches the forests, eventually encountering Ken, who had run away from the droids. Before he is questioned further, his caretaker droid Dee\\-Jay finds him and helps him vanish in a puff of smoke. Luke, more determined to find this city, returns to get help from the rest of the Rebels.",
"Meanwhile, Emperor Trioculus has a meeting with Supreme Prophet Kadann. Kadann tells him that he is not the true son of Palpatine, but still gives him the blessing of the Prophets. He also tells him of the Lost City of the Jedi, where the Jedi Prince lives, saying that this prince could end Trioculus' reign. Able to infiltrate the Rebel's meeting with an explosive device, he demands that they reveal to him the location of the city. When they refuse, he readies the device's explosion, while still taking in the beauty of [Princess Leia](/wiki/Princess_Leia \"Princess Leia\"). As Luke stops the explosion, Trioculus starts his second plan: to raze the forests in order to find the entrance. During this implementation, he suddenly goes blind and orders the capture of the healer, Baji. Baji tells him that when he uses the power of Vader's glove, he is injuring his nerve endings, causing blindness and his body to rot. Baji tells him of a cure, but it can only be found in his hut, which is about to be destroyed by the fires. Unable to stop his troops, Trioculus rushes into the hut, and saves the cure, but is badly burned and scarred. As the Rebels attempt to stop the troops, Luke finally finds the city. With the help of the droids at the weather\\-controlling center, he creates a rainstorm to put an end to the fires. Ken decides to leave with Luke and join the Rebels in their fight leaving the city and his caretakers. Without finding the city, Trioculus leaves the planet, vowing to destroy all of the Rebels except Leia, whom he would make his queen.",
"### *Zorba the Hutt's Revenge*",
"In order to help Ken become accustomed to the world outside of the Lost City of the Jedi, Luke brings him to [Tatooine](/wiki/Tatooine \"Tatooine\") to experience the \"Droidfest.\" Although they are attacked by [Tusken Raiders](/wiki/Tusken_Raiders \"Tusken Raiders\") and bounty hunters hoping to get the reward Trioculus set for Ken, they manage to escape to [Bespin](/wiki/Bespin \"Bespin\") with [Han Solo](/wiki/Han_Solo \"Han Solo\")'s housewarming gift, a housekeeping droid named Kate. Meanwhile, [Zorba the Hutt](/wiki/Zorba_the_Hutt \"Zorba the Hutt\"), the father of [Jabba](/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt \"Jabba the Hutt\"), upon learning of his son's death, flies to Cloud City in order to claim Jabba's casino. Although the governor, [Lando Calrissian](/wiki/Lando_Calrissian \"Lando Calrissian\"), who has taken over the casino, refuses the claim, he agrees to bet the city and the casino on a game of sabacc. With Zorba marking the cards in an ultraviolet paint that only Hutts can see, Lando lost the city and left after warning Han and Leia.",
"After a series of mishaps, Leia is captured by Trioculus's guards and brought to his factory on the planet and Ken is captured by Zorba. When Zorba learns that his son's murderer is in the custody of Trioculus he proposes a trade. Trioculus, however, won't give up his queen, and although has his stormtroopers ready to aid him, is defeated by Zorba's police force. Ken, however, is able to escape his jailers through a use of a [Jedi mind trick](/wiki/Jedi_mind_trick \"Jedi mind trick\") and is reunited with Han. Luke is also able to rescue Leia and all are taken aboard the *[Millennium Falcon](/wiki/Millennium_Falcon \"Millennium Falcon\")* before Zorba destroys Trioculus's factory. Thinking that Leia was killed, he taunts Trioculus before freezing him in carbonite. The rebels leave the planet with Han wondering if he'll ever be able to ask Leia to marry him.",
"### *Mission from Mount Yoda*",
"With Trioculus imprisoned in carbonite, the Prophets meet in Kadann's Chamber of Dark Visions to hear his new prophecy on the leadership of the Empire. Kadann spoke in [quatrains](/wiki/Quatrains \"Quatrains\"), prophesying that Trioculus would never again get the blessing to be leader, the new leader is on [Duro](/wiki/Duro_%28Star_Wars%29 \"Duro (Star Wars)\") and finally about the last days of the Rebel Alliance. As the Prophets concoct a plan to retrieve Trioculus's body and destroy it, Luke, Leia and Han fly to [Dagobah](/wiki/Dagobah \"Dagobah\"). The rebels began to colonize Dagobah by building a school, which Ken is to attend, and a fortress that served as the Defense Research and Planetary Assistance Center, DRAPAC. DRAPAC was based on Mount [Yoda](/wiki/Yoda \"Yoda\"), and was the subject of Kadann's prophecy.{{Efn\\|When the dragon pack, \nPerched upon Yoda's stony back, \nReceives a visitor pierced by gold, \nThen come the last days of the Rebel Alliance.}}",
"While there, a Duros, Dustini, brings news that the planet Duro is under attack by [Imperial stormtroopers](/wiki/Imperial_stormtroopers \"Imperial stormtroopers\"), who are stealing artifacts. Though he managed to save some, one was a golden crown that was booby trapped and stabbed Dustini, seemingly fulfilling the prophecy. As the Rebels send a mission to Duro to stop the Empire, the Prophets destroy the block of carbonite, only to discover it was fake and Trioculus was still alive. In a secret cavern on Duro, Luke, Han and Ken finally encounter Triclops, the true son of Palpatine. Though the Imperials attacked trying to abduct Triclops, with his help the rebels escaped and brought Triclops back to DRAPAC, with him promising to bring down his father's Empire.",
"### *Queen of the Empire*",
"When a demonstration of a \"decoy\" Human Replica Droid of Leia goes wrong and the droid shoots a scientist, Han and Leia are forced to fly him to his home planet of Chad to get treatment. When they reach the planet's hospital a [hurricane](/wiki/Hurricane \"Hurricane\") is ravaging it. After Han is able to bring the scientist to the doctors, he is trapped by falling rubble caused by the storm. When Leia eventually saves him, he reveals that the experience scared him that he would not be able to reveal his big plans. Upon leaving the scientist in the doctors' care, Han proposes to Leia and they plan on eloping at Hologram Fun World, an amusement park. With the help of the new owner of the park, Lando Calrissian, they plan a wedding and visit many [hologram](/wiki/Hologram \"Hologram\") attractions, including a trip through the [Alderaan](/wiki/Alderaan \"Alderaan\") of Leia's memories.",
"While they are at the park, one of Zorba the Hutt's spies in the park tells him that Leia is alive and he plans on capturing her and killing her on Tatooine as she did to his son. With some help, he manages to capture her during a magic show and take her to his ship, with the carbonite\\-frozen body of Trioculus, for the trip to Tatooine. Zorba's ship, however, is captured by the Moffship of Grand Moff Hissa. When they discover Trioculus is still alive, he is quickly unfrozen and only spares Zorba's life when Zorba reveals where Leia is. Hoping to turn Leia to his side, Trioculus drops Zorba into the Pit of Carkoon into the mouth of the [Sarlacc](/wiki/Sarlacc \"Sarlacc\"). While Trioculus makes plans to marry Leia, Han and Lando, joined by Luke, Ken and the Human Replica Droid of Leia are able to infiltrate the Moffship and plan a rescue operation. They rescue Leia and are able to replace her with the Human Replica Droid, who goes to the wedding in Leia's place. While the *Millennium Falcon* escapes, the droid's lasers pierce Trioculus's heart. As he lay dying, unbeknownst to anyone, Zorba crawled out of the Sarlacc, as no creature in the universe can digest a Hutt.",
"### *Prophets of the Dark Side*",
"As Trioculus lay dying he made Grand Moff Hissa promise that he would make Luke Skywalker and the rest of the Rebels pay for killing him. Meanwhile, at the Rebel base, they realize that Triclops, while [sleepwalking](/wiki/Sleepwalking \"Sleepwalking\"), goes through files at the base and transmits them, through an implant on his tooth, to Imperial probe droids which are evading defenses. Leia proposes that a defense probe be built from plans found at the Lost City of the Jedi. These plans happen to be from Ken's homework assignments, prompting him and Luke to return to the city. While there, Ken's caretaker Dee\\-Jay and the other droids tell them about a decoy transport to the city that now leads to an underground sea of lava and also warn them of a prophecy by Supreme Prophet Kadann.{{Efn\\|When the Jedi Knight \nBecomes a captive of Scardia \nThen shall the Jedi Prince \nBetray the Lost City.}}",
"While they return to the Rebel base on Yavin, Zorba the Hutt has a meeting with the Prophets of the Dark Side in their space station Scardia. He tells of the grand moffs betrayals and plans of making Trioculus leader once again. When the Moffship is captured, they are put to trial, and surprised to see Zorba as the main witness. All of the moffs are sentenced to certain death, with Hissa's being the cruelest, as the loyalest supporter of Trioculus.",
"Back on [Yavin 4](/wiki/Yavin_4 \"Yavin 4\"), Luke decides to give Triclops false information about the decoy transporter. In order to stop the information leak altogether, Luke, Ken, and [Chewbacca](/wiki/Chewbacca \"Chewbacca\") went to the planet Arzid to find a mushroom to deactivate the implant. While there they are captured by Imperial stormtroopers and brought to the Prophets. Kadann, using the false information from Triclops, sends Hissa to his death in the decoy transport and threatens that he will send Luke if Ken doesn't betray the location of the real transport. He also promises Ken that he will reveal who his father was. With that motivation, Ken betrays the city and is brought with the Prophets to it. There Kadann reveals that Ken's father is Triclops, meaning that the Emperor was his grandfather. Not wanting to believe them and crying, Ken is told that he will be bred to be the new Emperor and will know the dark side of [the Force](/wiki/The_Force \"The Force\"). Meanwhile, Luke, finally able to get free of his guards and rescued by Han and the others, is able to sneak into the city through a steam vent. He rescues Ken, but not before the city is shut down by the Imperials and an earthquake destroys the main computer. Although Luke and Ken are able to reach the surface, Kadann and the other prophets are trapped in the city. Ken is able to come to terms with his parentage, but is unable to speak to his father about it, as Triclops manages to escape and evade capture in the forests of Yavin. The story ends with Leia, preparing for her wedding and seeing a vision of Han with their two children, wondering if they are twins.",
""
] |
Baseball career
---------------
Steve Kraly appeared briefly in Major League Baseball during 1953 and also played in the minor leagues for several years.
### Minor Leagues
Before playing with the [Binghamton Triplets](/wiki/Binghamton_Triplets "Binghamton Triplets"), Kraly was a starter with the [Joplin Miners](/wiki/Joplin_Miners "Joplin Miners") in the Western Association, where he compiled an 18–6 season with 2\.79 ERA. During his time there, he was a roommate with [Mickey Mantle](/wiki/Mickey_Mantle "Mickey Mantle"), [Lou Skizas](/wiki/Lou_Skizas "Lou Skizas") and Bob Wiesler. After that experience he quoted: "We enjoyed it and we had a lot of fun. We became like brothers, not just teammates."
Kraly played with the Eastern League Binghamton Triplets during the 1953 season, going 19–2 over his 22 starts before being called up to the majors to play for the Yankees.
Kraly also played for the [Nashville Vols](/wiki/Nashville_Vols "Nashville Vols") in 1959, pitching as a reliever, and while playing at Nashville, Kraly totalled a 10–3 mark.
Kraly was the official scorer of the [Binghamton Mets](/wiki/Binghamton_Mets "Binghamton Mets") from their start in 1992 through 2014\.
In August 2008 fans voted for Steve Kraly to be shown on a bobblehead figurine from 18,433 votes for several famous local Binghamton residents. After a brief speech of gratitude Kraly went on to do the first pitch.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20080827\&content\_id\=451125\&vkey\=news\_milb\&fext\=.jsp\|title\=Article \- MiLB.com News \- The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\|work\=MiLB.com\|accessdate\=March 7, 2016}} The bobblehead was then given away to the first 1,500 fans to arrive at the stadium on Saturday, 23 August.
### New York Yankees
Steve Kraly was originally called up to the Yankees in 1949, but did not appear in any games. He served in the United States Army during the Korean War, which held back his MLB hopes until 1953\. Steve Kraly played on the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") team during 1953 under [Casey Stengel](/wiki/Casey_Stengel "Casey Stengel") but retired due to a problematic shoulder blood clot and other injuries.
He also appeared in one of the largest margins of victory in MLB history with 28 hits and winning against the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Washington_Senators_%281901%E2%80%9360%29 "Washington Senators (1901–60)") 22–1, pitching alongside [Whitey Ford](/wiki/Whitey_Ford "Whitey Ford").
Kraly estimated that he could have played with the Yankees for 4–7 years. Kraly also received a [World Series ring](/wiki/World_Series_ring "World Series ring") as a member of the winning roster, although not playing in any [World Series](/wiki/World_Series "World Series") games. Kraly was scheduled to play in Game 5 of the 1953 baseball World Series, but was unable to participate because of injuries.
### New York Mets
In 1961 Hall of Fame Manager [Casey Stengel](/wiki/Casey_Stengel "Casey Stengel") bought Steve Kraly's contract, offering him $26,000 a year to play with the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets"), who were about to begin their first season as an expansion franchise in 1962\. Kraly declined the contract to spend more time with his wife and children.
|
[
"Baseball career\n---------------",
"Steve Kraly appeared briefly in Major League Baseball during 1953 and also played in the minor leagues for several years.",
"### Minor Leagues",
"Before playing with the [Binghamton Triplets](/wiki/Binghamton_Triplets \"Binghamton Triplets\"), Kraly was a starter with the [Joplin Miners](/wiki/Joplin_Miners \"Joplin Miners\") in the Western Association, where he compiled an 18–6 season with 2\\.79 ERA. During his time there, he was a roommate with [Mickey Mantle](/wiki/Mickey_Mantle \"Mickey Mantle\"), [Lou Skizas](/wiki/Lou_Skizas \"Lou Skizas\") and Bob Wiesler. After that experience he quoted: \"We enjoyed it and we had a lot of fun. We became like brothers, not just teammates.\"",
"Kraly played with the Eastern League Binghamton Triplets during the 1953 season, going 19–2 over his 22 starts before being called up to the majors to play for the Yankees.",
"Kraly also played for the [Nashville Vols](/wiki/Nashville_Vols \"Nashville Vols\") in 1959, pitching as a reliever, and while playing at Nashville, Kraly totalled a 10–3 mark.",
"Kraly was the official scorer of the [Binghamton Mets](/wiki/Binghamton_Mets \"Binghamton Mets\") from their start in 1992 through 2014\\.",
"In August 2008 fans voted for Steve Kraly to be shown on a bobblehead figurine from 18,433 votes for several famous local Binghamton residents. After a brief speech of gratitude Kraly went on to do the first pitch.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20080827\\&content\\_id\\=451125\\&vkey\\=news\\_milb\\&fext\\=.jsp\\|title\\=Article \\- MiLB.com News \\- The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\|work\\=MiLB.com\\|accessdate\\=March 7, 2016}} The bobblehead was then given away to the first 1,500 fans to arrive at the stadium on Saturday, 23 August.",
"### New York Yankees",
"Steve Kraly was originally called up to the Yankees in 1949, but did not appear in any games. He served in the United States Army during the Korean War, which held back his MLB hopes until 1953\\. Steve Kraly played on the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") team during 1953 under [Casey Stengel](/wiki/Casey_Stengel \"Casey Stengel\") but retired due to a problematic shoulder blood clot and other injuries.",
"He also appeared in one of the largest margins of victory in MLB history with 28 hits and winning against the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Washington_Senators_%281901%E2%80%9360%29 \"Washington Senators (1901–60)\") 22–1, pitching alongside [Whitey Ford](/wiki/Whitey_Ford \"Whitey Ford\").",
"Kraly estimated that he could have played with the Yankees for 4–7 years. Kraly also received a [World Series ring](/wiki/World_Series_ring \"World Series ring\") as a member of the winning roster, although not playing in any [World Series](/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\") games. Kraly was scheduled to play in Game 5 of the 1953 baseball World Series, but was unable to participate because of injuries.",
"### New York Mets",
"In 1961 Hall of Fame Manager [Casey Stengel](/wiki/Casey_Stengel \"Casey Stengel\") bought Steve Kraly's contract, offering him $26,000 a year to play with the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\"), who were about to begin their first season as an expansion franchise in 1962\\. Kraly declined the contract to spend more time with his wife and children.",
""
] |
Glaciers
--------
By convention, glaciers are located in the river basins, they lie — Wang Chhu basin (consisting of Pa Chhu, [Ha Chhu](/wiki/Ha_Chhu "Ha Chhu") and Thim Chhu sub basins), Punatshang Chhu basin (consisting of [Pho Chhu](/wiki/Pho_Chhu "Pho Chhu"), [Mo Chhu](/wiki/Mo_Chhu "Mo Chhu") and [Dang Chhu](/wiki/Tang_Chuu "Tang Chuu") sub basins), and Manas Basin (consisting of [Mangde Chhu](/wiki/Mangde_Chhu "Mangde Chhu"), [Chamkhar Chhu](/wiki/Chamkhar_Chhu "Chamkhar Chhu"), [Kuri Chhu](/wiki/Kuri_Chhu "Kuri Chhu"), and Drangme Chhu sub\-basins). Two other river basins exist in Bhutan corresponding to [Amo Chhu](/wiki/Torsa_River "Torsa River") and [Nyere Ama Chhu](/wiki/Nyere_Ama_Chhu "Nyere Ama Chhu") but is not associated with any glacier.
In order of area (or volume), the vast majority are classifiable as "valley glacier", and "mountain glacier". "Ice apron", and "niche glacier" types exist in significant numbers but occupy far less area (or volume). Far rarer are "cirque glaciers", and "ice caps". The "valley glaciers" are located along the southern flanks of the main topographic divide of the Bhutan Himalaya, and are characterized by debris\-mantled snouts. They are primarily concentrated in the upper part of the [Pho Chhu](/wiki/Pho_Chhu "Pho Chhu") basin and Northern Basin. "Mountain glaciers" are common on peaks, and back walls of valley glaciers. "Cirque glaciers", "ice caps", "ice aprons", and "niche glaciers" are common on plateaus and ridges that stretch to the south from the main Himalayan divide; they are virtually debris\-free. [Rock glaciers](/wiki/Rock_glacier "Rock glacier") exist in many places along the Snowman Trekking Route in northwestern and northern Bhutan. The south flowing glaciers exhibit steeper head\-walls, more debris cover, and slower flow rates than their north\-flowing counterparts.
As of 2016, the Punatsang Chhu basin contained the highest number of glaciers (341\) with an area of about 361\.07 km2 and the Wang Chhu Basin had the lowest number of glaciers (47\) with an area of about 33\.38 km2. The largest glacier (2016\) is in the Mangde Chhu sub basin, having an area of 45\.85 km2. The longest glacier (2001\) is the Wachey Glacier in Pho Chhu river\-basin, measuring about 20\.1 km. The highest elevation (2016\) of glacier basins is at about 7,361 m in the [Mangde Chhu](/wiki/Mangde_Chhu "Mangde Chhu") basin. Lowest snout\-elevations (2001\) are found to be slightly above 4,000 m, for glaciers in the [Kuri Chhu](/wiki/Kuri_Chhu "Kuri Chhu") basin and [Drangme Chhu](/wiki/Manas_River "Manas River") basin; debris free glaciers exhibit lower snouts.
### Retreat
Several programs concerned with monitoring trans\-Himalayan glaciers are underway, and a heterogeneous shrinkage is the general rule. Most of the glaciers in Bhutan are summer\-accumulation type and hence, even more sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Rupper\|first1\=Summer\|last2\=Schaefer\|first2\=Joerg M.\|last3\=Burgener\|first3\=Landon K.\|last4\=Koenig\|first4\=Lora S.\|last5\=Tsering\|first5\=Karma\|last6\=Cook\|first6\=Edward R.\|date\=2012\|title\=Sensitivity and response of Bhutanese glaciers to atmospheric warming\|journal\=Geophysical Research Letters\|language\=en\|volume\=39\|issue\=19\|doi\=10\.1029/2012GL053010\|s2cid\=44951350 \|issn\=1944\-8007\|doi\-access\=free\|hdl\=2060/20130014410\|hdl\-access\=free}} However, [equilibrium line altitude](/wiki/Snow_line%23Glacier_equilibrium_line "Snow line#Glacier equilibrium line") (ELA) information is scarce and little rigorous data on glacier changes are available due to issues in accessing higher\-altitude glaciers. In general, it is accepted that glaciers are significantly retreating; the precise causes remain unknown but generally, retreats serve as highly sensitive indicators of climate change.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Scherler\|first1\=Dirk\|last2\=Bookhagen\|first2\=Bodo\|last3\=Strecker\|first3\=Manfred R.\|date\=March 2011\|title\=Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover\|url\=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1068\|journal\=Nature Geoscience\|language\=en\|volume\=4\|issue\=3\|pages\=156–159\|doi\=10\.1038/ngeo1068\|issn\=1752\-0908}}
Significant evidence about retreat in lower\-elevation glaciers exists. A 1999 publication, deriving from satellite images, maps, and survey data, reported the retreat of multiple glaciers in the Bhutan Himalayas. A 2003 digital survey of 103 debris\-free glaciers (small, and of similar length) from 1963 to 1993 determined that 90 were retreating, 13 were stationary, and none was advancing. The magnitude of retreat was larger in the south and smaller in the north, probably because of the higher sensitivity of glacier mass balance to relatively warmer temperature and greater precipitation in the south. Excluding the ones with unclear variations, an areal comparison of 66 glaciers exhibited a 8\.1% shrinkage. In\-situ observations of several glaciers in the 80s and 90s have pointed towards retreat.
A 2012 conservative modelling predicted significant retreat (and shrinkage) in the ensuing decades to attain stability with mean climate conditions absent a near\-double increase in precipitation or significant regional cooling. A 2\.5 C increase in regional temperature over the next century (as predicted by [IPCC](/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change")) will reduce glaciated area by half and bring melt\-water discharges to negligible values. These were however not validated with in\-situ observations. In 2016, the first ever in\-situ mass\-balance record of a glacier (Gangju La; debris free) in Bhutan was published. It recorded a drastic reduction in mass to the extent that no accumulation zone existed at all, and the observations were in agreement with the 2012 model. The authors noted that remote sensing methodologies indeed estimated far lower mass\-losses, as hypothesized in the model.
A 2014 analysis by ICIMOD on the evolution of Bhutan glaciers (using [Landsat imagery](/wiki/Landsat_7 "Landsat 7")) from 1980 to 2010 concluded that the glaciers were rapidly shrinking in recent decades. From 1980 to 2010, net area had roughly shrank by 23%; absence of debris and presence of a glacial lake at snout accentuated these retreat rates.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Veettil\|first1\=Bijeesh Kozhikkodan\|last2\=Bianchini\|first2\=Nilceia\|last3\=de Andrade\|first3\=André Medeiros\|last4\=Bremer\|first4\=Ulisses Franz\|last5\=Simões\|first5\=Jefferson Cardia\|last6\=de Souza Junior\|first6\=Enoil\|date\=2016\-06\-01\|title\=Glacier changes and related glacial lake expansion in the Bhutan Himalaya, 1990–2010\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1007/s10113\-015\-0853\-7\|journal\=Regional Environmental Change\|language\=en\|volume\=16\|issue\=5\|pages\=1267–1278\|doi\=10\.1007/s10113\-015\-0853\-7\|s2cid\=129284356 \|issn\=1436\-378X}} The numbers increased by about 14\.8% due to fragmentation of existing glaciers.
#### Effects and mitigation
The consequences of glacier retreat remain poorly understood. Changes in river runoff, global sea\-level rise, and increase in frequency of glacial lake outburst floods are probable. Decrease in melt\-water discharge directly affects the viability of hydroelectric power production, which is one of the economic lifelines for Bhutan.{{cite web\|last\=Tshering\|first\=Namgay\|date\=2011\-01\-29\|title\=Himalayan glaciers not retreating, says new report\|url\=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/himalayan\-glaciers\-not\-retreating\-says\-new\-report/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207213137/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/himalayan\-glaciers\-not\-retreating\-says\-new\-report/\|archive\-date\=2011\-02\-07\|access\-date\=2011\-03\-27\|publisher\=Bhutan Observer online}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Hoy\|first1\=Andreas\|last2\=Katel\|first2\=Om\|last3\=Thapa\|first3\=Pankaj\|last4\=Dendup\|first4\=Ngawang\|last5\=Matschullat\|first5\=Jörg\|date\=2016\-06\-01\|title\=Climatic changes and their impact on socio\-economic sectors in the Bhutan Himalayas: an implementation strategy\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1007/s10113\-015\-0868\-0\|journal\=Regional Environmental Change\|language\=en\|volume\=16\|issue\=5\|pages\=1401–1415\|doi\=10\.1007/s10113\-015\-0868\-0\|s2cid\=155054680 \|issn\=1436\-378X}}
Bhutan was the first country to receive climate mitigation fund from the UN's Least Developed Countries fund.{{Cite journal\|last\=Nayar\|first\=Anjali\|date\=2009\-10\-01\|title\=Climate: When the ice melts\|journal\=Nature\|language\=en\|volume\=461\|issue\=7267\|pages\=1042–1046\|doi\=10\.1038/4611042a\|pmid\=19847237 \|issn\=1476\-4687\|doi\-access\=}}
|
[
"Glaciers\n--------",
"By convention, glaciers are located in the river basins, they lie — Wang Chhu basin (consisting of Pa Chhu, [Ha Chhu](/wiki/Ha_Chhu \"Ha Chhu\") and Thim Chhu sub basins), Punatshang Chhu basin (consisting of [Pho Chhu](/wiki/Pho_Chhu \"Pho Chhu\"), [Mo Chhu](/wiki/Mo_Chhu \"Mo Chhu\") and [Dang Chhu](/wiki/Tang_Chuu \"Tang Chuu\") sub basins), and Manas Basin (consisting of [Mangde Chhu](/wiki/Mangde_Chhu \"Mangde Chhu\"), [Chamkhar Chhu](/wiki/Chamkhar_Chhu \"Chamkhar Chhu\"), [Kuri Chhu](/wiki/Kuri_Chhu \"Kuri Chhu\"), and Drangme Chhu sub\\-basins). Two other river basins exist in Bhutan corresponding to [Amo Chhu](/wiki/Torsa_River \"Torsa River\") and [Nyere Ama Chhu](/wiki/Nyere_Ama_Chhu \"Nyere Ama Chhu\") but is not associated with any glacier.",
"In order of area (or volume), the vast majority are classifiable as \"valley glacier\", and \"mountain glacier\". \"Ice apron\", and \"niche glacier\" types exist in significant numbers but occupy far less area (or volume). Far rarer are \"cirque glaciers\", and \"ice caps\". The \"valley glaciers\" are located along the southern flanks of the main topographic divide of the Bhutan Himalaya, and are characterized by debris\\-mantled snouts. They are primarily concentrated in the upper part of the [Pho Chhu](/wiki/Pho_Chhu \"Pho Chhu\") basin and Northern Basin. \"Mountain glaciers\" are common on peaks, and back walls of valley glaciers. \"Cirque glaciers\", \"ice caps\", \"ice aprons\", and \"niche glaciers\" are common on plateaus and ridges that stretch to the south from the main Himalayan divide; they are virtually debris\\-free. [Rock glaciers](/wiki/Rock_glacier \"Rock glacier\") exist in many places along the Snowman Trekking Route in northwestern and northern Bhutan. The south flowing glaciers exhibit steeper head\\-walls, more debris cover, and slower flow rates than their north\\-flowing counterparts.",
"As of 2016, the Punatsang Chhu basin contained the highest number of glaciers (341\\) with an area of about 361\\.07 km2 and the Wang Chhu Basin had the lowest number of glaciers (47\\) with an area of about 33\\.38 km2. The largest glacier (2016\\) is in the Mangde Chhu sub basin, having an area of 45\\.85 km2. The longest glacier (2001\\) is the Wachey Glacier in Pho Chhu river\\-basin, measuring about 20\\.1 km. The highest elevation (2016\\) of glacier basins is at about 7,361 m in the [Mangde Chhu](/wiki/Mangde_Chhu \"Mangde Chhu\") basin. Lowest snout\\-elevations (2001\\) are found to be slightly above 4,000 m, for glaciers in the [Kuri Chhu](/wiki/Kuri_Chhu \"Kuri Chhu\") basin and [Drangme Chhu](/wiki/Manas_River \"Manas River\") basin; debris free glaciers exhibit lower snouts.",
"### Retreat",
"Several programs concerned with monitoring trans\\-Himalayan glaciers are underway, and a heterogeneous shrinkage is the general rule. Most of the glaciers in Bhutan are summer\\-accumulation type and hence, even more sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Rupper\\|first1\\=Summer\\|last2\\=Schaefer\\|first2\\=Joerg M.\\|last3\\=Burgener\\|first3\\=Landon K.\\|last4\\=Koenig\\|first4\\=Lora S.\\|last5\\=Tsering\\|first5\\=Karma\\|last6\\=Cook\\|first6\\=Edward R.\\|date\\=2012\\|title\\=Sensitivity and response of Bhutanese glaciers to atmospheric warming\\|journal\\=Geophysical Research Letters\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=39\\|issue\\=19\\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2012GL053010\\|s2cid\\=44951350 \\|issn\\=1944\\-8007\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|hdl\\=2060/20130014410\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} However, [equilibrium line altitude](/wiki/Snow_line%23Glacier_equilibrium_line \"Snow line#Glacier equilibrium line\") (ELA) information is scarce and little rigorous data on glacier changes are available due to issues in accessing higher\\-altitude glaciers. In general, it is accepted that glaciers are significantly retreating; the precise causes remain unknown but generally, retreats serve as highly sensitive indicators of climate change.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Scherler\\|first1\\=Dirk\\|last2\\=Bookhagen\\|first2\\=Bodo\\|last3\\=Strecker\\|first3\\=Manfred R.\\|date\\=March 2011\\|title\\=Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover\\|url\\=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1068\\|journal\\=Nature Geoscience\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=4\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=156–159\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/ngeo1068\\|issn\\=1752\\-0908}}",
"Significant evidence about retreat in lower\\-elevation glaciers exists. A 1999 publication, deriving from satellite images, maps, and survey data, reported the retreat of multiple glaciers in the Bhutan Himalayas. A 2003 digital survey of 103 debris\\-free glaciers (small, and of similar length) from 1963 to 1993 determined that 90 were retreating, 13 were stationary, and none was advancing. The magnitude of retreat was larger in the south and smaller in the north, probably because of the higher sensitivity of glacier mass balance to relatively warmer temperature and greater precipitation in the south. Excluding the ones with unclear variations, an areal comparison of 66 glaciers exhibited a 8\\.1% shrinkage. In\\-situ observations of several glaciers in the 80s and 90s have pointed towards retreat.",
"A 2012 conservative modelling predicted significant retreat (and shrinkage) in the ensuing decades to attain stability with mean climate conditions absent a near\\-double increase in precipitation or significant regional cooling. A 2\\.5 C increase in regional temperature over the next century (as predicted by [IPCC](/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change \"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\")) will reduce glaciated area by half and bring melt\\-water discharges to negligible values. These were however not validated with in\\-situ observations. In 2016, the first ever in\\-situ mass\\-balance record of a glacier (Gangju La; debris free) in Bhutan was published. It recorded a drastic reduction in mass to the extent that no accumulation zone existed at all, and the observations were in agreement with the 2012 model. The authors noted that remote sensing methodologies indeed estimated far lower mass\\-losses, as hypothesized in the model.",
"A 2014 analysis by ICIMOD on the evolution of Bhutan glaciers (using [Landsat imagery](/wiki/Landsat_7 \"Landsat 7\")) from 1980 to 2010 concluded that the glaciers were rapidly shrinking in recent decades. From 1980 to 2010, net area had roughly shrank by 23%; absence of debris and presence of a glacial lake at snout accentuated these retreat rates.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Veettil\\|first1\\=Bijeesh Kozhikkodan\\|last2\\=Bianchini\\|first2\\=Nilceia\\|last3\\=de Andrade\\|first3\\=André Medeiros\\|last4\\=Bremer\\|first4\\=Ulisses Franz\\|last5\\=Simões\\|first5\\=Jefferson Cardia\\|last6\\=de Souza Junior\\|first6\\=Enoil\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-01\\|title\\=Glacier changes and related glacial lake expansion in the Bhutan Himalaya, 1990–2010\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1007/s10113\\-015\\-0853\\-7\\|journal\\=Regional Environmental Change\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=1267–1278\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10113\\-015\\-0853\\-7\\|s2cid\\=129284356 \\|issn\\=1436\\-378X}} The numbers increased by about 14\\.8% due to fragmentation of existing glaciers.",
"#### Effects and mitigation",
"The consequences of glacier retreat remain poorly understood. Changes in river runoff, global sea\\-level rise, and increase in frequency of glacial lake outburst floods are probable. Decrease in melt\\-water discharge directly affects the viability of hydroelectric power production, which is one of the economic lifelines for Bhutan.{{cite web\\|last\\=Tshering\\|first\\=Namgay\\|date\\=2011\\-01\\-29\\|title\\=Himalayan glaciers not retreating, says new report\\|url\\=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/himalayan\\-glaciers\\-not\\-retreating\\-says\\-new\\-report/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207213137/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/himalayan\\-glaciers\\-not\\-retreating\\-says\\-new\\-report/\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-07\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-03\\-27\\|publisher\\=Bhutan Observer online}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Hoy\\|first1\\=Andreas\\|last2\\=Katel\\|first2\\=Om\\|last3\\=Thapa\\|first3\\=Pankaj\\|last4\\=Dendup\\|first4\\=Ngawang\\|last5\\=Matschullat\\|first5\\=Jörg\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-01\\|title\\=Climatic changes and their impact on socio\\-economic sectors in the Bhutan Himalayas: an implementation strategy\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1007/s10113\\-015\\-0868\\-0\\|journal\\=Regional Environmental Change\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=1401–1415\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10113\\-015\\-0868\\-0\\|s2cid\\=155054680 \\|issn\\=1436\\-378X}}",
"Bhutan was the first country to receive climate mitigation fund from the UN's Least Developed Countries fund.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Nayar\\|first\\=Anjali\\|date\\=2009\\-10\\-01\\|title\\=Climate: When the ice melts\\|journal\\=Nature\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=461\\|issue\\=7267\\|pages\\=1042–1046\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/4611042a\\|pmid\\=19847237 \\|issn\\=1476\\-4687\\|doi\\-access\\=}}",
""
] |
Life and work
-------------
Carvajal held the Licentiate in [canon law](/wiki/Canon_law "Canon law") and [civil law](/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29 "Civil law (legal system)") from the [University of Salamanca](/wiki/University_of_Salamanca "University of Salamanca") (1436\). He was Canon of Avila as well as of [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca "Salamanca"). By 1438 he had attained distinction at Rome as Auditor of the [Rota](/wiki/Sacra_Rota "Sacra Rota"),{{cite book\|author\=Emmanuele Cerchiari\|title\=Capellani papae et apostolicae sedis auditores causarum sacri palatii apostolici seu sacra Romana Rota ab origine ad diem usque 20 septembris 1870: Syntaxis Capellanorum auditorum\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-pBLAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA47\|year\=1920\|publisher\=typis polyglottis Vaticanis\|location\=Vatican\|language\=Latin\|pages\=52, no. 285}} appointed at the request of the King of Castile, John II (1406\-1454\).Lopez, p. 2\. Conradus Eubel , *Hierarchia catholica Medii Aevi* II, editio altera (Monasterii 1914\), p. 216\. He became attached to Cardinals Juan Cervantes, Domenico Ram, and Alfonso Carillo. Under [Pope Martin V](/wiki/Pope_Martin_V "Pope Martin V") Carvajal served as Governor of the City of Rome.Lopez, pp. 2\-3\.
His life, however, was to be spent mostly in the foreign service of the Papacy. His contemporary, Cardinal [Jacopo Ammanati\-Piccolomini](/wiki/Jacopo_Piccolomini-Ammannati "Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati"), says*Commentarii*, I, 2, 7, in: {{cite book\|author\=Iacopo Ammannati Piccolomini\|title\=Epistolæ \& commentarii Iacobi Picolomini Cardinalis Papiensis\|url\=https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_5aOBT5KpgkQC\|year\=1506\|location\=Milan\|language\=Latin\|page\=338}} that he was sent as [papal legate](/wiki/Papal_legate "Papal legate") to various rulers and countries twenty\-two times.
In June 1434 Pope Eugenius was forced to flee from Rome, due to a combination of hostile forces, led by [Filippo Maria Visconti](/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti "Filippo Maria Visconti") of Milan, [Niccolò Fortebraccio](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fortebraccio "Niccolò Fortebraccio") the condottiere, and the Colonna family in Rome, who formed their own republic.The Colonna were the family of the late [Pope Martin V](/wiki/Pope_Martin_V "Pope Martin V"). When Eugenius IV came to power, he prosecuted a war against his predecessor's supporters. The Colonna were returning the favor. Gregorovius, pp. 39\-50\. Juan Carvajal and many of the Roman curials fled to the Castel S. Angelo. Eugene found refuge in Florence, where Carvajal soon made his way.Lopez, pp. 11\-12\. During the Council of Basel, Carvajal was assigned to work with [Juan de Torquemada](/wiki/Juan_de_Torquemada_%28cardinal%29 "Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)"), O.P., who was at the time (from 1435 to 1439\) [Master of the Sacred Palace](/wiki/Theologian_of_the_Pontifical_Household "Theologian of the Pontifical Household") (Papal Theologian),{{cite book\|last\=Catalano\|first\=Josephus\|title\=De magistro sacri palatii apostolici libri duo quorum alter originem, praerogativas, ac munia, alter eorum seriem continet, qui eo munere ad hanc usque diem donati fuere ad reverendissimum patrem fr. Antoninum Bremond ... auctore Josepho Catalano ..\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gRn9IItV5OQC\&pg\=PA16\|year\=1751\|publisher\=typis Antonii Fulgoni apud S. Eustachium\|location\=Roma\|language\=Latin\|pages\=87–89}} to counteract the schism of the Fathers at Basel.Lopez, p. 9\. Torquemada was named a cardinal in 1439\.
Between 1440 and 1448 he spent much time in Germany.Lopez, p. 16\. He was sent with Nicholas of Cusa to the Diet at Mainz in March 1441, and returned to Italy the next year. Creighton, pp. 217\-219 He worked with Cardinal [Nicholas of Cusa](/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa "Nicholas of Cusa"), to placate the strong feelings of the German princes against [Pope Eugene IV](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV "Pope Eugene IV") (1383 – 23 February 1447\), to overcome their "neutrality" in the last and schismatic phase of the [Council of Basel](/wiki/Council_of_Basel "Council of Basel"). The Council had taken the position that the ecumenical assembly of representatives of all the Church was superior to one member of the Church, even if he was Pope. In 1442 Carvajal was again sent along with Nicholas of Cusa by the Pope to the Diet at Frankfurt.Lopez, pp. 19\-20\. Cardinal [Giuliano Cesarini](/wiki/Julian_Cesarini "Julian Cesarini") was sent to work on behalf of Pope Eugenius at the Council of Basel and to negotiate with [Emperor Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor"), and when the Council was dissolved, he was sent as Legate to Hungary (1442\-1444\).Lopez, pp. 4\-8\. Cesarini was killed at the Battle of Varna.Gregorovius, p. 92\.
[Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II") was sent in 1445 by [Frederick the King of Germany](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor") to negotiate with Pope Eugene.Lopez, pp. 21\-27\. Carvajal and Bishop Tommaso Parentucelli of Bologna were sent in 1445 to attempt to dissolve the league of the electors in Germany.Gregorovius, p. 107\. Parentucelli became a cardinal in the same Consistory as Carvajal on 16 December 1446\. He was elected [Pope Nicholas V](/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V "Pope Nicholas V") on 6 March 1447\. Eubel, II, pp. 9 and 10\.
Piccolomini and Carvajal, who succeeded Cardinal Cesarini, were finally able to bring about the treaty known as the [Concordat of the Princes](/wiki/Concordat_of_the_Princes "Concordat of the Princes") (1447\), in which Pope Eugenius acknowledged that a general council was superior to a pope.{{cite book\|author\=Alexander Clarence Flick\|title\=The decline of the Medieval Church\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=zZ4NAQAAMAAJ\|volume\=II\|year\=1930\|publisher\=Kegan Paul\|location\=London\|page\=187}} {{cite book\|author\=Wilhelm Bertrams\|title\=Der neuzeitliche Staatsgedanke und die Konkordate des ausgehenden Mittelalters\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1e0mURPlYaEC\&pg\=PA127\|edition\=second\|year\=1950\|publisher\=Universitas Gregoriana\|location\=Rome\|isbn\=978\-88\-7652\-015\-0\|pages\=127–135}} Carvajal was also instrumental in negotiating the [Concordat of Aschaffenburg](/wiki/Concordat_of_Aschaffenburg "Concordat of Aschaffenburg") (or Vienna) (1448\), which supported the Papacy against the members of the Church.Bertrams, pp. 135\-138\.
### Cardinalate
He was rewarded by Pope Eugene IV on 14 December 1446 with the Cardinal's hat and the [title](/wiki/Titular_church "Titular church") of St. Angelo in Foro Piscium or "in Pescheria".Eubel, II, pp. 9 and 66\. He had been promoted as Bishop of [Plasencia](/wiki/Plasencia "Plasencia") in Spain,{{cite book\|author\=Alonso Fernandez\|title\=Historia y anales de la ciudad y obispado de Plasencia\|url\=https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_d\_o6qmVJgNYC\|year\=1627\|publisher\=Por Juan Gonçalez\|location\=Madrid\|language\=Spanish\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_d\_o6qmVJgNYC/page/n115 102]–107}} a diocese in [Extremadura](/wiki/Extremadura "Extremadura"), to replace Bishop [Gonzalo García de Santamaria](/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Santamaria "Gonzalo García de Santamaria") (1379 \-1448\), who had been Bishop there from 2 July 1423 to 1446\.Eubel, II, p. 216\. Carvajal never took possession of his diocese; he was Bishop\-Elect when created a cardinal in December 1446\.Cerchiari, p. 52, quoting from the Vatican Archives. His work was done by an auxiliary bishop, Didacus de S. Michaele of Granada.Eubel, II, p. 274\.
In 1444 and again in 1448 Juan Carvajal was sent to [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia") to promote the cause of religious unity; but he failed both times, owing to the stubbornness of the [Calixtines](/wiki/Calixtines "Calixtines") or [Utraquists](/wiki/Utraquists "Utraquists") and the influence of the Calixtine [John Rokyczana](/wiki/John_Rokyczana "John Rokyczana"), who had been declared [Archbishop of Prague](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Prague "Archbishop of Prague") by Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary. Rokyczana, whose orthodoxy was suspected at Rome, was never approved by the Pope however and, from Rome's point of view, the Archdiocese of Prague was vacant from the death of Conrad de Vechta in 1431 until 1561\.Vechta had apostasized and joined the Hussite heresy in 1421, Gams, p. 303\. Eubel, II, p. 219, note. 1\.
Pope Eugene died on 23 February 1447\. The Conclave to elect his successor met at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome, beginning on 4 March, with eighteen of the twenty\-six cardinals in attendance, Juan Carvajal among them. On March 6 Cardinal Tommaso Parentucelli of Sarzana, the Bishop of Bologna, was elected, and chose the name [Nicholas V](/wiki/Nicholas_V "Nicholas V").Eubel, II, p. 10 with note 2\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1447*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1447.html), retrieved: 2016\-11\-23\. He died on 24 March 1455\.
The Conclave to elect a successor to Nicholas V assembled at the Vatican Palace on 4 April 1455, with fifteen cardinals in attendance including Cardinal Carvajal. Six cardinals were unable to attend.Eubel, II, p. 11, note 9\. Cardinal Bessarion, it seems, was able to acquire eight votes, which was a majority but not the required two\-thirds majority. Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy made a highly inflammatory speech, pointing out that Bessarion was a Greek and perhaps not as orthodox as one might wish in a pope. Cardinal Scarampi, who was working in the interests of King [Alfonso V of Aragon](/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon "Alfonso V of Aragon") who wished to pursue a war against Genoa and needed a complacent pope, pressed the candidacy of Cardinal Alfonso Borgia, who was seventy\-six years old, a friend of King Alfonso, and eager to launch a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. On 8 April 1455 Borgia was elected; he chose the name [Calixtus III](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III "Pope Callixtus III").J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1455*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1455.html), retrieved: 2016\-11\-23\.
In 1455 Carvajal was sent by [Pope Callistus III](/wiki/Pope_Callistus_III "Pope Callistus III")"Alonso Borgia", \* Canals, Valencia, Spain 31 Dec 1378 \- Pope in 1455 \- † Rome, 6 Aug 1458 to [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") to preach a vigorous crusade against the Turks, and for six years was the leader of the first effectual resistance made by Christian Europe to the progress of the Ottoman conquerors of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople") (1453\). Aided by the Observant Franciscan preacher [John Capistran](/wiki/John_Capistran "John Capistran"), he gathered an army of about 40,000 men, effected a union with the troops of [John Hunyadi](/wiki/John_Hunyadi "John Hunyadi"), and on 22 July 1456 the [siege of Belgrade](/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_%281456%29 "Siege of Belgrade (1456)"), the key of the Danube, was raised by a victory that inaugurated the century\-long resistance of Hungary to the Ottomans.Creighton, pp. 351\-352\. Carvajal baptized [King Thomas of Bosnia](/wiki/King_Thomas_of_Bosnia "King Thomas of Bosnia") into the Roman Catholic Church. [Tommaso Tommasini](/wiki/Thomas_of_Hvar "Thomas of Hvar"), [Bishop of Lesina](/wiki/Bishop_of_Lesina "Bishop of Lesina"), converted the King from the [Bosnian Church](/wiki/Bosnian_Church "Bosnian Church") to Roman Catholicism between 1445 and 1446,{{sfn\|Fine\|2007\|p\=241}} however, only as late as 1457 did Cardinal perform the [baptism](/wiki/Baptism "Baptism").{{sfn\|Fine\|2007\|p\=70}}
Calixtus III died on 6 August 1458, but Cardinal Carvajal was not in Rome, and therefore did not participate in the Conclave that elected Cardinal Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini as [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II").Eubel, II, p. 12 note 9\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1458*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1458.html), retrieved: 2016\-11\-23\. He was still Legate in Hungary{{cite book\|author\=Cesare Baronio\|editor\=Augustinus Theiner\|title\=Annales ecclesiastici\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1R3nAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PP7\|volume\=Vigesimus nonus (29\)\|year\=1876\|publisher\=Bertrand\|location\=Bar\-le\-Duc\|language\=Latin\|pages\=101–103}} Pastor, II, p. 441\.
He reconciled King [Ladislaus the Posthumous](/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous "Ladislaus the Posthumous") (1457\) with [Emperor Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor"), and in 1458 made peace between the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarians "Hungarians") nobles in favour of [Matthias Corvinus](/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus "Matthias Corvinus") as successor of Ladislaus. He was still in Hungary when [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II") invited the princes of Christian Europe to meet him at [Mantua](/wiki/Mantua "Mantua") (1459\) to confer on the common danger and the need of a general [crusade](/wiki/Crusade "Crusade"). While [Cardinal Bessarion](/wiki/Cardinal_Bessarion "Cardinal Bessarion") sought in Germany something more than brilliant promises, Carvajal continued his labours in Hungary, which he left only in the autumn of 1461, "grown old and feeble", says Pastor,*History of the Popes* IV, p. 131, who adds that Carvajal's teeth were so loose that he required dentures. He was quoting Cardinal Ammannati\-Piccolomini, p. 338\. "in that severe climate, amid the turmoils of the Court and the camp, and the fatigues of travel … \[in] that bleak country of moorlands and marshes".
Cardinal Giorgio Fieschi, Bishop of Ostia, died on 8 October 1461; the vacancy was immediately filled by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, who opted for the office of Bishop of Ostia at the papal Consistory of 26 October, leaving a vacancy in the diocese of Porto. On the same day, Cardinal Juan Carvajal opted for [Porto and Santa Rufina](/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Porto_and_Santa_Rufina "Cardinal-Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina").Conradus Eubel , *Hierarchia catholica Medii Aevi* II, editio altera (Monasterii 1914\), p. 60\. From then on, he lived in Rome, in a house near S. Marcello.Pastor, IV, pp. 131 and 132\. He had long held the See of Plasencia in Spain, where a noble bridge across the [Tagus](/wiki/Tagus "Tagus"), built by him, is still known as "the cardinal's bridge". In spite of his age and feeble health, he was still willing to take a foremost part in the crusade that Pius II was preparing at [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona "Ancona") in 1464, when the death of that pope (14/15 August) put an end to the enterprise.
According to the rules of [Pope Gregory X](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X "Pope Gregory X") promulgated at the Second Council of Vienne, the Conclave should have taken place in the place where the Pope had died. But Pius II, anticipating his possible death during his travels, had issued a decree on 5 January 1459 suspending the regulation of Gregory X and specifying instead that the Conclave should take place in Rome no matter where he died. If he died closer to Rome than the distance from Rome to Florence, the Cardinals in Rome must wait for fifteen days for their colleagues to assemble, and they could then proceed to an election, no matter how many cardinals had arrived; if the death occurred farther away than Florence, then they were required to wait for thirty days before beginning the Conclave.Baronio, ed. Theiner, Volume 29, pp. 178\-180\. The cardinals therefore made their way from Ancona to Rome with the body of Pius II, and assembled in the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican on 27 August. They did not settle down to vote, however, until 30 August, with twenty of the twenty\-nine cardinals present. Cardinal Carvajal, now the Cardinal Bishop of Porto, was junior only to [Cardinal Bessarion](/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion "Basilios Bessarion") (Frascati) and [Cardinal d'Estouteville](/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Estouteville "Guillaume d'Estouteville") (Ostia). He was even being talked about as a possible pope, at least in Court gossip. In the first scrutiny, though, as the votes were being read out, Cardinal Pietro Barbo of Venice reached twelve votes, at which point all the uncounted votes were cancelled by the cardinals who had cast them and they voted by voice for Barbo as well, making him Pope. Cardinal Bessarion, the *prior Episcoporum*, then polled each cardinal individually and each agreed to the election of Barbo. He chose the name Paul II.Creighton, IV (new edition 1897\), pp. 4\-7\. Gregorovius, VII,i, pp. 218\-220\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1464*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1464.html), retrieved: 2016\-11\-23\.
Under [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II "Pope Paul II"), the Venetian Pietro Barbo (1464–1471\), Carvajal was appointed along with Cardinal Bessarion and Cardinal d'Estouteville to a commission to consider the state of ecclesiastical affairs in Bohemia. The underlying issue was the orthodoxy and reliability of the [Utraquist](/wiki/Utraquism "Utraquism") King of Bohemia, [George of Poděbrady](/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady "George of Poděbrady"). Carvajal deeply distrusted him, and believed "that it would be absolutely necessary to employ the knife in the case of wounds which admitted of no other remedy, and to guard against fatal corruption by severing the decayed members from the body of Holy Church."Carvajal, quoted by Pastor, IV, p. 134\. To say that he was a rigorist is superfluous.
Cardinal Carvajal's last legation was to Venice in 1466\.
### Reputation
"Such a legate", wrote Ladislaus V of Hungary, "truly corresponds to the greatness of our need."Ladislaus was writing to Pope Calixtus III, thanking him for sending a Legate. Pastor, II, 391, quoting Vast, pp. 226\-227\. By his contemporaries he was considered the ornament of the Church, comparable to her ancient Fathers (Cardinal Ammanati) and the sole reminder of the heroic grandeur of Rome's earliest founders ([Pomponius Laetus](/wiki/Pomponius_Laetus "Pomponius Laetus")). Though genial in intercourse, there was something awe\-inspiring about this saintly man whose ascetic life enabled him to provide liberally for the poor and for needy churches. Heinrich [Denifle](/wiki/Denifle "Denifle") mentions a college *sub invocatione S. Angeli* founded by Carvajal at [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca "Salamanca") in 1457\.*[Die Entstehung der Universitäten des Mittelalters bis 1400](https://archive.org/details/dieuniversitte00deniuoft),* I (Berlin: Weidmann 1885\), 813\. It should be remembered that Carvajal was Cardinal Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
[Frantiãsek Palacký](/wiki/Palacky "Palacky"), the historian of Bohemia, writes of Carvajal: "Not only in zeal for the Faith, in moral purity and strength of character, was he unsurpassed, but he was also unequalled in knowledge of the world, in experience of ecclesiastical affairs, and in the services which he rendered to the papal authority. It was chiefly due to his labours, prolonged during a period of twenty years, that Rome at last got the better of Constance and Basle, that the nations returned to their allegiance, and that her power and glory again shone before the world with a splendour that they had not seen since the time of Boniface VIII."{{cite book\|author\=Frantiãsek Palacký\|title\=Geschichte von Böhmen, 4 (2na part): grösstentheils nach urkunden und handschriften\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Xlhpa176NbEC\|year\=1860\|publisher\=Kronberger und Weber\|location\=Prag\|language\=German\|page\=372}} PastorPastor, II, p. 7\. says of him that he was absolutely free from the restless ambition and self\-glorification so common among the men of the Renaissance, and seemed born for ecclesiastical diplomacy. His dominant idea was the consecration of his life to the Church and the promotion of the glory and power of Christ's Vicar.Ammannati\-Piccolomini, p. 338: *Pro Deo et pro imperio Romani Pontificis patientissima subeunda omnia judicavit.* {{cite book\|author\=Georg Voigt\|title\=Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini, als Papst Pius der Zweite: und sein Zeitalter\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=HHsTAAAAYAAJ\|year\=1856\|publisher\=Georg Reimer\|location\=Berlin\|language\=de\|page\=261\|isbn\=978\-0\-7905\-7157\-7 }} Pastor, II, p. 8\. "Pars hæc vitæ ultima Christo neganda non est" (I must not refuse to Christ this last portion of my life) were the words in which he offered himself to Pius II as leader of a relief to the [Republic of Ragusa](/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa "Republic of Ragusa") which was being hard\-pressed in 1464 by the Turks.
He left no printed works, though he heard from Pius II about the printing of the [Gutenberg Bible](/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible "Gutenberg Bible") in a famous letter of 1455, and had an edition of the works of Thomas Aquinas posthumously dedicated to him by the first printers of Italy, Sweynheym and Pannartz, in 1469\. Among his manuscript remains are a defence of the Holy See, reports of his legations, a volume of letters, and various discourses. His discourse in the papal consistories, says Pastor, was brief, simple, clear, logical, and devoid of contemporary rhetoric; his legatine reports have the same "restrained and impersonal character".
### Death and burial
Cardinal Carvajal died in Rome on 6 December 1469\. He was buried in [San Marcello al Corso](/wiki/San_Marcello_al_Corso "San Marcello al Corso"). A monument erected to him there by Cardinal Bessarion, following the epitaph, bears a poem in elegiacs with these words: *Hic anima Petrus, pectore Cæsar erat* (A [Peter](/wiki/St_Peter "St Peter") in spirit, a Cæsar in courage).{{cite book\|author\=Vincenzo Forcella\|title\=Inscrizioni delle Chiese e d'altri edifici di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=s2zQ8c5agZsC\|volume\=II\|year\=1873\|publisher\=Ermanno Loescher\|location\=Roma\|language\=Latin, Italian\|pages\=303, no. 933}}
|
[
"Life and work\n-------------",
"Carvajal held the Licentiate in [canon law](/wiki/Canon_law \"Canon law\") and [civil law](/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29 \"Civil law (legal system)\") from the [University of Salamanca](/wiki/University_of_Salamanca \"University of Salamanca\") (1436\\). He was Canon of Avila as well as of [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca \"Salamanca\"). By 1438 he had attained distinction at Rome as Auditor of the [Rota](/wiki/Sacra_Rota \"Sacra Rota\"),{{cite book\\|author\\=Emmanuele Cerchiari\\|title\\=Capellani papae et apostolicae sedis auditores causarum sacri palatii apostolici seu sacra Romana Rota ab origine ad diem usque 20 septembris 1870: Syntaxis Capellanorum auditorum\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-pBLAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA47\\|year\\=1920\\|publisher\\=typis polyglottis Vaticanis\\|location\\=Vatican\\|language\\=Latin\\|pages\\=52, no. 285}} appointed at the request of the King of Castile, John II (1406\\-1454\\).Lopez, p. 2\\. Conradus Eubel , *Hierarchia catholica Medii Aevi* II, editio altera (Monasterii 1914\\), p. 216\\. He became attached to Cardinals Juan Cervantes, Domenico Ram, and Alfonso Carillo. Under [Pope Martin V](/wiki/Pope_Martin_V \"Pope Martin V\") Carvajal served as Governor of the City of Rome.Lopez, pp. 2\\-3\\.",
"His life, however, was to be spent mostly in the foreign service of the Papacy. His contemporary, Cardinal [Jacopo Ammanati\\-Piccolomini](/wiki/Jacopo_Piccolomini-Ammannati \"Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati\"), says*Commentarii*, I, 2, 7, in: {{cite book\\|author\\=Iacopo Ammannati Piccolomini\\|title\\=Epistolæ \\& commentarii Iacobi Picolomini Cardinalis Papiensis\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_5aOBT5KpgkQC\\|year\\=1506\\|location\\=Milan\\|language\\=Latin\\|page\\=338}} that he was sent as [papal legate](/wiki/Papal_legate \"Papal legate\") to various rulers and countries twenty\\-two times.",
"In June 1434 Pope Eugenius was forced to flee from Rome, due to a combination of hostile forces, led by [Filippo Maria Visconti](/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti \"Filippo Maria Visconti\") of Milan, [Niccolò Fortebraccio](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fortebraccio \"Niccolò Fortebraccio\") the condottiere, and the Colonna family in Rome, who formed their own republic.The Colonna were the family of the late [Pope Martin V](/wiki/Pope_Martin_V \"Pope Martin V\"). When Eugenius IV came to power, he prosecuted a war against his predecessor's supporters. The Colonna were returning the favor. Gregorovius, pp. 39\\-50\\. Juan Carvajal and many of the Roman curials fled to the Castel S. Angelo. Eugene found refuge in Florence, where Carvajal soon made his way.Lopez, pp. 11\\-12\\. During the Council of Basel, Carvajal was assigned to work with [Juan de Torquemada](/wiki/Juan_de_Torquemada_%28cardinal%29 \"Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)\"), O.P., who was at the time (from 1435 to 1439\\) [Master of the Sacred Palace](/wiki/Theologian_of_the_Pontifical_Household \"Theologian of the Pontifical Household\") (Papal Theologian),{{cite book\\|last\\=Catalano\\|first\\=Josephus\\|title\\=De magistro sacri palatii apostolici libri duo quorum alter originem, praerogativas, ac munia, alter eorum seriem continet, qui eo munere ad hanc usque diem donati fuere ad reverendissimum patrem fr. Antoninum Bremond ... auctore Josepho Catalano ..\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gRn9IItV5OQC\\&pg\\=PA16\\|year\\=1751\\|publisher\\=typis Antonii Fulgoni apud S. Eustachium\\|location\\=Roma\\|language\\=Latin\\|pages\\=87–89}} to counteract the schism of the Fathers at Basel.Lopez, p. 9\\. Torquemada was named a cardinal in 1439\\.",
"Between 1440 and 1448 he spent much time in Germany.Lopez, p. 16\\. He was sent with Nicholas of Cusa to the Diet at Mainz in March 1441, and returned to Italy the next year. Creighton, pp. 217\\-219 He worked with Cardinal [Nicholas of Cusa](/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa \"Nicholas of Cusa\"), to placate the strong feelings of the German princes against [Pope Eugene IV](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV \"Pope Eugene IV\") (1383 – 23 February 1447\\), to overcome their \"neutrality\" in the last and schismatic phase of the [Council of Basel](/wiki/Council_of_Basel \"Council of Basel\"). The Council had taken the position that the ecumenical assembly of representatives of all the Church was superior to one member of the Church, even if he was Pope. In 1442 Carvajal was again sent along with Nicholas of Cusa by the Pope to the Diet at Frankfurt.Lopez, pp. 19\\-20\\. Cardinal [Giuliano Cesarini](/wiki/Julian_Cesarini \"Julian Cesarini\") was sent to work on behalf of Pope Eugenius at the Council of Basel and to negotiate with [Emperor Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor\"), and when the Council was dissolved, he was sent as Legate to Hungary (1442\\-1444\\).Lopez, pp. 4\\-8\\. Cesarini was killed at the Battle of Varna.Gregorovius, p. 92\\.",
"[Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\") was sent in 1445 by [Frederick the King of Germany](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor\") to negotiate with Pope Eugene.Lopez, pp. 21\\-27\\. Carvajal and Bishop Tommaso Parentucelli of Bologna were sent in 1445 to attempt to dissolve the league of the electors in Germany.Gregorovius, p. 107\\. Parentucelli became a cardinal in the same Consistory as Carvajal on 16 December 1446\\. He was elected [Pope Nicholas V](/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V \"Pope Nicholas V\") on 6 March 1447\\. Eubel, II, pp. 9 and 10\\.",
"Piccolomini and Carvajal, who succeeded Cardinal Cesarini, were finally able to bring about the treaty known as the [Concordat of the Princes](/wiki/Concordat_of_the_Princes \"Concordat of the Princes\") (1447\\), in which Pope Eugenius acknowledged that a general council was superior to a pope.{{cite book\\|author\\=Alexander Clarence Flick\\|title\\=The decline of the Medieval Church\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=zZ4NAQAAMAAJ\\|volume\\=II\\|year\\=1930\\|publisher\\=Kegan Paul\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=187}} {{cite book\\|author\\=Wilhelm Bertrams\\|title\\=Der neuzeitliche Staatsgedanke und die Konkordate des ausgehenden Mittelalters\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1e0mURPlYaEC\\&pg\\=PA127\\|edition\\=second\\|year\\=1950\\|publisher\\=Universitas Gregoriana\\|location\\=Rome\\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-7652\\-015\\-0\\|pages\\=127–135}} Carvajal was also instrumental in negotiating the [Concordat of Aschaffenburg](/wiki/Concordat_of_Aschaffenburg \"Concordat of Aschaffenburg\") (or Vienna) (1448\\), which supported the Papacy against the members of the Church.Bertrams, pp. 135\\-138\\.",
"### Cardinalate",
"He was rewarded by Pope Eugene IV on 14 December 1446 with the Cardinal's hat and the [title](/wiki/Titular_church \"Titular church\") of St. Angelo in Foro Piscium or \"in Pescheria\".Eubel, II, pp. 9 and 66\\. He had been promoted as Bishop of [Plasencia](/wiki/Plasencia \"Plasencia\") in Spain,{{cite book\\|author\\=Alonso Fernandez\\|title\\=Historia y anales de la ciudad y obispado de Plasencia\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_d\\_o6qmVJgNYC\\|year\\=1627\\|publisher\\=Por Juan Gonçalez\\|location\\=Madrid\\|language\\=Spanish\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_d\\_o6qmVJgNYC/page/n115 102]–107}} a diocese in [Extremadura](/wiki/Extremadura \"Extremadura\"), to replace Bishop [Gonzalo García de Santamaria](/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Santamaria \"Gonzalo García de Santamaria\") (1379 \\-1448\\), who had been Bishop there from 2 July 1423 to 1446\\.Eubel, II, p. 216\\. Carvajal never took possession of his diocese; he was Bishop\\-Elect when created a cardinal in December 1446\\.Cerchiari, p. 52, quoting from the Vatican Archives. His work was done by an auxiliary bishop, Didacus de S. Michaele of Granada.Eubel, II, p. 274\\.",
"In 1444 and again in 1448 Juan Carvajal was sent to [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia \"Bohemia\") to promote the cause of religious unity; but he failed both times, owing to the stubbornness of the [Calixtines](/wiki/Calixtines \"Calixtines\") or [Utraquists](/wiki/Utraquists \"Utraquists\") and the influence of the Calixtine [John Rokyczana](/wiki/John_Rokyczana \"John Rokyczana\"), who had been declared [Archbishop of Prague](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Prague \"Archbishop of Prague\") by Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary. Rokyczana, whose orthodoxy was suspected at Rome, was never approved by the Pope however and, from Rome's point of view, the Archdiocese of Prague was vacant from the death of Conrad de Vechta in 1431 until 1561\\.Vechta had apostasized and joined the Hussite heresy in 1421, Gams, p. 303\\. Eubel, II, p. 219, note. 1\\.",
"Pope Eugene died on 23 February 1447\\. The Conclave to elect his successor met at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome, beginning on 4 March, with eighteen of the twenty\\-six cardinals in attendance, Juan Carvajal among them. On March 6 Cardinal Tommaso Parentucelli of Sarzana, the Bishop of Bologna, was elected, and chose the name [Nicholas V](/wiki/Nicholas_V \"Nicholas V\").Eubel, II, p. 10 with note 2\\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1447*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1447.html), retrieved: 2016\\-11\\-23\\. He died on 24 March 1455\\.",
"The Conclave to elect a successor to Nicholas V assembled at the Vatican Palace on 4 April 1455, with fifteen cardinals in attendance including Cardinal Carvajal. Six cardinals were unable to attend.Eubel, II, p. 11, note 9\\. Cardinal Bessarion, it seems, was able to acquire eight votes, which was a majority but not the required two\\-thirds majority. Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy made a highly inflammatory speech, pointing out that Bessarion was a Greek and perhaps not as orthodox as one might wish in a pope. Cardinal Scarampi, who was working in the interests of King [Alfonso V of Aragon](/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon \"Alfonso V of Aragon\") who wished to pursue a war against Genoa and needed a complacent pope, pressed the candidacy of Cardinal Alfonso Borgia, who was seventy\\-six years old, a friend of King Alfonso, and eager to launch a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. On 8 April 1455 Borgia was elected; he chose the name [Calixtus III](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III \"Pope Callixtus III\").J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1455*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1455.html), retrieved: 2016\\-11\\-23\\.",
"In 1455 Carvajal was sent by [Pope Callistus III](/wiki/Pope_Callistus_III \"Pope Callistus III\")\"Alonso Borgia\", \\* Canals, Valencia, Spain 31 Dec 1378 \\- Pope in 1455 \\- † Rome, 6 Aug 1458 to [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\") to preach a vigorous crusade against the Turks, and for six years was the leader of the first effectual resistance made by Christian Europe to the progress of the Ottoman conquerors of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\") (1453\\). Aided by the Observant Franciscan preacher [John Capistran](/wiki/John_Capistran \"John Capistran\"), he gathered an army of about 40,000 men, effected a union with the troops of [John Hunyadi](/wiki/John_Hunyadi \"John Hunyadi\"), and on 22 July 1456 the [siege of Belgrade](/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_%281456%29 \"Siege of Belgrade (1456)\"), the key of the Danube, was raised by a victory that inaugurated the century\\-long resistance of Hungary to the Ottomans.Creighton, pp. 351\\-352\\. Carvajal baptized [King Thomas of Bosnia](/wiki/King_Thomas_of_Bosnia \"King Thomas of Bosnia\") into the Roman Catholic Church. [Tommaso Tommasini](/wiki/Thomas_of_Hvar \"Thomas of Hvar\"), [Bishop of Lesina](/wiki/Bishop_of_Lesina \"Bishop of Lesina\"), converted the King from the [Bosnian Church](/wiki/Bosnian_Church \"Bosnian Church\") to Roman Catholicism between 1445 and 1446,{{sfn\\|Fine\\|2007\\|p\\=241}} however, only as late as 1457 did Cardinal perform the [baptism](/wiki/Baptism \"Baptism\").{{sfn\\|Fine\\|2007\\|p\\=70}}",
"Calixtus III died on 6 August 1458, but Cardinal Carvajal was not in Rome, and therefore did not participate in the Conclave that elected Cardinal Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini as [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\").Eubel, II, p. 12 note 9\\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1458*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1458.html), retrieved: 2016\\-11\\-23\\. He was still Legate in Hungary{{cite book\\|author\\=Cesare Baronio\\|editor\\=Augustinus Theiner\\|title\\=Annales ecclesiastici\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1R3nAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PP7\\|volume\\=Vigesimus nonus (29\\)\\|year\\=1876\\|publisher\\=Bertrand\\|location\\=Bar\\-le\\-Duc\\|language\\=Latin\\|pages\\=101–103}} Pastor, II, p. 441\\.",
"He reconciled King [Ladislaus the Posthumous](/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous \"Ladislaus the Posthumous\") (1457\\) with [Emperor Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor\"), and in 1458 made peace between the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarians \"Hungarians\") nobles in favour of [Matthias Corvinus](/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus \"Matthias Corvinus\") as successor of Ladislaus. He was still in Hungary when [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\") invited the princes of Christian Europe to meet him at [Mantua](/wiki/Mantua \"Mantua\") (1459\\) to confer on the common danger and the need of a general [crusade](/wiki/Crusade \"Crusade\"). While [Cardinal Bessarion](/wiki/Cardinal_Bessarion \"Cardinal Bessarion\") sought in Germany something more than brilliant promises, Carvajal continued his labours in Hungary, which he left only in the autumn of 1461, \"grown old and feeble\", says Pastor,*History of the Popes* IV, p. 131, who adds that Carvajal's teeth were so loose that he required dentures. He was quoting Cardinal Ammannati\\-Piccolomini, p. 338\\. \"in that severe climate, amid the turmoils of the Court and the camp, and the fatigues of travel … \\[in] that bleak country of moorlands and marshes\".",
"Cardinal Giorgio Fieschi, Bishop of Ostia, died on 8 October 1461; the vacancy was immediately filled by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, who opted for the office of Bishop of Ostia at the papal Consistory of 26 October, leaving a vacancy in the diocese of Porto. On the same day, Cardinal Juan Carvajal opted for [Porto and Santa Rufina](/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Porto_and_Santa_Rufina \"Cardinal-Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina\").Conradus Eubel , *Hierarchia catholica Medii Aevi* II, editio altera (Monasterii 1914\\), p. 60\\. From then on, he lived in Rome, in a house near S. Marcello.Pastor, IV, pp. 131 and 132\\. He had long held the See of Plasencia in Spain, where a noble bridge across the [Tagus](/wiki/Tagus \"Tagus\"), built by him, is still known as \"the cardinal's bridge\". In spite of his age and feeble health, he was still willing to take a foremost part in the crusade that Pius II was preparing at [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona \"Ancona\") in 1464, when the death of that pope (14/15 August) put an end to the enterprise.",
"According to the rules of [Pope Gregory X](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X \"Pope Gregory X\") promulgated at the Second Council of Vienne, the Conclave should have taken place in the place where the Pope had died. But Pius II, anticipating his possible death during his travels, had issued a decree on 5 January 1459 suspending the regulation of Gregory X and specifying instead that the Conclave should take place in Rome no matter where he died. If he died closer to Rome than the distance from Rome to Florence, the Cardinals in Rome must wait for fifteen days for their colleagues to assemble, and they could then proceed to an election, no matter how many cardinals had arrived; if the death occurred farther away than Florence, then they were required to wait for thirty days before beginning the Conclave.Baronio, ed. Theiner, Volume 29, pp. 178\\-180\\. The cardinals therefore made their way from Ancona to Rome with the body of Pius II, and assembled in the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican on 27 August. They did not settle down to vote, however, until 30 August, with twenty of the twenty\\-nine cardinals present. Cardinal Carvajal, now the Cardinal Bishop of Porto, was junior only to [Cardinal Bessarion](/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion \"Basilios Bessarion\") (Frascati) and [Cardinal d'Estouteville](/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Estouteville \"Guillaume d'Estouteville\") (Ostia). He was even being talked about as a possible pope, at least in Court gossip. In the first scrutiny, though, as the votes were being read out, Cardinal Pietro Barbo of Venice reached twelve votes, at which point all the uncounted votes were cancelled by the cardinals who had cast them and they voted by voice for Barbo as well, making him Pope. Cardinal Bessarion, the *prior Episcoporum*, then polled each cardinal individually and each agreed to the election of Barbo. He chose the name Paul II.Creighton, IV (new edition 1897\\), pp. 4\\-7\\. Gregorovius, VII,i, pp. 218\\-220\\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1464*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1464.html), retrieved: 2016\\-11\\-23\\.",
"Under [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II \"Pope Paul II\"), the Venetian Pietro Barbo (1464–1471\\), Carvajal was appointed along with Cardinal Bessarion and Cardinal d'Estouteville to a commission to consider the state of ecclesiastical affairs in Bohemia. The underlying issue was the orthodoxy and reliability of the [Utraquist](/wiki/Utraquism \"Utraquism\") King of Bohemia, [George of Poděbrady](/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady \"George of Poděbrady\"). Carvajal deeply distrusted him, and believed \"that it would be absolutely necessary to employ the knife in the case of wounds which admitted of no other remedy, and to guard against fatal corruption by severing the decayed members from the body of Holy Church.\"Carvajal, quoted by Pastor, IV, p. 134\\. To say that he was a rigorist is superfluous.",
"Cardinal Carvajal's last legation was to Venice in 1466\\.",
"### Reputation",
"\"Such a legate\", wrote Ladislaus V of Hungary, \"truly corresponds to the greatness of our need.\"Ladislaus was writing to Pope Calixtus III, thanking him for sending a Legate. Pastor, II, 391, quoting Vast, pp. 226\\-227\\. By his contemporaries he was considered the ornament of the Church, comparable to her ancient Fathers (Cardinal Ammanati) and the sole reminder of the heroic grandeur of Rome's earliest founders ([Pomponius Laetus](/wiki/Pomponius_Laetus \"Pomponius Laetus\")). Though genial in intercourse, there was something awe\\-inspiring about this saintly man whose ascetic life enabled him to provide liberally for the poor and for needy churches. Heinrich [Denifle](/wiki/Denifle \"Denifle\") mentions a college *sub invocatione S. Angeli* founded by Carvajal at [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca \"Salamanca\") in 1457\\.*[Die Entstehung der Universitäten des Mittelalters bis 1400](https://archive.org/details/dieuniversitte00deniuoft),* I (Berlin: Weidmann 1885\\), 813\\. It should be remembered that Carvajal was Cardinal Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.",
"[Frantiãsek Palacký](/wiki/Palacky \"Palacky\"), the historian of Bohemia, writes of Carvajal: \"Not only in zeal for the Faith, in moral purity and strength of character, was he unsurpassed, but he was also unequalled in knowledge of the world, in experience of ecclesiastical affairs, and in the services which he rendered to the papal authority. It was chiefly due to his labours, prolonged during a period of twenty years, that Rome at last got the better of Constance and Basle, that the nations returned to their allegiance, and that her power and glory again shone before the world with a splendour that they had not seen since the time of Boniface VIII.\"{{cite book\\|author\\=Frantiãsek Palacký\\|title\\=Geschichte von Böhmen, 4 (2na part): grösstentheils nach urkunden und handschriften\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Xlhpa176NbEC\\|year\\=1860\\|publisher\\=Kronberger und Weber\\|location\\=Prag\\|language\\=German\\|page\\=372}} PastorPastor, II, p. 7\\. says of him that he was absolutely free from the restless ambition and self\\-glorification so common among the men of the Renaissance, and seemed born for ecclesiastical diplomacy. His dominant idea was the consecration of his life to the Church and the promotion of the glory and power of Christ's Vicar.Ammannati\\-Piccolomini, p. 338: *Pro Deo et pro imperio Romani Pontificis patientissima subeunda omnia judicavit.* {{cite book\\|author\\=Georg Voigt\\|title\\=Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini, als Papst Pius der Zweite: und sein Zeitalter\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HHsTAAAAYAAJ\\|year\\=1856\\|publisher\\=Georg Reimer\\|location\\=Berlin\\|language\\=de\\|page\\=261\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7905\\-7157\\-7 }} Pastor, II, p. 8\\. \"Pars hæc vitæ ultima Christo neganda non est\" (I must not refuse to Christ this last portion of my life) were the words in which he offered himself to Pius II as leader of a relief to the [Republic of Ragusa](/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa \"Republic of Ragusa\") which was being hard\\-pressed in 1464 by the Turks.",
"He left no printed works, though he heard from Pius II about the printing of the [Gutenberg Bible](/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible \"Gutenberg Bible\") in a famous letter of 1455, and had an edition of the works of Thomas Aquinas posthumously dedicated to him by the first printers of Italy, Sweynheym and Pannartz, in 1469\\. Among his manuscript remains are a defence of the Holy See, reports of his legations, a volume of letters, and various discourses. His discourse in the papal consistories, says Pastor, was brief, simple, clear, logical, and devoid of contemporary rhetoric; his legatine reports have the same \"restrained and impersonal character\".",
"### Death and burial",
"Cardinal Carvajal died in Rome on 6 December 1469\\. He was buried in [San Marcello al Corso](/wiki/San_Marcello_al_Corso \"San Marcello al Corso\"). A monument erected to him there by Cardinal Bessarion, following the epitaph, bears a poem in elegiacs with these words: *Hic anima Petrus, pectore Cæsar erat* (A [Peter](/wiki/St_Peter \"St Peter\") in spirit, a Cæsar in courage).{{cite book\\|author\\=Vincenzo Forcella\\|title\\=Inscrizioni delle Chiese e d'altri edifici di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=s2zQ8c5agZsC\\|volume\\=II\\|year\\=1873\\|publisher\\=Ermanno Loescher\\|location\\=Roma\\|language\\=Latin, Italian\\|pages\\=303, no. 933}}",
""
] |
### Cardinalate
He was rewarded by Pope Eugene IV on 14 December 1446 with the Cardinal's hat and the [title](/wiki/Titular_church "Titular church") of St. Angelo in Foro Piscium or "in Pescheria".Eubel, II, pp. 9 and 66\. He had been promoted as Bishop of [Plasencia](/wiki/Plasencia "Plasencia") in Spain,{{cite book\|author\=Alonso Fernandez\|title\=Historia y anales de la ciudad y obispado de Plasencia\|url\=https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_d\_o6qmVJgNYC\|year\=1627\|publisher\=Por Juan Gonçalez\|location\=Madrid\|language\=Spanish\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_d\_o6qmVJgNYC/page/n115 102]–107}} a diocese in [Extremadura](/wiki/Extremadura "Extremadura"), to replace Bishop [Gonzalo García de Santamaria](/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Santamaria "Gonzalo García de Santamaria") (1379 \-1448\), who had been Bishop there from 2 July 1423 to 1446\.Eubel, II, p. 216\. Carvajal never took possession of his diocese; he was Bishop\-Elect when created a cardinal in December 1446\.Cerchiari, p. 52, quoting from the Vatican Archives. His work was done by an auxiliary bishop, Didacus de S. Michaele of Granada.Eubel, II, p. 274\.
In 1444 and again in 1448 Juan Carvajal was sent to [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia") to promote the cause of religious unity; but he failed both times, owing to the stubbornness of the [Calixtines](/wiki/Calixtines "Calixtines") or [Utraquists](/wiki/Utraquists "Utraquists") and the influence of the Calixtine [John Rokyczana](/wiki/John_Rokyczana "John Rokyczana"), who had been declared [Archbishop of Prague](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Prague "Archbishop of Prague") by Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary. Rokyczana, whose orthodoxy was suspected at Rome, was never approved by the Pope however and, from Rome's point of view, the Archdiocese of Prague was vacant from the death of Conrad de Vechta in 1431 until 1561\.Vechta had apostasized and joined the Hussite heresy in 1421, Gams, p. 303\. Eubel, II, p. 219, note. 1\.
Pope Eugene died on 23 February 1447\. The Conclave to elect his successor met at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome, beginning on 4 March, with eighteen of the twenty\-six cardinals in attendance, Juan Carvajal among them. On March 6 Cardinal Tommaso Parentucelli of Sarzana, the Bishop of Bologna, was elected, and chose the name [Nicholas V](/wiki/Nicholas_V "Nicholas V").Eubel, II, p. 10 with note 2\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1447*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1447.html), retrieved: 2016\-11\-23\. He died on 24 March 1455\.
The Conclave to elect a successor to Nicholas V assembled at the Vatican Palace on 4 April 1455, with fifteen cardinals in attendance including Cardinal Carvajal. Six cardinals were unable to attend.Eubel, II, p. 11, note 9\. Cardinal Bessarion, it seems, was able to acquire eight votes, which was a majority but not the required two\-thirds majority. Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy made a highly inflammatory speech, pointing out that Bessarion was a Greek and perhaps not as orthodox as one might wish in a pope. Cardinal Scarampi, who was working in the interests of King [Alfonso V of Aragon](/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon "Alfonso V of Aragon") who wished to pursue a war against Genoa and needed a complacent pope, pressed the candidacy of Cardinal Alfonso Borgia, who was seventy\-six years old, a friend of King Alfonso, and eager to launch a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. On 8 April 1455 Borgia was elected; he chose the name [Calixtus III](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III "Pope Callixtus III").J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1455*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1455.html), retrieved: 2016\-11\-23\.
In 1455 Carvajal was sent by [Pope Callistus III](/wiki/Pope_Callistus_III "Pope Callistus III")"Alonso Borgia", \* Canals, Valencia, Spain 31 Dec 1378 \- Pope in 1455 \- † Rome, 6 Aug 1458 to [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") to preach a vigorous crusade against the Turks, and for six years was the leader of the first effectual resistance made by Christian Europe to the progress of the Ottoman conquerors of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople") (1453\). Aided by the Observant Franciscan preacher [John Capistran](/wiki/John_Capistran "John Capistran"), he gathered an army of about 40,000 men, effected a union with the troops of [John Hunyadi](/wiki/John_Hunyadi "John Hunyadi"), and on 22 July 1456 the [siege of Belgrade](/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_%281456%29 "Siege of Belgrade (1456)"), the key of the Danube, was raised by a victory that inaugurated the century\-long resistance of Hungary to the Ottomans.Creighton, pp. 351\-352\. Carvajal baptized [King Thomas of Bosnia](/wiki/King_Thomas_of_Bosnia "King Thomas of Bosnia") into the Roman Catholic Church. [Tommaso Tommasini](/wiki/Thomas_of_Hvar "Thomas of Hvar"), [Bishop of Lesina](/wiki/Bishop_of_Lesina "Bishop of Lesina"), converted the King from the [Bosnian Church](/wiki/Bosnian_Church "Bosnian Church") to Roman Catholicism between 1445 and 1446,{{sfn\|Fine\|2007\|p\=241}} however, only as late as 1457 did Cardinal perform the [baptism](/wiki/Baptism "Baptism").{{sfn\|Fine\|2007\|p\=70}}
Calixtus III died on 6 August 1458, but Cardinal Carvajal was not in Rome, and therefore did not participate in the Conclave that elected Cardinal Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini as [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II").Eubel, II, p. 12 note 9\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1458*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1458.html), retrieved: 2016\-11\-23\. He was still Legate in Hungary{{cite book\|author\=Cesare Baronio\|editor\=Augustinus Theiner\|title\=Annales ecclesiastici\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1R3nAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PP7\|volume\=Vigesimus nonus (29\)\|year\=1876\|publisher\=Bertrand\|location\=Bar\-le\-Duc\|language\=Latin\|pages\=101–103}} Pastor, II, p. 441\.
He reconciled King [Ladislaus the Posthumous](/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous "Ladislaus the Posthumous") (1457\) with [Emperor Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor"), and in 1458 made peace between the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarians "Hungarians") nobles in favour of [Matthias Corvinus](/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus "Matthias Corvinus") as successor of Ladislaus. He was still in Hungary when [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II") invited the princes of Christian Europe to meet him at [Mantua](/wiki/Mantua "Mantua") (1459\) to confer on the common danger and the need of a general [crusade](/wiki/Crusade "Crusade"). While [Cardinal Bessarion](/wiki/Cardinal_Bessarion "Cardinal Bessarion") sought in Germany something more than brilliant promises, Carvajal continued his labours in Hungary, which he left only in the autumn of 1461, "grown old and feeble", says Pastor,*History of the Popes* IV, p. 131, who adds that Carvajal's teeth were so loose that he required dentures. He was quoting Cardinal Ammannati\-Piccolomini, p. 338\. "in that severe climate, amid the turmoils of the Court and the camp, and the fatigues of travel … \[in] that bleak country of moorlands and marshes".
Cardinal Giorgio Fieschi, Bishop of Ostia, died on 8 October 1461; the vacancy was immediately filled by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, who opted for the office of Bishop of Ostia at the papal Consistory of 26 October, leaving a vacancy in the diocese of Porto. On the same day, Cardinal Juan Carvajal opted for [Porto and Santa Rufina](/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Porto_and_Santa_Rufina "Cardinal-Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina").Conradus Eubel , *Hierarchia catholica Medii Aevi* II, editio altera (Monasterii 1914\), p. 60\. From then on, he lived in Rome, in a house near S. Marcello.Pastor, IV, pp. 131 and 132\. He had long held the See of Plasencia in Spain, where a noble bridge across the [Tagus](/wiki/Tagus "Tagus"), built by him, is still known as "the cardinal's bridge". In spite of his age and feeble health, he was still willing to take a foremost part in the crusade that Pius II was preparing at [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona "Ancona") in 1464, when the death of that pope (14/15 August) put an end to the enterprise.
According to the rules of [Pope Gregory X](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X "Pope Gregory X") promulgated at the Second Council of Vienne, the Conclave should have taken place in the place where the Pope had died. But Pius II, anticipating his possible death during his travels, had issued a decree on 5 January 1459 suspending the regulation of Gregory X and specifying instead that the Conclave should take place in Rome no matter where he died. If he died closer to Rome than the distance from Rome to Florence, the Cardinals in Rome must wait for fifteen days for their colleagues to assemble, and they could then proceed to an election, no matter how many cardinals had arrived; if the death occurred farther away than Florence, then they were required to wait for thirty days before beginning the Conclave.Baronio, ed. Theiner, Volume 29, pp. 178\-180\. The cardinals therefore made their way from Ancona to Rome with the body of Pius II, and assembled in the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican on 27 August. They did not settle down to vote, however, until 30 August, with twenty of the twenty\-nine cardinals present. Cardinal Carvajal, now the Cardinal Bishop of Porto, was junior only to [Cardinal Bessarion](/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion "Basilios Bessarion") (Frascati) and [Cardinal d'Estouteville](/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Estouteville "Guillaume d'Estouteville") (Ostia). He was even being talked about as a possible pope, at least in Court gossip. In the first scrutiny, though, as the votes were being read out, Cardinal Pietro Barbo of Venice reached twelve votes, at which point all the uncounted votes were cancelled by the cardinals who had cast them and they voted by voice for Barbo as well, making him Pope. Cardinal Bessarion, the *prior Episcoporum*, then polled each cardinal individually and each agreed to the election of Barbo. He chose the name Paul II.Creighton, IV (new edition 1897\), pp. 4\-7\. Gregorovius, VII,i, pp. 218\-220\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1464*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1464.html), retrieved: 2016\-11\-23\.
Under [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II "Pope Paul II"), the Venetian Pietro Barbo (1464–1471\), Carvajal was appointed along with Cardinal Bessarion and Cardinal d'Estouteville to a commission to consider the state of ecclesiastical affairs in Bohemia. The underlying issue was the orthodoxy and reliability of the [Utraquist](/wiki/Utraquism "Utraquism") King of Bohemia, [George of Poděbrady](/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady "George of Poděbrady"). Carvajal deeply distrusted him, and believed "that it would be absolutely necessary to employ the knife in the case of wounds which admitted of no other remedy, and to guard against fatal corruption by severing the decayed members from the body of Holy Church."Carvajal, quoted by Pastor, IV, p. 134\. To say that he was a rigorist is superfluous.
Cardinal Carvajal's last legation was to Venice in 1466\.
|
[
"### Cardinalate",
"He was rewarded by Pope Eugene IV on 14 December 1446 with the Cardinal's hat and the [title](/wiki/Titular_church \"Titular church\") of St. Angelo in Foro Piscium or \"in Pescheria\".Eubel, II, pp. 9 and 66\\. He had been promoted as Bishop of [Plasencia](/wiki/Plasencia \"Plasencia\") in Spain,{{cite book\\|author\\=Alonso Fernandez\\|title\\=Historia y anales de la ciudad y obispado de Plasencia\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_d\\_o6qmVJgNYC\\|year\\=1627\\|publisher\\=Por Juan Gonçalez\\|location\\=Madrid\\|language\\=Spanish\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_d\\_o6qmVJgNYC/page/n115 102]–107}} a diocese in [Extremadura](/wiki/Extremadura \"Extremadura\"), to replace Bishop [Gonzalo García de Santamaria](/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Santamaria \"Gonzalo García de Santamaria\") (1379 \\-1448\\), who had been Bishop there from 2 July 1423 to 1446\\.Eubel, II, p. 216\\. Carvajal never took possession of his diocese; he was Bishop\\-Elect when created a cardinal in December 1446\\.Cerchiari, p. 52, quoting from the Vatican Archives. His work was done by an auxiliary bishop, Didacus de S. Michaele of Granada.Eubel, II, p. 274\\.",
"In 1444 and again in 1448 Juan Carvajal was sent to [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia \"Bohemia\") to promote the cause of religious unity; but he failed both times, owing to the stubbornness of the [Calixtines](/wiki/Calixtines \"Calixtines\") or [Utraquists](/wiki/Utraquists \"Utraquists\") and the influence of the Calixtine [John Rokyczana](/wiki/John_Rokyczana \"John Rokyczana\"), who had been declared [Archbishop of Prague](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Prague \"Archbishop of Prague\") by Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary. Rokyczana, whose orthodoxy was suspected at Rome, was never approved by the Pope however and, from Rome's point of view, the Archdiocese of Prague was vacant from the death of Conrad de Vechta in 1431 until 1561\\.Vechta had apostasized and joined the Hussite heresy in 1421, Gams, p. 303\\. Eubel, II, p. 219, note. 1\\.",
"Pope Eugene died on 23 February 1447\\. The Conclave to elect his successor met at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome, beginning on 4 March, with eighteen of the twenty\\-six cardinals in attendance, Juan Carvajal among them. On March 6 Cardinal Tommaso Parentucelli of Sarzana, the Bishop of Bologna, was elected, and chose the name [Nicholas V](/wiki/Nicholas_V \"Nicholas V\").Eubel, II, p. 10 with note 2\\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1447*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1447.html), retrieved: 2016\\-11\\-23\\. He died on 24 March 1455\\.",
"The Conclave to elect a successor to Nicholas V assembled at the Vatican Palace on 4 April 1455, with fifteen cardinals in attendance including Cardinal Carvajal. Six cardinals were unable to attend.Eubel, II, p. 11, note 9\\. Cardinal Bessarion, it seems, was able to acquire eight votes, which was a majority but not the required two\\-thirds majority. Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy made a highly inflammatory speech, pointing out that Bessarion was a Greek and perhaps not as orthodox as one might wish in a pope. Cardinal Scarampi, who was working in the interests of King [Alfonso V of Aragon](/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon \"Alfonso V of Aragon\") who wished to pursue a war against Genoa and needed a complacent pope, pressed the candidacy of Cardinal Alfonso Borgia, who was seventy\\-six years old, a friend of King Alfonso, and eager to launch a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. On 8 April 1455 Borgia was elected; he chose the name [Calixtus III](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III \"Pope Callixtus III\").J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1455*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1455.html), retrieved: 2016\\-11\\-23\\.",
"In 1455 Carvajal was sent by [Pope Callistus III](/wiki/Pope_Callistus_III \"Pope Callistus III\")\"Alonso Borgia\", \\* Canals, Valencia, Spain 31 Dec 1378 \\- Pope in 1455 \\- † Rome, 6 Aug 1458 to [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\") to preach a vigorous crusade against the Turks, and for six years was the leader of the first effectual resistance made by Christian Europe to the progress of the Ottoman conquerors of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\") (1453\\). Aided by the Observant Franciscan preacher [John Capistran](/wiki/John_Capistran \"John Capistran\"), he gathered an army of about 40,000 men, effected a union with the troops of [John Hunyadi](/wiki/John_Hunyadi \"John Hunyadi\"), and on 22 July 1456 the [siege of Belgrade](/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_%281456%29 \"Siege of Belgrade (1456)\"), the key of the Danube, was raised by a victory that inaugurated the century\\-long resistance of Hungary to the Ottomans.Creighton, pp. 351\\-352\\. Carvajal baptized [King Thomas of Bosnia](/wiki/King_Thomas_of_Bosnia \"King Thomas of Bosnia\") into the Roman Catholic Church. [Tommaso Tommasini](/wiki/Thomas_of_Hvar \"Thomas of Hvar\"), [Bishop of Lesina](/wiki/Bishop_of_Lesina \"Bishop of Lesina\"), converted the King from the [Bosnian Church](/wiki/Bosnian_Church \"Bosnian Church\") to Roman Catholicism between 1445 and 1446,{{sfn\\|Fine\\|2007\\|p\\=241}} however, only as late as 1457 did Cardinal perform the [baptism](/wiki/Baptism \"Baptism\").{{sfn\\|Fine\\|2007\\|p\\=70}}",
"Calixtus III died on 6 August 1458, but Cardinal Carvajal was not in Rome, and therefore did not participate in the Conclave that elected Cardinal Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini as [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\").Eubel, II, p. 12 note 9\\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1458*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1458.html), retrieved: 2016\\-11\\-23\\. He was still Legate in Hungary{{cite book\\|author\\=Cesare Baronio\\|editor\\=Augustinus Theiner\\|title\\=Annales ecclesiastici\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1R3nAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PP7\\|volume\\=Vigesimus nonus (29\\)\\|year\\=1876\\|publisher\\=Bertrand\\|location\\=Bar\\-le\\-Duc\\|language\\=Latin\\|pages\\=101–103}} Pastor, II, p. 441\\.",
"He reconciled King [Ladislaus the Posthumous](/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous \"Ladislaus the Posthumous\") (1457\\) with [Emperor Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor\"), and in 1458 made peace between the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarians \"Hungarians\") nobles in favour of [Matthias Corvinus](/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus \"Matthias Corvinus\") as successor of Ladislaus. He was still in Hungary when [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\") invited the princes of Christian Europe to meet him at [Mantua](/wiki/Mantua \"Mantua\") (1459\\) to confer on the common danger and the need of a general [crusade](/wiki/Crusade \"Crusade\"). While [Cardinal Bessarion](/wiki/Cardinal_Bessarion \"Cardinal Bessarion\") sought in Germany something more than brilliant promises, Carvajal continued his labours in Hungary, which he left only in the autumn of 1461, \"grown old and feeble\", says Pastor,*History of the Popes* IV, p. 131, who adds that Carvajal's teeth were so loose that he required dentures. He was quoting Cardinal Ammannati\\-Piccolomini, p. 338\\. \"in that severe climate, amid the turmoils of the Court and the camp, and the fatigues of travel … \\[in] that bleak country of moorlands and marshes\".",
"Cardinal Giorgio Fieschi, Bishop of Ostia, died on 8 October 1461; the vacancy was immediately filled by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, who opted for the office of Bishop of Ostia at the papal Consistory of 26 October, leaving a vacancy in the diocese of Porto. On the same day, Cardinal Juan Carvajal opted for [Porto and Santa Rufina](/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Porto_and_Santa_Rufina \"Cardinal-Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina\").Conradus Eubel , *Hierarchia catholica Medii Aevi* II, editio altera (Monasterii 1914\\), p. 60\\. From then on, he lived in Rome, in a house near S. Marcello.Pastor, IV, pp. 131 and 132\\. He had long held the See of Plasencia in Spain, where a noble bridge across the [Tagus](/wiki/Tagus \"Tagus\"), built by him, is still known as \"the cardinal's bridge\". In spite of his age and feeble health, he was still willing to take a foremost part in the crusade that Pius II was preparing at [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona \"Ancona\") in 1464, when the death of that pope (14/15 August) put an end to the enterprise.",
"According to the rules of [Pope Gregory X](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X \"Pope Gregory X\") promulgated at the Second Council of Vienne, the Conclave should have taken place in the place where the Pope had died. But Pius II, anticipating his possible death during his travels, had issued a decree on 5 January 1459 suspending the regulation of Gregory X and specifying instead that the Conclave should take place in Rome no matter where he died. If he died closer to Rome than the distance from Rome to Florence, the Cardinals in Rome must wait for fifteen days for their colleagues to assemble, and they could then proceed to an election, no matter how many cardinals had arrived; if the death occurred farther away than Florence, then they were required to wait for thirty days before beginning the Conclave.Baronio, ed. Theiner, Volume 29, pp. 178\\-180\\. The cardinals therefore made their way from Ancona to Rome with the body of Pius II, and assembled in the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican on 27 August. They did not settle down to vote, however, until 30 August, with twenty of the twenty\\-nine cardinals present. Cardinal Carvajal, now the Cardinal Bishop of Porto, was junior only to [Cardinal Bessarion](/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion \"Basilios Bessarion\") (Frascati) and [Cardinal d'Estouteville](/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Estouteville \"Guillaume d'Estouteville\") (Ostia). He was even being talked about as a possible pope, at least in Court gossip. In the first scrutiny, though, as the votes were being read out, Cardinal Pietro Barbo of Venice reached twelve votes, at which point all the uncounted votes were cancelled by the cardinals who had cast them and they voted by voice for Barbo as well, making him Pope. Cardinal Bessarion, the *prior Episcoporum*, then polled each cardinal individually and each agreed to the election of Barbo. He chose the name Paul II.Creighton, IV (new edition 1897\\), pp. 4\\-7\\. Gregorovius, VII,i, pp. 218\\-220\\. J.P. Adams, [*Sede Vacante 1464*](http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1464.html), retrieved: 2016\\-11\\-23\\.",
"Under [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II \"Pope Paul II\"), the Venetian Pietro Barbo (1464–1471\\), Carvajal was appointed along with Cardinal Bessarion and Cardinal d'Estouteville to a commission to consider the state of ecclesiastical affairs in Bohemia. The underlying issue was the orthodoxy and reliability of the [Utraquist](/wiki/Utraquism \"Utraquism\") King of Bohemia, [George of Poděbrady](/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady \"George of Poděbrady\"). Carvajal deeply distrusted him, and believed \"that it would be absolutely necessary to employ the knife in the case of wounds which admitted of no other remedy, and to guard against fatal corruption by severing the decayed members from the body of Holy Church.\"Carvajal, quoted by Pastor, IV, p. 134\\. To say that he was a rigorist is superfluous.",
"Cardinal Carvajal's last legation was to Venice in 1466\\.",
""
] |
Development
-----------
### Background
[thumb\|Plaque to the Gloster E28/39](/wiki/File:Plaque_of_the_Gloster_P28-39_aircraft.jpg "Plaque of the Gloster P28-39 aircraft.jpg")
The development of the [turbojet](/wiki/Turbojet "Turbojet")\-powered E.28/39 was the product of a collaboration between the [Gloster Aircraft Company](/wiki/Gloster_Aircraft_Company "Gloster Aircraft Company") and Sir [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle "Frank Whittle")'s firm, [Power Jets](/wiki/Power_Jets "Power Jets") Ltd. Whittle formed Power Jets Ltd in March 1936 to develop his ideas of jet propulsion, Whittle himself serving as the company's chief engineer.Pavelec 2007, pp. 45–46\. For several years, attracting financial backers and aviation firms prepared to take on Whittle's radical ideas was difficult; in 1931, [Armstrong\-Siddeley](/wiki/Armstrong-Siddeley "Armstrong-Siddeley") had evaluated and rejected Whittle's proposal, finding it to be technically sound but at the limits of engineering capability.Pavelec 2007, pp. 43–44\. Securing funding was a persistently worrying issue throughout the early development of the engine.Golley and Gunston 2010, pp. 92–94\. The first Whittle prototype jet engine, the [Power Jets WU](/wiki/Power_Jets_WU "Power Jets WU"), began running trials in early 1937; shortly afterwards, both Sir [Henry Tizard](/wiki/Henry_Tizard "Henry Tizard"), chairman of the [Aeronautical Research Committee](/wiki/Aeronautical_Research_Committee "Aeronautical Research Committee"), and the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry "Air Ministry") gave the project their support.Pavelec 2007, pp. 48–50\.
On 28 April 1939, Whittle made a visit to the premises of the Gloster Aircraft Company, where he met several key figures, such as [George Carter](/wiki/George_Carter_%28engineer%29 "George Carter (engineer)"), Gloster's chief designer.Golley and Gunston 2010, p. 139\. Carter took a keen interest in Whittle's project, particularly when he saw the operational [Power Jets W.1](/wiki/Power_Jets_W.1 "Power Jets W.1") engine; Carter quickly made several rough proposals of various aircraft designs powered by the engine. Independently, Whittle had also been producing several proposals for a high\-altitude jet\-powered bomber; following the start of the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and the [Battle for France](/wiki/Battle_for_France "Battle for France"), a greater national emphasis on fighter aircraft arose.Golley and Gunston 2010, pp. 156, 165\. Power Jets and Gloster quickly formed a mutual understanding around mid\-1939\.Golley and Gunston 2010, p. 127\.
In September 1939, the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry "Air Ministry") issued a specification to Gloster for an aircraft to test one of [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle "Frank Whittle")'s [turbojet](/wiki/Turbojet "Turbojet") designs in flight. The E.28/39 designation originates from the aircraft having been developed in conformance with the 28th "Experimental" [specification issued by the Air Ministry](/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_Specifications "List of Air Ministry Specifications") in 1939\. The E.28/39 specification required the aircraft to carry two 0\.303 in (7\.62 mm) [Browning machine guns](/wiki/Browning_Model_1919_machine_gun "Browning Model 1919 machine gun") in each wing, along with 2,000 rounds of ammunition, but these were never fitted.Flight International 13 May 1971, p. 677\. The second paragraph of the contract for the first aeroplane stated: "The primary object of this aeroplane will be to flight test the engine installation, but the design shall be based on requirements for a fixed gun interceptor fighter as far as the limitations of size and weight imposed by the power unit permit. The armament equipment called for in this specification will not be required for initial trials but the contractor will be required to make provision in the design for the weight and space occupied by these items..."Grierson, John. *Jet Flight.* London: Sampson Low, Marston and Co. Ltd, 1946\.
### Design effort
Early on, Gloster's chief designer, [George Carter](/wiki/George_Carter_%28engineer%29 "George Carter (engineer)"), worked closely with Whittle, and laid out a small low\-wing aircraft of conventional configuration. The jet intake was located in the nose, while the single tail\-fin and elevators were mounted above the jet\-pipe, although due to uncertainty about the [spinning](/wiki/Spin_%28flight%29 "Spin (flight)") characteristics of a jet aircraft, at an earlier design stage an alternative arrangement using [twin fins and rudders](/wiki/Twin_tail "Twin tail") was considered. Two jet pipe/rear fuselage arrangements were also originally considered, a normal fuselage with long jet\-pipe and exhaust nozzle behind the tail, and a short fuselage and jet\-pipe with the tail\-plane supported on an extension boom. FlanaganFlanagan 2017, p. 35\. highlights the advantage of a short jet\-pipe as incurring a lower thrust loss. Buttler{{cite book \|title\=British Secret Projects Fighters and Bombers 1935\-1950 \|first\= Tony \|last\=Buttler \|year\= 2004 \|publisher\=Midland \|isbn\= 1\-85780\-179\-2\| page\=191}} reports Gloster engineer Richard Walker considered a short fuselage would overcome structural, accessibility and maintenance difficulties and increase the maximum speed of the aircraft. Due to the unknown effects of the jet efflux on the boom\-mounted tailplane, the long fuselage was selected. On 3 February 1940, a contract for two prototypes was signed by the Air Ministry.
Manufacture of the E.28/39 commenced at [Brockworth](/wiki/Brockworth%2C_Gloucestershire "Brockworth, Gloucestershire") near [Gloucester](/wiki/Gloucester "Gloucester") and then moved to Regent Motors in Regent Street, [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham "Cheltenham") (now the site of Regent Arcade), which was considered safer from bombing. Whittle was dissatisfied with the slowness of production, probably caused by the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain "Battle of Britain") as the area around nearby Coventry was subject to high levels of German bomber activity. In April 1941, the first of the E.28/39 prototypes was completed but a flight\-worthy [W.1A](/wiki/Power_Jets_W.1 "Power Jets W.1") engine was not available and a ground\-use only W.1X unit was assembled and installed for taxiing tests only.
While only two prototypes had been ordered, the operational philosophy was that, once the prototypes had proved the capabilities of the design, a more substantial programme would begin: even before the first flight of the E.28/39, this aircraft had been envisaged as being a considerably more elaborate twin\-engined design, with all of the equipment required in a fighter aircraft. This aircraft, also produced by Gloster, became the [Meteor](/wiki/Gloster_Meteor "Gloster Meteor"), the first production jet\-propelled aircraft to enter service with the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II").Jackson 2007, p. 119\.
|
[
"Development\n-----------",
"### Background",
"[thumb\\|Plaque to the Gloster E28/39](/wiki/File:Plaque_of_the_Gloster_P28-39_aircraft.jpg \"Plaque of the Gloster P28-39 aircraft.jpg\")\nThe development of the [turbojet](/wiki/Turbojet \"Turbojet\")\\-powered E.28/39 was the product of a collaboration between the [Gloster Aircraft Company](/wiki/Gloster_Aircraft_Company \"Gloster Aircraft Company\") and Sir [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle \"Frank Whittle\")'s firm, [Power Jets](/wiki/Power_Jets \"Power Jets\") Ltd. Whittle formed Power Jets Ltd in March 1936 to develop his ideas of jet propulsion, Whittle himself serving as the company's chief engineer.Pavelec 2007, pp. 45–46\\. For several years, attracting financial backers and aviation firms prepared to take on Whittle's radical ideas was difficult; in 1931, [Armstrong\\-Siddeley](/wiki/Armstrong-Siddeley \"Armstrong-Siddeley\") had evaluated and rejected Whittle's proposal, finding it to be technically sound but at the limits of engineering capability.Pavelec 2007, pp. 43–44\\. Securing funding was a persistently worrying issue throughout the early development of the engine.Golley and Gunston 2010, pp. 92–94\\. The first Whittle prototype jet engine, the [Power Jets WU](/wiki/Power_Jets_WU \"Power Jets WU\"), began running trials in early 1937; shortly afterwards, both Sir [Henry Tizard](/wiki/Henry_Tizard \"Henry Tizard\"), chairman of the [Aeronautical Research Committee](/wiki/Aeronautical_Research_Committee \"Aeronautical Research Committee\"), and the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry \"Air Ministry\") gave the project their support.Pavelec 2007, pp. 48–50\\.",
"On 28 April 1939, Whittle made a visit to the premises of the Gloster Aircraft Company, where he met several key figures, such as [George Carter](/wiki/George_Carter_%28engineer%29 \"George Carter (engineer)\"), Gloster's chief designer.Golley and Gunston 2010, p. 139\\. Carter took a keen interest in Whittle's project, particularly when he saw the operational [Power Jets W.1](/wiki/Power_Jets_W.1 \"Power Jets W.1\") engine; Carter quickly made several rough proposals of various aircraft designs powered by the engine. Independently, Whittle had also been producing several proposals for a high\\-altitude jet\\-powered bomber; following the start of the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and the [Battle for France](/wiki/Battle_for_France \"Battle for France\"), a greater national emphasis on fighter aircraft arose.Golley and Gunston 2010, pp. 156, 165\\. Power Jets and Gloster quickly formed a mutual understanding around mid\\-1939\\.Golley and Gunston 2010, p. 127\\.",
"In September 1939, the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry \"Air Ministry\") issued a specification to Gloster for an aircraft to test one of [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle \"Frank Whittle\")'s [turbojet](/wiki/Turbojet \"Turbojet\") designs in flight. The E.28/39 designation originates from the aircraft having been developed in conformance with the 28th \"Experimental\" [specification issued by the Air Ministry](/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_Specifications \"List of Air Ministry Specifications\") in 1939\\. The E.28/39 specification required the aircraft to carry two 0\\.303 in (7\\.62 mm) [Browning machine guns](/wiki/Browning_Model_1919_machine_gun \"Browning Model 1919 machine gun\") in each wing, along with 2,000 rounds of ammunition, but these were never fitted.Flight International 13 May 1971, p. 677\\. The second paragraph of the contract for the first aeroplane stated: \"The primary object of this aeroplane will be to flight test the engine installation, but the design shall be based on requirements for a fixed gun interceptor fighter as far as the limitations of size and weight imposed by the power unit permit. The armament equipment called for in this specification will not be required for initial trials but the contractor will be required to make provision in the design for the weight and space occupied by these items...\"Grierson, John. *Jet Flight.* London: Sampson Low, Marston and Co. Ltd, 1946\\.",
"### Design effort",
"Early on, Gloster's chief designer, [George Carter](/wiki/George_Carter_%28engineer%29 \"George Carter (engineer)\"), worked closely with Whittle, and laid out a small low\\-wing aircraft of conventional configuration. The jet intake was located in the nose, while the single tail\\-fin and elevators were mounted above the jet\\-pipe, although due to uncertainty about the [spinning](/wiki/Spin_%28flight%29 \"Spin (flight)\") characteristics of a jet aircraft, at an earlier design stage an alternative arrangement using [twin fins and rudders](/wiki/Twin_tail \"Twin tail\") was considered. Two jet pipe/rear fuselage arrangements were also originally considered, a normal fuselage with long jet\\-pipe and exhaust nozzle behind the tail, and a short fuselage and jet\\-pipe with the tail\\-plane supported on an extension boom. FlanaganFlanagan 2017, p. 35\\. highlights the advantage of a short jet\\-pipe as incurring a lower thrust loss. Buttler{{cite book \\|title\\=British Secret Projects Fighters and Bombers 1935\\-1950 \\|first\\= Tony \\|last\\=Buttler \\|year\\= 2004 \\|publisher\\=Midland \\|isbn\\= 1\\-85780\\-179\\-2\\| page\\=191}} reports Gloster engineer Richard Walker considered a short fuselage would overcome structural, accessibility and maintenance difficulties and increase the maximum speed of the aircraft. Due to the unknown effects of the jet efflux on the boom\\-mounted tailplane, the long fuselage was selected. On 3 February 1940, a contract for two prototypes was signed by the Air Ministry.",
"Manufacture of the E.28/39 commenced at [Brockworth](/wiki/Brockworth%2C_Gloucestershire \"Brockworth, Gloucestershire\") near [Gloucester](/wiki/Gloucester \"Gloucester\") and then moved to Regent Motors in Regent Street, [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham \"Cheltenham\") (now the site of Regent Arcade), which was considered safer from bombing. Whittle was dissatisfied with the slowness of production, probably caused by the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain \"Battle of Britain\") as the area around nearby Coventry was subject to high levels of German bomber activity. In April 1941, the first of the E.28/39 prototypes was completed but a flight\\-worthy [W.1A](/wiki/Power_Jets_W.1 \"Power Jets W.1\") engine was not available and a ground\\-use only W.1X unit was assembled and installed for taxiing tests only.",
"While only two prototypes had been ordered, the operational philosophy was that, once the prototypes had proved the capabilities of the design, a more substantial programme would begin: even before the first flight of the E.28/39, this aircraft had been envisaged as being a considerably more elaborate twin\\-engined design, with all of the equipment required in a fighter aircraft. This aircraft, also produced by Gloster, became the [Meteor](/wiki/Gloster_Meteor \"Gloster Meteor\"), the first production jet\\-propelled aircraft to enter service with the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\").Jackson 2007, p. 119\\.",
""
] |
2007 off\-season
----------------
The 2006–2007 offseason stirred up controversy among Sox fans. First, on November 16, lefty reliever [Neal Cotts](/wiki/Neal_Cotts "Neal Cotts"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/c/cottsne01\.shtml\|title \= Neal Cotts Stats}} was sent to the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") for reliever [David Aardsma](/wiki/David_Aardsma "David Aardsma") and prospect [Carlos Vásquez](/wiki/Carlos_V%C3%A1squez_%28baseball%29 "Carlos Vásquez (baseball)"). This was the first deal between the crosstown rivals since the Cubs traded pitcher [Jon Garland](/wiki/Jon_Garland "Jon Garland") for White Sox reliever [Matt Karchner](/wiki/Matt_Karchner "Matt Karchner") in the middle of the 1998 season.
A deal that involved trading Garland to the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") for outfielder [Willy Taveras](/wiki/Willy_Taveras "Willy Taveras") and pitchers [Taylor Buchholz](/wiki/Taylor_Buchholz "Taylor Buchholz") and [Jason Hirsh](/wiki/Jason_Hirsh "Jason Hirsh") was reported to have been agreed upon, but general manager [Ken Williams](/wiki/Kenny_Williams_%28baseball%29 "Kenny Williams (baseball)") backed out of the trade at the last minute, due to health concerns for Buchholz.
Williams traded first baseman [Ross Gload](/wiki/Ross_Gload "Ross Gload") to the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals") for reliever [Andrew Sisco](/wiki/Andrew_Sisco "Andrew Sisco").
On December 6, starting pitcher [Freddy García](/wiki/Freddy_Garc%C3%ADa "Freddy García") was traded to the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies") for pitching prospects [Gavin Floyd](/wiki/Gavin_Floyd "Gavin Floyd") and [Gio González](/wiki/Gio_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Gio González"), who was initially traded to the Phillies by the White Sox in the [Jim Thome](/wiki/Jim_Thome "Jim Thome") deal a year prior.
Even more controversial was the December 23 deal that sent highly touted starter [Brandon McCarthy](/wiki/Brandon_McCarthy "Brandon McCarthy"), along with outfield prospect [David Paisano](/wiki/David_Paisano "David Paisano"), to the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 "Texas Rangers (baseball)") for pitching prospects [John Danks](/wiki/John_Danks "John Danks"), [Nick Masset](/wiki/Nick_Masset "Nick Masset"), and [Jacob Rasner](/wiki/Jacob_Rasner "Jacob Rasner"). To some, it seemed as if Williams was sacrificing the present for the future in these deals.
The Sox also signed free agent catcher [Toby Hall](/wiki/Toby_Hall "Toby Hall"), signed free agent outfielder/first baseman [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad"), and signed [Javier Vázquez](/wiki/Javier_V%C3%A1zquez_%28baseball%29 "Javier Vázquez (baseball)") to a 3\-year, $33 million contract extension.
|
[
"2007 off\\-season\n----------------",
"The 2006–2007 offseason stirred up controversy among Sox fans. First, on November 16, lefty reliever [Neal Cotts](/wiki/Neal_Cotts \"Neal Cotts\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/c/cottsne01\\.shtml\\|title \\= Neal Cotts Stats}} was sent to the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") for reliever [David Aardsma](/wiki/David_Aardsma \"David Aardsma\") and prospect [Carlos Vásquez](/wiki/Carlos_V%C3%A1squez_%28baseball%29 \"Carlos Vásquez (baseball)\"). This was the first deal between the crosstown rivals since the Cubs traded pitcher [Jon Garland](/wiki/Jon_Garland \"Jon Garland\") for White Sox reliever [Matt Karchner](/wiki/Matt_Karchner \"Matt Karchner\") in the middle of the 1998 season.",
"A deal that involved trading Garland to the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") for outfielder [Willy Taveras](/wiki/Willy_Taveras \"Willy Taveras\") and pitchers [Taylor Buchholz](/wiki/Taylor_Buchholz \"Taylor Buchholz\") and [Jason Hirsh](/wiki/Jason_Hirsh \"Jason Hirsh\") was reported to have been agreed upon, but general manager [Ken Williams](/wiki/Kenny_Williams_%28baseball%29 \"Kenny Williams (baseball)\") backed out of the trade at the last minute, due to health concerns for Buchholz.",
"Williams traded first baseman [Ross Gload](/wiki/Ross_Gload \"Ross Gload\") to the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\") for reliever [Andrew Sisco](/wiki/Andrew_Sisco \"Andrew Sisco\").",
"On December 6, starting pitcher [Freddy García](/wiki/Freddy_Garc%C3%ADa \"Freddy García\") was traded to the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") for pitching prospects [Gavin Floyd](/wiki/Gavin_Floyd \"Gavin Floyd\") and [Gio González](/wiki/Gio_Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Gio González\"), who was initially traded to the Phillies by the White Sox in the [Jim Thome](/wiki/Jim_Thome \"Jim Thome\") deal a year prior.",
"Even more controversial was the December 23 deal that sent highly touted starter [Brandon McCarthy](/wiki/Brandon_McCarthy \"Brandon McCarthy\"), along with outfield prospect [David Paisano](/wiki/David_Paisano \"David Paisano\"), to the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 \"Texas Rangers (baseball)\") for pitching prospects [John Danks](/wiki/John_Danks \"John Danks\"), [Nick Masset](/wiki/Nick_Masset \"Nick Masset\"), and [Jacob Rasner](/wiki/Jacob_Rasner \"Jacob Rasner\"). To some, it seemed as if Williams was sacrificing the present for the future in these deals.",
"The Sox also signed free agent catcher [Toby Hall](/wiki/Toby_Hall \"Toby Hall\"), signed free agent outfielder/first baseman [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\"), and signed [Javier Vázquez](/wiki/Javier_V%C3%A1zquez_%28baseball%29 \"Javier Vázquez (baseball)\") to a 3\\-year, $33 million contract extension.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Establishment and World War II (From 1938 to 1945\)
LVN Pictures was formed by the De Leon \["L"], Villongco \["V"], and Navoa \["N"] families before the onset of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") in 1938\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/philippine\-cinema\-original\-big\-4\|title\=FAST FACTS: The big 4 of Philippine Cinema's 'Golden Era'\|website\=\[\[Rappler]]\|date\=October 22, 2019\|access\-date\=November 6, 2020}} At that time, the American\-occupied Philippines was a ready market for American films, which further influenced various filmmakers like [Jose Nepomuceno](/wiki/Jose_Nepomuceno "Jose Nepomuceno") (the Father of Philippine Movies) to set up various film production companies to produce Tagalog movies.
With its creation, LVN Pictures offered a rival to then\-newly established [Sampaguita Pictures](/wiki/Sampaguita_Pictures "Sampaguita Pictures") of the Vera\-Perez family. LVN chose the big piece of land in P. Tuazon Boulevard, C. Benitez and St. Peter Street in Cubao, [Quezon City](/wiki/Quezon_City "Quezon City") as its home, and for the next seven decades, the lot would become the backlot and administration location of the studio. The LVN Gate, with the initials of the studio emblazoned in red letters and set in white beams, became as famous as the Paramount Pictures gate, and the big LVN Studios logo atop the Main Building became as famous as the MGM logo atop its main building. To oversee its production facilities, [Doña Narcisa de Leon](/wiki/Narcisa_de_Leon "Narcisa de Leon") of the De Leon family took over the company as its president and "Executive Producer". She was the first Filipina film mogul. Eventually due to circumstances, the uninvolvement of the Villongco (which was preceded by the demise of one of the founders Carmen "Doña Mameng" Suarez Villongco) and Navoa families in the 1960s onwards, she bought a majority of their shares, which made LVN a De Leon family company.
The studio's first offering was the musical *[Giliw Ko](/wiki/Giliw_Ko "Giliw Ko")* (one of the very few Pre\-War Filipino Films still extant today), which starred the three biggest stars of the era (Ely Ramos, [Fernando Poe, Sr.](/wiki/Fernando_Poe%2C_Sr. "Fernando Poe, Sr.") and Fleur de Lis \[who subsequently became Mona Lisa]) and introduced [Mila del Sol](/wiki/Mila_del_Sol "Mila del Sol").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=WzaWDwAAQBAJ\|last\=Deocampo\|first\=Nick\|author\-link\=Nick Deocampo\|title\=Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema\|publisher\=\[\[Anvil Publishing]]\|location\=\[\[Mandaluyong]]\|date\=2011\|isbn\=9789712728969\|access\-date\=November 6, 2020\|via\=\[\[Google Books]]}} The movie, released in 1939, was a box\-office success. In 1941, LVN introduced another trend. The first Filipino film in color (utilizing the "Varicolor" process), *[Ibong Adarna](/wiki/Ibong_Adarna_%281941_film%29 "Ibong Adarna (1941 film)")*, was produced by LVN and was directed by Vicente Salumbides. The color sequence of the film, which was the singing of the bird, was painstakingly hand colored. The film also starred Mila del Sol, [Fred Cortes](/wiki/Fred_Cortes "Fred Cortes") and [Manuel Conde](/wiki/Manuel_Conde "Manuel Conde") and was a box\-office success. Nevertheless, the growth of the studio was hampered due to World War II and the Japanese Occupation, which ravaged Manila and the rest of the Philippines from January 2, 1942, to February 1945\. Due to the hardships of the war and to avoid being used as a Japanese propaganda center, LVN closed shop.
During this period, LVN Pictures has discovered and developed the following stars: [Rogelio de la Rosa](/wiki/Rogelio_de_la_Rosa "Rogelio de la Rosa"), [Jaime de la Rosa](/wiki/Jaime_de_la_Rosa "Jaime de la Rosa"), [Mila del Sol](/wiki/Mila_del_Sol "Mila del Sol"), [Fred Cortes](/wiki/Fred_Cortes "Fred Cortes"), Norma Blancaflor, [Lilia Dizon](/wiki/Lilia_Dizon "Lilia Dizon"), [Rosa Rosal](/wiki/Rosa_Rosal "Rosa Rosal"), and Vicente Alberto to name a few.
### Post\-World War II years
After the [Liberation of Manila](/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281945%29 "Battle of Manila (1945)") in 1945, LVN Pictures immediately resumed film productions. The LVN stars who had to do stage shows when it closed shop was again making movies. LVN produced *Miss Philippines* (1947\) with Norma Blancaflor and Jose "Pempe" Padilla, Jr., *Ginang Takaichi* (1948\) with Lilia Dizon and *Sa Tokyo Ikinasal* (1948\) with Rogelio de la Rosa, Tessie Quintana, Celia Flor and [Armando Goyena](/wiki/Armando_Goyena "Armando Goyena"), all of which pertain to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. In the 1950s, at the height of the Communist threat in the Philippines, LVN Pictures collaborated with the Philippine government in vilifying communism by producing three films that were against Communism, namely *Kontrabando* (1950\), FAMAS Award\-winner *Korea* (1952\), and FAMAS Best Picture *Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay* (1953\). Aside from these, LVN also produced its specialty, the musicals, namely *Sarung Banggi* (1947\) and *Mutya ng Pasig* (1950\), to name a few.
### The Golden Age of Philippine Cinema (The 1950s)
The so\-called First Golden Age of Philippine Cinema commenced in the 1950s with the flourishing establishment of the so\-called Big Four studios, namely LVN Pictures, [Sampaguita Pictures](/wiki/Sampaguita_Pictures "Sampaguita Pictures"), Lebran International and Premiere Productions, with each studio specializing in different genres. Sampaguita Pictures specialized in high\-glossed society pictures and musicals. Premiere Productions and Lebran International specialized in action pictures.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm\|title\=History of Philippine Cinema\|website\=Philippine Journeys\|access\-date\=November 6, 2020}} LVN, on the other hand, became known for its "superproductions," the Hollywood equivalent of "epic" films that was complemented by the LVN superstars that starred in these films. The various superproductions of LVN were *Ibong Adarna* (1955\), *Lapu\-Lapu* (1955\) and the movie classics *[Badjao](/wiki/Badjao:The_Sea_Gypsies "The Sea Gypsies")* (1956\), *[Anak Dalita](/wiki/Child_of_Sorrow_%28film%29 "Child of Sorrow (film)")* (1957\) and *[Biyaya ng Lupa](/wiki/Blessings_of_the_Land "Blessings of the Land")* (1959\). At this time, LVN Pictures emerged as the biggest film studio in the Philippines, releasing two to three films a month from 1955–1956\.
Indeed, during this time, LVN Pictures housed the biggest and most popular stars of the period. With Narcisa de Leon still helming LVN Pictures, the studio managed to maintain its resident female *contravida* (antagonist) FAMAS\-winner Rosa Rosal, the then undisputed King of Philippine Movies and FAMAS\-winner Rogelio de la Rosa, FAMAS\-nominee Lilia Dizon, FAMAS\-winner Jose Padilla, Jr., Jaime de la Rosa, Celia Flor, Mila del Sol, Corazon Noble, Norma Blancaflor and a handful of other stars. In addition, LVN added to its roster FAMAS winners [Charito Solis](/wiki/Charito_Solis "Charito Solis") (introduced in *Niña Bonita* in 1955\), [Nida Blanca](/wiki/Nida_Blanca "Nida Blanca"), Leroy Salvador, [Armando Goyena](/wiki/Armando_Goyena "Armando Goyena"), [Tony Santos, Sr.](/wiki/Tony_Santos%2C_Sr. "Tony Santos, Sr."), Oscar Keesee, [Gil de Leon](/wiki/Gil_de_Leon "Gil de Leon"), [Eddie Rodriguez](/wiki/Eddie_Rodriguez "Eddie Rodriguez") and a handful of other stars. [Delia Razon](/wiki/Delia_Razon "Delia Razon"), [Daisy Romualdez](/wiki/Daisy_Romualdez "Daisy Romualdez"), [Nestor de Villa](/wiki/Nestor_de_Villa "Nestor de Villa"), [Mario Montenegro](/wiki/Mario_Montenegro "Mario Montenegro"), Norma Vales, [Lou Salvador, Jr.](/wiki/Lou_Salvador%2C_Jr. "Lou Salvador, Jr."), [Marita Zobel](/wiki/Marita_Zobel "Marita Zobel") and [Sylvia La Torre](/wiki/Sylvia_La_Torre "Sylvia La Torre") are the other stars added to LVN during this period. In addition to stars, LVN also prided itself in the film artisans that it had on contract. The make\-up legend Manahan Sisters, directors [Lamberto Avellana](/wiki/Lamberto_Avellana "Lamberto Avellana") and [Gerardo de Leon](/wiki/Gerardo_de_Leon "Gerardo de Leon") (who became FAMAS winners), musician Tito Arevalo and editor Ike Jarlego were few of the many talented film artisans that were, one year or another, in contract with the studio.
LVN Pictures prided itself on the creation of what was perhaps the most popular love team of all time, the Nida Blanca\-Nestor de Villa love team. The two stars, who were also gifted in the field of dancing and singing, gave LVN a boost on the box\-office with their films *Waray\-Waray* (1954\), *Kalyehera* (1957\), and *Talusaling* (1958\). The love team gave Sampaguita Pictures a competition, which led them to build up their number\-one star, [Gloria Romero](/wiki/Gloria_Romero_%28actress%29 "Gloria Romero (actress)"), with the dashing [Luis Gonzales](/wiki/Luis_Gonzales "Luis Gonzales"). Nevertheless, the Nida\-Nestor love team had one thing that the Gloria\-Luis lacked: the gift of dance. Nida\-Nestor danced their way to the box\-office, and even later to television with their own show.
In addition, LVN's desire to equal Sampaguita Pictures' drama excellence was also answered. By the 1950s, Sampaguita drama empresses [Lolita Rodriguez](/wiki/Lolita_Rodriguez "Lolita Rodriguez"), [Marlene Dauden](/wiki/Marlene_Dauden "Marlene Dauden") and Rita Gomez were already held in check by LVN's very own drama empress [Charito Solis](/wiki/Charito_Solis "Charito Solis"). Charito Solis starred in the blockbuster films *[Malvarosa](/wiki/Malvarosa_%28film%29 "Malvarosa (film)")* (1958\), *Kundiman ng Lahi* (1959\) and *Emily* (1960\). To answer for the hugely popular action films of Premiere Productions and Lebran International, LVN also developed its resident hunk [Mario Montenegro](/wiki/Mario_Montenegro "Mario Montenegro"), Jaime de la Rosa and Jose Padilla, Jr., to do action films like *Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay* (1953\) and *Lapu\-Lapu* (1955\). LVN also featured its own roster of antagonists or contravidas which brought "hell" to Filipino screens like Eusebio Gomez, Oscar Keesee, Jr., [Rosa Rosal](/wiki/Rosa_Rosal "Rosa Rosal"), [Gil de Leon](/wiki/Gil_de_Leon "Gil de Leon"), [Rebecca del Rio](/wiki/Rebecca_del_Rio "Rebecca del Rio") and [Rosa Aguirre](/wiki/Rosa_Aguirre "Rosa Aguirre") to name a few. LVN also had under contract the brightest singing stars of the period like [Diomedes Maturan](/wiki/Diomedes_Maturan "Diomedes Maturan"), Sylvia La Torre and [Marita Zobel](/wiki/Marita_Zobel "Marita Zobel"). La Torre later teamed up with Eddie San Jose in LVN's series of comedies starring the team of [Pugo](/wiki/Pugo_%28comedian%29 "Pugo (comedian)") and [Bentot](/wiki/Bentot "Bentot").
In 1955, LVN Pictures again set another landmark by remaking *Ibong Adarna* in 1955, starring the then\-popular love team of Nida Blanca and Nestor de Villa. The movie became the first Filipino film to ever grossed one million pesos and hugely promoted the love team of Blanca and de Villa. In 1956, LVN brought international fame to the Philippines when its superproduction *Badjao* (1956\) starring Rosa Rosal won the Golden Harvest Award (Best Picture) at the Asia\-Pacific Film Festival. From this point on, LVN's superproductions figured in various film festivals and competitions all over the world, winning Best Picture Awards and acting awards in the process.
In the local scene, LVN Pictures also dominated the Awards of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences ([FAMAS Awards](/wiki/FAMAS_Awards "FAMAS Awards")) by amassing a total of 11 nominations for Best Picture. In total, it won 4 Best Picture awards, 1 Best Short Film Award, and 1 Best Featurette Award. In addition, LVN Pictures holds the record for the most FAMAS International Prestige Awards of Merit, the award of the FAMAS that gives recognition to productions that were recognized internationally. At a time when movie studios were only receiving one or two of these in a decade, LVN managed to collect four of them for the films *Anak Dalita* (1957\), *Malvarosa* (1958\), *Bayanihan* and *My Serenade* (both 1961\).
Nevertheless, due to the heavy competition that LVN Pictures experienced from Hollywood films and even local television, the Golden Age of Philippine cinema was the only boost it needed to survive as a corporation.
### The 1960s and onwards
On May 31, 1961, LVN stopped producing motion pictures and suddenly decided to switch to post\-production.{{cite court\|litigants\=LVN Pictures Employees and Workers Association v. LVN Pictures Inc.\|date\=September 30, 1970\|url\=https://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1970/sep1970/gr\_23495\_1970\.php\|access\-date\=November 6, 2020}} The decision was not surprising; even though LVN was releasing box\-office successes, the earnings from these films were used to pay off existing loans and debts from various Philippine banks. By 1961, LVN Pictures was already nearing practical bankruptcy due to "causes beyond its control." In 1961, LVN Pictures had already cut back the salaries of its workers by 5\-20% while its losses for the year were already more than P333,000\. But LVN is not alone; among the rest of the Big Four, only Sampaguita Pictures survived to the seventies, and even this famed studio later closed shop in the eighties.
The stars of LVN Pictures became freelancers when LVN stopped its production of films, many of whom went to its sister company, Dalisay Pictures. The remaining moviemaking equipment of LVN such as cameras, lights, and others were loaned to various movie outfits and independent producers such as [Cirio Santiago](/wiki/Cirio_Santiago "Cirio Santiago"), Larry Santiago Productions, Dalisay Pictures, People's Pictures, and others at P13,000 per picture. In the meantime, LVN Pictures moved to post\-production, which specialized in color processing and editing of films for Philippine cinema and advertising. For the next forty years, LVN engaged in post\-production, which was said to be the best in Asia.
In 1977 and 1980, LVN Pictures made two attempts at movie production with the releases of the romantic drama *[Kung Mangarap Ka't Magising](/wiki/Kung_Mangarap_Ka%27t_Magising "Kung Mangarap Ka't Magising")* and the hugely successful comedy *[Kakabakaba Ka Ba?](/wiki/Kakabakaba_Ka_Ba%3F "Kakabakaba Ka Ba?")* (1980\) starring [Christopher de Leon](/wiki/Christopher_de_Leon "Christopher de Leon"), [Charo Santos](/wiki/Charo_Santos "Charo Santos"), [Jay Ilagan](/wiki/Jay_Ilagan "Jay Ilagan") and [Sandy Andolong](/wiki/Sandy_Andolong "Sandy Andolong"). The movie earned LVN Pictures its last nomination for Best Picture at the [FAMAS Awards](/wiki/FAMAS_Awards "FAMAS Awards").
### Closure
In 2005, LVN Pictures also decided to close its post\-production facilities at the old studio lot, which was now almost decrepit due to forty years of non\-film production. The reason for LVN Pictures' final closure was the lessening number of Filipino films that availed of their post\-production services. Indeed, the Philippine film industry was already slumping to 53 films a year. The costs of maintaining the equipment at the LVN Studios exceeded the revenue that it received from post\-production, so on June 30, 2005, LVN's post\-production equipment went up for sale and was bought by an unnamed group of businessmen. Nevertheless, the LVN Museum, the lot, and the studio buildings themselves were not part of the buy\-out. At the time of the purchase, the whole LVN Pictures was valued at [P](/wiki/Philippine_peso "Philippine peso")45 million.{{cite web\|last\=Belen \|first\=Crispina \|title\=LVN Studios closes shop!\|newspaper\=\[\[Manila Bulletin]] \|date\=July 7, 2005 \|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/07/07/ENTR2005070738818\.html \|access\-date\=November 6, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312225330/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/07/07/ENTR2005070738818\.html \|archive\-date\=March 12, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }}
After the studio's closure, LVN's studios in Cubao, Quezon City was turned into a high\-rise building.
### Legacy
LVN Pictures is the first of its kind in Philippine movie history. It was the movie studio that set many trends at the forefront of Philippine cinema. At the time of its height, it was also the biggest and most powerful studio of the time, nestling under its wing countless number of big stars that went on to become Filipino screen legends, acclaimed directors that helmed Filipino film classics and numerous film artisans that helped define the Filipino film. Its power was even recognized by its three\-film tie\-up with the Philippine government during the Communist threat era of the 1950s.
Its glorious impact, not only in the movie industry but also to the millions and legions of fans that watched its films had an indelible and unwavering contribution to the development of Filipino culture as a whole. From the FAMAS Best Picture *Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay*, which told its viewers that no matter how bad a person may be, he could still redeem himself; to the FAMAS honoree *Anak Dalita* (1956\), which chronicled human perseverance in the face of war, LVN Pictures has definitely influenced the Filipino of the 1950s, which still echoes into the Philippines' subconscious up to the present. And still more fans were added when these pictures were later shown on Philippine television in the 1960s and 1970s.
To maintain the legacy of LVN Pictures and the films it made, [ABS\-CBN Corporation](/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation "ABS-CBN Corporation"), the Philippines' largest media conglomerate, bought LVN Pictures productions shortly after its closure and showcased them from time to time in its television film arm, Cinema One, which is aired not only in the Philippines but also in many parts of the world. The films are now also being archived in the state\-of\-the\-art facilities of ABS\-CBN Network.
### Digital restoration
The [ABS\-CBN Film Archives](/wiki/ABS-CBN_Film_Archives "ABS-CBN Film Archives") is responsible for protecting and storing the LVN classics in their vaults at the ELJ Communications Center in Quezon City as well as the props and costumes used by the actors in the films, as part of the agreement they agreed on.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/ancx/culture/movies/05/23/19/the\-classic\-film\-biyaya\-ng\-lupais\-arriving\-on\-cinemaone\-this\-sunday\|title\=The classic film 'Biyaya ng Lupa' is coming to CinemaOne, freshly scanned\|author\=Abellon, Bam\|date\=May 23, 2019\|website\=\[\[ABS\-CBN News and Current Affairs]]\|access\-date\=June 15, 2021}}
With the advent of the digital age, [ABS\-CBN](/wiki/ABS-CBN "ABS-CBN")'s [Sagip Pelikula](/wiki/ABS-CBN_Film_Restoration_Project "ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project") campaign restored some of the black and white LVN classics including *[Ibong Adarna](/wiki/Ibong_Adarna_%281941_film%29 "Ibong Adarna (1941 film)")* (1941\), *[Anak Dalita](/wiki/Child_of_Sorrow_%28film%29 "Child of Sorrow (film)")* (1956\), *[Badjao](/wiki/Badjao:The_Sea_Gypsies "The Sea Gypsies")* (1957\), *[Malvarosa](/wiki/Malvarosa_%28film%29 "Malvarosa (film)")* (1958\), and *[Biyaya ng Lupa](/wiki/Biyaya_ng_Lupa "Biyaya ng Lupa")* (1959\) through 4K digital scans and partial restorations.{{Cite web\|date\=January 8, 2021\|title\=Even Pinoys outside the Philippines can watch the restored classic 'Badjao' for free tonight\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/01/08/21/even\-pinoys\-outside\-the\-philippines\-can\-watch\-the\-restored\-classic\-badjao\-for\-free\-tonight\|access\-date\=October 31, 2021\|website\=\[\[ABS\-CBN News]]\|author\=ANCX staff}} The LVN films directed by [Mike de Leon](/wiki/Mike_De_Leon "Mike De Leon"), *Kung Mangarap Ka't Magising* and *[Kakabakaba Ka Ba?](/wiki/Kakabakaba_Ka_Ba%3F "Kakabakaba Ka Ba?")*, were respectively restored and remastered by ABS\-CBN with the help of Central Digital Lab in Makati City and L'Immagine Ritrovata in Bologna, Italy.{{Cite web\|date\=December 17, 2020\|title\="Nobody Knew About the Vinegar Syndrome at That Time": Mike De Leon On His Newly Restored Kisapmata\|url\=https://filmmakermagazine.com/110770\-nobody\-knew\-about\-the\-vinegar\-syndrome\-at\-that\-time\-mike\-de\-leon\-on\-his\-newly\-restored\-kisapmata/\#.YX57dWDP2M8\|access\-date\=October 31, 2021\|website\=Filmmaker Magazine\|author\=Hunt, Aaron}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Establishment and World War II (From 1938 to 1945\\)",
"LVN Pictures was formed by the De Leon \\[\"L\"], Villongco \\[\"V\"], and Navoa \\[\"N\"] families before the onset of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") in 1938\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/philippine\\-cinema\\-original\\-big\\-4\\|title\\=FAST FACTS: The big 4 of Philippine Cinema's 'Golden Era'\\|website\\=\\[\\[Rappler]]\\|date\\=October 22, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2020}} At that time, the American\\-occupied Philippines was a ready market for American films, which further influenced various filmmakers like [Jose Nepomuceno](/wiki/Jose_Nepomuceno \"Jose Nepomuceno\") (the Father of Philippine Movies) to set up various film production companies to produce Tagalog movies.",
"With its creation, LVN Pictures offered a rival to then\\-newly established [Sampaguita Pictures](/wiki/Sampaguita_Pictures \"Sampaguita Pictures\") of the Vera\\-Perez family. LVN chose the big piece of land in P. Tuazon Boulevard, C. Benitez and St. Peter Street in Cubao, [Quezon City](/wiki/Quezon_City \"Quezon City\") as its home, and for the next seven decades, the lot would become the backlot and administration location of the studio. The LVN Gate, with the initials of the studio emblazoned in red letters and set in white beams, became as famous as the Paramount Pictures gate, and the big LVN Studios logo atop the Main Building became as famous as the MGM logo atop its main building. To oversee its production facilities, [Doña Narcisa de Leon](/wiki/Narcisa_de_Leon \"Narcisa de Leon\") of the De Leon family took over the company as its president and \"Executive Producer\". She was the first Filipina film mogul. Eventually due to circumstances, the uninvolvement of the Villongco (which was preceded by the demise of one of the founders Carmen \"Doña Mameng\" Suarez Villongco) and Navoa families in the 1960s onwards, she bought a majority of their shares, which made LVN a De Leon family company.",
"The studio's first offering was the musical *[Giliw Ko](/wiki/Giliw_Ko \"Giliw Ko\")* (one of the very few Pre\\-War Filipino Films still extant today), which starred the three biggest stars of the era (Ely Ramos, [Fernando Poe, Sr.](/wiki/Fernando_Poe%2C_Sr. \"Fernando Poe, Sr.\") and Fleur de Lis \\[who subsequently became Mona Lisa]) and introduced [Mila del Sol](/wiki/Mila_del_Sol \"Mila del Sol\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WzaWDwAAQBAJ\\|last\\=Deocampo\\|first\\=Nick\\|author\\-link\\=Nick Deocampo\\|title\\=Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Anvil Publishing]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[Mandaluyong]]\\|date\\=2011\\|isbn\\=9789712728969\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2020\\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]]}} The movie, released in 1939, was a box\\-office success. In 1941, LVN introduced another trend. The first Filipino film in color (utilizing the \"Varicolor\" process), *[Ibong Adarna](/wiki/Ibong_Adarna_%281941_film%29 \"Ibong Adarna (1941 film)\")*, was produced by LVN and was directed by Vicente Salumbides. The color sequence of the film, which was the singing of the bird, was painstakingly hand colored. The film also starred Mila del Sol, [Fred Cortes](/wiki/Fred_Cortes \"Fred Cortes\") and [Manuel Conde](/wiki/Manuel_Conde \"Manuel Conde\") and was a box\\-office success. Nevertheless, the growth of the studio was hampered due to World War II and the Japanese Occupation, which ravaged Manila and the rest of the Philippines from January 2, 1942, to February 1945\\. Due to the hardships of the war and to avoid being used as a Japanese propaganda center, LVN closed shop.",
"During this period, LVN Pictures has discovered and developed the following stars: [Rogelio de la Rosa](/wiki/Rogelio_de_la_Rosa \"Rogelio de la Rosa\"), [Jaime de la Rosa](/wiki/Jaime_de_la_Rosa \"Jaime de la Rosa\"), [Mila del Sol](/wiki/Mila_del_Sol \"Mila del Sol\"), [Fred Cortes](/wiki/Fred_Cortes \"Fred Cortes\"), Norma Blancaflor, [Lilia Dizon](/wiki/Lilia_Dizon \"Lilia Dizon\"), [Rosa Rosal](/wiki/Rosa_Rosal \"Rosa Rosal\"), and Vicente Alberto to name a few.",
"### Post\\-World War II years",
"After the [Liberation of Manila](/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281945%29 \"Battle of Manila (1945)\") in 1945, LVN Pictures immediately resumed film productions. The LVN stars who had to do stage shows when it closed shop was again making movies. LVN produced *Miss Philippines* (1947\\) with Norma Blancaflor and Jose \"Pempe\" Padilla, Jr., *Ginang Takaichi* (1948\\) with Lilia Dizon and *Sa Tokyo Ikinasal* (1948\\) with Rogelio de la Rosa, Tessie Quintana, Celia Flor and [Armando Goyena](/wiki/Armando_Goyena \"Armando Goyena\"), all of which pertain to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. In the 1950s, at the height of the Communist threat in the Philippines, LVN Pictures collaborated with the Philippine government in vilifying communism by producing three films that were against Communism, namely *Kontrabando* (1950\\), FAMAS Award\\-winner *Korea* (1952\\), and FAMAS Best Picture *Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay* (1953\\). Aside from these, LVN also produced its specialty, the musicals, namely *Sarung Banggi* (1947\\) and *Mutya ng Pasig* (1950\\), to name a few.",
"### The Golden Age of Philippine Cinema (The 1950s)",
"The so\\-called First Golden Age of Philippine Cinema commenced in the 1950s with the flourishing establishment of the so\\-called Big Four studios, namely LVN Pictures, [Sampaguita Pictures](/wiki/Sampaguita_Pictures \"Sampaguita Pictures\"), Lebran International and Premiere Productions, with each studio specializing in different genres. Sampaguita Pictures specialized in high\\-glossed society pictures and musicals. Premiere Productions and Lebran International specialized in action pictures.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm\\|title\\=History of Philippine Cinema\\|website\\=Philippine Journeys\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2020}} LVN, on the other hand, became known for its \"superproductions,\" the Hollywood equivalent of \"epic\" films that was complemented by the LVN superstars that starred in these films. The various superproductions of LVN were *Ibong Adarna* (1955\\), *Lapu\\-Lapu* (1955\\) and the movie classics *[Badjao](/wiki/Badjao:The_Sea_Gypsies \"The Sea Gypsies\")* (1956\\), *[Anak Dalita](/wiki/Child_of_Sorrow_%28film%29 \"Child of Sorrow (film)\")* (1957\\) and *[Biyaya ng Lupa](/wiki/Blessings_of_the_Land \"Blessings of the Land\")* (1959\\). At this time, LVN Pictures emerged as the biggest film studio in the Philippines, releasing two to three films a month from 1955–1956\\.",
"Indeed, during this time, LVN Pictures housed the biggest and most popular stars of the period. With Narcisa de Leon still helming LVN Pictures, the studio managed to maintain its resident female *contravida* (antagonist) FAMAS\\-winner Rosa Rosal, the then undisputed King of Philippine Movies and FAMAS\\-winner Rogelio de la Rosa, FAMAS\\-nominee Lilia Dizon, FAMAS\\-winner Jose Padilla, Jr., Jaime de la Rosa, Celia Flor, Mila del Sol, Corazon Noble, Norma Blancaflor and a handful of other stars. In addition, LVN added to its roster FAMAS winners [Charito Solis](/wiki/Charito_Solis \"Charito Solis\") (introduced in *Niña Bonita* in 1955\\), [Nida Blanca](/wiki/Nida_Blanca \"Nida Blanca\"), Leroy Salvador, [Armando Goyena](/wiki/Armando_Goyena \"Armando Goyena\"), [Tony Santos, Sr.](/wiki/Tony_Santos%2C_Sr. \"Tony Santos, Sr.\"), Oscar Keesee, [Gil de Leon](/wiki/Gil_de_Leon \"Gil de Leon\"), [Eddie Rodriguez](/wiki/Eddie_Rodriguez \"Eddie Rodriguez\") and a handful of other stars. [Delia Razon](/wiki/Delia_Razon \"Delia Razon\"), [Daisy Romualdez](/wiki/Daisy_Romualdez \"Daisy Romualdez\"), [Nestor de Villa](/wiki/Nestor_de_Villa \"Nestor de Villa\"), [Mario Montenegro](/wiki/Mario_Montenegro \"Mario Montenegro\"), Norma Vales, [Lou Salvador, Jr.](/wiki/Lou_Salvador%2C_Jr. \"Lou Salvador, Jr.\"), [Marita Zobel](/wiki/Marita_Zobel \"Marita Zobel\") and [Sylvia La Torre](/wiki/Sylvia_La_Torre \"Sylvia La Torre\") are the other stars added to LVN during this period. In addition to stars, LVN also prided itself in the film artisans that it had on contract. The make\\-up legend Manahan Sisters, directors [Lamberto Avellana](/wiki/Lamberto_Avellana \"Lamberto Avellana\") and [Gerardo de Leon](/wiki/Gerardo_de_Leon \"Gerardo de Leon\") (who became FAMAS winners), musician Tito Arevalo and editor Ike Jarlego were few of the many talented film artisans that were, one year or another, in contract with the studio.",
"LVN Pictures prided itself on the creation of what was perhaps the most popular love team of all time, the Nida Blanca\\-Nestor de Villa love team. The two stars, who were also gifted in the field of dancing and singing, gave LVN a boost on the box\\-office with their films *Waray\\-Waray* (1954\\), *Kalyehera* (1957\\), and *Talusaling* (1958\\). The love team gave Sampaguita Pictures a competition, which led them to build up their number\\-one star, [Gloria Romero](/wiki/Gloria_Romero_%28actress%29 \"Gloria Romero (actress)\"), with the dashing [Luis Gonzales](/wiki/Luis_Gonzales \"Luis Gonzales\"). Nevertheless, the Nida\\-Nestor love team had one thing that the Gloria\\-Luis lacked: the gift of dance. Nida\\-Nestor danced their way to the box\\-office, and even later to television with their own show.",
"In addition, LVN's desire to equal Sampaguita Pictures' drama excellence was also answered. By the 1950s, Sampaguita drama empresses [Lolita Rodriguez](/wiki/Lolita_Rodriguez \"Lolita Rodriguez\"), [Marlene Dauden](/wiki/Marlene_Dauden \"Marlene Dauden\") and Rita Gomez were already held in check by LVN's very own drama empress [Charito Solis](/wiki/Charito_Solis \"Charito Solis\"). Charito Solis starred in the blockbuster films *[Malvarosa](/wiki/Malvarosa_%28film%29 \"Malvarosa (film)\")* (1958\\), *Kundiman ng Lahi* (1959\\) and *Emily* (1960\\). To answer for the hugely popular action films of Premiere Productions and Lebran International, LVN also developed its resident hunk [Mario Montenegro](/wiki/Mario_Montenegro \"Mario Montenegro\"), Jaime de la Rosa and Jose Padilla, Jr., to do action films like *Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay* (1953\\) and *Lapu\\-Lapu* (1955\\). LVN also featured its own roster of antagonists or contravidas which brought \"hell\" to Filipino screens like Eusebio Gomez, Oscar Keesee, Jr., [Rosa Rosal](/wiki/Rosa_Rosal \"Rosa Rosal\"), [Gil de Leon](/wiki/Gil_de_Leon \"Gil de Leon\"), [Rebecca del Rio](/wiki/Rebecca_del_Rio \"Rebecca del Rio\") and [Rosa Aguirre](/wiki/Rosa_Aguirre \"Rosa Aguirre\") to name a few. LVN also had under contract the brightest singing stars of the period like [Diomedes Maturan](/wiki/Diomedes_Maturan \"Diomedes Maturan\"), Sylvia La Torre and [Marita Zobel](/wiki/Marita_Zobel \"Marita Zobel\"). La Torre later teamed up with Eddie San Jose in LVN's series of comedies starring the team of [Pugo](/wiki/Pugo_%28comedian%29 \"Pugo (comedian)\") and [Bentot](/wiki/Bentot \"Bentot\").",
"In 1955, LVN Pictures again set another landmark by remaking *Ibong Adarna* in 1955, starring the then\\-popular love team of Nida Blanca and Nestor de Villa. The movie became the first Filipino film to ever grossed one million pesos and hugely promoted the love team of Blanca and de Villa. In 1956, LVN brought international fame to the Philippines when its superproduction *Badjao* (1956\\) starring Rosa Rosal won the Golden Harvest Award (Best Picture) at the Asia\\-Pacific Film Festival. From this point on, LVN's superproductions figured in various film festivals and competitions all over the world, winning Best Picture Awards and acting awards in the process.",
"In the local scene, LVN Pictures also dominated the Awards of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences ([FAMAS Awards](/wiki/FAMAS_Awards \"FAMAS Awards\")) by amassing a total of 11 nominations for Best Picture. In total, it won 4 Best Picture awards, 1 Best Short Film Award, and 1 Best Featurette Award. In addition, LVN Pictures holds the record for the most FAMAS International Prestige Awards of Merit, the award of the FAMAS that gives recognition to productions that were recognized internationally. At a time when movie studios were only receiving one or two of these in a decade, LVN managed to collect four of them for the films *Anak Dalita* (1957\\), *Malvarosa* (1958\\), *Bayanihan* and *My Serenade* (both 1961\\).",
"Nevertheless, due to the heavy competition that LVN Pictures experienced from Hollywood films and even local television, the Golden Age of Philippine cinema was the only boost it needed to survive as a corporation.",
"### The 1960s and onwards",
"On May 31, 1961, LVN stopped producing motion pictures and suddenly decided to switch to post\\-production.{{cite court\\|litigants\\=LVN Pictures Employees and Workers Association v. LVN Pictures Inc.\\|date\\=September 30, 1970\\|url\\=https://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1970/sep1970/gr\\_23495\\_1970\\.php\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2020}} The decision was not surprising; even though LVN was releasing box\\-office successes, the earnings from these films were used to pay off existing loans and debts from various Philippine banks. By 1961, LVN Pictures was already nearing practical bankruptcy due to \"causes beyond its control.\" In 1961, LVN Pictures had already cut back the salaries of its workers by 5\\-20% while its losses for the year were already more than P333,000\\. But LVN is not alone; among the rest of the Big Four, only Sampaguita Pictures survived to the seventies, and even this famed studio later closed shop in the eighties.",
"The stars of LVN Pictures became freelancers when LVN stopped its production of films, many of whom went to its sister company, Dalisay Pictures. The remaining moviemaking equipment of LVN such as cameras, lights, and others were loaned to various movie outfits and independent producers such as [Cirio Santiago](/wiki/Cirio_Santiago \"Cirio Santiago\"), Larry Santiago Productions, Dalisay Pictures, People's Pictures, and others at P13,000 per picture. In the meantime, LVN Pictures moved to post\\-production, which specialized in color processing and editing of films for Philippine cinema and advertising. For the next forty years, LVN engaged in post\\-production, which was said to be the best in Asia.",
"In 1977 and 1980, LVN Pictures made two attempts at movie production with the releases of the romantic drama *[Kung Mangarap Ka't Magising](/wiki/Kung_Mangarap_Ka%27t_Magising \"Kung Mangarap Ka't Magising\")* and the hugely successful comedy *[Kakabakaba Ka Ba?](/wiki/Kakabakaba_Ka_Ba%3F \"Kakabakaba Ka Ba?\")* (1980\\) starring [Christopher de Leon](/wiki/Christopher_de_Leon \"Christopher de Leon\"), [Charo Santos](/wiki/Charo_Santos \"Charo Santos\"), [Jay Ilagan](/wiki/Jay_Ilagan \"Jay Ilagan\") and [Sandy Andolong](/wiki/Sandy_Andolong \"Sandy Andolong\"). The movie earned LVN Pictures its last nomination for Best Picture at the [FAMAS Awards](/wiki/FAMAS_Awards \"FAMAS Awards\").",
"### Closure",
"In 2005, LVN Pictures also decided to close its post\\-production facilities at the old studio lot, which was now almost decrepit due to forty years of non\\-film production. The reason for LVN Pictures' final closure was the lessening number of Filipino films that availed of their post\\-production services. Indeed, the Philippine film industry was already slumping to 53 films a year. The costs of maintaining the equipment at the LVN Studios exceeded the revenue that it received from post\\-production, so on June 30, 2005, LVN's post\\-production equipment went up for sale and was bought by an unnamed group of businessmen. Nevertheless, the LVN Museum, the lot, and the studio buildings themselves were not part of the buy\\-out. At the time of the purchase, the whole LVN Pictures was valued at [P](/wiki/Philippine_peso \"Philippine peso\")45 million.{{cite web\\|last\\=Belen \\|first\\=Crispina \\|title\\=LVN Studios closes shop!\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Manila Bulletin]] \\|date\\=July 7, 2005 \\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/07/07/ENTR2005070738818\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312225330/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/07/07/ENTR2005070738818\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"After the studio's closure, LVN's studios in Cubao, Quezon City was turned into a high\\-rise building.",
"### Legacy",
"LVN Pictures is the first of its kind in Philippine movie history. It was the movie studio that set many trends at the forefront of Philippine cinema. At the time of its height, it was also the biggest and most powerful studio of the time, nestling under its wing countless number of big stars that went on to become Filipino screen legends, acclaimed directors that helmed Filipino film classics and numerous film artisans that helped define the Filipino film. Its power was even recognized by its three\\-film tie\\-up with the Philippine government during the Communist threat era of the 1950s.",
"Its glorious impact, not only in the movie industry but also to the millions and legions of fans that watched its films had an indelible and unwavering contribution to the development of Filipino culture as a whole. From the FAMAS Best Picture *Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay*, which told its viewers that no matter how bad a person may be, he could still redeem himself; to the FAMAS honoree *Anak Dalita* (1956\\), which chronicled human perseverance in the face of war, LVN Pictures has definitely influenced the Filipino of the 1950s, which still echoes into the Philippines' subconscious up to the present. And still more fans were added when these pictures were later shown on Philippine television in the 1960s and 1970s.",
"To maintain the legacy of LVN Pictures and the films it made, [ABS\\-CBN Corporation](/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation \"ABS-CBN Corporation\"), the Philippines' largest media conglomerate, bought LVN Pictures productions shortly after its closure and showcased them from time to time in its television film arm, Cinema One, which is aired not only in the Philippines but also in many parts of the world. The films are now also being archived in the state\\-of\\-the\\-art facilities of ABS\\-CBN Network.",
"### Digital restoration",
"The [ABS\\-CBN Film Archives](/wiki/ABS-CBN_Film_Archives \"ABS-CBN Film Archives\") is responsible for protecting and storing the LVN classics in their vaults at the ELJ Communications Center in Quezon City as well as the props and costumes used by the actors in the films, as part of the agreement they agreed on.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/ancx/culture/movies/05/23/19/the\\-classic\\-film\\-biyaya\\-ng\\-lupais\\-arriving\\-on\\-cinemaone\\-this\\-sunday\\|title\\=The classic film 'Biyaya ng Lupa' is coming to CinemaOne, freshly scanned\\|author\\=Abellon, Bam\\|date\\=May 23, 2019\\|website\\=\\[\\[ABS\\-CBN News and Current Affairs]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2021}}",
"With the advent of the digital age, [ABS\\-CBN](/wiki/ABS-CBN \"ABS-CBN\")'s [Sagip Pelikula](/wiki/ABS-CBN_Film_Restoration_Project \"ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project\") campaign restored some of the black and white LVN classics including *[Ibong Adarna](/wiki/Ibong_Adarna_%281941_film%29 \"Ibong Adarna (1941 film)\")* (1941\\), *[Anak Dalita](/wiki/Child_of_Sorrow_%28film%29 \"Child of Sorrow (film)\")* (1956\\), *[Badjao](/wiki/Badjao:The_Sea_Gypsies \"The Sea Gypsies\")* (1957\\), *[Malvarosa](/wiki/Malvarosa_%28film%29 \"Malvarosa (film)\")* (1958\\), and *[Biyaya ng Lupa](/wiki/Biyaya_ng_Lupa \"Biyaya ng Lupa\")* (1959\\) through 4K digital scans and partial restorations.{{Cite web\\|date\\=January 8, 2021\\|title\\=Even Pinoys outside the Philippines can watch the restored classic 'Badjao' for free tonight\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/01/08/21/even\\-pinoys\\-outside\\-the\\-philippines\\-can\\-watch\\-the\\-restored\\-classic\\-badjao\\-for\\-free\\-tonight\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[ABS\\-CBN News]]\\|author\\=ANCX staff}} The LVN films directed by [Mike de Leon](/wiki/Mike_De_Leon \"Mike De Leon\"), *Kung Mangarap Ka't Magising* and *[Kakabakaba Ka Ba?](/wiki/Kakabakaba_Ka_Ba%3F \"Kakabakaba Ka Ba?\")*, were respectively restored and remastered by ABS\\-CBN with the help of Central Digital Lab in Makati City and L'Immagine Ritrovata in Bologna, Italy.{{Cite web\\|date\\=December 17, 2020\\|title\\=\"Nobody Knew About the Vinegar Syndrome at That Time\": Mike De Leon On His Newly Restored Kisapmata\\|url\\=https://filmmakermagazine.com/110770\\-nobody\\-knew\\-about\\-the\\-vinegar\\-syndrome\\-at\\-that\\-time\\-mike\\-de\\-leon\\-on\\-his\\-newly\\-restored\\-kisapmata/\\#.YX57dWDP2M8\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2021\\|website\\=Filmmaker Magazine\\|author\\=Hunt, Aaron}}",
""
] |
### The Golden Age of Philippine Cinema (The 1950s)
The so\-called First Golden Age of Philippine Cinema commenced in the 1950s with the flourishing establishment of the so\-called Big Four studios, namely LVN Pictures, [Sampaguita Pictures](/wiki/Sampaguita_Pictures "Sampaguita Pictures"), Lebran International and Premiere Productions, with each studio specializing in different genres. Sampaguita Pictures specialized in high\-glossed society pictures and musicals. Premiere Productions and Lebran International specialized in action pictures.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm\|title\=History of Philippine Cinema\|website\=Philippine Journeys\|access\-date\=November 6, 2020}} LVN, on the other hand, became known for its "superproductions," the Hollywood equivalent of "epic" films that was complemented by the LVN superstars that starred in these films. The various superproductions of LVN were *Ibong Adarna* (1955\), *Lapu\-Lapu* (1955\) and the movie classics *[Badjao](/wiki/Badjao:The_Sea_Gypsies "The Sea Gypsies")* (1956\), *[Anak Dalita](/wiki/Child_of_Sorrow_%28film%29 "Child of Sorrow (film)")* (1957\) and *[Biyaya ng Lupa](/wiki/Blessings_of_the_Land "Blessings of the Land")* (1959\). At this time, LVN Pictures emerged as the biggest film studio in the Philippines, releasing two to three films a month from 1955–1956\.
Indeed, during this time, LVN Pictures housed the biggest and most popular stars of the period. With Narcisa de Leon still helming LVN Pictures, the studio managed to maintain its resident female *contravida* (antagonist) FAMAS\-winner Rosa Rosal, the then undisputed King of Philippine Movies and FAMAS\-winner Rogelio de la Rosa, FAMAS\-nominee Lilia Dizon, FAMAS\-winner Jose Padilla, Jr., Jaime de la Rosa, Celia Flor, Mila del Sol, Corazon Noble, Norma Blancaflor and a handful of other stars. In addition, LVN added to its roster FAMAS winners [Charito Solis](/wiki/Charito_Solis "Charito Solis") (introduced in *Niña Bonita* in 1955\), [Nida Blanca](/wiki/Nida_Blanca "Nida Blanca"), Leroy Salvador, [Armando Goyena](/wiki/Armando_Goyena "Armando Goyena"), [Tony Santos, Sr.](/wiki/Tony_Santos%2C_Sr. "Tony Santos, Sr."), Oscar Keesee, [Gil de Leon](/wiki/Gil_de_Leon "Gil de Leon"), [Eddie Rodriguez](/wiki/Eddie_Rodriguez "Eddie Rodriguez") and a handful of other stars. [Delia Razon](/wiki/Delia_Razon "Delia Razon"), [Daisy Romualdez](/wiki/Daisy_Romualdez "Daisy Romualdez"), [Nestor de Villa](/wiki/Nestor_de_Villa "Nestor de Villa"), [Mario Montenegro](/wiki/Mario_Montenegro "Mario Montenegro"), Norma Vales, [Lou Salvador, Jr.](/wiki/Lou_Salvador%2C_Jr. "Lou Salvador, Jr."), [Marita Zobel](/wiki/Marita_Zobel "Marita Zobel") and [Sylvia La Torre](/wiki/Sylvia_La_Torre "Sylvia La Torre") are the other stars added to LVN during this period. In addition to stars, LVN also prided itself in the film artisans that it had on contract. The make\-up legend Manahan Sisters, directors [Lamberto Avellana](/wiki/Lamberto_Avellana "Lamberto Avellana") and [Gerardo de Leon](/wiki/Gerardo_de_Leon "Gerardo de Leon") (who became FAMAS winners), musician Tito Arevalo and editor Ike Jarlego were few of the many talented film artisans that were, one year or another, in contract with the studio.
LVN Pictures prided itself on the creation of what was perhaps the most popular love team of all time, the Nida Blanca\-Nestor de Villa love team. The two stars, who were also gifted in the field of dancing and singing, gave LVN a boost on the box\-office with their films *Waray\-Waray* (1954\), *Kalyehera* (1957\), and *Talusaling* (1958\). The love team gave Sampaguita Pictures a competition, which led them to build up their number\-one star, [Gloria Romero](/wiki/Gloria_Romero_%28actress%29 "Gloria Romero (actress)"), with the dashing [Luis Gonzales](/wiki/Luis_Gonzales "Luis Gonzales"). Nevertheless, the Nida\-Nestor love team had one thing that the Gloria\-Luis lacked: the gift of dance. Nida\-Nestor danced their way to the box\-office, and even later to television with their own show.
In addition, LVN's desire to equal Sampaguita Pictures' drama excellence was also answered. By the 1950s, Sampaguita drama empresses [Lolita Rodriguez](/wiki/Lolita_Rodriguez "Lolita Rodriguez"), [Marlene Dauden](/wiki/Marlene_Dauden "Marlene Dauden") and Rita Gomez were already held in check by LVN's very own drama empress [Charito Solis](/wiki/Charito_Solis "Charito Solis"). Charito Solis starred in the blockbuster films *[Malvarosa](/wiki/Malvarosa_%28film%29 "Malvarosa (film)")* (1958\), *Kundiman ng Lahi* (1959\) and *Emily* (1960\). To answer for the hugely popular action films of Premiere Productions and Lebran International, LVN also developed its resident hunk [Mario Montenegro](/wiki/Mario_Montenegro "Mario Montenegro"), Jaime de la Rosa and Jose Padilla, Jr., to do action films like *Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay* (1953\) and *Lapu\-Lapu* (1955\). LVN also featured its own roster of antagonists or contravidas which brought "hell" to Filipino screens like Eusebio Gomez, Oscar Keesee, Jr., [Rosa Rosal](/wiki/Rosa_Rosal "Rosa Rosal"), [Gil de Leon](/wiki/Gil_de_Leon "Gil de Leon"), [Rebecca del Rio](/wiki/Rebecca_del_Rio "Rebecca del Rio") and [Rosa Aguirre](/wiki/Rosa_Aguirre "Rosa Aguirre") to name a few. LVN also had under contract the brightest singing stars of the period like [Diomedes Maturan](/wiki/Diomedes_Maturan "Diomedes Maturan"), Sylvia La Torre and [Marita Zobel](/wiki/Marita_Zobel "Marita Zobel"). La Torre later teamed up with Eddie San Jose in LVN's series of comedies starring the team of [Pugo](/wiki/Pugo_%28comedian%29 "Pugo (comedian)") and [Bentot](/wiki/Bentot "Bentot").
In 1955, LVN Pictures again set another landmark by remaking *Ibong Adarna* in 1955, starring the then\-popular love team of Nida Blanca and Nestor de Villa. The movie became the first Filipino film to ever grossed one million pesos and hugely promoted the love team of Blanca and de Villa. In 1956, LVN brought international fame to the Philippines when its superproduction *Badjao* (1956\) starring Rosa Rosal won the Golden Harvest Award (Best Picture) at the Asia\-Pacific Film Festival. From this point on, LVN's superproductions figured in various film festivals and competitions all over the world, winning Best Picture Awards and acting awards in the process.
In the local scene, LVN Pictures also dominated the Awards of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences ([FAMAS Awards](/wiki/FAMAS_Awards "FAMAS Awards")) by amassing a total of 11 nominations for Best Picture. In total, it won 4 Best Picture awards, 1 Best Short Film Award, and 1 Best Featurette Award. In addition, LVN Pictures holds the record for the most FAMAS International Prestige Awards of Merit, the award of the FAMAS that gives recognition to productions that were recognized internationally. At a time when movie studios were only receiving one or two of these in a decade, LVN managed to collect four of them for the films *Anak Dalita* (1957\), *Malvarosa* (1958\), *Bayanihan* and *My Serenade* (both 1961\).
Nevertheless, due to the heavy competition that LVN Pictures experienced from Hollywood films and even local television, the Golden Age of Philippine cinema was the only boost it needed to survive as a corporation.
|
[
"### The Golden Age of Philippine Cinema (The 1950s)",
"The so\\-called First Golden Age of Philippine Cinema commenced in the 1950s with the flourishing establishment of the so\\-called Big Four studios, namely LVN Pictures, [Sampaguita Pictures](/wiki/Sampaguita_Pictures \"Sampaguita Pictures\"), Lebran International and Premiere Productions, with each studio specializing in different genres. Sampaguita Pictures specialized in high\\-glossed society pictures and musicals. Premiere Productions and Lebran International specialized in action pictures.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm\\|title\\=History of Philippine Cinema\\|website\\=Philippine Journeys\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2020}} LVN, on the other hand, became known for its \"superproductions,\" the Hollywood equivalent of \"epic\" films that was complemented by the LVN superstars that starred in these films. The various superproductions of LVN were *Ibong Adarna* (1955\\), *Lapu\\-Lapu* (1955\\) and the movie classics *[Badjao](/wiki/Badjao:The_Sea_Gypsies \"The Sea Gypsies\")* (1956\\), *[Anak Dalita](/wiki/Child_of_Sorrow_%28film%29 \"Child of Sorrow (film)\")* (1957\\) and *[Biyaya ng Lupa](/wiki/Blessings_of_the_Land \"Blessings of the Land\")* (1959\\). At this time, LVN Pictures emerged as the biggest film studio in the Philippines, releasing two to three films a month from 1955–1956\\.",
"Indeed, during this time, LVN Pictures housed the biggest and most popular stars of the period. With Narcisa de Leon still helming LVN Pictures, the studio managed to maintain its resident female *contravida* (antagonist) FAMAS\\-winner Rosa Rosal, the then undisputed King of Philippine Movies and FAMAS\\-winner Rogelio de la Rosa, FAMAS\\-nominee Lilia Dizon, FAMAS\\-winner Jose Padilla, Jr., Jaime de la Rosa, Celia Flor, Mila del Sol, Corazon Noble, Norma Blancaflor and a handful of other stars. In addition, LVN added to its roster FAMAS winners [Charito Solis](/wiki/Charito_Solis \"Charito Solis\") (introduced in *Niña Bonita* in 1955\\), [Nida Blanca](/wiki/Nida_Blanca \"Nida Blanca\"), Leroy Salvador, [Armando Goyena](/wiki/Armando_Goyena \"Armando Goyena\"), [Tony Santos, Sr.](/wiki/Tony_Santos%2C_Sr. \"Tony Santos, Sr.\"), Oscar Keesee, [Gil de Leon](/wiki/Gil_de_Leon \"Gil de Leon\"), [Eddie Rodriguez](/wiki/Eddie_Rodriguez \"Eddie Rodriguez\") and a handful of other stars. [Delia Razon](/wiki/Delia_Razon \"Delia Razon\"), [Daisy Romualdez](/wiki/Daisy_Romualdez \"Daisy Romualdez\"), [Nestor de Villa](/wiki/Nestor_de_Villa \"Nestor de Villa\"), [Mario Montenegro](/wiki/Mario_Montenegro \"Mario Montenegro\"), Norma Vales, [Lou Salvador, Jr.](/wiki/Lou_Salvador%2C_Jr. \"Lou Salvador, Jr.\"), [Marita Zobel](/wiki/Marita_Zobel \"Marita Zobel\") and [Sylvia La Torre](/wiki/Sylvia_La_Torre \"Sylvia La Torre\") are the other stars added to LVN during this period. In addition to stars, LVN also prided itself in the film artisans that it had on contract. The make\\-up legend Manahan Sisters, directors [Lamberto Avellana](/wiki/Lamberto_Avellana \"Lamberto Avellana\") and [Gerardo de Leon](/wiki/Gerardo_de_Leon \"Gerardo de Leon\") (who became FAMAS winners), musician Tito Arevalo and editor Ike Jarlego were few of the many talented film artisans that were, one year or another, in contract with the studio.",
"LVN Pictures prided itself on the creation of what was perhaps the most popular love team of all time, the Nida Blanca\\-Nestor de Villa love team. The two stars, who were also gifted in the field of dancing and singing, gave LVN a boost on the box\\-office with their films *Waray\\-Waray* (1954\\), *Kalyehera* (1957\\), and *Talusaling* (1958\\). The love team gave Sampaguita Pictures a competition, which led them to build up their number\\-one star, [Gloria Romero](/wiki/Gloria_Romero_%28actress%29 \"Gloria Romero (actress)\"), with the dashing [Luis Gonzales](/wiki/Luis_Gonzales \"Luis Gonzales\"). Nevertheless, the Nida\\-Nestor love team had one thing that the Gloria\\-Luis lacked: the gift of dance. Nida\\-Nestor danced their way to the box\\-office, and even later to television with their own show.",
"In addition, LVN's desire to equal Sampaguita Pictures' drama excellence was also answered. By the 1950s, Sampaguita drama empresses [Lolita Rodriguez](/wiki/Lolita_Rodriguez \"Lolita Rodriguez\"), [Marlene Dauden](/wiki/Marlene_Dauden \"Marlene Dauden\") and Rita Gomez were already held in check by LVN's very own drama empress [Charito Solis](/wiki/Charito_Solis \"Charito Solis\"). Charito Solis starred in the blockbuster films *[Malvarosa](/wiki/Malvarosa_%28film%29 \"Malvarosa (film)\")* (1958\\), *Kundiman ng Lahi* (1959\\) and *Emily* (1960\\). To answer for the hugely popular action films of Premiere Productions and Lebran International, LVN also developed its resident hunk [Mario Montenegro](/wiki/Mario_Montenegro \"Mario Montenegro\"), Jaime de la Rosa and Jose Padilla, Jr., to do action films like *Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay* (1953\\) and *Lapu\\-Lapu* (1955\\). LVN also featured its own roster of antagonists or contravidas which brought \"hell\" to Filipino screens like Eusebio Gomez, Oscar Keesee, Jr., [Rosa Rosal](/wiki/Rosa_Rosal \"Rosa Rosal\"), [Gil de Leon](/wiki/Gil_de_Leon \"Gil de Leon\"), [Rebecca del Rio](/wiki/Rebecca_del_Rio \"Rebecca del Rio\") and [Rosa Aguirre](/wiki/Rosa_Aguirre \"Rosa Aguirre\") to name a few. LVN also had under contract the brightest singing stars of the period like [Diomedes Maturan](/wiki/Diomedes_Maturan \"Diomedes Maturan\"), Sylvia La Torre and [Marita Zobel](/wiki/Marita_Zobel \"Marita Zobel\"). La Torre later teamed up with Eddie San Jose in LVN's series of comedies starring the team of [Pugo](/wiki/Pugo_%28comedian%29 \"Pugo (comedian)\") and [Bentot](/wiki/Bentot \"Bentot\").",
"In 1955, LVN Pictures again set another landmark by remaking *Ibong Adarna* in 1955, starring the then\\-popular love team of Nida Blanca and Nestor de Villa. The movie became the first Filipino film to ever grossed one million pesos and hugely promoted the love team of Blanca and de Villa. In 1956, LVN brought international fame to the Philippines when its superproduction *Badjao* (1956\\) starring Rosa Rosal won the Golden Harvest Award (Best Picture) at the Asia\\-Pacific Film Festival. From this point on, LVN's superproductions figured in various film festivals and competitions all over the world, winning Best Picture Awards and acting awards in the process.",
"In the local scene, LVN Pictures also dominated the Awards of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences ([FAMAS Awards](/wiki/FAMAS_Awards \"FAMAS Awards\")) by amassing a total of 11 nominations for Best Picture. In total, it won 4 Best Picture awards, 1 Best Short Film Award, and 1 Best Featurette Award. In addition, LVN Pictures holds the record for the most FAMAS International Prestige Awards of Merit, the award of the FAMAS that gives recognition to productions that were recognized internationally. At a time when movie studios were only receiving one or two of these in a decade, LVN managed to collect four of them for the films *Anak Dalita* (1957\\), *Malvarosa* (1958\\), *Bayanihan* and *My Serenade* (both 1961\\).",
"Nevertheless, due to the heavy competition that LVN Pictures experienced from Hollywood films and even local television, the Golden Age of Philippine cinema was the only boost it needed to survive as a corporation.",
""
] |
Founding
--------
The origins of Radio Malta go back to 1935\. For many years, transmissions were effected on a cable\-radio system which started way back on 11 November 1935 by a British company called [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion "Rediffusion").Remig Sacco, Ix\-xandir F'Malta, Page 24, Malta 1985\. This [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion "Rediffusion") Cable Radio Service was officially launched on 11 November 1935\.Toni Sant, Remembering Rediffusion in Malta, A History Without Future. Malta 2016\. Page 50 On 29 September 1962, the same company, officially opened the Malta Television Service, then known as MTV, now [Television Malta](/wiki/Television_Malta "Television Malta") (TVM).Tony C. Cutajar, Ix\-Xandir F'Malta, Page 53, Malta 2001 During the late sixties [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion "Rediffusion") Malta effected several test transmissions with the aim to set up a radio station. But the radio station never materialised, possibly due to conflict of interest with the cable radio system which the same company was utilising.
Regular Wireless radio transmissions in Maltese started on 8 January 1973 by the Malta Broadcasting Authority on 999 kHz Medium Wave (AM). It was called "Radju ta' Malta".Remig Sacco, Ix\-Xandir F'Malta, Page 134, Malta1985, This frequency is still in use by Radio Malta.
Norman Hamilton, then Rediffusion's top D.J., left the company and decided to join Radio Malta from its first day of transmission. Norman is no longer involved in radio. Mario Laus was also one of Radio Malta's first D.J.s and today he is still one of its most popular D.J.s and certainly the longest\-serving D.J. of this radio station. Another popular D.J. is Brian Micallef who started presenting Rock Programs during the Rediffusion era and is still very active on Radio Malta.
In 1975, when **Xandir Malta** was set up, the Cable Radio system, now no longer belonging to Rediffusion, and Radio Malta, became one entity with a separate identity.
Radio Malta started transmitting on [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting "FM broadcasting") 93\.7 MHz when the British Forces Broadcasting Services ([BFBS](/wiki/BFBS "BFBS") Malta) closed down on 31 March 1979 with the departure of British Services from the Maltese Islands.
|
[
"Founding\n--------",
"The origins of Radio Malta go back to 1935\\. For many years, transmissions were effected on a cable\\-radio system which started way back on 11 November 1935 by a British company called [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion \"Rediffusion\").Remig Sacco, Ix\\-xandir F'Malta, Page 24, Malta 1985\\. This [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion \"Rediffusion\") Cable Radio Service was officially launched on 11 November 1935\\.Toni Sant, Remembering Rediffusion in Malta, A History Without Future. Malta 2016\\. Page 50 On 29 September 1962, the same company, officially opened the Malta Television Service, then known as MTV, now [Television Malta](/wiki/Television_Malta \"Television Malta\") (TVM).Tony C. Cutajar, Ix\\-Xandir F'Malta, Page 53, Malta 2001 During the late sixties [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion \"Rediffusion\") Malta effected several test transmissions with the aim to set up a radio station. But the radio station never materialised, possibly due to conflict of interest with the cable radio system which the same company was utilising.",
"Regular Wireless radio transmissions in Maltese started on 8 January 1973 by the Malta Broadcasting Authority on 999 kHz Medium Wave (AM). It was called \"Radju ta' Malta\".Remig Sacco, Ix\\-Xandir F'Malta, Page 134, Malta1985, This frequency is still in use by Radio Malta.",
"Norman Hamilton, then Rediffusion's top D.J., left the company and decided to join Radio Malta from its first day of transmission. Norman is no longer involved in radio. Mario Laus was also one of Radio Malta's first D.J.s and today he is still one of its most popular D.J.s and certainly the longest\\-serving D.J. of this radio station. Another popular D.J. is Brian Micallef who started presenting Rock Programs during the Rediffusion era and is still very active on Radio Malta.",
"In 1975, when **Xandir Malta** was set up, the Cable Radio system, now no longer belonging to Rediffusion, and Radio Malta, became one entity with a separate identity.",
"Radio Malta started transmitting on [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting \"FM broadcasting\") 93\\.7 MHz when the British Forces Broadcasting Services ([BFBS](/wiki/BFBS \"BFBS\") Malta) closed down on 31 March 1979 with the departure of British Services from the Maltese Islands.",
""
] |
Plot
----
{{Long plot\|date\=December 2015}}
David Mitchell ([Richard Chamberlain](/wiki/Richard_Chamberlain "Richard Chamberlain")), a widowed lawyer in a small city in New Mexico, is appointed by Judge Tucker to defend Ben Brown ([Nick Adams](/wiki/Nick_Adams_%28actor%2C_born_1931%29 "Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)")) who has been charged with murder. Norris Bixby, an ambitious local prosecutor, has been assigned to try the case, hoping to fill the shoes of Art Harper ([Claude Rains](/wiki/Claude_Rains "Claude Rains")), a famed local prosecutor as well as David's friend and mentor, who is retired.
Mitchell goes to see Art Harper that night to ask for advice and receives a pep\-talk from Harper, demanding he use every legal trick in the book to defend his new client. They are interrupted by Susan ([Joan Blackman](/wiki/Joan_Blackman "Joan Blackman")), Harper's daughter, who has romantic feelings for David and who has arrived back in town from Chicago.
During dinner Mitchell says that Ben Brown confessed to the killing and that the prosecution is asking for the gas chamber. He knows that Brown is unlikely to get a fair trial in town, and even he confesses to having preconceived notions about him.
Harper says he played a role in Mitchell's being appointed as the defense on the case, and that while he himself is not healthy enough to defend the case personally, he will help Mitchell try to obtain justice for the accused. Susan also volunteers to be his legal secretary, hoping to spend time with Mitchell.
The next morning, Mitchell goes to the prison to see his new client. He runs into Ben's wife, Laura\-Mae Brown ([Joey Heatherton](/wiki/Joey_Heatherton "Joey Heatherton")), who turned her husband in and who reveals that she despises her husband, and "hopes he croaks," claiming Ben frequently beat her.
She says he murdered a man in a bungled robbery attempt, then fled in the man's car. She also claims that her husband is a compulsive liar and that Mitchell didn't run into her by chance; Bixby wanted her to talk to him, to make it appear the trial will be fair. Despite what his wife said about him, Ben appears to be only concerned with his wife's freedom, claiming he wants her to have a good lawyer. Ben says that he was starved, threatened, and beaten into signing the confession. He also reveals that a second confession was sought and that parts of the first were purposely left off, including Ben's assertion that the murdered man, Cole Clinton, an off\-duty police officer, was committing adultery with his wife before the murder.
Mitchell and Harper research New Mexico law, and find a precedent which states that a murder that occurs during the adultery of a man's spouse is deemed justifiable homicide. Mitchell also reveals that the entire jury list is consisting of friends of Clinton, who was a popular man in town. Despite this, they feel that they finally have a solid defense for the case. After Harper goes to bed, Susan tells Mitchell she loves him.
The next morning, Mitchell, Morris Bixby, and Judge Tucker arrive to pick the jury. Mitchell and Bixby argue over the fairness of the case, and when picking the jury, Judge Tucker refuses to disqualify Clinton's friends and club members. At lunch, David finds that a local paper is being sold outside the court in view of the jurors and that the front page story features Ben's confession. Mitchell learns that Bixby leaked the confession to the press, knowing that the jurors will read it.
Back in court, a witness claims that Ben was abusive towards his wife in a bar and that he was eyeing Clinton's money. Another witness claims that Ben saw Clinton drop his money and that he clearly knew he had a large wad of bills on him. When Mitchell asserts that Clinton intended to spend the night with Laura\-Mae, Mrs. Clinton faints.
After the day in court, Mitchell visits Mrs. Clinton at her request. She reveals that Mitchell's suspicions are true and that for the last few years, her husband was chasing younger women. She offers to plea for mercy for Ben if David drops his adultery defense out of respect for Clinton's daughter, who idolized her father. Mitchell refuses her offer, hoping to help Ben avoid being found guilty altogether.
Although an autopsy wasn't performed, Clinton's doctor alleges that he wasn't in the act of sexual intercourse during death. Bixby calls Clinton's widow to the stand despite Mitchell's objections. She says the accusations against her late husband are false, and although Mitchell could prove her wrong, he feels pity and refuses to cross\-examine her.
The next day. Ben's commanding officer from his time in the Air Force testifies Ben changed after being married, going AWOL repeatedly to see his wife, becoming moody, and showing signs of mental instability. After being denied leave to look for his wife, he attempted to hang himself as well.
Mitchell then calls Ben to the stand. Ben tells how he first met his wife in a bar after seeing her dancing seductively at the jukebox. He was smitten by her and they danced and talked for hours. She accompanied him to his room, and despite just meeting her, Ben proposed marriage. She was arrested for prostitution, and after getting her out of jail, they began hitchhiking cross country where they met Mr. Clinton, who picked them up after seeing Laura\-Mae. He showed his badge and gun, telling him not to worry about tickets. At a motel, Ben found Laura\-Mae and Clinton together. He ran in as Clinton pulled his gun. In the struggle, Ben grabbed the gun and beat him to death with it. They fled in Clinton's car. Ben also tearfully admits he still loves his wife, and bears no ill will, even though she turned him in and applied for the reward money. Bixby begins his cross examination, asserting that Ben pimped his wife to Clinton, beating him to death when he refused. Bixby legally can't call Laura\-Mae to the stand to testify against her husband, so he goads Mitchell into calling her, which he does. The judge dismisses the court before she can testify.
David visits Laura\-Mae to get her to agree to tell the truth and realizes she is about to have company. He waits around and sees a man enter her room. Looking through the window, he realizes it is Judson Elliot, Bixby's co\-prosecutor, and that he is having an affair with her despite being married and having four kids. In court the next morning, Laura\-Mae takes the stand. As Bixby begins his cross examination, David reveals in the judge's quarters that he saw them and that he will reveal the story if they cross\-examine her. He also finds out that Elliot is carrying Clinton's money clip, which Laura\-Mae gave to him. After dismissing Elliot, Bixby refuses to compromise, and as court resumes, Harper arrives and is wheeled into the courtroom by Mitchell.
Mitchell begins his closing statement. He goes over all of the points of the trial as well as the conniving done by the state to protect Mr. Clinton's reputation and advance Bixby's career. Bixby's rebuttal emphasizes the confession and plays on the emotions of the jury, most of whom were friends with Clinton. He claims that they can't find Ben innocent without finding Clinton guilty. The jury retires to deliberate, and Harper jovially challenges Mitchell to declare his intentions for Susan.
Ben is found not guilty on all counts. Bixby is outraged at the loss, knowing it will hurt his career and curtail his ambitions. Harper confesses that Mitchell's newfound fame will make him the target of anyone in the Southwest in serious trouble, and passes the mantle to him. Mitchell declares his intentions for Susan, and the film ends with them sharing a kiss in front of the courthouse, then walking home.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"{{Long plot\\|date\\=December 2015}}\nDavid Mitchell ([Richard Chamberlain](/wiki/Richard_Chamberlain \"Richard Chamberlain\")), a widowed lawyer in a small city in New Mexico, is appointed by Judge Tucker to defend Ben Brown ([Nick Adams](/wiki/Nick_Adams_%28actor%2C_born_1931%29 \"Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)\")) who has been charged with murder. Norris Bixby, an ambitious local prosecutor, has been assigned to try the case, hoping to fill the shoes of Art Harper ([Claude Rains](/wiki/Claude_Rains \"Claude Rains\")), a famed local prosecutor as well as David's friend and mentor, who is retired.",
"Mitchell goes to see Art Harper that night to ask for advice and receives a pep\\-talk from Harper, demanding he use every legal trick in the book to defend his new client. They are interrupted by Susan ([Joan Blackman](/wiki/Joan_Blackman \"Joan Blackman\")), Harper's daughter, who has romantic feelings for David and who has arrived back in town from Chicago.",
"During dinner Mitchell says that Ben Brown confessed to the killing and that the prosecution is asking for the gas chamber. He knows that Brown is unlikely to get a fair trial in town, and even he confesses to having preconceived notions about him.",
"Harper says he played a role in Mitchell's being appointed as the defense on the case, and that while he himself is not healthy enough to defend the case personally, he will help Mitchell try to obtain justice for the accused. Susan also volunteers to be his legal secretary, hoping to spend time with Mitchell.",
"The next morning, Mitchell goes to the prison to see his new client. He runs into Ben's wife, Laura\\-Mae Brown ([Joey Heatherton](/wiki/Joey_Heatherton \"Joey Heatherton\")), who turned her husband in and who reveals that she despises her husband, and \"hopes he croaks,\" claiming Ben frequently beat her.",
"She says he murdered a man in a bungled robbery attempt, then fled in the man's car. She also claims that her husband is a compulsive liar and that Mitchell didn't run into her by chance; Bixby wanted her to talk to him, to make it appear the trial will be fair. Despite what his wife said about him, Ben appears to be only concerned with his wife's freedom, claiming he wants her to have a good lawyer. Ben says that he was starved, threatened, and beaten into signing the confession. He also reveals that a second confession was sought and that parts of the first were purposely left off, including Ben's assertion that the murdered man, Cole Clinton, an off\\-duty police officer, was committing adultery with his wife before the murder.",
"Mitchell and Harper research New Mexico law, and find a precedent which states that a murder that occurs during the adultery of a man's spouse is deemed justifiable homicide. Mitchell also reveals that the entire jury list is consisting of friends of Clinton, who was a popular man in town. Despite this, they feel that they finally have a solid defense for the case. After Harper goes to bed, Susan tells Mitchell she loves him.",
"The next morning, Mitchell, Morris Bixby, and Judge Tucker arrive to pick the jury. Mitchell and Bixby argue over the fairness of the case, and when picking the jury, Judge Tucker refuses to disqualify Clinton's friends and club members. At lunch, David finds that a local paper is being sold outside the court in view of the jurors and that the front page story features Ben's confession. Mitchell learns that Bixby leaked the confession to the press, knowing that the jurors will read it.",
"Back in court, a witness claims that Ben was abusive towards his wife in a bar and that he was eyeing Clinton's money. Another witness claims that Ben saw Clinton drop his money and that he clearly knew he had a large wad of bills on him. When Mitchell asserts that Clinton intended to spend the night with Laura\\-Mae, Mrs. Clinton faints.",
"After the day in court, Mitchell visits Mrs. Clinton at her request. She reveals that Mitchell's suspicions are true and that for the last few years, her husband was chasing younger women. She offers to plea for mercy for Ben if David drops his adultery defense out of respect for Clinton's daughter, who idolized her father. Mitchell refuses her offer, hoping to help Ben avoid being found guilty altogether.",
"Although an autopsy wasn't performed, Clinton's doctor alleges that he wasn't in the act of sexual intercourse during death. Bixby calls Clinton's widow to the stand despite Mitchell's objections. She says the accusations against her late husband are false, and although Mitchell could prove her wrong, he feels pity and refuses to cross\\-examine her.",
"The next day. Ben's commanding officer from his time in the Air Force testifies Ben changed after being married, going AWOL repeatedly to see his wife, becoming moody, and showing signs of mental instability. After being denied leave to look for his wife, he attempted to hang himself as well.",
"Mitchell then calls Ben to the stand. Ben tells how he first met his wife in a bar after seeing her dancing seductively at the jukebox. He was smitten by her and they danced and talked for hours. She accompanied him to his room, and despite just meeting her, Ben proposed marriage. She was arrested for prostitution, and after getting her out of jail, they began hitchhiking cross country where they met Mr. Clinton, who picked them up after seeing Laura\\-Mae. He showed his badge and gun, telling him not to worry about tickets. At a motel, Ben found Laura\\-Mae and Clinton together. He ran in as Clinton pulled his gun. In the struggle, Ben grabbed the gun and beat him to death with it. They fled in Clinton's car. Ben also tearfully admits he still loves his wife, and bears no ill will, even though she turned him in and applied for the reward money. Bixby begins his cross examination, asserting that Ben pimped his wife to Clinton, beating him to death when he refused. Bixby legally can't call Laura\\-Mae to the stand to testify against her husband, so he goads Mitchell into calling her, which he does. The judge dismisses the court before she can testify.",
"David visits Laura\\-Mae to get her to agree to tell the truth and realizes she is about to have company. He waits around and sees a man enter her room. Looking through the window, he realizes it is Judson Elliot, Bixby's co\\-prosecutor, and that he is having an affair with her despite being married and having four kids. In court the next morning, Laura\\-Mae takes the stand. As Bixby begins his cross examination, David reveals in the judge's quarters that he saw them and that he will reveal the story if they cross\\-examine her. He also finds out that Elliot is carrying Clinton's money clip, which Laura\\-Mae gave to him. After dismissing Elliot, Bixby refuses to compromise, and as court resumes, Harper arrives and is wheeled into the courtroom by Mitchell.",
"Mitchell begins his closing statement. He goes over all of the points of the trial as well as the conniving done by the state to protect Mr. Clinton's reputation and advance Bixby's career. Bixby's rebuttal emphasizes the confession and plays on the emotions of the jury, most of whom were friends with Clinton. He claims that they can't find Ben innocent without finding Clinton guilty. The jury retires to deliberate, and Harper jovially challenges Mitchell to declare his intentions for Susan.",
"Ben is found not guilty on all counts. Bixby is outraged at the loss, knowing it will hurt his career and curtail his ambitions. Harper confesses that Mitchell's newfound fame will make him the target of anyone in the Southwest in serious trouble, and passes the mantle to him. Mitchell declares his intentions for Susan, and the film ends with them sharing a kiss in front of the courthouse, then walking home.",
""
] |
Production
----------
The film was based on a novel by Al Dewlin which won the McGraw\-Hill Fiction Award in 1961\.Books \-\- Authors
New York Times 26 July 1961: 29\. The *New York Times* called the book "absorbing".As Crude As Life: TWILIGHT OF HONOR. By Al Dewlen. 328 pp. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company. $4\.95\.
By LILLIAN DE LA TORRE. New York Times 17 Dec 1961: BR7 The *Los Angeles Times* called it "intensely compelling entertainment."Anatomy of a Murder\-\-\-Texas Style
Carrier, Warren. Los Angeles Times 14 Jan 1962: B20\.
Film rights to the book were bought by the team of [George Seaton](/wiki/George_Seaton "George Seaton") and William Pearlberg who had a unit at MGM. They decided Pearlberg would produce but they would get in a new director while Seaton was making *36 Hours*.Who Really Wants the Second Feature?: Single Bills Again Demanded; Lee Thompson, Publicist Pals
Scheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times 5 Sep 1962: C11\. Henry Denker wrote a script. In September 1962 Nick Adams signed to star.Red Skelton Is Touched by Antique Shop Incident
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 7 Sep 1962: b10\.
In March 1963 the lead went to Richard Chamberlain, who was under contract to MGM and had become internationally famous playing *Dr Kildare* on television. This was slightly controversial because Chamberlain had a clean cut image and the novel was considered very adult. Boris Sagal, best known at the time for his work in television, signed to direct.Chamberlain Gets a Change of Pace
Chicago Tribune 29 June 1963: b11\.
Joey Heatherton was cast off the back of her success in *The Nurses*. The cast also featured Linda Evans who was under contract to MGM at the time.That Gal Joey Reaches Stardom at Age of 18
Blakesley, Richard. Chicago Tribune 23 Nov 1963: a3\.
Filming took place in May 1963, during a break from filming *Dr Kildare*.FILM EVENTS: 'Robin' Goes to Warners
Los Angeles Times 16 May 1963: C6\. It was part of a slate of movies that were among the first made by new MGM president Robert O'Brien.3\.6\-MILLION LOSS SHOWN BY M\-G\-M: Film Concern Attributes Dip Partly to Poor Box Office Production\-Distribution Losses Loss of 3\.6 Million Is Shown For Metro\-Goldwyn\-Mayer
New York Times 13 July 1963: 22\.
Johnny Green returned to MGM for the first time in five years to write the music.Green at MGM
Los Angeles Times 25 May 1963: A8\.
The film's copyright was renewed.Renewal registration number: RE0000579728
|
[
"Production\n----------",
"The film was based on a novel by Al Dewlin which won the McGraw\\-Hill Fiction Award in 1961\\.Books \\-\\- Authors\nNew York Times 26 July 1961: 29\\. The *New York Times* called the book \"absorbing\".As Crude As Life: TWILIGHT OF HONOR. By Al Dewlen. 328 pp. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company. $4\\.95\\.\nBy LILLIAN DE LA TORRE. New York Times 17 Dec 1961: BR7 The *Los Angeles Times* called it \"intensely compelling entertainment.\"Anatomy of a Murder\\-\\-\\-Texas Style\nCarrier, Warren. Los Angeles Times 14 Jan 1962: B20\\.",
"Film rights to the book were bought by the team of [George Seaton](/wiki/George_Seaton \"George Seaton\") and William Pearlberg who had a unit at MGM. They decided Pearlberg would produce but they would get in a new director while Seaton was making *36 Hours*.Who Really Wants the Second Feature?: Single Bills Again Demanded; Lee Thompson, Publicist Pals\nScheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times 5 Sep 1962: C11\\. Henry Denker wrote a script. In September 1962 Nick Adams signed to star.Red Skelton Is Touched by Antique Shop Incident\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 7 Sep 1962: b10\\.",
"In March 1963 the lead went to Richard Chamberlain, who was under contract to MGM and had become internationally famous playing *Dr Kildare* on television. This was slightly controversial because Chamberlain had a clean cut image and the novel was considered very adult. Boris Sagal, best known at the time for his work in television, signed to direct.Chamberlain Gets a Change of Pace\nChicago Tribune 29 June 1963: b11\\.",
"Joey Heatherton was cast off the back of her success in *The Nurses*. The cast also featured Linda Evans who was under contract to MGM at the time.That Gal Joey Reaches Stardom at Age of 18\nBlakesley, Richard. Chicago Tribune 23 Nov 1963: a3\\.",
"Filming took place in May 1963, during a break from filming *Dr Kildare*.FILM EVENTS: 'Robin' Goes to Warners\nLos Angeles Times 16 May 1963: C6\\. It was part of a slate of movies that were among the first made by new MGM president Robert O'Brien.3\\.6\\-MILLION LOSS SHOWN BY M\\-G\\-M: Film Concern Attributes Dip Partly to Poor Box Office Production\\-Distribution Losses Loss of 3\\.6 Million Is Shown For Metro\\-Goldwyn\\-Mayer\nNew York Times 13 July 1963: 22\\.",
"Johnny Green returned to MGM for the first time in five years to write the music.Green at MGM\nLos Angeles Times 25 May 1963: A8\\.",
"The film's copyright was renewed.Renewal registration number: RE0000579728",
""
] |
Normans
-------
### Brictric/Queen Matilda
[thumb\|400px\|[Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book "Domesday Book") entry for *Bedeford*](/wiki/File:Bideford_Devon_DomesdayBook.png "Bideford Devon DomesdayBook.png")
The [manor](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism") of *Bedeford* was recorded in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book "Domesday Book") of 1086 as held at some time [in chief](/wiki/Tenant_in_chief "Tenant in chief") from [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror "William the Conqueror") by the great Saxon nobleman [Brictric](/wiki/Brictric_son_of_Algar "Brictric son of Algar"), but later held by the king's wife [Matilda of Flanders](/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders "Matilda of Flanders") (c. 1031 – 1083\).Thorn, Caroline \& Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 \& 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 1, 1:60 (Bideford). In the Domesday Book a heading above the entry for Northlew, three entries above the entry for Bideford, states: *Infra scriptas terras tenuit Brictric post regina Mathildis* ("Brictric held the undermentioned lands and later Queen Matilda") There were then 30 villagers, 8 smallholders and 14 slaves in Bideford.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SS4526/bideford/ \|title\=Bideford \| Domesday Book \|publisher\=Domesdaymap.co.uk \|date\= \|accessdate\=26 June 2013}} The unabbreviated Latin text of the entry, and a translation, follows:
*Infra scriptas terras tenuit Brictric post regina Mathildis...Bedeford Tempore Regis Eduardi geldabat pro iii hidae. Terra est xxvi carrucae. In dominio sunt iiii carrucae, xiiii servi, xxx villani, viii bordarii cum xx carrucis. Ibi sunt x acrae pratae, xx acrae pasturae, cl acrae silvae. Reddit xvi librae. Huic manerio adjacet una piscaria (quae) Tempore Regis Eduardi reddabat xxv soldii*
"The below written lands Brictric held, afterwards Queen Matilda...Bideford in the time of King Edward (the Confessor) paid geld for 3 hides. There is land for 26 plough\-teams. In demesne there are 4 plough\-teams, 14 servants, 30 villagers, 8 smallholders with 20 plough\-teams. There are 10 acres of meadow, 20 acres of pasture, 150 acres of woodland. It returns £16\. To this manor lies adjacent a fishery which in the time of King Edward (the Confessor) paid 25 soldi"
According to the account by the *Continuator of [Wace](/wiki/Wace "Wace")* and others,Thorn, Caroline \& Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 \& 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), 24,21, quoting "Freeman, E.A., [The History of the Norman Conquest of England](/wiki/The_History_of_the_Norman_Conquest_of_England "The History of the Norman Conquest of England"), 6 vols., Oxford, 1867–1879, vol. 4, Appendix, note 0" in his youth Brictric declined the romantic advances of Matilda and his great fiefdom was thereupon seized by her. Whatever the truth of the matter, years later when she was acting as [Regent](/wiki/Regent "Regent") in England for William the Conqueror, she used her authority to confiscate Brictric's lands and threw him into prison, where he died.Edward Augustus Freeman, *The History of the Norman Conquest of England*, Vol. IV (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1871\), pp. 761–64 The Exon DomesdayThorn \& Thorn, Part I, 1;61, small type at bottom of entry, denoting additional text in Exon Domesday not present in Exchequer Domesday notes that Bideford and nearby Littleham were [held](/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England "Feudal land tenure in England") at [fee farm](/wiki/Farm_%28revenue_leasing%29 "Farm (revenue leasing)") from the king by Gotshelm, a [Devonshire tenant\-in\-chief](/wiki/Devon_Domesday_Book_tenants-in-chief "Devon Domesday Book tenants-in-chief") of 28 manors and brother of [Walter de Claville](/wiki/Walter_de_Claville "Walter de Claville").Thorn \& Thorn, chapter 25:1\-28 Gotshelm's 28 manors descended to the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester "Honour of Gloucester"),Thorn \& Thorn, Part 2 (notes), chapter 25 as did most of Brictric's.
### Feudal barony of Gloucester
Brictric's lands were granted after the death of Matilda in 1083 by her eldest son King [William Rufus](/wiki/William_Rufus "William Rufus") (1087–1100\) to [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon "Robert FitzHamon") (died 1107\),Round, p. 139\. the conqueror of [Glamorgan](/wiki/Glamorgan "Glamorgan"), whose daughter and sole heiress [Maud (or Mabel) FitzHamon](/wiki/Mabel_FitzHamon_of_Gloucester "Mabel FitzHamon of Gloucester") brought them to her husband [Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester "Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester") (pre\-1100\-1147\), a natural son of Matilda's younger son King [Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England "Henry I of England") (1100–1135\). Thus Brictric's fiefdom became the [feudal barony of Gloucester](/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester "Feudal barony of Gloucester").Sanders, I.J. English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327, Oxford, 1960, p.6, Barony of Gloucester The Grenville family held Bideford for many centuries under the overlordship of the feudal barons of Gloucester, which barony was soon absorbed into the Crown, when they became [tenants in chief](/wiki/Tenant_in_chief "Tenant in chief").
#### Grenville
According to the 1895 work of the family's historian Rev. Roger Granville, Rector of Bideford, the descent of the [manor](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism") of [Bideford](/wiki/Bideford "Bideford") in North [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon"), England, was as follows:Granville, Roger, M.A., (Rector of Bideford). *[The History of the Granville Family Traced Back to Rollo, First Duke of the Normans, with Pedigrees etc](https://archive.org/details/historyofgranvil00gran)*. (Exeter, 1895\).{{better source needed\|date\=April 2019}}
##### Sir Richard de Grenville (died after 1142\)
[thumb\|1860 imaginary depiction of Robert FitzHamon (died 1107\) (left) and his younger brother [Richard de Grenville](/wiki/Richard_de_Grenville "Richard de Grenville") (died after 1142\) (right), Church of St James the Great, [Kilkhampton](/wiki/Kilkhampton "Kilkhampton"), Cornwall](/wiki/File:RobertFitzHamon_%26RichardDeGrenville_1860Window_Kilkhampton.JPG "RobertFitzHamon &RichardDeGrenville 1860Window Kilkhampton.JPG")
[thumb\|Historic seats of the Grenville family (spelled "Granville" after 1661Round, p. 130\.) in Normandy ([Granville, Manche](/wiki/Granville%2C_Manche "Granville, Manche")), Glamorgan ([Neath Castle](/wiki/Neath_Castle "Neath Castle")), Devon ([Bideford](/wiki/Bideford "Bideford")) \& Cornwall ([Stowe, Kilkhampton](/wiki/Stowe%2C_Kilkhampton "Stowe, Kilkhampton"))](/wiki/File:MapGrenvilleSeats.PNG "MapGrenvilleSeats.PNG")
Sir [Richard de Grenville](/wiki/Richard_de_Grenville "Richard de Grenville") (died after 1142\) (*alias* de Grainvilla, de Greinvill, etc.) was one of the [Twelve Knights of Glamorgan](/wiki/Twelve_Knights_of_Glamorgan "Twelve Knights of Glamorgan") who served in the Norman Conquest of [Glamorgan](/wiki/Glamorgan "Glamorgan") under [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon "Robert FitzHamon") (died 1107\), the first Norman [feudal baron of Gloucester](/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester "Feudal barony of Gloucester") and [Lord of Glamorgan](/wiki/Lord_of_Glamorgan "Lord of Glamorgan") from 1075\. He obtained from FitzHamon the lordship of [Neath](/wiki/Neath "Neath"), Glamorgan, in which he built [Neath Castle](/wiki/Neath_Castle "Neath Castle") and in 1129 founded [Neath Abbey](/wiki/Neath_Abbey "Neath Abbey"). Richard de Grenville is by tradition the founder and ancestor of the prominent [Westcountry](/wiki/Westcountry "Westcountry") Grenville family of [Stowe](/wiki/Stowe%2C_Kilkhampton "Stowe, Kilkhampton") in the parish of [Kilkhampton](/wiki/Kilkhampton "Kilkhampton") in Cornwall and of Bideford in Devon.
By tradition Richard de Grenville is said by [Prince](/wiki/John_Prince_%28biographer%29 "John Prince (biographer)") (died 1723\),[Prince, John](/wiki/John_Prince_%28biographer%29 "John Prince (biographer)"), (1643–1723\) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, p.440, biography of Sir Theobald Grenvil (apparently following *[Fuller's Worthies](/wiki/Fuller%27s_Worthies "Fuller's Worthies")*)Round, p. 138\.) after he had founded Neath Abbey and bestowed upon it all his military acquisitions for its maintenance, to have "returned to his patrimony at Bideford where he lived in great honour and reputation the rest of his days". However, according to Round no proof exists that Richard de Grenville ever held the manor of Bideford, which was later one of the principal seats of the Westcountry Grenville family. It was however certainly one of the constituent manors of the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester "Honour of Gloucester") granted by King [William Rufus](/wiki/William_Rufus "William Rufus") to [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon "Robert FitzHamon")." Richard de Grenville is known to have held seven [knight's fees](/wiki/Knight%27s_fee "Knight's fee") from the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester "Honour of Gloucester"), either granted to him by his FitzHamon or the latter's son\-in\-law and heir [Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester "Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester") (1100–1147\). Round supposes that the Grenvilles of Bideford and Stowe were instead descended from a certain "Robert de Grenville" (*alias* de Grainville, de Grainavilla, etc.) who was a junior witness to Richard's foundation charter of Neath Abbey and who in the 1166 [Cartae Baronum](/wiki/Cartae_Baronum "Cartae Baronum") return was listed as holding one [knight's fee](/wiki/Knight%27s_fee "Knight's fee") from the Earl of Gloucester, feudal baron of Gloucester. Robert's familial relationship, if any, to Richard is unknown.
##### Richard de Grenville (fl. late 12th century)
Richard de Grenville (eldest son, by tradition). He married Adelina de Beaumont, and during the reign of King Henry II (1154–1189\) held 3 1/2 knight's fees from the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester "Honour of Gloucester").
##### Richard de Grenville (died 1204\)
Richard de Grenville (died 1204\) (son), who married a certain *Gundreda*. He died in 1204, leaving his children as minors. King John granted the wardship of his son and heir Richard de Grenville to Richard Fleminge in consideration for six hundred marks and six palfreys.Granville, p. 32\.
##### Richard de Grenville (died c. 1217\)
Richard de Grenville (died c. 1217\) (son). As arranged by his father, he married the daughter and heiress of Thomas de Middleton, whose wardship and marriage the former had acquired from King John in 1204\.Granville, p. 31\.
##### Richard de Grenville (fl. 1295\)
[thumb\|200px\|1860 imaginary depiction of Richard de Grenville (fl. 1295\), with escutcheon showing the arms of Grenville impaling Trewent](/wiki/File:RichardVGrenville_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.PNG "RichardVGrenville KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.PNG")
Richard de Grenville (son) (fl. 1295\), who married Jane Trewent, daughter and heiress of William Trewent of [Blisland](/wiki/Blisland "Blisland"), Cornwall, in the hundred of Trigg Minor,Granville, p. 34\. situated 5 miles north\-east of [Bodmin](/wiki/Bodmin "Bodmin"). A [roll of arms](/wiki/Roll_of_arms "Roll of arms") from the reign of King Edward III states: *Monsire Esteine de Trewent, port les armes de Tyes, a trois egles de gules a double teste.*Nicholas, Nicholas Harris (ed.), *[Rolls of Arms of the Reigns of Henry III and Edward III](https://archive.org/details/rollsofarmsofrei00nico)*, London, 1829, p.14 of A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Edward III ("Monsieur Stephen de Trewent bears the arms of de Tyes, three eagles with two heads gules"). These are the arms shown in the 19th century stained glass window in Kilkhampton Church shown impaled by Grenville. He left four sons:
* Richard de Grenville (died 1310\) (eldest son and heir)
* Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\), heir to his elder brother
* Robert de Grenville
* [William de Grenville](/wiki/William_Greenfield "William Greenfield") (died 1315\), [Lord Chancellor](/wiki/Lord_Chancellor "Lord Chancellor") of England and [Archbishop of York](/wiki/Archbishop_of_York "Archbishop of York").Granville, p. 36\.
##### Richard de Grenville (died 1310\)
Richard de Grenville (died 1310\) (eldest son and heir). He married Isabel of Monte Treganion, daughter of Joscelyn of Monte Treganion, but died without children.
##### Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\)
Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\) (younger brother). He married Amy Vyvyan, daughter of Sir Vyell Vyvyan of Treviddren, Cornwall. Walter de Stapeldon, [Bishop of Exeter](/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter "Bishop of Exeter"), granted to "Sir Bartholomew
and his wife Amy" a licence for the celebration of divine service *in capella sua de Bydeforde* ("in his chapel of Bideford").Granville, p. 49\.
##### Henry de Grenville (died 1327\)
[thumb\|200px\|17th c. depiction of arms of Henry Grenville (died 1327\) (*Gules, three clarions or*) impaling Wortham (*Sable, a chevron ermine between three lion's gambs erased argent*), the arms of his wife Ann Wortham. Kilkhampton ChurchGranville, p. 51Pole, p. 509, with tinctures amended to image at Kilkhampton](/wiki/File:GrenvilleImpalingWortham_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.PNG "GrenvilleImpalingWortham KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.PNG")
Henry de Grenville (died 1327\) (son), who married Ann Wortham, daughter and heiress of the family of Wortham, near Lifton, Devon. He was buried at Kilkhampton, where in 1895 his armorials impaling Wortham (*Sable, a chevron between three lion's paws argent*) were said to survive. In 1324 Henry de Grenvile presented to the Rectory of Kilkhampton Thomas Stapeldon, brother to Bishop Stapeldon, and also Walter de Prodhomme, a nephew of the ishop's, to the Rectory of Bideford in the same year. The Bishop in his will bequeathed to Walter de Prodhomme a legacy of 40s. for the maintenance of Bideford Bridge, as well as 10 marks *pro defectibus Ecclesiae de Bideforde reperandis* ("for the repairing of the Church of Bideford").
##### Sir Theobald de Grenville I (1323 – c. 1377\)
Sir Theobald de Grenville I (1323 – c. 1377\)Granville, p. 54\. (son), the builder of [Bideford Long Bridge](/wiki/Bideford_Long_Bridge "Bideford Long Bridge") and [Sheriff of Devon](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon "Sheriff of Devon"). He married Joyce de beaumont, daughter of Thomas de Beaumont, [Earl of Meulan](/wiki/Earl_of_Meulan "Earl of Meulan"). Following a financial dispute between the king and the Bishop of Exeter, Sheriff Theobald was ordered by the king in the summer of 1347 to enforce an order made against the bishop in the Court of King's Bench. He marched to the bishop's manor of [Bishops Tawton](/wiki/Bishops_Tawton "Bishops Tawton") at the head of an army of 500 persons and seized goods to the value stated, not without killing several occupants of that manor. In January 1348 he made apology on bended knee to the bishop in his great hall at Chudleigh.Granville, pp. 52–3\.
##### Sir Theobald de Grenville II (c. 1343 – July 1381\)
Sir Theobald de Grenville II (c. 1343 – July 1381\) (son), who married by 1365, Margaret Courtenay (born between 1342 and 1350, died after July 1381\), a daughter of Sir [Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon](/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Devon "Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon") (12 July 1303 – 2 May 1377\), and his wife, [Margaret de Bohun](/wiki/Margaret_de_Bohun%2C_Countess_of_Devon "Margaret de Bohun, Countess of Devon") (b. 3 April 1311 \- d. 16 December 1391\), daughter of [Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford](/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun%2C_4th_Earl_of_Hereford "Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford") (by his wife [Elizabeth of Rhuddlan](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan "Elizabeth of Rhuddlan"), a daughter of [King Edward I](/wiki/King_Edward_I "King Edward I"))Vivian, J. L. The Visitations of Cornwall of 1530, 1573, \& 1620\. (1887\): p. 190 (Grenvile ped.), (author states, "Sr. Theobald Grenvile, Kt., temp. Rich II. \= Margaret, da. of Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon.")
##### Sir John Grenville (died 1412\)
Sir John Grenville (died 1412\) (eldest son and heir),Granville, p. 56\. [Sheriff of Devon](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon "Sheriff of Devon") in 1395, [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1411 and four times [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Devon](/wiki/Devon_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Devon (UK Parliament constituency)"), in 1388, 1394, 1397 and 1402\.Roskell, J. S.; Clark, L.; Rawcliffe, C. R. (1993\). "[Grenville, Sir John (d.1412\), of Stow in Kilkhampton, Cornw. and Bideford, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/grenville-sir-john-1412)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\. At some time before September 1391 he married Margaret Burghersh (c. 1376 – c. 1421\), elder daughter and co\-heiress of Sir John Burghersh, MP, of Ewelme, Oxfordshire. He had no male children, only a daughter who predeceased him. His wife survived him and remarried to John Arundell (c. 1392 – 1423\), MP, (who during his marriage lived at Bideford) eldest son of Sir John Arundell (c. 1366 – 1435\), MP, of Lanherne, Steward of the [Duchy of Cornwall](/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall "Duchy of Cornwall").
##### William de Grenville, Esq. (died 1450\)
William de Grenville, Esq. (born by 1381 \- died 1450\) (younger brother). He married twice, firstly to Thomasine Cole, daughter of John Cole, by whom he had no children. His second marriage was to Philippa Bonville (living 1464\), a daughter or sisterThere is conflicting evidence regarding Philippa's relationship to William Bonville, see [Margaret Grey](/wiki/Margaret_Grey%23Marriage_and_issue "Margaret Grey#Marriage and issue") (wife of William Bonville) for details. of [William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville](/wiki/William_Bonville%2C_1st_Baron_Bonville "William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville") (1392–1461\). Lord Bonville was an enemy of the Courtenay [Earls of Devon](/wiki/Earl_of_Devon "Earl of Devon") of [Tiverton Castle](/wiki/Tiverton_Castle "Tiverton Castle"), but an ally of their cousins the Courtenays of [Powderham](/wiki/Manor_of_Powderham "Manor of Powderham"). By his second marriage Grenville had several children: his son and heir was Sir Thomas Grenville.Granville, p. 57\.
##### Sir Thomas Grenville I (died c. 1483\)
Sir Thomas Grenville I (born by 21 January 1432 \- died c. 1483\) (son), the first member of the family to modernise his surname by omitting the *particule* "de". He served as [Sheriff of Gloucester](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Gloucester "Sheriff of Gloucester") in 1480 and [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1483\.Granville, p. 58\. He married twice, firstly in 1447 in the [Basset family](/wiki/Basset_family "Basset family")'s [Umberleigh Chapel](/wiki/Umberleigh_Chapel "Umberleigh Chapel") to Anne Courtenay, a daughter of [Sir Philip Courtenay](/wiki/Philip_Courtenay_%28died_1463%29 "Philip Courtenay (died 1463)") (1404–1463\) of [Powderham](/wiki/Manor_of_Powderham "Manor of Powderham"), by his wife Elizabeth Hungerford, daughter of [Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford](/wiki/Walter_Hungerford%2C_1st_Baron_Hungerford "Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford") (died 1449\). One of her brothers was [Peter Courtenay](/wiki/Peter_Courtenay "Peter Courtenay") (died 1492\) [Bishop of Exeter](/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter "Bishop of Exeter").Vivian (1895\), p.246, pedigree of Courtenay The marriage was childless. He married secondly to Elizabeth Gorges, daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon by his wife, Jane Hankford.Weis, p. 30\. Line 22\-11 (author states, "THOMAS GRENVILLE, ESQ., ... m. (2\) by 21 Jan 1453, Elizabeth dau. of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon, by (1\) wife Joan (or Jane) Hankeford.").Roberts, Gary Boyd. *The Royal Descent of 600 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the United States*, (2008\): p. 524 \[Gen: 14] (author places Elizabeth Gorges as the daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges and Jane Hankford). His younger son Rev. John Grenville (died 1509\) was Rector of Bideford from 1504\.
##### Sir Thomas Grenville II (died c. 1513\)
[Sir Thomas Grenville II](/wiki/Thomas_Grenville_%28died_1513%29 "Thomas Grenville (died 1513)"), [K.B.](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath "Order of the Bath"), (c. 1453 – c. 1513\), (eldest son and heir).Weis, p. 30\. Line 22\-12 (author states, "SIR THOMAS GRENVILLE, K.B., son \& h. by (2\), b. say 1455, d. 18 Mar. 1513/4 ... "). He was [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cornwall "High Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1481 and in 1486\.Richard Polwhele, The Civil and Military History of Cornwall, volume 1, London, 1806, pp 106–9; Byrne, vol. 1, p. 302 states "1485", quoting Public Record Office, Lists \& Indexes, vol. IX, List of Sheriffs During the [Wars of the Roses](/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses "Wars of the Roses") in his youth he was a Lancastrian supporter and took part in the conspiracy against King Richard III organised by the [Duke of Buckingham](/wiki/Duke_of_Buckingham "Duke of Buckingham").Byrne, vol. 1, p. 302\. On the accession of King Henry VII (1485–1509\) and at the end of the wars, Grenville was appointed one of the [Esquires of the Body](/wiki/Esquire_of_the_Body "Esquire of the Body") to King Henry VII. On the marriage of Prince Arthur to Katherine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 he was appointed [K.B.](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath "Order of the Bath") He served on the Commission of the Peace for Devon from 1510 to his death.
##### Sir Roger Grenville (1477–1523\)
Sir Roger Grenville (1477–1523\) (eldest son and heir by his father's first wife Isabel Gilbert). he served as [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1510–11, 1517–18, 1522, and was present within the Cornish contingent at the [Field of the Cloth of Gold](/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold "Field of the Cloth of Gold").Byrne, vol. 1, p. 303\. He married Margaret Whitleigh (*alias* Whitlegh, Whitely, etc.) one of the two daughters and co\-heiresses of Richard Whitleigh (died 1509\)Byrne, vol. 1, p. 307\. of [Efford](/wiki/Efford "Efford")Pole, p. 333\. in the parish of [Egg Buckland](/wiki/Egg_Buckland "Egg Buckland") on the south coast of Devon. Sir Roger Grenville had by his wife Margaret Whitleigh, three sons and six daughters.Granville, pp. 71\-77\. His second son was John Grenville (c. 1506 – c. 1562\), three times MP for Exeter, in 1545, 1554 and 1558\.Hawkyard, A.D.K. (1982\). "[GRENVILLE, John (by 1506\-62 or later), of Exeter, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/grenville-john-1506-62-or-later)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\.
##### Sir Richard Grenville (c. 1495 – 1550\)
Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville_%28died_1550%29 "Richard Grenville (died 1550)") (c. 1495 – 1550\) (eldest son and heir). He entered the [Inner Temple](/wiki/Inner_Temple "Inner Temple"), with his brother John, in 1520Byrne, vol. 4, p. 11\. and served as MP for Cornwall in 1529\.Goring, J.J. (1982\). "[GRENVILLE, Richard I (by 1495\-1550\), of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornw.](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/grenville-richard-i-1495-1550)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\. He married Matilda Bevil, a daughter and co\-heiress of John Bevil of Gwarnock, St Allen, Cornwall. He was pre\-deceased by his eldest son:
[thumb\|Grenville arms on a bench\-end in All Hallows Church, [Woolfardisworthy](/wiki/Woolfardisworthy%2C_Torridge "Woolfardisworthy, Torridge"), North Devon](/wiki/File:GrenvilleArms_BenchEnd_WoolfardisworthyChurch_NorthDevon.PNG "GrenvilleArms BenchEnd WoolfardisworthyChurch NorthDevon.PNG")
* Roger Grenville (died 1545\), present on the [Mary Rose](/wiki/Mary_Rose "Mary Rose") when it sank in Portsmouth Harbour in 1545, whose son was the heroic Admiral Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville "Richard Grenville") (1542–1591\). Roger Grenville (died 1545\) married Thomasine Cole (d.1586\),Vivian (1887\), p. 13, pedigree of Arundell of Trerice. a daughter of Thomas Cole of [Slade](/wiki/Slade%2C_Cornwood "Slade, Cornwood")Pole, p.388; Vivian (1887\), p. 191, pedigree of Grenville; Vivian (1895\), pp. 213\-4, pedigree of Cole. in the parish of [Cornwood](/wiki/Cornwood "Cornwood") in Devon and of [Bucks](/wiki/Bucks_Mill "Bucks Mill") in the parish of [Woolfardisworthy](/wiki/Woolfardisworthy%2C_Torridge "Woolfardisworthy, Torridge"), North Devon. A bench\-end from this period displaying the arms of Grenville survives in All Hallows Church, Woolfardisworthy. Thomasine survived her husband and remarried to Thomas Arundell (d.1574\) of Ley and of Clifton in the parish of [Landulph](/wiki/Landulph "Landulph"),Lysons, Magna Britannia: Cornwall{{page needed\|date\=September 2018}} in Cornwall,Vivian (1887\), p. 13, pedigree of Arundell of Trerice; Vivian (1895\), p. 214\. a grandson of Nicholas Arundell of [Trerice](/wiki/Trerice "Trerice") by his wife Johanna St John (died 1482\).
##### Admiral Sir Richard Grenville (1542–1591\)
[thumb\|200px\|Arms of Richard Grenville (1542–1591\) (*Gules, three clarions or*) impaling St Ledger (*Azure fretty argent, a chief or*), arms of his wife Mary St Ledger. Kilkhampton Church](/wiki/File:GrenvilleImpalingStLeger_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.png "GrenvilleImpalingStLeger KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.png")
Admiral Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville "Richard Grenville") (1542–1591\) (grandson), was Captain of the *[Revenge](/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_%281577%29 "English ship Revenge (1577)")*, MP for [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)"), [Sheriff of Cork](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cork "Sheriff of Cork") from 1569 to 1570, [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1576–77, and an Armed Merchant Fleet Owner, privateer, colonizer, and [explorer](/wiki/List_of_explorers "List of explorers"). He died at the [Battle of Flores](/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_%281591%29 "Battle of Flores (1591)") (1591\), fighting heroically against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship to the far more numerous Spanish. He married Mary St Leger (c. 1543 – 1623\), daughter of [Sir John St Ledger](/wiki/John_St._Leger_%28died_1596%29 "John St. Leger (died 1596)") of [Annery, Monkleigh](/wiki/Annery%2C_Monkleigh "Annery, Monkleigh"),Hasler, P. W. (1981\). "[GRENVILLE, Richard II (c.1542\-91\), of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornw. and Buckland Abbey, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/grenville-richard-ii-1542-91)". *The History of Parliament.* Retrieved 3 September 2018\. (near Bideford) and heir to her brother. She outlived her husband and died aged about 80 on 9 November 1623 and was buried at St Mary's Church, Bideford. The family initially lived at Buckland Abbey before moving to a newly built house at Bideford.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2018}} An escutcheon showing the arms of Grenville impaling St Ledger survives in Kilkhampton Church.
##### Sir Bernard Grenville (1567–1636\)
Sir [Bernard Grenville](/wiki/Bernard_Grenville "Bernard Grenville") (1567–1636\), (eldest surviving son and heir). He served as [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1596–97, and was a [Justice of the Peace](/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace "Justice of the Peace") and a [Deputy Lieutenant](/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant "Deputy Lieutenant") of Cornwall in 1598\. He was appointed a [Gentleman of the Privy Chamber](/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Privy_Chamber "Gentleman of the Privy Chamber") to King Charles I in 1628\. He was elected a [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Bodmin](/wiki/Bodmin_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)"), Cornwall, in 1597\. He married Elizabeth Bevill, only daughter and heiress of Phillip Bevill of Brinn and Killigarth.
##### Sir Bevil Grenville (1596–1643\)
Sir [Bevil Grenville](/wiki/Bevil_Grenville "Bevil Grenville") (1596–1643\) (eldest son and heir), a [Royalist](/wiki/Cavalier "Cavalier") soldier in the [Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War"), killed in action in heroic circumstances at the [Battle of Lansdowne](/wiki/Battle_of_Lansdowne "Battle of Lansdowne") in 1643\. He served as [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)") 1621–1625 and 1640–42, and for [Launceston](/wiki/Launceston_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)") 1625–1629 and 1640\. He married Grace Smith, a daughter by his second marriage of Sir [George Smith](/wiki/George_Smith_%28MP_for_Exeter%29 "George Smith (MP for Exeter)") (died 1619\) of Madworthy, near Exeter,Vivian (1895\), p. 569, pedigree of Monk of Potheridge Devon, a merchant who served as [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Exeter (UK Parliament constituency)") in 1604, was three times Mayor of Exeter and was Exeter's richest citizen, possessing 25 [manors](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism").Thrush, Andrew and Ferris, John P. "[SMITH, George (\-d.1619\), of Madford House, Exeter, Devon](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/smith-george-1619)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\.Round, p. 164\. Grace's half\-sister Elizabeth Smythe was the wife of Sir [Thomas Monk](/wiki/Thomas_Monk "Thomas Monk") (1570–1627\) of [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge "Potheridge"), Devon, [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Camelford](/wiki/Camelford_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Camelford (UK Parliament constituency)") in 1626, and mother of the great general [George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle](/wiki/George_Monck%2C_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle "George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle"), KG (1608–1670\). It was largely due to his close kinship to his first cousin the Duke that Sir Bevil's son Sir John Granville was raised to the peerage in 1660 as [Earl of Bath](/wiki/Earl_of_Bath "Earl of Bath"),Round, p. 163: "Great as was the favour bestowed on Sir John Granville" (i.e. later cr. 1st Earl of Bath) "and his brothers under Charles II, the actual part taken by Sir John in the restoration of the King was less potent to obtain it than his lucky relationship to George Monk, the prime agent in that event" and was also granted the reversion of the Dukedom of Albemarle in the event of the failure of George Monck's male issue.Round, p. 165\.
His third son was Bernard Granville, father of [George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdown](/wiki/George_Granville%2C_1st_Baron_Lansdown "George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdown") (1666–1735\). George became [heir male](/wiki/Heir_male "Heir male") of the family on the extinction of the senior male line in 1711, following the death of [William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath](/wiki/William_Granville%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Bath "William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath") (1692–1711\), and due to this in 1712 was raised to the peerage as "Baron Lansdown of Bideford".
##### John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701\)
[John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath](/wiki/John_Granville%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bath "John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath") (1628–1701\) (son and heir). He was a major figure in effecting, in a subsidiary role to his cousin [George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle](/wiki/George_Monck%2C_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle "George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle"), the [Restoration of the Monarchy](/wiki/Restoration_%281660%29 "Restoration (1660)") to King Charles II in 1660, for which service he was elevated to the peerage. He left two sons and three daughters, who were in their issue the eventual co\-heiresses of his grandson the 3rd Earl:
* Jane Granville (died 27 February 1696\), wife of [Sir William Leveson\-Gower, 4th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Leveson-Gower%2C_4th_Baronet "Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet") and mother of [John Leveson\-Gower, 1st Baron Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Baron_Gower "John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower") (1675–1709\) and grandmother of [John Leveson\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower "John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower") (1694–1754\).
* Catherine Granville, wife of [Craven Peyton](/wiki/Craven_Peyton "Craven Peyton") (c. 1663 – 1738\), Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge 1705–1713\. She died childless.Hayton, D.; Cruickshanks, E.; Handley, S. (2002\). "[PEYTON, Craven (c.1663\-1738\), of Stratton Street, Westminster](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/peyton-craven-1663-1738)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\.
* Grace Granville, *suo jure* Countess Granville (3 September 1654 – 18 October 1744\), wife of [George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret](/wiki/George_Carteret%2C_1st_Baron_Carteret "George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret") and mother of [John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville](/wiki/John_Carteret%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville "John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville").
##### Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath (1661–1701\)
[Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath](/wiki/Charles_Granville%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Bath "Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath") (1661–1701\), (eldest son and heir). The family changed the spelling of its surname to "Granville", which was believed to be a more accurate reflection of its Norman origins at Granville in Normandy. He died from a gunshot wound during the preparations for his father's funeral, possibly suicide. He was twice married, firstly to Lady Martha Osborne (1664–1689\), daughter of [Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds](/wiki/Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds "Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds"). Without children. Secondly in 1691 he married Isabella van Nassau (1668–1692\), sister of [Henry Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham](/wiki/Henry_Nassau_d%27Auverquerque%2C_1st_Earl_of_Grantham "Henry Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham"). His second son was [John Granville, 1st Baron Granville](/wiki/John_Granville%2C_1st_Baron_Granville "John Granville, 1st Baron Granville") of [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge "Potheridge") (1665–1707\).
##### William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath (1692–1711\)
[William Henry Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath](/wiki/William_Granville%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Bath "William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath") (1692–1711\) (son and heir by father's 2nd marriage). He died of smallpox aged 19 without children when the earldom became extinct. His co\-heirs were the surviving descendants of the three daughters of the 1st Earl:
* [John Leveson\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower "John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower") (1694–1754\), grandson of Jane Granville (died 1696\), daughter of the 1st Earl and wife of [Sir William Leveson\-Gower, 4th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Leveson-Gower%2C_4th_Baronet "Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet").
* Grace Granville, *suo jure* Countess Granville (1654–1744\), daughter of the 1st Earl and wife of [George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret](/wiki/George_Carteret%2C_1st_Baron_Carteret "George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret") and mother of [John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville](/wiki/John_Carteret%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville "John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville")
#### Carteret/Gower
The Devonshire and Cornwall estates, after the death of the last Earl of Bath, were divided between Lady Carteret, *suo jure* Countess Granville (1654–1744\) (née Lady Grace Granville), one of the daughters of the first Earl, and [John Leveson\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower "John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower") (1694–1754\) the grandson of Lady Gower (died 1696\) (née Lady Jane Granville), the other daughter, who had married Sir William Gower. "Grace, Countess Granville" and "John, Lord Gower" as joint [patrons](/wiki/Advowson "Advowson") made presentations to the Rectory of Bideford in 1723 and 1727, and "John, Lord Gower" as sole patron made a presentation in 1744\.Per framed list of rectors of Bideford in Bideford Church Lady Grace's descendants received as their share mostly the Cornwall estates while Lady Jane's descendants received mostly the Devon estates, including [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge "Potheridge").
#### Clevland/Saltren\-Willet/Christie
The manor of Bideford was sold in about 1750 to [John Clevland](/wiki/John_Clevland_%281706%E2%80%931763%29 "John Clevland (1706–1763)") (1706–1763\) of [Tapeley](/wiki/Tapeley "Tapeley"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\=50569 \|title\=Parishes: Bickton \- Bridford \| British History Online \| Lysons, 1822 \|publisher\=british\-history.ac.uk\|accessdate\=1 December 2015}} in the parish of [Westleigh](/wiki/Westleigh%2C_North_Devon "Westleigh, North Devon"), near Bideford, and descended to his heirs, by whom Tapeley, and the lordship of Bideford, is still owned in 2014\. The [advowson](/wiki/Advowson "Advowson") of the [rectory](/wiki/Rectory "Rectory") of Bideford was sold to the Buck family (later Stucley) of [Daddon House](/wiki/Moreton_House%2C_Bideford "Moreton House, Bideford"), which made their first presentation in 1783\.
|
[
"Normans\n-------",
"### Brictric/Queen Matilda",
"[thumb\\|400px\\|[Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\") entry for *Bedeford*](/wiki/File:Bideford_Devon_DomesdayBook.png \"Bideford Devon DomesdayBook.png\")\nThe [manor](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\") of *Bedeford* was recorded in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\") of 1086 as held at some time [in chief](/wiki/Tenant_in_chief \"Tenant in chief\") from [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror \"William the Conqueror\") by the great Saxon nobleman [Brictric](/wiki/Brictric_son_of_Algar \"Brictric son of Algar\"), but later held by the king's wife [Matilda of Flanders](/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders \"Matilda of Flanders\") (c. 1031 – 1083\\).Thorn, Caroline \\& Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 \\& 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 1, 1:60 (Bideford). In the Domesday Book a heading above the entry for Northlew, three entries above the entry for Bideford, states: *Infra scriptas terras tenuit Brictric post regina Mathildis* (\"Brictric held the undermentioned lands and later Queen Matilda\") There were then 30 villagers, 8 smallholders and 14 slaves in Bideford.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SS4526/bideford/ \\|title\\=Bideford \\| Domesday Book \\|publisher\\=Domesdaymap.co.uk \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=26 June 2013}} The unabbreviated Latin text of the entry, and a translation, follows:\n*Infra scriptas terras tenuit Brictric post regina Mathildis...Bedeford Tempore Regis Eduardi geldabat pro iii hidae. Terra est xxvi carrucae. In dominio sunt iiii carrucae, xiiii servi, xxx villani, viii bordarii cum xx carrucis. Ibi sunt x acrae pratae, xx acrae pasturae, cl acrae silvae. Reddit xvi librae. Huic manerio adjacet una piscaria (quae) Tempore Regis Eduardi reddabat xxv soldii*\n\"The below written lands Brictric held, afterwards Queen Matilda...Bideford in the time of King Edward (the Confessor) paid geld for 3 hides. There is land for 26 plough\\-teams. In demesne there are 4 plough\\-teams, 14 servants, 30 villagers, 8 smallholders with 20 plough\\-teams. There are 10 acres of meadow, 20 acres of pasture, 150 acres of woodland. It returns £16\\. To this manor lies adjacent a fishery which in the time of King Edward (the Confessor) paid 25 soldi\"",
"According to the account by the *Continuator of [Wace](/wiki/Wace \"Wace\")* and others,Thorn, Caroline \\& Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 \\& 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), 24,21, quoting \"Freeman, E.A., [The History of the Norman Conquest of England](/wiki/The_History_of_the_Norman_Conquest_of_England \"The History of the Norman Conquest of England\"), 6 vols., Oxford, 1867–1879, vol. 4, Appendix, note 0\" in his youth Brictric declined the romantic advances of Matilda and his great fiefdom was thereupon seized by her. Whatever the truth of the matter, years later when she was acting as [Regent](/wiki/Regent \"Regent\") in England for William the Conqueror, she used her authority to confiscate Brictric's lands and threw him into prison, where he died.Edward Augustus Freeman, *The History of the Norman Conquest of England*, Vol. IV (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1871\\), pp. 761–64 The Exon DomesdayThorn \\& Thorn, Part I, 1;61, small type at bottom of entry, denoting additional text in Exon Domesday not present in Exchequer Domesday notes that Bideford and nearby Littleham were [held](/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England \"Feudal land tenure in England\") at [fee farm](/wiki/Farm_%28revenue_leasing%29 \"Farm (revenue leasing)\") from the king by Gotshelm, a [Devonshire tenant\\-in\\-chief](/wiki/Devon_Domesday_Book_tenants-in-chief \"Devon Domesday Book tenants-in-chief\") of 28 manors and brother of [Walter de Claville](/wiki/Walter_de_Claville \"Walter de Claville\").Thorn \\& Thorn, chapter 25:1\\-28 Gotshelm's 28 manors descended to the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester \"Honour of Gloucester\"),Thorn \\& Thorn, Part 2 (notes), chapter 25 as did most of Brictric's.",
"### Feudal barony of Gloucester",
"Brictric's lands were granted after the death of Matilda in 1083 by her eldest son King [William Rufus](/wiki/William_Rufus \"William Rufus\") (1087–1100\\) to [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon \"Robert FitzHamon\") (died 1107\\),Round, p. 139\\. the conqueror of [Glamorgan](/wiki/Glamorgan \"Glamorgan\"), whose daughter and sole heiress [Maud (or Mabel) FitzHamon](/wiki/Mabel_FitzHamon_of_Gloucester \"Mabel FitzHamon of Gloucester\") brought them to her husband [Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester \"Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester\") (pre\\-1100\\-1147\\), a natural son of Matilda's younger son King [Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England \"Henry I of England\") (1100–1135\\). Thus Brictric's fiefdom became the [feudal barony of Gloucester](/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester \"Feudal barony of Gloucester\").Sanders, I.J. English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327, Oxford, 1960, p.6, Barony of Gloucester The Grenville family held Bideford for many centuries under the overlordship of the feudal barons of Gloucester, which barony was soon absorbed into the Crown, when they became [tenants in chief](/wiki/Tenant_in_chief \"Tenant in chief\").",
"#### Grenville",
"According to the 1895 work of the family's historian Rev. Roger Granville, Rector of Bideford, the descent of the [manor](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\") of [Bideford](/wiki/Bideford \"Bideford\") in North [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"), England, was as follows:Granville, Roger, M.A., (Rector of Bideford). *[The History of the Granville Family Traced Back to Rollo, First Duke of the Normans, with Pedigrees etc](https://archive.org/details/historyofgranvil00gran)*. (Exeter, 1895\\).{{better source needed\\|date\\=April 2019}}",
"##### Sir Richard de Grenville (died after 1142\\)",
"[thumb\\|1860 imaginary depiction of Robert FitzHamon (died 1107\\) (left) and his younger brother [Richard de Grenville](/wiki/Richard_de_Grenville \"Richard de Grenville\") (died after 1142\\) (right), Church of St James the Great, [Kilkhampton](/wiki/Kilkhampton \"Kilkhampton\"), Cornwall](/wiki/File:RobertFitzHamon_%26RichardDeGrenville_1860Window_Kilkhampton.JPG \"RobertFitzHamon &RichardDeGrenville 1860Window Kilkhampton.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Historic seats of the Grenville family (spelled \"Granville\" after 1661Round, p. 130\\.) in Normandy ([Granville, Manche](/wiki/Granville%2C_Manche \"Granville, Manche\")), Glamorgan ([Neath Castle](/wiki/Neath_Castle \"Neath Castle\")), Devon ([Bideford](/wiki/Bideford \"Bideford\")) \\& Cornwall ([Stowe, Kilkhampton](/wiki/Stowe%2C_Kilkhampton \"Stowe, Kilkhampton\"))](/wiki/File:MapGrenvilleSeats.PNG \"MapGrenvilleSeats.PNG\")\nSir [Richard de Grenville](/wiki/Richard_de_Grenville \"Richard de Grenville\") (died after 1142\\) (*alias* de Grainvilla, de Greinvill, etc.) was one of the [Twelve Knights of Glamorgan](/wiki/Twelve_Knights_of_Glamorgan \"Twelve Knights of Glamorgan\") who served in the Norman Conquest of [Glamorgan](/wiki/Glamorgan \"Glamorgan\") under [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon \"Robert FitzHamon\") (died 1107\\), the first Norman [feudal baron of Gloucester](/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester \"Feudal barony of Gloucester\") and [Lord of Glamorgan](/wiki/Lord_of_Glamorgan \"Lord of Glamorgan\") from 1075\\. He obtained from FitzHamon the lordship of [Neath](/wiki/Neath \"Neath\"), Glamorgan, in which he built [Neath Castle](/wiki/Neath_Castle \"Neath Castle\") and in 1129 founded [Neath Abbey](/wiki/Neath_Abbey \"Neath Abbey\"). Richard de Grenville is by tradition the founder and ancestor of the prominent [Westcountry](/wiki/Westcountry \"Westcountry\") Grenville family of [Stowe](/wiki/Stowe%2C_Kilkhampton \"Stowe, Kilkhampton\") in the parish of [Kilkhampton](/wiki/Kilkhampton \"Kilkhampton\") in Cornwall and of Bideford in Devon.",
"By tradition Richard de Grenville is said by [Prince](/wiki/John_Prince_%28biographer%29 \"John Prince (biographer)\") (died 1723\\),[Prince, John](/wiki/John_Prince_%28biographer%29 \"John Prince (biographer)\"), (1643–1723\\) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, p.440, biography of Sir Theobald Grenvil (apparently following *[Fuller's Worthies](/wiki/Fuller%27s_Worthies \"Fuller's Worthies\")*)Round, p. 138\\.) after he had founded Neath Abbey and bestowed upon it all his military acquisitions for its maintenance, to have \"returned to his patrimony at Bideford where he lived in great honour and reputation the rest of his days\". However, according to Round no proof exists that Richard de Grenville ever held the manor of Bideford, which was later one of the principal seats of the Westcountry Grenville family. It was however certainly one of the constituent manors of the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester \"Honour of Gloucester\") granted by King [William Rufus](/wiki/William_Rufus \"William Rufus\") to [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon \"Robert FitzHamon\").\" Richard de Grenville is known to have held seven [knight's fees](/wiki/Knight%27s_fee \"Knight's fee\") from the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester \"Honour of Gloucester\"), either granted to him by his FitzHamon or the latter's son\\-in\\-law and heir [Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester \"Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester\") (1100–1147\\). Round supposes that the Grenvilles of Bideford and Stowe were instead descended from a certain \"Robert de Grenville\" (*alias* de Grainville, de Grainavilla, etc.) who was a junior witness to Richard's foundation charter of Neath Abbey and who in the 1166 [Cartae Baronum](/wiki/Cartae_Baronum \"Cartae Baronum\") return was listed as holding one [knight's fee](/wiki/Knight%27s_fee \"Knight's fee\") from the Earl of Gloucester, feudal baron of Gloucester. Robert's familial relationship, if any, to Richard is unknown.",
"##### Richard de Grenville (fl. late 12th century)",
"Richard de Grenville (eldest son, by tradition). He married Adelina de Beaumont, and during the reign of King Henry II (1154–1189\\) held 3 1/2 knight's fees from the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester \"Honour of Gloucester\").",
"##### Richard de Grenville (died 1204\\)",
"Richard de Grenville (died 1204\\) (son), who married a certain *Gundreda*. He died in 1204, leaving his children as minors. King John granted the wardship of his son and heir Richard de Grenville to Richard Fleminge in consideration for six hundred marks and six palfreys.Granville, p. 32\\.",
"##### Richard de Grenville (died c. 1217\\)",
"Richard de Grenville (died c. 1217\\) (son). As arranged by his father, he married the daughter and heiress of Thomas de Middleton, whose wardship and marriage the former had acquired from King John in 1204\\.Granville, p. 31\\.",
"##### Richard de Grenville (fl. 1295\\)",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|1860 imaginary depiction of Richard de Grenville (fl. 1295\\), with escutcheon showing the arms of Grenville impaling Trewent](/wiki/File:RichardVGrenville_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.PNG \"RichardVGrenville KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.PNG\")\nRichard de Grenville (son) (fl. 1295\\), who married Jane Trewent, daughter and heiress of William Trewent of [Blisland](/wiki/Blisland \"Blisland\"), Cornwall, in the hundred of Trigg Minor,Granville, p. 34\\. situated 5 miles north\\-east of [Bodmin](/wiki/Bodmin \"Bodmin\"). A [roll of arms](/wiki/Roll_of_arms \"Roll of arms\") from the reign of King Edward III states: *Monsire Esteine de Trewent, port les armes de Tyes, a trois egles de gules a double teste.*Nicholas, Nicholas Harris (ed.), *[Rolls of Arms of the Reigns of Henry III and Edward III](https://archive.org/details/rollsofarmsofrei00nico)*, London, 1829, p.14 of A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Edward III (\"Monsieur Stephen de Trewent bears the arms of de Tyes, three eagles with two heads gules\"). These are the arms shown in the 19th century stained glass window in Kilkhampton Church shown impaled by Grenville. He left four sons:\n* Richard de Grenville (died 1310\\) (eldest son and heir)\n* Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\\), heir to his elder brother\n* Robert de Grenville\n* [William de Grenville](/wiki/William_Greenfield \"William Greenfield\") (died 1315\\), [Lord Chancellor](/wiki/Lord_Chancellor \"Lord Chancellor\") of England and [Archbishop of York](/wiki/Archbishop_of_York \"Archbishop of York\").Granville, p. 36\\.",
"##### Richard de Grenville (died 1310\\)",
"Richard de Grenville (died 1310\\) (eldest son and heir). He married Isabel of Monte Treganion, daughter of Joscelyn of Monte Treganion, but died without children.",
"##### Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\\)",
"Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\\) (younger brother). He married Amy Vyvyan, daughter of Sir Vyell Vyvyan of Treviddren, Cornwall. Walter de Stapeldon, [Bishop of Exeter](/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter \"Bishop of Exeter\"), granted to \"Sir Bartholomew\nand his wife Amy\" a licence for the celebration of divine service *in capella sua de Bydeforde* (\"in his chapel of Bideford\").Granville, p. 49\\.",
"##### Henry de Grenville (died 1327\\)",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|17th c. depiction of arms of Henry Grenville (died 1327\\) (*Gules, three clarions or*) impaling Wortham (*Sable, a chevron ermine between three lion's gambs erased argent*), the arms of his wife Ann Wortham. Kilkhampton ChurchGranville, p. 51Pole, p. 509, with tinctures amended to image at Kilkhampton](/wiki/File:GrenvilleImpalingWortham_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.PNG \"GrenvilleImpalingWortham KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.PNG\")\nHenry de Grenville (died 1327\\) (son), who married Ann Wortham, daughter and heiress of the family of Wortham, near Lifton, Devon. He was buried at Kilkhampton, where in 1895 his armorials impaling Wortham (*Sable, a chevron between three lion's paws argent*) were said to survive. In 1324 Henry de Grenvile presented to the Rectory of Kilkhampton Thomas Stapeldon, brother to Bishop Stapeldon, and also Walter de Prodhomme, a nephew of the ishop's, to the Rectory of Bideford in the same year. The Bishop in his will bequeathed to Walter de Prodhomme a legacy of 40s. for the maintenance of Bideford Bridge, as well as 10 marks *pro defectibus Ecclesiae de Bideforde reperandis* (\"for the repairing of the Church of Bideford\").",
"##### Sir Theobald de Grenville I (1323 – c. 1377\\)",
"Sir Theobald de Grenville I (1323 – c. 1377\\)Granville, p. 54\\. (son), the builder of [Bideford Long Bridge](/wiki/Bideford_Long_Bridge \"Bideford Long Bridge\") and [Sheriff of Devon](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon \"Sheriff of Devon\"). He married Joyce de beaumont, daughter of Thomas de Beaumont, [Earl of Meulan](/wiki/Earl_of_Meulan \"Earl of Meulan\"). Following a financial dispute between the king and the Bishop of Exeter, Sheriff Theobald was ordered by the king in the summer of 1347 to enforce an order made against the bishop in the Court of King's Bench. He marched to the bishop's manor of [Bishops Tawton](/wiki/Bishops_Tawton \"Bishops Tawton\") at the head of an army of 500 persons and seized goods to the value stated, not without killing several occupants of that manor. In January 1348 he made apology on bended knee to the bishop in his great hall at Chudleigh.Granville, pp. 52–3\\.",
"##### Sir Theobald de Grenville II (c. 1343 – July 1381\\)",
"Sir Theobald de Grenville II (c. 1343 – July 1381\\) (son), who married by 1365, Margaret Courtenay (born between 1342 and 1350, died after July 1381\\), a daughter of Sir [Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon](/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Devon \"Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon\") (12 July 1303 – 2 May 1377\\), and his wife, [Margaret de Bohun](/wiki/Margaret_de_Bohun%2C_Countess_of_Devon \"Margaret de Bohun, Countess of Devon\") (b. 3 April 1311 \\- d. 16 December 1391\\), daughter of [Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford](/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun%2C_4th_Earl_of_Hereford \"Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford\") (by his wife [Elizabeth of Rhuddlan](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan \"Elizabeth of Rhuddlan\"), a daughter of [King Edward I](/wiki/King_Edward_I \"King Edward I\"))Vivian, J. L. The Visitations of Cornwall of 1530, 1573, \\& 1620\\. (1887\\): p. 190 (Grenvile ped.), (author states, \"Sr. Theobald Grenvile, Kt., temp. Rich II. \\= Margaret, da. of Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon.\")",
"##### Sir John Grenville (died 1412\\)",
"Sir John Grenville (died 1412\\) (eldest son and heir),Granville, p. 56\\. [Sheriff of Devon](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon \"Sheriff of Devon\") in 1395, [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1411 and four times [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Devon](/wiki/Devon_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Devon (UK Parliament constituency)\"), in 1388, 1394, 1397 and 1402\\.Roskell, J. S.; Clark, L.; Rawcliffe, C. R. (1993\\). \"[Grenville, Sir John (d.1412\\), of Stow in Kilkhampton, Cornw. and Bideford, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/grenville-sir-john-1412)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\. At some time before September 1391 he married Margaret Burghersh (c. 1376 – c. 1421\\), elder daughter and co\\-heiress of Sir John Burghersh, MP, of Ewelme, Oxfordshire. He had no male children, only a daughter who predeceased him. His wife survived him and remarried to John Arundell (c. 1392 – 1423\\), MP, (who during his marriage lived at Bideford) eldest son of Sir John Arundell (c. 1366 – 1435\\), MP, of Lanherne, Steward of the [Duchy of Cornwall](/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall \"Duchy of Cornwall\").",
"##### William de Grenville, Esq. (died 1450\\)",
"William de Grenville, Esq. (born by 1381 \\- died 1450\\) (younger brother). He married twice, firstly to Thomasine Cole, daughter of John Cole, by whom he had no children. His second marriage was to Philippa Bonville (living 1464\\), a daughter or sisterThere is conflicting evidence regarding Philippa's relationship to William Bonville, see [Margaret Grey](/wiki/Margaret_Grey%23Marriage_and_issue \"Margaret Grey#Marriage and issue\") (wife of William Bonville) for details. of [William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville](/wiki/William_Bonville%2C_1st_Baron_Bonville \"William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville\") (1392–1461\\). Lord Bonville was an enemy of the Courtenay [Earls of Devon](/wiki/Earl_of_Devon \"Earl of Devon\") of [Tiverton Castle](/wiki/Tiverton_Castle \"Tiverton Castle\"), but an ally of their cousins the Courtenays of [Powderham](/wiki/Manor_of_Powderham \"Manor of Powderham\"). By his second marriage Grenville had several children: his son and heir was Sir Thomas Grenville.Granville, p. 57\\.",
"##### Sir Thomas Grenville I (died c. 1483\\)",
"Sir Thomas Grenville I (born by 21 January 1432 \\- died c. 1483\\) (son), the first member of the family to modernise his surname by omitting the *particule* \"de\". He served as [Sheriff of Gloucester](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Gloucester \"Sheriff of Gloucester\") in 1480 and [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1483\\.Granville, p. 58\\. He married twice, firstly in 1447 in the [Basset family](/wiki/Basset_family \"Basset family\")'s [Umberleigh Chapel](/wiki/Umberleigh_Chapel \"Umberleigh Chapel\") to Anne Courtenay, a daughter of [Sir Philip Courtenay](/wiki/Philip_Courtenay_%28died_1463%29 \"Philip Courtenay (died 1463)\") (1404–1463\\) of [Powderham](/wiki/Manor_of_Powderham \"Manor of Powderham\"), by his wife Elizabeth Hungerford, daughter of [Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford](/wiki/Walter_Hungerford%2C_1st_Baron_Hungerford \"Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford\") (died 1449\\). One of her brothers was [Peter Courtenay](/wiki/Peter_Courtenay \"Peter Courtenay\") (died 1492\\) [Bishop of Exeter](/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter \"Bishop of Exeter\").Vivian (1895\\), p.246, pedigree of Courtenay The marriage was childless. He married secondly to Elizabeth Gorges, daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon by his wife, Jane Hankford.Weis, p. 30\\. Line 22\\-11 (author states, \"THOMAS GRENVILLE, ESQ., ... m. (2\\) by 21 Jan 1453, Elizabeth dau. of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon, by (1\\) wife Joan (or Jane) Hankeford.\").Roberts, Gary Boyd. *The Royal Descent of 600 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the United States*, (2008\\): p. 524 \\[Gen: 14] (author places Elizabeth Gorges as the daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges and Jane Hankford). His younger son Rev. John Grenville (died 1509\\) was Rector of Bideford from 1504\\.",
"##### Sir Thomas Grenville II (died c. 1513\\)",
"[Sir Thomas Grenville II](/wiki/Thomas_Grenville_%28died_1513%29 \"Thomas Grenville (died 1513)\"), [K.B.](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath \"Order of the Bath\"), (c. 1453 – c. 1513\\), (eldest son and heir).Weis, p. 30\\. Line 22\\-12 (author states, \"SIR THOMAS GRENVILLE, K.B., son \\& h. by (2\\), b. say 1455, d. 18 Mar. 1513/4 ... \"). He was [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"High Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1481 and in 1486\\.Richard Polwhele, The Civil and Military History of Cornwall, volume 1, London, 1806, pp 106–9; Byrne, vol. 1, p. 302 states \"1485\", quoting Public Record Office, Lists \\& Indexes, vol. IX, List of Sheriffs During the [Wars of the Roses](/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses \"Wars of the Roses\") in his youth he was a Lancastrian supporter and took part in the conspiracy against King Richard III organised by the [Duke of Buckingham](/wiki/Duke_of_Buckingham \"Duke of Buckingham\").Byrne, vol. 1, p. 302\\. On the accession of King Henry VII (1485–1509\\) and at the end of the wars, Grenville was appointed one of the [Esquires of the Body](/wiki/Esquire_of_the_Body \"Esquire of the Body\") to King Henry VII. On the marriage of Prince Arthur to Katherine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 he was appointed [K.B.](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath \"Order of the Bath\") He served on the Commission of the Peace for Devon from 1510 to his death.",
"##### Sir Roger Grenville (1477–1523\\)",
"Sir Roger Grenville (1477–1523\\) (eldest son and heir by his father's first wife Isabel Gilbert). he served as [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1510–11, 1517–18, 1522, and was present within the Cornish contingent at the [Field of the Cloth of Gold](/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold \"Field of the Cloth of Gold\").Byrne, vol. 1, p. 303\\. He married Margaret Whitleigh (*alias* Whitlegh, Whitely, etc.) one of the two daughters and co\\-heiresses of Richard Whitleigh (died 1509\\)Byrne, vol. 1, p. 307\\. of [Efford](/wiki/Efford \"Efford\")Pole, p. 333\\. in the parish of [Egg Buckland](/wiki/Egg_Buckland \"Egg Buckland\") on the south coast of Devon. Sir Roger Grenville had by his wife Margaret Whitleigh, three sons and six daughters.Granville, pp. 71\\-77\\. His second son was John Grenville (c. 1506 – c. 1562\\), three times MP for Exeter, in 1545, 1554 and 1558\\.Hawkyard, A.D.K. (1982\\). \"[GRENVILLE, John (by 1506\\-62 or later), of Exeter, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/grenville-john-1506-62-or-later)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\.",
"##### Sir Richard Grenville (c. 1495 – 1550\\)",
"Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville_%28died_1550%29 \"Richard Grenville (died 1550)\") (c. 1495 – 1550\\) (eldest son and heir). He entered the [Inner Temple](/wiki/Inner_Temple \"Inner Temple\"), with his brother John, in 1520Byrne, vol. 4, p. 11\\. and served as MP for Cornwall in 1529\\.Goring, J.J. (1982\\). \"[GRENVILLE, Richard I (by 1495\\-1550\\), of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornw.](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/grenville-richard-i-1495-1550)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\. He married Matilda Bevil, a daughter and co\\-heiress of John Bevil of Gwarnock, St Allen, Cornwall. He was pre\\-deceased by his eldest son:\n[thumb\\|Grenville arms on a bench\\-end in All Hallows Church, [Woolfardisworthy](/wiki/Woolfardisworthy%2C_Torridge \"Woolfardisworthy, Torridge\"), North Devon](/wiki/File:GrenvilleArms_BenchEnd_WoolfardisworthyChurch_NorthDevon.PNG \"GrenvilleArms BenchEnd WoolfardisworthyChurch NorthDevon.PNG\")\n* Roger Grenville (died 1545\\), present on the [Mary Rose](/wiki/Mary_Rose \"Mary Rose\") when it sank in Portsmouth Harbour in 1545, whose son was the heroic Admiral Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville \"Richard Grenville\") (1542–1591\\). Roger Grenville (died 1545\\) married Thomasine Cole (d.1586\\),Vivian (1887\\), p. 13, pedigree of Arundell of Trerice. a daughter of Thomas Cole of [Slade](/wiki/Slade%2C_Cornwood \"Slade, Cornwood\")Pole, p.388; Vivian (1887\\), p. 191, pedigree of Grenville; Vivian (1895\\), pp. 213\\-4, pedigree of Cole. in the parish of [Cornwood](/wiki/Cornwood \"Cornwood\") in Devon and of [Bucks](/wiki/Bucks_Mill \"Bucks Mill\") in the parish of [Woolfardisworthy](/wiki/Woolfardisworthy%2C_Torridge \"Woolfardisworthy, Torridge\"), North Devon. A bench\\-end from this period displaying the arms of Grenville survives in All Hallows Church, Woolfardisworthy. Thomasine survived her husband and remarried to Thomas Arundell (d.1574\\) of Ley and of Clifton in the parish of [Landulph](/wiki/Landulph \"Landulph\"),Lysons, Magna Britannia: Cornwall{{page needed\\|date\\=September 2018}} in Cornwall,Vivian (1887\\), p. 13, pedigree of Arundell of Trerice; Vivian (1895\\), p. 214\\. a grandson of Nicholas Arundell of [Trerice](/wiki/Trerice \"Trerice\") by his wife Johanna St John (died 1482\\).",
"##### Admiral Sir Richard Grenville (1542–1591\\)",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|Arms of Richard Grenville (1542–1591\\) (*Gules, three clarions or*) impaling St Ledger (*Azure fretty argent, a chief or*), arms of his wife Mary St Ledger. Kilkhampton Church](/wiki/File:GrenvilleImpalingStLeger_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.png \"GrenvilleImpalingStLeger KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.png\")\nAdmiral Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville \"Richard Grenville\") (1542–1591\\) (grandson), was Captain of the *[Revenge](/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_%281577%29 \"English ship Revenge (1577)\")*, MP for [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)\"), [Sheriff of Cork](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cork \"Sheriff of Cork\") from 1569 to 1570, [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1576–77, and an Armed Merchant Fleet Owner, privateer, colonizer, and [explorer](/wiki/List_of_explorers \"List of explorers\"). He died at the [Battle of Flores](/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_%281591%29 \"Battle of Flores (1591)\") (1591\\), fighting heroically against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship to the far more numerous Spanish. He married Mary St Leger (c. 1543 – 1623\\), daughter of [Sir John St Ledger](/wiki/John_St._Leger_%28died_1596%29 \"John St. Leger (died 1596)\") of [Annery, Monkleigh](/wiki/Annery%2C_Monkleigh \"Annery, Monkleigh\"),Hasler, P. W. (1981\\). \"[GRENVILLE, Richard II (c.1542\\-91\\), of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornw. and Buckland Abbey, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/grenville-richard-ii-1542-91)\". *The History of Parliament.* Retrieved 3 September 2018\\. (near Bideford) and heir to her brother. She outlived her husband and died aged about 80 on 9 November 1623 and was buried at St Mary's Church, Bideford. The family initially lived at Buckland Abbey before moving to a newly built house at Bideford.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2018}} An escutcheon showing the arms of Grenville impaling St Ledger survives in Kilkhampton Church.",
"##### Sir Bernard Grenville (1567–1636\\)",
"Sir [Bernard Grenville](/wiki/Bernard_Grenville \"Bernard Grenville\") (1567–1636\\), (eldest surviving son and heir). He served as [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1596–97, and was a [Justice of the Peace](/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace \"Justice of the Peace\") and a [Deputy Lieutenant](/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant \"Deputy Lieutenant\") of Cornwall in 1598\\. He was appointed a [Gentleman of the Privy Chamber](/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Privy_Chamber \"Gentleman of the Privy Chamber\") to King Charles I in 1628\\. He was elected a [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Bodmin](/wiki/Bodmin_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)\"), Cornwall, in 1597\\. He married Elizabeth Bevill, only daughter and heiress of Phillip Bevill of Brinn and Killigarth.",
"##### Sir Bevil Grenville (1596–1643\\)",
"Sir [Bevil Grenville](/wiki/Bevil_Grenville \"Bevil Grenville\") (1596–1643\\) (eldest son and heir), a [Royalist](/wiki/Cavalier \"Cavalier\") soldier in the [Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\"), killed in action in heroic circumstances at the [Battle of Lansdowne](/wiki/Battle_of_Lansdowne \"Battle of Lansdowne\") in 1643\\. He served as [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)\") 1621–1625 and 1640–42, and for [Launceston](/wiki/Launceston_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)\") 1625–1629 and 1640\\. He married Grace Smith, a daughter by his second marriage of Sir [George Smith](/wiki/George_Smith_%28MP_for_Exeter%29 \"George Smith (MP for Exeter)\") (died 1619\\) of Madworthy, near Exeter,Vivian (1895\\), p. 569, pedigree of Monk of Potheridge Devon, a merchant who served as [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Exeter (UK Parliament constituency)\") in 1604, was three times Mayor of Exeter and was Exeter's richest citizen, possessing 25 [manors](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\").Thrush, Andrew and Ferris, John P. \"[SMITH, George (\\-d.1619\\), of Madford House, Exeter, Devon](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/smith-george-1619)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\.Round, p. 164\\. Grace's half\\-sister Elizabeth Smythe was the wife of Sir [Thomas Monk](/wiki/Thomas_Monk \"Thomas Monk\") (1570–1627\\) of [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge \"Potheridge\"), Devon, [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Camelford](/wiki/Camelford_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Camelford (UK Parliament constituency)\") in 1626, and mother of the great general [George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle](/wiki/George_Monck%2C_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle \"George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle\"), KG (1608–1670\\). It was largely due to his close kinship to his first cousin the Duke that Sir Bevil's son Sir John Granville was raised to the peerage in 1660 as [Earl of Bath](/wiki/Earl_of_Bath \"Earl of Bath\"),Round, p. 163: \"Great as was the favour bestowed on Sir John Granville\" (i.e. later cr. 1st Earl of Bath) \"and his brothers under Charles II, the actual part taken by Sir John in the restoration of the King was less potent to obtain it than his lucky relationship to George Monk, the prime agent in that event\" and was also granted the reversion of the Dukedom of Albemarle in the event of the failure of George Monck's male issue.Round, p. 165\\.",
"His third son was Bernard Granville, father of [George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdown](/wiki/George_Granville%2C_1st_Baron_Lansdown \"George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdown\") (1666–1735\\). George became [heir male](/wiki/Heir_male \"Heir male\") of the family on the extinction of the senior male line in 1711, following the death of [William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath](/wiki/William_Granville%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Bath \"William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath\") (1692–1711\\), and due to this in 1712 was raised to the peerage as \"Baron Lansdown of Bideford\".",
"##### John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701\\)",
"[John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath](/wiki/John_Granville%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bath \"John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath\") (1628–1701\\) (son and heir). He was a major figure in effecting, in a subsidiary role to his cousin [George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle](/wiki/George_Monck%2C_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle \"George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle\"), the [Restoration of the Monarchy](/wiki/Restoration_%281660%29 \"Restoration (1660)\") to King Charles II in 1660, for which service he was elevated to the peerage. He left two sons and three daughters, who were in their issue the eventual co\\-heiresses of his grandson the 3rd Earl:\n* Jane Granville (died 27 February 1696\\), wife of [Sir William Leveson\\-Gower, 4th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Leveson-Gower%2C_4th_Baronet \"Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet\") and mother of [John Leveson\\-Gower, 1st Baron Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Baron_Gower \"John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower\") (1675–1709\\) and grandmother of [John Leveson\\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower \"John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower\") (1694–1754\\).\n* Catherine Granville, wife of [Craven Peyton](/wiki/Craven_Peyton \"Craven Peyton\") (c. 1663 – 1738\\), Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge 1705–1713\\. She died childless.Hayton, D.; Cruickshanks, E.; Handley, S. (2002\\). \"[PEYTON, Craven (c.1663\\-1738\\), of Stratton Street, Westminster](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/peyton-craven-1663-1738)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\.\n* Grace Granville, *suo jure* Countess Granville (3 September 1654 – 18 October 1744\\), wife of [George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret](/wiki/George_Carteret%2C_1st_Baron_Carteret \"George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret\") and mother of [John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville](/wiki/John_Carteret%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville \"John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville\").",
"##### Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath (1661–1701\\)",
"[Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath](/wiki/Charles_Granville%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Bath \"Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath\") (1661–1701\\), (eldest son and heir). The family changed the spelling of its surname to \"Granville\", which was believed to be a more accurate reflection of its Norman origins at Granville in Normandy. He died from a gunshot wound during the preparations for his father's funeral, possibly suicide. He was twice married, firstly to Lady Martha Osborne (1664–1689\\), daughter of [Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds](/wiki/Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds \"Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds\"). Without children. Secondly in 1691 he married Isabella van Nassau (1668–1692\\), sister of [Henry Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham](/wiki/Henry_Nassau_d%27Auverquerque%2C_1st_Earl_of_Grantham \"Henry Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham\"). His second son was [John Granville, 1st Baron Granville](/wiki/John_Granville%2C_1st_Baron_Granville \"John Granville, 1st Baron Granville\") of [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge \"Potheridge\") (1665–1707\\).",
"##### William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath (1692–1711\\)",
"[William Henry Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath](/wiki/William_Granville%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Bath \"William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath\") (1692–1711\\) (son and heir by father's 2nd marriage). He died of smallpox aged 19 without children when the earldom became extinct. His co\\-heirs were the surviving descendants of the three daughters of the 1st Earl:\n* [John Leveson\\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower \"John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower\") (1694–1754\\), grandson of Jane Granville (died 1696\\), daughter of the 1st Earl and wife of [Sir William Leveson\\-Gower, 4th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Leveson-Gower%2C_4th_Baronet \"Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet\").\n* Grace Granville, *suo jure* Countess Granville (1654–1744\\), daughter of the 1st Earl and wife of [George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret](/wiki/George_Carteret%2C_1st_Baron_Carteret \"George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret\") and mother of [John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville](/wiki/John_Carteret%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville \"John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville\")",
"#### Carteret/Gower",
"The Devonshire and Cornwall estates, after the death of the last Earl of Bath, were divided between Lady Carteret, *suo jure* Countess Granville (1654–1744\\) (née Lady Grace Granville), one of the daughters of the first Earl, and [John Leveson\\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower \"John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower\") (1694–1754\\) the grandson of Lady Gower (died 1696\\) (née Lady Jane Granville), the other daughter, who had married Sir William Gower. \"Grace, Countess Granville\" and \"John, Lord Gower\" as joint [patrons](/wiki/Advowson \"Advowson\") made presentations to the Rectory of Bideford in 1723 and 1727, and \"John, Lord Gower\" as sole patron made a presentation in 1744\\.Per framed list of rectors of Bideford in Bideford Church Lady Grace's descendants received as their share mostly the Cornwall estates while Lady Jane's descendants received mostly the Devon estates, including [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge \"Potheridge\").",
"#### Clevland/Saltren\\-Willet/Christie",
"The manor of Bideford was sold in about 1750 to [John Clevland](/wiki/John_Clevland_%281706%E2%80%931763%29 \"John Clevland (1706–1763)\") (1706–1763\\) of [Tapeley](/wiki/Tapeley \"Tapeley\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\\=50569 \\|title\\=Parishes: Bickton \\- Bridford \\| British History Online \\| Lysons, 1822 \\|publisher\\=british\\-history.ac.uk\\|accessdate\\=1 December 2015}} in the parish of [Westleigh](/wiki/Westleigh%2C_North_Devon \"Westleigh, North Devon\"), near Bideford, and descended to his heirs, by whom Tapeley, and the lordship of Bideford, is still owned in 2014\\. The [advowson](/wiki/Advowson \"Advowson\") of the [rectory](/wiki/Rectory \"Rectory\") of Bideford was sold to the Buck family (later Stucley) of [Daddon House](/wiki/Moreton_House%2C_Bideford \"Moreton House, Bideford\"), which made their first presentation in 1783\\.",
""
] |
### Feudal barony of Gloucester
Brictric's lands were granted after the death of Matilda in 1083 by her eldest son King [William Rufus](/wiki/William_Rufus "William Rufus") (1087–1100\) to [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon "Robert FitzHamon") (died 1107\),Round, p. 139\. the conqueror of [Glamorgan](/wiki/Glamorgan "Glamorgan"), whose daughter and sole heiress [Maud (or Mabel) FitzHamon](/wiki/Mabel_FitzHamon_of_Gloucester "Mabel FitzHamon of Gloucester") brought them to her husband [Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester "Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester") (pre\-1100\-1147\), a natural son of Matilda's younger son King [Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England "Henry I of England") (1100–1135\). Thus Brictric's fiefdom became the [feudal barony of Gloucester](/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester "Feudal barony of Gloucester").Sanders, I.J. English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327, Oxford, 1960, p.6, Barony of Gloucester The Grenville family held Bideford for many centuries under the overlordship of the feudal barons of Gloucester, which barony was soon absorbed into the Crown, when they became [tenants in chief](/wiki/Tenant_in_chief "Tenant in chief").
#### Grenville
According to the 1895 work of the family's historian Rev. Roger Granville, Rector of Bideford, the descent of the [manor](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism") of [Bideford](/wiki/Bideford "Bideford") in North [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon"), England, was as follows:Granville, Roger, M.A., (Rector of Bideford). *[The History of the Granville Family Traced Back to Rollo, First Duke of the Normans, with Pedigrees etc](https://archive.org/details/historyofgranvil00gran)*. (Exeter, 1895\).{{better source needed\|date\=April 2019}}
##### Sir Richard de Grenville (died after 1142\)
[thumb\|1860 imaginary depiction of Robert FitzHamon (died 1107\) (left) and his younger brother [Richard de Grenville](/wiki/Richard_de_Grenville "Richard de Grenville") (died after 1142\) (right), Church of St James the Great, [Kilkhampton](/wiki/Kilkhampton "Kilkhampton"), Cornwall](/wiki/File:RobertFitzHamon_%26RichardDeGrenville_1860Window_Kilkhampton.JPG "RobertFitzHamon &RichardDeGrenville 1860Window Kilkhampton.JPG")
[thumb\|Historic seats of the Grenville family (spelled "Granville" after 1661Round, p. 130\.) in Normandy ([Granville, Manche](/wiki/Granville%2C_Manche "Granville, Manche")), Glamorgan ([Neath Castle](/wiki/Neath_Castle "Neath Castle")), Devon ([Bideford](/wiki/Bideford "Bideford")) \& Cornwall ([Stowe, Kilkhampton](/wiki/Stowe%2C_Kilkhampton "Stowe, Kilkhampton"))](/wiki/File:MapGrenvilleSeats.PNG "MapGrenvilleSeats.PNG")
Sir [Richard de Grenville](/wiki/Richard_de_Grenville "Richard de Grenville") (died after 1142\) (*alias* de Grainvilla, de Greinvill, etc.) was one of the [Twelve Knights of Glamorgan](/wiki/Twelve_Knights_of_Glamorgan "Twelve Knights of Glamorgan") who served in the Norman Conquest of [Glamorgan](/wiki/Glamorgan "Glamorgan") under [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon "Robert FitzHamon") (died 1107\), the first Norman [feudal baron of Gloucester](/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester "Feudal barony of Gloucester") and [Lord of Glamorgan](/wiki/Lord_of_Glamorgan "Lord of Glamorgan") from 1075\. He obtained from FitzHamon the lordship of [Neath](/wiki/Neath "Neath"), Glamorgan, in which he built [Neath Castle](/wiki/Neath_Castle "Neath Castle") and in 1129 founded [Neath Abbey](/wiki/Neath_Abbey "Neath Abbey"). Richard de Grenville is by tradition the founder and ancestor of the prominent [Westcountry](/wiki/Westcountry "Westcountry") Grenville family of [Stowe](/wiki/Stowe%2C_Kilkhampton "Stowe, Kilkhampton") in the parish of [Kilkhampton](/wiki/Kilkhampton "Kilkhampton") in Cornwall and of Bideford in Devon.
By tradition Richard de Grenville is said by [Prince](/wiki/John_Prince_%28biographer%29 "John Prince (biographer)") (died 1723\),[Prince, John](/wiki/John_Prince_%28biographer%29 "John Prince (biographer)"), (1643–1723\) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, p.440, biography of Sir Theobald Grenvil (apparently following *[Fuller's Worthies](/wiki/Fuller%27s_Worthies "Fuller's Worthies")*)Round, p. 138\.) after he had founded Neath Abbey and bestowed upon it all his military acquisitions for its maintenance, to have "returned to his patrimony at Bideford where he lived in great honour and reputation the rest of his days". However, according to Round no proof exists that Richard de Grenville ever held the manor of Bideford, which was later one of the principal seats of the Westcountry Grenville family. It was however certainly one of the constituent manors of the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester "Honour of Gloucester") granted by King [William Rufus](/wiki/William_Rufus "William Rufus") to [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon "Robert FitzHamon")." Richard de Grenville is known to have held seven [knight's fees](/wiki/Knight%27s_fee "Knight's fee") from the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester "Honour of Gloucester"), either granted to him by his FitzHamon or the latter's son\-in\-law and heir [Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester "Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester") (1100–1147\). Round supposes that the Grenvilles of Bideford and Stowe were instead descended from a certain "Robert de Grenville" (*alias* de Grainville, de Grainavilla, etc.) who was a junior witness to Richard's foundation charter of Neath Abbey and who in the 1166 [Cartae Baronum](/wiki/Cartae_Baronum "Cartae Baronum") return was listed as holding one [knight's fee](/wiki/Knight%27s_fee "Knight's fee") from the Earl of Gloucester, feudal baron of Gloucester. Robert's familial relationship, if any, to Richard is unknown.
##### Richard de Grenville (fl. late 12th century)
Richard de Grenville (eldest son, by tradition). He married Adelina de Beaumont, and during the reign of King Henry II (1154–1189\) held 3 1/2 knight's fees from the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester "Honour of Gloucester").
##### Richard de Grenville (died 1204\)
Richard de Grenville (died 1204\) (son), who married a certain *Gundreda*. He died in 1204, leaving his children as minors. King John granted the wardship of his son and heir Richard de Grenville to Richard Fleminge in consideration for six hundred marks and six palfreys.Granville, p. 32\.
##### Richard de Grenville (died c. 1217\)
Richard de Grenville (died c. 1217\) (son). As arranged by his father, he married the daughter and heiress of Thomas de Middleton, whose wardship and marriage the former had acquired from King John in 1204\.Granville, p. 31\.
##### Richard de Grenville (fl. 1295\)
[thumb\|200px\|1860 imaginary depiction of Richard de Grenville (fl. 1295\), with escutcheon showing the arms of Grenville impaling Trewent](/wiki/File:RichardVGrenville_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.PNG "RichardVGrenville KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.PNG")
Richard de Grenville (son) (fl. 1295\), who married Jane Trewent, daughter and heiress of William Trewent of [Blisland](/wiki/Blisland "Blisland"), Cornwall, in the hundred of Trigg Minor,Granville, p. 34\. situated 5 miles north\-east of [Bodmin](/wiki/Bodmin "Bodmin"). A [roll of arms](/wiki/Roll_of_arms "Roll of arms") from the reign of King Edward III states: *Monsire Esteine de Trewent, port les armes de Tyes, a trois egles de gules a double teste.*Nicholas, Nicholas Harris (ed.), *[Rolls of Arms of the Reigns of Henry III and Edward III](https://archive.org/details/rollsofarmsofrei00nico)*, London, 1829, p.14 of A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Edward III ("Monsieur Stephen de Trewent bears the arms of de Tyes, three eagles with two heads gules"). These are the arms shown in the 19th century stained glass window in Kilkhampton Church shown impaled by Grenville. He left four sons:
* Richard de Grenville (died 1310\) (eldest son and heir)
* Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\), heir to his elder brother
* Robert de Grenville
* [William de Grenville](/wiki/William_Greenfield "William Greenfield") (died 1315\), [Lord Chancellor](/wiki/Lord_Chancellor "Lord Chancellor") of England and [Archbishop of York](/wiki/Archbishop_of_York "Archbishop of York").Granville, p. 36\.
##### Richard de Grenville (died 1310\)
Richard de Grenville (died 1310\) (eldest son and heir). He married Isabel of Monte Treganion, daughter of Joscelyn of Monte Treganion, but died without children.
##### Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\)
Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\) (younger brother). He married Amy Vyvyan, daughter of Sir Vyell Vyvyan of Treviddren, Cornwall. Walter de Stapeldon, [Bishop of Exeter](/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter "Bishop of Exeter"), granted to "Sir Bartholomew
and his wife Amy" a licence for the celebration of divine service *in capella sua de Bydeforde* ("in his chapel of Bideford").Granville, p. 49\.
##### Henry de Grenville (died 1327\)
[thumb\|200px\|17th c. depiction of arms of Henry Grenville (died 1327\) (*Gules, three clarions or*) impaling Wortham (*Sable, a chevron ermine between three lion's gambs erased argent*), the arms of his wife Ann Wortham. Kilkhampton ChurchGranville, p. 51Pole, p. 509, with tinctures amended to image at Kilkhampton](/wiki/File:GrenvilleImpalingWortham_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.PNG "GrenvilleImpalingWortham KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.PNG")
Henry de Grenville (died 1327\) (son), who married Ann Wortham, daughter and heiress of the family of Wortham, near Lifton, Devon. He was buried at Kilkhampton, where in 1895 his armorials impaling Wortham (*Sable, a chevron between three lion's paws argent*) were said to survive. In 1324 Henry de Grenvile presented to the Rectory of Kilkhampton Thomas Stapeldon, brother to Bishop Stapeldon, and also Walter de Prodhomme, a nephew of the ishop's, to the Rectory of Bideford in the same year. The Bishop in his will bequeathed to Walter de Prodhomme a legacy of 40s. for the maintenance of Bideford Bridge, as well as 10 marks *pro defectibus Ecclesiae de Bideforde reperandis* ("for the repairing of the Church of Bideford").
##### Sir Theobald de Grenville I (1323 – c. 1377\)
Sir Theobald de Grenville I (1323 – c. 1377\)Granville, p. 54\. (son), the builder of [Bideford Long Bridge](/wiki/Bideford_Long_Bridge "Bideford Long Bridge") and [Sheriff of Devon](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon "Sheriff of Devon"). He married Joyce de beaumont, daughter of Thomas de Beaumont, [Earl of Meulan](/wiki/Earl_of_Meulan "Earl of Meulan"). Following a financial dispute between the king and the Bishop of Exeter, Sheriff Theobald was ordered by the king in the summer of 1347 to enforce an order made against the bishop in the Court of King's Bench. He marched to the bishop's manor of [Bishops Tawton](/wiki/Bishops_Tawton "Bishops Tawton") at the head of an army of 500 persons and seized goods to the value stated, not without killing several occupants of that manor. In January 1348 he made apology on bended knee to the bishop in his great hall at Chudleigh.Granville, pp. 52–3\.
##### Sir Theobald de Grenville II (c. 1343 – July 1381\)
Sir Theobald de Grenville II (c. 1343 – July 1381\) (son), who married by 1365, Margaret Courtenay (born between 1342 and 1350, died after July 1381\), a daughter of Sir [Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon](/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Devon "Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon") (12 July 1303 – 2 May 1377\), and his wife, [Margaret de Bohun](/wiki/Margaret_de_Bohun%2C_Countess_of_Devon "Margaret de Bohun, Countess of Devon") (b. 3 April 1311 \- d. 16 December 1391\), daughter of [Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford](/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun%2C_4th_Earl_of_Hereford "Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford") (by his wife [Elizabeth of Rhuddlan](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan "Elizabeth of Rhuddlan"), a daughter of [King Edward I](/wiki/King_Edward_I "King Edward I"))Vivian, J. L. The Visitations of Cornwall of 1530, 1573, \& 1620\. (1887\): p. 190 (Grenvile ped.), (author states, "Sr. Theobald Grenvile, Kt., temp. Rich II. \= Margaret, da. of Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon.")
##### Sir John Grenville (died 1412\)
Sir John Grenville (died 1412\) (eldest son and heir),Granville, p. 56\. [Sheriff of Devon](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon "Sheriff of Devon") in 1395, [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1411 and four times [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Devon](/wiki/Devon_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Devon (UK Parliament constituency)"), in 1388, 1394, 1397 and 1402\.Roskell, J. S.; Clark, L.; Rawcliffe, C. R. (1993\). "[Grenville, Sir John (d.1412\), of Stow in Kilkhampton, Cornw. and Bideford, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/grenville-sir-john-1412)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\. At some time before September 1391 he married Margaret Burghersh (c. 1376 – c. 1421\), elder daughter and co\-heiress of Sir John Burghersh, MP, of Ewelme, Oxfordshire. He had no male children, only a daughter who predeceased him. His wife survived him and remarried to John Arundell (c. 1392 – 1423\), MP, (who during his marriage lived at Bideford) eldest son of Sir John Arundell (c. 1366 – 1435\), MP, of Lanherne, Steward of the [Duchy of Cornwall](/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall "Duchy of Cornwall").
##### William de Grenville, Esq. (died 1450\)
William de Grenville, Esq. (born by 1381 \- died 1450\) (younger brother). He married twice, firstly to Thomasine Cole, daughter of John Cole, by whom he had no children. His second marriage was to Philippa Bonville (living 1464\), a daughter or sisterThere is conflicting evidence regarding Philippa's relationship to William Bonville, see [Margaret Grey](/wiki/Margaret_Grey%23Marriage_and_issue "Margaret Grey#Marriage and issue") (wife of William Bonville) for details. of [William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville](/wiki/William_Bonville%2C_1st_Baron_Bonville "William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville") (1392–1461\). Lord Bonville was an enemy of the Courtenay [Earls of Devon](/wiki/Earl_of_Devon "Earl of Devon") of [Tiverton Castle](/wiki/Tiverton_Castle "Tiverton Castle"), but an ally of their cousins the Courtenays of [Powderham](/wiki/Manor_of_Powderham "Manor of Powderham"). By his second marriage Grenville had several children: his son and heir was Sir Thomas Grenville.Granville, p. 57\.
##### Sir Thomas Grenville I (died c. 1483\)
Sir Thomas Grenville I (born by 21 January 1432 \- died c. 1483\) (son), the first member of the family to modernise his surname by omitting the *particule* "de". He served as [Sheriff of Gloucester](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Gloucester "Sheriff of Gloucester") in 1480 and [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1483\.Granville, p. 58\. He married twice, firstly in 1447 in the [Basset family](/wiki/Basset_family "Basset family")'s [Umberleigh Chapel](/wiki/Umberleigh_Chapel "Umberleigh Chapel") to Anne Courtenay, a daughter of [Sir Philip Courtenay](/wiki/Philip_Courtenay_%28died_1463%29 "Philip Courtenay (died 1463)") (1404–1463\) of [Powderham](/wiki/Manor_of_Powderham "Manor of Powderham"), by his wife Elizabeth Hungerford, daughter of [Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford](/wiki/Walter_Hungerford%2C_1st_Baron_Hungerford "Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford") (died 1449\). One of her brothers was [Peter Courtenay](/wiki/Peter_Courtenay "Peter Courtenay") (died 1492\) [Bishop of Exeter](/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter "Bishop of Exeter").Vivian (1895\), p.246, pedigree of Courtenay The marriage was childless. He married secondly to Elizabeth Gorges, daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon by his wife, Jane Hankford.Weis, p. 30\. Line 22\-11 (author states, "THOMAS GRENVILLE, ESQ., ... m. (2\) by 21 Jan 1453, Elizabeth dau. of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon, by (1\) wife Joan (or Jane) Hankeford.").Roberts, Gary Boyd. *The Royal Descent of 600 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the United States*, (2008\): p. 524 \[Gen: 14] (author places Elizabeth Gorges as the daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges and Jane Hankford). His younger son Rev. John Grenville (died 1509\) was Rector of Bideford from 1504\.
##### Sir Thomas Grenville II (died c. 1513\)
[Sir Thomas Grenville II](/wiki/Thomas_Grenville_%28died_1513%29 "Thomas Grenville (died 1513)"), [K.B.](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath "Order of the Bath"), (c. 1453 – c. 1513\), (eldest son and heir).Weis, p. 30\. Line 22\-12 (author states, "SIR THOMAS GRENVILLE, K.B., son \& h. by (2\), b. say 1455, d. 18 Mar. 1513/4 ... "). He was [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cornwall "High Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1481 and in 1486\.Richard Polwhele, The Civil and Military History of Cornwall, volume 1, London, 1806, pp 106–9; Byrne, vol. 1, p. 302 states "1485", quoting Public Record Office, Lists \& Indexes, vol. IX, List of Sheriffs During the [Wars of the Roses](/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses "Wars of the Roses") in his youth he was a Lancastrian supporter and took part in the conspiracy against King Richard III organised by the [Duke of Buckingham](/wiki/Duke_of_Buckingham "Duke of Buckingham").Byrne, vol. 1, p. 302\. On the accession of King Henry VII (1485–1509\) and at the end of the wars, Grenville was appointed one of the [Esquires of the Body](/wiki/Esquire_of_the_Body "Esquire of the Body") to King Henry VII. On the marriage of Prince Arthur to Katherine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 he was appointed [K.B.](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath "Order of the Bath") He served on the Commission of the Peace for Devon from 1510 to his death.
##### Sir Roger Grenville (1477–1523\)
Sir Roger Grenville (1477–1523\) (eldest son and heir by his father's first wife Isabel Gilbert). he served as [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1510–11, 1517–18, 1522, and was present within the Cornish contingent at the [Field of the Cloth of Gold](/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold "Field of the Cloth of Gold").Byrne, vol. 1, p. 303\. He married Margaret Whitleigh (*alias* Whitlegh, Whitely, etc.) one of the two daughters and co\-heiresses of Richard Whitleigh (died 1509\)Byrne, vol. 1, p. 307\. of [Efford](/wiki/Efford "Efford")Pole, p. 333\. in the parish of [Egg Buckland](/wiki/Egg_Buckland "Egg Buckland") on the south coast of Devon. Sir Roger Grenville had by his wife Margaret Whitleigh, three sons and six daughters.Granville, pp. 71\-77\. His second son was John Grenville (c. 1506 – c. 1562\), three times MP for Exeter, in 1545, 1554 and 1558\.Hawkyard, A.D.K. (1982\). "[GRENVILLE, John (by 1506\-62 or later), of Exeter, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/grenville-john-1506-62-or-later)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\.
##### Sir Richard Grenville (c. 1495 – 1550\)
Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville_%28died_1550%29 "Richard Grenville (died 1550)") (c. 1495 – 1550\) (eldest son and heir). He entered the [Inner Temple](/wiki/Inner_Temple "Inner Temple"), with his brother John, in 1520Byrne, vol. 4, p. 11\. and served as MP for Cornwall in 1529\.Goring, J.J. (1982\). "[GRENVILLE, Richard I (by 1495\-1550\), of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornw.](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/grenville-richard-i-1495-1550)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\. He married Matilda Bevil, a daughter and co\-heiress of John Bevil of Gwarnock, St Allen, Cornwall. He was pre\-deceased by his eldest son:
[thumb\|Grenville arms on a bench\-end in All Hallows Church, [Woolfardisworthy](/wiki/Woolfardisworthy%2C_Torridge "Woolfardisworthy, Torridge"), North Devon](/wiki/File:GrenvilleArms_BenchEnd_WoolfardisworthyChurch_NorthDevon.PNG "GrenvilleArms BenchEnd WoolfardisworthyChurch NorthDevon.PNG")
* Roger Grenville (died 1545\), present on the [Mary Rose](/wiki/Mary_Rose "Mary Rose") when it sank in Portsmouth Harbour in 1545, whose son was the heroic Admiral Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville "Richard Grenville") (1542–1591\). Roger Grenville (died 1545\) married Thomasine Cole (d.1586\),Vivian (1887\), p. 13, pedigree of Arundell of Trerice. a daughter of Thomas Cole of [Slade](/wiki/Slade%2C_Cornwood "Slade, Cornwood")Pole, p.388; Vivian (1887\), p. 191, pedigree of Grenville; Vivian (1895\), pp. 213\-4, pedigree of Cole. in the parish of [Cornwood](/wiki/Cornwood "Cornwood") in Devon and of [Bucks](/wiki/Bucks_Mill "Bucks Mill") in the parish of [Woolfardisworthy](/wiki/Woolfardisworthy%2C_Torridge "Woolfardisworthy, Torridge"), North Devon. A bench\-end from this period displaying the arms of Grenville survives in All Hallows Church, Woolfardisworthy. Thomasine survived her husband and remarried to Thomas Arundell (d.1574\) of Ley and of Clifton in the parish of [Landulph](/wiki/Landulph "Landulph"),Lysons, Magna Britannia: Cornwall{{page needed\|date\=September 2018}} in Cornwall,Vivian (1887\), p. 13, pedigree of Arundell of Trerice; Vivian (1895\), p. 214\. a grandson of Nicholas Arundell of [Trerice](/wiki/Trerice "Trerice") by his wife Johanna St John (died 1482\).
##### Admiral Sir Richard Grenville (1542–1591\)
[thumb\|200px\|Arms of Richard Grenville (1542–1591\) (*Gules, three clarions or*) impaling St Ledger (*Azure fretty argent, a chief or*), arms of his wife Mary St Ledger. Kilkhampton Church](/wiki/File:GrenvilleImpalingStLeger_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.png "GrenvilleImpalingStLeger KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.png")
Admiral Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville "Richard Grenville") (1542–1591\) (grandson), was Captain of the *[Revenge](/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_%281577%29 "English ship Revenge (1577)")*, MP for [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)"), [Sheriff of Cork](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cork "Sheriff of Cork") from 1569 to 1570, [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1576–77, and an Armed Merchant Fleet Owner, privateer, colonizer, and [explorer](/wiki/List_of_explorers "List of explorers"). He died at the [Battle of Flores](/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_%281591%29 "Battle of Flores (1591)") (1591\), fighting heroically against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship to the far more numerous Spanish. He married Mary St Leger (c. 1543 – 1623\), daughter of [Sir John St Ledger](/wiki/John_St._Leger_%28died_1596%29 "John St. Leger (died 1596)") of [Annery, Monkleigh](/wiki/Annery%2C_Monkleigh "Annery, Monkleigh"),Hasler, P. W. (1981\). "[GRENVILLE, Richard II (c.1542\-91\), of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornw. and Buckland Abbey, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/grenville-richard-ii-1542-91)". *The History of Parliament.* Retrieved 3 September 2018\. (near Bideford) and heir to her brother. She outlived her husband and died aged about 80 on 9 November 1623 and was buried at St Mary's Church, Bideford. The family initially lived at Buckland Abbey before moving to a newly built house at Bideford.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2018}} An escutcheon showing the arms of Grenville impaling St Ledger survives in Kilkhampton Church.
##### Sir Bernard Grenville (1567–1636\)
Sir [Bernard Grenville](/wiki/Bernard_Grenville "Bernard Grenville") (1567–1636\), (eldest surviving son and heir). He served as [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall "Sheriff of Cornwall") in 1596–97, and was a [Justice of the Peace](/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace "Justice of the Peace") and a [Deputy Lieutenant](/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant "Deputy Lieutenant") of Cornwall in 1598\. He was appointed a [Gentleman of the Privy Chamber](/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Privy_Chamber "Gentleman of the Privy Chamber") to King Charles I in 1628\. He was elected a [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Bodmin](/wiki/Bodmin_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)"), Cornwall, in 1597\. He married Elizabeth Bevill, only daughter and heiress of Phillip Bevill of Brinn and Killigarth.
##### Sir Bevil Grenville (1596–1643\)
Sir [Bevil Grenville](/wiki/Bevil_Grenville "Bevil Grenville") (1596–1643\) (eldest son and heir), a [Royalist](/wiki/Cavalier "Cavalier") soldier in the [Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War"), killed in action in heroic circumstances at the [Battle of Lansdowne](/wiki/Battle_of_Lansdowne "Battle of Lansdowne") in 1643\. He served as [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)") 1621–1625 and 1640–42, and for [Launceston](/wiki/Launceston_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)") 1625–1629 and 1640\. He married Grace Smith, a daughter by his second marriage of Sir [George Smith](/wiki/George_Smith_%28MP_for_Exeter%29 "George Smith (MP for Exeter)") (died 1619\) of Madworthy, near Exeter,Vivian (1895\), p. 569, pedigree of Monk of Potheridge Devon, a merchant who served as [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Exeter (UK Parliament constituency)") in 1604, was three times Mayor of Exeter and was Exeter's richest citizen, possessing 25 [manors](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism").Thrush, Andrew and Ferris, John P. "[SMITH, George (\-d.1619\), of Madford House, Exeter, Devon](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/smith-george-1619)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\.Round, p. 164\. Grace's half\-sister Elizabeth Smythe was the wife of Sir [Thomas Monk](/wiki/Thomas_Monk "Thomas Monk") (1570–1627\) of [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge "Potheridge"), Devon, [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Camelford](/wiki/Camelford_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Camelford (UK Parliament constituency)") in 1626, and mother of the great general [George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle](/wiki/George_Monck%2C_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle "George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle"), KG (1608–1670\). It was largely due to his close kinship to his first cousin the Duke that Sir Bevil's son Sir John Granville was raised to the peerage in 1660 as [Earl of Bath](/wiki/Earl_of_Bath "Earl of Bath"),Round, p. 163: "Great as was the favour bestowed on Sir John Granville" (i.e. later cr. 1st Earl of Bath) "and his brothers under Charles II, the actual part taken by Sir John in the restoration of the King was less potent to obtain it than his lucky relationship to George Monk, the prime agent in that event" and was also granted the reversion of the Dukedom of Albemarle in the event of the failure of George Monck's male issue.Round, p. 165\.
His third son was Bernard Granville, father of [George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdown](/wiki/George_Granville%2C_1st_Baron_Lansdown "George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdown") (1666–1735\). George became [heir male](/wiki/Heir_male "Heir male") of the family on the extinction of the senior male line in 1711, following the death of [William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath](/wiki/William_Granville%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Bath "William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath") (1692–1711\), and due to this in 1712 was raised to the peerage as "Baron Lansdown of Bideford".
##### John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701\)
[John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath](/wiki/John_Granville%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bath "John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath") (1628–1701\) (son and heir). He was a major figure in effecting, in a subsidiary role to his cousin [George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle](/wiki/George_Monck%2C_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle "George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle"), the [Restoration of the Monarchy](/wiki/Restoration_%281660%29 "Restoration (1660)") to King Charles II in 1660, for which service he was elevated to the peerage. He left two sons and three daughters, who were in their issue the eventual co\-heiresses of his grandson the 3rd Earl:
* Jane Granville (died 27 February 1696\), wife of [Sir William Leveson\-Gower, 4th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Leveson-Gower%2C_4th_Baronet "Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet") and mother of [John Leveson\-Gower, 1st Baron Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Baron_Gower "John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower") (1675–1709\) and grandmother of [John Leveson\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower "John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower") (1694–1754\).
* Catherine Granville, wife of [Craven Peyton](/wiki/Craven_Peyton "Craven Peyton") (c. 1663 – 1738\), Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge 1705–1713\. She died childless.Hayton, D.; Cruickshanks, E.; Handley, S. (2002\). "[PEYTON, Craven (c.1663\-1738\), of Stratton Street, Westminster](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/peyton-craven-1663-1738)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\.
* Grace Granville, *suo jure* Countess Granville (3 September 1654 – 18 October 1744\), wife of [George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret](/wiki/George_Carteret%2C_1st_Baron_Carteret "George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret") and mother of [John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville](/wiki/John_Carteret%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville "John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville").
##### Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath (1661–1701\)
[Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath](/wiki/Charles_Granville%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Bath "Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath") (1661–1701\), (eldest son and heir). The family changed the spelling of its surname to "Granville", which was believed to be a more accurate reflection of its Norman origins at Granville in Normandy. He died from a gunshot wound during the preparations for his father's funeral, possibly suicide. He was twice married, firstly to Lady Martha Osborne (1664–1689\), daughter of [Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds](/wiki/Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds "Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds"). Without children. Secondly in 1691 he married Isabella van Nassau (1668–1692\), sister of [Henry Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham](/wiki/Henry_Nassau_d%27Auverquerque%2C_1st_Earl_of_Grantham "Henry Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham"). His second son was [John Granville, 1st Baron Granville](/wiki/John_Granville%2C_1st_Baron_Granville "John Granville, 1st Baron Granville") of [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge "Potheridge") (1665–1707\).
##### William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath (1692–1711\)
[William Henry Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath](/wiki/William_Granville%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Bath "William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath") (1692–1711\) (son and heir by father's 2nd marriage). He died of smallpox aged 19 without children when the earldom became extinct. His co\-heirs were the surviving descendants of the three daughters of the 1st Earl:
* [John Leveson\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower "John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower") (1694–1754\), grandson of Jane Granville (died 1696\), daughter of the 1st Earl and wife of [Sir William Leveson\-Gower, 4th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Leveson-Gower%2C_4th_Baronet "Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet").
* Grace Granville, *suo jure* Countess Granville (1654–1744\), daughter of the 1st Earl and wife of [George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret](/wiki/George_Carteret%2C_1st_Baron_Carteret "George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret") and mother of [John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville](/wiki/John_Carteret%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville "John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville")
#### Carteret/Gower
The Devonshire and Cornwall estates, after the death of the last Earl of Bath, were divided between Lady Carteret, *suo jure* Countess Granville (1654–1744\) (née Lady Grace Granville), one of the daughters of the first Earl, and [John Leveson\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower "John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower") (1694–1754\) the grandson of Lady Gower (died 1696\) (née Lady Jane Granville), the other daughter, who had married Sir William Gower. "Grace, Countess Granville" and "John, Lord Gower" as joint [patrons](/wiki/Advowson "Advowson") made presentations to the Rectory of Bideford in 1723 and 1727, and "John, Lord Gower" as sole patron made a presentation in 1744\.Per framed list of rectors of Bideford in Bideford Church Lady Grace's descendants received as their share mostly the Cornwall estates while Lady Jane's descendants received mostly the Devon estates, including [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge "Potheridge").
#### Clevland/Saltren\-Willet/Christie
The manor of Bideford was sold in about 1750 to [John Clevland](/wiki/John_Clevland_%281706%E2%80%931763%29 "John Clevland (1706–1763)") (1706–1763\) of [Tapeley](/wiki/Tapeley "Tapeley"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\=50569 \|title\=Parishes: Bickton \- Bridford \| British History Online \| Lysons, 1822 \|publisher\=british\-history.ac.uk\|accessdate\=1 December 2015}} in the parish of [Westleigh](/wiki/Westleigh%2C_North_Devon "Westleigh, North Devon"), near Bideford, and descended to his heirs, by whom Tapeley, and the lordship of Bideford, is still owned in 2014\. The [advowson](/wiki/Advowson "Advowson") of the [rectory](/wiki/Rectory "Rectory") of Bideford was sold to the Buck family (later Stucley) of [Daddon House](/wiki/Moreton_House%2C_Bideford "Moreton House, Bideford"), which made their first presentation in 1783\.
|
[
"### Feudal barony of Gloucester",
"Brictric's lands were granted after the death of Matilda in 1083 by her eldest son King [William Rufus](/wiki/William_Rufus \"William Rufus\") (1087–1100\\) to [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon \"Robert FitzHamon\") (died 1107\\),Round, p. 139\\. the conqueror of [Glamorgan](/wiki/Glamorgan \"Glamorgan\"), whose daughter and sole heiress [Maud (or Mabel) FitzHamon](/wiki/Mabel_FitzHamon_of_Gloucester \"Mabel FitzHamon of Gloucester\") brought them to her husband [Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester \"Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester\") (pre\\-1100\\-1147\\), a natural son of Matilda's younger son King [Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England \"Henry I of England\") (1100–1135\\). Thus Brictric's fiefdom became the [feudal barony of Gloucester](/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester \"Feudal barony of Gloucester\").Sanders, I.J. English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327, Oxford, 1960, p.6, Barony of Gloucester The Grenville family held Bideford for many centuries under the overlordship of the feudal barons of Gloucester, which barony was soon absorbed into the Crown, when they became [tenants in chief](/wiki/Tenant_in_chief \"Tenant in chief\").",
"#### Grenville",
"According to the 1895 work of the family's historian Rev. Roger Granville, Rector of Bideford, the descent of the [manor](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\") of [Bideford](/wiki/Bideford \"Bideford\") in North [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"), England, was as follows:Granville, Roger, M.A., (Rector of Bideford). *[The History of the Granville Family Traced Back to Rollo, First Duke of the Normans, with Pedigrees etc](https://archive.org/details/historyofgranvil00gran)*. (Exeter, 1895\\).{{better source needed\\|date\\=April 2019}}",
"##### Sir Richard de Grenville (died after 1142\\)",
"[thumb\\|1860 imaginary depiction of Robert FitzHamon (died 1107\\) (left) and his younger brother [Richard de Grenville](/wiki/Richard_de_Grenville \"Richard de Grenville\") (died after 1142\\) (right), Church of St James the Great, [Kilkhampton](/wiki/Kilkhampton \"Kilkhampton\"), Cornwall](/wiki/File:RobertFitzHamon_%26RichardDeGrenville_1860Window_Kilkhampton.JPG \"RobertFitzHamon &RichardDeGrenville 1860Window Kilkhampton.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Historic seats of the Grenville family (spelled \"Granville\" after 1661Round, p. 130\\.) in Normandy ([Granville, Manche](/wiki/Granville%2C_Manche \"Granville, Manche\")), Glamorgan ([Neath Castle](/wiki/Neath_Castle \"Neath Castle\")), Devon ([Bideford](/wiki/Bideford \"Bideford\")) \\& Cornwall ([Stowe, Kilkhampton](/wiki/Stowe%2C_Kilkhampton \"Stowe, Kilkhampton\"))](/wiki/File:MapGrenvilleSeats.PNG \"MapGrenvilleSeats.PNG\")\nSir [Richard de Grenville](/wiki/Richard_de_Grenville \"Richard de Grenville\") (died after 1142\\) (*alias* de Grainvilla, de Greinvill, etc.) was one of the [Twelve Knights of Glamorgan](/wiki/Twelve_Knights_of_Glamorgan \"Twelve Knights of Glamorgan\") who served in the Norman Conquest of [Glamorgan](/wiki/Glamorgan \"Glamorgan\") under [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon \"Robert FitzHamon\") (died 1107\\), the first Norman [feudal baron of Gloucester](/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Gloucester \"Feudal barony of Gloucester\") and [Lord of Glamorgan](/wiki/Lord_of_Glamorgan \"Lord of Glamorgan\") from 1075\\. He obtained from FitzHamon the lordship of [Neath](/wiki/Neath \"Neath\"), Glamorgan, in which he built [Neath Castle](/wiki/Neath_Castle \"Neath Castle\") and in 1129 founded [Neath Abbey](/wiki/Neath_Abbey \"Neath Abbey\"). Richard de Grenville is by tradition the founder and ancestor of the prominent [Westcountry](/wiki/Westcountry \"Westcountry\") Grenville family of [Stowe](/wiki/Stowe%2C_Kilkhampton \"Stowe, Kilkhampton\") in the parish of [Kilkhampton](/wiki/Kilkhampton \"Kilkhampton\") in Cornwall and of Bideford in Devon.",
"By tradition Richard de Grenville is said by [Prince](/wiki/John_Prince_%28biographer%29 \"John Prince (biographer)\") (died 1723\\),[Prince, John](/wiki/John_Prince_%28biographer%29 \"John Prince (biographer)\"), (1643–1723\\) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, p.440, biography of Sir Theobald Grenvil (apparently following *[Fuller's Worthies](/wiki/Fuller%27s_Worthies \"Fuller's Worthies\")*)Round, p. 138\\.) after he had founded Neath Abbey and bestowed upon it all his military acquisitions for its maintenance, to have \"returned to his patrimony at Bideford where he lived in great honour and reputation the rest of his days\". However, according to Round no proof exists that Richard de Grenville ever held the manor of Bideford, which was later one of the principal seats of the Westcountry Grenville family. It was however certainly one of the constituent manors of the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester \"Honour of Gloucester\") granted by King [William Rufus](/wiki/William_Rufus \"William Rufus\") to [Robert FitzHamon](/wiki/Robert_FitzHamon \"Robert FitzHamon\").\" Richard de Grenville is known to have held seven [knight's fees](/wiki/Knight%27s_fee \"Knight's fee\") from the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester \"Honour of Gloucester\"), either granted to him by his FitzHamon or the latter's son\\-in\\-law and heir [Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester \"Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester\") (1100–1147\\). Round supposes that the Grenvilles of Bideford and Stowe were instead descended from a certain \"Robert de Grenville\" (*alias* de Grainville, de Grainavilla, etc.) who was a junior witness to Richard's foundation charter of Neath Abbey and who in the 1166 [Cartae Baronum](/wiki/Cartae_Baronum \"Cartae Baronum\") return was listed as holding one [knight's fee](/wiki/Knight%27s_fee \"Knight's fee\") from the Earl of Gloucester, feudal baron of Gloucester. Robert's familial relationship, if any, to Richard is unknown.",
"##### Richard de Grenville (fl. late 12th century)",
"Richard de Grenville (eldest son, by tradition). He married Adelina de Beaumont, and during the reign of King Henry II (1154–1189\\) held 3 1/2 knight's fees from the [Honour of Gloucester](/wiki/Honour_of_Gloucester \"Honour of Gloucester\").",
"##### Richard de Grenville (died 1204\\)",
"Richard de Grenville (died 1204\\) (son), who married a certain *Gundreda*. He died in 1204, leaving his children as minors. King John granted the wardship of his son and heir Richard de Grenville to Richard Fleminge in consideration for six hundred marks and six palfreys.Granville, p. 32\\.",
"##### Richard de Grenville (died c. 1217\\)",
"Richard de Grenville (died c. 1217\\) (son). As arranged by his father, he married the daughter and heiress of Thomas de Middleton, whose wardship and marriage the former had acquired from King John in 1204\\.Granville, p. 31\\.",
"##### Richard de Grenville (fl. 1295\\)",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|1860 imaginary depiction of Richard de Grenville (fl. 1295\\), with escutcheon showing the arms of Grenville impaling Trewent](/wiki/File:RichardVGrenville_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.PNG \"RichardVGrenville KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.PNG\")\nRichard de Grenville (son) (fl. 1295\\), who married Jane Trewent, daughter and heiress of William Trewent of [Blisland](/wiki/Blisland \"Blisland\"), Cornwall, in the hundred of Trigg Minor,Granville, p. 34\\. situated 5 miles north\\-east of [Bodmin](/wiki/Bodmin \"Bodmin\"). A [roll of arms](/wiki/Roll_of_arms \"Roll of arms\") from the reign of King Edward III states: *Monsire Esteine de Trewent, port les armes de Tyes, a trois egles de gules a double teste.*Nicholas, Nicholas Harris (ed.), *[Rolls of Arms of the Reigns of Henry III and Edward III](https://archive.org/details/rollsofarmsofrei00nico)*, London, 1829, p.14 of A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Edward III (\"Monsieur Stephen de Trewent bears the arms of de Tyes, three eagles with two heads gules\"). These are the arms shown in the 19th century stained glass window in Kilkhampton Church shown impaled by Grenville. He left four sons:\n* Richard de Grenville (died 1310\\) (eldest son and heir)\n* Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\\), heir to his elder brother\n* Robert de Grenville\n* [William de Grenville](/wiki/William_Greenfield \"William Greenfield\") (died 1315\\), [Lord Chancellor](/wiki/Lord_Chancellor \"Lord Chancellor\") of England and [Archbishop of York](/wiki/Archbishop_of_York \"Archbishop of York\").Granville, p. 36\\.",
"##### Richard de Grenville (died 1310\\)",
"Richard de Grenville (died 1310\\) (eldest son and heir). He married Isabel of Monte Treganion, daughter of Joscelyn of Monte Treganion, but died without children.",
"##### Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\\)",
"Bartholomew Grenville (died 1325\\) (younger brother). He married Amy Vyvyan, daughter of Sir Vyell Vyvyan of Treviddren, Cornwall. Walter de Stapeldon, [Bishop of Exeter](/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter \"Bishop of Exeter\"), granted to \"Sir Bartholomew\nand his wife Amy\" a licence for the celebration of divine service *in capella sua de Bydeforde* (\"in his chapel of Bideford\").Granville, p. 49\\.",
"##### Henry de Grenville (died 1327\\)",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|17th c. depiction of arms of Henry Grenville (died 1327\\) (*Gules, three clarions or*) impaling Wortham (*Sable, a chevron ermine between three lion's gambs erased argent*), the arms of his wife Ann Wortham. Kilkhampton ChurchGranville, p. 51Pole, p. 509, with tinctures amended to image at Kilkhampton](/wiki/File:GrenvilleImpalingWortham_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.PNG \"GrenvilleImpalingWortham KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.PNG\")\nHenry de Grenville (died 1327\\) (son), who married Ann Wortham, daughter and heiress of the family of Wortham, near Lifton, Devon. He was buried at Kilkhampton, where in 1895 his armorials impaling Wortham (*Sable, a chevron between three lion's paws argent*) were said to survive. In 1324 Henry de Grenvile presented to the Rectory of Kilkhampton Thomas Stapeldon, brother to Bishop Stapeldon, and also Walter de Prodhomme, a nephew of the ishop's, to the Rectory of Bideford in the same year. The Bishop in his will bequeathed to Walter de Prodhomme a legacy of 40s. for the maintenance of Bideford Bridge, as well as 10 marks *pro defectibus Ecclesiae de Bideforde reperandis* (\"for the repairing of the Church of Bideford\").",
"##### Sir Theobald de Grenville I (1323 – c. 1377\\)",
"Sir Theobald de Grenville I (1323 – c. 1377\\)Granville, p. 54\\. (son), the builder of [Bideford Long Bridge](/wiki/Bideford_Long_Bridge \"Bideford Long Bridge\") and [Sheriff of Devon](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon \"Sheriff of Devon\"). He married Joyce de beaumont, daughter of Thomas de Beaumont, [Earl of Meulan](/wiki/Earl_of_Meulan \"Earl of Meulan\"). Following a financial dispute between the king and the Bishop of Exeter, Sheriff Theobald was ordered by the king in the summer of 1347 to enforce an order made against the bishop in the Court of King's Bench. He marched to the bishop's manor of [Bishops Tawton](/wiki/Bishops_Tawton \"Bishops Tawton\") at the head of an army of 500 persons and seized goods to the value stated, not without killing several occupants of that manor. In January 1348 he made apology on bended knee to the bishop in his great hall at Chudleigh.Granville, pp. 52–3\\.",
"##### Sir Theobald de Grenville II (c. 1343 – July 1381\\)",
"Sir Theobald de Grenville II (c. 1343 – July 1381\\) (son), who married by 1365, Margaret Courtenay (born between 1342 and 1350, died after July 1381\\), a daughter of Sir [Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon](/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Devon \"Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon\") (12 July 1303 – 2 May 1377\\), and his wife, [Margaret de Bohun](/wiki/Margaret_de_Bohun%2C_Countess_of_Devon \"Margaret de Bohun, Countess of Devon\") (b. 3 April 1311 \\- d. 16 December 1391\\), daughter of [Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford](/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun%2C_4th_Earl_of_Hereford \"Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford\") (by his wife [Elizabeth of Rhuddlan](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan \"Elizabeth of Rhuddlan\"), a daughter of [King Edward I](/wiki/King_Edward_I \"King Edward I\"))Vivian, J. L. The Visitations of Cornwall of 1530, 1573, \\& 1620\\. (1887\\): p. 190 (Grenvile ped.), (author states, \"Sr. Theobald Grenvile, Kt., temp. Rich II. \\= Margaret, da. of Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon.\")",
"##### Sir John Grenville (died 1412\\)",
"Sir John Grenville (died 1412\\) (eldest son and heir),Granville, p. 56\\. [Sheriff of Devon](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon \"Sheriff of Devon\") in 1395, [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1411 and four times [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Devon](/wiki/Devon_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Devon (UK Parliament constituency)\"), in 1388, 1394, 1397 and 1402\\.Roskell, J. S.; Clark, L.; Rawcliffe, C. R. (1993\\). \"[Grenville, Sir John (d.1412\\), of Stow in Kilkhampton, Cornw. and Bideford, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/grenville-sir-john-1412)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\. At some time before September 1391 he married Margaret Burghersh (c. 1376 – c. 1421\\), elder daughter and co\\-heiress of Sir John Burghersh, MP, of Ewelme, Oxfordshire. He had no male children, only a daughter who predeceased him. His wife survived him and remarried to John Arundell (c. 1392 – 1423\\), MP, (who during his marriage lived at Bideford) eldest son of Sir John Arundell (c. 1366 – 1435\\), MP, of Lanherne, Steward of the [Duchy of Cornwall](/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall \"Duchy of Cornwall\").",
"##### William de Grenville, Esq. (died 1450\\)",
"William de Grenville, Esq. (born by 1381 \\- died 1450\\) (younger brother). He married twice, firstly to Thomasine Cole, daughter of John Cole, by whom he had no children. His second marriage was to Philippa Bonville (living 1464\\), a daughter or sisterThere is conflicting evidence regarding Philippa's relationship to William Bonville, see [Margaret Grey](/wiki/Margaret_Grey%23Marriage_and_issue \"Margaret Grey#Marriage and issue\") (wife of William Bonville) for details. of [William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville](/wiki/William_Bonville%2C_1st_Baron_Bonville \"William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville\") (1392–1461\\). Lord Bonville was an enemy of the Courtenay [Earls of Devon](/wiki/Earl_of_Devon \"Earl of Devon\") of [Tiverton Castle](/wiki/Tiverton_Castle \"Tiverton Castle\"), but an ally of their cousins the Courtenays of [Powderham](/wiki/Manor_of_Powderham \"Manor of Powderham\"). By his second marriage Grenville had several children: his son and heir was Sir Thomas Grenville.Granville, p. 57\\.",
"##### Sir Thomas Grenville I (died c. 1483\\)",
"Sir Thomas Grenville I (born by 21 January 1432 \\- died c. 1483\\) (son), the first member of the family to modernise his surname by omitting the *particule* \"de\". He served as [Sheriff of Gloucester](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Gloucester \"Sheriff of Gloucester\") in 1480 and [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1483\\.Granville, p. 58\\. He married twice, firstly in 1447 in the [Basset family](/wiki/Basset_family \"Basset family\")'s [Umberleigh Chapel](/wiki/Umberleigh_Chapel \"Umberleigh Chapel\") to Anne Courtenay, a daughter of [Sir Philip Courtenay](/wiki/Philip_Courtenay_%28died_1463%29 \"Philip Courtenay (died 1463)\") (1404–1463\\) of [Powderham](/wiki/Manor_of_Powderham \"Manor of Powderham\"), by his wife Elizabeth Hungerford, daughter of [Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford](/wiki/Walter_Hungerford%2C_1st_Baron_Hungerford \"Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford\") (died 1449\\). One of her brothers was [Peter Courtenay](/wiki/Peter_Courtenay \"Peter Courtenay\") (died 1492\\) [Bishop of Exeter](/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter \"Bishop of Exeter\").Vivian (1895\\), p.246, pedigree of Courtenay The marriage was childless. He married secondly to Elizabeth Gorges, daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon by his wife, Jane Hankford.Weis, p. 30\\. Line 22\\-11 (author states, \"THOMAS GRENVILLE, ESQ., ... m. (2\\) by 21 Jan 1453, Elizabeth dau. of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon, by (1\\) wife Joan (or Jane) Hankeford.\").Roberts, Gary Boyd. *The Royal Descent of 600 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the United States*, (2008\\): p. 524 \\[Gen: 14] (author places Elizabeth Gorges as the daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges and Jane Hankford). His younger son Rev. John Grenville (died 1509\\) was Rector of Bideford from 1504\\.",
"##### Sir Thomas Grenville II (died c. 1513\\)",
"[Sir Thomas Grenville II](/wiki/Thomas_Grenville_%28died_1513%29 \"Thomas Grenville (died 1513)\"), [K.B.](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath \"Order of the Bath\"), (c. 1453 – c. 1513\\), (eldest son and heir).Weis, p. 30\\. Line 22\\-12 (author states, \"SIR THOMAS GRENVILLE, K.B., son \\& h. by (2\\), b. say 1455, d. 18 Mar. 1513/4 ... \"). He was [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"High Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1481 and in 1486\\.Richard Polwhele, The Civil and Military History of Cornwall, volume 1, London, 1806, pp 106–9; Byrne, vol. 1, p. 302 states \"1485\", quoting Public Record Office, Lists \\& Indexes, vol. IX, List of Sheriffs During the [Wars of the Roses](/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses \"Wars of the Roses\") in his youth he was a Lancastrian supporter and took part in the conspiracy against King Richard III organised by the [Duke of Buckingham](/wiki/Duke_of_Buckingham \"Duke of Buckingham\").Byrne, vol. 1, p. 302\\. On the accession of King Henry VII (1485–1509\\) and at the end of the wars, Grenville was appointed one of the [Esquires of the Body](/wiki/Esquire_of_the_Body \"Esquire of the Body\") to King Henry VII. On the marriage of Prince Arthur to Katherine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 he was appointed [K.B.](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath \"Order of the Bath\") He served on the Commission of the Peace for Devon from 1510 to his death.",
"##### Sir Roger Grenville (1477–1523\\)",
"Sir Roger Grenville (1477–1523\\) (eldest son and heir by his father's first wife Isabel Gilbert). he served as [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1510–11, 1517–18, 1522, and was present within the Cornish contingent at the [Field of the Cloth of Gold](/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold \"Field of the Cloth of Gold\").Byrne, vol. 1, p. 303\\. He married Margaret Whitleigh (*alias* Whitlegh, Whitely, etc.) one of the two daughters and co\\-heiresses of Richard Whitleigh (died 1509\\)Byrne, vol. 1, p. 307\\. of [Efford](/wiki/Efford \"Efford\")Pole, p. 333\\. in the parish of [Egg Buckland](/wiki/Egg_Buckland \"Egg Buckland\") on the south coast of Devon. Sir Roger Grenville had by his wife Margaret Whitleigh, three sons and six daughters.Granville, pp. 71\\-77\\. His second son was John Grenville (c. 1506 – c. 1562\\), three times MP for Exeter, in 1545, 1554 and 1558\\.Hawkyard, A.D.K. (1982\\). \"[GRENVILLE, John (by 1506\\-62 or later), of Exeter, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/grenville-john-1506-62-or-later)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\.",
"##### Sir Richard Grenville (c. 1495 – 1550\\)",
"Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville_%28died_1550%29 \"Richard Grenville (died 1550)\") (c. 1495 – 1550\\) (eldest son and heir). He entered the [Inner Temple](/wiki/Inner_Temple \"Inner Temple\"), with his brother John, in 1520Byrne, vol. 4, p. 11\\. and served as MP for Cornwall in 1529\\.Goring, J.J. (1982\\). \"[GRENVILLE, Richard I (by 1495\\-1550\\), of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornw.](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/grenville-richard-i-1495-1550)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\. He married Matilda Bevil, a daughter and co\\-heiress of John Bevil of Gwarnock, St Allen, Cornwall. He was pre\\-deceased by his eldest son:\n[thumb\\|Grenville arms on a bench\\-end in All Hallows Church, [Woolfardisworthy](/wiki/Woolfardisworthy%2C_Torridge \"Woolfardisworthy, Torridge\"), North Devon](/wiki/File:GrenvilleArms_BenchEnd_WoolfardisworthyChurch_NorthDevon.PNG \"GrenvilleArms BenchEnd WoolfardisworthyChurch NorthDevon.PNG\")\n* Roger Grenville (died 1545\\), present on the [Mary Rose](/wiki/Mary_Rose \"Mary Rose\") when it sank in Portsmouth Harbour in 1545, whose son was the heroic Admiral Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville \"Richard Grenville\") (1542–1591\\). Roger Grenville (died 1545\\) married Thomasine Cole (d.1586\\),Vivian (1887\\), p. 13, pedigree of Arundell of Trerice. a daughter of Thomas Cole of [Slade](/wiki/Slade%2C_Cornwood \"Slade, Cornwood\")Pole, p.388; Vivian (1887\\), p. 191, pedigree of Grenville; Vivian (1895\\), pp. 213\\-4, pedigree of Cole. in the parish of [Cornwood](/wiki/Cornwood \"Cornwood\") in Devon and of [Bucks](/wiki/Bucks_Mill \"Bucks Mill\") in the parish of [Woolfardisworthy](/wiki/Woolfardisworthy%2C_Torridge \"Woolfardisworthy, Torridge\"), North Devon. A bench\\-end from this period displaying the arms of Grenville survives in All Hallows Church, Woolfardisworthy. Thomasine survived her husband and remarried to Thomas Arundell (d.1574\\) of Ley and of Clifton in the parish of [Landulph](/wiki/Landulph \"Landulph\"),Lysons, Magna Britannia: Cornwall{{page needed\\|date\\=September 2018}} in Cornwall,Vivian (1887\\), p. 13, pedigree of Arundell of Trerice; Vivian (1895\\), p. 214\\. a grandson of Nicholas Arundell of [Trerice](/wiki/Trerice \"Trerice\") by his wife Johanna St John (died 1482\\).",
"##### Admiral Sir Richard Grenville (1542–1591\\)",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|Arms of Richard Grenville (1542–1591\\) (*Gules, three clarions or*) impaling St Ledger (*Azure fretty argent, a chief or*), arms of his wife Mary St Ledger. Kilkhampton Church](/wiki/File:GrenvilleImpalingStLeger_KilkhamptonChurch_Cornwall.png \"GrenvilleImpalingStLeger KilkhamptonChurch Cornwall.png\")\nAdmiral Sir [Richard Grenville](/wiki/Richard_Grenville \"Richard Grenville\") (1542–1591\\) (grandson), was Captain of the *[Revenge](/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_%281577%29 \"English ship Revenge (1577)\")*, MP for [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)\"), [Sheriff of Cork](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cork \"Sheriff of Cork\") from 1569 to 1570, [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1576–77, and an Armed Merchant Fleet Owner, privateer, colonizer, and [explorer](/wiki/List_of_explorers \"List of explorers\"). He died at the [Battle of Flores](/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_%281591%29 \"Battle of Flores (1591)\") (1591\\), fighting heroically against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship to the far more numerous Spanish. He married Mary St Leger (c. 1543 – 1623\\), daughter of [Sir John St Ledger](/wiki/John_St._Leger_%28died_1596%29 \"John St. Leger (died 1596)\") of [Annery, Monkleigh](/wiki/Annery%2C_Monkleigh \"Annery, Monkleigh\"),Hasler, P. W. (1981\\). \"[GRENVILLE, Richard II (c.1542\\-91\\), of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornw. and Buckland Abbey, Devon.](https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/grenville-richard-ii-1542-91)\". *The History of Parliament.* Retrieved 3 September 2018\\. (near Bideford) and heir to her brother. She outlived her husband and died aged about 80 on 9 November 1623 and was buried at St Mary's Church, Bideford. The family initially lived at Buckland Abbey before moving to a newly built house at Bideford.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2018}} An escutcheon showing the arms of Grenville impaling St Ledger survives in Kilkhampton Church.",
"##### Sir Bernard Grenville (1567–1636\\)",
"Sir [Bernard Grenville](/wiki/Bernard_Grenville \"Bernard Grenville\") (1567–1636\\), (eldest surviving son and heir). He served as [Sheriff of Cornwall](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cornwall \"Sheriff of Cornwall\") in 1596–97, and was a [Justice of the Peace](/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace \"Justice of the Peace\") and a [Deputy Lieutenant](/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant \"Deputy Lieutenant\") of Cornwall in 1598\\. He was appointed a [Gentleman of the Privy Chamber](/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Privy_Chamber \"Gentleman of the Privy Chamber\") to King Charles I in 1628\\. He was elected a [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Bodmin](/wiki/Bodmin_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)\"), Cornwall, in 1597\\. He married Elizabeth Bevill, only daughter and heiress of Phillip Bevill of Brinn and Killigarth.",
"##### Sir Bevil Grenville (1596–1643\\)",
"Sir [Bevil Grenville](/wiki/Bevil_Grenville \"Bevil Grenville\") (1596–1643\\) (eldest son and heir), a [Royalist](/wiki/Cavalier \"Cavalier\") soldier in the [Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\"), killed in action in heroic circumstances at the [Battle of Lansdowne](/wiki/Battle_of_Lansdowne \"Battle of Lansdowne\") in 1643\\. He served as [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)\") 1621–1625 and 1640–42, and for [Launceston](/wiki/Launceston_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)\") 1625–1629 and 1640\\. He married Grace Smith, a daughter by his second marriage of Sir [George Smith](/wiki/George_Smith_%28MP_for_Exeter%29 \"George Smith (MP for Exeter)\") (died 1619\\) of Madworthy, near Exeter,Vivian (1895\\), p. 569, pedigree of Monk of Potheridge Devon, a merchant who served as [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Exeter (UK Parliament constituency)\") in 1604, was three times Mayor of Exeter and was Exeter's richest citizen, possessing 25 [manors](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\").Thrush, Andrew and Ferris, John P. \"[SMITH, George (\\-d.1619\\), of Madford House, Exeter, Devon](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/smith-george-1619)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\.Round, p. 164\\. Grace's half\\-sister Elizabeth Smythe was the wife of Sir [Thomas Monk](/wiki/Thomas_Monk \"Thomas Monk\") (1570–1627\\) of [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge \"Potheridge\"), Devon, [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Camelford](/wiki/Camelford_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Camelford (UK Parliament constituency)\") in 1626, and mother of the great general [George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle](/wiki/George_Monck%2C_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle \"George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle\"), KG (1608–1670\\). It was largely due to his close kinship to his first cousin the Duke that Sir Bevil's son Sir John Granville was raised to the peerage in 1660 as [Earl of Bath](/wiki/Earl_of_Bath \"Earl of Bath\"),Round, p. 163: \"Great as was the favour bestowed on Sir John Granville\" (i.e. later cr. 1st Earl of Bath) \"and his brothers under Charles II, the actual part taken by Sir John in the restoration of the King was less potent to obtain it than his lucky relationship to George Monk, the prime agent in that event\" and was also granted the reversion of the Dukedom of Albemarle in the event of the failure of George Monck's male issue.Round, p. 165\\.",
"His third son was Bernard Granville, father of [George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdown](/wiki/George_Granville%2C_1st_Baron_Lansdown \"George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdown\") (1666–1735\\). George became [heir male](/wiki/Heir_male \"Heir male\") of the family on the extinction of the senior male line in 1711, following the death of [William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath](/wiki/William_Granville%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Bath \"William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath\") (1692–1711\\), and due to this in 1712 was raised to the peerage as \"Baron Lansdown of Bideford\".",
"##### John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701\\)",
"[John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath](/wiki/John_Granville%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bath \"John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath\") (1628–1701\\) (son and heir). He was a major figure in effecting, in a subsidiary role to his cousin [George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle](/wiki/George_Monck%2C_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle \"George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle\"), the [Restoration of the Monarchy](/wiki/Restoration_%281660%29 \"Restoration (1660)\") to King Charles II in 1660, for which service he was elevated to the peerage. He left two sons and three daughters, who were in their issue the eventual co\\-heiresses of his grandson the 3rd Earl:\n* Jane Granville (died 27 February 1696\\), wife of [Sir William Leveson\\-Gower, 4th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Leveson-Gower%2C_4th_Baronet \"Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet\") and mother of [John Leveson\\-Gower, 1st Baron Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Baron_Gower \"John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower\") (1675–1709\\) and grandmother of [John Leveson\\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower \"John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower\") (1694–1754\\).\n* Catherine Granville, wife of [Craven Peyton](/wiki/Craven_Peyton \"Craven Peyton\") (c. 1663 – 1738\\), Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge 1705–1713\\. She died childless.Hayton, D.; Cruickshanks, E.; Handley, S. (2002\\). \"[PEYTON, Craven (c.1663\\-1738\\), of Stratton Street, Westminster](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/peyton-craven-1663-1738)\". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 3 September 2018\\.\n* Grace Granville, *suo jure* Countess Granville (3 September 1654 – 18 October 1744\\), wife of [George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret](/wiki/George_Carteret%2C_1st_Baron_Carteret \"George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret\") and mother of [John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville](/wiki/John_Carteret%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville \"John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville\").",
"##### Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath (1661–1701\\)",
"[Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath](/wiki/Charles_Granville%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Bath \"Charles Granville, 2nd Earl of Bath\") (1661–1701\\), (eldest son and heir). The family changed the spelling of its surname to \"Granville\", which was believed to be a more accurate reflection of its Norman origins at Granville in Normandy. He died from a gunshot wound during the preparations for his father's funeral, possibly suicide. He was twice married, firstly to Lady Martha Osborne (1664–1689\\), daughter of [Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds](/wiki/Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds \"Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds\"). Without children. Secondly in 1691 he married Isabella van Nassau (1668–1692\\), sister of [Henry Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham](/wiki/Henry_Nassau_d%27Auverquerque%2C_1st_Earl_of_Grantham \"Henry Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham\"). His second son was [John Granville, 1st Baron Granville](/wiki/John_Granville%2C_1st_Baron_Granville \"John Granville, 1st Baron Granville\") of [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge \"Potheridge\") (1665–1707\\).",
"##### William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath (1692–1711\\)",
"[William Henry Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath](/wiki/William_Granville%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Bath \"William Granville, 3rd Earl of Bath\") (1692–1711\\) (son and heir by father's 2nd marriage). He died of smallpox aged 19 without children when the earldom became extinct. His co\\-heirs were the surviving descendants of the three daughters of the 1st Earl:\n* [John Leveson\\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower \"John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower\") (1694–1754\\), grandson of Jane Granville (died 1696\\), daughter of the 1st Earl and wife of [Sir William Leveson\\-Gower, 4th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Leveson-Gower%2C_4th_Baronet \"Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet\").\n* Grace Granville, *suo jure* Countess Granville (1654–1744\\), daughter of the 1st Earl and wife of [George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret](/wiki/George_Carteret%2C_1st_Baron_Carteret \"George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret\") and mother of [John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville](/wiki/John_Carteret%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville \"John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville\")",
"#### Carteret/Gower",
"The Devonshire and Cornwall estates, after the death of the last Earl of Bath, were divided between Lady Carteret, *suo jure* Countess Granville (1654–1744\\) (née Lady Grace Granville), one of the daughters of the first Earl, and [John Leveson\\-Gower, 1st Earl Gower](/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Gower \"John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower\") (1694–1754\\) the grandson of Lady Gower (died 1696\\) (née Lady Jane Granville), the other daughter, who had married Sir William Gower. \"Grace, Countess Granville\" and \"John, Lord Gower\" as joint [patrons](/wiki/Advowson \"Advowson\") made presentations to the Rectory of Bideford in 1723 and 1727, and \"John, Lord Gower\" as sole patron made a presentation in 1744\\.Per framed list of rectors of Bideford in Bideford Church Lady Grace's descendants received as their share mostly the Cornwall estates while Lady Jane's descendants received mostly the Devon estates, including [Potheridge](/wiki/Potheridge \"Potheridge\").",
"#### Clevland/Saltren\\-Willet/Christie",
"The manor of Bideford was sold in about 1750 to [John Clevland](/wiki/John_Clevland_%281706%E2%80%931763%29 \"John Clevland (1706–1763)\") (1706–1763\\) of [Tapeley](/wiki/Tapeley \"Tapeley\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\\=50569 \\|title\\=Parishes: Bickton \\- Bridford \\| British History Online \\| Lysons, 1822 \\|publisher\\=british\\-history.ac.uk\\|accessdate\\=1 December 2015}} in the parish of [Westleigh](/wiki/Westleigh%2C_North_Devon \"Westleigh, North Devon\"), near Bideford, and descended to his heirs, by whom Tapeley, and the lordship of Bideford, is still owned in 2014\\. The [advowson](/wiki/Advowson \"Advowson\") of the [rectory](/wiki/Rectory \"Rectory\") of Bideford was sold to the Buck family (later Stucley) of [Daddon House](/wiki/Moreton_House%2C_Bideford \"Moreton House, Bideford\"), which made their first presentation in 1783\\.",
""
] |
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