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### 1990s #### 1992 The party presented for the first time in the 1992 regional elections. The list was led by [Ernest Moutoussamy](/wiki/Ernest_Moutoussamy "Ernest Moutoussamy"), obtaining 13,106 votes (10\.78%) and 5 seats. The PCG led by [Mona Cadoce](/wiki/Mona_Cadoce "Mona Cadoce") reduced to 7,100 votes (5\.84%) and just 3 seats. #### 1993 In the second round of the [1993 French Legislative Elections](/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election "1993 French legislative election"), [Ernest Moutoussamy](/wiki/Ernest_Moutoussamy "Ernest Moutoussamy") defeated his former comrade, Mona Cadoce of the [PCG](/wiki/Guadeloupe_Communist_Party "Guadeloupe Communist Party"), in the Second District. #### 1994 In the European Elections, [Ernest Moutoussamy](/wiki/Ernest_Moutoussamy "Ernest Moutoussamy") led a list called "Assembly of the Overseas and Minorities" with the [PPM](/wiki/Martinican_Progressive_Party "Martinican Progressive Party"), the [PSG](/wiki/Guianese_Socialist_Party "Guianese Socialist Party"), and the [PCR](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_R%C3%A9union "Communist Party of Réunion"). The list won 37,041 votes (0\.19%) of the total votes in France. #### 1995 It's a bad year for the PPDG, Henry Bangou lost his senate seat to the Dominique Larifla. The division of the PPDG led to his loss of the seat. Henri Bangou gathered 202 votes, and Marcelin Lubeth gathered 127 votes, but they were forced to withdraw from the second round in favour of Dominique Larifla, who arrived before them, with 260 votes. In the municipal elections, Jérôme Cléry was defeated by Lucette Michaux\-Chevry in [Basse\-Terre](/wiki/Basse-Terre "Basse-Terre"). Re\-election of Ernest Moutoussamy in Saint\-François, Henri Bangou in Pointe\-à\-Pitre and Marcellin Lubeth in Sainte\-Anne. #### 1997 Ernest Moutoussamy was elected mayor of Mould. #### 1998 In the regional elections the party was in alliance with the FGPS and GUSR with Jacques Gillot (GUSR) as the head of the list. This is no match for the RPR led by [Lucette Michaux\-Chevry](/wiki/Lucette_Michaux-Chevry "Lucette Michaux-Chevry"). Chevry's list (63,065 votes, 48\.03%) won twice as many votes as Gillot's list (32,148 votes, 24\.49%). The party lost its influence at that time, and is moving towards an alliance with the [FGPS](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29 "Socialist Party (France)") or the [GUSR](/wiki/United_Guadeloupe%2C_Solidary_and_Responsible "United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible") depending on their respective circumstances.	[ "### 1990s", "#### 1992", "The party presented for the first time in the 1992 regional elections. The list was led by [Ernest Moutoussamy](/wiki/Ernest_Moutoussamy \"Ernest Moutoussamy\"), obtaining 13,106 votes (10\\.78%) and 5 seats. The PCG led by [Mona Cadoce](/wiki/Mona_Cadoce \"Mona Cadoce\") reduced to 7,100 votes (5\\.84%) and just 3 seats.", "#### 1993", "In the second round of the [1993 French Legislative Elections](/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election \"1993 French legislative election\"), [Ernest Moutoussamy](/wiki/Ernest_Moutoussamy \"Ernest Moutoussamy\") defeated his former comrade, Mona Cadoce of the [PCG](/wiki/Guadeloupe_Communist_Party \"Guadeloupe Communist Party\"), in the Second District.", "#### 1994", "In the European Elections, [Ernest Moutoussamy](/wiki/Ernest_Moutoussamy \"Ernest Moutoussamy\") led a list called \"Assembly of the Overseas and Minorities\" with the [PPM](/wiki/Martinican_Progressive_Party \"Martinican Progressive Party\"), the [PSG](/wiki/Guianese_Socialist_Party \"Guianese Socialist Party\"), and the [PCR](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_R%C3%A9union \"Communist Party of Réunion\"). The list won 37,041 votes (0\\.19%) of the total votes in France.", "#### 1995", "It's a bad year for the PPDG, Henry Bangou lost his senate seat to the Dominique Larifla. The division of the PPDG led to his loss of the seat. Henri Bangou gathered 202 votes, and Marcelin Lubeth gathered 127 votes, but they were forced to withdraw from the second round in favour of Dominique Larifla, who arrived before them, with 260 votes.", "In the municipal elections, Jérôme Cléry was defeated by Lucette Michaux\\-Chevry in [Basse\\-Terre](/wiki/Basse-Terre \"Basse-Terre\"). Re\\-election of Ernest Moutoussamy in Saint\\-François, Henri Bangou in Pointe\\-à\\-Pitre and Marcellin Lubeth in Sainte\\-Anne.", "#### 1997", "Ernest Moutoussamy was elected mayor of Mould.", "#### 1998", "In the regional elections the party was in alliance with the FGPS and GUSR with Jacques Gillot (GUSR) as the head of the list. This is no match for the RPR led by [Lucette Michaux\\-Chevry](/wiki/Lucette_Michaux-Chevry \"Lucette Michaux-Chevry\"). Chevry's list (63,065 votes, 48\\.03%) won twice as many votes as Gillot's list (32,148 votes, 24\\.49%).", "The party lost its influence at that time, and is moving towards an alliance with the [FGPS](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29 \"Socialist Party (France)\") or the [GUSR](/wiki/United_Guadeloupe%2C_Solidary_and_Responsible \"United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible\") depending on their respective circumstances.", "" ]
Work ---- ### Physical chemistry Polanyi's scientific interests were extremely diverse, including work in [chemical kinetics](/wiki/Chemical_kinetics "Chemical kinetics"), [x\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_diffraction "X-ray diffraction"), and the [adsorption](/wiki/Adsorption "Adsorption") of gases at solid surfaces. He is also well known for [his potential adsorption theory](/wiki/Potential_theory_of_Polanyi "Potential theory of Polanyi"), which was disputed for quite some time. In 1921, he laid the mathematical foundation of [fibre diffraction](/wiki/Fibre_diffraction "Fibre diffraction") analysis. In 1934, Polanyi, at about the same time as [G. I. Taylor](/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor "Geoffrey Ingram Taylor") and [Egon Orowan](/wiki/Egon_Orowan "Egon Orowan"), realised that the [plastic](/wiki/Plasticity_%28physics%29 "Plasticity (physics)") [deformation](/wiki/Deformation_%28mechanics%29 "Deformation (mechanics)") of [ductile](/wiki/Ductile "Ductile") materials could be explained in terms of the theory of [dislocations](/wiki/Dislocation "Dislocation") developed by [Vito Volterra](/wiki/Vito_Volterra "Vito Volterra") in 1905\. The insight was critical in developing the field of [solid mechanics](/wiki/Solid_mechanics "Solid mechanics"). ### Freedom and community In 1936, as a consequence of an invitation to give lectures for the Ministry of Heavy Industry in the [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR"), Polanyi met [Bukharin](/wiki/Bukharin "Bukharin"), who told him that in socialist societies all scientific research is directed to accord with the needs of the latest [Five Year Plan](/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union "Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union"). Polanyi noted what had happened to the study of [genetics](/wiki/Genetics "Genetics") in the Soviet Union once the doctrines of [Trofim Lysenko](/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko "Trofim Lysenko") had gained the backing of the State. Demands in Britain, for example by the Marxist [John Desmond Bernal](/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal "John Desmond Bernal"), for centrally planned scientific research led Polanyi to defend the claim that science requires free debate. Together with [John Baker](/wiki/John_Baker_%28biologist%29 "John Baker (biologist)"), he founded the influential [Society for Freedom in Science](/wiki/Society_for_Freedom_in_Science "Society for Freedom in Science"). In a series of articles, re\-published in The Contempt of Freedom (1940\) and The Logic of Liberty (1951\), Polanyi claimed that co\-operation amongst scientists is analogous to the way [agents](/wiki/Agent_%28economics%29 "Agent (economics)") co\-ordinate themselves within a [free market](/wiki/Free_market "Free market"). Just as consumers in a free market determine the value of products, science is a [spontaneous order](/wiki/Spontaneous_order "Spontaneous order") that arises as a consequence of open debate amongst specialists. Science (contrary to the claims of Bukharin) flourishes when scientists have the liberty to pursue truth as an end in itself:{{cite journal \\|last1\=Polanyi \\|first1\=Michael \\|title\=The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory \\|journal\=Minerva \\|date\=1962 \\|volume\=1 \\|page\=54\-74 \\|doi\=10\.1007/BF01101453 \\|url\=https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs\_5100/polanyi\_1967\.pdf}} {{blockquote\\|\[S]cientists, freely making their own choice of problems and pursuing them in the light of their own personal judgment, are in fact co\-operating as members of a closely knit organization.}} {{blockquote\\|Such self\-co\-ordination of independent initiatives leads to a joint result which is unpremeditated by any of those who bring it about.}} {{blockquote\\|Any attempt to organize the group ... under a single authority would eliminate their independent initiatives, and thus reduce their joint effectiveness to that of the single person directing them from the centre. It would, in effect, paralyse their co\-operation. }} He derived the phrase [spontaneous order](/wiki/Spontaneous_order "Spontaneous order") from [Gestalt psychology](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology "Gestalt psychology"), and it was adopted by the [classical liberal](/wiki/Classical_liberal "Classical liberal") economist [Friederich Hayek](/wiki/Friederich_Hayek "Friederich Hayek"), although the concept can be traced back to at least [Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith "Adam Smith"). Polanyi unlike Hayek argued that there are higher and lower forms of spontaneous order, and he asserted that defending scientific inquiry on [utilitarian](/wiki/Utilitarian "Utilitarian") or [sceptical](/wiki/Sceptical "Sceptical") grounds undermined the practice of science. He extends this into a general claim about free societies. Polanyi defends a free society not on the negative grounds that we ought to respect "private liberties", but on the positive grounds that "public liberties" facilitate our pursuit of spiritual ends. According to Polanyi, a free society that strives to be value\-neutral undermines its own justification. But it is not enough for the members of a free society to believe that ideals such as truth, justice, and beauty, are not simply subjective, they also have to accept that they transcend our ability to wholly capture them. The non\-subjectivity of values must be combined with acceptance that all knowing is fallible. In Full Employment and Free Trade (1948\) Polanyi analyses the way money circulates around an economy, and in a [monetarist](/wiki/Monetarist "Monetarist") analysis that, according to [Paul Craig Roberts](/wiki/Paul_Craig_Roberts "Paul Craig Roberts"), was thirty years ahead of its time, he argues that a free market economy should not be left to be wholly self\-adjusting. A [central bank](/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank") should attempt to moderate economic booms/busts via a strict/loose monetary policy. In 1940, he produced a film, "Unemployment and money. The principles involved", perhaps the first film about economics.{{Cite web\\|last\=Beira\\|first\=Eduardo\\|date\=2019\\|title\=pol1b – ebeira\\|url\=https://sites.google.com/site/ebeira/pol1b\\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-31\\|website\=sites.google.com}} The film defended a version of Keynesianism, neutral Keynesianism, that advised the State to use budget deficit and tax reductions to increase the amount of money in the circulation in times of economic hardship but did not seek direct investment or engage in public works.{{Cite journal\\|last\=Biro\\|first\=Gabor\\|date\=2020\\|title\="Michael Polanyi's Neutral Keynesianism and the First Economics Film, 1933 to 1945," Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 2020\.\\|journal\=Journal of the History of Economic Thought\\|volume\=42\\|issue\=3\\|pages\=335–356\\|doi\=10\.1017/S1053837219000476\\|s2cid\=225260656\\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal\-of\-the\-history\-of\-economic\-thought/article/michael\-polanyis\-neutral\-keynesianism\-and\-the\-first\-economics\-film\-1933\-to\-1945/3013E469C730D7A95B9E1715D9860E3A}} ### All knowing is personal {{main\\|Post\-critical}} In his book Science, Faith and Society (1946\), Polanyi set out his opposition to a [positivist](/wiki/Positivism_%28philosophy%29 "Positivism (philosophy)") account of science, noting that among other things it ignores the role personal commitments play in the practice of science. Polanyi gave the [Gifford Lectures](/wiki/Gifford_Lectures "Gifford Lectures") in 1951–52 at Aberdeen, and a revised version of his lectures were later published as Personal Knowledge (1958\). In this book Polanyi claims that all knowledge claims (including those that derive from rules) rely on personal judgments.Personal Knowledge, p. 18 He denies that a [scientific method](/wiki/Scientific_method "Scientific method") can yield truth mechanically. All knowing, no matter how formalised, relies upon commitments. Polanyi argued that the assumptions that underlie [critical philosophy](/wiki/Critical_philosophy "Critical philosophy") are not only false, they undermine the commitments that motivate our highest achievements. He advocates a [fiduciary](/wiki/Fiduciary "Fiduciary") [post\-critical](/wiki/Post-critical "Post-critical") approach, in which we recognise that we believe more than we can know, and know more than we can say. A knower does not stand apart from the universe, but participates personally within it. Our intellectual skills are driven by passionate commitments that motivate discovery and validation. According to Polanyi, a great scientist not only identifies patterns, but also significant questions likely to lead to a successful resolution. Innovators risk their [reputation](/wiki/Reputation "Reputation") by committing to a [hypothesis](/wiki/Hypothesis "Hypothesis"). Polanyi cites the example of [Copernicus](/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus "Nicolaus Copernicus"), who declared that the [Earth revolves around the Sun](/wiki/Heliocentrism "Heliocentrism"). He claims that Copernicus arrived at the Earth's true relation to the Sun not as a consequence of following a method, but via "the greater intellectual satisfaction he derived from the celestial panorama as seen from the Sun instead of the Earth."Personal Knowledge p. 3 His writings on the practice of science influenced [Thomas Kuhn](/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn "Thomas Kuhn") and [Paul Feyerabend](/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend "Paul Feyerabend"). Polanyi rejected the claim by [British Empiricists](/wiki/British_Empiricists "British Empiricists") that experience can be reduced into [sense data](/wiki/Sense_data "Sense data"), but he also rejects the notion that "indwelling" within (sometimes incompatible) interpretative frameworks traps us within them. Our tacit awareness connects us, albeit fallibly, with [reality](/wiki/Reality "Reality"). It supplies us with the context within which our articulations have meaning. Contrary to the views of his colleague and friend [Alan Turing](/wiki/Alan_Turing "Alan Turing"), whose work at the [Victoria University of Manchester](/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester "Victoria University of Manchester") prepared the way for the [first modern computer](/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware "History of computing hardware"), he denied that [minds](/wiki/Mind "Mind") are [reducible](/wiki/Reductionism "Reductionism") to collections of rules. His work influenced the critique by [Hubert Dreyfus](/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus "Hubert Dreyfus") of "First Generation" [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"). It was while writing Personal Knowledge that he identified the "structure of [tacit knowing](/wiki/Tacit_knowledge "Tacit knowledge")". He viewed it as his most important discovery. He claimed that we experience the world by integrating our subsidiary awareness into a focal awareness. In his later work, for example his [Terry Lectures](/wiki/Terry_Lectures "Terry Lectures"), later published as The Tacit Dimension (1966\), he distinguishes between the [phenomenological](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29 "Phenomenology (philosophy)"), [instrumental](/wiki/Instrumentalism "Instrumentalism"), [semantic](/wiki/Semantic "Semantic"), and [ontological](/wiki/Ontological "Ontological") aspects of tacit knowing, as discussed (but not necessarily identified as such) in his previous writing. ### Critique of reductionism In "Life's irreducible structure" (1968\),{{cite journal\\|title\=Life's Irreducible Structure\\|author\=Michael Polanyi\\|journal\=Science\\|date\=June 1968\\|volume\=160\\|pmid\=5651890\\|issue\=3834\\|pages\=1308–12\\|doi\=10\.1126/science.160\.3834\.1308\\|bibcode\=1968Sci...160\.1308P}} Polanyi argues that the information contained in the [DNA](/wiki/DNA "DNA") [molecule](/wiki/Molecule "Molecule") is not reducible to the laws of physics and chemistry. Although a DNA molecule cannot exist without physical properties, these properties are constrained by higher\-level [ordering](/wiki/Implicate_order "Implicate order") principles. In "Transcendence and Self\-transcendence" (1970\),{{cite journal\\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41177772\\|title\=Transcendence and Self\-transcendence\\|journal\=Soundings\\|volume\=53\\|issue\=1\\|year\=1970\\|pages\=88–94\\|author\=Michael Polanyi\\|jstor\=41177772\\|access\-date\=25 August 2020}} Polanyi criticises the [mechanistic](/wiki/Mechanism_%28philosophy%29 "Mechanism (philosophy)") [world view](/wiki/World_view "World view") that modern science inherited from [Galileo](/wiki/Galileo "Galileo"). Polanyi advocates [emergence](/wiki/Emergence "Emergence") i.e. the claim that there are several levels of reality and of [causality](/wiki/Causality "Causality"). He relies on the assumption that [boundary conditions](/wiki/Boundary_conditions "Boundary conditions") supply [degrees of freedom](/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_%28statistics%29 "Degrees of freedom (statistics)") that, instead of being random, are determined by higher\-level realities, whose properties are dependent on but distinct from the lower level from which they emerge. An example of a higher\-level reality functioning as a downward causal force is consciousness – [intentionality](/wiki/Intentionality "Intentionality") – generating meanings – [intensionality](/wiki/Intensionality "Intensionality"). Mind is a higher\-level expression of the capacity of living organisms for [discrimination](/wiki/Discrimination_learning "Discrimination learning"). Our pursuit of self\-set ideals such as truth and justice transform our understanding of the world. The [reductionistic](/wiki/Reductionism "Reductionism") attempt to reduce higher\-level realities into lower\-level realities generates what Polanyi calls a moral inversion, in which the higher is rejected with moral passion. Polanyi identifies it as a pathology of the modern mind and traces its origins to a false [conception of knowledge](/wiki/Conception_of_knowledge "Conception of knowledge"); although it is relatively harmless in the formal sciences, that pathology generates [nihilism](/wiki/Nihilism "Nihilism") in the humanities. Polanyi considered [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism "Marxism") an example of moral inversion. The State, on the grounds of an appeal to the logic of history, uses its coercive powers in ways that disregard any appeals to [morality](/wiki/Morality "Morality").Personal Knowledge, Ch. 7, section 11 ### Tacit knowledge [Tacit knowledge](/wiki/Tacit_knowledge "Tacit knowledge"), as distinct from explicit knowledge, is an influential term developed by Polanyi in The Tacit Dimension{{Cite book\\|title\=The tacit dimension\\|last\=Polanyi\\|first\=Michael\\|date\=2009 \\|orig\-year\=1966\\|publisher\=University of Chicago Press\\|isbn\=978\-0\-226\-67298\-4\\|location\=Chicago\\|oclc\=262429494}} to describe among other things the ability to do something without necessarily being able to articulate it: for example, being able to ride a bicycle or play a musical instrument without being able to fully explain the details of how it happens. He claims that not only do practical skills rely upon tacit awareness, all perception and meaning is rendered possible by agents relying upon their tacit awareness. Every consciousness has a subsidiary and a focal awareness, and this distinction also has an ontological dimension, because a lower and a higher dimension is how emergence takes place.	[ "Work\n----", "### Physical chemistry", "Polanyi's scientific interests were extremely diverse, including work in [chemical kinetics](/wiki/Chemical_kinetics \"Chemical kinetics\"), [x\\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_diffraction \"X-ray diffraction\"), and the [adsorption](/wiki/Adsorption \"Adsorption\") of gases at solid surfaces. He is also well known for [his potential adsorption theory](/wiki/Potential_theory_of_Polanyi \"Potential theory of Polanyi\"), which was disputed for quite some time. In 1921, he laid the mathematical foundation of [fibre diffraction](/wiki/Fibre_diffraction \"Fibre diffraction\") analysis. In 1934, Polanyi, at about the same time as [G. I. Taylor](/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor \"Geoffrey Ingram Taylor\") and [Egon Orowan](/wiki/Egon_Orowan \"Egon Orowan\"), realised that the [plastic](/wiki/Plasticity_%28physics%29 \"Plasticity (physics)\") [deformation](/wiki/Deformation_%28mechanics%29 \"Deformation (mechanics)\") of [ductile](/wiki/Ductile \"Ductile\") materials could be explained in terms of the theory of [dislocations](/wiki/Dislocation \"Dislocation\") developed by [Vito Volterra](/wiki/Vito_Volterra \"Vito Volterra\") in 1905\\. The insight was critical in developing the field of [solid mechanics](/wiki/Solid_mechanics \"Solid mechanics\").", "### Freedom and community", "In 1936, as a consequence of an invitation to give lectures for the Ministry of Heavy Industry in the [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\"), Polanyi met [Bukharin](/wiki/Bukharin \"Bukharin\"), who told him that in socialist societies all scientific research is directed to accord with the needs of the latest [Five Year Plan](/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union\"). Polanyi noted what had happened to the study of [genetics](/wiki/Genetics \"Genetics\") in the Soviet Union once the doctrines of [Trofim Lysenko](/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko \"Trofim Lysenko\") had gained the backing of the State. Demands in Britain, for example by the Marxist [John Desmond Bernal](/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal \"John Desmond Bernal\"), for centrally planned scientific research led Polanyi to defend the claim that science requires free debate. Together with [John Baker](/wiki/John_Baker_%28biologist%29 \"John Baker (biologist)\"), he founded the influential [Society for Freedom in Science](/wiki/Society_for_Freedom_in_Science \"Society for Freedom in Science\").", "In a series of articles, re\\-published in The Contempt of Freedom (1940\\) and The Logic of Liberty (1951\\), Polanyi claimed that co\\-operation amongst scientists is analogous to the way [agents](/wiki/Agent_%28economics%29 \"Agent (economics)\") co\\-ordinate themselves within a [free market](/wiki/Free_market \"Free market\"). Just as consumers in a free market determine the value of products, science is a [spontaneous order](/wiki/Spontaneous_order \"Spontaneous order\") that arises as a consequence of open debate amongst specialists. Science (contrary to the claims of Bukharin) flourishes when scientists have the liberty to pursue truth as an end in itself:{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Polanyi \\\|first1\\=Michael \\\|title\\=The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory \\\|journal\\=Minerva \\\|date\\=1962 \\\|volume\\=1 \\\|page\\=54\\-74 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF01101453 \\\|url\\=https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs\\_5100/polanyi\\_1967\\.pdf}}", "{{blockquote\\\|\\[S]cientists, freely making their own choice of problems and pursuing them in the light of their own personal judgment, are in fact co\\-operating as members of a closely knit organization.}}\n{{blockquote\\\|Such self\\-co\\-ordination of independent initiatives leads to a joint result which is unpremeditated by any of those who bring it about.}}\n{{blockquote\\\|Any attempt to organize the group ... under a single authority would eliminate their independent initiatives, and thus reduce their joint effectiveness to that of the single person directing them from the centre. It would, in effect, paralyse their co\\-operation.\n}}", "He derived the phrase [spontaneous order](/wiki/Spontaneous_order \"Spontaneous order\") from [Gestalt psychology](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology \"Gestalt psychology\"), and it was adopted by the [classical liberal](/wiki/Classical_liberal \"Classical liberal\") economist [Friederich Hayek](/wiki/Friederich_Hayek \"Friederich Hayek\"), although the concept can be traced back to at least [Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith \"Adam Smith\"). Polanyi unlike Hayek argued that there are higher and lower forms of spontaneous order, and he asserted that defending scientific inquiry on [utilitarian](/wiki/Utilitarian \"Utilitarian\") or [sceptical](/wiki/Sceptical \"Sceptical\") grounds undermined the practice of science. He extends this into a general claim about free societies. Polanyi defends a free society not on the negative grounds that we ought to respect \"private liberties\", but on the positive grounds that \"public liberties\" facilitate our pursuit of spiritual ends.", "According to Polanyi, a free society that strives to be value\\-neutral undermines its own justification. But it is not enough for the members of a free society to believe that ideals such as truth, justice, and beauty, are not simply subjective, they also have to accept that they transcend our ability to wholly capture them. The non\\-subjectivity of values must be combined with acceptance that all knowing is fallible.", "In Full Employment and Free Trade (1948\\) Polanyi analyses the way money circulates around an economy, and in a [monetarist](/wiki/Monetarist \"Monetarist\") analysis that, according to [Paul Craig Roberts](/wiki/Paul_Craig_Roberts \"Paul Craig Roberts\"), was thirty years ahead of its time, he argues that a free market economy should not be left to be wholly self\\-adjusting. A [central bank](/wiki/Central_bank \"Central bank\") should attempt to moderate economic booms/busts via a strict/loose monetary policy.", "In 1940, he produced a film, \"Unemployment and money. The principles involved\", perhaps the first film about economics.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Beira\\\|first\\=Eduardo\\\|date\\=2019\\\|title\\=pol1b – ebeira\\\|url\\=https://sites.google.com/site/ebeira/pol1b\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-31\\\|website\\=sites.google.com}} The film defended a version of Keynesianism, neutral Keynesianism, that advised the State to use budget deficit and tax reductions to increase the amount of money in the circulation in times of economic hardship but did not seek direct investment or engage in public works.{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Biro\\\|first\\=Gabor\\\|date\\=2020\\\|title\\=\"Michael Polanyi's Neutral Keynesianism and the First Economics Film, 1933 to 1945,\" Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 2020\\.\\\|journal\\=Journal of the History of Economic Thought\\\|volume\\=42\\\|issue\\=3\\\|pages\\=335–356\\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S1053837219000476\\\|s2cid\\=225260656\\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal\\-of\\-the\\-history\\-of\\-economic\\-thought/article/michael\\-polanyis\\-neutral\\-keynesianism\\-and\\-the\\-first\\-economics\\-film\\-1933\\-to\\-1945/3013E469C730D7A95B9E1715D9860E3A}}", "### All knowing is personal", "{{main\\\|Post\\-critical}}\nIn his book Science, Faith and Society (1946\\), Polanyi set out his opposition to a [positivist](/wiki/Positivism_%28philosophy%29 \"Positivism (philosophy)\") account of science, noting that among other things it ignores the role personal commitments play in the practice of science. Polanyi gave the [Gifford Lectures](/wiki/Gifford_Lectures \"Gifford Lectures\") in 1951–52 at Aberdeen, and a revised version of his lectures were later published as Personal Knowledge (1958\\). In this book Polanyi claims that all knowledge claims (including those that derive from rules) rely on personal judgments.Personal Knowledge, p. 18 He denies that a [scientific method](/wiki/Scientific_method \"Scientific method\") can yield truth mechanically. All knowing, no matter how formalised, relies upon commitments. Polanyi argued that the assumptions that underlie [critical philosophy](/wiki/Critical_philosophy \"Critical philosophy\") are not only false, they undermine the commitments that motivate our highest achievements. He advocates a [fiduciary](/wiki/Fiduciary \"Fiduciary\") [post\\-critical](/wiki/Post-critical \"Post-critical\") approach, in which we recognise that we believe more than we can know, and know more than we can say.", "A knower does not stand apart from the universe, but participates personally within it. Our intellectual skills are driven by passionate commitments that motivate discovery and validation. According to Polanyi, a great scientist not only identifies patterns, but also significant questions likely to lead to a successful resolution. Innovators risk their [reputation](/wiki/Reputation \"Reputation\") by committing to a [hypothesis](/wiki/Hypothesis \"Hypothesis\"). Polanyi cites the example of [Copernicus](/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus \"Nicolaus Copernicus\"), who declared that the [Earth revolves around the Sun](/wiki/Heliocentrism \"Heliocentrism\"). He claims that Copernicus arrived at the Earth's true relation to the Sun not as a consequence of following a method, but via \"the greater intellectual satisfaction he derived from the celestial panorama as seen from the Sun instead of the Earth.\"Personal Knowledge p. 3 His writings on the practice of science influenced [Thomas Kuhn](/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn \"Thomas Kuhn\") and [Paul Feyerabend](/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend \"Paul Feyerabend\").", "Polanyi rejected the claim by [British Empiricists](/wiki/British_Empiricists \"British Empiricists\") that experience can be reduced into [sense data](/wiki/Sense_data \"Sense data\"), but he also rejects the notion that \"indwelling\" within (sometimes incompatible) interpretative frameworks traps us within them. Our tacit awareness connects us, albeit fallibly, with [reality](/wiki/Reality \"Reality\"). It supplies us with the context within which our articulations have meaning. Contrary to the views of his colleague and friend [Alan Turing](/wiki/Alan_Turing \"Alan Turing\"), whose work at the [Victoria University of Manchester](/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester \"Victoria University of Manchester\") prepared the way for the [first modern computer](/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware \"History of computing hardware\"), he denied that [minds](/wiki/Mind \"Mind\") are [reducible](/wiki/Reductionism \"Reductionism\") to collections of rules. His work influenced the critique by [Hubert Dreyfus](/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus \"Hubert Dreyfus\") of \"First Generation\" [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\").", "It was while writing Personal Knowledge that he identified the \"structure of [tacit knowing](/wiki/Tacit_knowledge \"Tacit knowledge\")\". He viewed it as his most important discovery. He claimed that we experience the world by integrating our subsidiary awareness into a focal awareness. In his later work, for example his [Terry Lectures](/wiki/Terry_Lectures \"Terry Lectures\"), later published as The Tacit Dimension (1966\\), he distinguishes between the [phenomenological](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29 \"Phenomenology (philosophy)\"), [instrumental](/wiki/Instrumentalism \"Instrumentalism\"), [semantic](/wiki/Semantic \"Semantic\"), and [ontological](/wiki/Ontological \"Ontological\") aspects of tacit knowing, as discussed (but not necessarily identified as such) in his previous writing.", "### Critique of reductionism", "In \"Life's irreducible structure\" (1968\\),{{cite journal\\\|title\\=Life's Irreducible Structure\\\|author\\=Michael Polanyi\\\|journal\\=Science\\\|date\\=June 1968\\\|volume\\=160\\\|pmid\\=5651890\\\|issue\\=3834\\\|pages\\=1308–12\\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.160\\.3834\\.1308\\\|bibcode\\=1968Sci...160\\.1308P}} Polanyi argues that the information contained in the [DNA](/wiki/DNA \"DNA\") [molecule](/wiki/Molecule \"Molecule\") is not reducible to the laws of physics and chemistry. Although a DNA molecule cannot exist without physical properties, these properties are constrained by higher\\-level [ordering](/wiki/Implicate_order \"Implicate order\") principles. In \"Transcendence and Self\\-transcendence\" (1970\\),{{cite journal\\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41177772\\\|title\\=Transcendence and Self\\-transcendence\\\|journal\\=Soundings\\\|volume\\=53\\\|issue\\=1\\\|year\\=1970\\\|pages\\=88–94\\\|author\\=Michael Polanyi\\\|jstor\\=41177772\\\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2020}} Polanyi criticises the [mechanistic](/wiki/Mechanism_%28philosophy%29 \"Mechanism (philosophy)\") [world view](/wiki/World_view \"World view\") that modern science inherited from [Galileo](/wiki/Galileo \"Galileo\").", "Polanyi advocates [emergence](/wiki/Emergence \"Emergence\") i.e. the claim that there are several levels of reality and of [causality](/wiki/Causality \"Causality\"). He relies on the assumption that [boundary conditions](/wiki/Boundary_conditions \"Boundary conditions\") supply [degrees of freedom](/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_%28statistics%29 \"Degrees of freedom (statistics)\") that, instead of being random, are determined by higher\\-level realities, whose properties are dependent on but distinct from the lower level from which they emerge. An example of a higher\\-level reality functioning as a downward causal force is consciousness – [intentionality](/wiki/Intentionality \"Intentionality\") – generating meanings – [intensionality](/wiki/Intensionality \"Intensionality\").", "Mind is a higher\\-level expression of the capacity of living organisms for [discrimination](/wiki/Discrimination_learning \"Discrimination learning\"). Our pursuit of self\\-set ideals such as truth and justice transform our understanding of the world. The [reductionistic](/wiki/Reductionism \"Reductionism\") attempt to reduce higher\\-level realities into lower\\-level realities generates what Polanyi calls a moral inversion, in which the higher is rejected with moral passion. Polanyi identifies it as a pathology of the modern mind and traces its origins to a false [conception of knowledge](/wiki/Conception_of_knowledge \"Conception of knowledge\"); although it is relatively harmless in the formal sciences, that pathology generates [nihilism](/wiki/Nihilism \"Nihilism\") in the humanities. Polanyi considered [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") an example of moral inversion. The State, on the grounds of an appeal to the logic of history, uses its coercive powers in ways that disregard any appeals to [morality](/wiki/Morality \"Morality\").Personal Knowledge, Ch. 7, section 11", "### Tacit knowledge", "[Tacit knowledge](/wiki/Tacit_knowledge \"Tacit knowledge\"), as distinct from explicit knowledge, is an influential term developed by Polanyi in The Tacit Dimension{{Cite book\\\|title\\=The tacit dimension\\\|last\\=Polanyi\\\|first\\=Michael\\\|date\\=2009 \\\|orig\\-year\\=1966\\\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-226\\-67298\\-4\\\|location\\=Chicago\\\|oclc\\=262429494}} to describe among other things the ability to do something without necessarily being able to articulate it: for example, being able to ride a bicycle or play a musical instrument without being able to fully explain the details of how it happens. He claims that not only do practical skills rely upon tacit awareness, all perception and meaning is rendered possible by agents relying upon their tacit awareness. Every consciousness has a subsidiary and a focal awareness, and this distinction also has an ontological dimension, because a lower and a higher dimension is how emergence takes place.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Houston Astros The [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") selected Phillips in the sixth round of the [2012 MLB draft](/wiki/2012_Major_League_Baseball_draft "2012 Major League Baseball draft").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/hometeam/blog/seminoles\-phillips\-drafted\-astros\-sixth\-round/14023/\\|title\=Florida high school sports \- Seminole's Phillips drafted by Astros in sixth round\\|work\=tampabay.com\\|access\-date\=July 30, 2015\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041545/http://www.tampabay.com/hometeam/blog/seminoles\-phillips\-drafted\-astros\-sixth\-round/14023/\\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016\\|url\-status\=dead}} He signed with the Astros rather than play [college baseball](/wiki/College_baseball "College baseball") at [North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.tbnweekly.com/pubs/seminole\_beacon/content\_articles/061912\_smb\-02\.txt\\|title\=Seminole's Phillips signs with Astros\\|first\=Brad\\|last\=Richardson\\|date\=June 19, 2012\\|work\=Tampa Bay Newspapers\\|access\-date\=July 30, 2015}} In 2012, Phillips made his professional debut with the [Gulf Coast Astros](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Astros "Gulf Coast Astros") of the [Rookie\-level](/wiki/Rookie-level "Rookie-level") [Gulf Coast League](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League "Gulf Coast League"), hitting .251 in 54 games. He played in 41 games in 2013 between the [Greeneville Astros](/wiki/Greeneville_Astros "Greeneville Astros") of the Rookie\-level [Appalachian League](/wiki/Appalachian_League "Appalachian League") and [Quad Cities River Bandits](/wiki/Quad_Cities_River_Bandits "Quad Cities River Bandits") of the [Single\-A](/wiki/Single-A "Single-A") [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League "Midwest League"), hitting .242/.347/.331 in 157 at\-bats. Phillips started 2014 back with Quad Cities and was promoted to the [Lancaster JetHawks](/wiki/Lancaster_JetHawks "Lancaster JetHawks") of the [High–A](/wiki/Class_A-Advanced "Class A-Advanced") [California League](/wiki/California_League "California League") after posting a .883 [on\-base plus slugging](/wiki/On-base_plus_slugging "On-base plus slugging") (OPS) and 13 home runs in 103 games.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20140823\&content\_id\=91027582\&fext\=.jsp\&vkey\=news\_milb\\|title\=Houston Astros prospect Brett Phillips stays hot with first career five\-hit night for Lancaster JetHawks \- MiLB.com News \- The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\|work\=MiLB.com\\|access\-date\=July 30, 2015}} He finished the year hitting .310/.375/.529 with 17 home runs and was named the Astros' [Minor League Player of the Year](/wiki/Houston_Astros_award_winners_and_league_leaders%23Houston_Astros_Minor_League_Player_of_the_Year "Houston Astros award winners and league leaders#Houston Astros Minor League Player of the Year") after the season.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.qconline.com/archives/qco/display.php?id\=695493 \\|title\=River Bandit Phillips named Astros' top Minor Leaguer \\|date\= \\|accessdate\=2021\-12\-09 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20141006223145/http://www.qconline.com/archives/qco/display.php?id\=695493 \\|archive\-date\=6 October 2014 \\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://blog.chron.com/ultimateastros/2014/09/17/astros\-name\-josh\-hader\-and\-brett\-phillips\-as\-top\-minor\-league\-players\-for\-2014/\#22102101\=0\\|title\=Astros name Josh Hader and Brett Phillips as top minor league players for 2014\\|work\=Houston Chronicle\\|date\=September 17, 2014\\|access\-date\=July 30, 2015}} ### Milwaukee Brewers On July 30, 2015, the Astros traded Phillips, [Domingo Santana](/wiki/Domingo_Santana "Domingo Santana"), [Josh Hader](/wiki/Josh_Hader "Josh Hader"), and [Adrian Houser](/wiki/Adrian_Houser "Adrian Houser") to the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers") for [Carlos Gómez](/wiki/Carlos_G%C3%B3mez "Carlos Gómez") and [Mike Fiers](/wiki/Mike_Fiers "Mike Fiers").{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/13349971/carlos\-gomez\-mike\-fiers\-traded\-houston\-astros\-prospects\\|title\=Carlos Gomez, Mike Fiers traded to Houston Astros for prospects\\|work\=ESPN.com\\|date\=July 30, 2015\\|access\-date\=July 30, 2015}} He finished the season with the [Biloxi Shuckers](/wiki/Biloxi_Shuckers "Biloxi Shuckers") of the [Double–A](/wiki/Class_AA "Class AA") [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%932020%29 "Southern League (1964–2020)"). The Brewers invited Phillips to [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training"), where he was to compete to be the Brewers center fielder for the 2016 season.{{cite web\\|url\=http://m.brewers.mlb.com/news/article/165355808/nine\-brewers\-competing\-for\-center\-field\-job\\|title\=Nine Brewers competing for center\-field job\\|work\=MLB.com\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2016\\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2017\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819174136/http://m.brewers.mlb.com/news/article/165355808/nine\-brewers\-competing\-for\-center\-field\-job/\\|url\-status\=dead}} However, he strained an [oblique muscle](/wiki/Oblique_strain "Oblique strain") and was sent to minor league camp before he could appear in a game.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/promising\-outfielder\-brett\-phillips\-finally\-gets\-to\-play\-for\-brewers\-b99697217z1\-374068951\.html\\|title\=Promising outfielder Brett Phillips finally gets to play for Brewers\\|work\=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel\\|first1\=Todd\\|last1\=Rosiak\\|first2\=Tom \\|last2\=Haudricourt\\|date\=March 30, 2016\\|access\-date\=July 14, 2016}} The Brewers opted to assign Phillips to Biloxi to start the 2016 season.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.sunherald.com/sports/mlb/biloxi\-shuckers/article76917687\.html\\|title\=Brewers prospect Brett Phillips shows power potential for Shuckers\\|work\=Sun Herald\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2016}} The Brewers added him to their 40\-man roster after the season.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/brewers\-brinson\-hader\-added\-to\-40\-man\-roster\-c209166820\\|title\=Brinson, Hader added to 40\-man roster\\|website\=MLB.com}} He started the 2017 season with the [Colorado Springs Sky Sox](/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Sky_Sox "Colorado Springs Sky Sox") of the [Triple–A](/wiki/Class_AAA "Class AAA") [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League "Pacific Coast League"). [thumb\\|upright\=0\.7\\|Phillips with the Royals in 2019](/wiki/File:Brett_Phillips%2C_Houston_Astros_4%2C_Kansas_City_Royals_1%2C_Kaufmann_Stadium%2C_Kansas_City%2C_Missouri_%2848730234246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Brett Phillips, Houston Astros 4, Kansas City Royals 1, Kaufmann Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri (48730234246) (cropped).jpg") On June 5, 2017, Phillips was called up to the Brewers to make his MLB debut. In limited action, he hit .276 with four homers and 12 RBI,[Rosiak, Todd. "Brewers outfielder Brett Phillips says his spring hits remain squirreled away," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Tuesday, March 20, 2018\.](https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2018/03/20/brewers-outfielder-brett-phillips-says-his-sspring-hits-remain-squirreled-away-brewers-brett-phillip/438748002/) Retrieved August 27, 2022\. and set a [Statcast](/wiki/Statcast "Statcast") record with a {{convert\\|104\\|mph\\|kph}} throw against the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates") to put [David Freese](/wiki/David_Freese "David Freese") out at home plate.[Steele, Ben. "Outfield throw by Brewers' Phillips against Pirates measured at 104 mph," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Thursday, September 14, 2017\.](https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/2017/09/14/outfield-throw-brewers-phillips-against-pirates-measured-104-mph/666372001/) Retrieved August 27, 2022\.{{citation needed\\|date\=April 2019}} Phillips began the 2018 season in the minors and only saw 24 plate appearances with the Brewers, hitting .182 with 11 strikeouts, a .523 [OPS](/wiki/On-base_plus_slugging "On-base plus slugging") and 4 RBIs.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2018/07/27/brewers\-acquire\-royals\-3\-b\-mike\-moustakas\-shaw\-likely\-move\-2\-b/854141002/\\|title\=Brewers trade for Royals third baseman Mike Moustakas; Travis Shaw will move to second base\\|work\=Milwaukee Journal\-Sentinel\\|first\=Tom\\|last\=Haudricourt\\|date\=July 27, 2018\\|access\-date\=July 28, 2018}}{{citation needed\\|date\=December 2021}} ### Kansas City Royals On July 27, 2018, Phillips and [Jorge López](/wiki/Jorge_L%C3%B3pez_%28baseball%29 "Jorge López (baseball)") were traded to the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals") in exchange for [Mike Moustakas](/wiki/Mike_Moustakas "Mike Moustakas"). In 2019, Phillips slashed .138/.247/.262 with two home runs and six RBI in 30 games.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.royalsblue.com/2020/02/is\-brett\-phillips\-the\-new\-jeff\-francoeur/ \\|title\=Is Brett Phillips the new Jeff Francoeur? \\|publisher\=Royals Blue \\|date\= \\|accessdate\=2021\-12\-09}} From August 9, 2020, to August 27, 2020, Phillips received only six plate appearances for the Royals.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.draysbay.com/2020/8/28/21405343/rays\-brett\-phillips\-trade\-analysis\-reaction\\|title\=What does the Brett Phillips acquisition mean for the Rays?\\|date\=August 28, 2020}} ### Tampa Bay Rays On August 27, 2020, the Royals traded Phillips to the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays") in exchange for [Lucius Fox](/wiki/Lucius_Fox_%28baseball%29 "Lucius Fox (baseball)").[The Kansas City Star](https://www.kansascity.com/sports/mlb/kansas-city-royals/article245302855.html) (subscription required) He was activated on September 4, making his Rays debut as a pinch\-runner in a 5–4 victory over the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins "Miami Marlins").{{cite web \\|last1\=Solondz \\|first1\=Neil \\|title\=Brett Phillips will make his Tampa Bay debut as a PR. \\|url\=https://twitter.com/neilsolondz/status/1302052737178374144}} On October 24, in Game 4 of the [2020 World Series](/wiki/2020_World_Series "2020 World Series") against the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers"), Phillips recorded his first career postseason hit, a walk\-off single in the bottom of the ninth inning that yielded two runs (one coming on an [error](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 "Error (baseball)")), giving the Rays an 8–7 victory.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/30185834/tampa\-bay\-rays\-stun\-dodgers\-game\-4\-dramatic\-finish\-plate \\|title\=Tampa Bay Rays stun Dodgers in Game 4 on dramatic finish at plate \\|first\=Jeff \\|last\=Passan \\|website\=ESPN.com \\|date\=October 25, 2020 \\|access\-date\=October 25, 2020}} He became the first player since [Kirk Gibson](/wiki/Kirk_Gibson "Kirk Gibson") in [1988](/wiki/1988_World_Series "1988 World Series") to have a walk\-off hit with two outs with his team trailing in the World Series.{{cite web\\|title\=Dodgers vs. Rays score: Tampa takes World Series Game 4, evens series on ridiculous walk\-off\\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/dodgers\-vs\-rays\-score\-tampa\-takes\-world\-series\-game\-4\-evens\-series\-on\-ridiculous\-walk\-off/live/\\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-25\\|website\=CBSSports.com}} On July 2, 2021, Phillips made his first career pitching appearance in a blowout loss against the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays"), and pitched one inning, allowing one run on an RBI single to [Santiago Espinal](/wiki/Santiago_Espinal "Santiago Espinal").{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/brett\-phillips\-has\-fun\-in\-first\-pitching\-appearance\\|title \= Try not to smile watching Brett Phillips pitch\\|website \= \[\[MLB.com]]}} Between July 29 and August 11, 2021, Phillips hit three [grand slams](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 "Grand slam (baseball)") in only 19 plate appearances, second only to [Jim Northrup](/wiki/Jim_Northrup_%28baseball%29 "Jim Northrup (baseball)") who did so in 14 appearances in 1968\. Then on August 16, 2021, he hit an [inside\-the\-park home run](/wiki/Inside-the-park_home_run "Inside-the-park home run"), and the combination of three slams plus one inside\-the\-park home run in only 19 days broke a record held by [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth "Babe Ruth"), who accomplished the same feat in 36 days in 1929\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/brett\-phillips\-breaks\-babe\-ruth\-gehrig\-records\\|title\=Move over Babe, Lou ... here's Brett Phillips\\|website\=MLB.com\\|date\=20 August 2021\\|access\-date\=5 September 2021}} In 2022, in 184 at bats for Tampa Bay, he hit .147/.225/.250\. He was designated for assignment on August 1, 2022 following the Rays' trade acquisition of [José Siri](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Siri "José Siri") from the [Houston Astros](/wiki/2022_Houston_Astros_season "2022 Houston Astros season").[Topkin, Marc. "Rays drop Brett Phillips after trading for outfielder Jose Siri," Tampa Bay Times, Monday, August 1, 2022\.](https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2022/08/01/rays-trade-for-outfielder-jose-siri-drop-brett-phillips/) Retrieved August 27, 2022\. ### Baltimore Orioles Phillips was acquired by the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/2022_Baltimore_Orioles_season "2022 Baltimore Orioles season") for cash considerations at the [trade deadline](/wiki/Trade_%28sports%29 "Trade (sports)") one day later on August 2\.{{cite news \\|title\=Orioles get Phillips from Rays for cash considerations \\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/orioles\-get\-brett\-phillips\-from\-rays \\|access\-date\=August 2, 2022 \\|work\=MLB.com}} The back of his Orioles [jersey](/wiki/Jersey_%28clothing%29 "Jersey (clothing)") featured his [surname](/wiki/Surname "Surname") above uniform number 66, a [word play](/wiki/Word_play "Word play") on the name of an [American multinational energy company](/wiki/Phillips_66 "Phillips 66").["MLB roundup: Rays' Drew Rasmussen loses perfect game in 9th," Reuters, Monday, August 15, 2022 (see the first photograph).](https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/mlb-roundup-rays-drew-rasmussen-loses-perfect-game-9t-2022-08-15/) Retrieved December 17, 2022\. In 2022 for Baltimore, after going 2\-for\-17 with two doubles (.118/.118/.235\) and nine strikeouts, he was replaced by [Kyle Stowers](/wiki/Kyle_Stowers "Kyle Stowers") on the team's 40\-man roster and designated for assignment seventeen days later on August 19\.[Kubatko, Roch. "Orioles select Stowers' contract and DFA Phillips (plus other moves and notes)," Mid\-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN), Friday, August 19, 2022\.](https://www.masnsports.com/blog/orioles-select-stowers-contract-and-dfa-phillips-plus-lineups-and-notes) Retrieved August 27, 2022\. He cleared waivers and was outrighted to the [Norfolk Tides](/wiki/Norfolk_Tides "Norfolk Tides") three days later on August 22\. He would've forfeited more than $300,000 remaining on his $1\.4 million salary for 2022 had he elected to become a free agent.["Orioles retain OF Brett Phillips after he clears waivers," Reuters, Monday, August 22, 2022\.](https://nationalpost.com/pmn/sports-pmn/orioles-retain-of-brett-phillips-after-he-clears-waivers) Retrieved August 27, 2022\. He elected free agency on October 6, 2022\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Norfolk Transactions \\|url\=https://www.milb.com/norfolk/roster/transactions/2022\-10 \\|access\-date\=October 17, 2023 \\|website\=milb.com}} ### Los Angeles Angels On January 9, 2023, the [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels "Los Angeles Angels") signed Phillips to a one\-year, $1\.2 million deal.{{cite web \\|last1\=McDonald \\|first1\=Darragh \\|title\=Angels Sign Brett Phillips To Major League Deal \\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/01/angels\-to\-sign\-brett\-phillips\-to\-major\-league\-deal.html \\|website\=mlbtraderumors\\|date\=January 9, 2023 }} He appeared in 20 games for the Angels, going 1\-for\-13 (.077\) with 3 walks and 2 RBI. Phillips was designated for assignment on May 20, when [Jared Walsh](/wiki/Jared_Walsh "Jared Walsh") was activated from the injured list.{{Cite web\\|title\=Angels' Brett Phillips: Removed from roster\\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/angels\-brett\-phillips\-removed\-from\-roster/\\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-20\\|website\=cbssports.com\\|date\=May 20, 2023 }} He cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple\-A [Salt Lake Bees](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Bees "Salt Lake Bees") on May 24\.{{Cite web\\|title\=Angels' Brett Phillips: Outrighted to Triple\-A\\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/angels\-brett\-phillips\-outrighted\-to\-triple\-a/\\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-24\\|website\=cbssports.com\\|date\=May 24, 2023 }} On September 6, Phillips was selected back to the major league roster.{{Cite web\\|title\=Angels' Brett Phillips: Contract selected by Halos\\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/angels\-brett\-phillips\-contract\-selected\-by\-halos/\\|access\-date\=September 10, 2023\\|website\=cbssports.com\\|date\=September 6, 2023 \\|language\=en}} In 39 total games for the Angels, he slashed .175/.268/.333 with 3 home runs, 6 RBI, and 3 stolen bases, with 36 strikeouts in 63 at bats. Following the season on October 16, Phillips was removed from the 40–man roster and sent outright to Triple–A Salt Lake. However, he subsequently rejected the assignment and elected free agency.{{Cite web\\|title\=Jared Walsh among six players outrighted off Angels' roster\\|url\=https://www.ocregister.com/2023/10/16/jared\-walsh\-among\-six\-players\-outrighted\-off\-angels\-roster/amp/\\|access\-date\=October 17, 2023\\|website\=ocregister.com\\|date\=October 16, 2023 \\|language\=en}} ### Chicago White Sox On January 4, 2024, Phillips signed a minor league contract with the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox").{{Cite web \\|date\=2024\-01\-04 \\|title\=White Sox's Brett Phillips: Signs on with White Sox \\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/white\-soxs\-brett\-phillips\-signs\-on\-with\-white\-sox/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-04 \\|website\=CBSSports.com \\|language\=en}} In 17 games for the Triple–A [Charlotte Knights](/wiki/Charlotte_Knights "Charlotte Knights"), he hit .120/.228/.280 with one home run, seven RBI, and three stolen bases. Phillips was released by the White Sox organization on May 4\.{{Cite web\\|title\=White Sox Release Brett Phillips From Minors Deal\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/05/white\-sox\-release\-brett\-phillips\-from\-minors\-deal.html\\|access\-date\=May 4, 2024\\|website\=mlbtraderumors.com\\|language\=en}} ### New York Yankees After being released by the White Sox, Phillips began working to transition into a career as a [pitcher](/wiki/Pitcher "Pitcher"), training with former MLB pitcher [Sean Gallagher](/wiki/Sean_Gallagher_%28baseball%29 "Sean Gallagher (baseball)").{{cite news \\|last1\=Topkin \\|first1\=Marc \\|title\=Remember Rays World Series hero Brett Phillips? He’s planning a new career \\|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2024/07/27/brett\-phillips\-relief\-pitcher\-seminole\-high\-mlb\-draft\-league/ \\|agency\=Tampa Bay Times \\|date\=July 27, 2024}} On July 30, 2024, Phillips signed a minor league contract with the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees").{{Cite web \\|date\=2024\-07\-30 \\|title\=Report: Yankees sign Phillips to minor\-league deal as pitcher\\| first\=Josh\\| last\=Goldberg \\|url\=https://www.thescore.com/mlb/news/3046062/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-07\-30 \\|website\=\[\[Score Media and Gaming\\|The Score]]\\|language\=en}} He was signed as a pitcher after striking out the side for the GPS Legends in the [National Baseball Congress World Series](/wiki/National_Baseball_Congress_World_Series "National Baseball Congress World Series").{{Cite web \\|date\=2024\-07\-30 \\|title\=Ex\-MLB outfielder Brett Phillips makes ‘electric’ pitching debut in NBC World Series\\| first\=Taylor\\| last\=Eldridge \\|url\=https://www.kansas.com/sports/other\-sports/nbc\-baseball/article290560474\.html \\|access\-date\=2024\-07\-30 \\|website\=kansas.com \\|language\=en}} He was assigned to the [Tampa Tarpons](/wiki/Tampa_Tarpons "Tampa Tarpons"), the Yankees' [Single\-A](/wiki/Single-A "Single-A") affiliate.	[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Houston Astros", "The [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") selected Phillips in the sixth round of the [2012 MLB draft](/wiki/2012_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"2012 Major League Baseball draft\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/hometeam/blog/seminoles\\-phillips\\-drafted\\-astros\\-sixth\\-round/14023/\\\|title\\=Florida high school sports \\- Seminole's Phillips drafted by Astros in sixth round\\\|work\\=tampabay.com\\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2015\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041545/http://www.tampabay.com/hometeam/blog/seminoles\\-phillips\\-drafted\\-astros\\-sixth\\-round/14023/\\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He signed with the Astros rather than play [college baseball](/wiki/College_baseball \"College baseball\") at [North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University \"North Carolina State University\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.tbnweekly.com/pubs/seminole\\_beacon/content\\_articles/061912\\_smb\\-02\\.txt\\\|title\\=Seminole's Phillips signs with Astros\\\|first\\=Brad\\\|last\\=Richardson\\\|date\\=June 19, 2012\\\|work\\=Tampa Bay Newspapers\\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2015}}", "In 2012, Phillips made his professional debut with the [Gulf Coast Astros](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Astros \"Gulf Coast Astros\") of the [Rookie\\-level](/wiki/Rookie-level \"Rookie-level\") [Gulf Coast League](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League \"Gulf Coast League\"), hitting .251 in 54 games. He played in 41 games in 2013 between the [Greeneville Astros](/wiki/Greeneville_Astros \"Greeneville Astros\") of the Rookie\\-level [Appalachian League](/wiki/Appalachian_League \"Appalachian League\") and [Quad Cities River Bandits](/wiki/Quad_Cities_River_Bandits \"Quad Cities River Bandits\") of the [Single\\-A](/wiki/Single-A \"Single-A\") [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League \"Midwest League\"), hitting .242/.347/.331 in 157 at\\-bats.", "Phillips started 2014 back with Quad Cities and was promoted to the [Lancaster JetHawks](/wiki/Lancaster_JetHawks \"Lancaster JetHawks\") of the [High–A](/wiki/Class_A-Advanced \"Class A-Advanced\") [California League](/wiki/California_League \"California League\") after posting a .883 [on\\-base plus slugging](/wiki/On-base_plus_slugging \"On-base plus slugging\") (OPS) and 13 home runs in 103 games.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20140823\\&content\\_id\\=91027582\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&vkey\\=news\\_milb\\\|title\\=Houston Astros prospect Brett Phillips stays hot with first career five\\-hit night for Lancaster JetHawks \\- MiLB.com News \\- The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\\|work\\=MiLB.com\\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2015}} He finished the year hitting .310/.375/.529 with 17 home runs and was named the Astros' [Minor League Player of the Year](/wiki/Houston_Astros_award_winners_and_league_leaders%23Houston_Astros_Minor_League_Player_of_the_Year \"Houston Astros award winners and league leaders#Houston Astros Minor League Player of the Year\") after the season.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.qconline.com/archives/qco/display.php?id\\=695493 \\\|title\\=River Bandit Phillips named Astros' top Minor Leaguer \\\|date\\= \\\|accessdate\\=2021\\-12\\-09 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20141006223145/http://www.qconline.com/archives/qco/display.php?id\\=695493 \\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://blog.chron.com/ultimateastros/2014/09/17/astros\\-name\\-josh\\-hader\\-and\\-brett\\-phillips\\-as\\-top\\-minor\\-league\\-players\\-for\\-2014/\\#22102101\\=0\\\|title\\=Astros name Josh Hader and Brett Phillips as top minor league players for 2014\\\|work\\=Houston Chronicle\\\|date\\=September 17, 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2015}}", "### Milwaukee Brewers", "On July 30, 2015, the Astros traded Phillips, [Domingo Santana](/wiki/Domingo_Santana \"Domingo Santana\"), [Josh Hader](/wiki/Josh_Hader \"Josh Hader\"), and [Adrian Houser](/wiki/Adrian_Houser \"Adrian Houser\") to the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\") for [Carlos Gómez](/wiki/Carlos_G%C3%B3mez \"Carlos Gómez\") and [Mike Fiers](/wiki/Mike_Fiers \"Mike Fiers\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/13349971/carlos\\-gomez\\-mike\\-fiers\\-traded\\-houston\\-astros\\-prospects\\\|title\\=Carlos Gomez, Mike Fiers traded to Houston Astros for prospects\\\|work\\=ESPN.com\\\|date\\=July 30, 2015\\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2015}} He finished the season with the [Biloxi Shuckers](/wiki/Biloxi_Shuckers \"Biloxi Shuckers\") of the [Double–A](/wiki/Class_AA \"Class AA\") [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%932020%29 \"Southern League (1964–2020)\"). The Brewers invited Phillips to [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\"), where he was to compete to be the Brewers center fielder for the 2016 season.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://m.brewers.mlb.com/news/article/165355808/nine\\-brewers\\-competing\\-for\\-center\\-field\\-job\\\|title\\=Nine Brewers competing for center\\-field job\\\|work\\=MLB.com\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2016\\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2017\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819174136/http://m.brewers.mlb.com/news/article/165355808/nine\\-brewers\\-competing\\-for\\-center\\-field\\-job/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} However, he strained an [oblique muscle](/wiki/Oblique_strain \"Oblique strain\") and was sent to minor league camp before he could appear in a game.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/promising\\-outfielder\\-brett\\-phillips\\-finally\\-gets\\-to\\-play\\-for\\-brewers\\-b99697217z1\\-374068951\\.html\\\|title\\=Promising outfielder Brett Phillips finally gets to play for Brewers\\\|work\\=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel\\\|first1\\=Todd\\\|last1\\=Rosiak\\\|first2\\=Tom \\\|last2\\=Haudricourt\\\|date\\=March 30, 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=July 14, 2016}} The Brewers opted to assign Phillips to Biloxi to start the 2016 season.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.sunherald.com/sports/mlb/biloxi\\-shuckers/article76917687\\.html\\\|title\\=Brewers prospect Brett Phillips shows power potential for Shuckers\\\|work\\=Sun Herald\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2016}} The Brewers added him to their 40\\-man roster after the season.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/brewers\\-brinson\\-hader\\-added\\-to\\-40\\-man\\-roster\\-c209166820\\\|title\\=Brinson, Hader added to 40\\-man roster\\\|website\\=MLB.com}} He started the 2017 season with the [Colorado Springs Sky Sox](/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Sky_Sox \"Colorado Springs Sky Sox\") of the [Triple–A](/wiki/Class_AAA \"Class AAA\") [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League \"Pacific Coast League\").", "[thumb\\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\\|Phillips with the Royals in 2019](/wiki/File:Brett_Phillips%2C_Houston_Astros_4%2C_Kansas_City_Royals_1%2C_Kaufmann_Stadium%2C_Kansas_City%2C_Missouri_%2848730234246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Brett Phillips, Houston Astros 4, Kansas City Royals 1, Kaufmann Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri (48730234246) (cropped).jpg\")\nOn June 5, 2017, Phillips was called up to the Brewers to make his MLB debut. In limited action, he hit .276 with four homers and 12 RBI,[Rosiak, Todd. \"Brewers outfielder Brett Phillips says his spring hits remain squirreled away,\" Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Tuesday, March 20, 2018\\.](https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2018/03/20/brewers-outfielder-brett-phillips-says-his-sspring-hits-remain-squirreled-away-brewers-brett-phillip/438748002/) Retrieved August 27, 2022\\. and set a [Statcast](/wiki/Statcast \"Statcast\") record with a {{convert\\\|104\\\|mph\\\|kph}} throw against the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\") to put [David Freese](/wiki/David_Freese \"David Freese\") out at home plate.[Steele, Ben. \"Outfield throw by Brewers' Phillips against Pirates measured at 104 mph,\" Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Thursday, September 14, 2017\\.](https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/2017/09/14/outfield-throw-brewers-phillips-against-pirates-measured-104-mph/666372001/) Retrieved August 27, 2022\\.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=April 2019}}", "Phillips began the 2018 season in the minors and only saw 24 plate appearances with the Brewers, hitting .182 with 11 strikeouts, a .523 [OPS](/wiki/On-base_plus_slugging \"On-base plus slugging\") and 4 RBIs.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/mlb/brewers/2018/07/27/brewers\\-acquire\\-royals\\-3\\-b\\-mike\\-moustakas\\-shaw\\-likely\\-move\\-2\\-b/854141002/\\\|title\\=Brewers trade for Royals third baseman Mike Moustakas; Travis Shaw will move to second base\\\|work\\=Milwaukee Journal\\-Sentinel\\\|first\\=Tom\\\|last\\=Haudricourt\\\|date\\=July 27, 2018\\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2018}}{{citation needed\\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "### Kansas City Royals", "On July 27, 2018, Phillips and [Jorge López](/wiki/Jorge_L%C3%B3pez_%28baseball%29 \"Jorge López (baseball)\") were traded to the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\") in exchange for [Mike Moustakas](/wiki/Mike_Moustakas \"Mike Moustakas\"). In 2019, Phillips slashed .138/.247/.262 with two home runs and six RBI in 30 games.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.royalsblue.com/2020/02/is\\-brett\\-phillips\\-the\\-new\\-jeff\\-francoeur/ \\\|title\\=Is Brett Phillips the new Jeff Francoeur? \\\|publisher\\=Royals Blue \\\|date\\= \\\|accessdate\\=2021\\-12\\-09}} From August 9, 2020, to August 27, 2020, Phillips received only six plate appearances for the Royals.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.draysbay.com/2020/8/28/21405343/rays\\-brett\\-phillips\\-trade\\-analysis\\-reaction\\\|title\\=What does the Brett Phillips acquisition mean for the Rays?\\\|date\\=August 28, 2020}}", "### Tampa Bay Rays", "On August 27, 2020, the Royals traded Phillips to the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays \"Tampa Bay Rays\") in exchange for [Lucius Fox](/wiki/Lucius_Fox_%28baseball%29 \"Lucius Fox (baseball)\").[The Kansas City Star](https://www.kansascity.com/sports/mlb/kansas-city-royals/article245302855.html) (subscription required) He was activated on September 4, making his Rays debut as a pinch\\-runner in a 5–4 victory over the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins \"Miami Marlins\").{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Solondz \\\|first1\\=Neil \\\|title\\=Brett Phillips will make his Tampa Bay debut as a PR. \\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/neilsolondz/status/1302052737178374144}} On October 24, in Game 4 of the [2020 World Series](/wiki/2020_World_Series \"2020 World Series\") against the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\"), Phillips recorded his first career postseason hit, a walk\\-off single in the bottom of the ninth inning that yielded two runs (one coming on an [error](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 \"Error (baseball)\")), giving the Rays an 8–7 victory.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/30185834/tampa\\-bay\\-rays\\-stun\\-dodgers\\-game\\-4\\-dramatic\\-finish\\-plate \\\|title\\=Tampa Bay Rays stun Dodgers in Game 4 on dramatic finish at plate \\\|first\\=Jeff \\\|last\\=Passan \\\|website\\=ESPN.com \\\|date\\=October 25, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2020}} He became the first player since [Kirk Gibson](/wiki/Kirk_Gibson \"Kirk Gibson\") in [1988](/wiki/1988_World_Series \"1988 World Series\") to have a walk\\-off hit with two outs with his team trailing in the World Series.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Dodgers vs. Rays score: Tampa takes World Series Game 4, evens series on ridiculous walk\\-off\\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/dodgers\\-vs\\-rays\\-score\\-tampa\\-takes\\-world\\-series\\-game\\-4\\-evens\\-series\\-on\\-ridiculous\\-walk\\-off/live/\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-25\\\|website\\=CBSSports.com}}", "On July 2, 2021, Phillips made his first career pitching appearance in a blowout loss against the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\"), and pitched one inning, allowing one run on an RBI single to [Santiago Espinal](/wiki/Santiago_Espinal \"Santiago Espinal\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/brett\\-phillips\\-has\\-fun\\-in\\-first\\-pitching\\-appearance\\\|title \\= Try not to smile watching Brett Phillips pitch\\\|website \\= \\[\\[MLB.com]]}}", "Between July 29 and August 11, 2021, Phillips hit three [grand slams](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 \"Grand slam (baseball)\") in only 19 plate appearances, second only to [Jim Northrup](/wiki/Jim_Northrup_%28baseball%29 \"Jim Northrup (baseball)\") who did so in 14 appearances in 1968\\. Then on August 16, 2021, he hit an [inside\\-the\\-park home run](/wiki/Inside-the-park_home_run \"Inside-the-park home run\"), and the combination of three slams plus one inside\\-the\\-park home run in only 19 days broke a record held by [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth \"Babe Ruth\"), who accomplished the same feat in 36 days in 1929\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/brett\\-phillips\\-breaks\\-babe\\-ruth\\-gehrig\\-records\\\|title\\=Move over Babe, Lou ... here's Brett Phillips\\\|website\\=MLB.com\\\|date\\=20 August 2021\\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2021}}", "In 2022, in 184 at bats for Tampa Bay, he hit .147/.225/.250\\. He was designated for assignment on August 1, 2022 following the Rays' trade acquisition of [José Siri](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Siri \"José Siri\") from the [Houston Astros](/wiki/2022_Houston_Astros_season \"2022 Houston Astros season\").[Topkin, Marc. \"Rays drop Brett Phillips after trading for outfielder Jose Siri,\" Tampa Bay Times, Monday, August 1, 2022\\.](https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2022/08/01/rays-trade-for-outfielder-jose-siri-drop-brett-phillips/) Retrieved August 27, 2022\\.", "### Baltimore Orioles", "Phillips was acquired by the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/2022_Baltimore_Orioles_season \"2022 Baltimore Orioles season\") for cash considerations at the [trade deadline](/wiki/Trade_%28sports%29 \"Trade (sports)\") one day later on August 2\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Orioles get Phillips from Rays for cash considerations \\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/orioles\\-get\\-brett\\-phillips\\-from\\-rays \\\|access\\-date\\=August 2, 2022 \\\|work\\=MLB.com}} The back of his Orioles [jersey](/wiki/Jersey_%28clothing%29 \"Jersey (clothing)\") featured his [surname](/wiki/Surname \"Surname\") above uniform number 66, a [word play](/wiki/Word_play \"Word play\") on the name of an [American multinational energy company](/wiki/Phillips_66 \"Phillips 66\").[\"MLB roundup: Rays' Drew Rasmussen loses perfect game in 9th,\" Reuters, Monday, August 15, 2022 (see the first photograph).](https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/mlb-roundup-rays-drew-rasmussen-loses-perfect-game-9t-2022-08-15/) Retrieved December 17, 2022\\.", "In 2022 for Baltimore, after going 2\\-for\\-17 with two doubles (.118/.118/.235\\) and nine strikeouts, he was replaced by [Kyle Stowers](/wiki/Kyle_Stowers \"Kyle Stowers\") on the team's 40\\-man roster and designated for assignment seventeen days later on August 19\\.[Kubatko, Roch. \"Orioles select Stowers' contract and DFA Phillips (plus other moves and notes),\" Mid\\-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN), Friday, August 19, 2022\\.](https://www.masnsports.com/blog/orioles-select-stowers-contract-and-dfa-phillips-plus-lineups-and-notes) Retrieved August 27, 2022\\. He cleared waivers and was outrighted to the [Norfolk Tides](/wiki/Norfolk_Tides \"Norfolk Tides\") three days later on August 22\\. He would've forfeited more than $300,000 remaining on his $1\\.4 million salary for 2022 had he elected to become a free agent.[\"Orioles retain OF Brett Phillips after he clears waivers,\" Reuters, Monday, August 22, 2022\\.](https://nationalpost.com/pmn/sports-pmn/orioles-retain-of-brett-phillips-after-he-clears-waivers) Retrieved August 27, 2022\\. He elected free agency on October 6, 2022\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Norfolk Transactions \\\|url\\=https://www.milb.com/norfolk/roster/transactions/2022\\-10 \\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2023 \\\|website\\=milb.com}}", "### Los Angeles Angels", "On January 9, 2023, the [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels \"Los Angeles Angels\") signed Phillips to a one\\-year, $1\\.2 million deal.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=McDonald \\\|first1\\=Darragh \\\|title\\=Angels Sign Brett Phillips To Major League Deal \\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/01/angels\\-to\\-sign\\-brett\\-phillips\\-to\\-major\\-league\\-deal.html \\\|website\\=mlbtraderumors\\\|date\\=January 9, 2023 }} He appeared in 20 games for the Angels, going 1\\-for\\-13 (.077\\) with 3 walks and 2 RBI. Phillips was designated for assignment on May 20, when [Jared Walsh](/wiki/Jared_Walsh \"Jared Walsh\") was activated from the injured list.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Angels' Brett Phillips: Removed from roster\\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/angels\\-brett\\-phillips\\-removed\\-from\\-roster/\\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-20\\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\\|date\\=May 20, 2023 }} He cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple\\-A [Salt Lake Bees](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Bees \"Salt Lake Bees\") on May 24\\.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Angels' Brett Phillips: Outrighted to Triple\\-A\\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/angels\\-brett\\-phillips\\-outrighted\\-to\\-triple\\-a/\\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-24\\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\\|date\\=May 24, 2023 }} On September 6, Phillips was selected back to the major league roster.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Angels' Brett Phillips: Contract selected by Halos\\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/angels\\-brett\\-phillips\\-contract\\-selected\\-by\\-halos/\\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2023\\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\\|date\\=September 6, 2023 \\\|language\\=en}}", "In 39 total games for the Angels, he slashed .175/.268/.333 with 3 home runs, 6 RBI, and 3 stolen bases, with 36 strikeouts in 63 at bats. Following the season on October 16, Phillips was removed from the 40–man roster and sent outright to Triple–A Salt Lake. However, he subsequently rejected the assignment and elected free agency.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Jared Walsh among six players outrighted off Angels' roster\\\|url\\=https://www.ocregister.com/2023/10/16/jared\\-walsh\\-among\\-six\\-players\\-outrighted\\-off\\-angels\\-roster/amp/\\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2023\\\|website\\=ocregister.com\\\|date\\=October 16, 2023 \\\|language\\=en}}", "### Chicago White Sox", "On January 4, 2024, Phillips signed a minor league contract with the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-04 \\\|title\\=White Sox's Brett Phillips: Signs on with White Sox \\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/white\\-soxs\\-brett\\-phillips\\-signs\\-on\\-with\\-white\\-sox/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-04 \\\|website\\=CBSSports.com \\\|language\\=en}} In 17 games for the Triple–A [Charlotte Knights](/wiki/Charlotte_Knights \"Charlotte Knights\"), he hit .120/.228/.280 with one home run, seven RBI, and three stolen bases. Phillips was released by the White Sox organization on May 4\\.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=White Sox Release Brett Phillips From Minors Deal\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/05/white\\-sox\\-release\\-brett\\-phillips\\-from\\-minors\\-deal.html\\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2024\\\|website\\=mlbtraderumors.com\\\|language\\=en}}", "### New York Yankees", "After being released by the White Sox, Phillips began working to transition into a career as a [pitcher](/wiki/Pitcher \"Pitcher\"), training with former MLB pitcher [Sean Gallagher](/wiki/Sean_Gallagher_%28baseball%29 \"Sean Gallagher (baseball)\").{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Topkin \\\|first1\\=Marc \\\|title\\=Remember Rays World Series hero Brett Phillips? He’s planning a new career \\\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2024/07/27/brett\\-phillips\\-relief\\-pitcher\\-seminole\\-high\\-mlb\\-draft\\-league/ \\\|agency\\=Tampa Bay Times \\\|date\\=July 27, 2024}} On July 30, 2024, Phillips signed a minor league contract with the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-30 \\\|title\\=Report: Yankees sign Phillips to minor\\-league deal as pitcher\\\| first\\=Josh\\\| last\\=Goldberg \\\|url\\=https://www.thescore.com/mlb/news/3046062/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-30 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Score Media and Gaming\\\|The Score]]\\\|language\\=en}} He was signed as a pitcher after striking out the side for the GPS Legends in the [National Baseball Congress World Series](/wiki/National_Baseball_Congress_World_Series \"National Baseball Congress World Series\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-30 \\\|title\\=Ex\\-MLB outfielder Brett Phillips makes ‘electric’ pitching debut in NBC World Series\\\| first\\=Taylor\\\| last\\=Eldridge \\\|url\\=https://www.kansas.com/sports/other\\-sports/nbc\\-baseball/article290560474\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-30 \\\|website\\=kansas.com \\\|language\\=en}} He was assigned to the [Tampa Tarpons](/wiki/Tampa_Tarpons \"Tampa Tarpons\"), the Yankees' [Single\\-A](/wiki/Single-A \"Single-A\") affiliate.", "" ]
History ------- ### Trust Company of Georgia On September 21, 1891, SunTrust's most direct corporate ancestor, the Trust Company of Georgia, was granted a charter by the [Georgia General Assembly](/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly "Georgia General Assembly") as the Commercial Travelers' Savings Bank of Atlanta.{{cite web\\|title\=Historical Highlight\\|url\=http://newsroom.suntrust.com/historical\-highlights\\|website\=SunTrust.com\\|access\-date\=23 September 2016}} The founders were John M. Green, [Joel Hurt](/wiki/Joel_Hurt "Joel Hurt"), H. L. Atwater, W. A. Hansell, T. J. Hightower, J. G. Oglesby, J. D. Turner, John B. Daniel, Joseph Hirsch, Leon Lieberman, Louis Wellhouse, A. J. McBride, D. O. Dougherty, W. A. Gregg, W. W. Draper, A. C. Hook, W. T. Ashford, George W. Brooke, C. I. Branan, and C. D. Montgomery.{{cite book\\|last1\=Garrett\\|first1\=Franklin M.\\|title\=Atlanta and environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1880s\-1930s\\|date\=1969\\|publisher\=University of Georgia Press\\|location\=Athens, Ga.\\|isbn\=0\-8203\-0264\-3\\|page\=235}} In November 1893, it restructured as a [trust company](/wiki/Trust_company "Trust company") and renamed itself Trust Company of Georgia. ### Sun Bank The earliest predecessor of Sun Bank was founded in 1911 as The People's National Bank in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida"). In 1920, it became the First National Bank. In the early 1930s, during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States "Great Depression in the United States"), the First National Bank and Trust Company failed. It was reorganized on Valentine's Day 1934 as the First National Bank at Orlando. In 1973, the bank merged with other Orlando banks to become SunBanks.{{cite web\\|title\=Orlando City Planning\\|url\=http://www.cityoforlando.net/city\-planning/wp\-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Orlando\-Local\-Landmarks\-Narratives1\.pdf\\|website\=CityofOrlando.net\\|access\-date\=23 September 2016}} As of December 31, 1973, it had three bank\-related subsidiaries and total assets of $1\.713 billion.{{cite news\\|title\=Sun Bank Earnings Reported\\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1346\&dat\=19750212\&id\=OJxOAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5890,2866146\&hl\=en\\|access\-date\=23 September 2016\\|publisher\=Lakeland Ledger\\|date\=February 12, 1975}} In the early 1980s, the bank pursued further mergers, positioning itself for the state of Florida to eventually allow interstate banking. It incorporated 81\-year\-old Hillsboro Bank, based in [Plant City](/wiki/Plant_City%2C_Florida "Plant City, Florida"), an institution with $150 million in assets and then the third\-oldest state\-chartered bank. It also bought Florida State Bank of Tallahassee, with which it had tried to merge with in 1973, when the economy soured.{{cite news\\|last1\=Stuart\\|first1\=Reginald\\|title\=FLORIDA'S BANK\-MERGER SPREE\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/16/business/florida\-s\-bank\-merger\-spree.html\\|access\-date\=23 September 2016\\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=May 16, 1983}} In May 1983, Sun announced a deal for Miami\-based Flagship Bank Inc., with $3\.3 billion in assets, that positioned Sun to be one of the Florida's largest bank holding companies. The Flagship deal was the seventh struck by Sun in less than a year. ### Trust Company of Georgia merger In 1985, Trust Company of Georgia and SunBanks merged to form SunTrust Banks, Inc. The merged company was headquartered in Atlanta, and continued to operate as Trust Company Bank in Georgia and Sun Bank in Florida. The newly merged company made its first major deal a year later, when it purchased Third National Corporation of [Nashville](/wiki/Nashville "Nashville"). However, it continued to use the Third National name in Tennessee. In 1995, SunTrust retired the Trust Company Bank, Sun Bank and Third National names and rebranded all of its banking subsidiaries as SunTrust. SunTrust purchased [Crestar Financial Corporation](/wiki/Crestar_Bank "Crestar Bank") of [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia") in 1998, expanding the company's footprint into Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. Crestar was founded in 1865 as State Planters Bank of Commerce and Trusts in 1865, becoming United Virginia Bank in 1969 and Crestar in 1987\.{{cite web \\| url\=http://www.ffiec.gov/nicpubweb/nicweb/InstitutionHistory.aspx?parID\_RSSD\=47920\&parDT\_END\=99991231 \\| title\=Institution History for TENTH \& MAIN BRANCH (47920\) \\| publisher\=\[\[Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council]]}} Crestar's (and SunTrust's) earliest predecessor, Farmers Bank of [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia "Alexandria, Virginia"), was founded in 1811\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.suntrust.com/docs/pdf/newsroom/history\_highlights.pdf\\|title\=Page Not Found \- SunTrust\\|website\=Suntrust.com\\|access\-date\=2015\-04\-19\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407051614/https://www.suntrust.com/docs/pdf/newsroom/history\_highlights.pdf\\|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-07\\|url\-status\=dead}} In 1988, Suntrust was added to the S\&P 500 Stock Price Index. In 2001, SunTrust purchased the institutional businesses of the Robinson\-Humphrey Company, LLC. creating SunTrust Robinson\-Humphrey. The company bought [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee")\-based [National Commerce Financial](/wiki/National_Commerce_Financial "National Commerce Financial") Corporation (NCF) for $7 billion in 2004\. The bank operated as National Bank of Commerce in South Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, and West Virginia and as [Central Carolina Bank and Trust](/wiki/Central_Carolina_Bank_and_Trust "Central Carolina Bank and Trust") in North Carolina. This acquisition allowed SunTrust to enter Alabama, the Carolinas, and West Virginia for the first time, and substantially increased its footprint in the other states.{{cite news\\|title\=SunTrust to buy National Commerce Financial\\|url\=http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2004/05/03/daily60\.html\\|work\=Atlanta Business Chronicle\\|page\=1\\|date\=2004\-05\-09\\|access\-date\=2007\-04\-08}} In 2013, the bank led a bank group that included [Fifth Third Bank](/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank "Fifth Third Bank") and [Florida Community Bank](/wiki/Florida_Community_Bank "Florida Community Bank") that helped finance the acquirement of BEL USA, the parent company that owns [DiscountMugs](/wiki/DiscountMugs "DiscountMugs"), by Comvest Partners, a private equity firm.{{cite web \\| url\=http://pitchbook.com/Daily\_Newsletter.html?nid\=CZM6FODA7SM72 \\| title\=Comvest Invests in BEL USA, Adds On Branders.com \\| publisher\=PitchBook \\| date\=17 March 2014 \\| access\-date\=30 December 2014}}{{cite web \\| url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/privateequity/2013/12/24/the\-morning\-leverage\-whats\-waiting\-in\-private\-equitys\-stocking/ \\| title\=The Morning Leverage: What's Waiting in Private Equity's Stocking? \\| publisher\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\| date\=24 December 2013 \\| access\-date\=30 December 2014 \\| author\=Dunford, Thomas}}{{cite web \\| url\=http://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/premerger\-notification\-program/early\-termination\-notices/20140314 \\| title\=Comvest Investment Partners IV, L.P.; Amin Rahman Ramjee \\| publisher\=\[\[Federal Trade Commission]] \\| date\=20 December 2013 \\| access\-date\=30 December 2014}} In 2014, SunTrust announced it would launch a medical specialty group to work with independent medical practices.{{cite web\\|last1\=Correia\\|first1\=Margarida\\|title\=SunTrust Private Wealth Management Launches Medical Specialty Group\\|url\=http://www.bankinvestmentconsultant.com/news/bank\_channel/suntrutst\-private\-wealth\-management\-launches\-medical\-specialty\-group\-2689647\-1\.html\\|website\=Bank Investment Consultant\\|access\-date\=27 June 2014}} On September 16, 2014, the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves") announced the name of their new Cobb County stadium: [SunTrust Park](/wiki/SunTrust_Park "SunTrust Park").{{cite news\\|last1\=Tucker\\|first1\=Tim\\|title\=Braves name their new stadium: SunTrust Park\\|url\=http://www.ajc.com/news/sports/baseball/braves\-name\-their\-new\-stadium\-suntrust\-park/nhNcx/\\|access\-date\=26 May 2015\\|publisher\=ajc.com\\|date\=16 September 2014}} SunTrust Park, which opened for the 2017 season as their new home. The $1\.1 billion construction project in Cobb County included [The Battery Atlanta](/wiki/The_Battery_Atlanta "The Battery Atlanta"), a district of restaurants, shops, offices, a hotel, and residential spaces directly connected to the park, all built during the construction of stadium itself.{{cite news\\|last1\=Riley\\|first1\=Cindy\\|title\=SunTrust Park to House Atlanta Braves in 2017\\|url\=http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/SunTrust\-Park\-to\-House\-Atlanta\-Braves\-in\-2017/25258/\\|access\-date\=26 May 2015\\|publisher\=constructionequipmentguide.com\\|date\=13 May 2015}} The name SunTrust Park was used until the 2020 season when it was renamed [Truist Park](/wiki/Truist_Park "Truist Park"). ### The Robinson\-Humphrey Company The Robinson\-Humphrey Company, one of Atlanta's oldest and important companies,{{cite news \\|last1\=Mollenkamp, Carrick and Deogun, Nikhil \\|title\=Citigroup to Sell Capital\-Markets Unit Of Robinson\-Humphrey to SunTrust \\|newspaper\=WSJ \\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB987979590221660088 \\|publisher\=The Wall Street Journal \\|access\-date\=8 February 2019}} was acquired by SunTrust in 2001\. However, SunTrust had long coveted Robinson\-Humphrey, reportedly having pursued it for more than 80 years.{{cite web \\|last1\=Murray \\|first1\=Brendan \\|title\=R\-H expansion plans include Boston, London \- Atlanta Business Chronicle \\|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/1997/10/27/story2\.html \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021110083819/http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/1997/10/27/story2\.html \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=November 10, 2002 \\|website\=www.bizjournals.com \\|publisher\=Atlanta Business Chronicle \\|access\-date\=8 February 2019}} Trust Company of Georgia, the oldest progenitor of SunTrust, was rebuffed in an effort to buy Robinson\-Humphrey in 1917\. The firm was founded as a municipal bond shop by Roby Robinson in 1894\. Robinson and William G. Humphrey, a bond trader from Toledo, Ohio, eventually incorporated The Robinson\-Humphrey Co. in 1902\. It blossomed into the leading investment banking firm in the South under Chairman Justus Martin Jr., who helped broaden its ties to Atlanta corporations, European clients and the firm's wealthy families who were brokerage clients. Martin was at the helm when Robinson\-Humphrey commissioned the building of the bold [Atlanta Financial Center](/wiki/Atlanta_Financial_Center "Atlanta Financial Center") in city's tony Buckhead business district in the early 1980s.{{cite news \\|title\=Justus Carlile Martin Jr.\-Obituary \\|page\=34 \\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23668795/justus\_carlile\_martin\_jrobituary/ \\|newspaper\=The Atlanta Constitution \\|date\=26 March 1993 \\|access\-date\=8 February 2019}} In 1982, Martin sold Robinson\-Humphrey to [American Express](/wiki/American_Express "American Express"), which was then run by another Atlanta deal maker and fellow [Georgia Tech](/wiki/Georgia_Tech "Georgia Tech") grad, [James Robinson](/wiki/James_D._Robinson_III "James D. Robinson III") (no relation to Roby Robinson). Under AmEx, the firm operated as part of Shearson Lehman Brothers Inc. In 1993, deal maker [Sandy Weill](/wiki/Sandy_Weill "Sandy Weill") orchestrated a deal for Shearson's retail division, and Robinson\-Humphrey was included in the sale, using the Smith Barney unit of Primerica Corp. ### Truist Financial Corporation On February 7, 2019, [BB\&T Corporation](/wiki/BB%26T "BB&T") reported that it would acquire SunTrust to create the sixth\-largest US bank, with assets of $442 billion and [market capitalization](/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") around $66 billion. BB\&T will be the nominal survivor, but the merged bank will be headquartered in [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina") under a new name, [Truist Financial Corporation](/wiki/Truist_Financial "Truist Financial"). However, Truist will retain significant operations in Atlanta.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.journalnow.com/business/new\-name\-for\-bb\-t\-suntrust\-may\-help\-deliver\-new/article\_7c4048dd\-3f7f\-52f1\-ad7e\-1efa036c0fbb.html\\|title\=New name for BB\&T\-SunTrust may help deliver new identity to customers, marketplace\\|author1\=Richard Craver\\|publisher\=\[\[Winston\-Salem Journal]]\\|date\=February 11, 2019}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/truist\-financial\-is\-new\-name\-for\-combined\-bb\-t\-suntrust\-11560369032\\|title\=Truist Financial Is New Name for Combined BB\&T, SunTrust\\|author1\=Allison Prang\\|publisher\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\=June 12, 2019}} It was subsequently announced that Atlanta will be Truist's headquarters for wholesale banking, while Winston\-Salem will be the headquarters for community banking. This could mean more jobs in both cities.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.journalnow.com/news/local/bb\-t\-headquarters\-move\-to\-charlotte\-stings\-but\-silver\-lining/article\_c614dc33\-7177\-5d18\-a8c7\-727cdab206a9\.html\\|title\=BB\&T headquarters move to Charlotte stings but silver lining could be more local jobs\\|last\=Craver\\|first\=Richard\\|work\=Winston\-Salem Journal\\|date\=February 10, 2019\\|access\-date\=February 10, 2019}} SunTrust had been the last major bank headquartered in Atlanta, which had been the South's financial capital for much of the 20th century. The merger closed on December 6, 2019\. On that day, SunTrust Bank merged into BB\&T's banking unit, Branch Banking and Trust Company, forming Truist Bank as the merged company's legal banking entity. However, the merged bank will continue to operate under the BB\&T and SunTrust names until the two banks' systems are combined, a process that could take up to two years. Customers of either company will be able to use the other's ATMs without charge during the process.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/banking/article238089189\.html\\|title\=BB\&T, SunTrust finish merger to become Truist in 'seamless' change. Here's what's next\\|author1\=Danielle Chemtob\\|publisher\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\=December 9, 2019}}	[ "History\n-------", "### Trust Company of Georgia", "On September 21, 1891, SunTrust's most direct corporate ancestor, the Trust Company of Georgia, was granted a charter by the [Georgia General Assembly](/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly \"Georgia General Assembly\") as the Commercial Travelers' Savings Bank of Atlanta.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Historical Highlight\\\|url\\=http://newsroom.suntrust.com/historical\\-highlights\\\|website\\=SunTrust.com\\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2016}} The founders were John M. Green, [Joel Hurt](/wiki/Joel_Hurt \"Joel Hurt\"), H. L. Atwater, W. A. Hansell, T. J. Hightower, J. G. Oglesby, J. D. Turner, John B. Daniel, Joseph Hirsch, Leon Lieberman, Louis Wellhouse, A. J. McBride, D. O. Dougherty, W. A. Gregg, W. W. Draper, A. C. Hook, W. T. Ashford, George W. Brooke, C. I. Branan, and C. D. Montgomery.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Garrett\\\|first1\\=Franklin M.\\\|title\\=Atlanta and environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1880s\\-1930s\\\|date\\=1969\\\|publisher\\=University of Georgia Press\\\|location\\=Athens, Ga.\\\|isbn\\=0\\-8203\\-0264\\-3\\\|page\\=235}}", "In November 1893, it restructured as a [trust company](/wiki/Trust_company \"Trust company\") and renamed itself Trust Company of Georgia.", "### Sun Bank", "The earliest predecessor of Sun Bank was founded in 1911 as The People's National Bank in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\"). In 1920, it became the First National Bank. In the early 1930s, during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States \"Great Depression in the United States\"), the First National Bank and Trust Company failed. It was reorganized on Valentine's Day 1934 as the First National Bank at Orlando. In 1973, the bank merged with other Orlando banks to become SunBanks.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Orlando City Planning\\\|url\\=http://www.cityoforlando.net/city\\-planning/wp\\-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Orlando\\-Local\\-Landmarks\\-Narratives1\\.pdf\\\|website\\=CityofOrlando.net\\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2016}} As of December 31, 1973, it had three bank\\-related subsidiaries and total assets of $1\\.713 billion.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Sun Bank Earnings Reported\\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1346\\&dat\\=19750212\\&id\\=OJxOAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5890,2866146\\&hl\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2016\\\|publisher\\=Lakeland Ledger\\\|date\\=February 12, 1975}}", "In the early 1980s, the bank pursued further mergers, positioning itself for the state of Florida to eventually allow interstate banking. It incorporated 81\\-year\\-old Hillsboro Bank, based in [Plant City](/wiki/Plant_City%2C_Florida \"Plant City, Florida\"), an institution with $150 million in assets and then the third\\-oldest state\\-chartered bank. It also bought Florida State Bank of Tallahassee, with which it had tried to merge with in 1973, when the economy soured.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Stuart\\\|first1\\=Reginald\\\|title\\=FLORIDA'S BANK\\-MERGER SPREE\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/16/business/florida\\-s\\-bank\\-merger\\-spree.html\\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2016\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=May 16, 1983}}", "In May 1983, Sun announced a deal for Miami\\-based Flagship Bank Inc., with $3\\.3 billion in assets, that positioned Sun to be one of the Florida's largest bank holding companies. The Flagship deal was the seventh struck by Sun in less than a year.", "### Trust Company of Georgia merger", "In 1985, Trust Company of Georgia and SunBanks merged to form SunTrust Banks, Inc. The merged company was headquartered in Atlanta, and continued to operate as Trust Company Bank in Georgia and Sun Bank in Florida.", "The newly merged company made its first major deal a year later, when it purchased Third National Corporation of [Nashville](/wiki/Nashville \"Nashville\"). However, it continued to use the Third National name in Tennessee. In 1995, SunTrust retired the Trust Company Bank, Sun Bank and Third National names and rebranded all of its banking subsidiaries as SunTrust.", "SunTrust purchased [Crestar Financial Corporation](/wiki/Crestar_Bank \"Crestar Bank\") of [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\") in 1998, expanding the company's footprint into Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. Crestar was founded in 1865 as State Planters Bank of Commerce and Trusts in 1865, becoming United Virginia Bank in 1969 and Crestar in 1987\\.{{cite web \\\| url\\=http://www.ffiec.gov/nicpubweb/nicweb/InstitutionHistory.aspx?parID\\_RSSD\\=47920\\&parDT\\_END\\=99991231 \\\| title\\=Institution History for TENTH \\& MAIN BRANCH (47920\\) \\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council]]}} Crestar's (and SunTrust's) earliest predecessor, Farmers Bank of [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia \"Alexandria, Virginia\"), was founded in 1811\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.suntrust.com/docs/pdf/newsroom/history\\_highlights.pdf\\\|title\\=Page Not Found \\- SunTrust\\\|website\\=Suntrust.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-19\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407051614/https://www.suntrust.com/docs/pdf/newsroom/history\\_highlights.pdf\\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-07\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In 1988, Suntrust was added to the S\\&P 500 Stock Price Index.", "In 2001, SunTrust purchased the institutional businesses of the Robinson\\-Humphrey Company, LLC. creating SunTrust Robinson\\-Humphrey.", "The company bought [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Memphis, Tennessee\")\\-based [National Commerce Financial](/wiki/National_Commerce_Financial \"National Commerce Financial\") Corporation (NCF) for $7 billion in 2004\\. The bank operated as National Bank of Commerce in South Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, and West Virginia and as [Central Carolina Bank and Trust](/wiki/Central_Carolina_Bank_and_Trust \"Central Carolina Bank and Trust\") in North Carolina. This acquisition allowed SunTrust to enter Alabama, the Carolinas, and West Virginia for the first time, and substantially increased its footprint in the other states.{{cite news\\\|title\\=SunTrust to buy National Commerce Financial\\\|url\\=http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2004/05/03/daily60\\.html\\\|work\\=Atlanta Business Chronicle\\\|page\\=1\\\|date\\=2004\\-05\\-09\\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-04\\-08}}", "In 2013, the bank led a bank group that included [Fifth Third Bank](/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank \"Fifth Third Bank\") and [Florida Community Bank](/wiki/Florida_Community_Bank \"Florida Community Bank\") that helped finance the acquirement of BEL USA, the parent company that owns [DiscountMugs](/wiki/DiscountMugs \"DiscountMugs\"), by Comvest Partners, a private equity firm.{{cite web \\\| url\\=http://pitchbook.com/Daily\\_Newsletter.html?nid\\=CZM6FODA7SM72 \\\| title\\=Comvest Invests in BEL USA, Adds On Branders.com \\\| publisher\\=PitchBook \\\| date\\=17 March 2014 \\\| access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/privateequity/2013/12/24/the\\-morning\\-leverage\\-whats\\-waiting\\-in\\-private\\-equitys\\-stocking/ \\\| title\\=The Morning Leverage: What's Waiting in Private Equity's Stocking? \\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\\| date\\=24 December 2013 \\\| access\\-date\\=30 December 2014 \\\| author\\=Dunford, Thomas}}{{cite web \\\| url\\=http://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/premerger\\-notification\\-program/early\\-termination\\-notices/20140314 \\\| title\\=Comvest Investment Partners IV, L.P.; Amin Rahman Ramjee \\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Trade Commission]] \\\| date\\=20 December 2013 \\\| access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}}", "In 2014, SunTrust announced it would launch a medical specialty group to work with independent medical practices.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Correia\\\|first1\\=Margarida\\\|title\\=SunTrust Private Wealth Management Launches Medical Specialty Group\\\|url\\=http://www.bankinvestmentconsultant.com/news/bank\\_channel/suntrutst\\-private\\-wealth\\-management\\-launches\\-medical\\-specialty\\-group\\-2689647\\-1\\.html\\\|website\\=Bank Investment Consultant\\\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2014}}", "On September 16, 2014, the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\") announced the name of their new Cobb County stadium: [SunTrust Park](/wiki/SunTrust_Park \"SunTrust Park\").{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Tucker\\\|first1\\=Tim\\\|title\\=Braves name their new stadium: SunTrust Park\\\|url\\=http://www.ajc.com/news/sports/baseball/braves\\-name\\-their\\-new\\-stadium\\-suntrust\\-park/nhNcx/\\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2015\\\|publisher\\=ajc.com\\\|date\\=16 September 2014}} SunTrust Park, which opened for the 2017 season as their new home. The $1\\.1 billion construction project in Cobb County included [The Battery Atlanta](/wiki/The_Battery_Atlanta \"The Battery Atlanta\"), a district of restaurants, shops, offices, a hotel, and residential spaces directly connected to the park, all built during the construction of stadium itself.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Riley\\\|first1\\=Cindy\\\|title\\=SunTrust Park to House Atlanta Braves in 2017\\\|url\\=http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/SunTrust\\-Park\\-to\\-House\\-Atlanta\\-Braves\\-in\\-2017/25258/\\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2015\\\|publisher\\=constructionequipmentguide.com\\\|date\\=13 May 2015}} The name SunTrust Park was used until the 2020 season when it was renamed [Truist Park](/wiki/Truist_Park \"Truist Park\").", "### The Robinson\\-Humphrey Company", "The Robinson\\-Humphrey Company, one of Atlanta's oldest and important companies,{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Mollenkamp, Carrick and Deogun, Nikhil \\\|title\\=Citigroup to Sell Capital\\-Markets Unit Of Robinson\\-Humphrey to SunTrust \\\|newspaper\\=WSJ \\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB987979590221660088 \\\|publisher\\=The Wall Street Journal \\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2019}} was acquired by SunTrust in 2001\\. However, SunTrust had long coveted Robinson\\-Humphrey, reportedly having pursued it for more than 80 years.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Murray \\\|first1\\=Brendan \\\|title\\=R\\-H expansion plans include Boston, London \\- Atlanta Business Chronicle \\\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/1997/10/27/story2\\.html \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021110083819/http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/1997/10/27/story2\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2002 \\\|website\\=www.bizjournals.com \\\|publisher\\=Atlanta Business Chronicle \\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2019}} Trust Company of Georgia, the oldest progenitor of SunTrust, was rebuffed in an effort to buy Robinson\\-Humphrey in 1917\\.", "The firm was founded as a municipal bond shop by Roby Robinson in 1894\\. Robinson and William G. Humphrey, a bond trader from Toledo, Ohio, eventually incorporated The Robinson\\-Humphrey Co. in 1902\\. It blossomed into the leading investment banking firm in the South under Chairman Justus Martin Jr., who helped broaden its ties to Atlanta corporations, European clients and the firm's wealthy families who were brokerage clients. Martin was at the helm when Robinson\\-Humphrey commissioned the building of the bold [Atlanta Financial Center](/wiki/Atlanta_Financial_Center \"Atlanta Financial Center\") in city's tony Buckhead business district in the early 1980s.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Justus Carlile Martin Jr.\\-Obituary \\\|page\\=34 \\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23668795/justus\\_carlile\\_martin\\_jrobituary/ \\\|newspaper\\=The Atlanta Constitution \\\|date\\=26 March 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2019}}", "In 1982, Martin sold Robinson\\-Humphrey to [American Express](/wiki/American_Express \"American Express\"), which was then run by another Atlanta deal maker and fellow [Georgia Tech](/wiki/Georgia_Tech \"Georgia Tech\") grad, [James Robinson](/wiki/James_D._Robinson_III \"James D. Robinson III\") (no relation to Roby Robinson). Under AmEx, the firm operated as part of Shearson Lehman Brothers Inc. In 1993, deal maker [Sandy Weill](/wiki/Sandy_Weill \"Sandy Weill\") orchestrated a deal for Shearson's retail division, and Robinson\\-Humphrey was included in the sale, using the Smith Barney unit of Primerica Corp.", "### Truist Financial Corporation", "On February 7, 2019, [BB\\&T Corporation](/wiki/BB%26T \"BB&T\") reported that it would acquire SunTrust to create the sixth\\-largest US bank, with assets of $442 billion and [market capitalization](/wiki/Market_capitalization \"Market capitalization\") around $66 billion. BB\\&T will be the nominal survivor, but the merged bank will be headquartered in [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\") under a new name, [Truist Financial Corporation](/wiki/Truist_Financial \"Truist Financial\"). However, Truist will retain significant operations in Atlanta.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.journalnow.com/business/new\\-name\\-for\\-bb\\-t\\-suntrust\\-may\\-help\\-deliver\\-new/article\\_7c4048dd\\-3f7f\\-52f1\\-ad7e\\-1efa036c0fbb.html\\\|title\\=New name for BB\\&T\\-SunTrust may help deliver new identity to customers, marketplace\\\|author1\\=Richard Craver\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Winston\\-Salem Journal]]\\\|date\\=February 11, 2019}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/truist\\-financial\\-is\\-new\\-name\\-for\\-combined\\-bb\\-t\\-suntrust\\-11560369032\\\|title\\=Truist Financial Is New Name for Combined BB\\&T, SunTrust\\\|author1\\=Allison Prang\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\\|date\\=June 12, 2019}} It was subsequently announced that Atlanta will be Truist's headquarters for wholesale banking, while Winston\\-Salem will be the headquarters for community banking. This could mean more jobs in both cities.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.journalnow.com/news/local/bb\\-t\\-headquarters\\-move\\-to\\-charlotte\\-stings\\-but\\-silver\\-lining/article\\_c614dc33\\-7177\\-5d18\\-a8c7\\-727cdab206a9\\.html\\\|title\\=BB\\&T headquarters move to Charlotte stings but silver lining could be more local jobs\\\|last\\=Craver\\\|first\\=Richard\\\|work\\=Winston\\-Salem Journal\\\|date\\=February 10, 2019\\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2019}} SunTrust had been the last major bank headquartered in Atlanta, which had been the South's financial capital for much of the 20th century.", "The merger closed on December 6, 2019\\. On that day, SunTrust Bank merged into BB\\&T's banking unit, Branch Banking and Trust Company, forming Truist Bank as the merged company's legal banking entity. However, the merged bank will continue to operate under the BB\\&T and SunTrust names until the two banks' systems are combined, a process that could take up to two years. Customers of either company will be able to use the other's ATMs without charge during the process.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/banking/article238089189\\.html\\\|title\\=BB\\&T, SunTrust finish merger to become Truist in 'seamless' change. Here's what's next\\\|author1\\=Danielle Chemtob\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\\|date\\=December 9, 2019}}", "" ]
June 2009 --------- ### June 3 Congress passes a resolution warning Zelaya to correct his administrative conduct.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=1868 \\| title\=Diputados imprueban la conducta del Ejecutivo y le recomiendan que rectifique \\| date\=2009\-06\-04 \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\| language\=es }}{{dead link\\|date\=August 2014}} ### June 10 The council of the [Bar Association of Honduras](/wiki/Bar_Association_of_Honduras "Bar Association of Honduras") unanimously agreed that Zelaya's plan is illegal. It asked Zelaya to stop the illegalities and recommended officials not follow his illegal orders.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=4544 \\| title\=Jurídicamente imposible convocatoria a Constituyente \\| date\=2009\-06\-10 \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\| language\=es \\| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240524195259/https://www.webcitation.org/5mB9EmobR?url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/%3Fp\=4544 \\| archive\-date\=2024\-05\-24 \\| url\-status\=dead }} ### June 11 Civil societies demonstrated against the illegalities and asked the state prosecutor to take necessary action against Zelaya.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=4998 \\| title\=Sociedad Civil manifiesta su apoyo al MP en defensa de la Constitución \\| date\=2009\-06\-11 \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\| language\=es \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112173436/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=4998 \\| archive\-date\=2011\-11\-12 \\| url\-status\=dead }} Members of the Democratic Unification Party reported that the government had given [Cesar Ham](/wiki/Cesar_Ham "Cesar Ham") 4 million lempiras to promote Zelaya's illegal poll.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.heraldohn.com/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2009/06/12/Noticias/Cesar\-Ham\-recibe\-pisto\-de\-la\-cuarta\-urna \\| title\=César Ham recibe pisto de la cuarta urna \\| newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\| language\=es \\| date\=2009\-06\-11 \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110123139/http://www.heraldohn.com/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2009/06/12/Noticias/Cesar\-Ham\-recibe\-pisto\-de\-la\-cuarta\-urna \\| archive\-date\=2010\-01\-10 }} ### June 19 More than 5,000 people marched in opposition to Zelaya's plans.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Especiales/Ediciones/2009/06/19/Noticias/Se\-unen\-en\-defensa\-de\-la\-Constitucion\-de\-Honduras \\|title\=Se unen en defensa de la Constitución de Honduras \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-06\-19 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705095750/http://www.laprensahn.com/Especiales/Ediciones/2009/06/19/Noticias/Se\-unen\-en\-defensa\-de\-la\-Constitucion\-de\-Honduras \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-05 \\|url\-status\=dead }} ### June 20 Thousands march to defend the constitution and oppose Zelaya's violations of law. The demonstrators expressed sharp opposition to [Hugo Chávez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez "Hugo Chávez").{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=9553 \\|title\=Miles de hondureños marcharon en defensa de la Constitución \\|date\=2009\-06\-20 \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155940/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=9553 \\|archive\-date\=October 25, 2010 }} ### June 22 Political analyst and former minister German Leitzelar noted that "According to the Penal Code Article 302, officials promoting the fourth urn could face between 15 and 20 years in prison, accused of the crime of treason".{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=12032 \\| title\=Recomiendo al pueblo dar la espalda a la propuesta de la "cuarta urna" \\| date\=2009\-06\-23 \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\| language\=es }}{{dead link\\|date\=August 2014}} ### June 23 Around 120,000 people marched in San Pedro Sula to defend the constitution and oppose Zelaya's illegal plans. They were dressed in white and carried the national flag as well as banners supporting peace, democracy and freedom.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=11541 \\| title\=Miles de ciudadanos marchan en defensa de la democracia \\| date\=2009\-06\-24 \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\| language\=es \\| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240524195219/https://www.webcitation.org/5mB6HSdzR?url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/%3Fp\=11541 \\| archive\-date\=2024\-05\-24 \\| url\-status\=dead }} The [National Congress](/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras "National Congress of Honduras") passed a law forbidding holding referendums and plebiscites less than 180 days before the next general election; as the next elections are set for 29 November 2009 this would have made the 28 June 2009 poll illegal.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8120161\.stm\\|work\=BBC News\\|title\=Honduran leader defies top court\\|date\=June 26, 2009\\|access\-date\=June 28, 2009}} Also [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), 29 June 2009, op. cit. Former President [Rafael Leonardo Callejas](/wiki/Rafael_Leonardo_Callejas "Rafael Leonardo Callejas") warned Zelaya not to proceed with his illegal plans and reminded everyone that the courts decide what is legal and what is illegal, not the president.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=11441 \\|title\=Ejecutivo no puede dar orden ilegal \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-06\-23 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119024547/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=11441 \\|archive\-date\=November 19, 2010 }} ### June 24 After 11:00 people dressed in white marched to defend the constitution and oppose Zelaya's "illegal" plans. The demonstration was organized by the Comité para la Democracia y la Paz. After speeches people cheered and chanted "Viva Honduras, we want to be free and democratic!".{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=12036 \\| title\=Defensores de la Constitución declaran non gratos a observadores de la OEA \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\| language\=es \\| date\=2009\-06\-25}}{{dead link\\|date\=August 2014}} The military is in charge of security and logistics in elections in Honduras. Zelaya asked them to perform their election role for the referendum, but the head of the military command, General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez, refused the order to pass out the election materials, brought from Venezuela, because the Supreme Court ruled the referendum to be illegal.{{Citation needed\\|date\=August 2009}} Zelaya fired him.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8123126\.stm\\|title\= Honduran leader forced into exile\\|date\=2009\-06\-28\\|work\=BBC News\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-28}} Later that day, the defense minister and heads of the army, navy and air force resigned.{{cite news \\| date \= 2009\-07\-25 \\| url \= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124847775316780293 \\| title \= Behind the Honduran Mutiny \\| newspaper \= \[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\| author \= Jose de Cordoba }} Zelaya's followers violently attacked anti\-Zelaya demonstrators near presidential palace.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=11820 \\| title\=Agreden a jóvenes que protestaban contra la encuesta de "Mel" \\| date\=2009\-06\-24 \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\| language\=es }}{{dead link\\|date\=August 2014}} ### June 25 Just days before his illegal survey, PCM\-019\-2009, which revokes the decree PCM\-05\-2009 and was issued (but not published) in March, is published in the official Gazette, Zelaya issued a new executive decree PCM\-20\-2009 (Gazette number 31945\) which annulled PCM\-05\-2009 and PCM\-19\-2009\. The new decree calls for a "Public Opinion Survey Convening a Constitutional Assembly". {{blockquote\\|All dependencies and organs of Public Administration, Secretaries of the State, centralized and decentralized institutions are instructed to incorporate and actively execute all assigned tasks to carry out the project known as: Survey of Public Opinion to summon a National Constituent Assembly; which is considered an official activity of the Government of the Republic of Honduras.}} {{cite news \\| url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=13653 \\| title\=Cambio de reglas a última hora \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\| language\=es \\| date\=2009\-06\-28 \\| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240524194059/https://www.webcitation.org/5lwmXXnHb?url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/%3Fp\=13653 \\| archive\-date\=2024\-05\-24 \\| url\-status\=dead }} A Venezuelan plane landed at [Toncontín International Airport](/wiki/Toncont%C3%ADn_International_Airport "Toncontín International Airport"). The plane carried electoral material which had been printed in Venezuela.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601086\&sid\=axGENUiy9yKs \\|title\=Honduras Supreme Court Judge Defends President Ouster (Update1\) \\| work\=Bloomberg \\|date\=2009\-07\-01 }}{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/content/view/full/155942 \\|title\=Turba encabezada por "Mel" se toma base aérea \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-06\-25 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606040231/http://www.elheraldo.hn/content/view/full/155942 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-06\-06 \\|url\-status\=dead }} At 11:00 a.m. The Supreme Electoral Tribunal ordered the confiscation of electoral materials.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Investigan\-actos\-del\-presidente\-Zelaya \\| title\=Investigan actos del presidente Zelaya \\| date\=2009\-06\-26 \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\| language\=es \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629142009/http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Investigan\-actos\-del\-presidente\-Zelaya \\| archive\-date\=2009\-06\-29 }} At 12:00 p.m. the Constitutional Room of the Supreme Court of Justice of Honduras ruled that General Velásquez be reinstated.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/world/americas/29honduras.html\\|title\=Honduran President is Ousted in Coup\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|last\=Malkin \\|first\=Elisabeth \\|date\=2009\-06\-29\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-29}} At 15:00 Zelaya takes possession of the impounded ballots at military base Hernan Acosta Mejia, which were then moved by them to the presidential palace.{{cite news\\|publisher\=CNN\\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/06/25/honduras.general/index.html\\|title\=Honduras president challenges government over referendum\\|date\=2009\-06\-25\\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-10}} At a televised gathering of his supporters, Zelaya said that "\[t]he only one who can't be re\-elected is the President, but re\-election is a topic of the next National Constitutional Assembly"—a statement taken by some to be a proposal in violation of the current Honduran constitution, while others viewed it as merely conjecture regarding a possible future new constitution.{{cite news\\|url\=http://therealnews.com/t/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=31\&Itemid\=74\&jumival\=4259 \\|publisher\=The Real News Network \\|title\=''Zelaya's return to Honduras met with force''\-Video(9:53\-10:33\) \\|date\=22 September 2009 \\|access\-date\=17 October 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009183428/http://therealnews.com/t/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=31\&Itemid\=74\&jumival\=4259 \\|archive\-date\=9 October 2009 }} Members of Congress said that Zelaya made a "very serious" mistake. ### June 26 Generation for Change (Generación por Cambio) youth movement protested outside Venezuelan embassy in Honduras against Chavez, Zelaya, and the coming referendum. They carried red handkerchiefs in their mouths to symbolize the [censorship in Venezuela](/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela "Censorship in Venezuela").{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Jovenes\-protestan\-frente\-a\-la\-Embajada\-de\-Venezuela \\|title\=Jóvenes protestan frente a la Embajada de Venezuela \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-06\-26 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630102958/http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Jovenes\-protestan\-frente\-a\-la\-Embajada\-de\-Venezuela \\|archive\-date\=2009\-06\-30 }} The Peace and Democracy Movement held a massive rally in Tegucigalpa's central park. Participants said that the rally was in defense of the constitution and democracy, and against Zelaya's attempts to modify the constitution.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Manifestacion\-para\-defender\-la\-Constitucion \\|title\=Manifestación para defender la Constitución \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-06\-26 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629133338/http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Manifestacion\-para\-defender\-la\-Constitucion \\|archive\-date\=2009\-06\-29 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Members of the [Civic Democratic Union](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_C%C3%ADvica_Democr%C3%A1tica "Unión Cívica Democrática") also gathered to express their opposition to the illegal survey.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/27/Noticias/Por\-la\-democracia\-y\-la\-constitucion \\|title\=Por la democracia y la constitución \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-06\-26 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719065911/http://laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/27/Noticias/Por\-la\-democracia\-y\-la\-constitucion \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-19 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Local Catholic leader Auxiliary Bishop Darwin Andino of the Catholic Church stated that the Church did not support the referendum efforts of Zelaya, that the country must not surrender to Chavez nor anyone else, and that the constitution must be defended by all Hondurans.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Iglesia\-Catolica\-aclara\-que\-no\-apoya\-consulta\-ilegal \\|title\=Iglesia Católica aclara que no apoya consulta ilegal \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-06\-26 \\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-12 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-06\-29 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629060804/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Iglesia\-Catolica\-aclara\-que\-no\-apoya\-consulta\-ilegal \\|url\-status\=dead }} Congress began discussing how to impeach Zelaya. Congress opened an investigation into whether Zelaya had violated the constitution and whether he was "mentally incapable" of holding office.{{cite web\\|url \= http://www.lavanguardia.es/internacional/noticias/20090627/53732813595/el\-congreso\-hondureno\-inicia\-una\-investigacion\-urgente\-al\-presidente.html\\|title \= El Congreso hondureño inicia una investigación urgente al presidente\\|work \= La Vanguardia (España)\\|language \= es\\|access\-date \= 2009\-06\-28\\|date \= 2009\-06\-27\\|archive\-date \= 2009\-06\-30\\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090630025308/http://www.lavanguardia.es/internacional/noticias/20090627/53732813595/el\-congreso\-hondureno\-inicia\-una\-investigacion\-urgente\-al\-presidente.html\\|url\-status \= dead}} Zelaya responded to the President of the National Congress Roberto Micheletti, a member of the same party who has since been sworn in as President in his stead, by saying "What's with you, Roberto. I was elected by the people, not the congress. How would you make me ineligible, you're a lousy second\-rate congressman who got your post because I gave you space in my party." President of Congress Micheletti wrote to Romeo Vásquez Velásquez saying "Respectfully I am writing you to greet you and to remind you of the Mission to be undertaken June 28; that already the institution that you lead has been called to defend our constitution and country and every one of those Hondurans thanks you ... These people who say they are Hondurans and wish to change our constitution don't deserve to be in our country, violating our constitution and selling our country."Respetuosamente me dirijo a usted con el fin de saludarle y al mismo tiempo recordarle la Mision a realizar el 28 de junio ya que la institucion que usted preside ha sido llamada a defender nuestra constitucion y la patria y cada uno de los hondureños se lo agradecerán. Ya que esas personas que dicen ser hondureños que quieren cambiar nuestra constitución no merecen estar en este país, violando nuestra constitución y vendiendo nuestra patria.[Scan of Carta de Roberto Micheletti a Romeo Vasquez Velasquez, 26 Junio, 2009](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WSwSFw8QNd0/Sl-N1rdZG_I/AAAAAAAAAjc/8jzBj4QdUyw/s1600-h/carta3.jpg){{Unreliable source?\\|date\=December 2009}} A Honduran Supreme Court judge issued a sealed order, based on the Attorney General's petition, to detain José Manuel Zelaya Rosales for 18 different charges including "acting against the government, treason, abuse of authority, and usurpation of power" in relation to the poll.{{cite news \\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/world/americas/02coup.html \\| title\=Leader's Ouster Not a Coup, Says the Honduran Military \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|last\=Lacey \\|first\=Marc \\|date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-02}}; document not freely available{{ cite news\\|url\=http://www.heraldohn.com/content/view/full/167986 \\|title\="Mel" Zelaya enfrenta 18 delitos en tribunales \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207233959/http://www.heraldohn.com/content/view/full/167986 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-12\-07 \\|url\-status\=dead }} [United States Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senator "United States Senator") [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry "John Kerry"), chairman of the [Senate Foreign Relations Committee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations "United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations"), expressed concern about the growing tension in Honduras over the referendum vote. "America values its longstanding partnership with Honduras, but a push to rewrite the constitution over the objections of Honduras's top court, legislature, attorney general, and military is deeply disturbing", said Kerry. "The people of Honduras deserve a democratic process that is legal, fair and transparent. I applaud the Organization of American States (OAS), consistent with its commitment to fully respect members' sovereignty, for calling an emergency meeting to discuss the crisis in Honduras."{{cite web\\|url\=http://kerry.senate.gov/cfm/record.cfm?id\=315139 \\|title\=Chairman Kerry's Statement on Honduras Escalating Constitutional Crisis \\|publisher\=\[\[U.S. Senate]] Newsroom \\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-14 \\|date\=2009\-06\-26 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106140105/http://kerry.senate.gov/cfm/record.cfm?id\=315139 \\|archive\-date\=January 6, 2010 }} ### June 27 UN chief Ban Ki\-moon urged "restraint by all concerned" amid rising political unrest in the country and expressed concern about the tensions. "It is important for the country's leaders to act with full respect for the rule of law and democratic institutions, and to seek consensus on the pressing political issues through a peaceful and inclusive dialogue", a UN statement said.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\-news\-world/zelaya\-continues\-push\-for\-controversial\-honduras\-vote\-20090627\-d0fl.html\\|title\=Zelaya continues push for controversial Honduras vote\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Sydney Morning Herald]]\\|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse\\|AFP]]\\|date\=2009\-06\-27\\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-14}} ### June 28 Soldiers stormed the presidential palace early in the morning, disarming the presidential guard, waking President Zelaya and arrested him and put him on a plane to Costa Rica, in what he immediately denounced as a coup.["Honduran leader forced into exile"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8123126.stm), BBC, 28 June 2009 The Honduran National Congress agreed to:{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=14265 \\|title\=Congreso destituye a Manuel Zelaya \\|date\=2009\-06\-29 \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240524194144/https://www.webcitation.org/5lyhwHKCQ?url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/%3Fp\=14265 \\|archive\-date\=May 24, 2024 }} * Accept Zelaya's letter of resignation. * Under the Articles 1, 2,3,4, 205, 220, subsections 20, 218, 242, 321, 322, 323 of the Constitution of the Republic, + Disapprove Zelaya's repeated violations of the constitution, laws and court orders. + Remove Zelaya from office. * Name the current President of Congress Roberto Micheletti to complete the constitutional period that ends on January 27, 2010\. A group of around 150 people that supported Zelaya gathered outside the building in protest, throwing stones at soldiers and shouting "traitors, traitors".{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ejercito/expulsa/presidente/hondureno/Manuel/Zelaya/elppgl/20090628elpepuint\_11/Tes\\|title\=El Ejército expulsa al presidente hondureño, Manuel Zelaya\\|language\=es\\|work\=\[\[El País]]\\|last\=Ordaz\\|first\=Pablo\\|date\=June 28, 2009\\|access\-date\=June 28, 2009}} The protest grew from hundreds to thousands.[Honduran Military Ousts President](http://news.aol.com/article/secretary-soldiers-arrest-honduran/546931) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701075104/http://news.aol.com/article/secretary\-soldiers\-arrest\-honduran/546931 \\|date\=July 1, 2009 }} According to [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), "several thousand protesters supporting the (ousted) president faced off against soldiers outside the presidential palace, burning tires." For several hours on Sunday, electricity and communications in the capital Tegucigalpa were interrupted.{{cite news\\|work\=\[\[The Christian Science Monitor]]\\|url\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0629/p06s01\-woam.html\\|title\=Leftist leaders hold emergency meeting over Honduras coup\\|date\=June 29, 2009\\|access\-date\=June 29, 2009}} The nation's Congress approved a decree on July 1 that applied during an overnight curfew and allowed security forces to arrest people at home and hold them for more than 24 hours.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/world/americas/02honduras.html\\|title\=Compromise Is Sought to Honduras Standoff\\|last1\=Lacey \\|first1\=Marc \\|last2\=Thompson \\|first2\=Ginger \\|date\=July 2, 2009\\|access\-date\=July 4, 2009}} [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") reported that the "new Honduran government clamped down on street protests and news organizations \[July 1] as lawmakers passed an emergency decree that limits public gatherings following the military\-led coup that removed President Manuel Zelaya from office." The decree also allowed for suspects to be detained for 24 hours and continued a nighttime curfew. The broadcast of some news media, including a Venezuelan station, were restricted in Honduras on June 29\. Members of the military reportedly shut down at least one radio station and halted TV transmission of [teleSUR](/wiki/TeleSUR "TeleSUR") and [CNN en Español](/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol "CNN en Español").{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUKTRE55S5J220090629\\|first1\=Mohammed\\|last1\=Arshad\\|first2\=David\\|last2\=Alexander\\|title\=Obama says coup in Honduras is illegal\\|date\=2009\-06\-29\\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30}} [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reporters have been arrested. [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald") reported on July 1, that broadcasting stations are friendly to the new government.[Honduras new government is censoring journalists](http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/1122536.html) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://archive.today/20200319220429/https://www.webcitation.org/5iY1InqVf?url\=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/1122536\.html \\|date\=2020\-03\-19 }}. [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald"). 1 July 2009\. According to [El Tiempo](/wiki/El_Tiempo_%28Honduras%29 "El Tiempo (Honduras)"), the newspaper El Tiempo had been censored as to what it could print about the developments. Canal 11 located in Colonia de Miramontes was also prohibited to broadcast information about the developments. The Cable Color buildings, which also broadcasts programming of CNN and TeleSUR, were surrounded by military forces.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/el\-pais/21943\-militares\-rondaron\-canal\-11\-cable\-color\-y\-diario\-tiempo \\|title\=Militares rondaron Canal 11, Cable Color y Diario Tiempo \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702143413/http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/el\-pais/21943\-militares\-rondaron\-canal\-11\-cable\-color\-y\-diario\-tiempo \\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2009 }} According to a press release published on the website of Radio Globo Honduras, a station which has long sided with Zelaya,{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124658463338890161\\|title\=Honduras Takes Control of Some Media\\|last\=Casey\\|first\=Nicholas\\|date\=2009\-07\-03\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-05}} a group of 60 soldiers took the radio off the air and the employees, including Alejandro Villatoro, were allegedly threatened and intimidated. The station was allowed to resume transmission, but staff had to follow rules which they believed limited freedom of expression.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.radioglobohonduras.com/index2\.html \\|title\=Contra la libertad de expresion Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras de toman instalaciones de Radio Globo \\|first1\=Alejandro\\|last1\=Villatoro\\|first2\=Gerente\\|last2\=Propietario \\|date\=2009\-06\-29 \\|publisher\=Radio Globo \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715144825/http://www.radioglobohonduras.com/index2\.html \\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2011 }} CNN in Spanish had interruptions of its transmission. The website of the radio was down but has been re\-established. Alejandro Villatoro said that he was arrested and kidnapped for some hours by the military forces.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.radioglobohonduras.com/\\|title\=Contra la libertad de expresion Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras de toman instalaciones de Radio Globo\\|first1\=Alejandro\\|last1\=Villatoro\\|first2\=Gerente\\|last2\=Propietario\\|date\=2009\-06\-30\\|publisher\=Radio Globo\\|language\=es\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01}} Honduran newspaper [La Prensa](/wiki/La_Prensa_%28Honduras%29 "La Prensa (Honduras)") reported on 30 June that an armed group of Zelaya supporters, attacked La Prensa's main headquarters by throwing stones and other objects at their windows, until police intervened. The paper supposed the group was led by Venezuelan and Nicaraguan nationalities.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/06/30/Noticias/Violencia\-contra\-LA\-PRENSA\\|title\=UViolencia contra La PrensaP\\|date\=2009\-06\-30\\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]]\\|language\=es\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30\\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-26\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726232621/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/06/30/Noticias/Violencia\-contra\-LA\-PRENSA\\|url\-status\=dead}} Media outlets complained that the government ordered them not to report any news or opinion that could "incite" the public. News organizations in Honduras were polarized. Journalists working for small independent media—or for those loyal to Zelaya—reported being harassed by officials.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/story/2009/06/30/ST2009063004334\.html\\|title\=Honduras Targets Protesters With Emergency Decree: Media in Country Also Feel Pressure\\|date\=July 2, 2009\\|access\-date\=July 4, 2009 \\| first1\=William \\| last1\=Booth}} [thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Pro\-Zelaya protesters marching in Tegucigalpa](/wiki/File:2009_Honduras_political_crisis_9.jpg "2009 Honduras political crisis 9.jpg") On Sunday night, [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters") reported that hundreds of pro\-Zelaya protesters, some masked and wielding sticks, set up barricades of chain link fences and downed billboards in the center of Tegucigalpa and blocked roads to the presidential palace. Reuters witnesses heard gunshots outside the presidential palace that apparently came after a truck arrived at the protest, and an ambulance also appeared. It was not clear who fired the shots. One witness said shots were fired only in the air and there were no initial reports of injuries.{{cite news\\|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Rest\-of\-World/Protests\-erupt\-shots\-fired\-after\-Honduras\-coup/articleshow/4714868\.cms\\|title\=Protests Erupt, Shots Fired After Honduras Coup\\|agency\=\[\[Reuters]]\\|date\=2009\-06\-29\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-29\\|work\=\[\[The Times of India]]}} {{Dead link\\|date\=May 2011\\|bot\=RjwilmsiBot}} Late at night on Sunday, June 28, Zelaya and Foreign Minister Rodas flew to Managua, Nicaragua, to attend a meeting the next day of the [Central American Integration System](/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System "Central American Integration System"). Also planning to attend the meeting were several heads of state of the [Rio Group](/wiki/Rio_Group "Rio Group") and [ALBA](/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas "Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas") including [Hugo Chávez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez "Hugo Chávez") and [Felipe Calderón](/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n "Felipe Calderón").[Former Honduran president welcomed at ALBA meeting in Nicaragua](http://www.miamiherald.com/news/breaking-news/story/1119471.html){{dead link\\|date\=August 2014}}, [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald") At the meeting, the presidents of Central America agreed to freeze all official payments and loans to Honduras.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/21977\-centroamerica\-aisla\-politica\-y\-economicamente\-a\-golpistas\-de\-honduras \\|title\=Centroamérica aisla política y económicamente a golpistas de Honduras \\|publisher\=Tiempo.hn \\|access\-date\=2010\-08\-30}}{{dead link\\|date\=August 2014}} ### June 29 [thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|A small fire started during a pro\-Zelaya demonstration](/wiki/File:2009_Honduras_political_crisis_3.jpg "2009 Honduras political crisis 3.jpg") Protests continued the following Monday. Around 1,500 pro\-Zelaya protesters taunted soldiers and burned tires just outside the gates of the presidential palace in a face\-off with security forces.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE55R24E20090629?feedType\=RSS\&feedName\=worldNews\\|title\=Honduras isolated over Zelaya ouster\\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\\|date\=2009\-06\-29\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-29}} CNN reported that although the military had fired tear gas into the crowd at some point, the day was "generally calm" in Honduras.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/06/29/honduras.president.arrested/index.html\#cnnSTCText\\|title\= Honduran police, demonstrators clash as nation holds fragile peace\\|date\=2009\-06\-29\\|work\=CNN\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-29}} Two people were reportedly killed as a result of clashes between protesters and soldiers. Juan Barahona, leader of the United Workers Federation, claimed soldiers opened fire on the crowds with live ammunition.{{cite web\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-06/30/content\_11623326\.htm\\|title\=2 dead, 60 injured in Honduras anti\-coup protests\\|date\=2009\-06\-30\\|publisher\=\[\[Xinhua]]\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703195012/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-06/30/content\_11623326\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-03}} News media remained off air, replaced by tropical music, soap operas, and cooking shows. [Reporters Without Borders](/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders "Reporters Without Borders") condemned the "news blackout" and Reuters reported the use of [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") to beat the censorship.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN29399379\\|title\=Honduran army smothers media after coup\\|date\=2009\-06\-29\\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30 \\| first\=Mica \\| last\=Rosenberg}} President of the Honduran Peace Committee, Dr. Juan Almendares, speaking 29 June on Democracy Now! said: the military are taking repressive actions against some members of the legitimate government of President Zelaya and also popular leaders. He claimed that there is "effectively" a national strike of workers, people, students and intellectuals.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/29/coup\_in\_honduras\_military\_ousts\_president\\|title\=Coup in Honduras: Military Ousts President Manuel Zelaya, Supporters Defy Curfew and Take to the Streets\\|first\=Amy\\|last\=Goodman\\|date\=2009\-06\-29\\|publisher\=Democracy Now\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30}}{{Unreliable source?\\|date\=December 2009}} Zelaya announced in Managua on Monday night that he would be returning to Tegucigalpa on Thursday, July 2\. He also invited fellow Latin American leaders, including OAS general secretary [José Miguel Insulza](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Insulza "José Miguel Insulza"), to accompany him on his return.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8125668\.stm\\|title\=Ousted Honduran leader to return \\|work\=BBC News\\|date\=2009\-06\-30\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30}} The new foreign minister of Honduras, Enrique Ortez, said that Insulza and any other presidents would be welcome but that Zelaya would not be allowed to enter.[Nuevo canciller de Honduras dice que Insulza entrará pero Zelaya no](http://www.adn.es/politica/20090630/NWS-1534-Honduras-Insulza-Zelaya-Nuevo-canciller.html) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703071704/http://www.adn.es/politica/20090630/NWS\-1534\-Honduras\-Insulza\-Zelaya\-Nuevo\-canciller.html \\|date\=2009\-07\-03 }}. In one of the protests, about 2000 pro\-Zelaya protesters marched to the Pacific from La Colonia Las Brisas de Comayaguela to Boulevard Juan Pablo Segundo, in Tegucigalpa. The march was organized by employees of Zelaya's government and workers' groups.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22149\-seguidores\-de\-mel\-vuelven\-a\-las\-calles\- \\|title\=Seguidores de Mel vuelven a las calles \\|date\=2009\-06\-29 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703000127/http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22149\-seguidores\-de\-mel\-vuelven\-a\-las\-calles\- \\|archive\-date\=July 3, 2009 }} There were also protests in [San Pedro Sula](/wiki/San_Pedro_Sula "San Pedro Sula") in which the Bloque Popular and more pro\-Zelaya protesters asked for the restitution of Zelaya to power.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/politica/22024\-bloque\-popular\-demanda\-restitucion\-de\-mel\-zelaya\\|title\= Bloque Popular demanda restitución de Mel Zelaya\\|date\=2009\-06\-29\\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]]\\|language\=es\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01}}{{dead link\\|date\=August 2014}} ### June 30 Pressure on the new government continued to grow as the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly") unanimously adopted a resolution which called for the reinstatement of Zelaya as the President of Honduras. Zelaya spoke in front of the General Assembly where he was applauded several times. In his speech, Zelaya promised not to seek another term as President and said that he would not accept a second term if he were asked to serve again.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8127503\.stm\\|title\=UN backs Honduras leader's return \\|work\=BBC News\\|date\=2009\-06\-30\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30}} After the UN session, Zelaya then headed to Washington, D.C., where he was going to attend an emergency meeting of the [Organization of American States](/wiki/Organization_of_American_States "Organization of American States") [General Assembly](/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States "General Assembly of the Organization of American States") convened under the [Inter\-American Democratic Charter](/wiki/Inter-American_Democratic_Charter "Inter-American Democratic Charter") to discuss the crisis. In Washington, Zelaya was scheduled to meet with United States Assistant Secretary of State [Thomas Shannon](/wiki/Thomas_A._Shannon%2C_Jr. "Thomas A. Shannon, Jr.").{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/01/world/americas/01honduras.html?ref\=world\\|title\=After Losing Honduras, Ousted Leader Wins International Support \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|last\=Lacey\\|first\=Marc\\|date\=2009\-06\-30\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30}} Meanwhile, Honduran Attorney General Luis Alberto Rubi announced that Zelaya would "immediately" be arrested if he returned to Honduras, where legal officials have accused him of 18 crimes including "treason" and "abuse of authority".{{cite news\\|url\=http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Zelaya\_faces\_arrest\_in\_Honduras\_as\_\_06302009\.html\\|title\=Zelaya faces arrest in Honduras as protests rise \\|publisher\=Agence France\-Presse\\|date\=2009\-06\-30\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30}} {{Dead link\\|date\=October 2010\\|bot\=H3llBot}} [thumb\\|200px\\|Anti\-Zelaya demonstrators; one holds a sign warning against Hugo Chávez, Zelaya and Daniel Ortega](/wiki/File:Nochavezortega.jpg "Nochavezortega.jpg") Pro\-Zelaya protests continued on Tuesday, June 30\. Union leaders announced a nationwide strike and estimated that up to 10,000 pro\-Zelaya protesters were marching in Tegucigalpa and around the country. Demonstrations in favor of the constitution and against Zelaya took place. In a speech, [Armeda Lopez](/wiki/Armeda_Lopez "Armeda Lopez") said "Chavez ate Venezuela first, then Bolivia, but in Honduras that didn't happen".{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=14715 \\|title\=Plantón por la paz y democracia \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-06\-30 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155905/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=14715 \\|archive\-date\=2010\-10\-25 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Roberto Micheletti made an appearance and said that the [November general elections](/wiki/Honduran_general_election%2C_2009 "Honduran general election, 2009") will be held as scheduled and that a new president will be sworn in on January 27, 2010\. Micheletti also had strong words for the crowd: "They told me a few people with leftist intentions would try to scare us, but not the brave men and women of our nation", as sympathizers responded with chants of "Democracy! Democracy!".{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/01/content\_11630171\.htm\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102115135/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/01/content\_11630171\.htm\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=November 2, 2012\\|title\=Honduras' Micheletti joins anti\-Zelaya rally in central Tegucigalpa \\|publisher\=Xinhua\\|date\=2009\-07\-01\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30}}{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.heraldohn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/01/Noticias/Multitudinario\-apoyo\-al\-nuevo\-gobierno/(offset)/10 \\|title\=Multitudinario apoyo al nuevo gobierno \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805183737/http://www.heraldohn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/01/Noticias/Multitudinario\-apoyo\-al\-nuevo\-gobierno/(offset)/10 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-05 \\|url\-status\=dead }} General [Romeo Vásquez Velásquez](/wiki/Romeo_V%C3%A1squez_Vel%C3%A1squez "Romeo Vásquez Velásquez") also attended and spoke at the rally.{{cite news\\|url\= http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/88764295/AFP\\|title\=Honduran top military chief General Rome\\|publisher\=Getty Images\\|date\=2009\-06\-30\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-30}} The [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") announced that it would stop disbursing loans of up to $270 million U.S. dollars to Honduras until the political situation stabilizes.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/01/content\_11632921\.htm\\|title\=World Bank suspends loans to Honduras\\|publisher\=Xinhua\\|date\=2009\-07\-01\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704233814/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/01/content\_11632921\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-04}}	[ "June 2009\n---------", "### June 3", "Congress passes a resolution warning Zelaya to correct his administrative conduct.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=1868 \\\| title\\=Diputados imprueban la conducta del Ejecutivo y le recomiendan que rectifique \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-04 \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\| language\\=es }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=August 2014}}", "### June 10", "The council of the [Bar Association of Honduras](/wiki/Bar_Association_of_Honduras \"Bar Association of Honduras\") unanimously agreed that Zelaya's plan is illegal. It asked Zelaya to stop the illegalities and recommended officials not follow his illegal orders.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=4544 \\\| title\\=Jurídicamente imposible convocatoria a Constituyente \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-10 \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240524195259/https://www.webcitation.org/5mB9EmobR?url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/%3Fp\\=4544 \\\| archive\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-24 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### June 11", "Civil societies demonstrated against the illegalities and asked the state prosecutor to take necessary action against Zelaya.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=4998 \\\| title\\=Sociedad Civil manifiesta su apoyo al MP en defensa de la Constitución \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-11 \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112173436/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=4998 \\\| archive\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-12 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Members of the Democratic Unification Party reported that the government had given [Cesar Ham](/wiki/Cesar_Ham \"Cesar Ham\") 4 million lempiras to promote Zelaya's illegal poll.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.heraldohn.com/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2009/06/12/Noticias/Cesar\\-Ham\\-recibe\\-pisto\\-de\\-la\\-cuarta\\-urna \\\| title\\=César Ham recibe pisto de la cuarta urna \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-11 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110123139/http://www.heraldohn.com/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2009/06/12/Noticias/Cesar\\-Ham\\-recibe\\-pisto\\-de\\-la\\-cuarta\\-urna \\\| archive\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-10 }}", "### June 19", "More than 5,000 people marched in opposition to Zelaya's plans.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Especiales/Ediciones/2009/06/19/Noticias/Se\\-unen\\-en\\-defensa\\-de\\-la\\-Constitucion\\-de\\-Honduras \\\|title\\=Se unen en defensa de la Constitución de Honduras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-19 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705095750/http://www.laprensahn.com/Especiales/Ediciones/2009/06/19/Noticias/Se\\-unen\\-en\\-defensa\\-de\\-la\\-Constitucion\\-de\\-Honduras \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-05 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### June 20", "Thousands march to defend the constitution and oppose Zelaya's violations of law. The demonstrators expressed sharp opposition to [Hugo Chávez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Hugo Chávez\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=9553 \\\|title\\=Miles de hondureños marcharon en defensa de la Constitución \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-20 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155940/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=9553 \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2010 }}", "### June 22", "Political analyst and former minister German Leitzelar noted that \"According to the Penal Code Article 302, officials promoting the fourth urn could face between 15 and 20 years in prison, accused of the crime of treason\".{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=12032 \\\| title\\=Recomiendo al pueblo dar la espalda a la propuesta de la \"cuarta urna\" \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-23 \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\| language\\=es }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=August 2014}}", "### June 23", "Around 120,000 people marched in San Pedro Sula to defend the constitution and oppose Zelaya's illegal plans. They were dressed in white and carried the national flag as well as banners supporting peace, democracy and freedom.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=11541 \\\| title\\=Miles de ciudadanos marchan en defensa de la democracia \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-24 \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240524195219/https://www.webcitation.org/5mB6HSdzR?url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/%3Fp\\=11541 \\\| archive\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-24 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The [National Congress](/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras \"National Congress of Honduras\") passed a law forbidding holding referendums and plebiscites less than 180 days before the next general election; as the next elections are set for 29 November 2009 this would have made the 28 June 2009 poll illegal.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8120161\\.stm\\\|work\\=BBC News\\\|title\\=Honduran leader defies top court\\\|date\\=June 26, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2009}} \nAlso [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), 29 June 2009, op. cit.", "Former President [Rafael Leonardo Callejas](/wiki/Rafael_Leonardo_Callejas \"Rafael Leonardo Callejas\") warned Zelaya not to proceed with his illegal plans and reminded everyone that the courts decide what is legal and what is illegal, not the president.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=11441 \\\|title\\=Ejecutivo no puede dar orden ilegal \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-23 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119024547/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=11441 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 19, 2010 }}", "### June 24", "After 11:00 people dressed in white marched to defend the constitution and oppose Zelaya's \"illegal\" plans. The demonstration was organized by the Comité para la Democracia y la Paz. After speeches people cheered and chanted \"Viva Honduras, we want to be free and democratic!\".{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=12036 \\\| title\\=Defensores de la Constitución declaran non gratos a observadores de la OEA \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-25}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=August 2014}}", "The military is in charge of security and logistics in elections in Honduras. Zelaya asked them to perform their election role for the referendum, but the head of the military command, General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez, refused the order to pass out the election materials, brought from Venezuela, because the Supreme Court ruled the referendum to be illegal.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=August 2009}} Zelaya fired him.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8123126\\.stm\\\|title\\= Honduran leader forced into exile\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-28\\\|work\\=BBC News\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-28}} Later that day, the defense minister and heads of the army, navy and air force resigned.{{cite news \\\| date \\= 2009\\-07\\-25 \\\| url \\= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124847775316780293 \\\| title \\= Behind the Honduran Mutiny \\\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\\| author \\= Jose de Cordoba }}", "Zelaya's followers violently attacked anti\\-Zelaya demonstrators near presidential palace.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=11820 \\\| title\\=Agreden a jóvenes que protestaban contra la encuesta de \"Mel\" \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-24 \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\| language\\=es }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=August 2014}}", "### June 25", "Just days before his illegal survey, PCM\\-019\\-2009, which revokes the decree PCM\\-05\\-2009 and was issued (but not published) in March, is published in the official Gazette, Zelaya issued a new executive decree PCM\\-20\\-2009 (Gazette number 31945\\) which annulled PCM\\-05\\-2009 and PCM\\-19\\-2009\\. The new decree calls for a \"Public Opinion Survey Convening a Constitutional Assembly\".\n{{blockquote\\\|All dependencies and organs of Public Administration, Secretaries of the State, centralized and decentralized institutions are instructed to incorporate and actively execute all assigned tasks to carry out the project known as: Survey of Public Opinion to summon a National Constituent Assembly; which is considered an official activity of the Government of the Republic of Honduras.}}\n{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=13653 \\\| title\\=Cambio de reglas a última hora \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-28 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240524194059/https://www.webcitation.org/5lwmXXnHb?url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/%3Fp\\=13653 \\\| archive\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-24 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead }}\nA Venezuelan plane landed at [Toncontín International Airport](/wiki/Toncont%C3%ADn_International_Airport \"Toncontín International Airport\"). The plane carried electoral material which had been printed in Venezuela.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601086\\&sid\\=axGENUiy9yKs \\\|title\\=Honduras Supreme Court Judge Defends President Ouster (Update1\\) \\\| work\\=Bloomberg \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 }}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/content/view/full/155942 \\\|title\\=Turba encabezada por \"Mel\" se toma base aérea \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-25 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606040231/http://www.elheraldo.hn/content/view/full/155942 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-06 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "At 11:00 a.m. The Supreme Electoral Tribunal ordered the confiscation of electoral materials.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Investigan\\-actos\\-del\\-presidente\\-Zelaya \\\| title\\=Investigan actos del presidente Zelaya \\\| date\\=2009\\-06\\-26 \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629142009/http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Investigan\\-actos\\-del\\-presidente\\-Zelaya \\\| archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-29 }}", "At 12:00 p.m. the Constitutional Room of the Supreme Court of Justice of Honduras ruled that General Velásquez be reinstated.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/world/americas/29honduras.html\\\|title\\=Honduran President is Ousted in Coup\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|last\\=Malkin \\\|first\\=Elisabeth \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-29}}", "At 15:00 Zelaya takes possession of the impounded ballots at military base Hernan Acosta Mejia, which were then moved by them to the presidential palace.{{cite news\\\|publisher\\=CNN\\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/06/25/honduras.general/index.html\\\|title\\=Honduras president challenges government over referendum\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-25\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-10}}", "At a televised gathering of his supporters, Zelaya said that \"\\[t]he only one who can't be re\\-elected is the President, but re\\-election is a topic of the next National Constitutional Assembly\"—a statement taken by some to be a proposal in violation of the current Honduran constitution, while others viewed it as merely conjecture regarding a possible future new constitution.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://therealnews.com/t/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=31\\&Itemid\\=74\\&jumival\\=4259 \\\|publisher\\=The Real News Network \\\|title\\=''Zelaya's return to Honduras met with force''\\-Video(9:53\\-10:33\\) \\\|date\\=22 September 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009183428/http://therealnews.com/t/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=31\\&Itemid\\=74\\&jumival\\=4259 \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2009 }}", "Members of Congress said that Zelaya made a \"very serious\" mistake.", "### June 26", "Generation for Change (Generación por Cambio) youth movement protested outside Venezuelan embassy in Honduras against Chavez, Zelaya, and the coming referendum. They carried red handkerchiefs in their mouths to symbolize the [censorship in Venezuela](/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela \"Censorship in Venezuela\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Jovenes\\-protestan\\-frente\\-a\\-la\\-Embajada\\-de\\-Venezuela \\\|title\\=Jóvenes protestan frente a la Embajada de Venezuela \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-26 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630102958/http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Jovenes\\-protestan\\-frente\\-a\\-la\\-Embajada\\-de\\-Venezuela \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30 }}", "The Peace and Democracy Movement held a massive rally in Tegucigalpa's central park. Participants said that the rally was in defense of the constitution and democracy, and against Zelaya's attempts to modify the constitution.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Manifestacion\\-para\\-defender\\-la\\-Constitucion \\\|title\\=Manifestación para defender la Constitución \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-26 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629133338/http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Manifestacion\\-para\\-defender\\-la\\-Constitucion \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-29 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nMembers of the [Civic Democratic Union](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_C%C3%ADvica_Democr%C3%A1tica \"Unión Cívica Democrática\") also gathered to express their opposition to the illegal survey.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/27/Noticias/Por\\-la\\-democracia\\-y\\-la\\-constitucion \\\|title\\=Por la democracia y la constitución \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-26 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719065911/http://laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/06/27/Noticias/Por\\-la\\-democracia\\-y\\-la\\-constitucion \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-19 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Local Catholic leader Auxiliary Bishop Darwin Andino of the Catholic Church stated that the Church did not support the referendum efforts of Zelaya, that the country must not surrender to Chavez nor anyone else, and that the constitution must be defended by all Hondurans.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Iglesia\\-Catolica\\-aclara\\-que\\-no\\-apoya\\-consulta\\-ilegal \\\|title\\=Iglesia Católica aclara que no apoya consulta ilegal \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-26 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-12 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-29 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629060804/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/06/26/Noticias/Iglesia\\-Catolica\\-aclara\\-que\\-no\\-apoya\\-consulta\\-ilegal \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Congress began discussing how to impeach Zelaya. Congress opened an investigation into whether Zelaya had violated the constitution and whether he was \"mentally incapable\" of holding office.{{cite web\\\|url \\= http://www.lavanguardia.es/internacional/noticias/20090627/53732813595/el\\-congreso\\-hondureno\\-inicia\\-una\\-investigacion\\-urgente\\-al\\-presidente.html\\\|title \\= El Congreso hondureño inicia una investigación urgente al presidente\\\|work \\= La Vanguardia (España)\\\|language \\= es\\\|access\\-date \\= 2009\\-06\\-28\\\|date \\= 2009\\-06\\-27\\\|archive\\-date \\= 2009\\-06\\-30\\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090630025308/http://www.lavanguardia.es/internacional/noticias/20090627/53732813595/el\\-congreso\\-hondureno\\-inicia\\-una\\-investigacion\\-urgente\\-al\\-presidente.html\\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} Zelaya responded to the President of the National Congress Roberto Micheletti, a member of the same party who has since been sworn in as President in his stead, by saying \"What's with you, Roberto. I was elected by the people, not the congress. How would you make me ineligible, you're a lousy second\\-rate congressman who got your post because I gave you space in my party.\"", "President of Congress Micheletti wrote to Romeo Vásquez Velásquez saying \"Respectfully I am writing you to greet you and to remind you of the Mission to be undertaken June 28; that already the institution that you lead has been called to defend our constitution and country and every one of those Hondurans thanks you ... These people who say they are Hondurans and wish to change our constitution don't deserve to be in our country, violating our constitution and selling our country.\"Respetuosamente me dirijo a usted con el fin de saludarle y al mismo tiempo recordarle la Mision a realizar el 28 de junio ya que la institucion que usted preside ha sido llamada a defender nuestra constitucion y la patria y cada uno de los hondureños se lo agradecerán. Ya que esas personas que dicen ser hondureños que quieren cambiar nuestra constitución no merecen estar en este país, violando nuestra constitución y vendiendo nuestra patria.[Scan of Carta de Roberto Micheletti a Romeo Vasquez Velasquez, 26 Junio, 2009](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WSwSFw8QNd0/Sl-N1rdZG_I/AAAAAAAAAjc/8jzBj4QdUyw/s1600-h/carta3.jpg){{Unreliable source?\\\|date\\=December 2009}}", "A Honduran Supreme Court judge issued a sealed order, based on the Attorney General's petition, to detain José Manuel Zelaya Rosales for 18 different charges including \"acting against the government, treason, abuse of authority, and usurpation of power\" in relation to the poll.{{cite news \\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/world/americas/02coup.html \\\| title\\=Leader's Ouster Not a Coup, Says the Honduran Military \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|last\\=Lacey \\\|first\\=Marc \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-02}}; document not freely available{{ cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.heraldohn.com/content/view/full/167986 \\\|title\\=\"Mel\" Zelaya enfrenta 18 delitos en tribunales \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207233959/http://www.heraldohn.com/content/view/full/167986 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-07 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "[United States Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senator \"United States Senator\") [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry \"John Kerry\"), chairman of the [Senate Foreign Relations Committee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations \"United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations\"), expressed concern about the growing tension in Honduras over the referendum vote. \"America values its longstanding partnership with Honduras, but a push to rewrite the constitution over the objections of Honduras's top court, legislature, attorney general, and military is deeply disturbing\", said Kerry. \"The people of Honduras deserve a democratic process that is legal, fair and transparent. I applaud the Organization of American States (OAS), consistent with its commitment to fully respect members' sovereignty, for calling an emergency meeting to discuss the crisis in Honduras.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://kerry.senate.gov/cfm/record.cfm?id\\=315139 \\\|title\\=Chairman Kerry's Statement on Honduras Escalating Constitutional Crisis \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.S. Senate]] Newsroom \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-14 \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-26 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106140105/http://kerry.senate.gov/cfm/record.cfm?id\\=315139 \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2010 }}", "### June 27", "UN chief Ban Ki\\-moon urged \"restraint by all concerned\" amid rising political unrest in the country and expressed concern about the tensions. \"It is important for the country's leaders to act with full respect for the rule of law and democratic institutions, and to seek consensus on the pressing political issues through a peaceful and inclusive dialogue\", a UN statement said.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking\\-news\\-world/zelaya\\-continues\\-push\\-for\\-controversial\\-honduras\\-vote\\-20090627\\-d0fl.html\\\|title\\=Zelaya continues push for controversial Honduras vote\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sydney Morning Herald]]\\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse\\\|AFP]]\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-27\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-14}}", "### June 28", "Soldiers stormed the presidential palace early in the morning, disarming the presidential guard, waking President Zelaya and arrested him and put him on a plane to Costa Rica, in what he immediately denounced as a coup.[\"Honduran leader forced into exile\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8123126.stm), BBC, 28 June 2009", "The Honduran National Congress agreed to:{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=14265 \\\|title\\=Congreso destituye a Manuel Zelaya \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240524194144/https://www.webcitation.org/5lyhwHKCQ?url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/%3Fp\\=14265 \\\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2024 }}\n* Accept Zelaya's letter of resignation.\n* Under the Articles 1, 2,3,4, 205, 220, subsections 20, 218, 242, 321, 322, 323 of the Constitution of the Republic,\n\t+ Disapprove Zelaya's repeated violations of the constitution, laws and court orders.\n\t+ Remove Zelaya from office.\n* Name the current President of Congress Roberto Micheletti to complete the constitutional period that ends on January 27, 2010\\.", "A group of around 150 people that supported Zelaya gathered outside the building in protest, throwing stones at soldiers and shouting \"traitors, traitors\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ejercito/expulsa/presidente/hondureno/Manuel/Zelaya/elppgl/20090628elpepuint\\_11/Tes\\\|title\\=El Ejército expulsa al presidente hondureño, Manuel Zelaya\\\|language\\=es\\\|work\\=\\[\\[El País]]\\\|last\\=Ordaz\\\|first\\=Pablo\\\|date\\=June 28, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2009}} The protest grew from hundreds to thousands.[Honduran Military Ousts President](http://news.aol.com/article/secretary-soldiers-arrest-honduran/546931) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701075104/http://news.aol.com/article/secretary\\-soldiers\\-arrest\\-honduran/546931 \\\|date\\=July 1, 2009 }} According to [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), \"several thousand protesters supporting the (ousted) president faced off against soldiers outside the presidential palace, burning tires.\" For several hours on Sunday, electricity and communications in the capital Tegucigalpa were interrupted.{{cite news\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Christian Science Monitor]]\\\|url\\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0629/p06s01\\-woam.html\\\|title\\=Leftist leaders hold emergency meeting over Honduras coup\\\|date\\=June 29, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2009}}", "The nation's Congress approved a decree on July 1 that applied during an overnight curfew and allowed security forces to arrest people at home and hold them for more than 24 hours.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/world/americas/02honduras.html\\\|title\\=Compromise Is Sought to Honduras Standoff\\\|last1\\=Lacey \\\|first1\\=Marc \\\|last2\\=Thompson \\\|first2\\=Ginger \\\|date\\=July 2, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2009}} [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\") reported that the \"new Honduran government clamped down on street protests and news organizations \\[July 1] as lawmakers passed an emergency decree that limits public gatherings following the military\\-led coup that removed President Manuel Zelaya from office.\" The decree also allowed for suspects to be detained for 24 hours and continued a nighttime curfew.", "The broadcast of some news media, including a Venezuelan station, were restricted in Honduras on June 29\\. Members of the military reportedly shut down at least one radio station and halted TV transmission of [teleSUR](/wiki/TeleSUR \"TeleSUR\") and [CNN en Español](/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol \"CNN en Español\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUKTRE55S5J220090629\\\|first1\\=Mohammed\\\|last1\\=Arshad\\\|first2\\=David\\\|last2\\=Alexander\\\|title\\=Obama says coup in Honduras is illegal\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30}} [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") reporters have been arrested. [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\") reported on July 1, that broadcasting stations are friendly to the new government.[Honduras new government is censoring journalists](http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/1122536.html) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200319220429/https://www.webcitation.org/5iY1InqVf?url\\=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/1122536\\.html \\\|date\\=2020\\-03\\-19 }}. [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\"). 1 July 2009\\.", "According to [El Tiempo](/wiki/El_Tiempo_%28Honduras%29 \"El Tiempo (Honduras)\"), the newspaper El Tiempo had been censored as to what it could print about the developments. Canal 11 located in Colonia de Miramontes was also prohibited to broadcast information about the developments. The Cable Color buildings, which also broadcasts programming of CNN and TeleSUR, were surrounded by military forces.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/el\\-pais/21943\\-militares\\-rondaron\\-canal\\-11\\-cable\\-color\\-y\\-diario\\-tiempo \\\|title\\=Militares rondaron Canal 11, Cable Color y Diario Tiempo \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702143413/http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/el\\-pais/21943\\-militares\\-rondaron\\-canal\\-11\\-cable\\-color\\-y\\-diario\\-tiempo \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2009 }}", "According to a press release published on the website of Radio Globo Honduras, a station which has long sided with Zelaya,{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124658463338890161\\\|title\\=Honduras Takes Control of Some Media\\\|last\\=Casey\\\|first\\=Nicholas\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-05}} a group of 60 soldiers took the radio off the air and the employees, including Alejandro Villatoro, were allegedly threatened and intimidated. The station was allowed to resume transmission, but staff had to follow rules which they believed limited freedom of expression.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.radioglobohonduras.com/index2\\.html \\\|title\\=Contra la libertad de expresion Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras de toman instalaciones de Radio Globo \\\|first1\\=Alejandro\\\|last1\\=Villatoro\\\|first2\\=Gerente\\\|last2\\=Propietario \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29 \\\|publisher\\=Radio Globo \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715144825/http://www.radioglobohonduras.com/index2\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2011 }} CNN in Spanish had interruptions of its transmission. The website of the radio was down but has been re\\-established. Alejandro Villatoro said that he was arrested and kidnapped for some hours by the military forces.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.radioglobohonduras.com/\\\|title\\=Contra la libertad de expresion Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras de toman instalaciones de Radio Globo\\\|first1\\=Alejandro\\\|last1\\=Villatoro\\\|first2\\=Gerente\\\|last2\\=Propietario\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|publisher\\=Radio Globo\\\|language\\=es\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01}}", "Honduran newspaper [La Prensa](/wiki/La_Prensa_%28Honduras%29 \"La Prensa (Honduras)\") reported on 30 June that an armed group of Zelaya supporters, attacked La Prensa's main headquarters by throwing stones and other objects at their windows, until police intervened. The paper supposed the group was led by Venezuelan and Nicaraguan nationalities.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/06/30/Noticias/Violencia\\-contra\\-LA\\-PRENSA\\\|title\\=UViolencia contra La PrensaP\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]]\\\|language\\=es\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-26\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726232621/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/06/30/Noticias/Violencia\\-contra\\-LA\\-PRENSA\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Media outlets complained that the government ordered them not to report any news or opinion that could \"incite\" the public. News organizations in Honduras were polarized. Journalists working for small independent media—or for those loyal to Zelaya—reported being harassed by officials.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/story/2009/06/30/ST2009063004334\\.html\\\|title\\=Honduras Targets Protesters With Emergency Decree: Media in Country Also Feel Pressure\\\|date\\=July 2, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2009 \\\| first1\\=William \\\| last1\\=Booth}}", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|200px\\\|Pro\\-Zelaya protesters marching in Tegucigalpa](/wiki/File:2009_Honduras_political_crisis_9.jpg \"2009 Honduras political crisis 9.jpg\")\nOn Sunday night, [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\") reported that hundreds of pro\\-Zelaya protesters, some masked and wielding sticks, set up barricades of chain link fences and downed billboards in the center of Tegucigalpa and blocked roads to the presidential palace. Reuters witnesses heard gunshots outside the presidential palace that apparently came after a truck arrived at the protest, and an ambulance also appeared. It was not clear who fired the shots. One witness said shots were fired only in the air and there were no initial reports of injuries.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Rest\\-of\\-World/Protests\\-erupt\\-shots\\-fired\\-after\\-Honduras\\-coup/articleshow/4714868\\.cms\\\|title\\=Protests Erupt, Shots Fired After Honduras Coup\\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]]}} {{Dead link\\\|date\\=May 2011\\\|bot\\=RjwilmsiBot}}", "Late at night on Sunday, June 28, Zelaya and Foreign Minister Rodas flew to Managua, Nicaragua, to attend a meeting the next day of the [Central American Integration System](/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System \"Central American Integration System\"). Also planning to attend the meeting were several heads of state of the [Rio Group](/wiki/Rio_Group \"Rio Group\") and [ALBA](/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas \"Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas\") including [Hugo Chávez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Hugo Chávez\") and [Felipe Calderón](/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n \"Felipe Calderón\").[Former Honduran president welcomed at ALBA meeting in Nicaragua](http://www.miamiherald.com/news/breaking-news/story/1119471.html){{dead link\\\|date\\=August 2014}}, [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\") At the meeting, the presidents of Central America agreed to freeze all official payments and loans to Honduras.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/21977\\-centroamerica\\-aisla\\-politica\\-y\\-economicamente\\-a\\-golpistas\\-de\\-honduras \\\|title\\=Centroamérica aisla política y económicamente a golpistas de Honduras \\\|publisher\\=Tiempo.hn \\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-30}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=August 2014}}", "### June 29", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|200px\\\|A small fire started during a pro\\-Zelaya demonstration](/wiki/File:2009_Honduras_political_crisis_3.jpg \"2009 Honduras political crisis 3.jpg\")\nProtests continued the following Monday. Around 1,500 pro\\-Zelaya protesters taunted soldiers and burned tires just outside the gates of the presidential palace in a face\\-off with security forces.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE55R24E20090629?feedType\\=RSS\\&feedName\\=worldNews\\\|title\\=Honduras isolated over Zelaya ouster\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-29}} CNN reported that although the military had fired tear gas into the crowd at some point, the day was \"generally calm\" in Honduras.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/06/29/honduras.president.arrested/index.html\\#cnnSTCText\\\|title\\= Honduran police, demonstrators clash as nation holds fragile peace\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|work\\=CNN\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-29}} Two people were reportedly killed as a result of clashes between protesters and soldiers. Juan Barahona, leader of the United Workers Federation, claimed soldiers opened fire on the crowds with live ammunition.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-06/30/content\\_11623326\\.htm\\\|title\\=2 dead, 60 injured in Honduras anti\\-coup protests\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Xinhua]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703195012/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-06/30/content\\_11623326\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-03}} News media remained off air, replaced by tropical music, soap operas, and cooking shows. [Reporters Without Borders](/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders \"Reporters Without Borders\") condemned the \"news blackout\" and Reuters reported the use of [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") to beat the censorship.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN29399379\\\|title\\=Honduran army smothers media after coup\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30 \\\| first\\=Mica \\\| last\\=Rosenberg}}", "President of the Honduran Peace Committee, Dr. Juan Almendares, speaking 29 June on Democracy Now! said: the military are taking repressive actions against some members of the legitimate government of President Zelaya and also popular leaders. He claimed that there is \"effectively\" a national strike of workers, people, students and intellectuals.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/29/coup\\_in\\_honduras\\_military\\_ousts\\_president\\\|title\\=Coup in Honduras: Military Ousts President Manuel Zelaya, Supporters Defy Curfew and Take to the Streets\\\|first\\=Amy\\\|last\\=Goodman\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|publisher\\=Democracy Now\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30}}{{Unreliable source?\\\|date\\=December 2009}}", "Zelaya announced in Managua on Monday night that he would be returning to Tegucigalpa on Thursday, July 2\\. He also invited fellow Latin American leaders, including OAS general secretary [José Miguel Insulza](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Insulza \"José Miguel Insulza\"), to accompany him on his return.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8125668\\.stm\\\|title\\=Ousted Honduran leader to return \\\|work\\=BBC News\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30}} The new foreign minister of Honduras, Enrique Ortez, said that Insulza and any other presidents would be welcome but that Zelaya would not be allowed to enter.[Nuevo canciller de Honduras dice que Insulza entrará pero Zelaya no](http://www.adn.es/politica/20090630/NWS-1534-Honduras-Insulza-Zelaya-Nuevo-canciller.html) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703071704/http://www.adn.es/politica/20090630/NWS\\-1534\\-Honduras\\-Insulza\\-Zelaya\\-Nuevo\\-canciller.html \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03 }}.", "In one of the protests, about 2000 pro\\-Zelaya protesters marched to the Pacific from La Colonia Las Brisas de Comayaguela to Boulevard Juan Pablo Segundo, in Tegucigalpa. The march was organized by employees of Zelaya's government and workers' groups.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22149\\-seguidores\\-de\\-mel\\-vuelven\\-a\\-las\\-calles\\- \\\|title\\=Seguidores de Mel vuelven a las calles \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703000127/http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22149\\-seguidores\\-de\\-mel\\-vuelven\\-a\\-las\\-calles\\- \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2009 }}", "There were also protests in [San Pedro Sula](/wiki/San_Pedro_Sula \"San Pedro Sula\") in which the Bloque Popular and more pro\\-Zelaya protesters asked for the restitution of Zelaya to power.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/politica/22024\\-bloque\\-popular\\-demanda\\-restitucion\\-de\\-mel\\-zelaya\\\|title\\= Bloque Popular demanda restitución de Mel Zelaya\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]]\\\|language\\=es\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=August 2014}}", "### June 30", "Pressure on the new government continued to grow as the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\") unanimously adopted a resolution which called for the reinstatement of Zelaya as the President of Honduras. Zelaya spoke in front of the General Assembly where he was applauded several times. In his speech, Zelaya promised not to seek another term as President and said that he would not accept a second term if he were asked to serve again.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8127503\\.stm\\\|title\\=UN backs Honduras leader's return \\\|work\\=BBC News\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30}} After the UN session, Zelaya then headed to Washington, D.C., where he was going to attend an emergency meeting of the [Organization of American States](/wiki/Organization_of_American_States \"Organization of American States\") [General Assembly](/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States \"General Assembly of the Organization of American States\") convened under the [Inter\\-American Democratic Charter](/wiki/Inter-American_Democratic_Charter \"Inter-American Democratic Charter\") to discuss the crisis. In Washington, Zelaya was scheduled to meet with United States Assistant Secretary of State [Thomas Shannon](/wiki/Thomas_A._Shannon%2C_Jr. \"Thomas A. Shannon, Jr.\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/01/world/americas/01honduras.html?ref\\=world\\\|title\\=After Losing Honduras, Ousted Leader Wins International Support \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|last\\=Lacey\\\|first\\=Marc\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30}}", "Meanwhile, Honduran Attorney General Luis Alberto Rubi announced that Zelaya would \"immediately\" be arrested if he returned to Honduras, where legal officials have accused him of 18 crimes including \"treason\" and \"abuse of authority\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Zelaya\\_faces\\_arrest\\_in\\_Honduras\\_as\\_\\_06302009\\.html\\\|title\\=Zelaya faces arrest in Honduras as protests rise \\\|publisher\\=Agence France\\-Presse\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30}} {{Dead link\\\|date\\=October 2010\\\|bot\\=H3llBot}}\n[thumb\\\|200px\\\|Anti\\-Zelaya demonstrators; one holds a sign warning against Hugo Chávez, Zelaya and Daniel Ortega](/wiki/File:Nochavezortega.jpg \"Nochavezortega.jpg\")\nPro\\-Zelaya protests continued on Tuesday, June 30\\. Union leaders announced a nationwide strike and estimated that up to 10,000 pro\\-Zelaya protesters were marching in Tegucigalpa and around the country.", "Demonstrations in favor of the constitution and against Zelaya took place. In a speech, [Armeda Lopez](/wiki/Armeda_Lopez \"Armeda Lopez\") said \"Chavez ate Venezuela first, then Bolivia, but in Honduras that didn't happen\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=14715 \\\|title\\=Plantón por la paz y democracia \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025155905/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=14715 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-25 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nRoberto Micheletti made an appearance and said that the [November general elections](/wiki/Honduran_general_election%2C_2009 \"Honduran general election, 2009\") will be held as scheduled and that a new president will be sworn in on January 27, 2010\\. Micheletti also had strong words for the crowd: \"They told me a few people with leftist intentions would try to scare us, but not the brave men and women of our nation\", as sympathizers responded with chants of \"Democracy! Democracy!\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/01/content\\_11630171\\.htm\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102115135/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/01/content\\_11630171\\.htm\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=November 2, 2012\\\|title\\=Honduras' Micheletti joins anti\\-Zelaya rally in central Tegucigalpa \\\|publisher\\=Xinhua\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30}}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.heraldohn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/01/Noticias/Multitudinario\\-apoyo\\-al\\-nuevo\\-gobierno/(offset)/10 \\\|title\\=Multitudinario apoyo al nuevo gobierno \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805183737/http://www.heraldohn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/01/Noticias/Multitudinario\\-apoyo\\-al\\-nuevo\\-gobierno/(offset)/10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-05 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} General [Romeo Vásquez Velásquez](/wiki/Romeo_V%C3%A1squez_Vel%C3%A1squez \"Romeo Vásquez Velásquez\") also attended and spoke at the rally.{{cite news\\\|url\\= http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/88764295/AFP\\\|title\\=Honduran top military chief General Rome\\\|publisher\\=Getty Images\\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-30\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-30}}", "The [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") announced that it would stop disbursing loans of up to $270 million U.S. dollars to Honduras until the political situation stabilizes.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/01/content\\_11632921\\.htm\\\|title\\=World Bank suspends loans to Honduras\\\|publisher\\=Xinhua\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704233814/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/01/content\\_11632921\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}}", "" ]
July 2009 --------- ### July 1 The Organization of American States General Assembly agreed on Wednesday to a resolution which "condemns vehemently" Zelaya's removal and gives Honduras three days to restore Zelaya to the presidency or face possible suspension from the group.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8127867\.stm\\|title\=Deadline for Honduras over leader \\|work\=BBC News\\|date\=2009\-07\-01\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01}} Zelaya then announced that he would postpone his planned return, which was initially scheduled for Thursday, July 2\. Instead, he would wait until the OAS deadline runs out, and then return to his country.{{cite news\\|url\=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/07/200971165130346380\.html\\|title\=Honduras' Zelaya vows to return \\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\\|date\=2009\-07\-01\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01}} The United States also said it would wait until the deadline ran out before considering what to do about US aid to Honduras, which by law must be cut off if a head of state is overthrown in a coup.[US puts off decision to cut aid to Honduras until Monday](http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090701/usa/honduras_politics_military_coup_us_aid) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707132735/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090701/usa/honduras\_politics\_military\_coup\_us\_aid \\|date\=July 7, 2009 }} After the OAS meeting in Washington, Zelaya flew to [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City "Panama City") in order to attend [Ricardo Martinelli](/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli "Ricardo Martinelli")'s inauguration as President of Panama.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009\-07\-01\-voa44\.cfm \\|title\=Ousted Honduran President Travels to Panama \\|publisher\=Voice of America \\|date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702050326/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009\-07\-01\-voa44\.cfm \\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2009 }} Meanwhile, Interim President Roberto Micheletti reiterated that Zelaya would be arrested as soon as he were to set foot in the country. In an interview with the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"), Micheletti said that only a foreign invasion could restore Zelaya as president. "(Zelaya) can no longer return to the presidency of the republic unless a president from another Latin American country comes and imposes him using guns. I was appointed by Congress, which represents the Honduran people. Nobody can make me resign unless I break the laws of the country", said Micheletti. [thumb\\|250px\\|Hondurans promoting peace and opposing Zelaya and Chavez](/wiki/File:Manifestaci%C3%B3n_ONU_2.jpg "Manifestación ONU 2.jpg") Micheletti later announced at a press conference that a delegation representing the new government would travel to Washington on Wednesday to meet with the OAS. The delegation would explain to OAS General Secretary José Miguel Insulza "what really happened" in Honduras, according to Micheletti.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/01/content\_11634645\.htm\\|title\=Interim Honduran president to send delegation for talks with OAS\\|publisher\=Xinhua\\|date\=2009\-07\-01\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704122534/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/01/content\_11634645\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") reported that Spain, France, Italy, Chile, and Colombia began recalling their ambassadors on July 1\."Honduras is finding itself increasingly isolated. France, Spain, Italy, Chile and Colombia began recalling their ambassadors Wednesday". [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post"), ["Honduras Targets Protesters with Emergency Decree"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070100369_2.html?sid=ST2009063004334), 1 July 2009\. Retrieved 13 July 2009\. The United States announced the suspension of joint military operations.{{cite news\\|title\=U.S. suspends military relations with Honduras\\|agency\=Associated Press\\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31693697}} Some members of the Honduran Congress said that they were discussing ways of reaching a compromise among themselves that would reinstate Zelaya. They warned, however, that such a deal could be a hard sell, given the widespread opposition to Zelaya in Congress. [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") reported that despite the uncompromising public statements of the two sides, O.A.S. officials claimed they had begun informal talks with people close to the Micheletti government to seek a peaceful resolution. The Times said that one proposal that had been floated was for an amnesty for the people who overthrew Zelaya in exchange for his reinstatement and a guarantee that he would not seek another term. Both pro\- and anti\-Zelaya demonstrations continued throughout the country. The largest anti\-Zelaya rally occurred in [Choluteca](/wiki/Choluteca%2C_Choluteca "Choluteca, Choluteca"), which received heavy coverage by the Honduran press. The pro\-Zelaya protests were largely ignored by the same media outlets.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/715963 \\|title\=Honduran government's international isolation grows; demonstrators demand return of president \\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928101000/http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/715963 \\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011 }} Pro\-Zelaya protesters claim that the authorities are trying to prevent them from converging to protest, while allowing pro\-Micheletti demonstrators easy access to popular places for demonstrations. The pro\-Zelaya protesters have been targeting a [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King") franchise in central Tegucigalpa that is owned by Micheletti supporters. The restaurant has been looted several times. Also, several hundred pro\-Zelaya student activists erected barricades of boulders, signposts and metal sheeting near the presidential palace. They covered their faces with bandanas and carried bats, branches and gasoline\-filled bottles. Eventually however the activists removed the barricades and joined a larger, peaceful protest. There was evidence that Venezuelan, Nicaraguan and Cuban nationalities had attempted to create a conflict. To ensure democracy, the rule of law, public safety and peace, the National Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011\-2009\) at the request of President Micheletti temporarily suspending four constitutional guarantees during the hours the curfew is in effect.[Mañana a las 5 am todo vuelve a la normalidad](http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Manana-a-las-5-am-todo-vuelve-a-la-normalidad) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706043226/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Manana\-a\-las\-5\-am\-todo\-vuelve\-a\-la\-normalidad \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 }} [La Prensa](/wiki/La_Prensa_%28Honduras%29 "La Prensa (Honduras)"){{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22279\-congreso\-restringe\-cuatro\-garantias\-constitucionales \\|title\=Congresso restringe cuatro guarantías constitucionales \\|date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704003520/http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22279\-congreso\-restringe\-cuatro\-garantias\-constitucionales \\|archive\-date\=July 4, 2009 }} These include articles 69, 71, 78, and 81 of the constitution. Article 69 guarantees the right of personal freedom. Article 71 requires being brought before a judge within 24 hours of being arrested. Article 78 provides for the freedom of association and assembly, and article 81 provides for freedom to move, enter, leave and remain in the country. ### July 2 Honduran police confirmed the presence of Venezuelans, Cubans and Nicaraguans.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Confirmada\-presencia\-de\-venezolanos\-cubanos\-y\-nicas \\|title\=Confirmada presencia de venezolanos, cubanos y nicas \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606040255/http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Confirmada\-presencia\-de\-venezolanos\-cubanos\-y\-nicas \\|archive\-date\=2011\-06\-06 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Honduran Congress passed an emergency decree that limits public gatherings following Zelaya's arrest. Honduran government restricted street protests and news organizations. More marches against Zelaya and in favor of the new government were carried out in Tegucigalpa. The anti\-Zelaya demonstrators, numbering over 10,000 according to La Prensa, chanted against Zelaya, Hugo Chávez, and foreign interference in Honduran affairs.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensa.hn/content/view/section/244684 \\|title\="Fuera Mel" gritan miles de sampedranos \\|date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701083020/http://www.laprensa.hn/content/view/section/244684 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-01 }} In [San Pedro Sula](/wiki/San_Pedro_Sula "San Pedro Sula"), 350 police and military broke up the thousands of pro\-Zelaya protesters who were demonstrating in the center of the city with tear gas and water cannons and chased protesters for blocks. During the pursuit, some protesters committed acts of vandalism. Xinhua reports at least 2 deaths, 60 injuries, and 270 arrests.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/03/content\_11643084\.htm\\|title\=Rival demonstrations continue in post\-coup Honduras\\|publisher\=Xinhua\\|date\=2009\-07\-03\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-03\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704215228/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/03/content\_11643084\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} El Tiempo notes that among the arrested were bystanders not involved in the demonstration.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22380\-\-recuperan\-el\-centro \\|title\=Recuperan el centro \\|date\=2009\-07\-03 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-03 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706021840/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22380\-\-recuperan\-el\-centro \\|archive\-date\=July 6, 2009 }} Police are now stationed in the center of the city to prevent demonstrators from recongregating. The police announced the arrest of [Marcelo Chimirri](/wiki/Marcelo_Chimirri "Marcelo Chimirri"), ex\-manager of the phone company [Hondutel](/wiki/Hondutel "Hondutel"), who they accused of corruption. Marcelo Chimirri was appointed head of Hondutel by Zelaya.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/02/Noticias/Capturan\-a\-Chimirri\-ex\-funcionario\-de\-Zelaya \\|title\=Capturan a Chimirri, ex funcionario de Zelaya \\|date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-26 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726232704/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/02/Noticias/Capturan\-a\-Chimirri\-ex\-funcionario\-de\-Zelaya \\|url\-status\=dead }} Marcelo Chimirri had been under investigation for his involvement with the Latinode case in Miami where Latinode executives confessed to paying bribes to Hondutel executives in exchange for lower rates.[Hondutel Lost L. 92 Million with LatiNode](http://eng.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%83%C2%ADs/Ediciones/2009/07/15/Noticias/Hondutel-Lost-L.-92-Million-with-LatiNode) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094734/http://eng.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%83%C2%ADs/Ediciones/2009/07/15/Noticias/Hondutel\-Lost\-L.\-92\-Million\-with\-LatiNode \\|date\=2011\-07\-21 }} [La Prensa](/wiki/La_Prensa_%28Honduras%29 "La Prensa (Honduras)") The [Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras](/wiki/Committee_of_Relatives_of_the_Disappeared_in_Honduras "Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras") (COFADEH), an association for civil rights, said that on Wednesday 1 July, police and military were flattening homes and sequestering people in the communities of [Olancho](/wiki/Olancho_Department "Olancho Department"), which is the birthplace of the president in exile, Manuel Zelaya Rosales. The military operations have occurred in communities Guacoca, [San Francisco de la Paz](/wiki/San_Francisco_de_la_Paz "San Francisco de la Paz"), and Salamá [Guarizama](/wiki/Guarizama "Guarizama"). The association denounced that the Armed Forces and the Police have unleashed repression against the people of Honduras and all liability for the violations being committed against social leaders, against whom there are arrest warrants, residents, rural communities, students, peasants and workers.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/politica/22120\-cofadeh\-militares\-y\-policias\-estan\-secuestrando \\|title\=COFADEH: Militares y policías están secuestrando \\|date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707035305/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/politica/22120\-cofadeh\-militares\-y\-policias\-estan\-secuestrando \\|archive\-date\=July 7, 2009 }} Zelaya, meanwhile, announced to a press conference that he would pardon those involved in what he called "the coup" when he returns as President of Honduras. "I am a Christian and know how to forgive and pardon. The people of Honduras will not forgive, but from me, in my heart, there is no ill\-will towards anyone", he said.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/03/content\_11643677\.htm\\|title\=Honduran president says willing to pardon coup leaders\\|publisher\=Xinhua\\|date\=2009\-07\-03\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-03\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704215248/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/03/content\_11643677\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} Micheletti's government stated that it is willing to hold this year's presidential election early, and that it might hold a referendum on allowing Zelaya to serve the remainder of his term, although holding such a referendum immediately would be "difficult".{{cite news\\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090703/wl\_nm/us\_honduras\_38\\|title\=Honduras interim gov't says open to early election\\|last\=Rosenberg\\|first\=Mica \\|date\=2009\-07\-02\\|agency\=Reuters \\|publisher\=Yahoo News\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} {{Dead link\\|date\=October 2010\\|bot\=H3llBot}} ### July 3 Around 70,000 people demonstrated for the constitution and against Zelaya.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/El\-pueblo\-vuelve\-a\-rechazar\-a\-Zelaya \\| title\=El pueblo vuelve a rechazar a Zelaya \\| date\=2009\-07\-03 \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\| language\=es \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807074442/http://www.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/El\-pueblo\-vuelve\-a\-rechazar\-a\-Zelaya \\| archive\-date\=2009\-08\-07 }} A video showing the army shooting out pro\-Zelaya protesters' bus tires was released on CNN.{{cite news\\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/07/03/honduras.video/index.html?eref\=rss\_mostpopular\\|title\= Video shows Honduran troops shooting protesters' bus tires\\|date\=2009\-07\-03\\|publisher\=CNN.com\\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-04}} There were protests for and against Zelaya in Tegucigalpa. The pro\-Zelaya protesters marched from Universidad Pedagógica Francisco Morazán down the Boulevard Juan Pablo II to Toncontin airport. The protesters against Zelaya concentrated in Plaza La Libertad and the interior of the Casa Presidencial and were organized by Comisión Cívica Democrática.\<ref"\>{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22392\-el\-pueblo\-en\-las\-calles \\|title\=El pueblo en las calles \\|date\=2009\-07\-03 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706022905/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22392\-el\-pueblo\-en\-las\-calles \\|archive\-date\=July 6, 2009 }}\</ref\>{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2009/07/03/materia.2009\-07\-03\.5104274428/view\\|title\=Movimentos populares de Honduras se mobilizam pela volta de Zelaya\\|date\=2009\-07\-03\\|publisher\=\[\[Agência Brasil]]\\|language\=pt\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} {{Dead link\\|date\=October 2010\\|bot\=H3llBot}} Radio Globo Honduras said that when Zelaya was giving an interview to the radio on Wednesday 1 July, the radio was switched off by military forces. There was said also that the military forces are keeping guard on the transmissors of the radio since Sunday 28 June.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.radioglobohonduras.com/\\|title\=Comunicado\\|date\=2009\-07\-03\\|publisher\=Radio Globo Honduras\\|language\=es\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} The interim government withdraws from the OAS, saying that there is no longer space for Honduras there. New deputy foreign minister Martha Lorena Alvarado said that her government "repudiates" the "unilateral measures" and "unworthy unilateral resolutions".{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia\=365663\\|title\=Honduras se retira de la OEA tras visita de Insulza\\|date\=2009\-07\-04\\|work\=www.emol.com\\|publisher\=\[\[El Mercurio]]\\|language\=es\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-06}} The Supreme Court of Honduras has rejected a demand by the Organization of American States to reinstate the ousted President, Manuel Zelaya. OAS chief Jose Miguel Insulza was told the court's position was "irreversible" when he met its president for two hours in the capital Tegulcigalpa. Danilo Izaguirre, spokesman for the Supreme Court, confirmed that it had rejected the OAS secretary general's demand. "Insulza asked Honduras to reinstate Zelaya but the president of the court Jorge Rivera categorically answered that there is an arrest warrant for him", he said.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8133981\.stm\\|title\=Honduran court defiant on Zelaya\\|date\=2009\-07\-04\\|work\=BBC News\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} Of the 128 National Congress [deputies](/wiki/Deputies "Deputies"), 19 have refused to recognize Michelletti as the president of Honduras, with 13 Zelaya deputies of the [Liberal Party of Honduras](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Honduras "Liberal Party of Honduras") and 5[Portal del Gobierno de Honduras](http://www.congreso.gob.hn/Diputados.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911183753/http://www.congreso.gob.hn/Diputados.htm \\|date\=September 11, 2007 }} {{in lang\\|es}} deputies from [Democratic Unification Party](/wiki/Democratic_Unification_Party "Democratic Unification Party").{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22454\-aparecen\-mas\-diputados\-declarando\-que\-hubo\-golpe \\|title\=Aparecen más diputados declarando que hubo golpe \\|date\=2009\-07\-03 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} [Radio America](/wiki/Radio_America_%28Honduras%29 "Radio America (Honduras)") journalist [Gabriel Fino Noriega](/wiki/Gabriel_Fino_Noriega "Gabriel Fino Noriega") was murdered near [La Ceiba](/wiki/La_Ceiba "La Ceiba").{{cite web \\|url\=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php\-URL\_ID\=28957\&URL\_DO\=DO\_TOPIC\&URL\_SECTION\=201\.html \\|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20151215021944/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php\-URL\_ID\=28957\&URL\_DO\=DO\_TOPIC\&URL\_SECTION\=201\.html \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=2015\-12\-15 \\|title\=journalist Gabriel Fino Noriega and calls for lifting of restrictions on press freedom \\|publisher\=Portal.unesco.org \\|access\-date\=2010\-08\-30 }} ### July 4 During the first five days out of country, Zelaya had spent 80,000 dollars of Honduran public money to luxury goods, including luxury hotels, food and fine clothing. Honduras canceled his governmental credit card, as well as lease of 50 luxury vehicles, 61 mobile phone lines, and 100 bank accounts.[Manuel Zelaya gastó L 1\.5 millones en 5 días](http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Manuel-Zelaya-gasto-L-1.5-millones-en-5-dias) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707002452/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Manuel\-Zelaya\-gasto\-L\-1\.5\-millones\-en\-5\-dias \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 }}. La Prensa Many demonstrations for the constitution, peace, democracy and against Zelaya's attempts to return to power took place in Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Talanga, La Ceiba, El Progreso, Choluteca, and other cities. Again, demonstrators dressed in white.{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Paisanos\-de\-Zelaya\-marchan\-contra\-el/(offset)/25 \\| title\=Paisanos" de Zelaya marchan contra él \\| newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\| language\=es \\| date\=2009\-07\-04 \\| access\-date\=2009\-12\-21 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041159/http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Paisanos\-de\-Zelaya\-marchan\-contra\-el/(offset)/25 \\| archive\-date\=2011\-06\-06 \\| url\-status\=dead }} Archbishop Cardinal [Oscar Rodriguez Maradiaga](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga "Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga") asked Zelaya not to return to Honduras because his return could cause a bloodbath.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22463\-cardenal\-rodriguez\-el\-pueblo\-tiene\-derecho\-a\-recibir\-explicaciones \\|title\=Cardenal Rodríguez Maradiaga pide a Zelaya que no regrese para evitar baño de sangre \\|date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} The Archbishop also read from Article 102 of the Constitution stating that no Honduran can be expatriated or handed over to a foreign State and that he believed that everyone merited an explication of what happened on June 28 and called for dialogue.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Un\-regreso\-al\-pais\-en\-este\-momento\-podria\-desatar\-un\-bano\-de\-sangre \\|title\=Un regreso al país en este momento podría desatar un baño de sangre \\|date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707002715/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Un\-regreso\-al\-pais\-en\-este\-momento\-podria\-desatar\-un\-bano\-de\-sangre \\|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/var/elheraldo\_site/storage/original/application/290e62976ab5923acc7c8925ae384824\.pdf \\|title\=Honduran Episcopal Conference's Communiqué \\|date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-05 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718111500/http://www.elheraldo.hn/var/elheraldo\_site/storage/original/application/290e62976ab5923acc7c8925ae384824\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-18 }} Later that day Zelaya announced he would return to Tegucigalpa on Sunday, accompanied by various presidents and other international representatives,{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22469\-manuel\-zelaya\-ratifica\-que\-viajara\-a\-honduras\-el\-domingo\-junto\-a\-varios\-presidentes \\|title\=Mel Zelaya ratifica regreso a Honduras el domingo \\|date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} calling on supporters to remain peaceful: "Do not bring weapons. Practice what I have always preached, which is nonviolence. Let them be the ones who use violence, weapons and repression." {{cite news\\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\_DPwD997TH6O0\\|title\=Exiled Honduran president vows return on Sunday\\|last\=Weissert\\|first\=Will \\|date\=July 4, 2009\\|access\-date\=July 4, 2009}}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2024\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} In Honduras the protests for and against Zelaya continued. A source estimated the crowd at 10,000\.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/05/world/americas/05honduras.html?ref\=global\-home \\|title\=O.A.S. Votes to Suspend Honduras Over Coup \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|last1\=Thompson \\|first1\=Ginger \\|last2\=Lacey \\|first2\=Marc \\|date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} OAS Secretary General Jose Miguel Insulza went to Honduras to seek Zelaya's reinstatement.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gMCr8kViII4SmuN8DnNR532awrQgD9980DN03 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130102225842/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gMCr8kViII4SmuN8DnNR532awrQgD9980DN03 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=2013\-01\-02 \\|title\=Secretary general: OAS fails to reinstate Zelaya \\|date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|first\=Nestor \\|last\=Ikeda \\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] }} The Organization of American States suspended Honduras on Saturday (July 4\) after the caretaker government refused to reinstate President Manuel Zelaya.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0211965120090705\\|title\=Ousted Honduran leader mulls return after OAS ruling\\|date\=2009\-07\-05\\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-05}} A fragmentation grenade exploded July 4, Saturday night, in the first floor of the offices of Canal 11, the same buildings where [El Tiempo](/wiki/El_Tiempo_%28Honduras%29 "El Tiempo (Honduras)") is located. It was allegedly thrown from a nearby street.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22519\-lanzan\-granada\-en\-el\-canal\-11 \\|title\=Lanzan granada en el Canal 11 \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} ### July 5 An estimated 20,000 soldiers are guarding the airport. [thumb\\|Hugo Chávez and the "Africanized bees" text, which is visible on the right side of Chávez's head.](/wiki/File:Chavez_and_Africanized_bees.jpg "Chavez and Africanized bees.jpg") Venezuelan TV showed Hugo Chávez watching Zelaya's attempt to land. Accidentally visible on the television was Chávez's blackboard and the text:{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/183051 \\|title\=Un Chávez nervioso intenta ahora explicar que no planeó masacre \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-11 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716003429/http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/183051 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/09/Noticias/Venezuela\-tenia\-fuerza\-militar\-para\-Zelaya/%28offset%29/5 \\|title\=Venezuela tenía fuerza militar para Zelaya \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-09 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712044533/http://www.elheraldo.hn/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/09/Noticias/Venezuela\-tenia\-fuerza\-militar\-para\-Zelaya/(offset)/5 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news\\|url\=http://eng.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/11/Noticias/Chavez\-Adviced\-Mel\-Not\-to\-Meet\-with\-Micheletti \\|title\=Chávez Adviced (sic)Mel Not to Meet with Micheletti \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-10 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815171934/http://eng.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/11/Noticias/Chavez\-Adviced\-Mel\-Not\-to\-Meet\-with\-Micheletti \\|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-15 }}{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias\-ecuador/chavez\-coordino\-accion\-militar\-357278\.html \\|title\=Chávez quería provocar un baño de sangre \\|publisher\=Hoy Ecuador \\|date\=2009\-07\-09 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712005414/http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias\-ecuador/chavez\-coordino\-accion\-militar\-357278\.html \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-12 }}{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.eldia.com.bo/index.php?cat\=149\&pla\=3\&id\_articulo\=9660 \\|title\=El plan de Chávez era una masacre \\|publisher\=El Dia (Bolivia) }} {{blockquote\\|051345JUL09 Enjambre de abejas africanas, Tribuna Presidencial, heridos por picadas y desesperación de las personas.}} Translation in English: {{blockquote\\|051345JUL09 Swarm of \[\[africanized bees]], Presidential Podium, wounded by stings and desperation of the people}} 051345JUL09 appears to be a military code for July 5, 2009 at 13:45\. Coincidentally, 13:45 was the time violence started in Toncontin airport. Chávez tried to explain the text by saying that there was a small hive of bees threatening participants in the military parade in Ciudad Bolívar in Venezuela. Former President Ricardo Maduro visited US Congressmen to explain that what occurred in Honduras was a constitutional succession.{{cite web\\|url\=http://foreignaffairs.republicans.house.gov/list/hearing/foreignaffairs\_rep/dignitaries\_westernhem.shtml \\|access\-date\=August 6, 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805011523/http://foreignaffairs.republicans.house.gov/list/hearing/foreignaffairs\_rep/dignitaries\_westernhem.shtml \\|archive\-date\=August 5, 2009 \\|title\=House committee on foreign affairs}} According to the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"), Zelaya, accompanied by several ambassadors and the United Nations General Assembly president, departed Washington's Dulles Airport on a jet, registration N515RN owned by CITGO a subsidiary of the Venezuelan PDVSA,[Avión violentó espacio aéreo hondureño](http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/174180) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606032430/http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/174180 \\|date\=2011\-06\-06 }}. El Heraldo, July 06\.2009 hoping to land in the Honduran capital.{{cite news\\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\_DPwD998G2QO0 \\|title\=Zelaya flies to Honduras despite no\-landing orders \\|last\=Weissert \\|first\=Will \\|date\=July 5, 2009 \\|access\-date\=July 5, 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711110558/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\_DPwD998G2QO0 \\|archive\-date\=July 11, 2009 }} Further [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") have quoted Zelaya as saying "No one can obligate me to turn around. The constitution prohibits expelling Hondurans from the country. I am returning with all of my constitutional guarantees." But with their safety in the air not guaranteed, Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa pleaded with the Honduran military forces to avoid bloodshed. "If there is violence the whole world must clearly know who is responsible", he said.{{cite news\\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090705/ap\_on\_re\_la\_am\_ca/lt\_honduras\_coup \\|title\=Zelaya's plane circles Honduran runway, can't land \\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-05 \\|publisher\=Yahoo News \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708155539/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090705/ap\_on\_re\_la\_am\_ca/lt\_honduras\_coup \\|archive\-date\=July 8, 2009 }} After attempting to land without a flight plan filed, Zelaya's plane was turned away by trucks and soldiers stationed on the landing strip to prevent a landing.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=16627 \\|title\=Avión que transportaba a Zelaya violó el espacio aéreo de Honduras \\|publisher\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118083726/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=16627 \\|archive\-date\=November 18, 2010 }} Pro\-Zelaya protesters, including some people throwing stones, were able to break through various security cordons to an area near the airport. Stephen Ferry, an international press photographer at the scene, reported seeing government forces attack the protest. "I saw a kid being shot in the head, I think he is dead ... There are lots of injured — I don't know how many. They just opened fire — it was completely unprovoked." Hospital sources and police said at least two people had been killed and a number had been injured.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8135358\.stm\\|title\=Deadly clash at Honduran airport \\|date\=2009\-07\-05\\|work\=www.news.bbc.co.uk\\|publisher\=BBC\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-05}}[Ousted Honduran President Manuel Zelaya prevented from returning](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6645469.ece) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007052821/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us\_and\_americas/article6645469\.ece \\|date\=October 7, 2011 }} Later, the de facto government declared a curfew from 6:30 pm until 5 am, Tuesday July 7,{{cite news\\|url\=http://elheraldo.hn/Al%20Frente/Ediciones/2009/07/05/Noticias/Amplian\-toque\-de\-queda\-en\-Honduras\\|title\=Amplían toque de queda en Honduras\\|date\=2009\-07\-05\\|work\=elheraldo.hn\\|publisher\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]]\\|language\=es\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-05\\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-21\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095026/http://elheraldo.hn/Al%20Frente/Ediciones/2009/07/05/Noticias/Amplian\-toque\-de\-queda\-en\-Honduras\\|url\-status\=dead}} and closed Toncontin airport for another 24 hours beginning at 6 am July 6\.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22507\-cierran\-por\-24\-horas\-el\-aeropuerto\-toncontin \\|title\=Cierran por 24 hours el aeropuerto de Toncontin \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-05 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-05 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}}{{cite news \\|url\=http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/05/Noticias/Amplian\-toque\-de\-queda\-en\-Honduras \\|title\=Amplían toque de queda en Honduras \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-05 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-05 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-21 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095052/http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/05/Noticias/Amplian\-toque\-de\-queda\-en\-Honduras \\|url\-status\=dead }} One of the dead was identified as 19\-year\-old Isy Obed Murillo Mencía.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=16948 \\|title\=Militares habrían usado proyectiles de goma \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118223150/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=16948 \\|archive\-date\=November 18, 2010 }} The government denies having fired the fatal shot that killed Mencía, and BBC video captured the image of at least one protester holding a gun.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/07/Noticias/Bala\-que\-mato\-a\-joven\-no\-era\-del\-Ejercito \\|title\=Bala que mató a joven no era del Ejército \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710015626/http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/07/Noticias/Bala\-que\-mato\-a\-joven\-no\-era\-del\-Ejercito \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-10 }} The Official Government stance held that Isy Obed Murillo was killed by the protesters, but a study made by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission claims to debunk that stance. The Commission had access to the official forensic report, where it highlights that the trajectory of the shots and the location at which the bullet shells where found make it nearly impossible for the shots to originate from the protesters at the area. The Commission holds the hypothesis that the shots were made by members of the Army, but it claims that certainty is impossible to reach, as the military refused to cooperate with the criminal investigations ordered in September of that yearComisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación. Para que los hechos no se repitan: Informe de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación. Editorama. (jul. 2011\) [https://www.oas.org/es/sap/docs/dsdme/2011/cvr/hondurasinformecvr\_tomo1\.pdf](https://www.oas.org/es/sap/docs/dsdme/2011/cvr/hondurasinformecvr_tomo1.pdf) La Prensa reports that Zelaya supporters are paying people L250\-L300 ($13\.22 \- $15\.87\) to demonstrate against the de facto government. Motorcyclists and taxis were paid for transporting protesters.{{cite news \\| title \= Protests in favor of Zelaya are financed \\| date \= 2009\-07\-05 \\| url \= https://translate.google.com/translate?hl\=en\&sl\=es\&u\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/06/Noticias/Protestas\-a\-favor\-de\-Zelaya\-son\-financiadas\&ei\=nkZhSpXMO92ntgeGkZD3Dw\&sa\=X\&oi\=translate\&resnum\=1\&ct\=result\&prev\=/search%3Fq%3DTaxistas%2By%2Bcampesinos%2Bhan%2Brecibido%2Bdinero%2Bpara%2Bapoyar%2Bmanifestaciones%2Bque%2Bson%2Buna%2Bpresi%25C3%25B3n%2Bpara%2Bque%2Bregrese%2Bel%2BPresidente%2Bdestituido.%26hl%3Den%26domains%3Dwww.google.com%26sitesearch%3Dwww.laprensahn.com \\| newspaper \= \[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\| language\=es }} ### July 6 Hospitals in Tegucigalpa reported receiving victims shot by military patrols during the nightly curfew. Another pro\-Zelaya march is underway in Tegucigalpa, Monday morning.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22579\-de\-la\-pedagogica\-a\-presidencial\-arranca\-marcha\-pacifica\-en\-contra\-de\-los\-golpistas \\|title\=De la Pedagógica a Presidencial: Arranca marcha pacífica por restitución de Zelaya \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-06 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} According to TeleSur and other media, Honduran constitutional president Manuel Zelaya is to travel on July 6 to Washington to meet US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Tuesday.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2009/0706Zelaya\_viajaraWashington.htm \\|title\=Honduran President Zelaya Travels to Washington on Monday \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|publisher\=Cuban News Agency \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} Panamanian president, [Ricardo Martinelli](/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli "Ricardo Martinelli") says involvement of other countries in resolving the crisis "would worsen the current situation."{{cite news\\|url\=http://horacero.com.pa/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=11342\\|title\=Martinelli Evita Condenar Golpe y Critica a Zelaya \\|date\=2009\-07\-06\\|work\=horacero.com.pa\\|publisher\=Hora Cero\\|language\=es\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-06}} {{Dead link\\|date\=October 2010\\|bot\=H3llBot}} Rodolfo Pastor Fasquelle, Minister of Culture under Zelaya, told the BBC from hiding "Today there is the risk \[of civil war] because both sides have a wide social base, they are completely polarised and they have weapons and resources."{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/06/honduras\-manuel\-zelaya\-airport\-closed \\|title\=Honduras coup leaders shut main airport \\|newspaper\=The Guardian \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-06 \\| location\=London \\| first\=Rory \\| last\=Carroll}} Presidential candidate Pepe Lobo (Nationalist Party) told El Tiempo's columnist Roberto Quesada that he was in favor of the reinstatement of Zelaya as President and would use his influence to detain the barbarism and see that that happened.{{cite news\\|url\=http://tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22590\-pepe\-lobo\-esta\-a\-favor\-de\-la\-restitucion\-de\-manuel\-zelaya \\|title\=Pepe Lobo esta a favor de la restitución de Manuel Zelaya \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-06 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} In the afternoon, the government issued a call for anyone who received funds to promote the opinion poll to return the monies to them.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.radioamerica.hn/sitio.cfm?pag\=leenoticias\&t\=Nacionales\&id\=13497 \\|title\=Gobierno pide devolver dinero de consulta popular \\|publisher\=Radio America \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611014355/http://www.radioamerica.hn/sitio.cfm?pag\=leenoticias \\|archive\-date\=June 11, 2010 }} The radio stations La Catracha and Cholusat Sur were able to operate again from 6 July.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/politica/22539\-levantan\-censura\-a\-canal\-36\-y\-radio\-la\-catracha \\|title\=Levantan censura a Canal 36 y Radio La Catracha \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} It was said that Canal 36 and La Catracha were taken off air because the director had said publicly that he was in favour of the Cuarta Urna. After the coup, the TV programmes Mi Nación on Honduras' Canal 13 and Hable como Habla broadcast by Canal 66 of Maya TV were banned. The [Federación Latinoamericana de Periodistas](/wiki/Latin_American_Federation_of_Journalists "Latin American Federation of Journalists") informed that the [de facto](/wiki/De_facto "De facto") government was persecuting some international correspondents, mainly those who work for members of ALBA. They had to leave, according to the communique, signed by Juan Carlos Camano.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/el\-pais/22490\-periodistas\-denuncian\-persecucion\-gubernamental \\|title\=Periodistas denuncian persecución gubernamental \\|date\=2009\-07\-04 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} In an article, Radio Globo claimed that it is the only station covering everything live, on a dedicated channel about demonstrations against or in support of Zelaya.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/politica/22538\-radio\-globo\-tambien\-se\-suma\-a\-la\-resistencia \\|title\=Radio Globo también se suma a la resistencia \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} ### July 7 Large demonstrations in favor of the constitution, peace, new government, and in opposition to Zelaya. The demonstrations were called El Plantón del Millón and they were held in six cities.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=17087 \\|title\=Hondureños de todas las edades unidos por la paz \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029043745/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=17087 \\|archive\-date\=2010\-10\-29 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Zelaya was in Washington to meet with U.S. Secretary of State [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton"). At this meeting, Zelaya agreed to a U.S.\-backed proposal for negotiation talks with Micheletti government representatives in Costa Rica set for Thursday, July 9\. Costa Rican President [Óscar Arias](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias "Óscar Arias"), a [Nobel Peace Prize laureate](/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates"), would serve as mediator in the discussions. Zelaya later told a Honduran radio station that his return as President was "nonnegotiable" and that the talks are really just "the planning of the exit of the coup leaders". The Micheletti government also accepted the invitation, but maintained that Zelaya could not return as President.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE56424C20090707?pageNumber\=1\&virtualBrandChannel\=0\\|title\=Honduras' Zelaya says to meet coup backers on Thursday\\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\\|date\=2009\-07\-07\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07}} Hillary Clinton announced after meeting with Zelaya, that the United States was suspending all of the military and some economic aid to Honduras. Suspended aid includes all military aid (about $16\.5 million) and support supplied to the government for [CAFTA\-DR](/wiki/CAFTA-DR "CAFTA-DR"), and [USAID](/wiki/USAID "USAID") programs ($1\.9 million). Humanitarian aid to the Honduran people will continue as a policy matter.{{cite web \\|url\=https://2009\-2017\.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/july/125762\.htm \\|title\=U.S. Assistance to Honduras \\|publisher\=US State Department \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08 }} Foreign relations minister in the interim government, [Enrique Ortez Colindres](/wiki/Enrique_Ortez_Colindres "Enrique Ortez Colindres"), said in a TV interview that Obama "is a little black man who doesn't know where Tegucigalpa is located." He later apologised after U.S. Ambassador [Hugo Llorens](/wiki/Hugo_Llorens "Hugo Llorens") had said: "I express my profound indignation for the unfortunate, disrespectful and racially insensitive comments made about President Barack Obama."{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jVMceE2X3WWB\-j4kPMydHEs81m0QD99A23Q00 \\|title\=Honduran official apologizes to Obama for remark \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 \\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711113838/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jVMceE2X3WWB\-j4kPMydHEs81m0QD99A23Q00 \\|archive\-date\=July 11, 2009 }}{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/08/content\_11671507\.htm\\|title\=U.S. ambassador condemns statement of Honduras' interim foreign minister\\|publisher\=Xinhua\\|date\=2009\-07\-08\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716204236/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/08/content\_11671507\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-16}}{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\=338754\&CategoryId\=23558\\|title\=Honduran Foreign Minister Apologizes for Comments on Obama\\|newspaper\=\[\[Latin American Herald Tribune]]\\|date\=2009\-07\-08\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08\\|archive\-date\=2018\-08\-11\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811111103/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\=338754\&CategoryId\=23558\\|url\-status\=dead}} Supreme Court spokesman Danilo Izaguirre has said that Zelaya might be granted political amnesty.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31778837 \\|title\=Amnesty possible for ousted Zelaya \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07}} Honduran Cardinal [Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga "Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga") said "We totally reject the interference of the president of Venezuela. We may be a small country, but we are a sovereign country".{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/08/Noticias/Chavez\-dejenos\-en\-paz\-Cardenal \\|title\=Chávez, déjenos en paz: Cardenal \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120904011317/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/08/Noticias/Chavez\-dejenos\-en\-paz\-Cardenal \\|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-04 }}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.proceso.hn/2009/07/07/Nacionales/Cardenal.hondure.C/14811\.html \\|title\=Cardenal hondureño rechaza injerencia de presidente venezolano en crisis \\|publisher\=Proceso Digital \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-21 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094738/http://www.proceso.hn/2009/07/07/Nacionales/Cardenal.hondure.C/14811\.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} Competing demonstrations continued in Tegucigalpa, meanwhile. Both pro\- and anti\-Zelaya marches were attended by thousands. The pro\-Zelaya protest was led by Zelaya's wife, [Xiomara de Zelaya](/wiki/Xiomara_de_Zelaya "Xiomara de Zelaya"), who was making her first public appearance since the beginning of the coup.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/80\-xiomara\-castro\-encabeza\-marcha\-en\-tegucigalpa\-por\-la\-restitucion\-de\-su\-esposo \\|title\=Xiomara Castro encabeza marcha en Tegucigalpa por la restitución de su esposo. \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710103539/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/80\-xiomara\-castro\-encabeza\-marcha\-en\-tegucigalpa\-por\-la\-restitucion\-de\-su\-esposo \\|archive\-date\=July 10, 2009 }} The de facto government Civil Aviation Authority (DGAC) announced that [Toncontín International Airport](/wiki/Toncont%C3%ADn_International_Airport "Toncontín International Airport") would be closed through July 10 inclusive. To enforce the closure, the authorities placed an ancient Lockheed Electra in the middle of the runway. The Air Force began repairing the damaged fences around the southern end of the runway.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=16983 \\|title\=Aeronáutica Civil cierra Toncontín por cinco días \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-07 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118223125/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=16983 \\|archive\-date\=November 18, 2010 }} ### July 8 The interim government lifted its closure of Toncontín International Airport Wednesday morning, requesting that the airlines return to their normal flight schedules. On July 6 it had issued orders to close the airport for 5 days.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=17247 \\|title\=Todo vuelve a la normalidad en Toncontín \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118215121/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=17247 \\|archive\-date\=November 18, 2010 }} Colombia arrested 80 Venezuelans who attempted to travel to Honduras. The pro\-Zelaya group was so\-called "Bolivarian Continental Caravan".{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.heraldohn.com/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/08/Noticias/Detienen\-venezolanos\-que\-viajaban\-a\-Honduras/%28offset%29/35 \\|title\=Detienen venezolanos que viajaban a Honduras \\|language\=es \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805192034/http://www.heraldohn.com/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/08/Noticias/Detienen\-venezolanos\-que\-viajaban\-a\-Honduras/(offset)/35 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-05 \\|url\-status\=dead }} A group of pro\-Zelaya taxi drivers and other Zelaya supporters blocked one of the main roads to Nicaragua in a protest against the events.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/88902430/AFP\\|title\=Taxi drivers and supporters of ousted Ho\\|publisher\=Getty Images\\|date\=2009\-07\-08\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08}} Later on July 27 found a booklet of receipts in a car of pro\-Zelaya organizer which included a $2,500 payment to the president of taxi drivers' association. Venezuela's oil minister, Rafael Ramírez, confirmed on Wednesday 8 July that his country had halted oil exports to Honduras until ousted president Manuel Zelaya was reinstated. Venezuela sends about {{convert\\|20000\\|oilbbl\\|m3}} of oil a day to Honduras.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/world/americas/09briefs\-VENEZUELAHAL\_BRF.html?ref\=world \\|title\= Venezuela Halts Oil Flow to Honduras \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|last\=Romero \\|first\=Simon \\|date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-09}}{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/168\-petroleos\-de\-venezuela\-suspende\-suministro\-de\-20000\-barriles\-diarios\-a\-honduras \\|title\=Petróleos de Venezuela suspende suministro de 20\.000 barriles diarios a Honduras \\|date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-09 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711174236/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/168\-petroleos\-de\-venezuela\-suspende\-suministro\-de\-20000\-barriles\-diarios\-a\-honduras \\|archive\-date\=July 11, 2009 }} Manuel Zelaya landed in Costa Rica at 5:36 pm in a private jet from Washington, D.C. He said he is ready to start discussions tomorrow about ending the crisis, as required by resolutions of the OAS and UN, moderated by president Oscar Arias. He was accompanied by his chancellor, Patricia Rodas.{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.prensaescrita.com/diarios.php?codigo\=AME\&pagina\=http://www.aldia.co.cr \\|archive\-url\= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091009085628/http://www.prensaescrita.com/diarios.php?codigo\=AME\&pagina\=http://www.aldia.co.cr \\|url\-status\= dead \\|archive\-date\= 2009\-10\-09 \\|title\= Zelaya llega a Costa Rica para dialogar con Micheletti \\|publisher\=Al Dia, Costa Rica \\|date\=2009\-07\-08 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-09}} ### July 9 [Manuel Zelaya](/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya "Manuel Zelaya") met at midday with Costa Rican president [Oscar Arias](/wiki/Oscar_Arias "Oscar Arias") in San Jose, who then awaited the interim president of Honduras. Micheletti arrived late then left early to return to Tegucigalpa. His four\-person commission remained in San Jose to continue negotiations: Vilma Morales, Carlos López Contreras, Arturo Corrales and Mauricio Villeda. Spain offered to help with mediation. The interim government in Honduras announced that the curfew will be from 11:00 p.m. today until 4:30 a.m. Friday.{{Citation needed\\|date\=July 2009}} Jose Murillo, father of Isis Obed Murillo, the protester killed on July 5, was arrested.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\=338990\&CategoryId\=23558 \\|title\=Slain Zelaya Supporter's Dad Arrested in Honduras \\|newspaper\=\[\[Latin American Herald Tribune]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-09 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-09 \\|archive\-date\=2012\-03\-02 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302171906/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\=338990\&CategoryId\=23558 \\|url\-status\=dead }} ### July 10 The commissions that represent Micheletti and Zelaya met July 10 until 3:30 pm with Oscar Arias, President of Costa Rica without reaching any agreements other than to meet again at some point in the future. The Zelaya commission is said to have requested that the next meeting be in Honduras. Rafael Pineda Ponce, the new Minister of the President for Micheletti, came on the radio in the early evening in Honduras and announced that the Micheletti commission was ordered to remain in San José, Costa Rica until all the conversations were resolved.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/401\-gobierno\-ordena\-a\-la\-comision\-permanecer\-en\-las\-discusiones \\|title\=Gobierno ordena a la comisión permanecer en las discusiones \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-10 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713175157/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/401\-gobierno\-ordena\-a\-la\-comision\-permanecer\-en\-las\-discusiones \\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2009 }} Enrique Ortez Colindres was sworn in as Micheletti's new Minister of Government and Justice, leaving the position of Foreign Minister occupied by the Vicechancellor, Martha Lorena Alvarado, until Michelleti names a new Chancellor.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/392\-ortez\-colindres\-le\-dice\-good\-bye\-a\-cancilleria \\|title\=Ortez Colindres le dice "good bye" a Cancillería \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-10 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714053426/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/392\-ortez\-colindres\-le\-dice\-good\-bye\-a\-cancilleria \\|archive\-date\=July 14, 2009 }} Pro\-Zelaya protesters took over the La Amistad bridge over the Ulua river in El Progresso on the north coast.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/343\-se\-toman\-el\-puente\-la\-amistad\-e\-incomunican\-el\-litoral\-atlantico \\|title\=Se toman el puente La Amistad e incomunican el Litoral Atlántico \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-10 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714164149/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/343\-se\-toman\-el\-puente\-la\-amistad\-e\-incomunican\-el\-litoral\-atlantico \\|archive\-date\=July 14, 2009 }} ### July 11 Zelaya flew to Washington, D.C. from the Dominican Republic to meet with Jose Miguel Insulza, head of the Organization for American States, and with Thomas Shannon, a U.S. State Department official.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hjvX7oc2mK\_4o2CVrbQBgdOf6TMw \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130124231514/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hjvX7oc2mK\_4o2CVrbQBgdOf6TMw \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=2013\-01\-24 \\|title\=Hondurans stage fresh protests, await new talks \\|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse\\|AFP]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-11 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-11 }} Channel 8, the government channel, has broadcast anti\-Chavez statements and songs of peace since coming back on the air after the June 28 coup.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/404\-himnos\-de\-la\-paz\-y\-cuestionamientos\-a\-chavez\-copan\-programacion\-de\-canal\-8 \\|title\=Himnos de la paz y cuestionamientos a Chávez copan programación de canal 8 \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-11 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713175208/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/404\-himnos\-de\-la\-paz\-y\-cuestionamientos\-a\-chavez\-copan\-programacion\-de\-canal\-8 \\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2009 }} Oscar Arias, President of Costa Rica, called for a renewed dialog between the commissions of Zelaya and Micheletti in San José, Costa Rica in 8 days.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nacion.com/ln\_ee/2009/julio/12/pais2024527\.html \\|title\=Arias pretende llamar a comitivas hondureñas la próxima semana \\|publisher\=La Nacion — Costa Rica \\|date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716003033/http://www.nacion.com/ln\_ee/2009/julio/12/pais2024527\.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} ### July 12 Two journalists working for [TeleSUR](/wiki/TeleSUR "TeleSUR") and two working for the Venezuelan state television channel [Venezolana de Televisión](/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n "Venezolana de Televisión") (VTV) were threatened by police on July 11\. The TeleSUR journalists had just returned to their hotel, the Clarion in Tegucigalpa, and saw the VTV reporters being detained at reception. They in turn were ordered to stay in the hotel and wait for agents from immigration to check their papers, then leave the country as "there's nothing for you to report on here". The VTV reporters were taken to a police station and held until 3:30 am, because the car had been listed as stolen and the driver was arrested for car theft. Later the reporters were clearned of involvement and released. All of the Telesur and VTV reporters were told to leave the country, and were escorted to the airport on July 12, accompanied by representatives of Derechos Humanos (DDHH). Another group of four journalists, including an ACAN\-EFE reporter, were held by police in their hotel in Tegucigalpa from early hours of the morning until 9 am July 12 allegedly on orders to wait for immigration authorities, who never materialized.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=18676 \\|title\=Policía retiene varias horas a periodistas extranjeros en hotel de Tegucigalpa \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115212943/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=18676 \\|archive\-date\=November 15, 2010 }}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nacion.com/ln\_ee/2009/julio/12/mundo2025257\.html \\|title\=Detienen a periodistas venezolanos en Honduras \\|publisher\=La Nacion — Costa Rica \\|date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716003008/http://www.nacion.com/ln\_ee/2009/julio/12/mundo2025257\.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} The anti\-corruption prosecutor announced he had opened corruption investigations on 45 supporters of the 4th ballot box initiative, many of them Zelaya's cabinet officials. The list:{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=18623 \\|title\=Funcionarios que investiga la Fiscalía \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118204959/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=18623 \\|archive\-date\=November 18, 2010 }} {{div col\\|colwidth\=22em}} * José Manuel Zelaya Rosales * Iris Xiomara Castro Sarmiento * Zoe Zelaya Castro * Xiomara Hortensia Zelaya Castro * José Manuel Zelaya Castro * Patricia Isabel Rodas Baca * Enrique Alberto Flores Lanza * Milton Danilo Jiménez Puerto * Rixi Romana Moncada Godoy * Mayra Yaneth Mejía Del Cid * Carlos Orbin Montoya * Carlos Eduardo Reina García * Rodolfo Roberto Pastor Fasquelle * Rodolfo Augusto Padilla Sunseri * Fedra Nadime Thiebaud Garay * José Holliday Venegas * Fredis Alonso Cerrato Valladares * José Raúl Valladares Fúnez * Doris Yolany García Paredes * Carlos Roberto Aguilar Pineda * Jorge Alberto Rosa Zelaya * Arístides Mejía Carranza * [Delia Beatriz Valle Marichal](/wiki/Delia_Beatriz_Valle_Marichal "Delia Beatriz Valle Marichal") * Tomás Eduardo Vaquero Morris * Luis Roland Valenzuela Ulloa * Marlon Antonio Brevé Reyes * Marco Tulio Burgos Córdova * Juan Carlos Elvir Martel * Amable de Jesús Hernández * César David Adolfo Ham Peña * Eduardo Enrique Reina García * Rebeca Patricia Santos Rivera * Sonia Carolina Aspra Cruz * Armando José Sarmiento Ney * Orfilia Esperanza Carranza Medina * Pedro Rafael Alegría Moncada * Carlos Humberto Reyes * Rodrigo Castillo Flores * Carlos Ovidio Segura Aroca * Roderico Argeñal Ardón * Nehemías Martínez Argueta * Aníbal Barrow * Eulogio Chávez Doblado * José Alejandro Ventura Soriano * Edilberto Robles Aguilar {{div col end}} Two activists from the [Unificación Democrática](/wiki/Democratic_Unification_Party "Democratic Unification Party") (UD) party were murdered in separate shootings. Roger Bados was shot in the back at his home in San Pedro Sula when he turned away from someone at his door to go get the person being asked for. Ramon Garcia was shot as he got off a bus in Callejones, Santa Barbara.{{cite news\\|url\=http://tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/440\-acribillan\-a\-dos\-activistas\-de\-la\-ud \\|title\=Acribillan a dos activistas de la UD \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717010547/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/440\-acribillan\-a\-dos\-activistas\-de\-la\-ud \\|archive\-date\=July 17, 2009 }} The Secretary of Information, Réne Cepeda, told the [AFP](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse") that the de facto government issued a request that the UN send an independent Human Rights commission to Honduras to cut down on the disinformation. This was confirmed in a press conference by the spokesperson for the Policia Nacional, Héctor Mejia, in talking about the detention of the Venezuelan journalists. In the same press conference he confirmed that 1270 persons had been arrested for curfew violations since the curfew began. The curfew was cancelled today.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nacion.com/ln\_ee/2009/julio/12/mundo2025764\.html \\|title\=Gobierno de facto de Honduras pedirá comisionado especial por DDHH \\|publisher\=Diario Nacion — Costa Rica \\|date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-12 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716003705/http://www.nacion.com/ln\_ee/2009/julio/12/mundo2025764\.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} ### July 13 President Zelaya's chief of staff, Enrique Flores Lanza, declined to say whether the exiled leader would participate in the second round of talks, mediated by Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, which may resume on July 18 to try to resolve the country's political crisis.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601086\&sid\=aJH5lqS0VWmk\\|title\=Honduras Talks May Resume July 18\\|date\=2009\-07\-13\\|work\=Bloomberg L.P.\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-13}} Chavez called the mediation talks in Costa Rica "dead before they started", and Zelaya has vowed to return to Honduras at any moment.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Costa\_Rica\_eyes\_fresh\_Honduras\_mediation\_talks.html?siteSect\=143\&sid\=10953194\&cKey\=1247517474000\&ty\=ti \\|title\=Costa Rica eyes fresh Honduras mediation talks \\|date\=2009\-07\-13 \\|publisher\=SwissInfo \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-13 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926002011/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Costa\_Rica\_eyes\_fresh\_Honduras\_mediation\_talks.html?siteSect\=143\&sid\=10953194\&cKey\=1247517474000\&ty\=ti \\|archive\-date\=September 26, 2012 }} Honduras's acting president swore in a new foreign minister, [Carlos López Contreras](/wiki/Carlos_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras "Carlos López Contreras"). Lopez Contreras said that only Congress can grant amnesty. Valladares, the acting president's chief of staff, said the interim government may try to hold a vote in September if possible. Otherwise they'll hold a vote in November, as stipulated in the constitution. The US Department of State is encouraging Americans not to visit Honduras, where an unstable political situation has led to sporadic demonstrations.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601086\&sid\=aJH5lqS0VWmk\\|title\=U.S. Embassy in Honduras Tells Americans to Stay Home\\|date\=2009\-07\-13\\|publisher\=TravelAgentCentral\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-13}} The New York Times revealed that two former aides of Bill Clinton were advising Micheletti and the de facto government in their interactions with US legislators in Washington, D. C. and their meetings with Oscar Arias in San José, Costa Rica. [Lanny Davis](/wiki/Lanny_Davis "Lanny Davis"), who served as President Clinton's personal lawyer, was hired by the Honduran chapter of the Business Council of Latin America to help their delegation lobby against economic sanctions against Honduras. Bennett Ratcliff showed up as part of the Micheletti delegation meeting with Oscar Arias in Costa Rica, but refused to give The New York Times any information about his role there.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/13/world/americas/13honduras.html \\|title\=Honduran Rivals See U.S. Intervention as Crucial in Resolving Political Crisis \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|last\=Thompson \\|first\=Ginger \\|date\=2009\-07\-13 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-14}} ### July 14 Overriding the US travel advisory, right\-wing columnist [Dennis Prager](/wiki/Dennis_Prager "Dennis Prager") broadcast his show from Honduras to "show solidarity with an unfairly isolated country, and to encourage, by example, people to visit Israel then and Honduras now."{{cite web \\| url \= http://townhall.com/columnists/DennisPrager/2009/07/14/why\_i\_came\_to\_honduras \\| title \= Why I Came to Honduras \\| date \= 2009\-07\-14 \\| first \= Dennis \\| last \= Prager}} Prager compared the actions of Zelaya towards illegally changing the constitution, with the efforts of Zelaya's own Liberal Party to preserve democratic rule. ### July 15 The Honduran Roman Catholic Church declared it firmly supports the ouster of President Manuel Zelaya, Cardinal Rodriguez stated that Zelaya "doesn't have any authority, moral or legal. The legal authority he lost because he broke laws and the moral authority he lost with a discourse full of lies."{{cite news \\| title \= One Side Makes Offer in Honduran Impasse \\| url \= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/world/americas/16honduras.html \\| date \= 2007\-07\-16 \\| agency \= \[\[Associated Press]] \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] }} Deposed President Zelaya called for a popular insurrection in Honduras.{{cite news \\|title\=Ousted president calls for Honduras insurrection \\|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/world/ousted\-president\-calls\-for\-honduras\-insurrection\-20090715\-dl9n.html \\|work\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|date\=15 July 2009 \\|language\=en}} Interim foreign minister Carlos Lopez said Honduras had removed the curfew and was not issuing threats{{Citation needed\\|date\=July 2009}}. In San Jose, mediator Arias urged patience.{{Citation needed\\|date\=July 2009}} General Romeo Vasquez, head of the Honduran army, said that Zelaya was exiled to avoid "deaths and injuries".{{Citation needed\\|date\=July 2009}} Colonel Ramiro Archaga, spokesperson for the Minister of Defense, stated that the politicians could not "wash their hands" (lavarse las manos) by blaming the military for the deportation of Zelaya on June 28, assuring a reporter for the newspaper El Tiempo that they had sufficient documentation that the expulsion of Zelaya was a decision of the State (estado) and not just the armed forces.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/630\-expulsion\-de\-zelaya\-fue\-una\-decision\-de\-estado \\|title\=Expulsión de Zelaya fue una decisión de Estado \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-15 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718203752/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/630\-expulsion\-de\-zelaya\-fue\-una\-decision\-de\-estado \\|archive\-date\=July 18, 2009 }} The de facto government re\-established the curfew because of the threat of a national strike July 16\.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=19950 \\|title\=Gobierno restablece el toque de queda \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-15 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118101006/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=19950 \\|archive\-date\=November 18, 2010 }} ### July 16 In an interview on Radio Monumental of Costa Rica, President Oscar Arias said that he had a mandate from 34 world governments to restore constitutional order in Honduras, by which he meant restore president Jose Manuel Zelaya. He rejected Micheletti's proposal to step down if Zelaya did not return to power. He said, "we will see if we can talk of an amnesty, and for who, over political offenses (veremos si se puede hablar de una amnistía, y para quiénes, sobre delitos políticos)". "Zelaya must abandon his goal of installing a fourth ballot box", he continued. Arias indicated he intended to propose a reconciliation government headed by Zelaya combined with political amnesty.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/713\-arias\-propondra\-gobierno\-de\-reconciliacion\- \\|title\=Arias propondrá Gobierno de reconciliación \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719095514/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/713\-arias\-propondra\-gobierno\-de\-reconciliacion\- \\|archive\-date\=July 19, 2009 }} Ramon Custodio, the Human Rights Commissioner for Honduras, suggested that both Micheletti and Zelaya could resign in favor of Zelaya's former Vice President and current presidential candidate, [Elvin Ernesto Santos](/wiki/Elvin_Ernesto_Santos "Elvin Ernesto Santos"), noting that Santos' resignation as Vice President in 2008, which Congress accepted, was an unconstitutional act which needs to be repaired.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=20120 \\|title\=Custodio: "No sólo Micheletti debe renunciar a sus intereses" \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119002350/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=20120 \\|archive\-date\=November 19, 2010 }} Campesino leader Rafael Alegria announced that if there was no settlement in Costa Rica over the weekend, that there would be a national strike on Monday supported by a variety of unions within the country.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=20142 \\|title\=Seguidores de Zelaya anuncian paro general \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\|La Tribuna]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119002325/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\.0/?p\=20142 \\|archive\-date\=November 19, 2010 }} In Honduras, peaceful protests to allow Zelaya to return continued for the 18th day, with roads blocked in the north of the country, between Choloma and Puerto Cortés, while protesters in the west block the roads to Guatemala and El Salvador, and protesters in the department of Francisco Morazan blocked the road between Tegucigalpa and Comayagua. They also blocked the road between Tegucigalpa and Choluteca. The road between San Pedro Sula and the ruins at Copan was also cut, as was the road between San Marcos in Ocotepeque and the borders with El Salvador and Guatemala.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/707\-partidarios\-de\-zelaya\-vuelven\-a\-tomarse\-carreteras \\|title\=Partidarios de Zelaya vuelven a tomarse carreteras \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719091712/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/707\-partidarios\-de\-zelaya\-vuelven\-a\-tomarse\-carreteras \\|archive\-date\=July 19, 2009 }}{{cite news\\|url\=http://laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/16/Noticias/Honduras\-Manifestantes\-paralizan\-las\-carreteras \\|title\=Honduras: Manifestantes paralizan las carreteras \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719071854/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/16/Noticias/Honduras\-Manifestantes\-paralizan\-las\-carreteras \\|archive\-date\=July 19, 2009 }}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.prensa\-latina.cu/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=101475\&Itemid\=1 \\|title\=Bloqueadas varias carreteras en Honduras en rechazo al golpe \\|publisher\=Prensa Latina \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430133437/http://prensa\-latina.cu/index.php?option\=com\_content \\|archive\-date\=April 30, 2012 }} International banks contradicted a spokesperson for the de facto government who yesterday reported that loans from international institutions were not frozen. A World Bank spokesperson, [Hugo Noé Pino](/wiki/Hugo_No%C3%A9_Pino "Hugo Noé Pino"), confirmed that the World Bank, Interamerican Development Bank, and the Centralamerican Bank of Economic Integration all had frozen any transfers to Honduras, and that Honduras was awaiting about $250 million from the World Bank, and similar amount from the Interamerican Development Bank.{{cite news\\|url\=http://tiempo.hn/secciones/el\-pais/700\-creditos\-para\-honduras\-continuan\-congelados \\|title\=Créditos para Honduras continúan "congelados" \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719095529/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/el\-pais/700\-creditos\-para\-honduras\-continuan\-congelados \\|archive\-date\=July 19, 2009 }} Presidential candidate for the UD (Unificación Democratica) party, César Ham returned to Honduras from voluntary exile in Guatemala and Nicaragua and vowed to work for the restoration of Zelaya.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.adn.es/politica/20090716/NWS\-1319\-Diputado\-Zelaya\-retorno\-apoyar\-vuelve.html \\|title\=Diputado que salió tras golpe vuelve para apoyar lucha por retorno de Zelaya \\|date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718000655/http://www.adn.es/politica/20090716/NWS\-1319\-Diputado\-Zelaya\-retorno\-apoyar\-vuelve.html \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-18 }} ### July 17 The [International Transport Workers' Union](/wiki/International_Transport_Workers%27_Federation "International Transport Workers' Federation"), which groups 4\.5 million workers from 654 unions in 140 countries, began a boycott of Honduran\-flagged ships to protest Zelaya's ouster. Its workers will refuse to load and unload Honduran ships.["Unions call for world boycott of Honduran ships"](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE56G60U20090718), Reuters, 17 July 2009; retrieved July 2009\. The Union Federation's announcement is: ["Honduras ship action declared"](http://www.itfglobal.org/press-area/index.cfm/pressdetail/3512) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007204350/http://www.itfglobal.org/press\-area/index.cfm/pressdetail/3512 \\|date\=2009\-10\-07 }}, 17 July 2009\. Retrieved July 2009\. The human rights NGO [Centro de Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos](/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Promoci%C3%B3n_de_los_Derechos_Humanos "Centro de Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos") ([CIPRODEH](/wiki/CIPRODEH "CIPRODEH")) released a report on [human rights violations since the coup d'état](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Honduras%23Micheletti_de_facto_presidency_%28since_28_June_2009%29 "Human rights in Honduras#Micheletti de facto presidency (since 28 June 2009)").{{cite web \\|title\=Reporte de Violaciones a Derechos Humanos Después del Golpe de Estado Político\-Militar del 28 de Junio 2009 \\|publisher\=Centro de Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos \\|date\=2009\-07\-17 \\|url\=http://www.ciprodeh.org.hn/Publicaciones/reporte\_ciprodeh.pdf \\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-20 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222185850/http://www.ciprodeh.org.hn/Publicaciones/reporte\_ciprodeh.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2009\-12\-22 \\|url\-status\=dead }} ### July 18 Oscar Arias today proposed a seven point plan to both the Zelaya and Micheletti advisors in San Jose Costa Rica.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/862\-arias\-propone\-restitucion\-de\-zelaya\-amnistia\-y\-adelanto\-de\-elecciones \\|title\=Arias propone restitución de Zelaya, amnistía y adelanto de elecciones \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-18 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-18 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}}{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.heraldohn.com/var/elheraldo\_site/storage/original/application/b2f2fd1c68194503030ff1c1706e36c5\.pdf \\|title\=Propuesta del presidente de Costa Rica, Oscar Arias, para solución a crisis de Honduras \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-18 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-18 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824032854/http://www.heraldohn.com/var/elheraldo\_site/storage/original/application/b2f2fd1c68194503030ff1c1706e36c5\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-24 }} 1\. The legitimate restitution of José Manuel Zelaya Rosales as President of the Republic, an office in which he will remain until the end of the constitutional period for which he was elected, 27 January 2009, the date on which he will transfer power to the candidate designated freely and democratically by the people, in elections supervised and recognized by the international community. 2\. The formation of a government of unity and national reconciliation, composed of representatives of the principal political parties. 3\. The declaration of a general amnesty exclusively for all those political crimes committed in the event of this conflict, before and after the past 28th of June. 4\. The express renunciation by President Zelaya, and his government, of the intention of placing a "fourth ballot\-box" in the next elections, or to carry out any popular poll not expressly authorized by the Constitution of the Republic of Honduras. 5\. Moving up the national elections of the 29th of November to the last Sunday in October, and moving up the electoral campaign from the first days of September to the first days of August. 6\. The transfer of the command of the Armed Forces from the Executive Power to the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, one month before the elections, to guarantee transparency and normality of suffrage, in conformity with the terms of the Constitution of the Republic of Honduras. 7\. The integration of a commission of verification composed by distinguished Hondurans and members of international organizations, in particular, by representations of the OAS, that will oversee the fulfillment of these accords and supervise the correct return to constitutional order. At the start of negotiations the Zelaya council indicated that they accepted all seven points, while the Micheletti council indicated that they could accept no points without discussion, and that Zelaya's return was not negotiable.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124795714470662313 \\|title\=Talks on Honduras Stall Over Zelaya \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-20 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-18 \\| first1\=José \\| last1\=De CÓ}} Arias said, at the end of negotiations on Saturday "There are still many differences and we'll try to bring the two positions closer."{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601086\&sid\=apNVvyhodJGk \\|title\=Honduras Talks Continue, Deadlocked on Zelaya Return to Power \\|work\=Bloomberg \\|date\=2009\-07\-19 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-19}} ### July 19 The talks being mediated by Oscar Arias broke off shortly after they resumed today when the Micheletti advisors showed up and were unwilling to talk about the Arias proposal, and instead insisted discussion focus on a new proposal which they brought with them from Tegucigalpa. "I'm very sorry, but the proposals that you have presented are unacceptable to the constitutional government of Honduras ... in particular your proposal number one", said Carlos Lopez, head of the Micheletti negotiating team.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE56I2I720090719 \\|title\=Honduras interim leader rejects mediator's proposal \\|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-19 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-19}} The Micheletti proposal is also a seven point plan, but there its resemblance to Arias's plan ends. Micheletti proposes{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/var/elheraldo\_site/storage/original/application/511365f99f6e8e9140481fd18f788e91\.pdf \\|title\=Contrapuesta \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-19 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-19 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606032456/http://www.elheraldo.hn/var/elheraldo\_site/storage/original/application/511365f99f6e8e9140481fd18f788e91\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2011\-06\-06 }} 1\. The return of petitioner Mr. Jose Manuel Zelaya Rosales with the necessary guarantees so that he can exercise his right to due process before the Judicial Powers.el retorno a Honduras del peticionario señor José Manuel Zelaya Rosales con las garantias necesarias para que pueda ejercer su derecho al debido proceso ante los órganos jurisdiccionales competentes del Poder Judicial. 2\. The guarantee of democratic order and respect of the separation of powers, for which is formed a government of unity and national reconciliation, composed of members of the political parties and social sectors, with conformity to the requirements, merit, suitability, and ethics to defend the national sovereignty and combate drug traffic.el afianzamiento del orden democrático y de respeto a la separación de Poderes, para lo cual se conformaria un Gobierno de unidad y reconciliación nacional, compuesto por miembros de los partidos politicos y sectores sociales, conforme a requisitos de capacidad, merito, idoneidad y ética que defienda la soberania nacional y combata el narcotrafico. 3\. The guarantee of a state of rights and rejection of corruption and unpunishability, assuring at the same time the respect for the professionalism of the National Police, whose turnover should strictly follow the rules laid down in the enabling legislation. As a consequence of the above, he should preserve the integrity of public funds and return these public funds that he has taken and used illegally. At the same time he should respect the budget proposed by the National Congress recently.la guarantia de la vigencia efectiva del Estado de Derecho y el rechazo de la corupción y de la impunidad, asegurando igualmente el respeto a la profesionalidad de la Policia Nacional, cuya rotacion deberá sujetarse estrictamente a lo que prescribe su legislación especial. Consecuentes con lo anterior deben preservarse la integridad de los fondos públicos y devolverse aquellos que hubieron sido sustraidos y utilizados ilegalmente. Con ese mismo propósito debe respetarse el presupuesto aprobado por el Congreso Nacional recientemente. 4\. The formation of a truth commission so that the people of Honduras and the international community can identify all the acts that lead to the actual situation, before, during June 28, and later, and make them known and publicized.la constitución de una comisión de la verdad que para el pueblo hondureño y la comunidad internacional, identifique todos los actos, hechos evidentes y notorios que condujeron a la actual situación, en el periodo previo al 28 de junio en esa fecha y con posterioridad a la misma. 5\. The possibility to move up the elections already scheduled, by accord with what the Supreme Electoral Tribunal decides in consultation with the presidential candidates.la posibilidad de adelantar las elecciones nacionales ya convocadas, de acuerdo con lo que disponga el Tribunal Supremo Electoral y en consulta con los candidatos presidenciales. 6\. Putting the Armed Forces and the National Police under the control of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal 4 months before the elections to guarantee transparency, liberty, and normalcy in the electoral process, which is a high priority of national security, in conformity with the Constitution of the Republic and the electoral law and the political organizations. The professionalism and functions of the Armed Forces should be respected and assured as expressed in the Constitution of the Republic and all changes should be strictly according to the law constituting the Armed Forces.la puesta de las Fuerzas Armadas y de la Policia Nacional bajo el mando del Tribunal Supremo Electoral, cuatro meses antes de las elecciones, para efectos de garantizar la transparencia, libertad, y normalidad del proceso electoral que es asunto prioritario de seguridad nacional, conforme a la Constitución de la Republica de Honduras y la Ley Electoral y de las Organizaciones Politicas. La profesionalidad y funciones de las Fuerzas Armadas deberán respetarse y asegurarse conforme lo dispone expresamente la Constitución de la Repúpblica, y toda rotación deberá apegarse estrictamente al cumplimiento de lo establecido en la Ley Constitutiva de las Fuerzas Armadas. 7\. The integration of a commission of verification composed of notable Hondurans who will watch over the conformance with this agreement and periodically inform the Honduran people and international community.la integración de una comision de verificación compuesta por hondureños notables que vigile el cumplimiento de estos acuerdos e informe periódicamente de ello al pueblo hondureño y a la comunidad internacional. The talks broke down shortly thereafter. Arias asked for 72 hours more to try and reach an agreement with both sides.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601086\&sid\=a.WxXJgq87v8 \\|title\=Arias Seeks More Time to Reach Accord, Avoid Violence \\|work\=Bloomberg \\|date\=2009\-07\-19 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-19}} Late in the evening, US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, called Micheletti and warned him of the consequences of failing to accept the principles that Arias had laid out. She threatened to cut economic aid to Honduras if the talks fail, and hinted that there might be long\-term consequences to US\-Honduran relations.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/vcCandidateFeed1/idUSTRE56J5OK20090720 \\|title\=U.S. warns Honduras' de facto leader on economic aid \\|first\=Tim \\|last\=Gaynor \\|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-20 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-20}} ### July 20 José Miguel Insulza, the chief of the Organization of American States, made a statement indicating support for Zelaya's apparent movement towards a confrontational strategy with Micheletti's de facto government. "Insurrection and confrontation are not a good path to take, but I don't think we will avoid it unless the de facto government shows some flexibility", he said. However, in one of the first implicit criticisms of Zelaya to be issued by the OAS leadership during this crisis, Insulza also pleaded with Zelaya to wait out the 72 hours requested by Arias before staging a return to Honduras from exile in Nicaragua.{{cite news\\|url\=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/090720/world/international\_us\_honduras \\|title\=Pressure grows on Honduras as violence feared \\|agency\=Reuters \\|publisher\=Yahoo News \\|date\=2009\-07\-20 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-20 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726183231/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/090720/world/international\_us\_honduras \\|archive\-date\=July 26, 2009 }} Carlos Eduardo Reina, a Liberal party leader, announced that Zelaya would return to Honduras on Friday.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/952\-zelaya\-planea\-volver\-el\-viernes\-a\-honduras\-dice\-politico\-que\-lo\-apoya\- \\|title\=Zelaya planea volver el viernes a Honduras, dice político que lo apoya \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-20 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-20 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725092506/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/952\-zelaya\-planea\-volver\-el\-viernes\-a\-honduras\-dice\-politico\-que\-lo\-apoya\- \\|archive\-date\=July 25, 2009 }} This decision respects the request of Insulza to wait out the 72\-hour period requested by Arias. The European Union announced it was freezing 65\.5 million euros of budget support for Honduras.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/951\-la\-union\-europea\-congela\-655\-millones\-de\-euros\-de\-ayuda\-presupuestaria\-a\-honduras\- \\|title\=La Unión Europea congela 65,5 millones de euros de ayuda presupuestaria a Honduras \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-20 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-20 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} ### July 21 [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald"){{'s}} editorial staff, considered a voice for conservative opinion on Latin American issues, came out in favor of the Micheletti government accepting the seven\-point Arias plan already accepted in principle by Zelaya's negotiators. While largely accepting Micheletti's casting of the coup as an attempt to preserve constitutional principles against Zelaya's actions, and characterizing those actions as a "power grab" on Zelaya's part, the editorial accuses Micheletti of "an unconstitutional response to Mr. Zelaya's unconstitutional behavior". Noting that the Arias plan also forbids Zelaya from seeking to hold any unconstitutional referendums, the editorial concludes that the seven\-point plan is a "fair deal which protects democracy".{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/editorials/story/1150265\.html \\|title\=Break the impasse in Honduras \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Miami Herald]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-21 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-21 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} ### July 22 A hundred thousand demonstrators, dressed in blue and white, marched against Zelaya. The demonstration was organized by the [Unión Cívica Democrática](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_C%C3%ADvica_Democr%C3%A1tica "Unión Cívica Democrática").{{ cite news \\| url\=http://eng.laprensa.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/263983 \\| title\=No to the return of Mel, ask in manifestation \\| newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\| date\=2009\-07\-22 \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008090131/http://eng.laprensa.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/263983 \\| archive\-date\=2011\-10\-08 }} Reuters reported that both sides in the crisis agreed to open new negotiations, and that at least some in the government would consider allowing Mr. Zelaya to return to power as President. The foreign minister of the interim government, Carlos Lopez, however, remained unwilling to consider Zelaya's return. Óscar Arias argued that both sides in the negotiation would have to give some ground in order to produce an agreement, and that an agreement favoring only one side of the dispute would not work. Arias went on to say "Neither side in this conflict will prevail. The victory will be halfway for both sides, or it will be for neither."{{cite news\\|url\=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/090723/world/international\_us\_honduras \\|title\=Honduran talks restart, Zelaya vows return \\|agency\=Reuters \\|publisher\=Yahoo News \\|date\=2009\-07\-22 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-22 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} ### July 23 The head of Zelaya's and Honduras' ruling Liberal Party in Congress, Valentin Suarez, said he expects the vast majority of lawmakers to vote against Arias' proposal. "The executive branch, the judiciary and Congress can't all be wrong", Suarez said. "It is a crazy recommendation for Hondurans."{{cite news \\| url \= https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSN2338828420090723 \\| title \= Honduras resists pressure to allow Zelaya return \\| work\=\[\[Reuters]] \\| date \= July 23, 2009 \\| first\=Simon \\| last\=Gardner}} Zelaya headed towards Honduras despite US and OAS recommendations to wait. Lorena Calix, a spokeswoman for Honduras' national police spokeswoman Lorena Calix, said that when Zelaya "comes to Honduras, we have to execute the arrest warrant." He risks 43 years in prison over charges of violating governmental order, treason and abusing and usurping power.{{cite news \\|last1\=Lee \\|first1\=Morgan \\|title\=Deposed Honduran leader prepares risky return \\|url\=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\-lt\-honduras\-coup\-072309\-2009jul23\-story.html \\|agency\=Associated Press \\|work\=San Diego Union Tribune \\|date\=July 23, 2009}} Honduran military checkpoints stopped thousands of Zelaya supporters from reaching the Nicaraguan border.{{cite news \\| url \= https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSN2646154520090726 \\| title \= Pro\-Zelaya border protest weakens in Honduras \\| work\=\[\[Reuters]] \\| date \= July 26, 2009 }} ### July 24 Zelaya, surrounded by an entourage of supporters, entered Honduran territory from the Nicaraguan border and remained within Nicaraguan territory for a period of around 30 minutes.{{cite news \\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8168326\.stm \\| title \= Ousted Zelaya makes brief return \\| work \= BBC News \\| date\=2009\-07\-25 \\| access\-date\=2010\-01\-02}} During this symbolic Zelaya comeback, Honduran state television displayed pro Micheletti, anti Zelaya demonstrations.{{cite news \\| url \= http://blogs.reuters.com/global/2009/07/26/honduras\-crisis\-unleashes\-media\-wars/ \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090729044803/http://blogs.reuters.com/global/2009/07/26/honduras\-crisis\-unleashes\-media\-wars/ \\| url\-status \= dead \\| archive\-date \= 2009\-07\-29 \\| title \= Honduras crisis unleashes media wars \\| work \= Reuters \\| date\=2009\-07\-26}}{{Unreliable source?\\|date\=January 2010}} U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned Zelaya's crossing of the border into Honduras. "President Zelaya's effort to reach the border is reckless", Clinton said during a press conference. "It does not contribute to the broader effort to restore democracy and constitutional order in the Honduras crisis."{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip57hlmApbWY425sYPINw29GH\_8A \\|title\=Zelaya 'reckless' to return to Honduras: Clinton \\|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse\\|AFP]] \\|date\=July 24, 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208231252/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip57hlmApbWY425sYPINw29GH\_8A \\|archive\-date\=December 8, 2010 }} In Honduran border town [El Paraíso](/wiki/El_Para%C3%ADso%2C_El_Para%C3%ADso "El Paraíso, El Paraíso"), hundreds of Zelaya supporters defying a curfew clashed with security forces, near the Honduras\-Nicaragua border.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\_DPwD99LR86O3 \\|title\=Exiled Honduran leader makes 2nd trip to border \\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805091114/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\_DPwD99LR86O3 \\|archive\-date\=August 5, 2009 }} Many people saw opponent to the coup d'état Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador, age 23, being detained by police{{in lang\\|es}} {{cite news \\|last\=Emanuelsson \\|first\=Dick \\|title\=Atentado con bomba en sede de sindicato hondureño \\|publisher\=Tercera Informacion \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|url\=http://www.tercerainformacion.es/?Atentado\-con\-bomba\-en\-sede\-de \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-08\-07 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720143703/http://www.tercerainformacion.es/?Atentado\-con\-bomba\-en\-sede\-de \\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-20 \\|url\-status\=dead }} and driven to a police station in El Paraíso.{{cite web \\|last\=COFADEH \\|author\-link\=Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras \\|title\=Communiqué on the murder of Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador \\|publisher\=Derechos Human Rights \\|date\=2009\-07\-26 \\|url\=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/honduras/doc/golpe97en.html \\|access\-date\=2009\-08\-07 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515024317/http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/honduras/doc/golpe97en.html \\|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-15 \\|url\-status\=dead }} ### July 25 The body of Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador, who had been detained by the police the previous day, was found in a deserted field at 6:30 in the morning, with 42 wounds from stabbing. Demonstrators and the National Front Against the Coup d'Etat stated that the murder had all the characteristics of 1980s actions of [Battalion 3\-16](/wiki/Battalion_3-16_%28Honduras%29 "Battalion 3-16 (Honduras)"), as a method of "terrorising the masses of people participating in the struggle against the coup regime." [COFADEH](/wiki/Committee_of_Relatives_of_the_Disappeared_in_Honduras "Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras") stated that Magdiel was the "sixth fatal victim" of the Micheletti de facto government. Arias' proposal was submitted to the Honduran Attorney General, the National Congress, the Supreme Court for legal review.{{Citation needed\\|date\=July 2009}} The Armed Forces of Honduras issued a press release in which they said they were respectful of the constitution and laws and subordinate to the civilian government. The affirmed their support for a solution to the problems facing the country through negotiations such as the San Jose Accords, and indicated their unconditional support for whatever results from those negotiations.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.ffaah.mil.hn/Noticias/2009/juli/nota19\.htm \\|title\=COMUNICADO No. 7 \\|publisher\=FUERZAS ARMADAS DE HONDURAS, SECRETARIA DE ESTADO EN EL DESPACHO DE DEFENSA NACIONAL, DIRECCIÓN DE RELACIONES PÚBLICAS \\|date\=2009\-07\-25 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-25 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730005133/http://www.ffaah.mil.hn/Noticias/2009/juli/nota19\.htm \\|archive\-date\=July 30, 2009 }} ### July 26 Zelaya criticized the United States for not taking a clear stand regarding the coup. He asked for President Obama to prohibit bank transactions and cancel US visas of individuals involved.{{cite web \\| url \= http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/27/national\_exclusive\_xiomara\_castro\_de\_zelaya \\| title \= National Exclusive...Xiomara Castro de Zelaya, Wife of Ousted Honduran President, Calls on US to Aid Her Husband's Return Home: "We Want Justice, We Want Peace, We Demand the Return to Democracy" \\| work \= Democracy Now! \\| date \= July 27, 2009 }}{{Unreliable source?\\|date\=December 2009}} ### July 27 In an open letter to [The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal") published 27 July 2009, Micheletti listed the Honduran government's reasons and justification for Zelaya's ouster. In it, Micheletti claimed Zelaya's removal from office was supported by the Honduran Supreme Court (15\-0\), an overwhelming majority of the Honduran Congress, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, the Administrative Law Tribunal, the independent Human Rights Ombudsman, the two major presidential candidates of the Liberal and National Parties, and Honduras's Catholic Cardinal. Micheletti also stated that this was no "military coup" since the military was following orders given by a civilian Supreme Court and Zelaya was replaced with a civilian from the line of succession prescribed in the Honduran Constitution. * The articles quoted below are from conservative outlets owned by the country's elite who supported Michletti. Police confiscates a booklet owned by Carlos Eduardo Reina, a leader pro\-Zelaya operations. It contains a list of 15 receipts, dated July 24\. Each receipt has the amount of money and the recipient's signature. The receipts totaled 160,000 U.S. dollars and included:{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.heraldohn.com/content/view/full/212170 \\|title\=Tres millones para apoyar marchas de Zelaya \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212143124/http://www.heraldohn.com/content/view/full/212170 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-12\-12 \\|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/En\-dolares\-pagan\-a\-lideres\-de\-protestas\-pro\-Zelaya \\|title\=En dólares pagan a líderes de protestas pro Zelaya \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-11 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-31 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150859/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/En\-dolares\-pagan\-a\-lideres\-de\-protestas\-pro\-Zelaya \\|url\-status\=dead }} * Roland Valenzuela, former director of Pronaders, received $20,000\. * [Cesar Ham](/wiki/Cesar_Ham "Cesar Ham"), Democratic Unification Party, received $15,000\. * Nehemiah Martinez, former Vice Minister of Livestock, received $15,000 * Denis Antonio Sanchez, mayor of Santa Barbara, received $10,000 * Salvador Zuniga, an indigenous leader, received $10,000\. * Dinora Aceituno, a trade union leader, received $5,000\. * Rafael Alegría, a peasant leader, received $5,000 * Edilberto Robles, president of the National Association of Honduras taxi drivers, received $2\.500 * John F. Díaz, coordinator of the department of Lempira, received $2,000\. Because Honduran currency is Lempira, the large amounts of U.S. dollars raised questions. Honduran police launched [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering "Money laundering") investigations. The United States had suspended Carlos Eduardo Reina's visa several months ago because human trafficking links. The National Congress met to discuss a formal response to the San Jose Accords proposed by Oscar Arias. The session began at 4 in the afternoon with a little over half of the 128 members present. They quickly formed a 6 member committee to study the question of amnesty as covered in the document, then adjourned. The committee is not expected to report until Thursday. The Supreme court is also expected to consider the question of amnesty this week.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/27/Noticias/Congreso\-Amnistia\-jamas \\|title\=Congreso: Amnistía jamás \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-27 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728150743/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/27/Noticias/Congreso\-Amnistia\-jamas \\|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1386\-el\-congreso\-inicia\-debate\-del\-plan\-de\-arias\- \\|title\=El Congreso inicia debate del plan de Arias \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-27 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} ### July 28 The Supreme court ordered the military and police checkpoints to allow Xiomara Castro, Zelaya's wife, and supporters to be able to continue on to Los Manos on the Nicaraguan border to meet with Manuel Zelaya.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1442\-permiten\-a\-xiomara\-castro\-movilizarse\-hasta\-la\-frontera \\|title\=Permiten a Xiomara Castro movilizarse hasta la frontera \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731164601/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1442\-permiten\-a\-xiomara\-castro\-movilizarse\-hasta\-la\-frontera \\|archive\-date\=July 31, 2009 }} The United States State Department announced that it was canceling the diplomatic visas of 4 members of the de facto government who had worked in the Zelaya government and continued in the Micheletti government.{{cite web\\|url\=https://2009\-2017\.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/july/126552\.htm \\|title\=Revocation of Diplomatic Visas \\|first\=Ian \\|last\=Kelly \\|publisher\=US State Department \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28}} While the State Department didn't reveal the names of those affected, the spokesperson for the de facto government, Marta Lorena Alvarado, indicated that the judge who issued the arrest order for Manuel Zelaya, judge Tomas Arita, was one of the four.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1447\-juez\-que\-ordeno\-captura\-de\-zelaya\-fue\-despojado\-de\-visa\-en\-eeuu \\|title\=Juez que ordenó captura de Zelaya fue despojado de visa en EEUU \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801050100/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1447\-juez\-que\-ordeno\-captura\-de\-zelaya\-fue\-despojado\-de\-visa\-en\-eeuu \\|archive\-date\=August 1, 2009 }} El Heraldo identifies one of the other diplomats as José Alfredo Saavedra, president of the Congress.{{cite news \\|url\=http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/EE\-UU\-revoca\-visas\-a\-cuatro\-funcionarios \\|title\=EE UU revoca visas a cuatro funcionarios \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\|El Heraldo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-21 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095104/http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/EE\-UU\-revoca\-visas\-a\-cuatro\-funcionarios \\|url\-status\=dead }} La Prensa identified the other two as Adolfo Lionel Sevilla, the minister of Defense, and Ramón Custodio, the Commissioner of Human Rights.{{cite news \\|url\=http://laprensahn.com/vivir/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/Presidente\-Micheletti\-respeta\-decision\-de\-EUA \\|title\=Presidente Micheletti respeta decisión de EUA \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120711194508/http://laprensahn.com/vivir/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/Presidente\-Micheletti\-respeta\-decision\-de\-EUA \\|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-11 }} At the same time, Spain called on the EU to revoke the visas of everyone in the interim government.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1444\-espana\-solicitara\-a\-la\-ue\-retirar\-visas\-a\-funcionarios\-del\-gobierno\-de\-micheletti \\|title\=España solicitará a la UE retirar visas a funcionarios del gobierno de Micheletti \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731164618/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1444\-espana\-solicitara\-a\-la\-ue\-retirar\-visas\-a\-funcionarios\-del\-gobierno\-de\-micheletti \\|archive\-date\=July 31, 2009 }} Nike, the Adidas Group, Gap, Inc., and Knights Apparel urged US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, to work for the restoration of democracy in Honduras, in solidarity with the OAS and UN.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nikebiz.com/responsibility/2009SecretaryClintonHondurasLetter.html \\|title\=Letter to Secretary Clinton Regarding Honduras \\|publisher\=Nike, Inc., the Adidas Group, Gap, Inc., and Knights Apparel \\|date\=2009\-07\-27 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730003004/http://www.nikebiz.com/responsibility/2009SecretaryClintonHondurasLetter.html \\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|url\-status\=dead }} The de facto government of Honduras extended the curfew along the Nicaraguan border for a fifth full day.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1487\-toque\-de\-queda\-de\-24\-horas\-en\-el\-paraiso \\|title\=Toque de queda de 24 horas en El Paraíso \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-28 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-28 }}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} ### July 29 Roberto Micheletti expressed support for the San José Accord, which would let Manuel Zelaya return to power, according to officials in the de facto government and diplomats from the region. But the nation was so polarized over the possible return that Mr. Micheletti reached out to other regional leaders for help in building support for such a deal, especially among the country's elite, the officials said.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/30/world/americas/30honduras.html\\|title\=Honduran Leader Backs Return of President\\|last\=Thompson \\|first\=Ginger \\|date\=July 30, 2009\\|access\-date\=July 29, 2009}} Micheletti called Oscar Arias in the morning and asked for Enrique Iglesias, a former head of the Interamerican Development Bank, to be sent to talk with the three governmental powers and other factions of Honduran society.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.radioamerica.hn/sitio.cfm?pag\=leenoticias\&t\=Internacionales\&id\=14474 \\|title\=Arias: Micheletti pidió visita de Enrique Iglesias a Honduras \\|publisher\=Radio America (Honduras) \\|date\=2009\-07\-29 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-29 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611014355/http://www.radioamerica.hn/sitio.cfm?pag\=leenoticias \\|archive\-date\=June 11, 2010 }} Arias said that Micheletti did not clarify if the San José Accord was accepted or rejected. Micheletti, in a press release, asked Arias to send a commission to start a dialog within Honduras towards reconciliation, a dialog that should include all parts of civil society.{{cite web\\|url\=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/internacional/noticias/1442774/07/09/Micheletti\-pide\-a\-Arias\-comision\-para\-emprender\-dialogo\-interno\-en\-Honduras.html \\|title\=Micheletti pide a Arias comisión para emprender diálogo interno en Honduras \\|publisher\=El Economista (Spain) \\|date\=2009\-07\-29 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-29}} A source within the de facto government said it was unlikely they would change their mind and let Zelaya return.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN29992583 \\|title\=Honduran coup leaders open to talk but not on Zelaya \\|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-29 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-29}} Micheletti's government had shown every sign of determination to hold out until November presidential elections, gambling that the world would accept the new order after the polls. Honduran political analyst Juan Ramon Martinez said Micheletti might be trying to float a more flexible image to the outside world while entrenching his position inside Honduras, where there have been large marches in favor of keeping Zelaya out.{{cite news\\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE56T0IF20090730?pageNumber\=2\&virtualBrandChannel\=0\\|title\=Honduran leader softens tone in fight over Zelaya\\|date\=July 30, 2009\\|access\-date\=July 30, 2009}} ### July 30 Zelaya said he had information that some soldiers and officers had been "repudiating the way in which the military leadership is directing the armed forces." He warned that young officers could rebel "at any moment" and force military chief Gen. Romeo Vasquez to restore the deposed president to power.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\_DPwD99OQDUO0 \\|title\=Ousted Honduran president: Military could rebel \\|agency\= \[\[Associated Press]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-30}}{{dead link\\|date\=June 2024\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} The head of the National Congress, José Alfredo Saavedra, announced that it would not hold its next session to consider the San Jose Accord until Monday, even though the subcommittee charged with considering the amnesty part of the proposal had finished its report. The delay was reported to be so that other sectors, such as the chief prosecutor, Luis Alberto Rubi, and the commissioner of Human Rights, Ramón Custodio, could be consulted.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1556\-congreso\-retomara\-hasta\-el\-lunes\-acuerdo\-de\-san\-jose \\|title\=Congreso retomará hasta el lunes Acuerdo de San José \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802103457/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1556\-congreso\-retomara\-hasta\-el\-lunes\-acuerdo\-de\-san\-jose \\|archive\-date\=August 2, 2009 }} The spokesperson for the Minister of Security noted that today the National Police had orders to disperse protesters blocking roadways.{{cite news \\|url\=http://laprensahn.com/Sucesos/Ediciones/2009/07/30/Noticias/Policia\-desaloja\-a\-los\-Pro\-Zelaya\-en\-El\-Durazno \\|title\=Policía desaloja a los Pro Zelaya en El Durazno \\|newspaper\=\[\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\|La Prensa]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804014450/http://www.laprensahn.com/Sucesos/Ediciones/2009/07/30/Noticias/Policia\-desaloja\-a\-los\-Pro\-Zelaya\-en\-El\-Durazno \\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-04 }} An international human rights mission including, among others, [Nora Cortiñas](/wiki/Nora_Corti%C3%B1as "Nora Cortiñas") of [Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo](/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo "Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo"), reported that "the army and the special forces of the National Police of Honduras attacked thousands of pacific demonstrators, with fire weapons, wood and rubber projectiles and as well as tear gas, thrown even from helicopters." The international mission "gathered testimonies of protesters whom have been ill treated and brutally beaten, at times in a sexual manner (strikes on people's buttocks and threats of rape)" and said that minors had been attacked and detained.{{cite web \\|title\=International Mission denounces the brutal repression of pacific demonstrations \\|publisher\=Agencia Latinoamerica de Información \\|date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|url\=http://www.alainet.org/active/32099 \\|access\-date\=2009\-08\-02 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724231655/http://www.alainet.org/active/32099 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-24 \\|url\-status\=dead }} [COFADEH](/wiki/Committee_of_Relatives_of_the_Disappeared_in_Honduras "Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras") stated that hundreds were injured and detained. In Tegucigalpa, protesters holding a "pacific demonstration" blocking the road north to San Pedro Sula were confronted with bullets and tear gas, and at least one protester, high school teacher Roger Abraham Vallejo Soriano (38 years old), was shot in the head and is in critical condition.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1566\-desalojan\-carretera\-con\-bombas\-lacrimogenas \\|title\=Hieren a manifestante en Tegucigalpa \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802095249/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1566\-desalojan\-carretera\-con\-bombas\-lacrimogenas \\|archive\-date\=August 2, 2009 }} [Carlos H. Reyes](/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Reyes "Carlos Humberto Reyes"), president of the trade union [STIBYS](/wiki/STIBYS "STIBYS") and an independent candidate for the presidency of Honduras was injured, and Juan Barahona, a coordinator of the [National Front Against the Coup d'Etat](/wiki/National_Front_Against_the_Coup_d%27Etat "National Front Against the Coup d'Etat"), was detained. Rafael Pineda Ponce, minister of Mr. Micheletti, reiterated today the de facto government's rejection of any return of Zelaya to power, saying that the administration was "firm, unchangeable" about Zelaya's return to power.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN30359951 \\|title\=Honduran rulers insist Zelaya cannot be president \\|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-30}} An unnamed diplomat in Tegucigalpa said that Micheletti's calls for dialog are a delaying tactic so that the elections can happen and a new government assume power. Manuel Zelaya left the Nicaraguan border with Honduras to meet with Hugo Llorens, US ambassador to Honduras, and others in the Honduran Embassy in Manaugua.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1573\-micheletti\-pide\-comision\-internacional\-zelaya\-se\-reune\-con\-emisarios\-de\-eeuu \\|title\=Micheletti pide comisión internacional, Zelaya se reúne con emisarios de EEUU \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-30 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803191402/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1573\-micheletti\-pide\-comision\-internacional\-zelaya\-se\-reune\-con\-emisarios\-de\-eeuu \\|archive\-date\=August 3, 2009 }} Ranking Member [Richard Lugar](/wiki/Richard_Lugar "Richard Lugar") of the US Foreign Relations Committee asked the Obama administration for a detailed explanation of its policy in the Honduran political crisis, warning that confirmation of Obama's nominees could be held up.{{Cite news \\| title \= Senator asks Clinton to explain Honduran policy \\| date \= 2009\-07\-30 \\| work \= Reuters \\| url \= https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE56T7DM20090730 \\| first \= Susan \\| last \= Cornwell }} ### July 31 Micheletti again insisted there would be no negotiated return to power for Manuel Zelaya. In comments made to the press after swearing in some more members of his government, he also criticized the United States as meddling. He said that if [Hugo Llorens](/wiki/Hugo_Llorens "Hugo Llorens"), the [United States Ambassador to Honduras](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Honduras "United States Ambassador to Honduras"), had met with Zelaya yesterday in Managua, he was "making a serious mistake".{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iye\-2WzhOil3UlnL5WwjxMPMk2ow \\|title\=Interim Honduran leader says President will not return to power \\|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse\\|AFP]] \\|first\=Francisco \\|last\=Jara \\|date\=2009\-07\-31 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-31 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112165349/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iye\-2WzhOil3UlnL5WwjxMPMk2ow \\|archive\-date\=January 12, 2012 }} The European Union agreed to allow its member countries to enforce their own strict limits on visas for members of the de facto government. The 28 countries of the EU agreed to strictly limit contacts with the de facto government.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1628\-ue\-planea\-restriccion\-de\-visas\-a\-funcionarios\-del\-gobierno\-de\-micheletti \\|title\=UE planea restricción de visas a funcionarios del gobierno de Micheletti \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-31 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-31 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803191416/http://tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1628\-ue\-planea\-restriccion\-de\-visas\-a\-funcionarios\-del\-gobierno\-de\-micheletti \\|archive\-date\=August 3, 2009 }} On Monday the National Congress will not hear the report of its committee studying whether or not to grant amnesty, as Jose Alfredo Saavedra had announced yesterday. Instead it will hear again from the Micheletti negotiating team about the San Jose Accord. Saavedra insisted that the representatives needed more time to inform themselves before making a decision. The study committee has been meeting with various groups outside of Congress to gather their opinion on amnesty. So far, they say, the majority of people are against it.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1616\-diputados\-escucharan\-a\-los\-negociadores\-de\-micheletti \\|title\=Diputados escucharán a los negociadores de Micheletti \\|newspaper\=\[\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\|El Tiempo]] \\|language\=es \\|date\=2009\-07\-31 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-31 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803191412/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\-politica/1616\-diputados\-escucharan\-a\-los\-negociadores\-de\-micheletti \\|archive\-date\=August 3, 2009 }}	[ "July 2009\n---------", "### July 1", "The Organization of American States General Assembly agreed on Wednesday to a resolution which \"condemns vehemently\" Zelaya's removal and gives Honduras three days to restore Zelaya to the presidency or face possible suspension from the group.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8127867\\.stm\\\|title\\=Deadline for Honduras over leader \\\|work\\=BBC News\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01}} Zelaya then announced that he would postpone his planned return, which was initially scheduled for Thursday, July 2\\. Instead, he would wait until the OAS deadline runs out, and then return to his country.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/07/200971165130346380\\.html\\\|title\\=Honduras' Zelaya vows to return \\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01}} The United States also said it would wait until the deadline ran out before considering what to do about US aid to Honduras, which by law must be cut off if a head of state is overthrown in a coup.[US puts off decision to cut aid to Honduras until Monday](http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090701/usa/honduras_politics_military_coup_us_aid) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707132735/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090701/usa/honduras\\_politics\\_military\\_coup\\_us\\_aid \\\|date\\=July 7, 2009 }} After the OAS meeting in Washington, Zelaya flew to [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City \"Panama City\") in order to attend [Ricardo Martinelli](/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli \"Ricardo Martinelli\")'s inauguration as President of Panama.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009\\-07\\-01\\-voa44\\.cfm \\\|title\\=Ousted Honduran President Travels to Panama \\\|publisher\\=Voice of America \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702050326/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009\\-07\\-01\\-voa44\\.cfm \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2009 }}", "Meanwhile, Interim President Roberto Micheletti reiterated that Zelaya would be arrested as soon as he were to set foot in the country. In an interview with the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"), Micheletti said that only a foreign invasion could restore Zelaya as president. \"(Zelaya) can no longer return to the presidency of the republic unless a president from another Latin American country comes and imposes him using guns. I was appointed by Congress, which represents the Honduran people. Nobody can make me resign unless I break the laws of the country\", said Micheletti.", "[thumb\\\|250px\\\|Hondurans promoting peace and opposing Zelaya and Chavez](/wiki/File:Manifestaci%C3%B3n_ONU_2.jpg \"Manifestación ONU 2.jpg\")\nMicheletti later announced at a press conference that a delegation representing the new government would travel to Washington on Wednesday to meet with the OAS. The delegation would explain to OAS General Secretary José Miguel Insulza \"what really happened\" in Honduras, according to Micheletti.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/01/content\\_11634645\\.htm\\\|title\\=Interim Honduran president to send delegation for talks with OAS\\\|publisher\\=Xinhua\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704122534/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/01/content\\_11634645\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}}", "[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\") reported that Spain, France, Italy, Chile, and Colombia began recalling their ambassadors on July 1\\.\"Honduras is finding itself increasingly isolated. France, Spain, Italy, Chile and Colombia began recalling their ambassadors Wednesday\". [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\"), [\"Honduras Targets Protesters with Emergency Decree\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070100369_2.html?sid=ST2009063004334), 1 July 2009\\. Retrieved 13 July 2009\\. The United States announced the suspension of joint military operations.{{cite news\\\|title\\=U.S. suspends military relations with Honduras\\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31693697}}", "Some members of the Honduran Congress said that they were discussing ways of reaching a compromise among themselves that would reinstate Zelaya. They warned, however, that such a deal could be a hard sell, given the widespread opposition to Zelaya in Congress.", "[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") reported that despite the uncompromising public statements of the two sides, O.A.S. officials claimed they had begun informal talks with people close to the Micheletti government to seek a peaceful resolution. The Times said that one proposal that had been floated was for an amnesty for the people who overthrew Zelaya in exchange for his reinstatement and a guarantee that he would not seek another term.", "Both pro\\- and anti\\-Zelaya demonstrations continued throughout the country. The largest anti\\-Zelaya rally occurred in [Choluteca](/wiki/Choluteca%2C_Choluteca \"Choluteca, Choluteca\"), which received heavy coverage by the Honduran press. The pro\\-Zelaya protests were largely ignored by the same media outlets.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/715963 \\\|title\\=Honduran government's international isolation grows; demonstrators demand return of president \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928101000/http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/715963 \\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011 }} Pro\\-Zelaya protesters claim that the authorities are trying to prevent them from converging to protest, while allowing pro\\-Micheletti demonstrators easy access to popular places for demonstrations.", "The pro\\-Zelaya protesters have been targeting a [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King \"Burger King\") franchise in central Tegucigalpa that is owned by Micheletti supporters. The restaurant has been looted several times. Also, several hundred pro\\-Zelaya student activists erected barricades of boulders, signposts and metal sheeting near the presidential palace. They covered their faces with bandanas and carried bats, branches and gasoline\\-filled bottles. Eventually however the activists removed the barricades and joined a larger, peaceful protest.", "There was evidence that Venezuelan, Nicaraguan and Cuban nationalities had attempted to create a conflict. To ensure democracy, the rule of law, public safety and peace, the National Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011\\-2009\\) at the request of President Micheletti temporarily suspending four constitutional guarantees during the hours the curfew is in effect.[Mañana a las 5 am todo vuelve a la normalidad](http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Manana-a-las-5-am-todo-vuelve-a-la-normalidad) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706043226/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Manana\\-a\\-las\\-5\\-am\\-todo\\-vuelve\\-a\\-la\\-normalidad \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 }} [La Prensa](/wiki/La_Prensa_%28Honduras%29 \"La Prensa (Honduras)\"){{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22279\\-congreso\\-restringe\\-cuatro\\-garantias\\-constitucionales \\\|title\\=Congresso restringe cuatro guarantías constitucionales \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704003520/http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22279\\-congreso\\-restringe\\-cuatro\\-garantias\\-constitucionales \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2009 }} These include articles 69, 71, 78, and 81 of the constitution. Article 69 guarantees the right of personal freedom. Article 71 requires being brought before a judge within 24 hours of being arrested. Article 78 provides for the freedom of association and assembly, and article 81 provides for freedom to move, enter, leave and remain in the country.", "### July 2", "Honduran police confirmed the presence of Venezuelans, Cubans and Nicaraguans.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Confirmada\\-presencia\\-de\\-venezolanos\\-cubanos\\-y\\-nicas \\\|title\\=Confirmada presencia de venezolanos, cubanos y nicas \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606040255/http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Confirmada\\-presencia\\-de\\-venezolanos\\-cubanos\\-y\\-nicas \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-06 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Honduran Congress passed an emergency decree that limits public gatherings following Zelaya's arrest. Honduran government restricted street protests and news organizations.", "More marches against Zelaya and in favor of the new government were carried out in Tegucigalpa. The anti\\-Zelaya demonstrators, numbering over 10,000 according to La Prensa, chanted against Zelaya, Hugo Chávez, and foreign interference in Honduran affairs.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensa.hn/content/view/section/244684 \\\|title\\=\"Fuera Mel\" gritan miles de sampedranos \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701083020/http://www.laprensa.hn/content/view/section/244684 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 }}", "In [San Pedro Sula](/wiki/San_Pedro_Sula \"San Pedro Sula\"), 350 police and military broke up the thousands of pro\\-Zelaya protesters who were demonstrating in the center of the city with tear gas and water cannons and chased protesters for blocks. During the pursuit, some protesters committed acts of vandalism. Xinhua reports at least 2 deaths, 60 injuries, and 270 arrests.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/03/content\\_11643084\\.htm\\\|title\\=Rival demonstrations continue in post\\-coup Honduras\\\|publisher\\=Xinhua\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-03\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704215228/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/03/content\\_11643084\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}} El Tiempo notes that among the arrested were bystanders not involved in the demonstration.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22380\\-\\-recuperan\\-el\\-centro \\\|title\\=Recuperan el centro \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-03 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706021840/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22380\\-\\-recuperan\\-el\\-centro \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 6, 2009 }} Police are now stationed in the center of the city to prevent demonstrators from recongregating.", "The police announced the arrest of [Marcelo Chimirri](/wiki/Marcelo_Chimirri \"Marcelo Chimirri\"), ex\\-manager of the phone company [Hondutel](/wiki/Hondutel \"Hondutel\"), who they accused of corruption. Marcelo Chimirri was appointed head of Hondutel by Zelaya.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/02/Noticias/Capturan\\-a\\-Chimirri\\-ex\\-funcionario\\-de\\-Zelaya \\\|title\\=Capturan a Chimirri, ex funcionario de Zelaya \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-26 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726232704/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/02/Noticias/Capturan\\-a\\-Chimirri\\-ex\\-funcionario\\-de\\-Zelaya \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Marcelo Chimirri had been under investigation for his involvement with the Latinode case in Miami where Latinode executives confessed to paying bribes to Hondutel executives in exchange for lower rates.[Hondutel Lost L. 92 Million with LatiNode](http://eng.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%83%C2%ADs/Ediciones/2009/07/15/Noticias/Hondutel-Lost-L.-92-Million-with-LatiNode) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094734/http://eng.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%83%C2%ADs/Ediciones/2009/07/15/Noticias/Hondutel\\-Lost\\-L.\\-92\\-Million\\-with\\-LatiNode \\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-21 }} [La Prensa](/wiki/La_Prensa_%28Honduras%29 \"La Prensa (Honduras)\")", "The [Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras](/wiki/Committee_of_Relatives_of_the_Disappeared_in_Honduras \"Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras\") (COFADEH), an association for civil rights, said that on Wednesday 1 July, police and military were flattening homes and sequestering people in the communities of [Olancho](/wiki/Olancho_Department \"Olancho Department\"), which is the birthplace of the president in exile, Manuel Zelaya Rosales. The military operations have occurred in communities Guacoca, [San Francisco de la Paz](/wiki/San_Francisco_de_la_Paz \"San Francisco de la Paz\"), and Salamá [Guarizama](/wiki/Guarizama \"Guarizama\"). The association denounced that the Armed Forces and the Police have unleashed repression against the people of Honduras and all liability for the violations being committed against social leaders, against whom there are arrest warrants, residents, rural communities, students, peasants and workers.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/politica/22120\\-cofadeh\\-militares\\-y\\-policias\\-estan\\-secuestrando \\\|title\\=COFADEH: Militares y policías están secuestrando \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707035305/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/politica/22120\\-cofadeh\\-militares\\-y\\-policias\\-estan\\-secuestrando \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2009 }}", "Zelaya, meanwhile, announced to a press conference that he would pardon those involved in what he called \"the coup\" when he returns as President of Honduras. \"I am a Christian and know how to forgive and pardon. The people of Honduras will not forgive, but from me, in my heart, there is no ill\\-will towards anyone\", he said.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/03/content\\_11643677\\.htm\\\|title\\=Honduran president says willing to pardon coup leaders\\\|publisher\\=Xinhua\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-03\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704215248/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/03/content\\_11643677\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}}", "Micheletti's government stated that it is willing to hold this year's presidential election early, and that it might hold a referendum on allowing Zelaya to serve the remainder of his term, although holding such a referendum immediately would be \"difficult\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090703/wl\\_nm/us\\_honduras\\_38\\\|title\\=Honduras interim gov't says open to early election\\\|last\\=Rosenberg\\\|first\\=Mica \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-02\\\|agency\\=Reuters \\\|publisher\\=Yahoo News\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}} {{Dead link\\\|date\\=October 2010\\\|bot\\=H3llBot}}", "### July 3", "Around 70,000 people demonstrated for the constitution and against Zelaya.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/El\\-pueblo\\-vuelve\\-a\\-rechazar\\-a\\-Zelaya \\\| title\\=El pueblo vuelve a rechazar a Zelaya \\\| date\\=2009\\-07\\-03 \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807074442/http://www.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/El\\-pueblo\\-vuelve\\-a\\-rechazar\\-a\\-Zelaya \\\| archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-07 }}", "A video showing the army shooting out pro\\-Zelaya protesters' bus tires was released on CNN.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/07/03/honduras.video/index.html?eref\\=rss\\_mostpopular\\\|title\\= Video shows Honduran troops shooting protesters' bus tires\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03\\\|publisher\\=CNN.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-04}}", "There were protests for and against Zelaya in Tegucigalpa. The pro\\-Zelaya protesters marched from Universidad Pedagógica Francisco Morazán down the Boulevard Juan Pablo II to Toncontin airport. The protesters against Zelaya concentrated in Plaza La Libertad and the interior of the Casa Presidencial and were organized by Comisión Cívica Democrática.\\<ref\"\\>{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22392\\-el\\-pueblo\\-en\\-las\\-calles \\\|title\\=El pueblo en las calles \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706022905/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22392\\-el\\-pueblo\\-en\\-las\\-calles \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 6, 2009 }}\\</ref\\>{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2009/07/03/materia.2009\\-07\\-03\\.5104274428/view\\\|title\\=Movimentos populares de Honduras se mobilizam pela volta de Zelaya\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Agência Brasil]]\\\|language\\=pt\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}} {{Dead link\\\|date\\=October 2010\\\|bot\\=H3llBot}}", "Radio Globo Honduras said that when Zelaya was giving an interview to the radio on Wednesday 1 July, the radio was switched off by military forces. There was said also that the military forces are keeping guard on the transmissors of the radio since Sunday 28 June.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.radioglobohonduras.com/\\\|title\\=Comunicado\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03\\\|publisher\\=Radio Globo Honduras\\\|language\\=es\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}}", "The interim government withdraws from the OAS, saying that there is no longer space for Honduras there. New deputy foreign minister Martha Lorena Alvarado said that her government \"repudiates\" the \"unilateral measures\" and \"unworthy unilateral resolutions\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia\\=365663\\\|title\\=Honduras se retira de la OEA tras visita de Insulza\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04\\\|work\\=www.emol.com\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[El Mercurio]]\\\|language\\=es\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-06}}", "The Supreme Court of Honduras has rejected a demand by the Organization of American States to reinstate the ousted President, Manuel Zelaya. OAS chief Jose Miguel Insulza was told the court's position was \"irreversible\" when he met its president for two hours in the capital Tegulcigalpa. Danilo Izaguirre, spokesman for the Supreme Court, confirmed that it had rejected the OAS secretary general's demand. \"Insulza asked Honduras to reinstate Zelaya but the president of the court Jorge Rivera categorically answered that there is an arrest warrant for him\", he said.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8133981\\.stm\\\|title\\=Honduran court defiant on Zelaya\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04\\\|work\\=BBC News\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}}", "Of the 128 National Congress [deputies](/wiki/Deputies \"Deputies\"), 19 have refused to recognize Michelletti as the president of Honduras, with 13 Zelaya deputies of the [Liberal Party of Honduras](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Honduras \"Liberal Party of Honduras\") and 5[Portal del Gobierno de Honduras](http://www.congreso.gob.hn/Diputados.htm) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911183753/http://www.congreso.gob.hn/Diputados.htm \\\|date\\=September 11, 2007 }} {{in lang\\\|es}} deputies from [Democratic Unification Party](/wiki/Democratic_Unification_Party \"Democratic Unification Party\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22454\\-aparecen\\-mas\\-diputados\\-declarando\\-que\\-hubo\\-golpe \\\|title\\=Aparecen más diputados declarando que hubo golpe \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-03 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "[Radio America](/wiki/Radio_America_%28Honduras%29 \"Radio America (Honduras)\") journalist [Gabriel Fino Noriega](/wiki/Gabriel_Fino_Noriega \"Gabriel Fino Noriega\") was murdered near [La Ceiba](/wiki/La_Ceiba \"La Ceiba\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php\\-URL\\_ID\\=28957\\&URL\\_DO\\=DO\\_TOPIC\\&URL\\_SECTION\\=201\\.html \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20151215021944/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php\\-URL\\_ID\\=28957\\&URL\\_DO\\=DO\\_TOPIC\\&URL\\_SECTION\\=201\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-15 \\\|title\\=journalist Gabriel Fino Noriega and calls for lifting of restrictions on press freedom \\\|publisher\\=Portal.unesco.org \\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-30 }}", "### July 4", "During the first five days out of country, Zelaya had spent 80,000 dollars of Honduran public money to luxury goods, including luxury hotels, food and fine clothing. Honduras canceled his governmental credit card, as well as lease of 50 luxury vehicles, 61 mobile phone lines, and 100 bank accounts.[Manuel Zelaya gastó L 1\\.5 millones en 5 días](http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Manuel-Zelaya-gasto-L-1.5-millones-en-5-dias) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707002452/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Manuel\\-Zelaya\\-gasto\\-L\\-1\\.5\\-millones\\-en\\-5\\-dias \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 }}. La Prensa", "Many demonstrations for the constitution, peace, democracy and against Zelaya's attempts to return to power took place in Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Talanga, La Ceiba, El Progreso, Choluteca, and other cities. Again, demonstrators dressed in white.{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Paisanos\\-de\\-Zelaya\\-marchan\\-contra\\-el/(offset)/25 \\\| title\\=Paisanos\" de Zelaya marchan contra él \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\| language\\=es \\\| date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\| access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-21 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041159/http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Paisanos\\-de\\-Zelaya\\-marchan\\-contra\\-el/(offset)/25 \\\| archive\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-06 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Archbishop Cardinal [Oscar Rodriguez Maradiaga](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga \"Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga\") asked Zelaya not to return to Honduras because his return could cause a bloodbath.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22463\\-cardenal\\-rodriguez\\-el\\-pueblo\\-tiene\\-derecho\\-a\\-recibir\\-explicaciones \\\|title\\=Cardenal Rodríguez Maradiaga pide a Zelaya que no regrese para evitar baño de sangre \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}} The Archbishop also read from Article 102 of the Constitution stating that no Honduran can be expatriated or handed over to a foreign State and that he believed that everyone merited an explication of what happened on June 28 and called for dialogue.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Un\\-regreso\\-al\\-pais\\-en\\-este\\-momento\\-podria\\-desatar\\-un\\-bano\\-de\\-sangre \\\|title\\=Un regreso al país en este momento podría desatar un baño de sangre \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707002715/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/04/Noticias/Un\\-regreso\\-al\\-pais\\-en\\-este\\-momento\\-podria\\-desatar\\-un\\-bano\\-de\\-sangre \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/var/elheraldo\\_site/storage/original/application/290e62976ab5923acc7c8925ae384824\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Honduran Episcopal Conference's Communiqué \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-05 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718111500/http://www.elheraldo.hn/var/elheraldo\\_site/storage/original/application/290e62976ab5923acc7c8925ae384824\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-18 }} Later that day Zelaya announced he would return to Tegucigalpa on Sunday, accompanied by various presidents and other international representatives,{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22469\\-manuel\\-zelaya\\-ratifica\\-que\\-viajara\\-a\\-honduras\\-el\\-domingo\\-junto\\-a\\-varios\\-presidentes \\\|title\\=Mel Zelaya ratifica regreso a Honduras el domingo \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}} calling on supporters to remain peaceful: \"Do not bring weapons. Practice what I have always preached, which is nonviolence. Let them be the ones who use violence, weapons and repression.\"\n{{cite news\\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\\_DPwD997TH6O0\\\|title\\=Exiled Honduran president vows return on Sunday\\\|last\\=Weissert\\\|first\\=Will\n\\\|date\\=July 4, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2009}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2024\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "In Honduras the protests for and against Zelaya continued. A source estimated the crowd at 10,000\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/05/world/americas/05honduras.html?ref\\=global\\-home \\\|title\\=O.A.S. Votes to Suspend Honduras Over Coup \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|last1\\=Thompson \\\|first1\\=Ginger \\\|last2\\=Lacey \\\|first2\\=Marc \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}}", "OAS Secretary General Jose Miguel Insulza went to Honduras to seek Zelaya's reinstatement.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gMCr8kViII4SmuN8DnNR532awrQgD9980DN03 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130102225842/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gMCr8kViII4SmuN8DnNR532awrQgD9980DN03 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-02 \\\|title\\=Secretary general: OAS fails to reinstate Zelaya \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|first\\=Nestor \\\|last\\=Ikeda \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] }} The Organization of American States suspended Honduras on Saturday (July 4\\) after the caretaker government refused to reinstate President Manuel Zelaya.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0211965120090705\\\|title\\=Ousted Honduran leader mulls return after OAS ruling\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-05\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-05}}", "A fragmentation grenade exploded July 4, Saturday night, in the first floor of the offices of Canal 11, the same buildings where [El Tiempo](/wiki/El_Tiempo_%28Honduras%29 \"El Tiempo (Honduras)\") is located. It was allegedly thrown from a nearby street.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22519\\-lanzan\\-granada\\-en\\-el\\-canal\\-11 \\\|title\\=Lanzan granada en el Canal 11 \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "### July 5", "An estimated 20,000 soldiers are guarding the airport.", "[thumb\\\|Hugo Chávez and the \"Africanized bees\" text, which is visible on the right side of Chávez's head.](/wiki/File:Chavez_and_Africanized_bees.jpg \"Chavez and Africanized bees.jpg\")\nVenezuelan TV showed Hugo Chávez watching Zelaya's attempt to land. Accidentally visible on the television was Chávez's blackboard and the text:{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/183051 \\\|title\\=Un Chávez nervioso intenta ahora explicar que no planeó masacre \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-11 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716003429/http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/183051 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/09/Noticias/Venezuela\\-tenia\\-fuerza\\-militar\\-para\\-Zelaya/%28offset%29/5 \\\|title\\=Venezuela tenía fuerza militar para Zelaya \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-09 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712044533/http://www.elheraldo.hn/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/09/Noticias/Venezuela\\-tenia\\-fuerza\\-militar\\-para\\-Zelaya/(offset)/5 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://eng.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/11/Noticias/Chavez\\-Adviced\\-Mel\\-Not\\-to\\-Meet\\-with\\-Micheletti \\\|title\\=Chávez Adviced (sic)Mel Not to Meet with Micheletti \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-10 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815171934/http://eng.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/11/Noticias/Chavez\\-Adviced\\-Mel\\-Not\\-to\\-Meet\\-with\\-Micheletti \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-15 }}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias\\-ecuador/chavez\\-coordino\\-accion\\-militar\\-357278\\.html \\\|title\\=Chávez quería provocar un baño de sangre \\\|publisher\\=Hoy Ecuador \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-09 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712005414/http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias\\-ecuador/chavez\\-coordino\\-accion\\-militar\\-357278\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 }}{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.eldia.com.bo/index.php?cat\\=149\\&pla\\=3\\&id\\_articulo\\=9660 \\\|title\\=El plan de Chávez era una masacre \\\|publisher\\=El Dia (Bolivia) }}\n{{blockquote\\\|051345JUL09 Enjambre de abejas africanas, Tribuna Presidencial, heridos por picadas y desesperación de las personas.}}\nTranslation in English:\n{{blockquote\\\|051345JUL09 Swarm of \\[\\[africanized bees]], Presidential Podium, wounded by stings and desperation of the people}}", "051345JUL09 appears to be a military code for July 5, 2009 at 13:45\\. Coincidentally, 13:45 was the time violence started in Toncontin airport.", "Chávez tried to explain the text by saying that there was a small hive of bees threatening participants in the military parade in Ciudad Bolívar in Venezuela.", "Former President Ricardo Maduro visited US Congressmen to explain that what occurred in Honduras was a constitutional succession.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://foreignaffairs.republicans.house.gov/list/hearing/foreignaffairs\\_rep/dignitaries\\_westernhem.shtml \\\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805011523/http://foreignaffairs.republicans.house.gov/list/hearing/foreignaffairs\\_rep/dignitaries\\_westernhem.shtml \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2009 \\\|title\\=House committee on foreign affairs}}", "According to the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"), Zelaya, accompanied by several ambassadors and the United Nations General Assembly president, departed Washington's Dulles Airport on a jet, registration N515RN owned by CITGO a subsidiary of the Venezuelan PDVSA,[Avión violentó espacio aéreo hondureño](http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/174180) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606032430/http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/174180 \\\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-06 }}. El Heraldo, July 06\\.2009 hoping to land in the Honduran capital.{{cite news\\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\\_DPwD998G2QO0 \\\|title\\=Zelaya flies to Honduras despite no\\-landing orders \\\|last\\=Weissert \\\|first\\=Will \\\|date\\=July 5, 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711110558/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\\_DPwD998G2QO0 \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 11, 2009 }} Further [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") have quoted Zelaya as saying \"No one can obligate me to turn around. The constitution prohibits expelling Hondurans from the country. I am returning with all of my constitutional guarantees.\" But with their safety in the air not guaranteed, Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa pleaded with the Honduran military forces to avoid bloodshed. \"If there is violence the whole world must clearly know who is responsible\", he said.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090705/ap\\_on\\_re\\_la\\_am\\_ca/lt\\_honduras\\_coup \\\|title\\=Zelaya's plane circles Honduran runway, can't land \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-05 \\\|publisher\\=Yahoo News \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708155539/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090705/ap\\_on\\_re\\_la\\_am\\_ca/lt\\_honduras\\_coup \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2009 }}", "After attempting to land without a flight plan filed, Zelaya's plane was turned away by trucks and soldiers stationed on the landing strip to prevent a landing.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=16627 \\\|title\\=Avión que transportaba a Zelaya violó el espacio aéreo de Honduras \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118083726/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=16627 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2010 }}", "Pro\\-Zelaya protesters, including some people throwing stones, were able to break through various security cordons to an area near the airport. Stephen Ferry, an international press photographer at the scene, reported seeing government forces attack the protest. \"I saw a kid being shot in the head, I think he is dead ... There are lots of injured — I don't know how many. They just opened fire — it was completely unprovoked.\" Hospital sources and police said at least two people had been killed and a number had been injured.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8135358\\.stm\\\|title\\=Deadly clash at Honduran airport \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-05\\\|work\\=www.news.bbc.co.uk\\\|publisher\\=BBC\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-05}}[Ousted Honduran President Manuel Zelaya prevented from returning](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6645469.ece) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007052821/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us\\_and\\_americas/article6645469\\.ece \\\|date\\=October 7, 2011 }} Later, the de facto government declared a curfew from 6:30 pm until 5 am, Tuesday July 7,{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://elheraldo.hn/Al%20Frente/Ediciones/2009/07/05/Noticias/Amplian\\-toque\\-de\\-queda\\-en\\-Honduras\\\|title\\=Amplían toque de queda en Honduras\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-05\\\|work\\=elheraldo.hn\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]]\\\|language\\=es\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-05\\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-21\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095026/http://elheraldo.hn/Al%20Frente/Ediciones/2009/07/05/Noticias/Amplian\\-toque\\-de\\-queda\\-en\\-Honduras\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and closed Toncontin airport for another 24 hours beginning at 6 am July 6\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22507\\-cierran\\-por\\-24\\-horas\\-el\\-aeropuerto\\-toncontin \\\|title\\=Cierran por 24 hours el aeropuerto de Toncontin \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-05 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-05 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/05/Noticias/Amplian\\-toque\\-de\\-queda\\-en\\-Honduras \\\|title\\=Amplían toque de queda en Honduras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-05 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-05 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-21 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095052/http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/05/Noticias/Amplian\\-toque\\-de\\-queda\\-en\\-Honduras \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} One of the dead was identified as 19\\-year\\-old Isy Obed Murillo Mencía.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=16948 \\\|title\\=Militares habrían usado proyectiles de goma \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118223150/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=16948 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2010 }} The government denies having fired the fatal shot that killed Mencía, and BBC video captured the image of at least one protester holding a gun.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/07/Noticias/Bala\\-que\\-mato\\-a\\-joven\\-no\\-era\\-del\\-Ejercito \\\|title\\=Bala que mató a joven no era del Ejército \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710015626/http://www.laprensahn.com/Apertura/Ediciones/2009/07/07/Noticias/Bala\\-que\\-mato\\-a\\-joven\\-no\\-era\\-del\\-Ejercito \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-10 }}", "The Official Government stance held that Isy Obed Murillo was killed by the protesters, but a study made by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission claims to debunk that stance. The Commission had access to the official forensic report, where it highlights that the trajectory of the shots and the location at which the bullet shells where found make it nearly impossible for the shots to originate from the protesters at the area. The Commission holds the hypothesis that the shots were made by members of the Army, but it claims that certainty is impossible to reach, as the military refused to cooperate with the criminal investigations ordered in September of that yearComisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación. Para que los hechos no se repitan: Informe de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación. Editorama. (jul. 2011\\) [https://www.oas.org/es/sap/docs/dsdme/2011/cvr/hondurasinformecvr\\_tomo1\\.pdf](https://www.oas.org/es/sap/docs/dsdme/2011/cvr/hondurasinformecvr_tomo1.pdf)", "La Prensa reports that Zelaya supporters are paying people L250\\-L300 ($13\\.22 \\- $15\\.87\\) to demonstrate against the de facto government. Motorcyclists and taxis were paid for transporting protesters.{{cite news \\\| title \\= Protests in favor of Zelaya are financed \\\| date \\= 2009\\-07\\-05 \\\| url \\= https://translate.google.com/translate?hl\\=en\\&sl\\=es\\&u\\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/06/Noticias/Protestas\\-a\\-favor\\-de\\-Zelaya\\-son\\-financiadas\\&ei\\=nkZhSpXMO92ntgeGkZD3Dw\\&sa\\=X\\&oi\\=translate\\&resnum\\=1\\&ct\\=result\\&prev\\=/search%3Fq%3DTaxistas%2By%2Bcampesinos%2Bhan%2Brecibido%2Bdinero%2Bpara%2Bapoyar%2Bmanifestaciones%2Bque%2Bson%2Buna%2Bpresi%25C3%25B3n%2Bpara%2Bque%2Bregrese%2Bel%2BPresidente%2Bdestituido.%26hl%3Den%26domains%3Dwww.google.com%26sitesearch%3Dwww.laprensahn.com \\\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\| language\\=es }}", "### July 6", "Hospitals in Tegucigalpa reported receiving victims shot by military patrols during the nightly curfew. Another pro\\-Zelaya march is underway in Tegucigalpa, Monday morning.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22579\\-de\\-la\\-pedagogica\\-a\\-presidencial\\-arranca\\-marcha\\-pacifica\\-en\\-contra\\-de\\-los\\-golpistas \\\|title\\=De la Pedagógica a Presidencial: Arranca marcha pacífica por restitución de Zelaya \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "According to TeleSur and other media, Honduran constitutional president Manuel Zelaya is to travel on July 6 to Washington to meet US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Tuesday.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2009/0706Zelaya\\_viajaraWashington.htm \\\|title\\=Honduran President Zelaya Travels to Washington on Monday \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|publisher\\=Cuban News Agency \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "Panamanian president, [Ricardo Martinelli](/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli \"Ricardo Martinelli\") says involvement of other countries in resolving the crisis \"would worsen the current situation.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://horacero.com.pa/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=11342\\\|title\\=Martinelli Evita Condenar Golpe y Critica a Zelaya \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06\\\|work\\=horacero.com.pa\\\|publisher\\=Hora Cero\\\|language\\=es\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-06}} {{Dead link\\\|date\\=October 2010\\\|bot\\=H3llBot}}", "Rodolfo Pastor Fasquelle, Minister of Culture under Zelaya, told the BBC from hiding \"Today there is the risk \\[of civil war] because both sides have a wide social base, they are completely polarised and they have weapons and resources.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/06/honduras\\-manuel\\-zelaya\\-airport\\-closed \\\|title\\=Honduras coup leaders shut main airport \\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\| location\\=London \\\| first\\=Rory \\\| last\\=Carroll}} Presidential candidate Pepe Lobo (Nationalist Party) told El Tiempo's columnist Roberto Quesada that he was in favor of the reinstatement of Zelaya as President and would use his influence to detain the barbarism and see that that happened.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22590\\-pepe\\-lobo\\-esta\\-a\\-favor\\-de\\-la\\-restitucion\\-de\\-manuel\\-zelaya \\\|title\\=Pepe Lobo esta a favor de la restitución de Manuel Zelaya \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "In the afternoon, the government issued a call for anyone who received funds to promote the opinion poll to return the monies to them.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.radioamerica.hn/sitio.cfm?pag\\=leenoticias\\&t\\=Nacionales\\&id\\=13497 \\\|title\\=Gobierno pide devolver dinero de consulta popular \\\|publisher\\=Radio America \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611014355/http://www.radioamerica.hn/sitio.cfm?pag\\=leenoticias \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2010 }}", "The radio stations La Catracha and Cholusat Sur were able to operate again from 6 July.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/politica/22539\\-levantan\\-censura\\-a\\-canal\\-36\\-y\\-radio\\-la\\-catracha \\\|title\\=Levantan censura a Canal 36 y Radio La Catracha \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}} It was said that Canal 36 and La Catracha were taken off air because the director had said publicly that he was in favour of the Cuarta Urna. After the coup, the TV programmes Mi Nación on Honduras' Canal 13 and Hable como Habla broadcast by Canal 66 of Maya TV were banned. The [Federación Latinoamericana de Periodistas](/wiki/Latin_American_Federation_of_Journalists \"Latin American Federation of Journalists\") informed that the [de facto](/wiki/De_facto \"De facto\") government was persecuting some international correspondents, mainly those who work for members of ALBA. They had to leave, according to the communique, signed by Juan Carlos Camano.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/el\\-pais/22490\\-periodistas\\-denuncian\\-persecucion\\-gubernamental \\\|title\\=Periodistas denuncian persecución gubernamental \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}} In an article, Radio Globo claimed that it is the only station covering everything live, on a dedicated channel about demonstrations against or in support of Zelaya.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/politica/22538\\-radio\\-globo\\-tambien\\-se\\-suma\\-a\\-la\\-resistencia \\\|title\\=Radio Globo también se suma a la resistencia \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "### July 7", "Large demonstrations in favor of the constitution, peace, new government, and in opposition to Zelaya. The demonstrations were called El Plantón del Millón and they were held in six cities.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=17087 \\\|title\\=Hondureños de todas las edades unidos por la paz \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029043745/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=17087 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-29 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Zelaya was in Washington to meet with U.S. Secretary of State [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\"). At this meeting, Zelaya agreed to a U.S.\\-backed proposal for negotiation talks with Micheletti government representatives in Costa Rica set for Thursday, July 9\\. Costa Rican President [Óscar Arias](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias \"Óscar Arias\"), a [Nobel Peace Prize laureate](/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates \"List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates\"), would serve as mediator in the discussions. Zelaya later told a Honduran radio station that his return as President was \"nonnegotiable\" and that the talks are really just \"the planning of the exit of the coup leaders\". The Micheletti government also accepted the invitation, but maintained that Zelaya could not return as President.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE56424C20090707?pageNumber\\=1\\&virtualBrandChannel\\=0\\\|title\\=Honduras' Zelaya says to meet coup backers on Thursday\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07}}", "Hillary Clinton announced after meeting with Zelaya, that the United States was suspending all of the military and some economic aid to Honduras. Suspended aid includes all military aid (about $16\\.5 million) and support supplied to the government for [CAFTA\\-DR](/wiki/CAFTA-DR \"CAFTA-DR\"), and [USAID](/wiki/USAID \"USAID\") programs ($1\\.9 million). Humanitarian aid to the Honduran people will continue as a policy matter.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://2009\\-2017\\.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/july/125762\\.htm \\\|title\\=U.S. Assistance to Honduras \\\|publisher\\=US State Department \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 }}", "Foreign relations minister in the interim government, [Enrique Ortez Colindres](/wiki/Enrique_Ortez_Colindres \"Enrique Ortez Colindres\"), said in a TV interview that Obama \"is a little black man who doesn't know where Tegucigalpa is located.\" He later apologised after U.S. Ambassador [Hugo Llorens](/wiki/Hugo_Llorens \"Hugo Llorens\") had said: \"I express my profound indignation for the unfortunate, disrespectful and racially insensitive comments made about President Barack Obama.\"{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jVMceE2X3WWB\\-j4kPMydHEs81m0QD99A23Q00 \\\|title\\=Honduran official apologizes to Obama for remark \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711113838/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jVMceE2X3WWB\\-j4kPMydHEs81m0QD99A23Q00 \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 11, 2009 }}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/08/content\\_11671507\\.htm\\\|title\\=U.S. ambassador condemns statement of Honduras' interim foreign minister\\\|publisher\\=Xinhua\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-08\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716204236/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/08/content\\_11671507\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\\=338754\\&CategoryId\\=23558\\\|title\\=Honduran Foreign Minister Apologizes for Comments on Obama\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Latin American Herald Tribune]]\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-08\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08\\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-11\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811111103/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\\=338754\\&CategoryId\\=23558\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Supreme Court spokesman Danilo Izaguirre has said that Zelaya might be granted political amnesty.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31778837 \\\|title\\=Amnesty possible for ousted Zelaya \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07}}", "Honduran Cardinal [Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga \"Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga\") said \"We totally reject the interference of the president of Venezuela. We may be a small country, but we are a sovereign country\".{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/08/Noticias/Chavez\\-dejenos\\-en\\-paz\\-Cardenal \\\|title\\=Chávez, déjenos en paz: Cardenal \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120904011317/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/08/Noticias/Chavez\\-dejenos\\-en\\-paz\\-Cardenal \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-04 }}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.proceso.hn/2009/07/07/Nacionales/Cardenal.hondure.C/14811\\.html \\\|title\\=Cardenal hondureño rechaza injerencia de presidente venezolano en crisis \\\|publisher\\=Proceso Digital \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-21 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094738/http://www.proceso.hn/2009/07/07/Nacionales/Cardenal.hondure.C/14811\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Competing demonstrations continued in Tegucigalpa, meanwhile. Both pro\\- and anti\\-Zelaya marches were attended by thousands. The pro\\-Zelaya protest was led by Zelaya's wife, [Xiomara de Zelaya](/wiki/Xiomara_de_Zelaya \"Xiomara de Zelaya\"), who was making her first public appearance since the beginning of the coup.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/80\\-xiomara\\-castro\\-encabeza\\-marcha\\-en\\-tegucigalpa\\-por\\-la\\-restitucion\\-de\\-su\\-esposo \\\|title\\=Xiomara Castro encabeza marcha en Tegucigalpa por la restitución de su esposo. \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710103539/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/80\\-xiomara\\-castro\\-encabeza\\-marcha\\-en\\-tegucigalpa\\-por\\-la\\-restitucion\\-de\\-su\\-esposo \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 10, 2009 }}", "The de facto government Civil Aviation Authority (DGAC) announced that [Toncontín International Airport](/wiki/Toncont%C3%ADn_International_Airport \"Toncontín International Airport\") would be closed through July 10 inclusive. To enforce the closure, the authorities placed an ancient Lockheed Electra in the middle of the runway. The Air Force began repairing the damaged fences around the southern end of the runway.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=16983 \\\|title\\=Aeronáutica Civil cierra Toncontín por cinco días \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-07 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118223125/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=16983 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2010 }}", "### July 8", "The interim government lifted its closure of Toncontín International Airport Wednesday morning, requesting that the airlines return to their normal flight schedules. On July 6 it had issued orders to close the airport for 5 days.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=17247 \\\|title\\=Todo vuelve a la normalidad en Toncontín \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118215121/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=17247 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2010 }}", "Colombia arrested 80 Venezuelans who attempted to travel to Honduras. The pro\\-Zelaya group was so\\-called \"Bolivarian Continental Caravan\".{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.heraldohn.com/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/08/Noticias/Detienen\\-venezolanos\\-que\\-viajaban\\-a\\-Honduras/%28offset%29/35 \\\|title\\=Detienen venezolanos que viajaban a Honduras \\\|language\\=es \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805192034/http://www.heraldohn.com/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/08/Noticias/Detienen\\-venezolanos\\-que\\-viajaban\\-a\\-Honduras/(offset)/35 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-05 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "A group of pro\\-Zelaya taxi drivers and other Zelaya supporters blocked one of the main roads to Nicaragua in a protest against the events.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/88902430/AFP\\\|title\\=Taxi drivers and supporters of ousted Ho\\\|publisher\\=Getty Images\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-08\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08}} Later on July 27 found a booklet of receipts in a car of pro\\-Zelaya organizer which included a $2,500 payment to the president of taxi drivers' association.", "Venezuela's oil minister, Rafael Ramírez, confirmed on Wednesday 8 July that his country had halted oil exports to Honduras until ousted president Manuel Zelaya was reinstated. Venezuela sends about {{convert\\\|20000\\\|oilbbl\\\|m3}} of oil a day to Honduras.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/world/americas/09briefs\\-VENEZUELAHAL\\_BRF.html?ref\\=world \\\|title\\= Venezuela Halts Oil Flow to Honduras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|last\\=Romero \\\|first\\=Simon \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-09}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/168\\-petroleos\\-de\\-venezuela\\-suspende\\-suministro\\-de\\-20000\\-barriles\\-diarios\\-a\\-honduras \\\|title\\=Petróleos de Venezuela suspende suministro de 20\\.000 barriles diarios a Honduras \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-09 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711174236/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/168\\-petroleos\\-de\\-venezuela\\-suspende\\-suministro\\-de\\-20000\\-barriles\\-diarios\\-a\\-honduras \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 11, 2009 }}", "Manuel Zelaya landed in Costa Rica at 5:36 pm in a private jet from Washington, D.C. He said he is ready to start discussions tomorrow about ending the crisis, as required by resolutions of the OAS and UN, moderated by president Oscar Arias. He was accompanied by his chancellor, Patricia Rodas.{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.prensaescrita.com/diarios.php?codigo\\=AME\\&pagina\\=http://www.aldia.co.cr \\\|archive\\-url\\= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091009085628/http://www.prensaescrita.com/diarios.php?codigo\\=AME\\&pagina\\=http://www.aldia.co.cr \\\|url\\-status\\= dead \\\|archive\\-date\\= 2009\\-10\\-09 \\\|title\\= Zelaya llega a Costa Rica para dialogar con Micheletti \\\|publisher\\=Al Dia, Costa Rica \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-09}}", "### July 9", "[Manuel Zelaya](/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya \"Manuel Zelaya\") met at midday with Costa Rican president [Oscar Arias](/wiki/Oscar_Arias \"Oscar Arias\") in San Jose, who then awaited the interim president of Honduras. Micheletti arrived late then left early to return to Tegucigalpa. His four\\-person commission remained in San Jose to continue negotiations: Vilma Morales, Carlos López Contreras, Arturo Corrales and Mauricio Villeda. Spain offered to help with mediation. The interim government in Honduras announced that the curfew will be from 11:00 p.m. today until 4:30 a.m. Friday.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2009}}", "Jose Murillo, father of Isis Obed Murillo, the protester killed on July 5, was arrested.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\\=338990\\&CategoryId\\=23558 \\\|title\\=Slain Zelaya Supporter's Dad Arrested in Honduras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Latin American Herald Tribune]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-09 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-09 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-02 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302171906/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\\=338990\\&CategoryId\\=23558 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### July 10", "The commissions that represent Micheletti and Zelaya met July 10 until 3:30 pm with Oscar Arias, President of Costa Rica without reaching any agreements other than to meet again at some point in the future. The Zelaya commission is said to have requested that the next meeting be in Honduras. Rafael Pineda Ponce, the new Minister of the President for Micheletti, came on the radio in the early evening in Honduras and announced that the Micheletti commission was ordered to remain in San José, Costa Rica until all the conversations were resolved.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/401\\-gobierno\\-ordena\\-a\\-la\\-comision\\-permanecer\\-en\\-las\\-discusiones \\\|title\\=Gobierno ordena a la comisión permanecer en las discusiones \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-10 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713175157/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/401\\-gobierno\\-ordena\\-a\\-la\\-comision\\-permanecer\\-en\\-las\\-discusiones \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2009 }}", "Enrique Ortez Colindres was sworn in as Micheletti's new Minister of Government and Justice, leaving the position of Foreign Minister occupied by the Vicechancellor, Martha Lorena Alvarado, until Michelleti names a new Chancellor.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/392\\-ortez\\-colindres\\-le\\-dice\\-good\\-bye\\-a\\-cancilleria \\\|title\\=Ortez Colindres le dice \"good bye\" a Cancillería \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-10 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714053426/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/392\\-ortez\\-colindres\\-le\\-dice\\-good\\-bye\\-a\\-cancilleria \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 14, 2009 }}", "Pro\\-Zelaya protesters took over the La Amistad bridge over the Ulua river in El Progresso on the north coast.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/343\\-se\\-toman\\-el\\-puente\\-la\\-amistad\\-e\\-incomunican\\-el\\-litoral\\-atlantico \\\|title\\=Se toman el puente La Amistad e incomunican el Litoral Atlántico \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-10 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714164149/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/343\\-se\\-toman\\-el\\-puente\\-la\\-amistad\\-e\\-incomunican\\-el\\-litoral\\-atlantico \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 14, 2009 }}", "### July 11", "Zelaya flew to Washington, D.C. from the Dominican Republic to meet with Jose Miguel Insulza, head of the Organization for American States, and with Thomas Shannon, a U.S. State Department official.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hjvX7oc2mK\\_4o2CVrbQBgdOf6TMw \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130124231514/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hjvX7oc2mK\\_4o2CVrbQBgdOf6TMw \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-24 \\\|title\\=Hondurans stage fresh protests, await new talks \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse\\\|AFP]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-11 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-11 }} Channel 8, the government channel, has broadcast anti\\-Chavez statements and songs of peace since coming back on the air after the June 28 coup.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/404\\-himnos\\-de\\-la\\-paz\\-y\\-cuestionamientos\\-a\\-chavez\\-copan\\-programacion\\-de\\-canal\\-8 \\\|title\\=Himnos de la paz y cuestionamientos a Chávez copan programación de canal 8 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-11 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713175208/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/404\\-himnos\\-de\\-la\\-paz\\-y\\-cuestionamientos\\-a\\-chavez\\-copan\\-programacion\\-de\\-canal\\-8 \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2009 }}", "Oscar Arias, President of Costa Rica, called for a renewed dialog between the commissions of Zelaya and Micheletti in San José, Costa Rica in 8 days.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/ln\\_ee/2009/julio/12/pais2024527\\.html \\\|title\\=Arias pretende llamar a comitivas hondureñas la próxima semana \\\|publisher\\=La Nacion — Costa Rica \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716003033/http://www.nacion.com/ln\\_ee/2009/julio/12/pais2024527\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### July 12", "Two journalists working for [TeleSUR](/wiki/TeleSUR \"TeleSUR\") and two working for the Venezuelan state television channel [Venezolana de Televisión](/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n \"Venezolana de Televisión\") (VTV) were threatened by police on July 11\\. The TeleSUR journalists had just returned to their hotel, the Clarion in Tegucigalpa, and saw the VTV reporters being detained at reception. They in turn were ordered to stay in the hotel and wait for agents from immigration to check their papers, then leave the country as \"there's nothing for you to report on here\". The VTV reporters were taken to a police station and held until 3:30 am, because the car had been listed as stolen and the driver was arrested for car theft. Later the reporters were clearned of involvement and released. All of the Telesur and VTV reporters were told to leave the country, and were escorted to the airport on July 12, accompanied by representatives of Derechos Humanos (DDHH). Another group of four journalists, including an ACAN\\-EFE reporter, were held by police in their hotel in Tegucigalpa from early hours of the morning until 9 am July 12 allegedly on orders to wait for immigration authorities, who never materialized.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=18676 \\\|title\\=Policía retiene varias horas a periodistas extranjeros en hotel de Tegucigalpa \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115212943/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=18676 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 15, 2010 }}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/ln\\_ee/2009/julio/12/mundo2025257\\.html \\\|title\\=Detienen a periodistas venezolanos en Honduras \\\|publisher\\=La Nacion — Costa Rica \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716003008/http://www.nacion.com/ln\\_ee/2009/julio/12/mundo2025257\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The anti\\-corruption prosecutor announced he had opened corruption investigations on 45 supporters of the 4th ballot box initiative, many of them Zelaya's cabinet officials. The list:{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=18623 \\\|title\\=Funcionarios que investiga la Fiscalía \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118204959/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=18623 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2010 }}\n{{div col\\\|colwidth\\=22em}}\n* José Manuel Zelaya Rosales\n* Iris Xiomara Castro Sarmiento\n* Zoe Zelaya Castro\n* Xiomara Hortensia Zelaya Castro\n* José Manuel Zelaya Castro\n* Patricia Isabel Rodas Baca\n* Enrique Alberto Flores Lanza\n* Milton Danilo Jiménez Puerto\n* Rixi Romana Moncada Godoy\n* Mayra Yaneth Mejía Del Cid\n* Carlos Orbin Montoya\n* Carlos Eduardo Reina García\n* Rodolfo Roberto Pastor Fasquelle\n* Rodolfo Augusto Padilla Sunseri\n* Fedra Nadime Thiebaud Garay\n* José Holliday Venegas\n* Fredis Alonso Cerrato Valladares\n* José Raúl Valladares Fúnez\n* Doris Yolany García Paredes\n* Carlos Roberto Aguilar Pineda\n* Jorge Alberto Rosa Zelaya\n* Arístides Mejía Carranza\n* [Delia Beatriz Valle Marichal](/wiki/Delia_Beatriz_Valle_Marichal \"Delia Beatriz Valle Marichal\")\n* Tomás Eduardo Vaquero Morris\n* Luis Roland Valenzuela Ulloa\n* Marlon Antonio Brevé Reyes\n* Marco Tulio Burgos Córdova\n* Juan Carlos Elvir Martel\n* Amable de Jesús Hernández\n* César David Adolfo Ham Peña\n* Eduardo Enrique Reina García\n* Rebeca Patricia Santos Rivera\n* Sonia Carolina Aspra Cruz\n* Armando José Sarmiento Ney\n* Orfilia Esperanza Carranza Medina\n* Pedro Rafael Alegría Moncada\n* Carlos Humberto Reyes\n* Rodrigo Castillo Flores\n* Carlos Ovidio Segura Aroca\n* Roderico Argeñal Ardón\n* Nehemías Martínez Argueta\n* Aníbal Barrow\n* Eulogio Chávez Doblado\n* José Alejandro Ventura Soriano\n* Edilberto Robles Aguilar\n{{div col end}}", "Two activists from the [Unificación Democrática](/wiki/Democratic_Unification_Party \"Democratic Unification Party\") (UD) party were murdered in separate shootings. Roger Bados was shot in the back at his home in San Pedro Sula when he turned away from someone at his door to go get the person being asked for. Ramon Garcia was shot as he got off a bus in Callejones, Santa Barbara.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/440\\-acribillan\\-a\\-dos\\-activistas\\-de\\-la\\-ud \\\|title\\=Acribillan a dos activistas de la UD \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717010547/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/440\\-acribillan\\-a\\-dos\\-activistas\\-de\\-la\\-ud \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2009 }}", "The Secretary of Information, Réne Cepeda, told the [AFP](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\") that the de facto government issued a request that the UN send an independent Human Rights commission to Honduras to cut down on the disinformation. This was confirmed in a press conference by the spokesperson for the Policia Nacional, Héctor Mejia, in talking about the detention of the Venezuelan journalists. In the same press conference he confirmed that 1270 persons had been arrested for curfew violations since the curfew began. The curfew was cancelled today.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/ln\\_ee/2009/julio/12/mundo2025764\\.html \\\|title\\=Gobierno de facto de Honduras pedirá comisionado especial por DDHH \\\|publisher\\=Diario Nacion — Costa Rica \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-12 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716003705/http://www.nacion.com/ln\\_ee/2009/julio/12/mundo2025764\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### July 13", "President Zelaya's chief of staff, Enrique Flores Lanza, declined to say whether the exiled leader would participate in the second round of talks, mediated by Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, which may resume on July 18 to try to resolve the country's political crisis.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601086\\&sid\\=aJH5lqS0VWmk\\\|title\\=Honduras Talks May Resume July 18\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-13\\\|work\\=Bloomberg L.P.\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-13}}", "Chavez called the mediation talks in Costa Rica \"dead before they started\", and Zelaya has vowed to return to Honduras at any moment.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Costa\\_Rica\\_eyes\\_fresh\\_Honduras\\_mediation\\_talks.html?siteSect\\=143\\&sid\\=10953194\\&cKey\\=1247517474000\\&ty\\=ti \\\|title\\=Costa Rica eyes fresh Honduras mediation talks \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-13 \\\|publisher\\=SwissInfo \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-13 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926002011/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Costa\\_Rica\\_eyes\\_fresh\\_Honduras\\_mediation\\_talks.html?siteSect\\=143\\&sid\\=10953194\\&cKey\\=1247517474000\\&ty\\=ti \\\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2012 }}", "Honduras's acting president swore in a new foreign minister, [Carlos López Contreras](/wiki/Carlos_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras \"Carlos López Contreras\"). Lopez Contreras said that only Congress can grant amnesty. Valladares, the acting president's chief of staff, said the interim government may try to hold a vote in September if possible. Otherwise they'll hold a vote in November, as stipulated in the constitution.", "The US Department of State is encouraging Americans not to visit Honduras, where an unstable political situation has led to sporadic demonstrations.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601086\\&sid\\=aJH5lqS0VWmk\\\|title\\=U.S. Embassy in Honduras Tells Americans to Stay Home\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-13\\\|publisher\\=TravelAgentCentral\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-13}}", "The New York Times revealed that two former aides of Bill Clinton were advising Micheletti and the de facto government in their interactions with US legislators in Washington, D. C. and their meetings with Oscar Arias in San José, Costa Rica. [Lanny Davis](/wiki/Lanny_Davis \"Lanny Davis\"), who served as President Clinton's personal lawyer, was hired by the Honduran chapter of the Business Council of Latin America to help their delegation lobby against economic sanctions against Honduras. Bennett Ratcliff showed up as part of the Micheletti delegation meeting with Oscar Arias in Costa Rica, but refused to give The New York Times any information about his role there.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/13/world/americas/13honduras.html \\\|title\\=Honduran Rivals See U.S. Intervention as Crucial in Resolving Political Crisis \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|last\\=Thompson \\\|first\\=Ginger \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-13 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-14}}", "### July 14", "Overriding the US travel advisory, right\\-wing columnist [Dennis Prager](/wiki/Dennis_Prager \"Dennis Prager\") broadcast his show from Honduras to \"show solidarity with an unfairly isolated country, and to encourage, by example, people to visit Israel then and Honduras now.\"{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://townhall.com/columnists/DennisPrager/2009/07/14/why\\_i\\_came\\_to\\_honduras \\\| title \\= Why I Came to Honduras \\\| date \\= 2009\\-07\\-14 \\\| first \\= Dennis \\\| last \\= Prager}} Prager compared the actions of Zelaya towards illegally changing the constitution, with the efforts of Zelaya's own Liberal Party to preserve democratic rule.", "### July 15", "The Honduran Roman Catholic Church declared it firmly supports the ouster of President Manuel Zelaya, Cardinal Rodriguez stated that Zelaya \"doesn't have any authority, moral or legal. The legal authority he lost because he broke laws and the moral authority he lost with a discourse full of lies.\"{{cite news \\\| title \\= One Side Makes Offer in Honduran Impasse \\\| url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/world/americas/16honduras.html \\\| date \\= 2007\\-07\\-16 \\\| agency \\= \\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] }}", "Deposed President Zelaya called for a popular insurrection in Honduras.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Ousted president calls for Honduras insurrection \\\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/world/ousted\\-president\\-calls\\-for\\-honduras\\-insurrection\\-20090715\\-dl9n.html \\\|work\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\\|date\\=15 July 2009 \\\|language\\=en}} Interim foreign minister Carlos Lopez said Honduras had removed the curfew and was not issuing threats{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2009}}. In San Jose, mediator Arias urged patience.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2009}} General Romeo Vasquez, head of the Honduran army, said that Zelaya was exiled to avoid \"deaths and injuries\".{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2009}} Colonel Ramiro Archaga, spokesperson for the Minister of Defense, stated that the politicians could not \"wash their hands\" (lavarse las manos) by blaming the military for the deportation of Zelaya on June 28, assuring a reporter for the newspaper El Tiempo that they had sufficient documentation that the expulsion of Zelaya was a decision of the State (estado) and not just the armed forces.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/630\\-expulsion\\-de\\-zelaya\\-fue\\-una\\-decision\\-de\\-estado \\\|title\\=Expulsión de Zelaya fue una decisión de Estado \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-15 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718203752/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/630\\-expulsion\\-de\\-zelaya\\-fue\\-una\\-decision\\-de\\-estado \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2009 }}", "The de facto government re\\-established the curfew because of the threat of a national strike July 16\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=19950 \\\|title\\=Gobierno restablece el toque de queda \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-15 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118101006/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=19950 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2010 }}", "### July 16", "In an interview on Radio Monumental of Costa Rica, President Oscar Arias said that he had a mandate from 34 world governments to restore constitutional order in Honduras, by which he meant restore president Jose Manuel Zelaya. He rejected Micheletti's proposal to step down if Zelaya did not return to power. He said, \"we will see if we can talk of an amnesty, and for who, over political offenses (veremos si se puede hablar de una amnistía, y para quiénes, sobre delitos políticos)\". \"Zelaya must abandon his goal of installing a fourth ballot box\", he continued. Arias indicated he intended to propose a reconciliation government headed by Zelaya combined with political amnesty.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/713\\-arias\\-propondra\\-gobierno\\-de\\-reconciliacion\\- \\\|title\\=Arias propondrá Gobierno de reconciliación \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719095514/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/713\\-arias\\-propondra\\-gobierno\\-de\\-reconciliacion\\- \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2009 }}", "Ramon Custodio, the Human Rights Commissioner for Honduras, suggested that both Micheletti and Zelaya could resign in favor of Zelaya's former Vice President and current presidential candidate, [Elvin Ernesto Santos](/wiki/Elvin_Ernesto_Santos \"Elvin Ernesto Santos\"), noting that Santos' resignation as Vice President in 2008, which Congress accepted, was an unconstitutional act which needs to be repaired.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=20120 \\\|title\\=Custodio: \"No sólo Micheletti debe renunciar a sus intereses\" \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119002350/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=20120 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 19, 2010 }}", "Campesino leader Rafael Alegria announced that if there was no settlement in Costa Rica over the weekend, that there would be a national strike on Monday supported by a variety of unions within the country.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=20142 \\\|title\\=Seguidores de Zelaya anuncian paro general \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Tribuna (Honduras)\\\|La Tribuna]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119002325/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2\\.0/?p\\=20142 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 19, 2010 }}", "In Honduras, peaceful protests to allow Zelaya to return continued for the 18th day, with roads blocked in the north of the country, between Choloma and Puerto Cortés, while protesters in the west block the roads to Guatemala and El Salvador, and protesters in the department of Francisco Morazan blocked the road between Tegucigalpa and Comayagua. They also blocked the road between Tegucigalpa and Choluteca. The road between San Pedro Sula and the ruins at Copan was also cut, as was the road between San Marcos in Ocotepeque and the borders with El Salvador and Guatemala.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/707\\-partidarios\\-de\\-zelaya\\-vuelven\\-a\\-tomarse\\-carreteras \\\|title\\=Partidarios de Zelaya vuelven a tomarse carreteras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719091712/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/707\\-partidarios\\-de\\-zelaya\\-vuelven\\-a\\-tomarse\\-carreteras \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2009 }}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/16/Noticias/Honduras\\-Manifestantes\\-paralizan\\-las\\-carreteras \\\|title\\=Honduras: Manifestantes paralizan las carreteras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719071854/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/16/Noticias/Honduras\\-Manifestantes\\-paralizan\\-las\\-carreteras \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2009 }}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.prensa\\-latina.cu/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=101475\\&Itemid\\=1 \\\|title\\=Bloqueadas varias carreteras en Honduras en rechazo al golpe \\\|publisher\\=Prensa Latina \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430133437/http://prensa\\-latina.cu/index.php?option\\=com\\_content \\\|archive\\-date\\=April 30, 2012 }}", "International banks contradicted a spokesperson for the de facto government who yesterday reported that loans from international institutions were not frozen. A World Bank spokesperson, [Hugo Noé Pino](/wiki/Hugo_No%C3%A9_Pino \"Hugo Noé Pino\"), confirmed that the World Bank, Interamerican Development Bank, and the Centralamerican Bank of Economic Integration all had frozen any transfers to Honduras, and that Honduras was awaiting about $250 million from the World Bank, and similar amount from the Interamerican Development Bank.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://tiempo.hn/secciones/el\\-pais/700\\-creditos\\-para\\-honduras\\-continuan\\-congelados \\\|title\\=Créditos para Honduras continúan \"congelados\" \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719095529/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/el\\-pais/700\\-creditos\\-para\\-honduras\\-continuan\\-congelados \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2009 }}", "Presidential candidate for the UD (Unificación Democratica) party, César Ham returned to Honduras from voluntary exile in Guatemala and Nicaragua and vowed to work for the restoration of Zelaya.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.adn.es/politica/20090716/NWS\\-1319\\-Diputado\\-Zelaya\\-retorno\\-apoyar\\-vuelve.html \\\|title\\=Diputado que salió tras golpe vuelve para apoyar lucha por retorno de Zelaya \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718000655/http://www.adn.es/politica/20090716/NWS\\-1319\\-Diputado\\-Zelaya\\-retorno\\-apoyar\\-vuelve.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-18 }}", "### July 17", "The [International Transport Workers' Union](/wiki/International_Transport_Workers%27_Federation \"International Transport Workers' Federation\"), which groups 4\\.5 million workers from 654 unions in 140 countries, began a boycott of Honduran\\-flagged ships to protest Zelaya's ouster. Its workers will refuse to load and unload Honduran ships.[\"Unions call for world boycott of Honduran ships\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE56G60U20090718), Reuters, 17 July 2009; retrieved July 2009\\. The Union Federation's announcement is: [\"Honduras ship action declared\"](http://www.itfglobal.org/press-area/index.cfm/pressdetail/3512) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007204350/http://www.itfglobal.org/press\\-area/index.cfm/pressdetail/3512 \\\|date\\=2009\\-10\\-07 }}, 17 July 2009\\. Retrieved July 2009\\.", "The human rights NGO [Centro de Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos](/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Promoci%C3%B3n_de_los_Derechos_Humanos \"Centro de Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos\") ([CIPRODEH](/wiki/CIPRODEH \"CIPRODEH\")) released a report on [human rights violations since the coup d'état](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Honduras%23Micheletti_de_facto_presidency_%28since_28_June_2009%29 \"Human rights in Honduras#Micheletti de facto presidency (since 28 June 2009)\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=Reporte de Violaciones a Derechos Humanos Después del Golpe de Estado Político\\-Militar del 28 de Junio 2009 \\\|publisher\\=Centro de Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-17 \\\|url\\=http://www.ciprodeh.org.hn/Publicaciones/reporte\\_ciprodeh.pdf \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-20 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222185850/http://www.ciprodeh.org.hn/Publicaciones/reporte\\_ciprodeh.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-22 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### July 18", "Oscar Arias today proposed a seven point plan to both the Zelaya and Micheletti advisors in San Jose Costa Rica.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/862\\-arias\\-propone\\-restitucion\\-de\\-zelaya\\-amnistia\\-y\\-adelanto\\-de\\-elecciones \\\|title\\=Arias propone restitución de Zelaya, amnistía y adelanto de elecciones \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-18 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-18 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.heraldohn.com/var/elheraldo\\_site/storage/original/application/b2f2fd1c68194503030ff1c1706e36c5\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Propuesta del presidente de Costa Rica, Oscar Arias, para solución a crisis de Honduras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-18 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-18 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824032854/http://www.heraldohn.com/var/elheraldo\\_site/storage/original/application/b2f2fd1c68194503030ff1c1706e36c5\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-24 }}\n1\\. The legitimate restitution of José Manuel Zelaya Rosales as President of the Republic, an office in which he will remain until the end of the constitutional period for which he was elected, 27 January 2009, the date on which he will transfer power to the candidate designated freely and democratically by the people, in elections supervised and recognized by the international community.\n2\\. The formation of a government of unity and national reconciliation, composed of representatives of the principal political parties.\n3\\. The declaration of a general amnesty exclusively for all those political crimes committed in the event of this conflict, before and after the past 28th of June.\n4\\. The express renunciation by President Zelaya, and his government, of the intention of placing a \"fourth ballot\\-box\" in the next elections, or to carry out any popular poll not expressly authorized by the Constitution of the Republic of Honduras.\n5\\. Moving up the national elections of the 29th of November to the last Sunday in October, and moving up the electoral campaign from the first days of September to the first days of August.\n6\\. The transfer of the command of the Armed Forces from the Executive Power to the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, one month before the elections, to guarantee transparency and normality of suffrage, in conformity with the terms of the Constitution of the Republic of Honduras.\n7\\. The integration of a commission of verification composed by distinguished Hondurans and members of international organizations, in particular, by representations of the OAS, that will oversee the fulfillment of these accords and supervise the correct return to constitutional order.", "At the start of negotiations the Zelaya council indicated that they accepted all seven points, while the Micheletti council indicated that they could accept no points without discussion, and that Zelaya's return was not negotiable.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124795714470662313 \\\|title\\=Talks on Honduras Stall Over Zelaya \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-20 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-18 \\\| first1\\=José \\\| last1\\=De CÓ}} Arias said, at the end of negotiations on Saturday \"There are still many differences and we'll try to bring the two positions closer.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601086\\&sid\\=apNVvyhodJGk \\\|title\\=Honduras Talks Continue, Deadlocked on Zelaya Return to Power \\\|work\\=Bloomberg \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-19 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-19}}", "### July 19", "The talks being mediated by Oscar Arias broke off shortly after they resumed today when the Micheletti advisors showed up and were unwilling to talk about the Arias proposal, and instead insisted discussion focus on a new proposal which they brought with them from Tegucigalpa. \"I'm very sorry, but the proposals that you have presented are unacceptable to the constitutional government of Honduras ... in particular your proposal number one\", said Carlos Lopez, head of the Micheletti negotiating team.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE56I2I720090719 \\\|title\\=Honduras interim leader rejects mediator's proposal \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-19 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-19}}", "The Micheletti proposal is also a seven point plan, but there its resemblance to Arias's plan ends. Micheletti proposes{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.elheraldo.hn/var/elheraldo\\_site/storage/original/application/511365f99f6e8e9140481fd18f788e91\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Contrapuesta \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-19 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-19 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606032456/http://www.elheraldo.hn/var/elheraldo\\_site/storage/original/application/511365f99f6e8e9140481fd18f788e91\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-06 }}\n1\\. The return of petitioner Mr. Jose Manuel Zelaya Rosales with the necessary guarantees so that he can exercise his right to due process before the Judicial Powers.el retorno a Honduras del peticionario señor José Manuel Zelaya Rosales con las garantias necesarias para que pueda ejercer su derecho al debido proceso ante los órganos jurisdiccionales competentes del Poder Judicial.\n2\\. The guarantee of democratic order and respect of the separation of powers, for which is formed a government of unity and national reconciliation, composed of members of the political parties and social sectors, with conformity to the requirements, merit, suitability, and ethics to defend the national sovereignty and combate drug traffic.el afianzamiento del orden democrático y de respeto a la separación de Poderes, para lo cual se conformaria un Gobierno de unidad y reconciliación nacional, compuesto por miembros de los partidos politicos y sectores sociales, conforme a requisitos de capacidad, merito, idoneidad y ética que defienda la soberania nacional y combata el narcotrafico.\n3\\. The guarantee of a state of rights and rejection of corruption and unpunishability, assuring at the same time the respect for the professionalism of the National Police, whose turnover should strictly follow the rules laid down in the enabling legislation. As a consequence of the above, he should preserve the integrity of public funds and return these public funds that he has taken and used illegally. At the same time he should respect the budget proposed by the National Congress recently.la guarantia de la vigencia efectiva del Estado de Derecho y el rechazo de la corupción y de la impunidad, asegurando igualmente el respeto a la profesionalidad de la Policia Nacional, cuya rotacion deberá sujetarse estrictamente a lo que prescribe su legislación especial. Consecuentes con lo anterior deben preservarse la integridad de los fondos públicos y devolverse aquellos que hubieron sido sustraidos y utilizados ilegalmente. Con ese mismo propósito debe respetarse el presupuesto aprobado por el Congreso Nacional recientemente.\n4\\. The formation of a truth commission so that the people of Honduras and the international community can identify all the acts that lead to the actual situation, before, during June 28, and later, and make them known and publicized.la constitución de una comisión de la verdad que para el pueblo hondureño y la comunidad internacional, identifique todos los actos, hechos evidentes y notorios que condujeron a la actual situación, en el periodo previo al 28 de junio en esa fecha y con posterioridad a la misma.\n5\\. The possibility to move up the elections already scheduled, by accord with what the Supreme Electoral Tribunal decides in consultation with the presidential candidates.la posibilidad de adelantar las elecciones nacionales ya convocadas, de acuerdo con lo que disponga el Tribunal Supremo Electoral y en consulta con los candidatos presidenciales.\n6\\. Putting the Armed Forces and the National Police under the control of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal 4 months before the elections to guarantee transparency, liberty, and normalcy in the electoral process, which is a high priority of national security, in conformity with the Constitution of the Republic and the electoral law and the political organizations. The professionalism and functions of the Armed Forces should be respected and assured as expressed in the Constitution of the Republic and all changes should be strictly according to the law constituting the Armed Forces.la puesta de las Fuerzas Armadas y de la Policia Nacional bajo el mando del Tribunal Supremo Electoral, cuatro meses antes de las elecciones, para efectos de garantizar la transparencia, libertad, y normalidad del proceso electoral que es asunto prioritario de seguridad nacional, conforme a la Constitución de la Republica de Honduras y la Ley Electoral y de las Organizaciones Politicas. La profesionalidad y funciones de las Fuerzas Armadas deberán respetarse y asegurarse conforme lo dispone expresamente la Constitución de la Repúpblica, y toda rotación deberá apegarse estrictamente al cumplimiento de lo establecido en la Ley Constitutiva de las Fuerzas Armadas.\n7\\. The integration of a commission of verification composed of notable Hondurans who will watch over the conformance with this agreement and periodically inform the Honduran people and international community.la integración de una comision de verificación compuesta por hondureños notables que vigile el cumplimiento de estos acuerdos e informe periódicamente de ello al pueblo hondureño y a la comunidad internacional.", "The talks broke down shortly thereafter. Arias asked for 72 hours more to try and reach an agreement with both sides.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601086\\&sid\\=a.WxXJgq87v8 \\\|title\\=Arias Seeks More Time to Reach Accord, Avoid Violence \\\|work\\=Bloomberg \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-19 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-19}} Late in the evening, US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, called Micheletti and warned him of the consequences of failing to accept the principles that Arias had laid out. She threatened to cut economic aid to Honduras if the talks fail, and hinted that there might be long\\-term consequences to US\\-Honduran relations.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/vcCandidateFeed1/idUSTRE56J5OK20090720 \\\|title\\=U.S. warns Honduras' de facto leader on economic aid \\\|first\\=Tim \\\|last\\=Gaynor \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-20 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-20}}", "### July 20", "José Miguel Insulza, the chief of the Organization of American States, made a statement indicating support for Zelaya's apparent movement towards a confrontational strategy with Micheletti's de facto government. \"Insurrection and confrontation are not a good path to take, but I don't think we will avoid it unless the de facto government shows some flexibility\", he said. However, in one of the first implicit criticisms of Zelaya to be issued by the OAS leadership during this crisis, Insulza also pleaded with Zelaya to wait out the 72 hours requested by Arias before staging a return to Honduras from exile in Nicaragua.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/090720/world/international\\_us\\_honduras \\\|title\\=Pressure grows on Honduras as violence feared \\\|agency\\=Reuters \\\|publisher\\=Yahoo News \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-20 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-20 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726183231/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/090720/world/international\\_us\\_honduras \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 26, 2009 }}", "Carlos Eduardo Reina, a Liberal party leader, announced that Zelaya would return to Honduras on Friday.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/952\\-zelaya\\-planea\\-volver\\-el\\-viernes\\-a\\-honduras\\-dice\\-politico\\-que\\-lo\\-apoya\\- \\\|title\\=Zelaya planea volver el viernes a Honduras, dice político que lo apoya \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-20 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-20 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725092506/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/952\\-zelaya\\-planea\\-volver\\-el\\-viernes\\-a\\-honduras\\-dice\\-politico\\-que\\-lo\\-apoya\\- \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2009 }} This decision respects the request of Insulza to wait out the 72\\-hour period requested by Arias.", "The European Union announced it was freezing 65\\.5 million euros of budget support for Honduras.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/951\\-la\\-union\\-europea\\-congela\\-655\\-millones\\-de\\-euros\\-de\\-ayuda\\-presupuestaria\\-a\\-honduras\\- \\\|title\\=La Unión Europea congela 65,5 millones de euros de ayuda presupuestaria a Honduras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-20 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-20 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "### July 21", "[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\"){{'s}} editorial staff, considered a voice for conservative opinion on Latin American issues, came out in favor of the Micheletti government accepting the seven\\-point Arias plan already accepted in principle by Zelaya's negotiators. While largely accepting Micheletti's casting of the coup as an attempt to preserve constitutional principles against Zelaya's actions, and characterizing those actions as a \"power grab\" on Zelaya's part, the editorial accuses Micheletti of \"an unconstitutional response to Mr. Zelaya's unconstitutional behavior\". Noting that the Arias plan also forbids Zelaya from seeking to hold any unconstitutional referendums, the editorial concludes that the seven\\-point plan is a \"fair deal which protects democracy\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/editorials/story/1150265\\.html \\\|title\\=Break the impasse in Honduras \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Miami Herald]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-21 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-21 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "### July 22", "A hundred thousand demonstrators, dressed in blue and white, marched against Zelaya. The demonstration was organized by the [Unión Cívica Democrática](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_C%C3%ADvica_Democr%C3%A1tica \"Unión Cívica Democrática\").{{ cite news \\\| url\\=http://eng.laprensa.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/263983 \\\| title\\=No to the return of Mel, ask in manifestation \\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\| date\\=2009\\-07\\-22 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008090131/http://eng.laprensa.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/263983 \\\| archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-08 }}", "Reuters reported that both sides in the crisis agreed to open new negotiations, and that at least some in the government would consider allowing Mr. Zelaya to return to power as President. The foreign minister of the interim government, Carlos Lopez, however, remained unwilling to consider Zelaya's return. Óscar Arias argued that both sides in the negotiation would have to give some ground in order to produce an agreement, and that an agreement favoring only one side of the dispute would not work. Arias went on to say \"Neither side in this conflict will prevail. The victory will be halfway for both sides, or it will be for neither.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/090723/world/international\\_us\\_honduras \\\|title\\=Honduran talks restart, Zelaya vows return \\\|agency\\=Reuters \\\|publisher\\=Yahoo News \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-22 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-22 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "### July 23", "The head of Zelaya's and Honduras' ruling Liberal Party in Congress, Valentin Suarez, said he expects the vast majority of lawmakers to vote against Arias' proposal. \"The executive branch, the judiciary and Congress can't all be wrong\", Suarez said. \"It is a crazy recommendation for Hondurans.\"{{cite news \\\| url \\= https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSN2338828420090723 \\\| title \\= Honduras resists pressure to allow Zelaya return \\\| work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\\| date \\= July 23, 2009 \\\| first\\=Simon \\\| last\\=Gardner}}\nZelaya headed towards Honduras despite US and OAS recommendations to wait. Lorena Calix, a spokeswoman for Honduras' national police spokeswoman Lorena Calix, said that when Zelaya \"comes to Honduras, we have to execute the arrest warrant.\" He risks 43 years in prison over charges of violating governmental order, treason and abusing and usurping power.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Lee \\\|first1\\=Morgan \\\|title\\=Deposed Honduran leader prepares risky return \\\|url\\=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\\-lt\\-honduras\\-coup\\-072309\\-2009jul23\\-story.html \\\|agency\\=Associated Press \\\|work\\=San Diego Union Tribune \\\|date\\=July 23, 2009}} Honduran military checkpoints stopped thousands of Zelaya supporters from reaching the Nicaraguan border.{{cite news \\\| url \\= https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSN2646154520090726 \\\| title \\= Pro\\-Zelaya border protest weakens in Honduras \\\| work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\\| date \\= July 26, 2009 }}", "### July 24", "Zelaya, surrounded by an entourage of supporters, entered Honduran territory from the Nicaraguan border and remained within Nicaraguan territory for a period of around 30 minutes.{{cite news \\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8168326\\.stm \\\| title \\= Ousted Zelaya makes brief return \\\| work \\= BBC News \\\| date\\=2009\\-07\\-25 \\\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-02}} During this symbolic Zelaya comeback, Honduran state television displayed pro Micheletti, anti Zelaya demonstrations.{{cite news \\\| url \\= http://blogs.reuters.com/global/2009/07/26/honduras\\-crisis\\-unleashes\\-media\\-wars/ \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090729044803/http://blogs.reuters.com/global/2009/07/26/honduras\\-crisis\\-unleashes\\-media\\-wars/ \\\| url\\-status \\= dead \\\| archive\\-date \\= 2009\\-07\\-29 \\\| title \\= Honduras crisis unleashes media wars \\\| work \\= Reuters \\\| date\\=2009\\-07\\-26}}{{Unreliable source?\\\|date\\=January 2010}}", "U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned Zelaya's crossing of the border into Honduras. \"President Zelaya's effort to reach the border is reckless\", Clinton said during a press conference. \"It does not contribute to the broader effort to restore democracy and constitutional order in the Honduras crisis.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip57hlmApbWY425sYPINw29GH\\_8A \\\|title\\=Zelaya 'reckless' to return to Honduras: Clinton \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse\\\|AFP]] \\\|date\\=July 24, 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208231252/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip57hlmApbWY425sYPINw29GH\\_8A \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 8, 2010 }}", "In Honduran border town [El Paraíso](/wiki/El_Para%C3%ADso%2C_El_Para%C3%ADso \"El Paraíso, El Paraíso\"), hundreds of Zelaya supporters defying a curfew clashed with security forces, near the Honduras\\-Nicaragua border.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\\_DPwD99LR86O3 \\\|title\\=Exiled Honduran leader makes 2nd trip to border \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805091114/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\\_DPwD99LR86O3 \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2009 }} Many people saw opponent to the coup d'état Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador, age 23, being detained by police{{in lang\\\|es}} {{cite news \\\|last\\=Emanuelsson \\\|first\\=Dick \\\|title\\=Atentado con bomba en sede de sindicato hondureño \\\|publisher\\=Tercera Informacion \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|url\\=http://www.tercerainformacion.es/?Atentado\\-con\\-bomba\\-en\\-sede\\-de \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-07 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720143703/http://www.tercerainformacion.es/?Atentado\\-con\\-bomba\\-en\\-sede\\-de \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-20 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and driven to a police station in El Paraíso.{{cite web \\\|last\\=COFADEH \\\|author\\-link\\=Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras \\\|title\\=Communiqué on the murder of Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador \\\|publisher\\=Derechos Human Rights \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-26 \\\|url\\=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/honduras/doc/golpe97en.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-07 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515024317/http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/honduras/doc/golpe97en.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-15 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### July 25", "The body of Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador, who had been detained by the police the previous day, was found in a deserted field at 6:30 in the morning, with 42 wounds from stabbing. Demonstrators and the National Front Against the Coup d'Etat stated that the murder had all the characteristics of 1980s actions of [Battalion 3\\-16](/wiki/Battalion_3-16_%28Honduras%29 \"Battalion 3-16 (Honduras)\"), as a method of \"terrorising the masses of people participating in the struggle against the coup regime.\" [COFADEH](/wiki/Committee_of_Relatives_of_the_Disappeared_in_Honduras \"Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras\") stated that Magdiel was the \"sixth fatal victim\" of the Micheletti de facto government.", "Arias' proposal was submitted to the Honduran Attorney General, the National Congress, the Supreme Court for legal review.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2009}} The Armed Forces of Honduras issued a press release in which they said they were respectful of the constitution and laws and subordinate to the civilian government. The affirmed their support for a solution to the problems facing the country through negotiations such as the San Jose Accords, and indicated their unconditional support for whatever results from those negotiations.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.ffaah.mil.hn/Noticias/2009/juli/nota19\\.htm \\\|title\\=COMUNICADO No. 7 \\\|publisher\\=FUERZAS ARMADAS DE HONDURAS, SECRETARIA DE ESTADO EN EL DESPACHO DE DEFENSA NACIONAL, DIRECCIÓN DE RELACIONES PÚBLICAS \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-25 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-25 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730005133/http://www.ffaah.mil.hn/Noticias/2009/juli/nota19\\.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2009 }}", "### July 26", "Zelaya criticized the United States for not taking a clear stand regarding the coup. He asked for President Obama to prohibit bank transactions and cancel US visas of individuals involved.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/27/national\\_exclusive\\_xiomara\\_castro\\_de\\_zelaya \\\| title \\= National Exclusive...Xiomara Castro de Zelaya, Wife of Ousted Honduran President, Calls on US to Aid Her Husband's Return Home: \"We Want Justice, We Want Peace, We Demand the Return to Democracy\" \\\| work \\= Democracy Now! \\\| date \\= July 27, 2009 }}{{Unreliable source?\\\|date\\=December 2009}}", "### July 27", "In an open letter to [The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\") published 27 July 2009, Micheletti listed the Honduran government's reasons and justification for Zelaya's ouster. In it, Micheletti claimed Zelaya's removal from office was supported by the Honduran Supreme Court (15\\-0\\), an overwhelming majority of the Honduran Congress, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, the Administrative Law Tribunal, the independent Human Rights Ombudsman, the two major presidential candidates of the Liberal and National Parties, and Honduras's Catholic Cardinal. Micheletti also stated that this was no \"military coup\" since the military was following orders given by a civilian Supreme Court and Zelaya was replaced with a civilian from the line of succession prescribed in the Honduran Constitution.", "* The articles quoted below are from conservative outlets owned by the country's elite who supported Michletti.", "Police confiscates a booklet owned by Carlos Eduardo Reina, a leader pro\\-Zelaya operations. It contains a list of 15 receipts, dated July 24\\. Each receipt has the amount of money and the recipient's signature. The receipts totaled 160,000 U.S. dollars and included:{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.heraldohn.com/content/view/full/212170 \\\|title\\=Tres millones para apoyar marchas de Zelaya \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212143124/http://www.heraldohn.com/content/view/full/212170 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-12 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/En\\-dolares\\-pagan\\-a\\-lideres\\-de\\-protestas\\-pro\\-Zelaya \\\|title\\=En dólares pagan a líderes de protestas pro Zelaya \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-11 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150859/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/En\\-dolares\\-pagan\\-a\\-lideres\\-de\\-protestas\\-pro\\-Zelaya \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* Roland Valenzuela, former director of Pronaders, received $20,000\\.\n* [Cesar Ham](/wiki/Cesar_Ham \"Cesar Ham\"), Democratic Unification Party, received $15,000\\.\n* Nehemiah Martinez, former Vice Minister of Livestock, received $15,000\n* Denis Antonio Sanchez, mayor of Santa Barbara, received $10,000\n* Salvador Zuniga, an indigenous leader, received $10,000\\.\n* Dinora Aceituno, a trade union leader, received $5,000\\.\n* Rafael Alegría, a peasant leader, received $5,000\n* Edilberto Robles, president of the National Association of Honduras taxi drivers, received $2\\.500\n* John F. Díaz, coordinator of the department of Lempira, received $2,000\\.", "Because Honduran currency is Lempira, the large amounts of U.S. dollars raised questions. Honduran police launched [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering \"Money laundering\") investigations. The United States had suspended Carlos Eduardo Reina's visa several months ago because human trafficking links.", "The National Congress met to discuss a formal response to the San Jose Accords proposed by Oscar Arias. The session began at 4 in the afternoon with a little over half of the 128 members present. They quickly formed a 6 member committee to study the question of amnesty as covered in the document, then adjourned. The committee is not expected to report until Thursday. The Supreme court is also expected to consider the question of amnesty this week.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/27/Noticias/Congreso\\-Amnistia\\-jamas \\\|title\\=Congreso: Amnistía jamás \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-27 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728150743/http://www.laprensa.hn/Ediciones/2009/07/27/Noticias/Congreso\\-Amnistia\\-jamas \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1386\\-el\\-congreso\\-inicia\\-debate\\-del\\-plan\\-de\\-arias\\- \\\|title\\=El Congreso inicia debate del plan de Arias \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-27 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "### July 28", "The Supreme court ordered the military and police checkpoints to allow Xiomara Castro, Zelaya's wife, and supporters to be able to continue on to Los Manos on the Nicaraguan border to meet with Manuel Zelaya.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1442\\-permiten\\-a\\-xiomara\\-castro\\-movilizarse\\-hasta\\-la\\-frontera \\\|title\\=Permiten a Xiomara Castro movilizarse hasta la frontera \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731164601/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1442\\-permiten\\-a\\-xiomara\\-castro\\-movilizarse\\-hasta\\-la\\-frontera \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 31, 2009 }}", "The United States State Department announced that it was canceling the diplomatic visas of 4 members of the de facto government who had worked in the Zelaya government and continued in the Micheletti government.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://2009\\-2017\\.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/july/126552\\.htm \\\|title\\=Revocation of Diplomatic Visas \\\|first\\=Ian \\\|last\\=Kelly \\\|publisher\\=US State Department \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28}} While the State Department didn't reveal the names of those affected, the spokesperson for the de facto government, Marta Lorena Alvarado, indicated that the judge who issued the arrest order for Manuel Zelaya, judge Tomas Arita, was one of the four.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1447\\-juez\\-que\\-ordeno\\-captura\\-de\\-zelaya\\-fue\\-despojado\\-de\\-visa\\-en\\-eeuu \\\|title\\=Juez que ordenó captura de Zelaya fue despojado de visa en EEUU \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801050100/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1447\\-juez\\-que\\-ordeno\\-captura\\-de\\-zelaya\\-fue\\-despojado\\-de\\-visa\\-en\\-eeuu \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 1, 2009 }} El Heraldo identifies one of the other diplomats as José Alfredo Saavedra, president of the Congress.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/EE\\-UU\\-revoca\\-visas\\-a\\-cuatro\\-funcionarios \\\|title\\=EE UU revoca visas a cuatro funcionarios \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)\\\|El Heraldo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-21 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095104/http://elheraldo.hn/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/EE\\-UU\\-revoca\\-visas\\-a\\-cuatro\\-funcionarios \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} La Prensa identified the other two as Adolfo Lionel Sevilla, the minister of Defense, and Ramón Custodio, the Commissioner of Human Rights.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://laprensahn.com/vivir/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/Presidente\\-Micheletti\\-respeta\\-decision\\-de\\-EUA \\\|title\\=Presidente Micheletti respeta decisión de EUA \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120711194508/http://laprensahn.com/vivir/index.php/Ediciones/2009/07/28/Noticias/Presidente\\-Micheletti\\-respeta\\-decision\\-de\\-EUA \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-11 }} At the same time, Spain called on the EU to revoke the visas of everyone in the interim government.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1444\\-espana\\-solicitara\\-a\\-la\\-ue\\-retirar\\-visas\\-a\\-funcionarios\\-del\\-gobierno\\-de\\-micheletti \\\|title\\=España solicitará a la UE retirar visas a funcionarios del gobierno de Micheletti \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731164618/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1444\\-espana\\-solicitara\\-a\\-la\\-ue\\-retirar\\-visas\\-a\\-funcionarios\\-del\\-gobierno\\-de\\-micheletti \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 31, 2009 }}\nNike, the Adidas Group, Gap, Inc., and Knights Apparel urged US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, to work for the restoration of democracy in Honduras, in solidarity with the OAS and UN.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nikebiz.com/responsibility/2009SecretaryClintonHondurasLetter.html \\\|title\\=Letter to Secretary Clinton Regarding Honduras \\\|publisher\\=Nike, Inc., the Adidas Group, Gap, Inc., and Knights Apparel \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-27 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730003004/http://www.nikebiz.com/responsibility/2009SecretaryClintonHondurasLetter.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The de facto government of Honduras extended the curfew along the Nicaraguan border for a fifth full day.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1487\\-toque\\-de\\-queda\\-de\\-24\\-horas\\-en\\-el\\-paraiso \\\|title\\=Toque de queda de 24 horas en El Paraíso \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 }}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "### July 29", "Roberto Micheletti expressed support for the San José Accord, which would let Manuel Zelaya return to power, according to officials in the de facto government and diplomats from the region. But the nation was so polarized over the possible return that Mr. Micheletti reached out to other regional leaders for help in building support for such a deal, especially among the country's elite, the officials said.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/30/world/americas/30honduras.html\\\|title\\=Honduran Leader Backs Return of President\\\|last\\=Thompson \\\|first\\=Ginger \\\|date\\=July 30, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2009}} Micheletti called Oscar Arias in the morning and asked for Enrique Iglesias, a former head of the Interamerican Development Bank, to be sent to talk with the three governmental powers and other factions of Honduran society.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.radioamerica.hn/sitio.cfm?pag\\=leenoticias\\&t\\=Internacionales\\&id\\=14474 \\\|title\\=Arias: Micheletti pidió visita de Enrique Iglesias a Honduras \\\|publisher\\=Radio America (Honduras) \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-29 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-29 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611014355/http://www.radioamerica.hn/sitio.cfm?pag\\=leenoticias \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2010 }} Arias said that Micheletti did not clarify if the San José Accord was accepted or rejected. Micheletti, in a press release, asked Arias to send a commission to start a dialog within Honduras towards reconciliation, a dialog that should include all parts of civil society.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/internacional/noticias/1442774/07/09/Micheletti\\-pide\\-a\\-Arias\\-comision\\-para\\-emprender\\-dialogo\\-interno\\-en\\-Honduras.html \\\|title\\=Micheletti pide a Arias comisión para emprender diálogo interno en Honduras \\\|publisher\\=El Economista (Spain) \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-29 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-29}} A source within the de facto government said it was unlikely they would change their mind and let Zelaya return.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN29992583 \\\|title\\=Honduran coup leaders open to talk but not on Zelaya \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-29 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-29}}", "Micheletti's government had shown every sign of determination to hold out until November presidential elections, gambling that the world would accept the new order after the polls.", "Honduran political analyst Juan Ramon Martinez said Micheletti might be trying to float a more flexible image to the outside world while entrenching his position inside Honduras, where there have been large marches in favor of keeping Zelaya out.{{cite news\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE56T0IF20090730?pageNumber\\=2\\&virtualBrandChannel\\=0\\\|title\\=Honduran leader softens tone in fight over Zelaya\\\|date\\=July 30, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2009}}", "### July 30", "Zelaya said he had information that some soldiers and officers had been \"repudiating the way in which the military leadership is directing the armed forces.\" He warned that young officers could rebel \"at any moment\" and force military chief Gen. Romeo Vasquez to restore the deposed president to power.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jAkMGKIUDg\\_ngUiZboxQbYj5\\_DPwD99OQDUO0 \\\|title\\=Ousted Honduran president: Military could rebel \\\|agency\\= \\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-30}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2024\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}", "The head of the National Congress, José Alfredo Saavedra, announced that it would not hold its next session to consider the San Jose Accord until Monday, even though the subcommittee charged with considering the amnesty part of the proposal had finished its report. The delay was reported to be so that other sectors, such as the chief prosecutor, Luis Alberto Rubi, and the commissioner of Human Rights, Ramón Custodio, could be consulted.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1556\\-congreso\\-retomara\\-hasta\\-el\\-lunes\\-acuerdo\\-de\\-san\\-jose \\\|title\\=Congreso retomará hasta el lunes Acuerdo de San José \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802103457/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1556\\-congreso\\-retomara\\-hasta\\-el\\-lunes\\-acuerdo\\-de\\-san\\-jose \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 2, 2009 }}", "The spokesperson for the Minister of Security noted that today the National Police had orders to disperse protesters blocking roadways.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://laprensahn.com/Sucesos/Ediciones/2009/07/30/Noticias/Policia\\-desaloja\\-a\\-los\\-Pro\\-Zelaya\\-en\\-El\\-Durazno \\\|title\\=Policía desaloja a los Pro Zelaya en El Durazno \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Prensa (Honduras)\\\|La Prensa]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804014450/http://www.laprensahn.com/Sucesos/Ediciones/2009/07/30/Noticias/Policia\\-desaloja\\-a\\-los\\-Pro\\-Zelaya\\-en\\-El\\-Durazno \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-04 }}", "An international human rights mission including, among others, [Nora Cortiñas](/wiki/Nora_Corti%C3%B1as \"Nora Cortiñas\") of [Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo](/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo \"Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo\"), reported that \"the army and the special forces of the National Police of Honduras attacked thousands of pacific demonstrators, with fire weapons, wood and rubber projectiles and as well as tear gas, thrown even from helicopters.\" The international mission \"gathered testimonies of protesters whom have been ill treated and brutally beaten, at times in a sexual manner (strikes on people's buttocks and threats of rape)\" and said that minors had been attacked and detained.{{cite web \\\|title\\=International Mission denounces the brutal repression of pacific demonstrations \\\|publisher\\=Agencia Latinoamerica de Información \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|url\\=http://www.alainet.org/active/32099 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-02 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724231655/http://www.alainet.org/active/32099 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-24 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [COFADEH](/wiki/Committee_of_Relatives_of_the_Disappeared_in_Honduras \"Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras\") stated that hundreds were injured and detained. In Tegucigalpa, protesters holding a \"pacific demonstration\" blocking the road north to San Pedro Sula were confronted with bullets and tear gas, and at least one protester, high school teacher Roger Abraham Vallejo Soriano (38 years old), was shot in the head and is in critical condition.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1566\\-desalojan\\-carretera\\-con\\-bombas\\-lacrimogenas \\\|title\\=Hieren a manifestante en Tegucigalpa \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802095249/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1566\\-desalojan\\-carretera\\-con\\-bombas\\-lacrimogenas \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 2, 2009 }}", "[Carlos H. Reyes](/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Reyes \"Carlos Humberto Reyes\"), president of the trade union [STIBYS](/wiki/STIBYS \"STIBYS\") and an independent candidate for the presidency of Honduras was injured, and Juan Barahona, a coordinator of the [National Front Against the Coup d'Etat](/wiki/National_Front_Against_the_Coup_d%27Etat \"National Front Against the Coup d'Etat\"), was detained.", "Rafael Pineda Ponce, minister of Mr. Micheletti, reiterated today the de facto government's rejection of any return of Zelaya to power, saying that the administration was \"firm, unchangeable\" about Zelaya's return to power.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN30359951 \\\|title\\=Honduran rulers insist Zelaya cannot be president \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-30}} An unnamed diplomat in Tegucigalpa said that Micheletti's calls for dialog are a delaying tactic so that the elections can happen and a new government assume power.", "Manuel Zelaya left the Nicaraguan border with Honduras to meet with Hugo Llorens, US ambassador to Honduras, and others in the Honduran Embassy in Manaugua.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1573\\-micheletti\\-pide\\-comision\\-internacional\\-zelaya\\-se\\-reune\\-con\\-emisarios\\-de\\-eeuu \\\|title\\=Micheletti pide comisión internacional, Zelaya se reúne con emisarios de EEUU \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-30 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803191402/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1573\\-micheletti\\-pide\\-comision\\-internacional\\-zelaya\\-se\\-reune\\-con\\-emisarios\\-de\\-eeuu \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2009 }}", "Ranking Member [Richard Lugar](/wiki/Richard_Lugar \"Richard Lugar\") of the US Foreign Relations Committee asked the Obama administration for a detailed explanation of its policy in the Honduran political crisis, warning that confirmation of Obama's nominees could be held up.{{Cite news \\\| title \\= Senator asks Clinton to explain Honduran policy \\\| date \\= 2009\\-07\\-30 \\\| work \\= Reuters \\\| url \\= https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE56T7DM20090730 \\\| first \\= Susan \\\| last \\= Cornwell }}", "### July 31", "Micheletti again insisted there would be no negotiated return to power for Manuel Zelaya. In comments made to the press after swearing in some more members of his government, he also criticized the United States as meddling. He said that if [Hugo Llorens](/wiki/Hugo_Llorens \"Hugo Llorens\"), the [United States Ambassador to Honduras](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Honduras \"United States Ambassador to Honduras\"), had met with Zelaya yesterday in Managua, he was \"making a serious mistake\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iye\\-2WzhOil3UlnL5WwjxMPMk2ow \\\|title\\=Interim Honduran leader says President will not return to power \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse\\\|AFP]] \\\|first\\=Francisco \\\|last\\=Jara \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112165349/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iye\\-2WzhOil3UlnL5WwjxMPMk2ow \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2012 }}", "The European Union agreed to allow its member countries to enforce their own strict limits on visas for members of the de facto government. The 28 countries of the EU agreed to strictly limit contacts with the de facto government.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1628\\-ue\\-planea\\-restriccion\\-de\\-visas\\-a\\-funcionarios\\-del\\-gobierno\\-de\\-micheletti \\\|title\\=UE planea restricción de visas a funcionarios del gobierno de Micheletti \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803191416/http://tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1628\\-ue\\-planea\\-restriccion\\-de\\-visas\\-a\\-funcionarios\\-del\\-gobierno\\-de\\-micheletti \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2009 }}", "On Monday the National Congress will not hear the report of its committee studying whether or not to grant amnesty, as Jose Alfredo Saavedra had announced yesterday. Instead it will hear again from the Micheletti negotiating team about the San Jose Accord. Saavedra insisted that the representatives needed more time to inform themselves before making a decision. The study committee has been meeting with various groups outside of Congress to gather their opinion on amnesty. So far, they say, the majority of people are against it.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1616\\-diputados\\-escucharan\\-a\\-los\\-negociadores\\-de\\-micheletti \\\|title\\=Diputados escucharán a los negociadores de Micheletti \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Tiempo (Honduras)\\\|El Tiempo]] \\\|language\\=es \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803191412/http://www.tiempo.hn/secciones/crisis\\-politica/1616\\-diputados\\-escucharan\\-a\\-los\\-negociadores\\-de\\-micheletti \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2009 }}", "" ]
### July 1 The Organization of American States General Assembly agreed on Wednesday to a resolution which "condemns vehemently" Zelaya's removal and gives Honduras three days to restore Zelaya to the presidency or face possible suspension from the group.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8127867\.stm\\|title\=Deadline for Honduras over leader \\|work\=BBC News\\|date\=2009\-07\-01\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01}} Zelaya then announced that he would postpone his planned return, which was initially scheduled for Thursday, July 2\. Instead, he would wait until the OAS deadline runs out, and then return to his country.{{cite news\\|url\=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/07/200971165130346380\.html\\|title\=Honduras' Zelaya vows to return \\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\\|date\=2009\-07\-01\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01}} The United States also said it would wait until the deadline ran out before considering what to do about US aid to Honduras, which by law must be cut off if a head of state is overthrown in a coup.[US puts off decision to cut aid to Honduras until Monday](http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090701/usa/honduras_politics_military_coup_us_aid) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707132735/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090701/usa/honduras\_politics\_military\_coup\_us\_aid \\|date\=July 7, 2009 }} After the OAS meeting in Washington, Zelaya flew to [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City "Panama City") in order to attend [Ricardo Martinelli](/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli "Ricardo Martinelli")'s inauguration as President of Panama.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009\-07\-01\-voa44\.cfm \\|title\=Ousted Honduran President Travels to Panama \\|publisher\=Voice of America \\|date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702050326/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009\-07\-01\-voa44\.cfm \\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2009 }} Meanwhile, Interim President Roberto Micheletti reiterated that Zelaya would be arrested as soon as he were to set foot in the country. In an interview with the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"), Micheletti said that only a foreign invasion could restore Zelaya as president. "(Zelaya) can no longer return to the presidency of the republic unless a president from another Latin American country comes and imposes him using guns. I was appointed by Congress, which represents the Honduran people. Nobody can make me resign unless I break the laws of the country", said Micheletti. [thumb\\|250px\\|Hondurans promoting peace and opposing Zelaya and Chavez](/wiki/File:Manifestaci%C3%B3n_ONU_2.jpg "Manifestación ONU 2.jpg") Micheletti later announced at a press conference that a delegation representing the new government would travel to Washington on Wednesday to meet with the OAS. The delegation would explain to OAS General Secretary José Miguel Insulza "what really happened" in Honduras, according to Micheletti.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/01/content\_11634645\.htm\\|title\=Interim Honduran president to send delegation for talks with OAS\\|publisher\=Xinhua\\|date\=2009\-07\-01\\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704122534/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\-07/01/content\_11634645\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-04}} [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") reported that Spain, France, Italy, Chile, and Colombia began recalling their ambassadors on July 1\."Honduras is finding itself increasingly isolated. France, Spain, Italy, Chile and Colombia began recalling their ambassadors Wednesday". [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post"), ["Honduras Targets Protesters with Emergency Decree"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070100369_2.html?sid=ST2009063004334), 1 July 2009\. Retrieved 13 July 2009\. The United States announced the suspension of joint military operations.{{cite news\\|title\=U.S. suspends military relations with Honduras\\|agency\=Associated Press\\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31693697}} Some members of the Honduran Congress said that they were discussing ways of reaching a compromise among themselves that would reinstate Zelaya. They warned, however, that such a deal could be a hard sell, given the widespread opposition to Zelaya in Congress. [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") reported that despite the uncompromising public statements of the two sides, O.A.S. officials claimed they had begun informal talks with people close to the Micheletti government to seek a peaceful resolution. The Times said that one proposal that had been floated was for an amnesty for the people who overthrew Zelaya in exchange for his reinstatement and a guarantee that he would not seek another term. Both pro\- and anti\-Zelaya demonstrations continued throughout the country. The largest anti\-Zelaya rally occurred in [Choluteca](/wiki/Choluteca%2C_Choluteca "Choluteca, Choluteca"), which received heavy coverage by the Honduran press. The pro\-Zelaya protests were largely ignored by the same media outlets.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/715963 \\|title\=Honduran government's international isolation grows; demonstrators demand return of president \\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-01 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928101000/http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/715963 \\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011 }} Pro\-Zelaya protesters claim that the authorities are trying to prevent them from converging to protest, while allowing pro\-Micheletti demonstrators easy access to popular places for demonstrations. The pro\-Zelaya protesters have been targeting a [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King") franchise in central Tegucigalpa that is owned by Micheletti supporters. The restaurant has been looted several times. Also, several hundred pro\-Zelaya student activists erected barricades of boulders, signposts and metal sheeting near the presidential palace. They covered their faces with bandanas and carried bats, branches and gasoline\-filled bottles. Eventually however the activists removed the barricades and joined a larger, peaceful protest. There was evidence that Venezuelan, Nicaraguan and Cuban nationalities had attempted to create a conflict. To ensure democracy, the rule of law, public safety and peace, the National Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011\-2009\) at the request of President Micheletti temporarily suspending four constitutional guarantees during the hours the curfew is in effect.[Mañana a las 5 am todo vuelve a la normalidad](http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Manana-a-las-5-am-todo-vuelve-a-la-normalidad) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706043226/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Manana\-a\-las\-5\-am\-todo\-vuelve\-a\-la\-normalidad \\|date\=2009\-07\-06 }} [La Prensa](/wiki/La_Prensa_%28Honduras%29 "La Prensa (Honduras)"){{cite news\\|url\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22279\-congreso\-restringe\-cuatro\-garantias\-constitucionales \\|title\=Congresso restringe cuatro guarantías constitucionales \\|date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-02 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704003520/http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\-politica\-en\-honduras/22279\-congreso\-restringe\-cuatro\-garantias\-constitucionales \\|archive\-date\=July 4, 2009 }} These include articles 69, 71, 78, and 81 of the constitution. Article 69 guarantees the right of personal freedom. Article 71 requires being brought before a judge within 24 hours of being arrested. Article 78 provides for the freedom of association and assembly, and article 81 provides for freedom to move, enter, leave and remain in the country.	[ "### July 1", "The Organization of American States General Assembly agreed on Wednesday to a resolution which \"condemns vehemently\" Zelaya's removal and gives Honduras three days to restore Zelaya to the presidency or face possible suspension from the group.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8127867\\.stm\\\|title\\=Deadline for Honduras over leader \\\|work\\=BBC News\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01}} Zelaya then announced that he would postpone his planned return, which was initially scheduled for Thursday, July 2\\. Instead, he would wait until the OAS deadline runs out, and then return to his country.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/07/200971165130346380\\.html\\\|title\\=Honduras' Zelaya vows to return \\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01}} The United States also said it would wait until the deadline ran out before considering what to do about US aid to Honduras, which by law must be cut off if a head of state is overthrown in a coup.[US puts off decision to cut aid to Honduras until Monday](http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090701/usa/honduras_politics_military_coup_us_aid) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707132735/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090701/usa/honduras\\_politics\\_military\\_coup\\_us\\_aid \\\|date\\=July 7, 2009 }} After the OAS meeting in Washington, Zelaya flew to [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City \"Panama City\") in order to attend [Ricardo Martinelli](/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli \"Ricardo Martinelli\")'s inauguration as President of Panama.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009\\-07\\-01\\-voa44\\.cfm \\\|title\\=Ousted Honduran President Travels to Panama \\\|publisher\\=Voice of America \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702050326/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009\\-07\\-01\\-voa44\\.cfm \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2009 }}", "Meanwhile, Interim President Roberto Micheletti reiterated that Zelaya would be arrested as soon as he were to set foot in the country. In an interview with the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"), Micheletti said that only a foreign invasion could restore Zelaya as president. \"(Zelaya) can no longer return to the presidency of the republic unless a president from another Latin American country comes and imposes him using guns. I was appointed by Congress, which represents the Honduran people. Nobody can make me resign unless I break the laws of the country\", said Micheletti.", "[thumb\\\|250px\\\|Hondurans promoting peace and opposing Zelaya and Chavez](/wiki/File:Manifestaci%C3%B3n_ONU_2.jpg \"Manifestación ONU 2.jpg\")\nMicheletti later announced at a press conference that a delegation representing the new government would travel to Washington on Wednesday to meet with the OAS. The delegation would explain to OAS General Secretary José Miguel Insulza \"what really happened\" in Honduras, according to Micheletti.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/01/content\\_11634645\\.htm\\\|title\\=Interim Honduran president to send delegation for talks with OAS\\\|publisher\\=Xinhua\\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704122534/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009\\-07/01/content\\_11634645\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04}}", "[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\") reported that Spain, France, Italy, Chile, and Colombia began recalling their ambassadors on July 1\\.\"Honduras is finding itself increasingly isolated. France, Spain, Italy, Chile and Colombia began recalling their ambassadors Wednesday\". [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\"), [\"Honduras Targets Protesters with Emergency Decree\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070100369_2.html?sid=ST2009063004334), 1 July 2009\\. Retrieved 13 July 2009\\. The United States announced the suspension of joint military operations.{{cite news\\\|title\\=U.S. suspends military relations with Honduras\\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31693697}}", "Some members of the Honduran Congress said that they were discussing ways of reaching a compromise among themselves that would reinstate Zelaya. They warned, however, that such a deal could be a hard sell, given the widespread opposition to Zelaya in Congress.", "[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") reported that despite the uncompromising public statements of the two sides, O.A.S. officials claimed they had begun informal talks with people close to the Micheletti government to seek a peaceful resolution. The Times said that one proposal that had been floated was for an amnesty for the people who overthrew Zelaya in exchange for his reinstatement and a guarantee that he would not seek another term.", "Both pro\\- and anti\\-Zelaya demonstrations continued throughout the country. The largest anti\\-Zelaya rally occurred in [Choluteca](/wiki/Choluteca%2C_Choluteca \"Choluteca, Choluteca\"), which received heavy coverage by the Honduran press. The pro\\-Zelaya protests were largely ignored by the same media outlets.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/715963 \\\|title\\=Honduran government's international isolation grows; demonstrators demand return of president \\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928101000/http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/715963 \\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011 }} Pro\\-Zelaya protesters claim that the authorities are trying to prevent them from converging to protest, while allowing pro\\-Micheletti demonstrators easy access to popular places for demonstrations.", "The pro\\-Zelaya protesters have been targeting a [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King \"Burger King\") franchise in central Tegucigalpa that is owned by Micheletti supporters. The restaurant has been looted several times. Also, several hundred pro\\-Zelaya student activists erected barricades of boulders, signposts and metal sheeting near the presidential palace. They covered their faces with bandanas and carried bats, branches and gasoline\\-filled bottles. Eventually however the activists removed the barricades and joined a larger, peaceful protest.", "There was evidence that Venezuelan, Nicaraguan and Cuban nationalities had attempted to create a conflict. To ensure democracy, the rule of law, public safety and peace, the National Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011\\-2009\\) at the request of President Micheletti temporarily suspending four constitutional guarantees during the hours the curfew is in effect.[Mañana a las 5 am todo vuelve a la normalidad](http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Manana-a-las-5-am-todo-vuelve-a-la-normalidad) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706043226/http://www.laprensahn.com/Ediciones/2009/07/03/Noticias/Manana\\-a\\-las\\-5\\-am\\-todo\\-vuelve\\-a\\-la\\-normalidad \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 }} [La Prensa](/wiki/La_Prensa_%28Honduras%29 \"La Prensa (Honduras)\"){{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22279\\-congreso\\-restringe\\-cuatro\\-garantias\\-constitucionales \\\|title\\=Congresso restringe cuatro guarantías constitucionales \\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704003520/http://www.tiempo.hn/index.php/secciones/crisis\\-politica\\-en\\-honduras/22279\\-congreso\\-restringe\\-cuatro\\-garantias\\-constitucionales \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2009 }} These include articles 69, 71, 78, and 81 of the constitution. Article 69 guarantees the right of personal freedom. Article 71 requires being brought before a judge within 24 hours of being arrested. Article 78 provides for the freedom of association and assembly, and article 81 provides for freedom to move, enter, leave and remain in the country.", "" ]
Life ---- Margaret Dunlop was born in Scotland in 1919 to Irish parents.{{cite news \\|title\=The matriarch who served up stew and social progress \\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/world\-news/the\-matriarch\-who\-served\-up\-stew\-and\-social\-progress\-26747770\.html \\|work\=independent \\|language\=en}} From an early age, she had an interest in politics and as a teenager she became a member of the [Independent Labour Party](/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party "Independent Labour Party").{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.dib.ie/biography/gaj\-margaret\-nee\-dunlop\-a9890 \\|title\=Gaj, Margaret (née Dunlop) \\|last\=Linde \\|first\=Lunney \\|date\=June 2017 \\|website\=\[\[Dictionary of Irish Biography]] \\|publisher\= \\|access\-date\=11 March 2023 \\|quote\=}} As a pacifist she joined the [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross "Red Cross") as a nurse during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"). During her time as a nurse she met a Polish soldier, Boleslaw Gaj, and they married. He was working as an electrician with the [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force"), having previously served in the [French Air Force](/wiki/French_Air_Force "French Air Force") after escaping from [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland") until France too fell to [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"). Unhappy in post\-war Britain, Margaret and Boleslaw moved to Ireland in 1948\. The Gajs first settled in County Wicklow where they attempt to run a farm. However, they soon pivoted to running a cafe in [Baltinglass](/wiki/Baltinglass "Baltinglass"). Both the Gajs became Irish citizens in 1951\. Although popular, a cafe serving [Polish cuisine](/wiki/Polish_cuisine "Polish cuisine") was not profitable enough to survive in 1950s rural Wicklow, and the Gajs thereafter relocated to the more cosmopolitan Dublin. The Gajs set up a restaurant initially in Molesworth Street but then relocated to Baggot Street: As Margaret Gaj increased her political activism during the 1960s and 1970s, the restaurant became famous as a meeting place for Irish left\-wing activists.Stopper, Anne. Mondays at Gaj's: the story of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement. Liffey Press, 2006{{ISBN\\|1904148948}} (p.10\) In the 1960s Margaret became involved in the [Dublin Housing Action Committee](/wiki/Dublin_Housing_Action_Committee "Dublin Housing Action Committee") along with other progressive and left\-wing activists. Gaj was one of the five founding members of the [Irish Women's Liberation Movement](/wiki/Irish_Women%27s_Liberation_Movement "Irish Women's Liberation Movement") in 1970\.[Ferriter, Diarmuid](/wiki/Diarmaid_Ferriter "Diarmaid Ferriter").Occasions of Sin: Sex and Society in Modern Ireland. Profile Books, 2010{{ISBN\\|1847652581}} (p.441\). They had their meetings in her restaurant on Baggot Street every Monday. Gaj, who was 20 years older or more than most of the other activists in the IWLM, was affectionally referred to as "Mrs Gaj" or "Mother" by the other members. Other campaigns Gaj was involved in were Irish Voice on Vietnam, Reform (against corporal punishment in schools), anti\-drug campaigns, and the Prisoners rights organisation (PRO) which she founded along with Gerry O'Callaghan {{who\\|date\=March 2023}} and future Labour TD [Joe Costello](/wiki/Joe_Costello_%28politician%29 "Joe Costello (politician)").[Margaret Gaj \- Obituary](http://www.independent.ie/obituaries/margaret-gaj-2811994.html) Irish Independent, Sunday July 03 2011\. During the 1960s and early 1970s Gaj was a member of the Irish [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29 "Labour Party (Ireland)"), but was considered to be on the radical left of the party. Gaj took pride when a November 1976 article in the [Irish Times](/wiki/Irish_Times "Irish Times") described her as an "'awful subversive". When [Noel Browne](/wiki/Noel_Browne "Noel Browne") left the Labour party in 1977, she followed him into the short\-lived [Socialist Labour Party](/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29 "Socialist Labour Party (Ireland)"). She died aged 92 on 26 June 2011\.[Restaurant owner and left\-wing campaigner](http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/obituaries/2011/0702/1224299930770.html) Irish Times, 2 July 2011\.	[ "Life\n----", "Margaret Dunlop was born in Scotland in 1919 to Irish parents.{{cite news \\\|title\\=The matriarch who served up stew and social progress \\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/world\\-news/the\\-matriarch\\-who\\-served\\-up\\-stew\\-and\\-social\\-progress\\-26747770\\.html \\\|work\\=independent \\\|language\\=en}} From an early age, she had an interest in politics and as a teenager she became a member of the [Independent Labour Party](/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party \"Independent Labour Party\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.dib.ie/biography/gaj\\-margaret\\-nee\\-dunlop\\-a9890 \\\|title\\=Gaj, Margaret (née Dunlop) \\\|last\\=Linde \\\|first\\=Lunney \\\|date\\=June 2017 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Dictionary of Irish Biography]] \\\|publisher\\= \\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2023 \\\|quote\\=}}", "As a pacifist she joined the [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross \"Red Cross\") as a nurse during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). During her time as a nurse she met a Polish soldier, Boleslaw Gaj, and they married. He was working as an electrician with the [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\"), having previously served in the [French Air Force](/wiki/French_Air_Force \"French Air Force\") after escaping from [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") until France too fell to [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\").", "Unhappy in post\\-war Britain, Margaret and Boleslaw moved to Ireland in 1948\\. The Gajs first settled in County Wicklow where they attempt to run a farm. However, they soon pivoted to running a cafe in [Baltinglass](/wiki/Baltinglass \"Baltinglass\"). Both the Gajs became Irish citizens in 1951\\. Although popular, a cafe serving [Polish cuisine](/wiki/Polish_cuisine \"Polish cuisine\") was not profitable enough to survive in 1950s rural Wicklow, and the Gajs thereafter relocated to the more cosmopolitan Dublin. The Gajs set up a restaurant initially in Molesworth Street but then relocated to Baggot Street: As Margaret Gaj increased her political activism during the 1960s and 1970s, the restaurant became famous as a meeting place for Irish left\\-wing activists.Stopper, Anne. Mondays at Gaj's: the story of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement. Liffey Press, 2006{{ISBN\\\|1904148948}} (p.10\\)", "In the 1960s Margaret became involved in the [Dublin Housing Action Committee](/wiki/Dublin_Housing_Action_Committee \"Dublin Housing Action Committee\") along with other progressive and left\\-wing activists. Gaj was one of the five founding members of the [Irish Women's Liberation Movement](/wiki/Irish_Women%27s_Liberation_Movement \"Irish Women's Liberation Movement\") in 1970\\.[Ferriter, Diarmuid](/wiki/Diarmaid_Ferriter \"Diarmaid Ferriter\").Occasions of Sin: Sex and Society in Modern Ireland. Profile Books, 2010{{ISBN\\\|1847652581}} (p.441\\). They had their meetings in her restaurant on Baggot Street every Monday. Gaj, who was 20 years older or more than most of the other activists in the IWLM, was affectionally referred to as \"Mrs Gaj\" or \"Mother\" by the other members.", "Other campaigns Gaj was involved in were Irish Voice on Vietnam, Reform (against corporal punishment in schools), anti\\-drug campaigns, and the Prisoners rights organisation (PRO) which she founded along with Gerry O'Callaghan {{who\\\|date\\=March 2023}} and future Labour TD [Joe Costello](/wiki/Joe_Costello_%28politician%29 \"Joe Costello (politician)\").[Margaret Gaj \\- Obituary](http://www.independent.ie/obituaries/margaret-gaj-2811994.html) Irish Independent, Sunday July 03 2011\\.", "During the 1960s and early 1970s Gaj was a member of the Irish [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29 \"Labour Party (Ireland)\"), but was considered to be on the radical left of the party. Gaj took pride when a November 1976 article in the [Irish Times](/wiki/Irish_Times \"Irish Times\") described her as an \"'awful subversive\". When [Noel Browne](/wiki/Noel_Browne \"Noel Browne\") left the Labour party in 1977, she followed him into the short\\-lived [Socialist Labour Party](/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29 \"Socialist Labour Party (Ireland)\").", "She died aged 92 on 26 June 2011\\.[Restaurant owner and left\\-wing campaigner](http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/obituaries/2011/0702/1224299930770.html) Irish Times, 2 July 2011\\.", "" ]
Club career ----------- ### Norwich City Steer signed his first professional contract on his 17th birthday. He was first named as a substitute for the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") Second Round tie against [Carlisle United](/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C. "Carlisle United F.C.") in the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football "2009–10 in English football"). Steer played a vital role in the [2010–11 FA Youth Cup](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_FA_Youth_Cup "2010–11 FA Youth Cup"); in the Third Round, he saved a penalty in the last minute against [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.") to ensure Norwich won the game 1–0\. His coach Ricky Martin said after the game;{{cite news \\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/norwich/9268391\.stm \\|website\=BBC Sport \\|title\=Norwich youngster hailed by coach \\|date\=8 December 2010}} > "He's probably the best under\-18 goalkeeper in the country, If ever you wanted somebody in goal Jed's the one and he stepped up and made a fantastic save." He made his first\-team debut on 28 January 2012, in a fourth round FA Cup 2–1 victory against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.").{{cite web \\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\_cup/16664290\.stm \\|title\=West Brom 1–2 Norwich \\|website\=BBC Sport \\|date\=28 January 2012 \\|access\-date\=4 March 2012}} #### Yeovil Town (loan) In July 2011, [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. "Yeovil Town F.C.") confirmed that Steer had joined them on a three\-month loan deal. Steer made his first senior appearance and [Football League](/wiki/English_Football_League "English Football League") debut in the opening game of the [2011–12 Football League One](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_One "2011–12 Football League One") season in which Yeovil lost 2–0 away to [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. "Brentford F.C.").{{cite news \\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14352001\.stm \\|title\=Brentford 2–0 Yeovil \\|date\=6 August 2011 \\|website\=BBC Sport \\|access\-date\=9 August 2011}} He returned to Norwich on 13 October after suffering a thigh injury.{{cite news \\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15296178\.stm \\|website\=BBC Sport \\|title\=FA Cup call\-up for Yeovil coach \\|date\=10 November 2011}} #### Cambridge United (loan) Steer joined [Cambridge United](/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C. "Cambridge United F.C.") on a one\-month loan deal on 9 November 2012, until 8 December 2012\. ### Aston Villa On 26 June 2013, [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") announced that they would sign Steer on 1 July when he became a free agent.[Lambert relishing healthy competition for places](http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~3220876,00.html) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629001911/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10265\~3220876%2C00\.html \\|date\=29 June 2013 }}, Aston Villa Football Club, 26 June 2013\. Retrieved 26 June 2013\. Steer became the number two goalkeeper at the club. He played in the League Cup second round win against Rotherham United 3–0, keeping a clean sheet. On 24 May 2015, Steer made his [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") debut for Villa in a 1–0 loss against Burnley.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32770767 \\|title\=Aston Villa 0–1 Burnley \\|date\=24 May 2015 \\|website\=BBC Sport}} #### Doncaster Rovers (loan) After the departure of [Ross Turnbull](/wiki/Ross_Turnbull "Ross Turnbull") to league counterparts [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. "Barnsley F.C."), [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.") signed Steer on a three\-month loan deal on 1 August 2014\. On 31 October 2014, Steer's loan ended after 17 appearances in all competitions, recording six clean sheets.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28605467 \\|title\=BBC Sport \\|website\=BBC Sport}} #### Yeovil Town (loan) On 31 October 2014, [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. "Yeovil Town F.C.") re\-signed Steer on loan from [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") until 31 January 2015\.{{cite news \\|title\=Yeovil sign Aston Villa's Jed Steer \& Fulham's Stephen Arthurworrey \\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29850004 \\|website\=BBC Sport \\|date\=31 October 2014 \\|access\-date\=31 October 2014}} #### Huddersfield Town (loan) On 11 September 2015, Steer joined [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") side [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C. "Huddersfield Town A.F.C.") on a one\-month loan.{{cite news \\|title\=Jed Steer: Aston Villa goalkeeper joins Huddersfield Town on loan \\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34220178 \\|website\=BBC Sport \\|date\=11 September 2015 \\|access\-date\=11 September 2015}} He made his debut the next day in Town's 2–0 loss against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. "Cardiff City F.C."). He played on loan for 2 months, before returning to Villa, but then he returned for another month from 26 November 2015\. After that was completed on 26 December, he returned to Villa, but when the Winter transfer window opened, he returned to Huddersfield for the remainder of the season. #### Charlton Athletic (loan) On 10 August 2018, Steer joined [League One](/wiki/EFL_League_One "EFL League One") side [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.") on a season\-long loan.{{cite news \\|title\=DONE DEAL: Charlton sign goalkeeper Jed Steer on loan from Aston Villa \\|url\=https://www.cafc.co.uk/news/view/5b6d630b8377f/done\-deal\-charlton\-sign\-goalkeeper\-jed\-steer\-on\-loan\-from\-aston\-villa \\|access\-date\=10 August 2018 \\|publisher\=Charlton Athletic F.C. \\|date\=10 August 2018}} Jed Steer was recalled by Aston Villa on Monday 31 December 2018{{cite news \\|title\=Goalkeeper Jed Steer recalled by Aston Villa \\|url\=https://www.cafc.co.uk/news/view/5c2a3540bb4c9/goalkeeper\-jed\-steer\-recalled\-by\-aston\-villa \\|access\-date\=10 August 2018 \\|publisher\=Charlton Athletic F.C. \\|date\=31 December 2018}} due to an injury to [Orjan Nyland](/wiki/%C3%98rjan_Nyland "Ørjan Nyland"). #### Return to Villa Jed Steer was recalled to cover for Villa's new signing [Lovre Kalinić](/wiki/Lovre_Kalini%C4%87 "Lovre Kalinić") after [Orjan Nyland](/wiki/%C3%98rjan_Nyland "Ørjan Nyland") was injured, but following an injury to Kalinic during a match against [West Brom](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C."), Steer was subbed on at halftime.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47180835\\|title\=Aston Villa 0–2 West Bromwich Albion\\|date\=16 February 2019\\|website\=BBC Sport\\|access\-date\=16 May 2019}} He then started the following match against [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. "Stoke City F.C."), and his impressive performance meant that he continued to play the next match against [Derby](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C."), despite Kalinic returning from injury, before retaining his place in Villa's following match, the [Second City Derby](/wiki/Second_City_derby "Second City derby") against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C.").{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47261937\\|title\=Stoke City 1–1 Aston Villa\\|date\=23 February 2019\\|website\=BBC Sport\\|access\-date\=16 May 2019}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47340085\\|title\=Aston Villa 4–0 Derby County\\|date\=2 March 2019\\|website\=BBC Sport \\|access\-date\=16 May 2019}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47431193\\|title\=Birmingham City 0–1 Aston Villa\\|date\=10 March 2019\\|website\=BBC Sport \\|access\-date\=16 May 2019}} Steer's good performances continued, and he quickly became first\-choice keeper for [Dean Smith](/wiki/Dean_Smith_%28footballer%2C_born_1971%29 "Dean Smith (footballer, born 1971)"), which saw Steer become part of a record\-breaking ten\-league\-game winning streak for Aston Villa.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47930322\\|title\=Aston Villa 1–0 Millwall\\|date\=22 April 2019\\|website\=BBC Sport \\|access\-date\=16 May 2019}} Steer starred in Aston Villa's [Championship play\-offs](/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs "EFL Championship play-offs") semi\-final win against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C."), saving two penalties from [Mason Holgate](/wiki/Mason_Holgate "Mason Holgate") and [Ahmed Hegazi](/wiki/Ahmed_Hegazi_%28footballer%29 "Ahmed Hegazi (footballer)") in a 4–3 shoot\-out win to help send Aston Villa to the play\-off finals for a second consecutive year.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48182254\\|title\=West Bromwich Albion 1–0 Aston Villa\\|date\=14 May 2019\\|website\=BBC Sport \\|access\-date\=16 May 2019}} #### Luton Town (loan) On 31 January 2022, Steer again returned to the Championship on loan, joining [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. "Luton Town F.C.") on loan until the end of the [2021–22 season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Luton_Town_F.C._season "2021–22 Luton Town F.C. season").{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.lutontown.co.uk/news/2022/january/steer/\\|title\=New Signing {{!}} Jed Steer joins on loan!\\|website\=Luton Town F.C.\\|date\=31 January 2022\\|access\-date\=31 January 2022}} He made his debut on 5 February, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 away victory over [Cambridge United](/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C. "Cambridge United F.C.") in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup").{{Cite news\\|title\=Luton beat Cambridge to make round five\\|website\=BBC Sport \\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60266426\\|access\-date\=7 February 2022}} On 2 March 2022, Steer suffered an [achilles tendon](/wiki/Achilles_tendon "Achilles tendon") injury in a FA Cup game against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C."). Steer had previously suffered a partial tear to his achilles in a game for Villa in 2019, but it was not confirmed by Luton manager [Nathan Jones](/wiki/Nathan_Jones_%28Welsh_footballer%29 "Nathan Jones (Welsh footballer)") if this injury was on the same foot, only that Steer's season was over.{{Cite web \\|last\=Lakey \\|first\=Chris \\|date\=4 May 2020 \\|title\='I felt as if I had been shot in the back of my leg' – former Norwich keeper \\|url\=https://www.pinkun.com/sport/norwich\-city/jed\-steer\-on\-rehab\-1836026 \\|access\-date\=20 May 2022 \\|website\=The Pink Un}}{{Cite web \\|last\=Simmonds \\|first\=Mark \\|date\=6 March 2022 \\|title\=Luton boss confirms on\-loan Aston Villa keeper Jed Steer's injury is 'not a good' one \\|url\=https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/sport/football/luton\-town/luton\-boss\-confirms\-on\-loan\-aston\-villa\-keeper\-jed\-steers\-injury\-is\-not\-a\-good\-one\-3598577 \\|access\-date\=20 May 2022 \\|website\=lutontoday.co.uk}} #### Return to Villa Steer did not make another appearance for Aston Villa, spending the entirety of the [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Aston_Villa_F.C._season "2022–23 Aston Villa F.C. season") season unavailable for selection due to the injury suffered whilst on loan with Luton. In May 2023, Aston Villa announced that Steer's contract would not be renewed and he would be leaving that summer, ending a 10\-year spell at the club.{{Cite web \\|date\=27 May 2023 \\|title\=Jed Steer to depart this summer after 10 years at Villa Park \\|url\=https://www.avfc.co.uk/video/0\_3zdgf0u6 \\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-27 \\|website\=Aston Villa Football Club}} ### Peterborough United After departing Aston Villa as a player, Steer acted as a commentator and pundit on the club's online streaming platform Villa TV while studying for a [UEFA B Coaching Licence](/wiki/UEFA_B_Licence "UEFA B Licence").{{Cite web \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|date\=28 October 2023 \\|title\='I was totally overwhelmed': A Q\&A with Jed Steer \\|url\=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2023/october/28/\-i\-was\-totally\-overwhelmed\-\-\-a\-q\-a\-with\-jed\-steer\-/ \\|access\-date\=4 November 2023 \\|website\=Aston Villa Football Club}} On 4 January 2024, Steer returned to football, signing a short\-term contract with League One club [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. "Peterborough United F.C.") to provide cover for the injured [Nicholas Bilokapic](/wiki/Nicholas_Bilokapic "Nicholas Bilokapic").{{Cite web \\|title\=Posh Secure Goalkeeper On Short\-Term Contract {{!}} Peterborough United \- The Posh \\|url\=https://www.theposh.com/news/posh\-secure\-goalkeeper\-short\-term\-contract \\|access\-date\=4 January 2024 \\|website\=www.theposh.com}} Steer made his debut for Peterborough United against [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.") on 13 January 2024, a game in which Peterborough would win 2–1\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Steer Reflects On Posh Debut {{!}} Peterborough United \- The Posh \\|url\=https://www.theposh.com/news/steer\-reflects\-posh\-debut \\|access\-date\=15 January 2024 \\|website\=www.theposh.com}} Steer's initial contract with the club ended after four matches, however, he signed a new deal with Peterborough on 1 February until the end of the 2023–24 season.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/68169316 \\|title\=Jed Steer: Ex\-Aston Villa goalkeeper re\-joins Peterborough United until end of season \\|website\=BBC Sport \\|date\=1 February 2024 \\|access\-date\=1 February 2024}} On 18 June 2024, Steer signed a new two\-year deal.	[ "Club career\n-----------", "### Norwich City", "Steer signed his first professional contract on his 17th birthday. He was first named as a substitute for the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") Second Round tie against [Carlisle United](/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C. \"Carlisle United F.C.\") in the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football \"2009–10 in English football\"). Steer played a vital role in the [2010–11 FA Youth Cup](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_FA_Youth_Cup \"2010–11 FA Youth Cup\"); in the Third Round, he saved a penalty in the last minute against [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\") to ensure Norwich won the game 1–0\\. His coach Ricky Martin said after the game;{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/norwich/9268391\\.stm \\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|title\\=Norwich youngster hailed by coach \\\|date\\=8 December 2010}}", "", "> \"He's probably the best under\\-18 goalkeeper in the country, If ever you wanted somebody in goal Jed's the one and he stepped up and made a fantastic save.\"", "He made his first\\-team debut on 28 January 2012, in a fourth round FA Cup 2–1 victory against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa\\_cup/16664290\\.stm \\\|title\\=West Brom 1–2 Norwich \\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|date\\=28 January 2012 \\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2012}}", "#### Yeovil Town (loan)", "In July 2011, [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. \"Yeovil Town F.C.\") confirmed that Steer had joined them on a three\\-month loan deal. Steer made his first senior appearance and [Football League](/wiki/English_Football_League \"English Football League\") debut in the opening game of the [2011–12 Football League One](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_One \"2011–12 Football League One\") season in which Yeovil lost 2–0 away to [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. \"Brentford F.C.\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14352001\\.stm \\\|title\\=Brentford 2–0 Yeovil \\\|date\\=6 August 2011 \\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2011}} He returned to Norwich on 13 October after suffering a thigh injury.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15296178\\.stm \\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|title\\=FA Cup call\\-up for Yeovil coach \\\|date\\=10 November 2011}}", "#### Cambridge United (loan)", "Steer joined [Cambridge United](/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C. \"Cambridge United F.C.\") on a one\\-month loan deal on 9 November 2012, until 8 December 2012\\.", "### Aston Villa", "On 26 June 2013, [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") announced that they would sign Steer on 1 July when he became a free agent.[Lambert relishing healthy competition for places](http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~3220876,00.html) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629001911/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10265\\~3220876%2C00\\.html \\\|date\\=29 June 2013 }}, Aston Villa Football Club, 26 June 2013\\. Retrieved 26 June 2013\\.", "Steer became the number two goalkeeper at the club. He played in the League Cup second round win against Rotherham United 3–0, keeping a clean sheet. On 24 May 2015, Steer made his [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") debut for Villa in a 1–0 loss against Burnley.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32770767 \\\|title\\=Aston Villa 0–1 Burnley \\\|date\\=24 May 2015 \\\|website\\=BBC Sport}}", "#### Doncaster Rovers (loan)", "After the departure of [Ross Turnbull](/wiki/Ross_Turnbull \"Ross Turnbull\") to league counterparts [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. \"Barnsley F.C.\"), [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") signed Steer on a three\\-month loan deal on 1 August 2014\\. On 31 October 2014, Steer's loan ended after 17 appearances in all competitions, recording six clean sheets.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28605467 \\\|title\\=BBC Sport \\\|website\\=BBC Sport}}", "#### Yeovil Town (loan)", "On 31 October 2014, [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. \"Yeovil Town F.C.\") re\\-signed Steer on loan from [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") until 31 January 2015\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Yeovil sign Aston Villa's Jed Steer \\& Fulham's Stephen Arthurworrey \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29850004 \\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|date\\=31 October 2014 \\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2014}}", "#### Huddersfield Town (loan)", "On 11 September 2015, Steer joined [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") side [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C. \"Huddersfield Town A.F.C.\") on a one\\-month loan.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Jed Steer: Aston Villa goalkeeper joins Huddersfield Town on loan \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34220178 \\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|date\\=11 September 2015 \\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2015}} He made his debut the next day in Town's 2–0 loss against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\"). He played on loan for 2 months, before returning to Villa, but then he returned for another month from 26 November 2015\\. After that was completed on 26 December, he returned to Villa, but when the Winter transfer window opened, he returned to Huddersfield for the remainder of the season.", "#### Charlton Athletic (loan)", "On 10 August 2018, Steer joined [League One](/wiki/EFL_League_One \"EFL League One\") side [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\") on a season\\-long loan.{{cite news \\\|title\\=DONE DEAL: Charlton sign goalkeeper Jed Steer on loan from Aston Villa \\\|url\\=https://www.cafc.co.uk/news/view/5b6d630b8377f/done\\-deal\\-charlton\\-sign\\-goalkeeper\\-jed\\-steer\\-on\\-loan\\-from\\-aston\\-villa \\\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2018 \\\|publisher\\=Charlton Athletic F.C. \\\|date\\=10 August 2018}}\nJed Steer was recalled by Aston Villa on Monday 31 December 2018{{cite news \\\|title\\=Goalkeeper Jed Steer recalled by Aston Villa \\\|url\\=https://www.cafc.co.uk/news/view/5c2a3540bb4c9/goalkeeper\\-jed\\-steer\\-recalled\\-by\\-aston\\-villa \\\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2018 \\\|publisher\\=Charlton Athletic F.C. \\\|date\\=31 December 2018}} due to an injury to [Orjan Nyland](/wiki/%C3%98rjan_Nyland \"Ørjan Nyland\").", "#### Return to Villa", "Jed Steer was recalled to cover for Villa's new signing [Lovre Kalinić](/wiki/Lovre_Kalini%C4%87 \"Lovre Kalinić\") after [Orjan Nyland](/wiki/%C3%98rjan_Nyland \"Ørjan Nyland\") was injured, but following an injury to Kalinic during a match against [West Brom](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\"), Steer was subbed on at halftime.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47180835\\\|title\\=Aston Villa 0–2 West Bromwich Albion\\\|date\\=16 February 2019\\\|website\\=BBC Sport\\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2019}} He then started the following match against [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\"), and his impressive performance meant that he continued to play the next match against [Derby](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\"), despite Kalinic returning from injury, before retaining his place in Villa's following match, the [Second City Derby](/wiki/Second_City_derby \"Second City derby\") against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47261937\\\|title\\=Stoke City 1–1 Aston Villa\\\|date\\=23 February 2019\\\|website\\=BBC Sport\\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2019}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47340085\\\|title\\=Aston Villa 4–0 Derby County\\\|date\\=2 March 2019\\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2019}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47431193\\\|title\\=Birmingham City 0–1 Aston Villa\\\|date\\=10 March 2019\\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2019}} Steer's good performances continued, and he quickly became first\\-choice keeper for [Dean Smith](/wiki/Dean_Smith_%28footballer%2C_born_1971%29 \"Dean Smith (footballer, born 1971)\"), which saw Steer become part of a record\\-breaking ten\\-league\\-game winning streak for Aston Villa.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47930322\\\|title\\=Aston Villa 1–0 Millwall\\\|date\\=22 April 2019\\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2019}} Steer starred in Aston Villa's [Championship play\\-offs](/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs \"EFL Championship play-offs\") semi\\-final win against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\"), saving two penalties from [Mason Holgate](/wiki/Mason_Holgate \"Mason Holgate\") and [Ahmed Hegazi](/wiki/Ahmed_Hegazi_%28footballer%29 \"Ahmed Hegazi (footballer)\") in a 4–3 shoot\\-out win to help send Aston Villa to the play\\-off finals for a second consecutive year.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48182254\\\|title\\=West Bromwich Albion 1–0 Aston Villa\\\|date\\=14 May 2019\\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2019}}", "#### Luton Town (loan)", "On 31 January 2022, Steer again returned to the Championship on loan, joining [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. \"Luton Town F.C.\") on loan until the end of the [2021–22 season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Luton_Town_F.C._season \"2021–22 Luton Town F.C. season\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.lutontown.co.uk/news/2022/january/steer/\\\|title\\=New Signing {{!}} Jed Steer joins on loan!\\\|website\\=Luton Town F.C.\\\|date\\=31 January 2022\\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2022}} He made his debut on 5 February, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 away victory over [Cambridge United](/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C. \"Cambridge United F.C.\") in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\").{{Cite news\\\|title\\=Luton beat Cambridge to make round five\\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60266426\\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2022}} On 2 March 2022, Steer suffered an [achilles tendon](/wiki/Achilles_tendon \"Achilles tendon\") injury in a FA Cup game against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\"). Steer had previously suffered a partial tear to his achilles in a game for Villa in 2019, but it was not confirmed by Luton manager [Nathan Jones](/wiki/Nathan_Jones_%28Welsh_footballer%29 \"Nathan Jones (Welsh footballer)\") if this injury was on the same foot, only that Steer's season was over.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Lakey \\\|first\\=Chris \\\|date\\=4 May 2020 \\\|title\\='I felt as if I had been shot in the back of my leg' – former Norwich keeper \\\|url\\=https://www.pinkun.com/sport/norwich\\-city/jed\\-steer\\-on\\-rehab\\-1836026 \\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2022 \\\|website\\=The Pink Un}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Simmonds \\\|first\\=Mark \\\|date\\=6 March 2022 \\\|title\\=Luton boss confirms on\\-loan Aston Villa keeper Jed Steer's injury is 'not a good' one \\\|url\\=https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/sport/football/luton\\-town/luton\\-boss\\-confirms\\-on\\-loan\\-aston\\-villa\\-keeper\\-jed\\-steers\\-injury\\-is\\-not\\-a\\-good\\-one\\-3598577 \\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2022 \\\|website\\=lutontoday.co.uk}}", "#### Return to Villa", "Steer did not make another appearance for Aston Villa, spending the entirety of the [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Aston_Villa_F.C._season \"2022–23 Aston Villa F.C. season\") season unavailable for selection due to the injury suffered whilst on loan with Luton. In May 2023, Aston Villa announced that Steer's contract would not be renewed and he would be leaving that summer, ending a 10\\-year spell at the club.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=27 May 2023 \\\|title\\=Jed Steer to depart this summer after 10 years at Villa Park \\\|url\\=https://www.avfc.co.uk/video/0\\_3zdgf0u6 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-27 \\\|website\\=Aston Villa Football Club}}", "### Peterborough United", "After departing Aston Villa as a player, Steer acted as a commentator and pundit on the club's online streaming platform Villa TV while studying for a [UEFA B Coaching Licence](/wiki/UEFA_B_Licence \"UEFA B Licence\").{{Cite web \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|date\\=28 October 2023 \\\|title\\='I was totally overwhelmed': A Q\\&A with Jed Steer \\\|url\\=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2023/october/28/\\-i\\-was\\-totally\\-overwhelmed\\-\\-\\-a\\-q\\-a\\-with\\-jed\\-steer\\-/ \\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2023 \\\|website\\=Aston Villa Football Club}}", "On 4 January 2024, Steer returned to football, signing a short\\-term contract with League One club [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. \"Peterborough United F.C.\") to provide cover for the injured [Nicholas Bilokapic](/wiki/Nicholas_Bilokapic \"Nicholas Bilokapic\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Posh Secure Goalkeeper On Short\\-Term Contract {{!}} Peterborough United \\- The Posh \\\|url\\=https://www.theposh.com/news/posh\\-secure\\-goalkeeper\\-short\\-term\\-contract \\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2024 \\\|website\\=www.theposh.com}}", "Steer made his debut for Peterborough United against [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\") on 13 January 2024, a game in which Peterborough would win 2–1\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Steer Reflects On Posh Debut {{!}} Peterborough United \\- The Posh \\\|url\\=https://www.theposh.com/news/steer\\-reflects\\-posh\\-debut \\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2024 \\\|website\\=www.theposh.com}} Steer's initial contract with the club ended after four matches, however, he signed a new deal with Peterborough on 1 February until the end of the 2023–24 season.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/68169316 \\\|title\\=Jed Steer: Ex\\-Aston Villa goalkeeper re\\-joins Peterborough United until end of season \\\|website\\=BBC Sport \\\|date\\=1 February 2024 \\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2024}} On 18 June 2024, Steer signed a new two\\-year deal.", "" ]
Biography --------- Baroni was born on October 24, 1930, in Acosta, [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), the son of Italian immigrants. Baroni graduated from Mount St. Mary's College in 1952 and Mount St. Mary's Seminary in 1956 (both are part of what is now [Mount St. Mary's University](/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_University "Mount St. Mary's University")). He was ordained a priest in 1956 and first served in Johnstown and Altoona, PA, later being assigned to Sts. Paul and Augustine parish in Washington, D.C. (1960–1965\), where he ministered to the urban poor. He was appointed executive director of Office of Urban Affairs of the Washington Archdiocese (1965–1967\), then director of the Urban Taskforce of the US Catholic Conference (1967–1970\). Baroni and his associates at the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs (NCUEA) developed an alternative approach to urban economic and cultural contradictions. This approach implied a critique of the civil rights movement and its advocate governmental agency, the [U.S. Commission on Civil Rights](/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_Civil_Rights "U.S. Commission on Civil Rights"). At bottom this difference involved ethnic and racial culturalism versus a White v. Black/Majority v. Minorities vision of America and the relative importance and emphasis on place and community v. individual rights and the universal claim of social justice. These advocates for urban neighborhoods and cultural pluralism argued for the creation of a National Neighborhood Commission which would promote the renewal of urban life and more adequately address the pluralistic character of American culture.{{cite journal \\|last1\=Kromkowski \\|first1\=John A. \\|last2\=Kromkowski \\|first2\=John David \\|title\=An American Catholic Perspective on Urban Neighborhoods: The Lens of Monsignor Geno C. Baroni and the Legacy of the Neighborhood Movement \\|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10\.1111/j.1536\-7150\.2012\.00848\.x \\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-10 \\|url\-access\=subscription \\|journal\=\[\[The American Journal of Economics and Sociology]] \\|date\=2012\-09\-26 \\|volume\=71 \\|issue\= 4 \\|pages\=1095–1141 \\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1536\-7150\.2012\.00848\.x}} Baroni and the NCUEA forged substantial pieces of social legislation in the 1970s, and helped to launch the careers of future national leaders. U.S. Senator [Barbara Mikulski](/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski "Barbara Mikulski"), U.S. Representative [Marcy Kaptur](/wiki/Marcy_Kaptur "Marcy Kaptur"), and [Arthur J. Naparstek](/wiki/Arthur_J._Naparstek "Arthur J. Naparstek"), Dean of the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University, worked with Baroni to write the [Home Mortgage Disclosure Act](/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act "Home Mortgage Disclosure Act") of 1975 and the [Community Reinvestment Act](/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act "Community Reinvestment Act") of 1977\. At the heart of Baroni's vision was [catholic social teaching](/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching "Catholic social teaching") in action. This places him in succession with notables: Fr. [Edward McGlynn](/wiki/Edward_McGlynn "Edward McGlynn") of [Henry George](/wiki/Henry_George "Henry George") association, Msgr. [John A. Ryan](/wiki/John_A._Ryan "John A. Ryan"), Fr. [Edwin Vincent O'Hara](/wiki/Edwin_Vincent_O%27Hara "Edwin Vincent O'Hara") as well as [Dorothy Day](/wiki/Dorothy_Day "Dorothy Day"). Baroni was a kind of godfather of the US [Catholic Campaign for Human Development](/wiki/Catholic_Campaign_for_Human_Development "Catholic Campaign for Human Development") (CHD). In the words of Rep. [Marcy Kaptur](/wiki/Marcy_Kaptur "Marcy Kaptur"), D\-OH, Baroni was a "visionary and crusader whose concern was always human development." He spearheaded today's CHD when he gathered a group of people in 1969 to form an institution to study the underlying causes of poverty. Understanding the strife still prevalent in urban areas, Baroni, in 1970, convoked the first national conference of urban ethnic neighborhoods and inaugurated the National Neighborhood Coalition. In 1971, Baroni was elected to the [Common Cause](/wiki/Common_Cause "Common Cause") National Governing Board. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of his death, Baroni disciple Sen. [Barbara Mikulski](/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski "Barbara Mikulski"), D\-MD, noted: "If Geno were alive today, he would be asking us to develop not only economic capital, but social capital \-\- values and virtues such as trustworthiness, respect, responsibility." "Geno was not a leader but an organizer," said Dr. John A Kromkowski, current president of the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs. "His real arena was to bring different ethnic and racial voices to Washington to give testimony and challenge federal programs." Baroni was the Catholic Coordinator for the August 1963 [March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom](/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom"), at which Rev. [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.") gave his "[I Have A Dream](/wiki/I_Have_A_Dream "I Have A Dream")" speech; he also marched with King [in Selma, Alabama](/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches "Selma to Montgomery marches"), in March 1965\. In 1969 he gathered a group of people to form an institution to study the underlying causes of poverty. With strife still prevalent in urban areas, Baroni, in 1970, convoked the first national conference of urban ethnic neighborhoods and inaugurated the National Neighborhood Coalition. In 1971, Fr. Baroni founded the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs which is now headquartered at [The Catholic University of America](/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America "The Catholic University of America"). Fr. Baroni was instrumental in founding the National Italian American Foundation in 1975 and served as its first president. In 1977, he was offered position in the Carter administration as Housing and Urban Development Assistant Secretary for Neighborhood Development, Consumer Affairs, and Regulatory Functions. He helped push through the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act, which propped up revitalization processes in urban areas around the country. In a 1987 speech at Catholic University [Arthur J. Naparstek](/wiki/Arthur_J._Naparstek "Arthur J. Naparstek"), then president of the Geno C. Baroni society, noted that Baroni "attained the highest Government post a Catholic priest has ever achieved. He became a bureaucrat because he knew the only change in the bureaucracy comes through a change in the people."{{cite news \\|title\=Washington Talk: Housing and the Poor; Priest's Proteges Honor A Persuasive Life \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|date\=1987\-10\-30 \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/us/washington\-talk\-housing\-and\-the\-poor\-priest\-s\-proteges\-honor\-a\-persuasive\-life.html \\|access\-date\=2012\-09\-12 \\|url\-access\=subscription}} Shortly before his death in 1984, Geno explored South Africa's apartheid townships and visited with Bishop Desmond Tutu. He died at age 54 on August 26, 1984, after a long struggle with cancer.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Baroni was born on October 24, 1930, in Acosta, [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), the son of Italian immigrants.", "Baroni graduated from Mount St. Mary's College in 1952 and Mount St. Mary's Seminary in 1956 (both are part of what is now [Mount St. Mary's University](/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_University \"Mount St. Mary's University\")). He was ordained a priest in 1956 and first served in Johnstown and Altoona, PA, later being assigned to Sts. Paul and Augustine parish in Washington, D.C. (1960–1965\\), where he ministered to the urban poor. He was appointed executive director of Office of Urban Affairs of the Washington Archdiocese (1965–1967\\), then director of the Urban Taskforce of the US Catholic Conference (1967–1970\\).", "Baroni and his associates at the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs (NCUEA) developed an alternative approach to urban economic and cultural contradictions. This approach implied a critique of the civil rights movement and its advocate governmental agency, the [U.S. Commission on Civil Rights](/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_Civil_Rights \"U.S. Commission on Civil Rights\"). At bottom this difference involved ethnic and racial culturalism versus a White v. Black/Majority v. Minorities vision of America and the relative importance and emphasis on place and community v. individual rights and the universal claim of social justice. These advocates for urban neighborhoods and cultural pluralism argued for the creation of a National Neighborhood Commission which would promote the renewal of urban life and more adequately address the pluralistic character of American culture.{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Kromkowski \\\|first1\\=John A. \\\|last2\\=Kromkowski \\\|first2\\=John David \\\|title\\=An American Catholic Perspective on Urban Neighborhoods: The Lens of Monsignor Geno C. Baroni and the Legacy of the Neighborhood Movement \\\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10\\.1111/j.1536\\-7150\\.2012\\.00848\\.x \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-10 \\\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\\|journal\\=\\[\\[The American Journal of Economics and Sociology]] \\\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-26 \\\|volume\\=71 \\\|issue\\= 4 \\\|pages\\=1095–1141 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1536\\-7150\\.2012\\.00848\\.x}}", "Baroni and the NCUEA forged substantial pieces of social legislation in the 1970s, and helped to launch the careers of future national leaders. U.S. Senator [Barbara Mikulski](/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski \"Barbara Mikulski\"), U.S. Representative [Marcy Kaptur](/wiki/Marcy_Kaptur \"Marcy Kaptur\"), and [Arthur J. Naparstek](/wiki/Arthur_J._Naparstek \"Arthur J. Naparstek\"), Dean of the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University, worked with Baroni to write the [Home Mortgage Disclosure Act](/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act \"Home Mortgage Disclosure Act\") of 1975 and the [Community Reinvestment Act](/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act \"Community Reinvestment Act\") of 1977\\.", "At the heart of Baroni's vision was [catholic social teaching](/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching \"Catholic social teaching\") in action. This places him in succession with notables: Fr. [Edward McGlynn](/wiki/Edward_McGlynn \"Edward McGlynn\") of [Henry George](/wiki/Henry_George \"Henry George\") association, Msgr. [John A. Ryan](/wiki/John_A._Ryan \"John A. Ryan\"), Fr. [Edwin Vincent O'Hara](/wiki/Edwin_Vincent_O%27Hara \"Edwin Vincent O'Hara\") as well as [Dorothy Day](/wiki/Dorothy_Day \"Dorothy Day\").", "Baroni was a kind of godfather of the US [Catholic Campaign for Human Development](/wiki/Catholic_Campaign_for_Human_Development \"Catholic Campaign for Human Development\") (CHD). In the words of Rep. [Marcy Kaptur](/wiki/Marcy_Kaptur \"Marcy Kaptur\"), D\\-OH, Baroni was a \"visionary and crusader whose concern was always human development.\" He spearheaded today's CHD when he gathered a group of people in 1969 to form an institution to study the underlying causes of poverty. Understanding the strife still prevalent in urban areas, Baroni, in 1970, convoked the first national conference of urban ethnic neighborhoods and inaugurated the National Neighborhood Coalition. In 1971, Baroni was elected to the [Common Cause](/wiki/Common_Cause \"Common Cause\") National Governing Board.", "On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of his death, Baroni disciple Sen. [Barbara Mikulski](/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski \"Barbara Mikulski\"), D\\-MD, noted: \"If Geno were alive today, he would be asking us to develop not only economic capital, but social capital \\-\\- values and virtues such as trustworthiness, respect, responsibility.\"", "\"Geno was not a leader but an organizer,\" said Dr. John A Kromkowski, current president of the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs. \"His real arena was to bring different ethnic and racial voices to Washington to give testimony and challenge federal programs.\"", "Baroni was the Catholic Coordinator for the August 1963 [March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom](/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom \"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom\"), at which Rev. [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. \"Martin Luther King Jr.\") gave his \"[I Have A Dream](/wiki/I_Have_A_Dream \"I Have A Dream\")\" speech; he also marched with King [in Selma, Alabama](/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches \"Selma to Montgomery marches\"), in March 1965\\.", "In 1969 he gathered a group of people to form an institution to study the underlying causes of poverty. With strife still prevalent in urban areas, Baroni, in 1970, convoked the first national conference of urban ethnic neighborhoods and inaugurated the National Neighborhood Coalition.", "In 1971, Fr. Baroni founded the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs which is now headquartered at [The Catholic University of America](/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America \"The Catholic University of America\").", "Fr. Baroni was instrumental in founding the National Italian American Foundation in 1975 and served as its first president.", "In 1977, he was offered position in the Carter administration as Housing and Urban Development Assistant Secretary for Neighborhood Development, Consumer Affairs, and Regulatory Functions. He helped push through the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act, which propped up revitalization processes in urban areas around the country. In a 1987 speech at Catholic University [Arthur J. Naparstek](/wiki/Arthur_J._Naparstek \"Arthur J. Naparstek\"), then president of the Geno C. Baroni society, noted that Baroni \"attained the highest Government post a Catholic priest has ever achieved. He became a bureaucrat because he knew the only change in the bureaucracy comes through a change in the people.\"{{cite news \\\|title\\=Washington Talk: Housing and the Poor; Priest's Proteges Honor A Persuasive Life \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|date\\=1987\\-10\\-30 \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/us/washington\\-talk\\-housing\\-and\\-the\\-poor\\-priest\\-s\\-proteges\\-honor\\-a\\-persuasive\\-life.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-12 \\\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}", "Shortly before his death in 1984, Geno explored South Africa's apartheid townships and visited with Bishop Desmond Tutu. He died at age 54 on August 26, 1984, after a long struggle with cancer.", "" ]
Geology ------- The steep slopes of Epidote Peak expose two distinct [geologic units](/wiki/Geologic_unit "Geologic unit"), the Greenlee and Taylor [formations](/wiki/Geological_formation "Geological formation"). [Metasedimentary](/wiki/Metasedimentary_rock "Metasedimentary rock") [strata](/wiki/Strata "Strata") of Greenlee Formation only [outcrop](/wiki/Outcrop "Outcrop") on the northern end of [Mount Greenlee](/wiki/Mount_Greenlee "Mount Greenlee") and the lower eastern slopes of Epidote Peak. The remainder of the exposed [bedrock](/wiki/Bedrock "Bedrock") of Epidote Peak consists of [metavolcanic rocks](/wiki/Metavolcanic_rock "Metavolcanic rock") of the Taylor Formation. A ridge crest west of Epidote Peak exposes a third geologic unit composed of highly sheared unidfferentiated [marble](/wiki/Marble "Marble") and metasedimentary rocks.Stump, E., 1976\. On the late Precambrian\-early Paleozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Queen Maud Mountains, Antarctica, and a comparison with rocks of similar age from Southern Africa. Doctoral dissertation. Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University. 261 pp.Stump, E., 1986\. Stratigraphy of the Ross Supergroup, central Transanarctic Mountains. In: Turner, M.D., and Splettstoesser, J.F., eds, pp. 225\-274, Geology of the central Transantarctic Mountains. American Geophysical Research Series, 36: Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, 453 pp. {{ISBN\\|978\-1118664797}}.Wade, F.A. and Cathey, C.A., 1986\. Geology of the basement complex, western Queen Maud Mountains, Antarctica. In: Turner, M.D., and Splettstoesser, J.F., eds, pp. 429\-453, Geology of the central Transantarctic Mountains. American Geophysical Research Series, 36: Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, 453 pp. {{ISBN\\|978\-1118664797}}. The Greenlee Formation consists of [beds](/wiki/Bed_%28geology%29 "Bed (geology)") of [fine\-grained](/wiki/Grain_size "Grain size"), [micaceous](/wiki/Micaceous "Micaceous") [quartzite](/wiki/Quartzite "Quartzite") and [argillite](/wiki/Argillite "Argillite") that form the eastern slopes of Epidote Peak on the west side of [Shackleton Glacier](/wiki/Shackleton_Glacier "Shackleton Glacier"). They have been [metamorphosed](/wiki/Metamorphism "Metamorphism") from what were originally [feldspathic](/wiki/Feldspar "Feldspar") [graywackes](/wiki/Graywacke "Graywacke"), [quart](/wiki/Quart "Quart") [siltstones](/wiki/Siltstone "Siltstone") and [shales](/wiki/Shale "Shale"). The [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") fraction of the original [sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock "Sedimentary rock") has been [recrystallized](/wiki/Recrystallization_%28geology%29 "Recrystallization (geology)") into [biotite](/wiki/Biotite "Biotite") and in some cases biotite\-[hornblende](/wiki/Hornblende "Hornblende")\-epidote. The [foliation](/wiki/Foliation "Foliation") in these strata has developed parallel to [bedding](/wiki/Bed_%28geology%29 "Bed (geology)"). At the base of the slopes of Epdiote Peak that are adjacent ot Shackleton Glacier, the micaceous quartzites and argillites are intruded by [granitic](/wiki/Granite "Granite") [migmatitic](/wiki/Migmatite "Migmatite") [gneisses](/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss"). The quartzites are dark gray to brown and occur in beds that range in thickness from {{convert\\|0\.05\-1\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\=on}}. Many of the beds exhibit fine laminations. Some of these strata are slightly [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous "Calcareous"). The [grain size](/wiki/Grain_size "Grain size") of the original [sediments](/wiki/Sediment "Sediment") that initially comprised these quartzites and their even bedding indicate that they were deposited in a very low energy environment. The strata within the Greenlee Formation [strike](/wiki/Strike_and_dip "Strike and dip") northwest\-southeast to north\-south and [dip](/wiki/Strike_and_dip "Strike and dip") southwest\-west. Overlying the Greenlee Formation at Epidote Peak is the Taylor Formation. It consists of a series of highly metamorphosed and sheared [basaltic](/wiki/Basalt "Basalt") [lava flows](/wiki/Lava_flow "Lava flow") interbedded with graywackes and [felsitic](/wiki/Felsite "Felsite") [volcanic rocks](/wiki/Volcanic_rock "Volcanic rock"). Some of the basaltic lava flows are [amygdaloidal](/wiki/Amygdule "Amygdule") and some are brecciated along with the interbedded graywacke in shear zones. [Plagioclase](/wiki/Plagioclase "Plagioclase") is sometimes observed as [phenocrysts](/wiki/Phenocryst "Phenocryst") {{convert\\|1\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\=on}} in what might be intermediate\-[mafic](/wiki/Mafic "Mafic") lava flows. Within the ridge crest west of Epidote Peak, the Taylor Formation consists of highly sheared [silicic](/wiki/Silicic "Silicic") volcanic rocks, typically [porphyritic](/wiki/Porphyritic "Porphyritic") [felsite](/wiki/Felsite "Felsite"). These rocks exhibit shades of brown and gray and may be [porphyritic](/wiki/Porphyritic "Porphyritic") or non\-porphyritic. Considerable amounts non\-porphyritic felsite or, alternatively, [chert](/wiki/Chert "Chert") is also present within these silicic volcanic rocks. Epidote is common as vein filling in cracks. At the western ends of ridges associated with Epidote Peak, thick beds of white, coarsely crystalline marble are exposed. On one ridge, a bed of marble that is tectonically pinched from a thickness of {{convert\\|100 to 10\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\=on}} between massive felsite in a distance of {{convert\\|100\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\=on}}. Thin, circa {{convert\\|2 to 4\\|cm\\|in\\|abbr\=on}} thick, beds of quarztite within the marble are ripped apart and [disharmonically folded](/wiki/Fold_%28geology%29 "Fold (geology)"). East of the outcrop of this deformed marble bed, several other {{convert\\|10 to 15\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\=on}} thick marble beds are exposed. The relationship of the marble beds to each other and the Taylor and Greenlee formations is completely obscured by intense [cataclasis](/wiki/Cataclasite "Cataclasite") and shearing of them and enclosing strata. A similar bed of white marble crops out on the summit of Epidote Peak. These marble beds are currently correlated with the early [Cambrian](/wiki/Cambrian "Cambrian") Shackleton Limestone of the Holyoake and [Churchill mountains](/wiki/Churchill_Mountains "Churchill Mountains"). The strata that form Epidote Peak and associated ridges are metamorphic rocks and intrusive granitic rocks that are part of the Ross orogenic belt, which is exposed throughout the Transantarctic Mountains. These are former sedimentary rocks involved in the [Neoproterozoic](/wiki/Neoproterozoic "Neoproterozoic") to early [Paleozoic](/wiki/Paleozoic "Paleozoic") Ross orogeny. Elsewhere in the Transantarctic Mountains, these metamorphic rocks and intrusive granitic rocks are truncated by a regionally extensive [unconformity](/wiki/Unconformity "Unconformity") known as the Kukri peneplain. The Kukri peneplain is overlain by relatively undeformed Devonian–Jurassic sedimentary rocks of the Beacon Supergroup.Faure, G. and Mensing, T.M., 2010\. The Transantarctic Mountains: rocks, ice, meteorites and water. New York, New York, Springer Science \& Business Media, 804 pp. {{ISBN\\|978\-1402084065}}.Paulsen, T., Encarnación, J., Grunow, A., Benowitz, J., Layer, P., Deering, C. and Sliwinski, J., 2023\. Outboard Onset of Ross Orogen Magmatism and Subsequent Igneous and Metamorphic Cooling Linked to Slab Rollback during Late\-Stage Gondwana Assembly. Geosciences, 13(4\), article 126\.	[ "Geology\n-------", "The steep slopes of Epidote Peak expose two distinct [geologic units](/wiki/Geologic_unit \"Geologic unit\"), the Greenlee and Taylor [formations](/wiki/Geological_formation \"Geological formation\"). [Metasedimentary](/wiki/Metasedimentary_rock \"Metasedimentary rock\") [strata](/wiki/Strata \"Strata\") of Greenlee Formation only [outcrop](/wiki/Outcrop \"Outcrop\") on the northern end of [Mount Greenlee](/wiki/Mount_Greenlee \"Mount Greenlee\") and the lower eastern slopes of Epidote Peak. The remainder of the exposed [bedrock](/wiki/Bedrock \"Bedrock\") of Epidote Peak consists of [metavolcanic rocks](/wiki/Metavolcanic_rock \"Metavolcanic rock\") of the Taylor Formation. A ridge crest west of Epidote Peak exposes a third geologic unit composed of highly sheared unidfferentiated [marble](/wiki/Marble \"Marble\") and metasedimentary rocks.Stump, E., 1976\\. On the late Precambrian\\-early Paleozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Queen Maud Mountains, Antarctica, and a comparison with rocks of similar age from Southern Africa. Doctoral dissertation. Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University. 261 pp.Stump, E., 1986\\. Stratigraphy of the Ross Supergroup, central Transanarctic Mountains. In: Turner, M.D., and Splettstoesser, J.F., eds, pp. 225\\-274, Geology of the central Transantarctic Mountains. American Geophysical Research Series, 36: Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, 453 pp. {{ISBN\\\|978\\-1118664797}}.Wade, F.A. and Cathey, C.A., 1986\\. Geology of the basement complex, western Queen Maud Mountains, Antarctica. In: Turner, M.D., and Splettstoesser, J.F., eds, pp. 429\\-453, Geology of the central Transantarctic Mountains. American Geophysical Research Series, 36: Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, 453 pp. {{ISBN\\\|978\\-1118664797}}.", "The Greenlee Formation consists of [beds](/wiki/Bed_%28geology%29 \"Bed (geology)\") of [fine\\-grained](/wiki/Grain_size \"Grain size\"), [micaceous](/wiki/Micaceous \"Micaceous\") [quartzite](/wiki/Quartzite \"Quartzite\") and [argillite](/wiki/Argillite \"Argillite\") that form the eastern slopes of Epidote Peak on the west side of [Shackleton Glacier](/wiki/Shackleton_Glacier \"Shackleton Glacier\"). They have been [metamorphosed](/wiki/Metamorphism \"Metamorphism\") from what were originally [feldspathic](/wiki/Feldspar \"Feldspar\") [graywackes](/wiki/Graywacke \"Graywacke\"), [quart](/wiki/Quart \"Quart\") [siltstones](/wiki/Siltstone \"Siltstone\") and [shales](/wiki/Shale \"Shale\"). The [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") fraction of the original [sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock \"Sedimentary rock\") has been [recrystallized](/wiki/Recrystallization_%28geology%29 \"Recrystallization (geology)\") into [biotite](/wiki/Biotite \"Biotite\") and in some cases biotite\\-[hornblende](/wiki/Hornblende \"Hornblende\")\\-epidote. The [foliation](/wiki/Foliation \"Foliation\") in these strata has developed parallel to [bedding](/wiki/Bed_%28geology%29 \"Bed (geology)\"). At the base of the slopes of Epdiote Peak that are adjacent ot Shackleton Glacier, the micaceous quartzites and argillites are intruded by [granitic](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") [migmatitic](/wiki/Migmatite \"Migmatite\") [gneisses](/wiki/Gneiss \"Gneiss\"). The quartzites are dark gray to brown and occur in beds that range in thickness from {{convert\\\|0\\.05\\-1\\\|m\\\|ft\\\|abbr\\=on}}. Many of the beds exhibit fine laminations. Some of these strata are slightly [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous \"Calcareous\"). The [grain size](/wiki/Grain_size \"Grain size\") of the original [sediments](/wiki/Sediment \"Sediment\") that initially comprised these quartzites and their even bedding indicate that they were deposited in a very low energy environment. The strata within the Greenlee Formation [strike](/wiki/Strike_and_dip \"Strike and dip\") northwest\\-southeast to north\\-south and [dip](/wiki/Strike_and_dip \"Strike and dip\") southwest\\-west.", "Overlying the Greenlee Formation at Epidote Peak is the Taylor Formation. It consists of a series of highly metamorphosed and sheared [basaltic](/wiki/Basalt \"Basalt\") [lava flows](/wiki/Lava_flow \"Lava flow\") interbedded with graywackes and [felsitic](/wiki/Felsite \"Felsite\") [volcanic rocks](/wiki/Volcanic_rock \"Volcanic rock\"). Some of the basaltic lava flows are [amygdaloidal](/wiki/Amygdule \"Amygdule\") and some are brecciated along with the interbedded graywacke in shear zones. [Plagioclase](/wiki/Plagioclase \"Plagioclase\") is sometimes observed as [phenocrysts](/wiki/Phenocryst \"Phenocryst\") {{convert\\\|1\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|abbr\\=on}} in what might be intermediate\\-[mafic](/wiki/Mafic \"Mafic\") lava flows. Within the ridge crest west of Epidote Peak, the Taylor Formation consists of highly sheared [silicic](/wiki/Silicic \"Silicic\") volcanic rocks, typically [porphyritic](/wiki/Porphyritic \"Porphyritic\") [felsite](/wiki/Felsite \"Felsite\"). These rocks exhibit shades of brown and gray and may be [porphyritic](/wiki/Porphyritic \"Porphyritic\") or non\\-porphyritic. Considerable amounts non\\-porphyritic felsite or, alternatively, [chert](/wiki/Chert \"Chert\") is also present within these silicic volcanic rocks. Epidote is common as vein filling in cracks.", "At the western ends of ridges associated with Epidote Peak, thick beds of white, coarsely crystalline marble are exposed. On one ridge, a bed of marble that is tectonically pinched from a thickness of {{convert\\\|100 to 10\\\|m\\\|ft\\\|abbr\\=on}} between massive felsite in a distance of {{convert\\\|100\\\|m\\\|ft\\\|abbr\\=on}}. Thin, circa {{convert\\\|2 to 4\\\|cm\\\|in\\\|abbr\\=on}} thick, beds of quarztite within the marble are ripped apart and [disharmonically folded](/wiki/Fold_%28geology%29 \"Fold (geology)\"). East of the outcrop of this deformed marble bed, several other {{convert\\\|10 to 15\\\|m\\\|ft\\\|abbr\\=on}} thick marble beds are exposed. The relationship of the marble beds to each other and the Taylor and Greenlee formations is completely obscured by intense [cataclasis](/wiki/Cataclasite \"Cataclasite\") and shearing of them and enclosing strata. A similar bed of white marble crops out on the summit of Epidote Peak. These marble beds are currently correlated with the early [Cambrian](/wiki/Cambrian \"Cambrian\") Shackleton Limestone of the Holyoake and [Churchill mountains](/wiki/Churchill_Mountains \"Churchill Mountains\").", "The strata that form Epidote Peak and associated ridges are metamorphic rocks and intrusive granitic rocks that are part of the Ross orogenic belt, which is exposed throughout the Transantarctic Mountains. These are former sedimentary rocks involved in the [Neoproterozoic](/wiki/Neoproterozoic \"Neoproterozoic\") to early [Paleozoic](/wiki/Paleozoic \"Paleozoic\") Ross orogeny. Elsewhere in the Transantarctic Mountains, these metamorphic rocks and intrusive granitic rocks are truncated by a regionally extensive [unconformity](/wiki/Unconformity \"Unconformity\") known as the Kukri peneplain. The Kukri peneplain is overlain by relatively undeformed Devonian–Jurassic sedimentary rocks of the Beacon Supergroup.Faure, G. and Mensing, T.M., 2010\\. The Transantarctic Mountains: rocks, ice, meteorites and water. New York, New York, Springer Science \\& Business Media, 804 pp. {{ISBN\\\|978\\-1402084065}}.Paulsen, T., Encarnación, J., Grunow, A., Benowitz, J., Layer, P., Deering, C. and Sliwinski, J., 2023\\. Outboard Onset of Ross Orogen Magmatism and Subsequent Igneous and Metamorphic Cooling Linked to Slab Rollback during Late\\-Stage Gondwana Assembly. Geosciences, 13(4\\), article 126\\.", "" ]
Political career ---------------- In 1797 he was elected to parliament for the notorious [rotten borough](/wiki/Rotten_borough "Rotten borough") of [Old Sarum](/wiki/Old_Sarum_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Old Sarum (UK Parliament constituency)"), where he succeeded [Richard Wellesley, 2nd Earl of Mornington](/wiki/Richard_Wellesley%2C_1st_Marquess_Wellesley "Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley"). He resigned this seat in 1799, when he was elected for [Montgomeryshire](/wiki/Montgomeryshire_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)"), which constituency he would represent for the next 51 years. During the [French Revolutionary War](/wiki/French_Revolutionary_War "French Revolutionary War") Montgomeryshire had failed to raise a single unit of part\-time unit [Yeomanry Cavalry](/wiki/Yeomanry_Cavalry "Yeomanry Cavalry") or [Volunteer Infantry](/wiki/British_Volunteer_Corps "British Volunteer Corps") for home defence and internal security duties. After the shortlived [Peace of Amiens](/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens "Treaty of Amiens") broke down in 1803, Williams\-Wynn overcame the apathy and the county rapidly two formed [Troops](/wiki/Troop "Troop") of Yeomanry cavalry by August 1803\. Williams\-Wynn took command as [Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Major (United Kingdom)")\-Commandant By 2 November this had expanded into a large force, the [Montgomeryshire Volunteer Legion](/wiki/Montgomeryshire_Volunteer_Legion "Montgomeryshire Volunteer Legion"). In contemporary terminology a 'Legion' was an all\-arms force, and soon after its formation the Montgomeryshire unit comprised three troops of Yeomanry cavalry each 40 strong, and 20 [Companies](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 "Company (military unit)") of Volunteer infantry, with Watkins\-Wynn as [Lieutenant\-Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)")\-Commandant and commander of the legion's cavalry. The Volunteer Infantry were replaced by the Local Militia in 1808, but the cavalry troops carried on as the [Montgomeryshire Yeomanry](/wiki/Montgomeryshire_Yeomanry "Montgomeryshire Yeomanry"). These were disbanded in 1828, but in view of the disturbances in north\-east Wales Williams\-Wynn applied to reform the regiment in 1831\. It saw service in 1838–39 during the [Chartist riots](/wiki/Chartism "Chartism"). Williams\-Wynn finally retired from the command in 1844 at the age of 77\.Bryn Owen, History of the Welsh Militia and Volunteer Corps 1757–1908: Montgomeryshire Regiments of Militia, Volunteers and Yeomanry Cavalry, Wrexham: Bridge Books, 2000, ISBN 1\-872424\-85\-6, pp. 57–8, 62–8, 75–82\.War Office, A List of the Officers of the Militia, the Gentlemen \& Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer Infantry of the United Kingdom, 11th Edn, London: War Office, 14 October 1805/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978\-1\-84574\-207\-2\. In 1806 he was appointed [Under\-Secretary of State for the Home Department](/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department "Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department") in the [Ministry of All the Talents](/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents "Ministry of All the Talents") led by his uncle [Lord Grenville](/wiki/William_Wyndham_Grenville%2C_1st_Baron_Grenville "William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville"). He remained in this post until the government fell the following year. Williams\-Wynn was an active member of parliament and considered an authority on the procedure of the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons "British House of Commons"). This led him to be nominated for the post of [Speaker of the House of Commons](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)") in 1817\. However, he was defeated by [Charles Manners\-Sutton](/wiki/Charles_Manners-Sutton%2C_1st_Viscount_Canterbury "Charles Manners-Sutton, 1st Viscount Canterbury"). During the late 1810s, Williams\-Wynn was the leader of [a group of MPs](/wiki/Grenvillites "Grenvillites") that tried to establish a [third party](/wiki/Third_party_%28politics%29 "Third party (politics)") in the House of Commons, acting on behalf of his cousin [Lord Buckingham](/wiki/Richard_Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Chandos "Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos"). However, the third party never materialised and the group instead joined the [Tories](/wiki/Tory_Party "Tory Party"). In January 1822 Williams\-Wynn was admitted to the [Privy Council](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council "Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council") and appointed [President of the Board of Control](/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control "President of the Board of Control"), with a seat in the cabinet, in the [Tory](/wiki/Tory_Party "Tory Party") government of the [Earl of Liverpool](/wiki/Robert_Banks_Jenkinson%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool "Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool"). He remained in this post also in the administrations of [George Canning](/wiki/George_Canning "George Canning") and [Lord Goderich](/wiki/Frederick_John_Robinson%2C_1st_Viscount_Goderich "Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich"). However, when the [Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington") became [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") in 1828, Williams\-Wynn was not offered a position in the government. This drove him into opposition, and when the [Whigs](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28UK%29 "Whig Party (UK)") came to power in November 1830 under [Lord Grey](/wiki/Charles_Grey%2C_2nd_Earl_Grey "Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey"), Williams\-Wynn was appointed [Secretary at War](/wiki/Secretary_at_War "Secretary at War"), although without a seat in the cabinet. He only remained in this post until April of the following year, and held no other position during the three remaining years of the [Whig](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28UK%29 "Whig Party (UK)") government. In 1834 the [Tories](/wiki/Tory "Tory") returned to office under [Sir Robert Peel](/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel "Sir Robert Peel"), and Wynn was appointed [Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster"), but again was not a member of the cabinet. The Peel government fell already in April 1835 and Wynn never held office again. However, he was said to have thrice rejected the post of [Governor\-General of India](/wiki/Governor-General_of_India "Governor-General of India"). Wynn remained Member of Parliament for [Montgomeryshire](/wiki/Montgomeryshire_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)") until his death, and from 1847 to 1850 he was [Father of the House of Commons](/wiki/Father_of_the_House_of_Commons "Father of the House of Commons"); at the time of his death, he was the final MP from the 18th century still in Parliament. He was elected as the first president, from 1823 to 1841, of the [Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland](/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland") and as a [Fellow of the Royal Society](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") in 1827\.	[ "Political career\n----------------", "In 1797 he was elected to parliament for the notorious [rotten borough](/wiki/Rotten_borough \"Rotten borough\") of [Old Sarum](/wiki/Old_Sarum_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Old Sarum (UK Parliament constituency)\"), where he succeeded [Richard Wellesley, 2nd Earl of Mornington](/wiki/Richard_Wellesley%2C_1st_Marquess_Wellesley \"Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley\"). He resigned this seat in 1799, when he was elected for [Montgomeryshire](/wiki/Montgomeryshire_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)\"), which constituency he would represent for the next 51 years.", "During the [French Revolutionary War](/wiki/French_Revolutionary_War \"French Revolutionary War\") Montgomeryshire had failed to raise a single unit of part\\-time unit [Yeomanry Cavalry](/wiki/Yeomanry_Cavalry \"Yeomanry Cavalry\") or [Volunteer Infantry](/wiki/British_Volunteer_Corps \"British Volunteer Corps\") for home defence and internal security duties. After the shortlived [Peace of Amiens](/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens \"Treaty of Amiens\") broke down in 1803, Williams\\-Wynn overcame the apathy and the county rapidly two formed [Troops](/wiki/Troop \"Troop\") of Yeomanry cavalry by August 1803\\. Williams\\-Wynn took command as [Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Major (United Kingdom)\")\\-Commandant By 2 November this had expanded into a large force, the [Montgomeryshire Volunteer Legion](/wiki/Montgomeryshire_Volunteer_Legion \"Montgomeryshire Volunteer Legion\"). In contemporary terminology a 'Legion' was an all\\-arms force, and soon after its formation the Montgomeryshire unit comprised three troops of Yeomanry cavalry each 40 strong, and 20 [Companies](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 \"Company (military unit)\") of Volunteer infantry, with Watkins\\-Wynn as [Lieutenant\\-Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\")\\-Commandant and commander of the legion's cavalry. The Volunteer Infantry were replaced by the Local Militia in 1808, but the cavalry troops carried on as the [Montgomeryshire Yeomanry](/wiki/Montgomeryshire_Yeomanry \"Montgomeryshire Yeomanry\"). These were disbanded in 1828, but in view of the disturbances in north\\-east Wales Williams\\-Wynn applied to reform the regiment in 1831\\. It saw service in 1838–39 during the [Chartist riots](/wiki/Chartism \"Chartism\"). Williams\\-Wynn finally retired from the command in 1844 at the age of 77\\.Bryn Owen, History of the Welsh Militia and Volunteer Corps 1757–1908: Montgomeryshire Regiments of Militia, Volunteers and Yeomanry Cavalry, Wrexham: Bridge Books, 2000, ISBN 1\\-872424\\-85\\-6, pp. 57–8, 62–8, 75–82\\.War Office, A List of the Officers of the Militia, the Gentlemen \\& Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer Infantry of the United Kingdom, 11th Edn, London: War Office, 14 October 1805/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978\\-1\\-84574\\-207\\-2\\.", "In 1806 he was appointed [Under\\-Secretary of State for the Home Department](/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department \"Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department\") in the [Ministry of All the Talents](/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents \"Ministry of All the Talents\") led by his uncle [Lord Grenville](/wiki/William_Wyndham_Grenville%2C_1st_Baron_Grenville \"William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville\"). He remained in this post until the government fell the following year. Williams\\-Wynn was an active member of parliament and considered an authority on the procedure of the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\"). This led him to be nominated for the post of [Speaker of the House of Commons](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)\") in 1817\\. However, he was defeated by [Charles Manners\\-Sutton](/wiki/Charles_Manners-Sutton%2C_1st_Viscount_Canterbury \"Charles Manners-Sutton, 1st Viscount Canterbury\"). During the late 1810s, Williams\\-Wynn was the leader of [a group of MPs](/wiki/Grenvillites \"Grenvillites\") that tried to establish a [third party](/wiki/Third_party_%28politics%29 \"Third party (politics)\") in the House of Commons, acting on behalf of his cousin [Lord Buckingham](/wiki/Richard_Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Chandos \"Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos\"). However, the third party never materialised and the group instead joined the [Tories](/wiki/Tory_Party \"Tory Party\").", "In January 1822 Williams\\-Wynn was admitted to the [Privy Council](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council \"Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council\") and appointed [President of the Board of Control](/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control \"President of the Board of Control\"), with a seat in the cabinet, in the [Tory](/wiki/Tory_Party \"Tory Party\") government of the [Earl of Liverpool](/wiki/Robert_Banks_Jenkinson%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool \"Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool\"). He remained in this post also in the administrations of [George Canning](/wiki/George_Canning \"George Canning\") and [Lord Goderich](/wiki/Frederick_John_Robinson%2C_1st_Viscount_Goderich \"Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich\"). However, when the [Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington \"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\") became [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") in 1828, Williams\\-Wynn was not offered a position in the government.", "This drove him into opposition, and when the [Whigs](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28UK%29 \"Whig Party (UK)\") came to power in November 1830 under [Lord Grey](/wiki/Charles_Grey%2C_2nd_Earl_Grey \"Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey\"), Williams\\-Wynn was appointed [Secretary at War](/wiki/Secretary_at_War \"Secretary at War\"), although without a seat in the cabinet. He only remained in this post until April of the following year, and held no other position during the three remaining years of the [Whig](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28UK%29 \"Whig Party (UK)\") government. In 1834 the [Tories](/wiki/Tory \"Tory\") returned to office under [Sir Robert Peel](/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel \"Sir Robert Peel\"), and Wynn was appointed [Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster \"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\"), but again was not a member of the cabinet. The Peel government fell already in April 1835 and Wynn never held office again. However, he was said to have thrice rejected the post of [Governor\\-General of India](/wiki/Governor-General_of_India \"Governor-General of India\"). Wynn remained Member of Parliament for [Montgomeryshire](/wiki/Montgomeryshire_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)\") until his death, and from 1847 to 1850 he was [Father of the House of Commons](/wiki/Father_of_the_House_of_Commons \"Father of the House of Commons\"); at the time of his death, he was the final MP from the 18th century still in Parliament.", "He was elected as the first president, from 1823 to 1841, of the [Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland](/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland \"Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland\") and as a [Fellow of the Royal Society](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society \"Fellow of the Royal Society\") in 1827\\.", "" ]
February -------- ### Troy Cox Classic \|Troy Cox Classic \|UTEP 0 \| {{small\\|24}} Arkansas \| 10 \| \|Bradley 4 \| {{small\\|24}} Arkansas \| 3 \| \|Bradley 1 \| {{small\\|24}} Arkansas \| 12 \| \|{{small\\|24}} Arkansas 5 \| New Mexico State \| 4 \| \|{{small\\|24}} Arkansas 15 \| Nebraska \| 4 \| \|[NM State Softball Complex](/wiki/NM_State_Softball_Complex "NM State Softball Complex") • [Las Cruces, NM](/wiki/Las_Cruces%2C_New_Mexico "Las Cruces, New Mexico") The Razorbacks opened their 2020 season with a road trip to [Las Cruces, New Mexico](/wiki/Las_Cruces%2C_New_Mexico "Las Cruces, New Mexico") for the 2020 playing of the Troy Cox Classic, hosted by the [New Mexico State Aggies](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Aggies_softball "New Mexico State Aggies softball"), which started Friday, February 7\. Arkansas received preseason rankings of \#17 by Softball America{{cite web \\|title\=2019 NCAA Division I Top 25 \\|url\=https://www.softballamerica.com/rankings/2020\-ncaa\-division\-i\-softball\-top\-25/ \\|website\=www.softballamerica.com \\|accessdate\=January 29, 2020}} and Flo Softball,{{cite web \\|title\=FloSoftball \\|url\=https://www.flosoftball.com/rankings/6097521\-ncaa\-division\-i\-softball\-rankings/31529\-2020\-flosoftball\-preseason\-top\-25\-division\-i\-rankings \\|website\=www.flosoftball.com \\|accessdate\=January 29, 2020 \\|language\=en}} \#20 by USA Softball,{{cite web \\|title\=NCAA College Rankings and Polls \- ESPN \\|url\=http://www.espn.com/college\-sports/rankings/\_/pollId/2/sportId/15530000 \\|website\=ESPN.com \\|accessdate\=January 29, 2020}} \#21 by D1 Softball,{{cite web \\|title\=2020 D1Softball Preseason Top 25 Rankings • D1Softball \\|url\=https://d1softball.com/2020\-d1softball\-preseason\-top\-25\-rankings/ \\|website\=D1Softball \\|accessdate\=January 29, 2020 \\|date\=21 January 2020}} and \#24 by NFCA.{{cite web \\|title\=NFCA {{!}} National Fastpitch Coaches Association \\|url\=https://nfca.org/component/com\_nfca/Itemid,230/list,1/pdiv,div1/top25,1/year,2020/ \\|website\=nfca.org \\|accessdate\=January 29, 2020 \\|language\=en\-gb}} First pitch on opening day was at 9:30 a.m. CST (8:30 a.m. local MST) against the [UTEP Miners](/wiki/UTEP_Miners_softball "UTEP Miners softball"). The Razorbacks won their first game of the year in [run rule](/wiki/Mercy_rule "Mercy rule") fashion, defeating the Miners in five innings. Arkansas' Autumn Storms spent four innings on the mound, tossing 52 pitches, while Jenna Bloom threw 20 pitches to get the final three outs. For the Miners, Allie Johnson spent the entire contest in the circle, throwing 183 pitches.{{cite web \\|title\=UTEP vs. Arkansas (February 07, 2020\) \\|url\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\-content/uploads/2020/02/Arkansas\-10\-UTEP\-0\.pdf \\|publisher\=University of Arkansas \\|accessdate\=February 14, 2020}} The Lady Hogs put up one run apiece in the first and second innings before scoring three in the third to extend the lead to 5–0\. Another two runs scored in the fourth before freshman Rylin Hedgecock, pinch hitting, ended the contest with a run rule three\-run home run, the game's only homer.{{cite web \\|title\=Arkansas Earns Split in Opening Day Doubleheader \\|url\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/arkansas\-earns\-split\-in\-opening\-day\-doubleheader/ \\|website\=Arkansas Razorbacks \\|accessdate\=February 14, 2020 \\|date\=7 February 2020}} The Razorbacks continued their tournament schedule with a doubleheader against the [Bradley Braves](/wiki/Bradley_Braves_softball "Bradley Braves softball"), with the first game starting on Friday at 2:00 p.m. and the second on Saturday at 11:00 a.m. Friday's contest saw the Hogs suffer their first defeat of the season, by a margin of a single run. The Hogs opened the scoring in the first inning off of a Hannah McEwen RBI, and the score remained 1–0 until the bottom of the fourth, when a defensive error cost the Hogs two runs and the lead. The Braves extended their lead in the next inning by virtue of a wild pitch, making the score 3–1\.{{cite web \\|title\=Bradley vs. Arkansas (February 07, 2020\) \\|url\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\-content/uploads/2020/02/Bradley\-3\-20\-Arkansas\-2\.pdf \\|publisher\=University of Arkansas \\|accessdate\=February 14, 2020}} Although the Razorbacks attempted to mount a comeback in the seventh and final inning, it fell barely short, and the Braves picked up the victory, 3–2\. Both teams utilized only one pitcher for the entire game—Arkansas stuck with Mary Haff, who threw 72 pitches, while Bradley stayed with Emma Jackson, who tossed 131\. The rematch with Bradley opened the Hogs' second day of tournament play, and they took full advantage of it. Arkansas jumped out to a 4–0 lead in the first inning, via a Kayla Green RBI and a Linnie Malkin three\-run homer. The lead was extended to 8–0 with four more runs in the third inning by way of a bases loaded [hit by pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch "Hit by pitch") and a three\-run RBI double from Sydney Parr. A couple wild throws allowed the Braves to plate a run in the top of the fourth in unearned fashion, though the Razorbacks responded with another four\-run inning, extending the lead to 12–1\.{{cite web \\|title\=Gibson's Blast Lifts Razorbacks to Doubleheader Sweep \\|url\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/gibsons\-blast\-lifts\-razorbacks\-to\-doubleheader\-sweep/ \\|website\=Arkansas Razorbacks \\|accessdate\=February 14, 2020 \\|date\=8 February 2020}} A scoreless fifth inning from the Braves' offense triggered the end of the game, giving the Lady Hogs their second win of the year, both in run rule fashion. Autumn Storms picked up her second decision of the year after throwing 43 pitches over three innings; she was assisted by Jenna Bloom, who completed two innings in just 32 pitches. For the Braves, Morgan Radford tossed 71 in the first three innings; she was relieved by Grace French, who completed the fourth and final inning in 35 pitches.{{cite web \\|title\=Bradley vs. Arkansas (February 08, 2020\) \\|url\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\-content/uploads/2020/02/Arkansas\-12\-Bradley\-1\.pdf \\|publisher\=University of Arkansas \\|accessdate\=February 14, 2020}} The Hogs' fourth tournament game was against the hosts, [New Mexico State](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Aggies_softball "New Mexico State Aggies softball"); first pitch was on Saturday at 4:30 p.m. Arkansas fell behind early, surrendering three runs in the second inning, all by way of solo homers. Arkansas responded in the fifth, as Braxton Burnside sent a single to center field that drove home a run. In the sixth, the Hogs plated another, this one from Audrie LaValley's infield single. Arkansas kept it up in the seventh, as they took their first lead of the contest, 4–3, from Danielle Gibson's two\-run homer, which was immediately followed by Linnie Malkin's solo home, her second of the day. In the circle, Autumn Storms earned her third win of the year, throwing 39 pitches in {{frac\\|2\\|2\\|3}} innings. The Hogs also saw 1 inning completed by Mary Haff (18 pitches) and {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|3}} by Jenna Bloom (49 pitches). The Aggies relied largely on Matalasi Faapito, who delivered 94 pitches in her six innings of play. She was relieved during the seventh inning by Chloe Rivas, who delivered the last three outs in 20 pitches.{{cite web \\|title\=Arkansas vs. New Mexico State (February 08, 2020\) \\|url\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\-content/uploads/2020/02/20\-Arkansas\-5\-NM\-State\-4\.pdf \\|publisher\=University of Arkansas \\|accessdate\=February 14, 2020}} The Hogs' fifth and final tournament game was against [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_softball "Nebraska Cornhuskers softball"); first pitch was on Sunday at 9:00 a.m. The Razorbacks' offense got off to their best start yet to close out the Troy Cox Classic, as they plated five runs (including a two RBIs driven home by Linnie Malkin and a Ryan Jackson home run) in the first inning alone. This was followed by a seven\-run second inning that saw Danielle Gibson tally one RBI and Ryan Jackson drive home two more before Audrie LaValley recorded the Lady Hogs' first [grand slam](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 "Grand slam (baseball)") of the year to make it 12–0\. Nebraska's offense responded in the bottom of the third with a pair of home runs to narrow the lead to nine. Arkansas would not be fazed; Braxton Burnside stepped up in the fourth and drilled a three\-run home run to increase the lead to 15–3\. Nebraska tallied a solo home run in the fifth, but was unable to do anything more and the Hogs won their third run rule contest by a margin of 15–4\.{{cite web \\|title\=Arkansas Crushes Three Home Runs in 15\-4 Rout of Nebraska \\|url\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/arkansas\-crushes\-three\-home\-runs\-in\-15\-4\-rout\-of\-nebraska/ \\|website\=Arkansas Razorbacks \\|accessdate\=February 14, 2020 \\|date\=9 February 2020}} Mary Haff tallied her first win of the year, having thrown 25 pitches in {{frac\\|1\\|2\\|3}} innings. She was assisted in the circle by Jenna Bloom, who tossed 45 in {{frac\\|2\\|1\\|3}} innings, and Rylin Hedgecock, who threw 18 in one inning of play. For the Cornhuskers, Lindsey Walljasper received the decision after throwing 75 pitches in {{frac\\|1\\|2\\|3}} innings. The other {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|3}} were played by Courtney Wallace, who threw 82 pitches in total.{{cite web \\|title\=Arkansas vs. Nebraska (February 09, 2020\) \\|url\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\-content/uploads/2020/02/Arkansas\-15\-Nebraska\-4\.pdf \\|publisher\=University of Arkansas \\|accessdate\=February 14, 2020}} {{Clear}} ### FGCU Invitational \|FGCU Invitational \|Memphis – \| Arkansas \| – \| \|Arkansas – \| FGCU \| – \| \|Furman {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|UIC {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Arkansas {{nbsp}} \| FGCU \| {{nbsp}} \| \|FGCU Softball Complex • [Fort Myers, FL](/wiki/Fort_Myers%2C_Florida "Fort Myers, Florida") Just five days after concluding play in New Mexico, the Hogs were set to begin another five\-game tournament slate, this time in [Fort Myers, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Myers%2C_Florida "Fort Myers, Florida") at the FGCU Invitational, hosted by the [Florida Gulf Coast Eagles](/wiki/Florida_Gulf_Coast_Eagles_softball "Florida Gulf Coast Eagles softball").{{cite web \\|title\=2020 Softball Schedule \\|url\=https://fgcuathletics.com/sports/softball/schedule \\|website\=FGCU Athletics \\|accessdate\=January 30, 2020 \\|language\=en}} Arkansas was scheduled to open with a 2:30 p.m. contest against [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_softball "Memphis Tigers softball") on Friday, February 14\. Later that day, the Razorbacks were set to take the diamond again to face the tournament's hosts, the FGCU Eagles, at 7:00 p.m. However, earlier that day, it was announced that these games had been cancelled and would not be made up. The Hogs have two games slated for Saturday: at 10:00 a.m., Arkansas will take on the [Furman Paladins](/wiki/Furman_Paladins_softball "Furman Paladins softball"), followed by a 2:30 p.m. matchup with the [UIC Flames](/wiki/UIC_Flames_softball "UIC Flames softball"). To conclude the tournament, Arkansas will again face FGCU; first pitch is scheduled for 12:30 p.m. on Sunday. {{Clear}} ### Razorback Invitational \|Razorback Invitational \|Boston University {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|South Dakota State {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Marist {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Boston University {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Montana {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Marist {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Bogle Park • [Fayetteville, AR](/wiki/Fayetteville%2C_Arkansas "Fayetteville, Arkansas") The Razorbacks will open at home on Thursday, February 20, with the first match of the Razorback Invitational against the [Boston University Terriers](/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_softball "Boston University Terriers softball"). First pitch will be at Bogle Park in [Fayetteville](/wiki/Fayetteville%2C_Arkansas "Fayetteville, Arkansas") at 4:30 p.m. Day 2 of the tournament will see the Hogs take on [South Dakota State](/wiki/South_Dakota_State_Jackrabbits_softball "South Dakota State Jackrabbits softball") at 2:30 p.m. and [Marist](/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_softball "Marist Red Foxes softball") at 4:45 p.m. Saturday's slate includes two more matchups for the Lady Razorbacks \- they will face Boston University again at 12:15 p.m., and will take on [Montana](/wiki/Montana_Grizzlies_softball "Montana Grizzlies softball") afterwards at 2:30 p.m. Arkansas will wrap up the Razorback invitational with a second game against Marist; this one on Sunday, February 23 at 11:45 a.m. {{Clear}} ### Woo Pig Classic \|Woo Pig Classic \|Baylor {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Villanova {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Kent State {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Florida State {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Villanova {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Kent State {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \| \|Bogle Park • [Fayetteville, AR](/wiki/Fayetteville%2C_Arkansas "Fayetteville, Arkansas") Just four days after concluding play at their first tournament, the Lady Razorbacks will be back out on the diamond to open their second tournament of the month, starting a slate of six games at the Woo Pig Classic. The opening game will begin at 4:30 p.m. on Thursday, February 27 against the [Baylor Lady Bears](/wiki/Baylor_Lady_Bears_softball "Baylor Lady Bears softball"). As with the Razorback Invitational, the Woo Pig Classic will feature an Arkansas doubleheader on Friday: the Hogs play [Villanova](/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats_softball "Villanova Wildcats softball") at 4:45 p.m. and [Kent State](/wiki/Kent_State_Golden_Flashes_softball "Kent State Golden Flashes softball") to finish the night at 7:00 p.m. Saturday will see two more matchups for the Lady Razorbacks. At 4:45 p.m., Arkansas will play host to [Florida State](/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_softball "Florida State Seminoles softball"), and a 7:00 p.m. rematch with Villanova will follow. Arkansas will conclude their fourth and final tournament of the month on Sunday, March 1, when they take on Kent State at 12:15 p.m. {{Clear}}	[ "February\n--------", "### Troy Cox Classic", "", "\|Troy Cox Classic", "\|UTEP 0 \| {{small\\\|24}} Arkansas \| 10 \|\n\|Bradley 4 \| {{small\\\|24}} Arkansas \| 3 \|\n\|Bradley 1 \| {{small\\\|24}} Arkansas \| 12 \|\n\|{{small\\\|24}} Arkansas 5 \| New Mexico State \| 4 \|\n\|{{small\\\|24}} Arkansas 15 \| Nebraska \| 4 \|\n\|[NM State Softball Complex](/wiki/NM_State_Softball_Complex \"NM State Softball Complex\") • [Las Cruces, NM](/wiki/Las_Cruces%2C_New_Mexico \"Las Cruces, New Mexico\")", "The Razorbacks opened their 2020 season with a road trip to [Las Cruces, New Mexico](/wiki/Las_Cruces%2C_New_Mexico \"Las Cruces, New Mexico\") for the 2020 playing of the Troy Cox Classic, hosted by the [New Mexico State Aggies](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Aggies_softball \"New Mexico State Aggies softball\"), which started Friday, February 7\\. Arkansas received preseason rankings of \\#17 by Softball America{{cite web \\\|title\\=2019 NCAA Division I Top 25 \\\|url\\=https://www.softballamerica.com/rankings/2020\\-ncaa\\-division\\-i\\-softball\\-top\\-25/ \\\|website\\=www.softballamerica.com \\\|accessdate\\=January 29, 2020}} and Flo Softball,{{cite web \\\|title\\=FloSoftball \\\|url\\=https://www.flosoftball.com/rankings/6097521\\-ncaa\\-division\\-i\\-softball\\-rankings/31529\\-2020\\-flosoftball\\-preseason\\-top\\-25\\-division\\-i\\-rankings \\\|website\\=www.flosoftball.com \\\|accessdate\\=January 29, 2020 \\\|language\\=en}} \\#20 by USA Softball,{{cite web \\\|title\\=NCAA College Rankings and Polls \\- ESPN \\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/college\\-sports/rankings/\\_/pollId/2/sportId/15530000 \\\|website\\=ESPN.com \\\|accessdate\\=January 29, 2020}} \\#21 by D1 Softball,{{cite web \\\|title\\=2020 D1Softball Preseason Top 25 Rankings • D1Softball \\\|url\\=https://d1softball.com/2020\\-d1softball\\-preseason\\-top\\-25\\-rankings/ \\\|website\\=D1Softball \\\|accessdate\\=January 29, 2020 \\\|date\\=21 January 2020}} and \\#24 by NFCA.{{cite web \\\|title\\=NFCA {{!}} National Fastpitch Coaches Association \\\|url\\=https://nfca.org/component/com\\_nfca/Itemid,230/list,1/pdiv,div1/top25,1/year,2020/ \\\|website\\=nfca.org \\\|accessdate\\=January 29, 2020 \\\|language\\=en\\-gb}} First pitch on opening day was at 9:30 a.m. CST (8:30 a.m. local MST) against the [UTEP Miners](/wiki/UTEP_Miners_softball \"UTEP Miners softball\"). The Razorbacks won their first game of the year in [run rule](/wiki/Mercy_rule \"Mercy rule\") fashion, defeating the Miners in five innings. Arkansas' Autumn Storms spent four innings on the mound, tossing 52 pitches, while Jenna Bloom threw 20 pitches to get the final three outs. For the Miners, Allie Johnson spent the entire contest in the circle, throwing 183 pitches.{{cite web \\\|title\\=UTEP vs. Arkansas (February 07, 2020\\) \\\|url\\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/02/Arkansas\\-10\\-UTEP\\-0\\.pdf \\\|publisher\\=University of Arkansas \\\|accessdate\\=February 14, 2020}} The Lady Hogs put up one run apiece in the first and second innings before scoring three in the third to extend the lead to 5–0\\. Another two runs scored in the fourth before freshman Rylin Hedgecock, pinch hitting, ended the contest with a run rule three\\-run home run, the game's only homer.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Arkansas Earns Split in Opening Day Doubleheader \\\|url\\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/arkansas\\-earns\\-split\\-in\\-opening\\-day\\-doubleheader/ \\\|website\\=Arkansas Razorbacks \\\|accessdate\\=February 14, 2020 \\\|date\\=7 February 2020}}", "The Razorbacks continued their tournament schedule with a doubleheader against the [Bradley Braves](/wiki/Bradley_Braves_softball \"Bradley Braves softball\"), with the first game starting on Friday at 2:00 p.m. and the second on Saturday at 11:00 a.m. Friday's contest saw the Hogs suffer their first defeat of the season, by a margin of a single run. The Hogs opened the scoring in the first inning off of a Hannah McEwen RBI, and the score remained 1–0 until the bottom of the fourth, when a defensive error cost the Hogs two runs and the lead. The Braves extended their lead in the next inning by virtue of a wild pitch, making the score 3–1\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Bradley vs. Arkansas (February 07, 2020\\) \\\|url\\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/02/Bradley\\-3\\-20\\-Arkansas\\-2\\.pdf \\\|publisher\\=University of Arkansas \\\|accessdate\\=February 14, 2020}} Although the Razorbacks attempted to mount a comeback in the seventh and final inning, it fell barely short, and the Braves picked up the victory, 3–2\\. Both teams utilized only one pitcher for the entire game—Arkansas stuck with Mary Haff, who threw 72 pitches, while Bradley stayed with Emma Jackson, who tossed 131\\.", "The rematch with Bradley opened the Hogs' second day of tournament play, and they took full advantage of it. Arkansas jumped out to a 4–0 lead in the first inning, via a Kayla Green RBI and a Linnie Malkin three\\-run homer. The lead was extended to 8–0 with four more runs in the third inning by way of a bases loaded [hit by pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch \"Hit by pitch\") and a three\\-run RBI double from Sydney Parr. A couple wild throws allowed the Braves to plate a run in the top of the fourth in unearned fashion, though the Razorbacks responded with another four\\-run inning, extending the lead to 12–1\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Gibson's Blast Lifts Razorbacks to Doubleheader Sweep \\\|url\\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/gibsons\\-blast\\-lifts\\-razorbacks\\-to\\-doubleheader\\-sweep/ \\\|website\\=Arkansas Razorbacks \\\|accessdate\\=February 14, 2020 \\\|date\\=8 February 2020}} A scoreless fifth inning from the Braves' offense triggered the end of the game, giving the Lady Hogs their second win of the year, both in run rule fashion. Autumn Storms picked up her second decision of the year after throwing 43 pitches over three innings; she was assisted by Jenna Bloom, who completed two innings in just 32 pitches. For the Braves, Morgan Radford tossed 71 in the first three innings; she was relieved by Grace French, who completed the fourth and final inning in 35 pitches.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Bradley vs. Arkansas (February 08, 2020\\) \\\|url\\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/02/Arkansas\\-12\\-Bradley\\-1\\.pdf \\\|publisher\\=University of Arkansas \\\|accessdate\\=February 14, 2020}}", "The Hogs' fourth tournament game was against the hosts, [New Mexico State](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Aggies_softball \"New Mexico State Aggies softball\"); first pitch was on Saturday at 4:30 p.m. Arkansas fell behind early, surrendering three runs in the second inning, all by way of solo homers. Arkansas responded in the fifth, as Braxton Burnside sent a single to center field that drove home a run. In the sixth, the Hogs plated another, this one from Audrie LaValley's infield single. Arkansas kept it up in the seventh, as they took their first lead of the contest, 4–3, from Danielle Gibson's two\\-run homer, which was immediately followed by Linnie Malkin's solo home, her second of the day. In the circle, Autumn Storms earned her third win of the year, throwing 39 pitches in {{frac\\\|2\\\|2\\\|3}} innings. The Hogs also saw 1 inning completed by Mary Haff (18 pitches) and {{frac\\\|3\\\|1\\\|3}} by Jenna Bloom (49 pitches). The Aggies relied largely on Matalasi Faapito, who delivered 94 pitches in her six innings of play. She was relieved during the seventh inning by Chloe Rivas, who delivered the last three outs in 20 pitches.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Arkansas vs. New Mexico State (February 08, 2020\\) \\\|url\\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/02/20\\-Arkansas\\-5\\-NM\\-State\\-4\\.pdf \\\|publisher\\=University of Arkansas \\\|accessdate\\=February 14, 2020}}", "The Hogs' fifth and final tournament game was against [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_softball \"Nebraska Cornhuskers softball\"); first pitch was on Sunday at 9:00 a.m. The Razorbacks' offense got off to their best start yet to close out the Troy Cox Classic, as they plated five runs (including a two RBIs driven home by Linnie Malkin and a Ryan Jackson home run) in the first inning alone. This was followed by a seven\\-run second inning that saw Danielle Gibson tally one RBI and Ryan Jackson drive home two more before Audrie LaValley recorded the Lady Hogs' first [grand slam](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 \"Grand slam (baseball)\") of the year to make it 12–0\\. Nebraska's offense responded in the bottom of the third with a pair of home runs to narrow the lead to nine. Arkansas would not be fazed; Braxton Burnside stepped up in the fourth and drilled a three\\-run home run to increase the lead to 15–3\\. Nebraska tallied a solo home run in the fifth, but was unable to do anything more and the Hogs won their third run rule contest by a margin of 15–4\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Arkansas Crushes Three Home Runs in 15\\-4 Rout of Nebraska \\\|url\\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/arkansas\\-crushes\\-three\\-home\\-runs\\-in\\-15\\-4\\-rout\\-of\\-nebraska/ \\\|website\\=Arkansas Razorbacks \\\|accessdate\\=February 14, 2020 \\\|date\\=9 February 2020}} Mary Haff tallied her first win of the year, having thrown 25 pitches in {{frac\\\|1\\\|2\\\|3}} innings. She was assisted in the circle by Jenna Bloom, who tossed 45 in {{frac\\\|2\\\|1\\\|3}} innings, and Rylin Hedgecock, who threw 18 in one inning of play. For the Cornhuskers, Lindsey Walljasper received the decision after throwing 75 pitches in {{frac\\\|1\\\|2\\\|3}} innings. The other {{frac\\\|3\\\|1\\\|3}} were played by Courtney Wallace, who threw 82 pitches in total.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Arkansas vs. Nebraska (February 09, 2020\\) \\\|url\\=https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/02/Arkansas\\-15\\-Nebraska\\-4\\.pdf \\\|publisher\\=University of Arkansas \\\|accessdate\\=February 14, 2020}}\n{{Clear}}", "### FGCU Invitational", "", "\|FGCU Invitational", "\|Memphis – \| Arkansas \| – \|\n\|Arkansas – \| FGCU \| – \|\n\|Furman {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|UIC {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Arkansas {{nbsp}} \| FGCU \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|FGCU Softball Complex • [Fort Myers, FL](/wiki/Fort_Myers%2C_Florida \"Fort Myers, Florida\")", "Just five days after concluding play in New Mexico, the Hogs were set to begin another five\\-game tournament slate, this time in [Fort Myers, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Myers%2C_Florida \"Fort Myers, Florida\") at the FGCU Invitational, hosted by the [Florida Gulf Coast Eagles](/wiki/Florida_Gulf_Coast_Eagles_softball \"Florida Gulf Coast Eagles softball\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=2020 Softball Schedule \\\|url\\=https://fgcuathletics.com/sports/softball/schedule \\\|website\\=FGCU Athletics \\\|accessdate\\=January 30, 2020 \\\|language\\=en}} Arkansas was scheduled to open with a 2:30 p.m. contest against [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_softball \"Memphis Tigers softball\") on Friday, February 14\\. Later that day, the Razorbacks were set to take the diamond again to face the tournament's hosts, the FGCU Eagles, at 7:00 p.m. However, earlier that day, it was announced that these games had been cancelled and would not be made up.", "The Hogs have two games slated for Saturday: at 10:00 a.m., Arkansas will take on the [Furman Paladins](/wiki/Furman_Paladins_softball \"Furman Paladins softball\"), followed by a 2:30 p.m. matchup with the [UIC Flames](/wiki/UIC_Flames_softball \"UIC Flames softball\").", "To conclude the tournament, Arkansas will again face FGCU; first pitch is scheduled for 12:30 p.m. on Sunday.\n{{Clear}}", "### Razorback Invitational", "", "\|Razorback Invitational", "\|Boston University {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|South Dakota State {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Marist {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Boston University {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Montana {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Marist {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Bogle Park • [Fayetteville, AR](/wiki/Fayetteville%2C_Arkansas \"Fayetteville, Arkansas\")", "The Razorbacks will open at home on Thursday, February 20, with the first match of the Razorback Invitational against the [Boston University Terriers](/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_softball \"Boston University Terriers softball\"). First pitch will be at Bogle Park in [Fayetteville](/wiki/Fayetteville%2C_Arkansas \"Fayetteville, Arkansas\") at 4:30 p.m.", "Day 2 of the tournament will see the Hogs take on [South Dakota State](/wiki/South_Dakota_State_Jackrabbits_softball \"South Dakota State Jackrabbits softball\") at 2:30 p.m. and [Marist](/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_softball \"Marist Red Foxes softball\") at 4:45 p.m.", "Saturday's slate includes two more matchups for the Lady Razorbacks \\- they will face Boston University again at 12:15 p.m., and will take on [Montana](/wiki/Montana_Grizzlies_softball \"Montana Grizzlies softball\") afterwards at 2:30 p.m.", "Arkansas will wrap up the Razorback invitational with a second game against Marist; this one on Sunday, February 23 at 11:45 a.m.\n{{Clear}}", "### Woo Pig Classic", "", "\|Woo Pig Classic", "\|Baylor {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Villanova {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Kent State {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Florida State {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Villanova {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Kent State {{nbsp}} \| Arkansas \| {{nbsp}} \|\n\|Bogle Park • [Fayetteville, AR](/wiki/Fayetteville%2C_Arkansas \"Fayetteville, Arkansas\")", "Just four days after concluding play at their first tournament, the Lady Razorbacks will be back out on the diamond to open their second tournament of the month, starting a slate of six games at the Woo Pig Classic. The opening game will begin at 4:30 p.m. on Thursday, February 27 against the [Baylor Lady Bears](/wiki/Baylor_Lady_Bears_softball \"Baylor Lady Bears softball\").", "As with the Razorback Invitational, the Woo Pig Classic will feature an Arkansas doubleheader on Friday: the Hogs play [Villanova](/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats_softball \"Villanova Wildcats softball\") at 4:45 p.m. and [Kent State](/wiki/Kent_State_Golden_Flashes_softball \"Kent State Golden Flashes softball\") to finish the night at 7:00 p.m.", "Saturday will see two more matchups for the Lady Razorbacks. At 4:45 p.m., Arkansas will play host to [Florida State](/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_softball \"Florida State Seminoles softball\"), and a 7:00 p.m. rematch with Villanova will follow.", "Arkansas will conclude their fourth and final tournament of the month on Sunday, March 1, when they take on Kent State at 12:15 p.m.\n{{Clear}}", "" ]
History ------- Smithfield House was designed by James Marks \& Son in 1895 for [James Taylor](/wiki/James_Taylor_%28Queensland_politician%29 "James Taylor (Queensland politician)"), a wealthy [Darling Downs](/wiki/Darling_Downs "Darling Downs") landowner. The contractor was Sydney (Harry) Andrews. Taylor is considered to have been the driving force behind [Toowoomba](/wiki/Toowoomba "Toowoomba")'s development, as he invested heavily in land in Toowoomba particularly during late 1850s. He took a leading role in encouraging the social, cultural and economic development of Toowoomba, donating land to various groups and churches, and he became known as "the King of Toowoomba". Taylor was [Mayor of Toowoomba](/wiki/Mayor_of_Toowoomba "Mayor of Toowoomba") in 1890 and was a Member of Parliament between 1860 and 1893\. Smithfield was the third house built by Taylor. It was built on a 300\-acre section of land on the southern side of the Toowoomba border, at the edge of the township of [Drayton](/wiki/Drayton%2C_Queensland "Drayton, Queensland"). Taylor planted and tended a fine stand of trees flanking the long carriageway, which, it has been suggested, have been preserved in parkland across from the homestead, though this has yet to be determined. [James Marks](/wiki/James_Marks_%28Australian_architect%29 "James Marks (Australian architect)") was one of the most influential architects in Toowoomba from the late 1860s to the early twentieth century. He and his son [Harry Marks](/wiki/Harry_Marks_%28Queensland_architect%29 "Harry Marks (Queensland architect)") with whom he entered into partnership in 1892 came to dominate the architectural profession in the Darling Downs for more than half a century. James Marks' own works include [St Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral](/wiki/St_Patricks_Cathedral%2C_Toowoomba "St Patricks Cathedral, Toowoomba") in James St, Toowoomba and [St Matthew's Anglican Church](/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Drayton "St Matthew's Anglican Church, Drayton") in Drayton. Smithfield House was designed under James Marks \& Son whose works also include the Bandstand in Toowoomba Botanical Gardens, [Ascot House](/wiki/Ascot_House "Ascot House") in Toowoomba and [Vacy Hall](/wiki/Vacy_Hall "Vacy Hall") {{circa\\|1900}}. James and Harry Marks have left a significant visible legacy in the buildings of Toowoomba of which Smithfield House is an important example. James Taylor never lived in Smithfield house; he stayed at [Clifford House](/wiki/Clifford_House%2C_Toowoomba "Clifford House, Toowoomba"). Smithfield's first occupant, ca. 1907, was Oscar Flemmich. Flemmich has been described as both a German industrialist and an Austrian nobleman. He built extensive stables on the grounds, but left Smithfield during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). His reasons for leaving have been attributed to [pressure from anti\-German communities](/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment "Anti-German sentiment") in the area. Part of the Taylor estate was sold to Darcy Winton, a [Charleville](/wiki/Charleville%2C_Queensland "Charleville, Queensland") grazier in 1908, and during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the house was used as part of a private school. It was sold to the [Anglican Church](/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada "Anglican Church of Canada") to house the [Glennie Memorial School](/wiki/Glennie_Memorial_School "Glennie Memorial School") until 1962\. Between 1962\-1966 the property was leased by the Minter family from the Church of England In 1966 it was sold for sub\-division and during this time suffered a period of decay and attacks by vandals before restoration in the 1970s. In 1974, Smithfield Homestead was bought by Barwick and Ceisolka. Initial plans to turn the property into a restaurant were objected to by Toowoomba residents, as indicted by letters to the editor in [The Toowoomba Chronicle](/wiki/The_Toowoomba_Chronicle "The Toowoomba Chronicle"). However, any objections were unsuccessful as Smithfield Homestead was opened as a restaurant in 1975\. In 1978 it was sold to Kelvin and Thelma Roche, who continued to operate Smithfield Homestead as a restaurant from 1975 until it was leased to Paul Hughes and Brian Pozzey in the early 1980s. Smithfield Homestead was one of the most popular restaurants in Toowoomba, hosting many functions including weddings and receptions. The property was sold in 1995 and again in 2002 and 2003\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.realestate.com.au/property/8\-panda\-st\-harristown\-qld\-4350?rsf\=syn:oth\\|title\=8 Panda Street, Harristown Qld 4350\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|date\=\\|website\=Realestate.com.au\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805031314/https://www.realestate.com.au/property/8\-panda\-st\-harristown\-qld\-4350?rsf\=syn:oth\\|archive\-date\=5 August 2017\\|url\-status\=live\\|access\-date\=5 August 2017}} In April 2017, the property was again up for sale with an asking price of $1,235,000\.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.realestate.com.au/property\-house\-qld\-harristown\-124184574\\|title\=8 Panda Street Harristown Qld 4350\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|date\=\\|website\=Realestate.com.au\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805035435/https://www.realestate.com.au/property\-house\-qld\-harristown\-124184574\\|archive\-date\=5 August 2017\\|url\-status\=live\\|access\-date\=5 August 2017}}	[ "History\n-------", "Smithfield House was designed by James Marks \\& Son in 1895 for [James Taylor](/wiki/James_Taylor_%28Queensland_politician%29 \"James Taylor (Queensland politician)\"), a wealthy [Darling Downs](/wiki/Darling_Downs \"Darling Downs\") landowner. The contractor was Sydney (Harry) Andrews.", "Taylor is considered to have been the driving force behind [Toowoomba](/wiki/Toowoomba \"Toowoomba\")'s development, as he invested heavily in land in Toowoomba particularly during late 1850s. He took a leading role in encouraging the social, cultural and economic development of Toowoomba, donating land to various groups and churches, and he became known as \"the King of Toowoomba\". Taylor was [Mayor of Toowoomba](/wiki/Mayor_of_Toowoomba \"Mayor of Toowoomba\") in 1890 and was a Member of Parliament between 1860 and 1893\\. Smithfield was the third house built by Taylor. It was built on a 300\\-acre section of land on the southern side of the Toowoomba border, at the edge of the township of [Drayton](/wiki/Drayton%2C_Queensland \"Drayton, Queensland\"). Taylor planted and tended a fine stand of trees flanking the long carriageway, which, it has been suggested, have been preserved in parkland across from the homestead, though this has yet to be determined.", "[James Marks](/wiki/James_Marks_%28Australian_architect%29 \"James Marks (Australian architect)\") was one of the most influential architects in Toowoomba from the late 1860s to the early twentieth century. He and his son [Harry Marks](/wiki/Harry_Marks_%28Queensland_architect%29 \"Harry Marks (Queensland architect)\") with whom he entered into partnership in 1892 came to dominate the architectural profession in the Darling Downs for more than half a century. James Marks' own works include [St Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral](/wiki/St_Patricks_Cathedral%2C_Toowoomba \"St Patricks Cathedral, Toowoomba\") in James St, Toowoomba and [St Matthew's Anglican Church](/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Drayton \"St Matthew's Anglican Church, Drayton\") in Drayton. Smithfield House was designed under James Marks \\& Son whose works also include the Bandstand in Toowoomba Botanical Gardens, [Ascot House](/wiki/Ascot_House \"Ascot House\") in Toowoomba and [Vacy Hall](/wiki/Vacy_Hall \"Vacy Hall\") {{circa\\\|1900}}. James and Harry Marks have left a significant visible legacy in the buildings of Toowoomba of which Smithfield House is an important example.", "James Taylor never lived in Smithfield house; he stayed at [Clifford House](/wiki/Clifford_House%2C_Toowoomba \"Clifford House, Toowoomba\"). Smithfield's first occupant, ca. 1907, was Oscar Flemmich. Flemmich has been described as both a German industrialist and an Austrian nobleman. He built extensive stables on the grounds, but left Smithfield during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). His reasons for leaving have been attributed to [pressure from anti\\-German communities](/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment \"Anti-German sentiment\") in the area.", "Part of the Taylor estate was sold to Darcy Winton, a [Charleville](/wiki/Charleville%2C_Queensland \"Charleville, Queensland\") grazier in 1908, and during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the house was used as part of a private school. It was sold to the [Anglican Church](/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada \"Anglican Church of Canada\") to house the [Glennie Memorial School](/wiki/Glennie_Memorial_School \"Glennie Memorial School\") until 1962\\. Between 1962\\-1966 the property was leased by the Minter family from the Church of England", "In 1966 it was sold for sub\\-division and during this time suffered a period of decay and attacks by vandals before restoration in the 1970s.", "In 1974, Smithfield Homestead was bought by Barwick and Ceisolka. Initial plans to turn the property into a restaurant were objected to by Toowoomba residents, as indicted by letters to the editor in [The Toowoomba Chronicle](/wiki/The_Toowoomba_Chronicle \"The Toowoomba Chronicle\"). However, any objections were unsuccessful as Smithfield Homestead was opened as a restaurant in 1975\\. In 1978 it was sold to Kelvin and Thelma Roche, who continued to operate Smithfield Homestead as a restaurant from 1975 until it was leased to Paul Hughes and Brian Pozzey in the early 1980s. Smithfield Homestead was one of the most popular restaurants in Toowoomba, hosting many functions including weddings and receptions.", "The property was sold in 1995 and again in 2002 and 2003\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.realestate.com.au/property/8\\-panda\\-st\\-harristown\\-qld\\-4350?rsf\\=syn:oth\\\|title\\=8 Panda Street, Harristown Qld 4350\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|date\\=\\\|website\\=Realestate.com.au\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805031314/https://www.realestate.com.au/property/8\\-panda\\-st\\-harristown\\-qld\\-4350?rsf\\=syn:oth\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2017\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2017}} In April 2017, the property was again up for sale with an asking price of $1,235,000\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.realestate.com.au/property\\-house\\-qld\\-harristown\\-124184574\\\|title\\=8 Panda Street Harristown Qld 4350\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|date\\=\\\|website\\=Realestate.com.au\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805035435/https://www.realestate.com.au/property\\-house\\-qld\\-harristown\\-124184574\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2017\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2017}}", "" ]
Description ----------- Smithfield House is located on the corner of Panda and Cheviot Streets, Toowoomba sited on a flat parcel of land. The site is composed of well manicured gardens which constitute what remains of the historical setting of the house. Smithfield itself is a single storey residence of stone construction. The {{convert\\|0\.6\\|m\\|adj\=on}} [bluestone](/wiki/Bluestone "Bluestone") [foundations](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 "Foundation (engineering)") extend {{convert\\|4\\|m}} deep into the ground. The [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") was transported from England and the bluestone was quarried locally. The external walls are distinguished by bluestone blocks with [rusticated](/wiki/Rustication_%28architecture%29 "Rustication (architecture)") sandstone [quoins](/wiki/Quoin_%28architecture%29 "Quoin (architecture)") to door and window openings. The core of the building has a complex roof structure of [corrugated iron](/wiki/Corrugated_iron "Corrugated iron") with four prominent decorated sandstone [chimneys](/wiki/Chimney "Chimney"). The bracketed [eaves](/wiki/Eaves "Eaves") on the main roof impart an [Italianate quality](/wiki/Italianate_architecture "Italianate architecture") to the house. [Verandahs](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") surround the north, east and west elevations of the house and are {{convert\\|3\.6\\|m}} deep and constructed of [crows ash](/wiki/Crows_ash "Crows ash") timber. Sandstone steps lead from the front garden to an elaborate [portico](/wiki/Portico "Portico") which extends through the verandah at the front. Two large [bay windows](/wiki/Bay_window "Bay window") project onto the front verandah at the sides. These large windows consist of one multi\-paned fixed upper [sash](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") and one sliding lower sash. The verandah roof is separate from that of the main house and is supported on decorative twin timber posts. The centrally located front door is framed between the two bay windows, whose forms are echoed in the main roof form. Decorative [leadlight](/wiki/Leadlight "Leadlight") panes also surround the front door. The front entrance leads into a wide hallway which runs the length the original house and is flanked on either side by symmetrically placed rooms. The hallway features two moulded arch archways as well as moulded [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice"). The front easterly room is the main bedroom which includes a [fireplace](/wiki/Fireplace "Fireplace") with decorative [mantle](/wiki/Fireplace_mantle "Fireplace mantle") and features timber inlay borders on the timber floors. Directly opposite this room is another large room used as a lounge with similar features. These rooms gain access to the front verandah via the large bay windows. Internally the walls are finished in plaster and feature high\-quality timber joinery, while the floors are of wide hardwood boards. A recent addition has been constructed to the rear of the original house during the period it was used as a restaurant and entertainment venue in the 1970s. This rear addition is externally clad in [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard "Weatherboard") and is not visible from the front elevation of the house. The original rear external bluestone wall now sits internally and marks the commencement of the addition from inside the house. Internally the addition is characterised by plasterboard cladding and includes a spacious dining and entertaining area, kitchen, bathrooms and laundry.	[ "Description\n-----------", "Smithfield House is located on the corner of Panda and Cheviot Streets, Toowoomba sited on a flat parcel of land. The site is composed of well manicured gardens which constitute what remains of the historical setting of the house.", "Smithfield itself is a single storey residence of stone construction. The {{convert\\\|0\\.6\\\|m\\\|adj\\=on}} [bluestone](/wiki/Bluestone \"Bluestone\") [foundations](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 \"Foundation (engineering)\") extend {{convert\\\|4\\\|m}} deep into the ground. The [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") was transported from England and the bluestone was quarried locally. The external walls are distinguished by bluestone blocks with [rusticated](/wiki/Rustication_%28architecture%29 \"Rustication (architecture)\") sandstone [quoins](/wiki/Quoin_%28architecture%29 \"Quoin (architecture)\") to door and window openings. The core of the building has a complex roof structure of [corrugated iron](/wiki/Corrugated_iron \"Corrugated iron\") with four prominent decorated sandstone [chimneys](/wiki/Chimney \"Chimney\"). The bracketed [eaves](/wiki/Eaves \"Eaves\") on the main roof impart an [Italianate quality](/wiki/Italianate_architecture \"Italianate architecture\") to the house.", "[Verandahs](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") surround the north, east and west elevations of the house and are {{convert\\\|3\\.6\\\|m}} deep and constructed of [crows ash](/wiki/Crows_ash \"Crows ash\") timber. Sandstone steps lead from the front garden to an elaborate [portico](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\") which extends through the verandah at the front. Two large [bay windows](/wiki/Bay_window \"Bay window\") project onto the front verandah at the sides. These large windows consist of one multi\\-paned fixed upper [sash](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") and one sliding lower sash. The verandah roof is separate from that of the main house and is supported on decorative twin timber posts. The centrally located front door is framed between the two bay windows, whose forms are echoed in the main roof form. Decorative [leadlight](/wiki/Leadlight \"Leadlight\") panes also surround the front door.", "The front entrance leads into a wide hallway which runs the length the original house and is flanked on either side by symmetrically placed rooms. The hallway features two moulded arch archways as well as moulded [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\"). The front easterly room is the main bedroom which includes a [fireplace](/wiki/Fireplace \"Fireplace\") with decorative [mantle](/wiki/Fireplace_mantle \"Fireplace mantle\") and features timber inlay borders on the timber floors. Directly opposite this room is another large room used as a lounge with similar features. These rooms gain access to the front verandah via the large bay windows.", "Internally the walls are finished in plaster and feature high\\-quality timber joinery, while the floors are of wide hardwood boards.", "A recent addition has been constructed to the rear of the original house during the period it was used as a restaurant and entertainment venue in the 1970s. This rear addition is externally clad in [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard \"Weatherboard\") and is not visible from the front elevation of the house. The original rear external bluestone wall now sits internally and marks the commencement of the addition from inside the house. Internally the addition is characterised by plasterboard cladding and includes a spacious dining and entertaining area, kitchen, bathrooms and laundry.", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- Smithfield House was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. Smithfield House is reflective of the pattern of affluent settlement which occurred in Toowoomba in the late 19th century, demonstrating the transition of the Darling Downs from a sparsely populated rural district to one of prosperity and prominence. It is one of the many fine residences which reflect Toowoomba's leading position during the development of the rich Darling Downs. It is typical of a residence built for wealthy landowners in the Darling Downs during the period. Also of historical significance is the land on which Smithfield house sits. The relatively large property located amongst small suburban blocks is reflective of the pattern of land settlement in Toowoomba prior to sub\-division and close urban settlement which occurred from the mid 20th century onwards. Smithfield originally occupied 300 acres and the current lot is the remnant of this early property. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. It also demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial affluent domestic building of late 19th century in Queensland. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. Smithfield House demonstrates significant aesthetic value as a substantial, well\-composed house displaying fine workmanship and detailing. Its spacious gardens complement the house creating a sense of the balance between the substantially sized house and its surrounding environment. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. Smithfield House has special association with the work of prominent Toowoomba architect J. Marks as well as special association with the life of James Taylor who was a prominent figure in Toowoomba's development and Mayor of Toowoomba in 1890\.	[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "Smithfield House was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.", "The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.", "Smithfield House is reflective of the pattern of affluent settlement which occurred in Toowoomba in the late 19th century, demonstrating the transition of the Darling Downs from a sparsely populated rural district to one of prosperity and prominence. It is one of the many fine residences which reflect Toowoomba's leading position during the development of the rich Darling Downs. It is typical of a residence built for wealthy landowners in the Darling Downs during the period.", "Also of historical significance is the land on which Smithfield house sits. The relatively large property located amongst small suburban blocks is reflective of the pattern of land settlement in Toowoomba prior to sub\\-division and close urban settlement which occurred from the mid 20th century onwards. Smithfield originally occupied 300 acres and the current lot is the remnant of this early property.", "The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.", "It also demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial affluent domestic building of late 19th century in Queensland.", "The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.", "Smithfield House demonstrates significant aesthetic value as a substantial, well\\-composed house displaying fine workmanship and detailing. Its spacious gardens complement the house creating a sense of the balance between the substantially sized house and its surrounding environment.", "The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.", "Smithfield House has special association with the work of prominent Toowoomba architect J. Marks as well as special association with the life of James Taylor who was a prominent figure in Toowoomba's development and Mayor of Toowoomba in 1890\\.", "" ]
Career ------ Landau's early work included site specific productions with New York City's En Garde Arts, including Orestes and The Trojan Women: A Love Story, both by [Charles L. Mee](/wiki/Charles_L._Mee "Charles L. Mee"), as well as her original play "Stonewall: Night Variations." [Floyd Collins](/wiki/Floyd_Collins_%28musical%29 "Floyd Collins (musical)"), with a book by Landau and a score by [Adam Guettel](/wiki/Adam_Guettel "Adam Guettel"), opened off\-Broadway at [Playwrights Horizons](/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons "Playwrights Horizons") in 1996\. Landau was nominated for the [Drama Desk Award](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award "Drama Desk Award") for Outstanding [Book](/wiki/Goodspeed_Musicals "Goodspeed Musicals") of a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical, and the production won the [Lucille Lortel Award](/wiki/Lucille_Lortel_Award "Lucille Lortel Award") for Best Musical. A later version of the show played at San Diego's [Old Globe Theater](/wiki/Old_Globe_Theater "Old Globe Theater"), The [Goodman](/wiki/Goodman_Theatre "Goodman Theatre") Theater in Chicago, and The [Prince Music Theater](/wiki/Prince_Music_Theater "Prince Music Theater") in Philadelphia (where it was originally commissioned and produced.) In 1997, she became a member of the [Steppenwolf Theatre Company](/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company "Steppenwolf Theatre Company"), where she has directed numerous productions including The Wheel, The Hot L Baltimore, [Tarell Alvin McCraney](/wiki/Tarell_Alvin_McCraney "Tarell Alvin McCraney")'s The Brother/Sister Plays and Head of Passes, [The Tempest](/wiki/The_Tempest "The Tempest"), [The Time of Your Life](/wiki/The_Time_of_Your_Life "The Time of Your Life") (which later moved to Seattle Rep and A.C.T.), [The Diary of Anne Frank](/wiki/The_Diary_of_Anne_Frank_%28play%29 "The Diary of Anne Frank (play)"), [The Cherry Orchard](/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard "The Cherry Orchard"), Theatrical Essays, Time to Burn, Berlin Circle, and The Ballad of Little Jo. She made her [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") debut directing the 2001 revival of [Bells Are Ringing](/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_%28musical%29 "Bells Are Ringing (musical)") with [Faith Prince](/wiki/Faith_Prince "Faith Prince"), and in 2009 she returned to Broadway with the Steppenwolf production of [Tracy Letts](/wiki/Tracy_Letts "Tracy Letts")' [Superior Donuts](/wiki/Superior_Donuts "Superior Donuts"). In February 2015 Nickelodeon announced that she had been tapped to co\-adapt and direct [SpongeBob SquarePants, The Broadway Musical](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants%2C_The_Broadway_Musical "SpongeBob SquarePants, The Broadway Musical"), a stage adaptation of [SpongeBob SquarePants](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants "SpongeBob SquarePants").{{cite magazine \\|url\=http://www.ew.com/2015/02/25/spongebob\-musical\\|title\=SpongeBob musical has eye on Broadway\\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|date\=2015\-02\-25 \\|accessdate\=2015\-03\-20}} The show opened on Broadway on December 4, 2017\.[SpongeBob Squarepants](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/theater/spongebob-squarepants-the-broadway-musical-nickelodeon.html) The New York Times, November 22, 2017 For SpongeBob SquarePants, Landau was nominated for the 2018 [Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Direction_of_a_Musical "Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical") at the [72nd Tony Awards](/wiki/72nd_Tony_Awards "72nd Tony Awards"). She won Best Director of a Musical at both the 2018 [Drama Desk Awards](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Awards "Drama Desk Awards") and [Outer Critics Circle Awards](/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Awards "Outer Critics Circle Awards"), and the production won for Best Musical in both awards as well.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://outercritics.org/68th\-annual\-awards\-outer\-critics\-circle\-announce\-2017\-18\-award\-winners\-harry\-potter\-and\-the\-cursed\-child\-tops\-win\-list\-with\-6\-awards/\\|title\=68th Annual Awards Outer Critics Circle Announce 2017\-18 Award Winners! Harry Potter and the Cursed Child" Tops Win List with 6 Awards!\\|website\=outercritics.org\\|accessdate\=Apr 27, 2019\\|archive\-date\=April 27, 2019\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427181915/https://outercritics.org/68th\-annual\-awards\-outer\-critics\-circle\-announce\-2017\-18\-award\-winners\-harry\-potter\-and\-the\-cursed\-child\-tops\-win\-list\-with\-6\-awards/\\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.playbill.com/article/spongebob\-squarepants\-leads\-2018\-drama\-desk\-awards\\|title\=SpongeBob SquarePants Leads 2018 Drama Desk Awards\\|first\=Playbill\\|last\=Staff\\|date\=Jun 3, 2018\\|website\=Playbill\\|accessdate\=Apr 27, 2019}} Landau's other New York City directing credits include Old Hats (with [Bill Irwin](/wiki/Bill_Irwin "Bill Irwin") and David Shiner) at the Signature Theater, [Paula Vogel](/wiki/Paula_Vogel "Paula Vogel")'s A Civil War Christmas at New York Theatre Workshop, [Charles L. Mee](/wiki/Charles_L._Mee "Charles L. Mee")’s [Iphigenia 2\.0](/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Aulis "Iphigenia in Aulis") at the Signature, Dream True, Mary Rose, Miracle Brothers and Wig Out!, all at [the Vineyard Theater](/wiki/Vineyard_Theater "Vineyard Theater"), as well as In the Red and Brown Water, Space, and Saturn Returns all at [The Public Theater](/wiki/The_Public_Theater "The Public Theater"). Landau's many other regional credits include [Antony and Cleopatra](/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra "Antony and Cleopatra") at Hartford Stage, [A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream "A Midsummer Night's Dream") at the McCarter Theater and Paper Mill Playhouse, [Of Thee I Sing](/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing "Of Thee I Sing") at Papermill, [The Cure at Troy](/wiki/The_Cure_at_Troy "The Cure at Troy") at Seattle Rep, Zack Zadek's Deathless at [Goodspeed Musicals](/wiki/Goodspeed_Musicals "Goodspeed Musicals"),{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.playbill.com/article/jennifer\-damiano\-and\-jessica\-phillips\-to\-lead\-goodspeeds\-deathless\\|title\=Jennifer Damiano and Jessica Phillips to Lead Goodspeed's Deathless {{!}} Playbill\\|last\=Hetrick\\|first\=Adam\\|website\=Playbill\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2017\-05\-11}}Rickwald, Bethany. ["Tina Landau Dives Into a 'Deathless' Future in Zack Zadek's New Musical"](https://www.theatermania.com/connecticut-theater/news/interview-with-tina-landau-deathless_81313.html) theatermania.com, June 2, 2017 and the musical [Dave](/wiki/Dave_%28musical%29 "Dave (musical)") at [Arena Stage](/wiki/Arena_Stage "Arena Stage"). In addition to Floyd Collins, Landau's writing includes book and lyrics for Dream True and States of Independence, both with scores by [Ricky Ian Gordon](/wiki/Ricky_Ian_Gordon "Ricky Ian Gordon"), the plays Beauty at [La Jolla Playhouse](/wiki/La_Jolla_Playhouse "La Jolla Playhouse") (San Diego Critics Best Play), Space at Steppenwolf, the Public, and the Mark Taper Forum (TIME magazine Top Ten), Stonewall: Night Variations, and 1969 (or Howie Takes a Trip). With [Anne Bogart](/wiki/Anne_Bogart "Anne Bogart"), Landau has co\-authored The Viewpoints Book: A Practical Guide to Viewpoints and Composition.Anne Bogart; Tina Landau (1 August 2004\). The Viewpoints Book: A Practical Guide to Viewpoints and Composition. Theatre Communications Group. {{ISBN\\|978\-1\-55936\-677\-9}}. Landau has taught at Yale University and the [Yale School of Drama](/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama "Yale School of Drama"), Tisch School of the Arts at New York University,["Tina Landau information](http://www.artscapemedia.com/podcasts/archives/2006/09/tina_landau_wri_1.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211173757/http://www.artscapemedia.com/podcasts/archives/2006/09/tina\_landau\_wri\_1\.html \\|date\=2009\-02\-11 }} artscapemedia.com, accessed February 20, 2009 University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and Columbia University. In 2024, Landau directed on Broadway [Mother Play](/wiki/Mother_Play "Mother Play") by [Paula Vogel](/wiki/Paula_Vogel "Paula Vogel"). In 2025, she will return to direct a revised Broadway production of Floyd Collins at the Vivian Beaumont Stage at Lincoln Center, as part of their 2024\-2025 season. She will also direct [Redwood](/wiki/Redwood_%28musical%29 "Redwood (musical)") on Broadway, a new musical starring [Idina Menzel](/wiki/Idina_Menzel "Idina Menzel").[https://playbill.com/article/floyd\-collins\-is\-getting\-a\-broadway\-debut\-via\-lincoln\-center\-theater](https://playbill.com/article/floyd-collins-is-getting-a-broadway-debut-via-lincoln-center-theater) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\=August 2024}}<https://www.redwoodmusical.com/> {{Bare URL inline\\|date\=August 2024}}	[ "Career\n------", "Landau's early work included site specific productions with New York City's En Garde Arts, including Orestes and The Trojan Women: A Love Story, both by [Charles L. Mee](/wiki/Charles_L._Mee \"Charles L. Mee\"), as well as her original play \"Stonewall: Night Variations.\" [Floyd Collins](/wiki/Floyd_Collins_%28musical%29 \"Floyd Collins (musical)\"), with a book by Landau and a score by [Adam Guettel](/wiki/Adam_Guettel \"Adam Guettel\"), opened off\\-Broadway at [Playwrights Horizons](/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons \"Playwrights Horizons\") in 1996\\. Landau was nominated for the [Drama Desk Award](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award \"Drama Desk Award\") for Outstanding [Book](/wiki/Goodspeed_Musicals \"Goodspeed Musicals\") of a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical, and the production won the [Lucille Lortel Award](/wiki/Lucille_Lortel_Award \"Lucille Lortel Award\") for Best Musical. A later version of the show played at San Diego's [Old Globe Theater](/wiki/Old_Globe_Theater \"Old Globe Theater\"), The [Goodman](/wiki/Goodman_Theatre \"Goodman Theatre\") Theater in Chicago, and The [Prince Music Theater](/wiki/Prince_Music_Theater \"Prince Music Theater\") in Philadelphia (where it was originally commissioned and produced.)", "In 1997, she became a member of the [Steppenwolf Theatre Company](/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company \"Steppenwolf Theatre Company\"), where she has directed numerous productions including The Wheel, The Hot L Baltimore, [Tarell Alvin McCraney](/wiki/Tarell_Alvin_McCraney \"Tarell Alvin McCraney\")'s The Brother/Sister Plays and Head of Passes, [The Tempest](/wiki/The_Tempest \"The Tempest\"), [The Time of Your Life](/wiki/The_Time_of_Your_Life \"The Time of Your Life\") (which later moved to Seattle Rep and A.C.T.), [The Diary of Anne Frank](/wiki/The_Diary_of_Anne_Frank_%28play%29 \"The Diary of Anne Frank (play)\"), [The Cherry Orchard](/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard \"The Cherry Orchard\"), Theatrical Essays, Time to Burn, Berlin Circle, and The Ballad of Little Jo.", "She made her [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") debut directing the 2001 revival of [Bells Are Ringing](/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_%28musical%29 \"Bells Are Ringing (musical)\") with [Faith Prince](/wiki/Faith_Prince \"Faith Prince\"), and in 2009 she returned to Broadway with the Steppenwolf production of [Tracy Letts](/wiki/Tracy_Letts \"Tracy Letts\")' [Superior Donuts](/wiki/Superior_Donuts \"Superior Donuts\"). In February 2015 Nickelodeon announced that she had been tapped to co\\-adapt and direct [SpongeBob SquarePants, The Broadway Musical](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants%2C_The_Broadway_Musical \"SpongeBob SquarePants, The Broadway Musical\"), a stage adaptation of [SpongeBob SquarePants](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants \"SpongeBob SquarePants\").{{cite magazine \\\|url\\=http://www.ew.com/2015/02/25/spongebob\\-musical\\\|title\\=SpongeBob musical has eye on Broadway\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-25 \\\|accessdate\\=2015\\-03\\-20}} The show opened on Broadway on December 4, 2017\\.[SpongeBob Squarepants](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/theater/spongebob-squarepants-the-broadway-musical-nickelodeon.html) The New York Times, November 22, 2017 For SpongeBob SquarePants, Landau was nominated for the 2018 [Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Direction_of_a_Musical \"Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical\") at the [72nd Tony Awards](/wiki/72nd_Tony_Awards \"72nd Tony Awards\"). She won Best Director of a Musical at both the 2018 [Drama Desk Awards](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Awards \"Drama Desk Awards\") and [Outer Critics Circle Awards](/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Awards \"Outer Critics Circle Awards\"), and the production won for Best Musical in both awards as well.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://outercritics.org/68th\\-annual\\-awards\\-outer\\-critics\\-circle\\-announce\\-2017\\-18\\-award\\-winners\\-harry\\-potter\\-and\\-the\\-cursed\\-child\\-tops\\-win\\-list\\-with\\-6\\-awards/\\\|title\\=68th Annual Awards Outer Critics Circle Announce 2017\\-18 Award Winners! Harry Potter and the Cursed Child\" Tops Win List with 6 Awards!\\\|website\\=outercritics.org\\\|accessdate\\=Apr 27, 2019\\\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2019\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427181915/https://outercritics.org/68th\\-annual\\-awards\\-outer\\-critics\\-circle\\-announce\\-2017\\-18\\-award\\-winners\\-harry\\-potter\\-and\\-the\\-cursed\\-child\\-tops\\-win\\-list\\-with\\-6\\-awards/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.playbill.com/article/spongebob\\-squarepants\\-leads\\-2018\\-drama\\-desk\\-awards\\\|title\\=SpongeBob SquarePants Leads 2018 Drama Desk Awards\\\|first\\=Playbill\\\|last\\=Staff\\\|date\\=Jun 3, 2018\\\|website\\=Playbill\\\|accessdate\\=Apr 27, 2019}}", "Landau's other New York City directing credits include Old Hats (with [Bill Irwin](/wiki/Bill_Irwin \"Bill Irwin\") and David Shiner) at the Signature Theater, [Paula Vogel](/wiki/Paula_Vogel \"Paula Vogel\")'s A Civil War Christmas at New York Theatre Workshop, [Charles L. Mee](/wiki/Charles_L._Mee \"Charles L. Mee\")’s [Iphigenia 2\\.0](/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Aulis \"Iphigenia in Aulis\") at the Signature, Dream True, Mary Rose, Miracle Brothers and Wig Out!, all at [the Vineyard Theater](/wiki/Vineyard_Theater \"Vineyard Theater\"), as well as In the Red and Brown Water, Space, and Saturn Returns all at [The Public Theater](/wiki/The_Public_Theater \"The Public Theater\").", "Landau's many other regional credits include [Antony and Cleopatra](/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra \"Antony and Cleopatra\") at Hartford Stage, [A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\") at the McCarter Theater and Paper Mill Playhouse, [Of Thee I Sing](/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing \"Of Thee I Sing\") at Papermill, [The Cure at Troy](/wiki/The_Cure_at_Troy \"The Cure at Troy\") at Seattle Rep, Zack Zadek's Deathless at [Goodspeed Musicals](/wiki/Goodspeed_Musicals \"Goodspeed Musicals\"),{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.playbill.com/article/jennifer\\-damiano\\-and\\-jessica\\-phillips\\-to\\-lead\\-goodspeeds\\-deathless\\\|title\\=Jennifer Damiano and Jessica Phillips to Lead Goodspeed's Deathless {{!}} Playbill\\\|last\\=Hetrick\\\|first\\=Adam\\\|website\\=Playbill\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-11}}Rickwald, Bethany. [\"Tina Landau Dives Into a 'Deathless' Future in Zack Zadek's New Musical\"](https://www.theatermania.com/connecticut-theater/news/interview-with-tina-landau-deathless_81313.html) theatermania.com, June 2, 2017 and the musical [Dave](/wiki/Dave_%28musical%29 \"Dave (musical)\") at [Arena Stage](/wiki/Arena_Stage \"Arena Stage\").", "In addition to Floyd Collins, Landau's writing includes book and lyrics for Dream True and States of Independence, both with scores by [Ricky Ian Gordon](/wiki/Ricky_Ian_Gordon \"Ricky Ian Gordon\"), the plays Beauty at [La Jolla Playhouse](/wiki/La_Jolla_Playhouse \"La Jolla Playhouse\") (San Diego Critics Best Play), Space at Steppenwolf, the Public, and the Mark Taper Forum (TIME magazine Top Ten), Stonewall: Night Variations, and 1969 (or Howie Takes a Trip). With [Anne Bogart](/wiki/Anne_Bogart \"Anne Bogart\"), Landau has co\\-authored The Viewpoints Book: A Practical Guide to Viewpoints and Composition.Anne Bogart; Tina Landau (1 August 2004\\). The Viewpoints Book: A Practical Guide to Viewpoints and Composition. Theatre Communications Group. {{ISBN\\\|978\\-1\\-55936\\-677\\-9}}.", "Landau has taught at Yale University and the [Yale School of Drama](/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama \"Yale School of Drama\"), Tisch School of the Arts at New York University,[\"Tina Landau information](http://www.artscapemedia.com/podcasts/archives/2006/09/tina_landau_wri_1.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211173757/http://www.artscapemedia.com/podcasts/archives/2006/09/tina\\_landau\\_wri\\_1\\.html \\\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-11 }} artscapemedia.com, accessed February 20, 2009 University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and Columbia University.", "In 2024, Landau directed on Broadway [Mother Play](/wiki/Mother_Play \"Mother Play\") by [Paula Vogel](/wiki/Paula_Vogel \"Paula Vogel\"). In 2025, she will return to direct a revised Broadway production of Floyd Collins at the Vivian Beaumont Stage at Lincoln Center, as part of their 2024\\-2025 season. She will also direct [Redwood](/wiki/Redwood_%28musical%29 \"Redwood (musical)\") on Broadway, a new musical starring [Idina Menzel](/wiki/Idina_Menzel \"Idina Menzel\").[https://playbill.com/article/floyd\\-collins\\-is\\-getting\\-a\\-broadway\\-debut\\-via\\-lincoln\\-center\\-theater](https://playbill.com/article/floyd-collins-is-getting-a-broadway-debut-via-lincoln-center-theater) {{Bare URL inline\\\|date\\=August 2024}}<https://www.redwoodmusical.com/> {{Bare URL inline\\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\\|left\\|A typical [Polish manor house](/wiki/Dw%C3%B3r_%28manor_house%29 "Dwór (manor house)") called dworek, dating back to the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"). The pictured house is one of the city's most precious buildings](/wiki/File:Dworek_Laszczyk%C3%B3w_Kielce.JPG "Dworek Laszczyków Kielce.JPG") The area of Kielce has been inhabited since at least the 5th century BC. Until the 6th or 7th century, the banks of the Silnica were inhabited by [Celts](/wiki/Celts "Celts"). They were driven out by a [Lechitic](/wiki/Lechites "Lechites") tribe of [Vistulans](/wiki/Vistulans "Vistulans") who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland") and present\-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by [Bohemia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia "Duchy of Bohemia"), however they soon came under the control of the [Piast dynasty](/wiki/Piast_dynasty "Piast dynasty") and became a part of the emerging Polish state. {{multiple image \\| align \= right \\| direction \= vertical \\| width \= 219 \\| image1 \= Kielce\-Kirche\-5\.jpg \\| caption1 \= \\| image2 \= Kielce\-Kirche\-3\.jpg \\| caption2 \= \[\[Kielce Cathedral]] is the city's landmark. A \[\[carillon]] was installed within the cathedral's bell tower }} The area of the [Holy Cross Mountains](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Mountains "Holy Cross Mountains") was almost unpopulated until the 11th century when the first hunters established permanent settlements at the outskirts of the mountains. They needed a place to trade furs and meat for grain and other necessary products, and so the market of Kielce was formed. In the early 12th century the new settlement became a property of the [Bishops of Kraków](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Krak%C3%B3w "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków"), who built a wooden church and a manor. In 1171 a stone church was erected by bishop Gedeon Gryf. During the times of [Wincenty Kadłubek](/wiki/Wincenty_Kad%C5%82ubek "Wincenty Kadłubek") a parochial school in Kielce was opened in 1229\. By 1295 the town was granted [city rights](/wiki/City_rights "City rights"). In the mid\-13th century the town was destroyed by the [Mongol invasion](/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland "First Mongol invasion of Poland") of [Ögedei Khan](/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan "Ögedei Khan"), but it quickly recovered. Within the Polish Kingdom, Kielce was administratively located in the [Sandomierz Voivodeship](/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship "Sandomierz Voivodeship") in the [Lesser Poland Province](/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province%2C_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland "Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland"). The area around Kielce was rich in minerals such as [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper") ore, [lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead") ore, and [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron"), as well as limestone. In the 15th century Kielce became a significant centre of metallurgy. There were also several glass factories and armourer shops in the town. In 1527 bishop Piotr Tomicki founded a bell for the church and between 1637 and 1642 [Mannerist](/wiki/Mannerist_architecture_and_sculpture_in_Poland "Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland") palace was erected near the market place by Bishop [Jakub Zadzik](/wiki/Jakub_Zadzik "Jakub Zadzik"). It is one of the very few examples of French Renaissance architecture in Poland and the only example of a magnate's manor from the times of [Vasa dynasty](/wiki/Vasa_dynasty "Vasa dynasty") to survive World War II. During [The Deluge](/wiki/The_Deluge_%28Polish_history%29 "The Deluge (Polish history)") the town was pillaged and burnt by the [Swedes](/wiki/Swedish_Empire "Swedish Empire"). Only the palace and the church survived, but the town managed to recover under the rule of bishop [Andrzej Załuski](/wiki/Andrzej_Stanis%C5%82aw_Za%C5%82uski "Andrzej Stanisław Załuski"). During the [Great Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War "Great Northern War") it was the site of a battle between Swedish forces under [Charles XII](/wiki/Charles_XII "Charles XII") and Polish and Saxon forces under the Polish\-Lithuanian king [Augustus II](/wiki/Augustus_II "Augustus II"). By 1761 Kielce had more than 4,000 inhabitants. In 1789 Kielce were [nationalized](/wiki/Nationalisation "Nationalisation") and the burgers were granted the right to elect their own representatives in [Sejm](/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"). The 3rd Infantry Regiment of the Polish [Crown Army](/wiki/Crown_Army "Crown Army") was stationed in Kielce in 1789\.{{cite book\\|last\=Gembarzewski\\|first\=Bronisław\\|title\=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831\\|year\=1925\\|language\=pl\\|publisher\=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej\\|location\=Warsaw\\|pages\=26–27}} Until the end of the century the city's economy entered a period of fast growth. A [brewery](/wiki/Brewery "Brewery") was founded as well as several brick factories, a horse breeder, hospital. ### Foreign partitions of Poland [thumb\\|left\\|upright\=1\.15\\|Camp of the Russian Imperial Army near Kielce during the [January Uprising](/wiki/January_Uprising "January Uprising"), 1863](/wiki/File:Camp_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Army_near_Kielce_1863.png "Camp of the Russian Imperial Army near Kielce 1863.png") As a result of the [Third Partition of Poland](/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland "Third Partition of Poland") the city was annexed by [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy"). During the [Austro\-Polish War](/wiki/Austro-Polish_War "Austro-Polish War") of 1809 it was captured by prince [Józef Poniatowski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Antoni_Poniatowski "Józef Antoni Poniatowski") and joined with the Napoleon controlled [Duchy of Warsaw](/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw "Duchy of Warsaw"), but after the fall of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte") in 1815 it was joined with [Russian\-controlled](/wiki/Russian_Partition "Russian Partition") [Congress Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland "Congress Poland"). For a brief period when Kraków was an independent [city\-state](/wiki/City-state "City-state") ([Republic of Kraków](/wiki/Republic_of_Krak%C3%B3w "Republic of Kraków")), Kielce became the capital of the [Kraków Voivodeship](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_%281816%E2%80%931837%29 "Kraków Voivodeship (1816–1837)"). Thanks to the efforts by [Stanisław Staszic](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic "Stanisław Staszic") Kielce became the centre of the newly established Old\-Polish Industrial Zone (Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy). The town grew quickly as new mines, quarries and factories were constructed. In 1816 the first Polish technical university was founded in Kielce. However, after Staszic's death the Industrial Zone declined and in 1826 the school was moved to [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") and became the [Warsaw University of Technology](/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology "Warsaw University of Technology"). In 1830 many of the inhabitants of Kielce took part in the [November Uprising](/wiki/November_Uprising "November Uprising") against Russia. In 1844, priest {{Interlanguage link\\|Piotr Ściegienny\\|pl}} began organising a local revolt to liberate Kielce from the Russian yoke, for which he was [sent to Siberia](/wiki/Sybirak "Sybirak"). In 1863 Kielce took part in the [January Uprising](/wiki/January_Uprising "January Uprising"). As a reprisal for insubordination the tsarist authorities closed all Polish schools and turned Kielce into a military garrison city. The [Polish language](/wiki/Polish_language "Polish language") was banned. Because of these actions many [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 "Gymnasium (school)") students took part in the [1905 Revolution](/wiki/1905_Revolution "1905 Revolution") and were joined by factory workers.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id\_artykul\=2317 \\|title\=Piotr Ściegienny – rewolucjonista w sutannie \\|author\=Mirosław Caban \\|author2\=Wojciech Kalwat \\|publisher\=MowiaWieki.pl \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208210323/http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id\_artykul\=2317 \\|archive\-date\=2008\-02\-08}} ### Sovereign Poland [thumb\\|upright\=1\.23\\|[Józef Piłsudski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski "Józef Piłsudski") with the [Polish Legions](/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I "Polish Legions in World War I") in Kielce, in front of the [Governor's Palace](/wiki/Palace_of_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Bishops_in_Kielce "Palace of the Kraków Bishops in Kielce"), 1914](/wiki/File:Kielce_pilsudski.jpg "Kielce pilsudski.jpg") After the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Kielce was the first Polish city to be liberated from Russian rule by the [Polish Legions](/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I "Polish Legions in World War I") under [Józef Piłsudski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski "Józef Piłsudski"). After the war when Poland regained its independence after 123 years of Partitions, Kielce became the capital of Kielce Voivodeship. The plans to strengthen Polish heavy and war industries resulted in Kielce becoming one of the main nodes of the [Central Industrial Area](/wiki/Central_Industrial_Area "Central Industrial Area") (Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy). The town housed several big factories, among them the munitions factory "Granat" and the food processing plant "Społem". ### Second World War During the [Polish Defensive War](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland") of 1939, the main portion of the defenders of [Westerplatte](/wiki/Westerplatte "Westerplatte") as well as the armoured brigade of General [Stanisław Maczek](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek "Stanisław Maczek") were either from Kielce or from its close suburbs. During the [German occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 "Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)") that lasted for most of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the city was an important centre of [resistance](/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II "Polish resistance movement in World War II"). There were several resistance groups active in the town, including [Armia Krajowa](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa "Armia Krajowa") (AK) and [Gwardia Ludowa](/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa "Gwardia Ludowa") (GL). Following the invasion, the German [Einsatzgruppe II](/wiki/Einsatzgruppen "Einsatzgruppen") entered the city to commit various [atrocities against the population](/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation "Nazi crimes against the Polish nation"),{{cite book\\|last\=Wardzyńska\\|first\=Maria\\|year\=2009\\|title\=Był rok 1939\. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion\\|language\=pl\\|location\=Warsaw\\|publisher\=\[\[Institute of National Remembrance\\|IPN]]\\|page\=58}} and the occupiers established a special court in Kielce.{{cite magazine\\|last\=Grabowski\\|first\=Waldemar\\|year\=2009\\|title\=Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy\\|magazine\=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej\\|language\=pl\\|publisher\=IPN\\|issue\=8–9 (103–104\)\\|page\=62\\|issn\=1641\-9561}} In September–November 1939, the Germans also operated a temporary Dulag transit camp for some 3,000 [Polish prisoners of war](/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war "German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war").{{cite book\\|last1\=Megargee\\|first1\=Geoffrey P.\\|last2\=Overmans\\|first2\=Rüdiger\\|last3\=Vogt\\|first3\=Wolfgang\\|year\=2022\\|title\=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945\. Volume IV\\|publisher\=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\\|page\=524\\|isbn\=978\-0\-253\-06089\-1}} The POWs were held in poor conditions, there were cases of [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery "Dysentery") and [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever "Typhoid fever"), and 18 POWs were executed by the Germans. Local Poles provided food and medicine to the POWs. In January and March 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Poles as part of the [AB\-Aktion](/wiki/German_AB-Aktion_in_Poland "German AB-Aktion in Poland").Wardzyńska, p. 251–252 Among the victims were teachers, priests, and local political and social activists, including women. Arrested Poles were either imprisoned in the local prison, deported to [concentration camps](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps "Nazi concentration camps") or massacred, with a notable massacre of 63 people committed by the Germans on 12 June 1940 at a local stadium.Wardzyńska, p. 252 Many Poles from the prison in Kielce were also murdered in the Brzask forest near [Skarżysko\-Kamienna](/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna "Skarżysko-Kamienna") on 29 June 1940\.Wardzyńska, p. 268 At least five local [Polish boy scouts](/wiki/Polish_Scouting_and_Guiding_Association "Polish Scouting and Guiding Association") were killed by the Germans during the war.{{cite book\\|last\=Massalski\\|first\=Adam\\|editor\-last\=Kostkiewicz\\|editor\-first\=Janina\\|year\=2020\\|title\=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945\)\\|language\=pl\\|location\=Kraków\\|publisher\=\[\[Jagiellonian University\\|Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], \[\[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]]\\|page\=246\\|chapter\=Eksterminacja młodocianych harcerek i harcerzy na ziemiach polskich w okresie okupacji niemieckiej 1939 – 1945}} [thumb\\|left\\|Monument to [Polish partisans](/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II "Polish resistance movement in World War II") of World War II](/wiki/File:P%C5%82yta_pami%C4%85tkowa_na_cze%C5%9B%C4%87_zamachu_na_szefa_gestapo.jpg "Płyta pamiątkowa na cześć zamachu na szefa gestapo.jpg") Notable acts of resistance included theft of 2 tons of TNT from the "Społem" factory run by the Nazis, which were then used by the partisans to make hand grenades. Also, the daring escape from jail in Kielce of a dozen or so AK members, organized in November 1942 by Stanisław Depczyński. Not to mention, a grenade attack by a unit of the GL on the Smoleński coffee shop, killing 6 Germans including a major in the [SS](/wiki/SS "SS") (February 1943\), as well as the assassination of the noted [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo "Gestapo") informant Franz Wittek on 15 June 1944, by a unit under Second Lt. Kazimierz Smolak on the corner of Solna and Paderewski Streets. One of the attackers died during the attack and a further four lost their lives not long afterwards. This was not the first assassination attempt against Wittek. In 1942, Henryk Pawelec fired at him in the market square, but his pistol misfired. In February 1943, a unit under the command of Stanisław Fąfar shot at Wittek by the Seminarium building. Wittek, though wounded by 14 bullets, survived. Successful assassinations of local collaborators, including the shooting of Jan Bocian took place in broad daylight at a shop in Bodzentyńska Street. Similar was the attack on the factory of C. Wawrzyniak in March 1943, terrorizing and disarming the volksdeutscher workers and destroying the machinery, as well as the attack on the [HASAG](/wiki/HASAG "HASAG") factory in May 1943 and the takeover of the Kielce Herbskie railway station.[Historia Kielc](/wiki/Historia_Kielc "Historia Kielc") (History of Kielce), in [Polish Wikipedia](/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia "Polish Wikipedia"). The underground [University of the Western Lands](/wiki/University_of_the_Western_Lands "University of the Western Lands") gave secret lectures in Kielce.{{cite book\\|author\= \\|title\=Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945\\|year\=1998\\|location\=Poznań\\|language\=pl\\|publisher\=Instytut Zachodni\\|page\=615\\|isbn\=83\-85003\-97\-5}} From 1942 to 1944, the Germans operated a collection camp for [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") POWs, seen as potential colaborators.{{cite book\\|last1\=Megargee\\|first1\=Geoffrey P.\\|last2\=Overmans\\|first2\=Rüdiger\\|last3\=Vogt\\|first3\=Wolfgang\\|year\=2022\\|title\=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945\. Volume IV\\|publisher\=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\\|pages\=532–533\\|isbn\=978\-0\-253\-06089\-1}} In 1944, during and following the [Warsaw Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising "Warsaw Uprising"), the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the [Dulag 121 camp](/wiki/Dulag_121_camp_in_Pruszk%C3%B3w "Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków") in [Pruszków](/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w "Pruszków"), where they were initially imprisoned, to Kielce.{{cite web\\|url\=http://dulag121\.pl/encyklopediaa/transporty\-z\-obozu\-dulag\-121/\\|title\=Transporty z obozu Dulag 121\\|website\=Muzeum Dulag 121\\|accessdate\=26 June 2021\\|language\=pl}} Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. 9,000 Poles [expelled](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany "Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany") from Warsaw stayed in Kielce, as of 1 November 1944\. Moreover, the hills and forests of [Holy Cross Mountains](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Mountains "Holy Cross Mountains") became a scene of heavy [partisan](/wiki/Partisan_%28military%29 "Partisan (military)") activity. A small town of [Pińczów](/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w "Pińczów") located some {{convert\\|30\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\=off}} from Kielce became the capital of the so\-called Pinczów Republic, a piece of Polish land controlled by the partisans. The "Jodla" Świętokrzyskie Mountains Home Army fought against the Germans long before [Operation Tempest](/wiki/Operation_Tempest "Operation Tempest") inflicted heavy casualties on the occupying forces and later took part in the final liberation of their towns and cities in January 1945\. During the war, many of inhabitants of Kielce lost their lives. Following the war, Kielce was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet\-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the 1980s. In August 1945, the Polish resistance led by [Antoni Heda](/wiki/Antoni_Heda "Antoni Heda") and [Stefan Bembiński](/wiki/Stefan_Bembi%C5%84ski "Stefan Bembiński") carried out the [Raid on Kielce Prison](/wiki/Raid_on_Kielce_Prison "Raid on Kielce Prison") and liberated some 350 prisoners. ### Jewish history [thumb\\|[Kielce Synagogue](/wiki/Kielce_Synagogue "Kielce Synagogue"), built 1903\-1909](/wiki/File:Kielce_synagoga_front.jpg "Kielce synagoga front.jpg") Prior to the 1939 [Invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland"), like many other cities across the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic"), Kielce had a significant Jewish population. According to the [Russian census of 1897](/wiki/Russian_census_of_1897 "Russian census of 1897"), among the total population of 23,200 inhabitants, there were 6,400 Jews in Kielce (around 27 percent).[Joshua D. Zimmerman](/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman "Joshua D. Zimmerman"), Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN\\|0\-299\-19464\-7}}, [Google Print, p.16](https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16) On the eve of the Second World War there were about 18,000 Jews in the city. Between the onset of war and March 1940, the Jewish population of Kielce expanded to 25,400 (35% of all residents),{{cite web \\|author\=Marta Kubiszyn \\|author2\=Adam Dylewski \\|author3\=Justyna Filochowska \\|date\=2009–2016 \\|title\=Kielce \\|publisher\=\[\[POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews]] \\|work\=\[\[Virtual Shtetl]] \\|url\=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/kielce/5,historia/?action\=view\&page\=1 \\|pages\=1–3\\|language\=pl}} with trains of dispossessed Jews arriving under the escort of German [Order Police battalions](/wiki/Order_Police_battalions "Order Police battalions") from the [Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany](/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany "Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany").{{cite web \\|author\=Wacław Wierzbieniec \\|translator\=Anna Grojec \\|title\=Kielce \\|url\=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Kielce \\|publisher\=YIVO Institute for Jewish Research \\|year\=2010 \\|work\=Jews in Eastern Europe}} Immediately after the German [occupation of Poland](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland "Occupation of Poland") in September 1939, all Jews were ordered to wear a [Star of David](/wiki/Star_of_David "Star of David") on their outer garments. Jewish–owned factories in Kielce were confiscated by the [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo "Gestapo"), stores and shops along the main thoroughfares liquidated, and ransom fines introduced. The [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II "Forced labour under German rule during World War II") and deportations to concentration camps culminated in mass extermination of Jews of Kielce during [the Holocaust in occupied Poland](/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_occupied_Poland "The Holocaust in occupied Poland").{{cite book \\|title\=Zagada ludnosci zydowskiej Kielc: 1939–1945 \\|author\=Prof. Krzysztof Urbański \\|year\=2005 \\|chapter\=III: Ghetto \\|chapter\-url\=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/kielce1/kie076\.html \\|pages\=76–116 \\|work\=Translation from Polish \\|via\=JewishGen, Yizkor Book Project \\|translator\=Yaacov Kotlicki}} In April 1941, the [Kielce Ghetto](/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto "Kielce Ghetto") was formed, surrounded by high fences, barbed wire, and guards.{{cite book \\|title\=Der Judenmord in Polen und die deutsche Ordnungspolizei 1939–1945 \\|author\=Wolfgang Curilla \\|publisher\=Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh \\|year\=2011 \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xfrrAwAAQBAJ\&q\=%22Polizeibataillon%20305%22%20Kielce \\|page\=526 \\|isbn\=978\-3506770431}} The gentile Poles were ordered to vacate the area and the Jews were given one week to relocate. The ghetto was split in two, along Warszawska Street (Nowowarszawska) with the Silnica River [(pl)](/wiki/Silnica_%28rzeka%29 "Silnica (rzeka)") running through it. The so\-called large ghetto was set up between the streets of Orla, Piotrkowska, Pocieszka, and Warszawska to the east, and the smaller ghetto between Warszawska on the west, and the streets of Bodzentyńska, St. Wojciech, and the St. Wojciech square. The ghetto gates were closed on 5 April 1941; the [Jewish Ghetto Police](/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police "Jewish Ghetto Police") was formed with 85 members and ordered to guard it.{{cite web \\|author\=Chris Webb \\|title\=Kielce \\|publisher\=Holocaust Historical Society \\|year\=2014 \\|url\=http://www.holocausthistoricalsociety.org.uk/kielce.html \\|at\=''Sources: The Yad Vashem Encylopiedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust'' Volume 1, \[\[Yad Vashem]], 2009; ''Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka – The Aktion Reinhard Death Camps'' By \[\[Yitzhak Arad\\|Y. Arad]], Indiana University Press, 1987}} Meanwhile, expulsions elsewhere and deportations to Kielce continued until August 1942 at which time there were 27,000 prisoners crammed in the ghetto. Trains with Jewish families arrived from the entire [Kielce Voivodeship](/wiki/Kielce_Voivodeship "Kielce Voivodeship"), and also from [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań"), and [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA "Łódź"). The severe overcrowding, rampant hunger, and outbreaks of epidemic typhus took the lives of 4,000 people before mid\-1942\. During this time, many of them were forced to work at a nearby German munition plant run by [Hasag](/wiki/Hasag "Hasag"). In August 1942, the [Kielce Ghetto](/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto "Kielce Ghetto") was liquidated in the course of only five days. During [roundups](/wiki/Roundup_%28history%29 "Roundup (history)"), all Jews unable to move were shot on the spot including the sick, the elderly, and the disabled; 20,000–21,000 Jews were led into waiting [Holocaust trains](/wiki/Holocaust_train "Holocaust train"), and murdered in the gas chambers of [Treblinka](/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp "Treblinka extermination camp"). After the extermination action only 2,000 Jews were left in Kielce, lodged in [the labour camp](/wiki/Zwangsarbeitslager "Zwangsarbeitslager") at Stolarska and Jasna Streets [(pl)](/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_pracy_Jasna-Stolarska_w_Kielcach "Obóz pracy Jasna-Stolarska w Kielcach") within the small ghetto. Those who survived were sent to other forced labour camps. On 23 May 1943 the [Kielce cemetery massacre](/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre "Kielce cemetery massacre") was perpetrated by the German police; 45 Jewish children who had survived the [Kielce Ghetto](/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto "Kielce Ghetto") liquidation, were murdered by [Order Police battalions](/wiki/Order_Police_battalions "Order Police battalions"). [thumb\\|Building of the Kielce Jewish Committee and refugee centre on Planty Street](/wiki/File:Kielce_planty_7.jpg "Kielce planty 7.jpg") On 4 July 1946 the local Jewish gathering of some 200 Holocaust survivors from the Planty 7 Street refugee centre of the Zionist Union became the target of the [Kielce pogrom](/wiki/Kielce_pogrom "Kielce pogrom") in which 37 (40\) Jews (17–21 of whom remain unidentified) and 2 ethnic Poles were killed, including 11 fatally shot with military rifles and 11 more stabbed with bayonets, indicating direct involvement of loyal to Moscow Polish communist troops.{{cite journal \\|title\=Pogrom kielecki – oczami świadka \\|type\=special issue \\|journal\=Niezalezna Gazeta Polska \\|location\=Warsaw \\|date\=4 July 2008 \\|quote\=Leszek Bukowski \& Andrzej Jankowski (ed.), ''\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=xgI\_AQAAIAAJ\&q\=zabitych\+4\+lipca\+1946 Wokół pogromu kieleckiego],'' vol. II, with Foreword by Jan Żaryn, IPN: Warsaw 2008, pp. 166–171; {{ISBN\\|8360464871}}. \\|author\=Judge Andrzej Jankowski \\|author2\=Leszek Bukowski \\|at\=1–8 in PDF \\|url\=http://pamiec.pl/download/49/27596/IPN2920080704\.pdf \\|access\-date\=3 August 2016 \\|archive\-date\=26 August 2016 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826073423/http://pamiec.pl/download/49/27596/IPN2920080704\.pdf \\|url\-status\=dead }} During the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), many Jewish historians theorized that the pogrom became the cause of outward Jewish emigration from Poland immediately following the opening of the borders in 1947\.Königseder, Angelika, and [Juliane Wetzel](/wiki/Juliane_Wetzel "Juliane Wetzel"), Waiting for Hope: Jewish Displaced Persons in Post\-World War II Germany, Northwestern University Press, 2001, {{ISBN\\|0\-8101\-1477\-1}} [pp. 46\-47](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y59izLT_VawC&dq=kielce+%22displaced+persons%22&pg=PA46)Wyman, Mark, DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, Cornell University Press, 1998, {{ISBN\\|0\-8014\-8542\-8}} [p. 144](https://books.google.com/books?id=lHNw7MnsmlYC&dq=kielce+%22displaced+persons%22&pg=PA144) Nevertheless, the true reasons behind the dramatic increase of Jewish emigration from Poland were far more complex.{{cite book\\|last\=Marrus\\|first\=Michael Robert \\| author\-link \= Michael Marrus\\|author2\=Aristide R. Zolberg \\|title\=The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ssrLM0yWD1kC\&q\=%22accelerated\+powerfully\+after\+the\+Kielce\+pogrom%22\&pg\=PA336\\|publisher\=Temple University Press\\|year\=2002\\|pages\=336\\|isbn\=1\-56639\-955\-6\\|quote\="This gigantic effort, known by the Hebrew code word ''Brichah''(flight), accelerated powerfully after the Kielce pogrom in July 1946"}} The new government of the [Communist Poland](/wiki/Communist_Poland "Communist Poland") signed a repatriation agreement with the Soviet Union helping over 150,000 Holocaust survivors leave the Gulag camps legally.{{cite book \\| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oGmTs2SceAgC\&q\=%22agreements\+on\+the%22\+%22mutual\+evacuation\+of\+citizens%22\&pg\=PA137 \\| title\=Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East\-Central Europe, 1944\-1948 \\| publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield \\| year\=2001 \\| access\-date\=May 11, 2011 \\|author1\=Philipp Ther \\|author\-link\=:de:Philipp Ther \\| author2\-link\=Ana Siljak \\|author2\=Ana Siljak \\| pages\=138 \\| isbn\=0\-7425\-1094\-8}} Poland was the only [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") country to allow free and unrestricted Jewish [Aliyah](/wiki/Aliyah "Aliyah") to the nascent [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel "State of Israel"), upon the conclusion of World War II.Devorah Hakohen, [Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to Israel and its repercussions...](https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&dq=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70) Syracuse University Press, 2003 \- 325 pages. Page 70\. {{nowrap\\|{{ISBN\\|0\-8156\-2969\-9}}}} After the Kielce pogrom [Gen. Spychalski](/wiki/Marian_Spychalski "Marian Spychalski") of PWP signed a legislative decree allowing the remaining survivors to leave Poland without visas or exit permits.{{cite web \\|last\=Aleksiun \\|first\=Natalia \\|title\=Beriḥah \\|url\=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/printarticle.aspx?id\=219 \\|publisher\=\[\[YIVO]] \\|quote\=Suggested reading: Arieh J. Kochavi, "Britain and the Jewish Exodus...," Polin 7 (1992\): pp. 161–175}} Poland was the only [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") country to do so, at war's end. Britain demanded from Poland (among others) to halt the Jewish exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful.{{cite book\\|last\=Kochavi\\|first\=Arieh J.\\|title\=Post\-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States \& Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948\\| url\=https://archive.org/details/postholocaustpol00koch\\|url\-access\=registration\\|quote\=Britain exerted pressure on the governments of Poland.\\|publisher\=The University of North Carolina Press\\|year\=2001\\|pages\=xi\\|isbn\=0\-8078\-2620\-0}}	[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|A typical [Polish manor house](/wiki/Dw%C3%B3r_%28manor_house%29 \"Dwór (manor house)\") called dworek, dating back to the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\"). The pictured house is one of the city's most precious buildings](/wiki/File:Dworek_Laszczyk%C3%B3w_Kielce.JPG \"Dworek Laszczyków Kielce.JPG\")\nThe area of Kielce has been inhabited since at least the 5th century BC. Until the 6th or 7th century, the banks of the Silnica were inhabited by [Celts](/wiki/Celts \"Celts\"). They were driven out by a [Lechitic](/wiki/Lechites \"Lechites\") tribe of [Vistulans](/wiki/Vistulans \"Vistulans\") who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland \"Lesser Poland\") and present\\-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by [Bohemia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia \"Duchy of Bohemia\"), however they soon came under the control of the [Piast dynasty](/wiki/Piast_dynasty \"Piast dynasty\") and became a part of the emerging Polish state.", "{{multiple image\n\\\| align \\= right\n\\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\\| width \\= 219\n\\\| image1 \\= Kielce\\-Kirche\\-5\\.jpg\n\\\| caption1 \\= \n\\\| image2 \\= Kielce\\-Kirche\\-3\\.jpg\n\\\| caption2 \\= \\[\\[Kielce Cathedral]] is the city's landmark. A \\[\\[carillon]] was installed within the cathedral's bell tower\n}}", "The area of the [Holy Cross Mountains](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Mountains \"Holy Cross Mountains\") was almost unpopulated until the 11th century when the first hunters established permanent settlements at the outskirts of the mountains. They needed a place to trade furs and meat for grain and other necessary products, and so the market of Kielce was formed. In the early 12th century the new settlement became a property of the [Bishops of Kraków](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Krak%C3%B3w \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków\"), who built a wooden church and a manor. In 1171 a stone church was erected by bishop Gedeon Gryf. During the times of [Wincenty Kadłubek](/wiki/Wincenty_Kad%C5%82ubek \"Wincenty Kadłubek\") a parochial school in Kielce was opened in 1229\\. By 1295 the town was granted [city rights](/wiki/City_rights \"City rights\"). In the mid\\-13th century the town was destroyed by the [Mongol invasion](/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland \"First Mongol invasion of Poland\") of [Ögedei Khan](/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan \"Ögedei Khan\"), but it quickly recovered.", "Within the Polish Kingdom, Kielce was administratively located in the [Sandomierz Voivodeship](/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship \"Sandomierz Voivodeship\") in the [Lesser Poland Province](/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province%2C_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland \"Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland\"). The area around Kielce was rich in minerals such as [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\") ore, [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\") ore, and [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\"), as well as limestone. In the 15th century Kielce became a significant centre of metallurgy. There were also several glass factories and armourer shops in the town. In 1527 bishop Piotr Tomicki founded a bell for the church and between 1637 and 1642 [Mannerist](/wiki/Mannerist_architecture_and_sculpture_in_Poland \"Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland\") palace was erected near the market place by Bishop [Jakub Zadzik](/wiki/Jakub_Zadzik \"Jakub Zadzik\"). It is one of the very few examples of French Renaissance architecture in Poland and the only example of a magnate's manor from the times of [Vasa dynasty](/wiki/Vasa_dynasty \"Vasa dynasty\") to survive World War II.", "During [The Deluge](/wiki/The_Deluge_%28Polish_history%29 \"The Deluge (Polish history)\") the town was pillaged and burnt by the [Swedes](/wiki/Swedish_Empire \"Swedish Empire\"). Only the palace and the church survived, but the town managed to recover under the rule of bishop [Andrzej Załuski](/wiki/Andrzej_Stanis%C5%82aw_Za%C5%82uski \"Andrzej Stanisław Załuski\"). During the [Great Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War \"Great Northern War\") it was the site of a battle between Swedish forces under [Charles XII](/wiki/Charles_XII \"Charles XII\") and Polish and Saxon forces under the Polish\\-Lithuanian king [Augustus II](/wiki/Augustus_II \"Augustus II\"). By 1761 Kielce had more than 4,000 inhabitants. In 1789 Kielce were [nationalized](/wiki/Nationalisation \"Nationalisation\") and the burgers were granted the right to elect their own representatives in [Sejm](/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\"). The 3rd Infantry Regiment of the Polish [Crown Army](/wiki/Crown_Army \"Crown Army\") was stationed in Kielce in 1789\\.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Gembarzewski\\\|first\\=Bronisław\\\|title\\=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831\\\|year\\=1925\\\|language\\=pl\\\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej\\\|location\\=Warsaw\\\|pages\\=26–27}} Until the end of the century the city's economy entered a period of fast growth. A [brewery](/wiki/Brewery \"Brewery\") was founded as well as several brick factories, a horse breeder, hospital.", "### Foreign partitions of Poland", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|upright\\=1\\.15\\\|Camp of the Russian Imperial Army near Kielce during the [January Uprising](/wiki/January_Uprising \"January Uprising\"), 1863](/wiki/File:Camp_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Army_near_Kielce_1863.png \"Camp of the Russian Imperial Army near Kielce 1863.png\")\nAs a result of the [Third Partition of Poland](/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland \"Third Partition of Poland\") the city was annexed by [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\"). During the [Austro\\-Polish War](/wiki/Austro-Polish_War \"Austro-Polish War\") of 1809 it was captured by prince [Józef Poniatowski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Antoni_Poniatowski \"Józef Antoni Poniatowski\") and joined with the Napoleon controlled [Duchy of Warsaw](/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw \"Duchy of Warsaw\"), but after the fall of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\") in 1815 it was joined with [Russian\\-controlled](/wiki/Russian_Partition \"Russian Partition\") [Congress Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland \"Congress Poland\"). For a brief period when Kraków was an independent [city\\-state](/wiki/City-state \"City-state\") ([Republic of Kraków](/wiki/Republic_of_Krak%C3%B3w \"Republic of Kraków\")), Kielce became the capital of the [Kraków Voivodeship](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_%281816%E2%80%931837%29 \"Kraków Voivodeship (1816–1837)\"). Thanks to the efforts by [Stanisław Staszic](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic \"Stanisław Staszic\") Kielce became the centre of the newly established Old\\-Polish Industrial Zone (Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy). The town grew quickly as new mines, quarries and factories were constructed. In 1816 the first Polish technical university was founded in Kielce. However, after Staszic's death the Industrial Zone declined and in 1826 the school was moved to [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") and became the [Warsaw University of Technology](/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology \"Warsaw University of Technology\").", "In 1830 many of the inhabitants of Kielce took part in the [November Uprising](/wiki/November_Uprising \"November Uprising\") against Russia. In 1844, priest {{Interlanguage link\\\|Piotr Ściegienny\\\|pl}} began organising a local revolt to liberate Kielce from the Russian yoke, for which he was [sent to Siberia](/wiki/Sybirak \"Sybirak\"). In 1863 Kielce took part in the [January Uprising](/wiki/January_Uprising \"January Uprising\"). As a reprisal for insubordination the tsarist authorities closed all Polish schools and turned Kielce into a military garrison city. The [Polish language](/wiki/Polish_language \"Polish language\") was banned. Because of these actions many [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 \"Gymnasium (school)\") students took part in the [1905 Revolution](/wiki/1905_Revolution \"1905 Revolution\") and were joined by factory workers.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id\\_artykul\\=2317 \\\|title\\=Piotr Ściegienny – rewolucjonista w sutannie \\\|author\\=Mirosław Caban \\\|author2\\=Wojciech Kalwat \\\|publisher\\=MowiaWieki.pl \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208210323/http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id\\_artykul\\=2317 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-02\\-08}}", "### Sovereign Poland", "[thumb\\\|upright\\=1\\.23\\\|[Józef Piłsudski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski \"Józef Piłsudski\") with the [Polish Legions](/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I \"Polish Legions in World War I\") in Kielce, in front of the [Governor's Palace](/wiki/Palace_of_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Bishops_in_Kielce \"Palace of the Kraków Bishops in Kielce\"), 1914](/wiki/File:Kielce_pilsudski.jpg \"Kielce pilsudski.jpg\")\nAfter the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Kielce was the first Polish city to be liberated from Russian rule by the [Polish Legions](/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I \"Polish Legions in World War I\") under [Józef Piłsudski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski \"Józef Piłsudski\"). After the war when Poland regained its independence after 123 years of Partitions, Kielce became the capital of Kielce Voivodeship. The plans to strengthen Polish heavy and war industries resulted in Kielce becoming one of the main nodes of the [Central Industrial Area](/wiki/Central_Industrial_Area \"Central Industrial Area\") (Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy). The town housed several big factories, among them the munitions factory \"Granat\" and the food processing plant \"Społem\".", "### Second World War", "During the [Polish Defensive War](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\") of 1939, the main portion of the defenders of [Westerplatte](/wiki/Westerplatte \"Westerplatte\") as well as the armoured brigade of General [Stanisław Maczek](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek \"Stanisław Maczek\") were either from Kielce or from its close suburbs. During the [German occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 \"Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)\") that lasted for most of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the city was an important centre of [resistance](/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II \"Polish resistance movement in World War II\"). There were several resistance groups active in the town, including [Armia Krajowa](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa \"Armia Krajowa\") (AK) and [Gwardia Ludowa](/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa \"Gwardia Ludowa\") (GL).", "Following the invasion, the German [Einsatzgruppe II](/wiki/Einsatzgruppen \"Einsatzgruppen\") entered the city to commit various [atrocities against the population](/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation \"Nazi crimes against the Polish nation\"),{{cite book\\\|last\\=Wardzyńska\\\|first\\=Maria\\\|year\\=2009\\\|title\\=Był rok 1939\\. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion\\\|language\\=pl\\\|location\\=Warsaw\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Institute of National Remembrance\\\|IPN]]\\\|page\\=58}} and the occupiers established a special court in Kielce.{{cite magazine\\\|last\\=Grabowski\\\|first\\=Waldemar\\\|year\\=2009\\\|title\\=Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy\\\|magazine\\=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej\\\|language\\=pl\\\|publisher\\=IPN\\\|issue\\=8–9 (103–104\\)\\\|page\\=62\\\|issn\\=1641\\-9561}} In September–November 1939, the Germans also operated a temporary Dulag transit camp for some 3,000 [Polish prisoners of war](/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war \"German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war\").{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Megargee\\\|first1\\=Geoffrey P.\\\|last2\\=Overmans\\\|first2\\=Rüdiger\\\|last3\\=Vogt\\\|first3\\=Wolfgang\\\|year\\=2022\\\|title\\=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945\\. Volume IV\\\|publisher\\=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\\\|page\\=524\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-253\\-06089\\-1}} The POWs were held in poor conditions, there were cases of [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery \"Dysentery\") and [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever \"Typhoid fever\"), and 18 POWs were executed by the Germans. Local Poles provided food and medicine to the POWs.", "In January and March 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Poles as part of the [AB\\-Aktion](/wiki/German_AB-Aktion_in_Poland \"German AB-Aktion in Poland\").Wardzyńska, p. 251–252 Among the victims were teachers, priests, and local political and social activists, including women. Arrested Poles were either imprisoned in the local prison, deported to [concentration camps](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps \"Nazi concentration camps\") or massacred, with a notable massacre of 63 people committed by the Germans on 12 June 1940 at a local stadium.Wardzyńska, p. 252 Many Poles from the prison in Kielce were also murdered in the Brzask forest near [Skarżysko\\-Kamienna](/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna \"Skarżysko-Kamienna\") on 29 June 1940\\.Wardzyńska, p. 268 At least five local [Polish boy scouts](/wiki/Polish_Scouting_and_Guiding_Association \"Polish Scouting and Guiding Association\") were killed by the Germans during the war.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Massalski\\\|first\\=Adam\\\|editor\\-last\\=Kostkiewicz\\\|editor\\-first\\=Janina\\\|year\\=2020\\\|title\\=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945\\)\\\|language\\=pl\\\|location\\=Kraków\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Jagiellonian University\\\|Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], \\[\\[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]]\\\|page\\=246\\\|chapter\\=Eksterminacja młodocianych harcerek i harcerzy na ziemiach polskich w okresie okupacji niemieckiej 1939 – 1945}}", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Monument to [Polish partisans](/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II \"Polish resistance movement in World War II\") of World War II](/wiki/File:P%C5%82yta_pami%C4%85tkowa_na_cze%C5%9B%C4%87_zamachu_na_szefa_gestapo.jpg \"Płyta pamiątkowa na cześć zamachu na szefa gestapo.jpg\")\nNotable acts of resistance included theft of 2 tons of TNT from the \"Społem\" factory run by the Nazis, which were then used by the partisans to make hand grenades. Also, the daring escape from jail in Kielce of a dozen or so AK members, organized in November 1942 by Stanisław Depczyński. Not to mention, a grenade attack by a unit of the GL on the Smoleński coffee shop, killing 6 Germans including a major in the [SS](/wiki/SS \"SS\") (February 1943\\), as well as the assassination of the noted [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo \"Gestapo\") informant Franz Wittek on 15 June 1944, by a unit under Second Lt. Kazimierz Smolak on the corner of Solna and Paderewski Streets. One of the attackers died during the attack and a further four lost their lives not long afterwards. This was not the first assassination attempt against Wittek. In 1942, Henryk Pawelec fired at him in the market square, but his pistol misfired. In February 1943, a unit under the command of Stanisław Fąfar shot at Wittek by the Seminarium building. Wittek, though wounded by 14 bullets, survived. Successful assassinations of local collaborators, including the shooting of Jan Bocian took place in broad daylight at a shop in Bodzentyńska Street. Similar was the attack on the factory of C. Wawrzyniak in March 1943, terrorizing and disarming the volksdeutscher workers and destroying the machinery, as well as the attack on the [HASAG](/wiki/HASAG \"HASAG\") factory in May 1943 and the takeover of the Kielce Herbskie railway station.[Historia Kielc](/wiki/Historia_Kielc \"Historia Kielc\") (History of Kielce), in [Polish Wikipedia](/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia \"Polish Wikipedia\"). The underground [University of the Western Lands](/wiki/University_of_the_Western_Lands \"University of the Western Lands\") gave secret lectures in Kielce.{{cite book\\\|author\\= \\\|title\\=Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945\\\|year\\=1998\\\|location\\=Poznań\\\|language\\=pl\\\|publisher\\=Instytut Zachodni\\\|page\\=615\\\|isbn\\=83\\-85003\\-97\\-5}}", "From 1942 to 1944, the Germans operated a collection camp for [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") POWs, seen as potential colaborators.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Megargee\\\|first1\\=Geoffrey P.\\\|last2\\=Overmans\\\|first2\\=Rüdiger\\\|last3\\=Vogt\\\|first3\\=Wolfgang\\\|year\\=2022\\\|title\\=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945\\. Volume IV\\\|publisher\\=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\\\|pages\\=532–533\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-253\\-06089\\-1}}", "In 1944, during and following the [Warsaw Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising \"Warsaw Uprising\"), the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the [Dulag 121 camp](/wiki/Dulag_121_camp_in_Pruszk%C3%B3w \"Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków\") in [Pruszków](/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w \"Pruszków\"), where they were initially imprisoned, to Kielce.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://dulag121\\.pl/encyklopediaa/transporty\\-z\\-obozu\\-dulag\\-121/\\\|title\\=Transporty z obozu Dulag 121\\\|website\\=Muzeum Dulag 121\\\|accessdate\\=26 June 2021\\\|language\\=pl}} Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. 9,000 Poles [expelled](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany \"Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany\") from Warsaw stayed in Kielce, as of 1 November 1944\\.", "Moreover, the hills and forests of [Holy Cross Mountains](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Mountains \"Holy Cross Mountains\") became a scene of heavy [partisan](/wiki/Partisan_%28military%29 \"Partisan (military)\") activity. A small town of [Pińczów](/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w \"Pińczów\") located some {{convert\\\|30\\\|km\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=off}} from Kielce became the capital of the so\\-called Pinczów Republic, a piece of Polish land controlled by the partisans. The \"Jodla\" Świętokrzyskie Mountains Home Army fought against the Germans long before [Operation Tempest](/wiki/Operation_Tempest \"Operation Tempest\") inflicted heavy casualties on the occupying forces and later took part in the final liberation of their towns and cities in January 1945\\. During the war, many of inhabitants of Kielce lost their lives. Following the war, Kielce was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet\\-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the 1980s. In August 1945, the Polish resistance led by [Antoni Heda](/wiki/Antoni_Heda \"Antoni Heda\") and [Stefan Bembiński](/wiki/Stefan_Bembi%C5%84ski \"Stefan Bembiński\") carried out the [Raid on Kielce Prison](/wiki/Raid_on_Kielce_Prison \"Raid on Kielce Prison\") and liberated some 350 prisoners.", "### Jewish history", "[thumb\\\|[Kielce Synagogue](/wiki/Kielce_Synagogue \"Kielce Synagogue\"), built 1903\\-1909](/wiki/File:Kielce_synagoga_front.jpg \"Kielce synagoga front.jpg\")\nPrior to the 1939 [Invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\"), like many other cities across the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\"), Kielce had a significant Jewish population. According to the [Russian census of 1897](/wiki/Russian_census_of_1897 \"Russian census of 1897\"), among the total population of 23,200 inhabitants, there were 6,400 Jews in Kielce (around 27 percent).[Joshua D. Zimmerman](/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman \"Joshua D. Zimmerman\"), Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN\\\|0\\-299\\-19464\\-7}}, [Google Print, p.16](https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16) On the eve of the Second World War there were about 18,000 Jews in the city. Between the onset of war and March 1940, the Jewish population of Kielce expanded to 25,400 (35% of all residents),{{cite web \\\|author\\=Marta Kubiszyn \\\|author2\\=Adam Dylewski \\\|author3\\=Justyna Filochowska \\\|date\\=2009–2016 \\\|title\\=Kielce \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews]] \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Virtual Shtetl]] \\\|url\\=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/kielce/5,historia/?action\\=view\\&page\\=1 \\\|pages\\=1–3\\\|language\\=pl}} with trains of dispossessed Jews arriving under the escort of German [Order Police battalions](/wiki/Order_Police_battalions \"Order Police battalions\") from the [Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany](/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany \"Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany\").{{cite web \\\|author\\=Wacław Wierzbieniec \\\|translator\\=Anna Grojec \\\|title\\=Kielce \\\|url\\=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Kielce \\\|publisher\\=YIVO Institute for Jewish Research \\\|year\\=2010 \\\|work\\=Jews in Eastern Europe}}", "Immediately after the German [occupation of Poland](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland \"Occupation of Poland\") in September 1939, all Jews were ordered to wear a [Star of David](/wiki/Star_of_David \"Star of David\") on their outer garments. Jewish–owned factories in Kielce were confiscated by the [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo \"Gestapo\"), stores and shops along the main thoroughfares liquidated, and ransom fines introduced. The [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II \"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\") and deportations to concentration camps culminated in mass extermination of Jews of Kielce during [the Holocaust in occupied Poland](/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_occupied_Poland \"The Holocaust in occupied Poland\").{{cite book \\\|title\\=Zagada ludnosci zydowskiej Kielc: 1939–1945 \\\|author\\=Prof. Krzysztof Urbański \\\|year\\=2005 \\\|chapter\\=III: Ghetto \\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/kielce1/kie076\\.html \\\|pages\\=76–116 \\\|work\\=Translation from Polish \\\|via\\=JewishGen, Yizkor Book Project \\\|translator\\=Yaacov Kotlicki}}", "In April 1941, the [Kielce Ghetto](/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto \"Kielce Ghetto\") was formed, surrounded by high fences, barbed wire, and guards.{{cite book \\\|title\\=Der Judenmord in Polen und die deutsche Ordnungspolizei 1939–1945 \\\|author\\=Wolfgang Curilla \\\|publisher\\=Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh \\\|year\\=2011 \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xfrrAwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=%22Polizeibataillon%20305%22%20Kielce \\\|page\\=526 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-3506770431}} The gentile Poles were ordered to vacate the area and the Jews were given one week to relocate. The ghetto was split in two, along Warszawska Street (Nowowarszawska) with the Silnica River [(pl)](/wiki/Silnica_%28rzeka%29 \"Silnica (rzeka)\") running through it. The so\\-called large ghetto was set up between the streets of Orla, Piotrkowska, Pocieszka, and Warszawska to the east, and the smaller ghetto between Warszawska on the west, and the streets of Bodzentyńska, St. Wojciech, and the St. Wojciech square. The ghetto gates were closed on 5 April 1941; the [Jewish Ghetto Police](/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police \"Jewish Ghetto Police\") was formed with 85 members and ordered to guard it.{{cite web \\\|author\\=Chris Webb \\\|title\\=Kielce \\\|publisher\\=Holocaust Historical Society \\\|year\\=2014 \\\|url\\=http://www.holocausthistoricalsociety.org.uk/kielce.html \\\|at\\=''Sources: The Yad Vashem Encylopiedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust'' Volume 1, \\[\\[Yad Vashem]], 2009; ''Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka – The Aktion Reinhard Death Camps'' By \\[\\[Yitzhak Arad\\\|Y. Arad]], Indiana University Press, 1987}} Meanwhile, expulsions elsewhere and deportations to Kielce continued until August 1942 at which time there were 27,000 prisoners crammed in the ghetto. Trains with Jewish families arrived from the entire [Kielce Voivodeship](/wiki/Kielce_Voivodeship \"Kielce Voivodeship\"), and also from [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 \"Poznań\"), and [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"Łódź\").", "The severe overcrowding, rampant hunger, and outbreaks of epidemic typhus took the lives of 4,000 people before mid\\-1942\\. During this time, many of them were forced to work at a nearby German munition plant run by [Hasag](/wiki/Hasag \"Hasag\"). In August 1942, the [Kielce Ghetto](/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto \"Kielce Ghetto\") was liquidated in the course of only five days. During [roundups](/wiki/Roundup_%28history%29 \"Roundup (history)\"), all Jews unable to move were shot on the spot including the sick, the elderly, and the disabled; 20,000–21,000 Jews were led into waiting [Holocaust trains](/wiki/Holocaust_train \"Holocaust train\"), and murdered in the gas chambers of [Treblinka](/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp \"Treblinka extermination camp\"). After the extermination action only 2,000 Jews were left in Kielce, lodged in [the labour camp](/wiki/Zwangsarbeitslager \"Zwangsarbeitslager\") at Stolarska and Jasna Streets [(pl)](/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_pracy_Jasna-Stolarska_w_Kielcach \"Obóz pracy Jasna-Stolarska w Kielcach\") within the small ghetto. Those who survived were sent to other forced labour camps. On 23 May 1943 the [Kielce cemetery massacre](/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre \"Kielce cemetery massacre\") was perpetrated by the German police; 45 Jewish children who had survived the [Kielce Ghetto](/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto \"Kielce Ghetto\") liquidation, were murdered by [Order Police battalions](/wiki/Order_Police_battalions \"Order Police battalions\").", "[thumb\\\|Building of the Kielce Jewish Committee and refugee centre on Planty Street](/wiki/File:Kielce_planty_7.jpg \"Kielce planty 7.jpg\")\nOn 4 July 1946 the local Jewish gathering of some 200 Holocaust survivors from the Planty 7 Street refugee centre of the Zionist Union became the target of the [Kielce pogrom](/wiki/Kielce_pogrom \"Kielce pogrom\") in which 37 (40\\) Jews (17–21 of whom remain unidentified) and 2 ethnic Poles were killed, including 11 fatally shot with military rifles and 11 more stabbed with bayonets, indicating direct involvement of loyal to Moscow Polish communist troops.{{cite journal \\\|title\\=Pogrom kielecki – oczami świadka \\\|type\\=special issue \\\|journal\\=Niezalezna Gazeta Polska \\\|location\\=Warsaw \\\|date\\=4 July 2008 \\\|quote\\=Leszek Bukowski \\& Andrzej Jankowski (ed.), ''\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xgI\\_AQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=zabitych\\+4\\+lipca\\+1946 Wokół pogromu kieleckiego],'' vol. II, with Foreword by Jan Żaryn, IPN: Warsaw 2008, pp. 166–171; {{ISBN\\\|8360464871}}. \\\|author\\=Judge Andrzej Jankowski \\\|author2\\=Leszek Bukowski \\\|at\\=1–8 in PDF \\\|url\\=http://pamiec.pl/download/49/27596/IPN2920080704\\.pdf \\\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2016 \\\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2016 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826073423/http://pamiec.pl/download/49/27596/IPN2920080704\\.pdf \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "During the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), many Jewish historians theorized that the pogrom became the cause of outward Jewish emigration from Poland immediately following the opening of the borders in 1947\\.Königseder, Angelika, and [Juliane Wetzel](/wiki/Juliane_Wetzel \"Juliane Wetzel\"), Waiting for Hope: Jewish Displaced Persons in Post\\-World War II Germany, Northwestern University Press, 2001, {{ISBN\\\|0\\-8101\\-1477\\-1}} [pp. 46\\-47](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y59izLT_VawC&dq=kielce+%22displaced+persons%22&pg=PA46)Wyman, Mark, DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, Cornell University Press, 1998, {{ISBN\\\|0\\-8014\\-8542\\-8}} [p. 144](https://books.google.com/books?id=lHNw7MnsmlYC&dq=kielce+%22displaced+persons%22&pg=PA144) Nevertheless, the true reasons behind the dramatic increase of Jewish emigration from Poland were far more complex.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Marrus\\\|first\\=Michael Robert \\\| author\\-link \\= Michael Marrus\\\|author2\\=Aristide R. Zolberg \\\|title\\=The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ssrLM0yWD1kC\\&q\\=%22accelerated\\+powerfully\\+after\\+the\\+Kielce\\+pogrom%22\\&pg\\=PA336\\\|publisher\\=Temple University Press\\\|year\\=2002\\\|pages\\=336\\\|isbn\\=1\\-56639\\-955\\-6\\\|quote\\=\"This gigantic effort, known by the Hebrew code word ''Brichah''(flight), accelerated powerfully after the Kielce pogrom in July 1946\"}} The new government of the [Communist Poland](/wiki/Communist_Poland \"Communist Poland\") signed a repatriation agreement with the Soviet Union helping over 150,000 Holocaust survivors leave the Gulag camps legally.{{cite book \\\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oGmTs2SceAgC\\&q\\=%22agreements\\+on\\+the%22\\+%22mutual\\+evacuation\\+of\\+citizens%22\\&pg\\=PA137 \\\| title\\=Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East\\-Central Europe, 1944\\-1948 \\\| publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield \\\| year\\=2001 \\\| access\\-date\\=May 11, 2011 \\\|author1\\=Philipp Ther \\\|author\\-link\\=:de:Philipp Ther \\\| author2\\-link\\=Ana Siljak \\\|author2\\=Ana Siljak \\\| pages\\=138 \\\| isbn\\=0\\-7425\\-1094\\-8}} Poland was the only [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc \"Eastern Bloc\") country to allow free and unrestricted Jewish [Aliyah](/wiki/Aliyah \"Aliyah\") to the nascent [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel \"State of Israel\"), upon the conclusion of World War II.Devorah Hakohen, [Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to Israel and its repercussions...](https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&dq=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70) Syracuse University Press, 2003 \\- 325 pages. Page 70\\. {{nowrap\\\|{{ISBN\\\|0\\-8156\\-2969\\-9}}}} After the Kielce pogrom [Gen. Spychalski](/wiki/Marian_Spychalski \"Marian Spychalski\") of PWP signed a legislative decree allowing the remaining survivors to leave Poland without visas or exit permits.{{cite web \\\|last\\=Aleksiun \\\|first\\=Natalia \\\|title\\=Beriḥah \\\|url\\=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/printarticle.aspx?id\\=219 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YIVO]] \\\|quote\\=Suggested reading: Arieh J. Kochavi, \"Britain and the Jewish Exodus...,\" Polin 7 (1992\\): pp. 161–175}} Poland was the only [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc \"Eastern Bloc\") country to do so, at war's end. Britain demanded from Poland (among others) to halt the Jewish exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Kochavi\\\|first\\=Arieh J.\\\|title\\=Post\\-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States \\& Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948\\\| url\\=https://archive.org/details/postholocaustpol00koch\\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\\|quote\\=Britain exerted pressure on the governments of Poland.\\\|publisher\\=The University of North Carolina Press\\\|year\\=2001\\\|pages\\=xi\\\|isbn\\=0\\-8078\\-2620\\-0}}", "" ]
Transport --------- Kielce is an important transport hub, and is on international and domestic routes: * {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|DK\\|7}} {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|S\\|7}} [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk") – [Elbląg](/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g "Elbląg") – [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") – [Radom](/wiki/Radom "Radom") – Kielce – [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków") – [Chyżne](/wiki/Chy%C5%BCne "Chyżne") * {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|DK\\|73}} [Wiśniówka](/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bni%C3%B3wka%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship "Wiśniówka, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship") – Kielce – [Tarnów](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w "Tarnów") – [Pilzno](/wiki/Pilzno "Pilzno") – [Jasło](/wiki/Jas%C5%82o "Jasło") * {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|DK\\|74}} {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|S\\|74}} [Sulejów](/wiki/Sulej%C3%B3w "Sulejów") – Kielce – [Opatów](/wiki/Opat%C3%B3w "Opatów") – [Szczebrzeszyn](/wiki/Szczebrzeszyn "Szczebrzeszyn") – [Zamość](/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87 "Zamość") – and from there to Ukraine Provincial roads: * {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|DW\\|745}} [Dąbrowa](/wiki/D%C4%85browa%2C_Kielce_County "Dąbrowa, Kielce County") – [Masłów](/wiki/Mas%C5%82%C3%B3w%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship "Masłów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship") – [Radlin](/wiki/Radlin%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship "Radlin, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship") * {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|DW\\|761}} Kielce – [Piekoszów](/wiki/Piekosz%C3%B3w "Piekoszów") * {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|DW\\|762}} Kielce – [Chęciny](/wiki/Ch%C4%99ciny "Chęciny") – [Małogoszcz](/wiki/Ma%C5%82ogoszcz "Małogoszcz") * {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|DW\\|764}} Kielce – [Suków](/wiki/Suk%C3%B3w "Suków") – [Raków](/wiki/Rak%C3%B3w%2C_Kielce_County "Raków, Kielce County") – [Staszów](/wiki/Stasz%C3%B3w "Staszów") – [Połaniec](/wiki/Po%C5%82aniec "Połaniec") * {{Jct\\|country\=POL\\|DW\\|786}} Kielce – [Ruda Strawczyńska](/wiki/Ruda_Strawczy%C5%84ska "Ruda Strawczyńska") – [Łopuszno](/wiki/%C5%81opuszno "Łopuszno") – [Włoszczowa](/wiki/W%C5%82oszczowa "Włoszczowa") – [Koniecpol](/wiki/Koniecpol "Koniecpol") – [Święta Anna](/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta_Anna "Święta Anna") – [Częstochowa](/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa "Częstochowa") In addition, Kielce has a network of district roads, covering 109 streets with a total length of {{convert\\|114\.9\\|km\\|1\\|abbr\=on}} and a network of roads covering 446 streets with a total length of {{convert\\|220\.9\\|km\\|1\\|abbr\=on}}. 57\.5% of roads in the city has an improved hard surface, 8\.4% of hard surface is not improved, while 34\.1% are dirt. [thumb\\|Kielce railway station in 2023](/wiki/File:Obraz_2023-08-09_161502655.png "Obraz 2023-08-09 161502655.png") ### Railways {{see also\\|Kielce railway station}} Rail transport came to Kielce in 1885, when the construction of the line linking Iwanogród ([Dęblin](/wiki/D%C4%99blin "Dęblin")) and [Dąbrowa Górnicza](/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza "Dąbrowa Górnicza") was completed. Currently, Kielce is an important intersection of railway lines, running to Częstochowa and Lubliniec, Warsaw, Kraków and Sandomierz. Within the administrative boundaries of the city there are the following railway stations: Kielce, Kielce Piaski, Kielce Białogon, Kielce Herbskie, Kielce Ślichowice. ### Air travel At present, air services are only available to the residents of Kielce at [Kielce\-Masłów Airport](/wiki/Kielce-Mas%C5%82%C3%B3w_Airport "Kielce-Masłów Airport"), a civilian airport located in nearby [Masłów](/wiki/Mas%C5%82%C3%B3w%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship "Masłów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship"). It is not able to accommodate large passenger planes, because its runway is only 1,200 m. Its reconstruction is seen as not viable and in June 2006 the decision was made about the location of a new airport near the village of the [Obice Morawica](/wiki/Obice "Obice"), able to handle regular airlines. At present, land has been purchased for the investment. The nearest international airports are located in [Kraków\-Balice](/wiki/John_Paul_II_International_Airport_Krak%C3%B3w-Balice "John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice"), [Warsaw\-Okecie](/wiki/Warsaw_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_Airport "Warsaw Frédéric Chopin Airport") and [Rzeszów\-Jasionka](/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w-Jasionka_Airport "Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport"). ### Local transport Official transport services were first established on 22 July 1951, when the local transport department was created. After many changes today, the city operates 46 regular bus lines (1\-53 without 3, 6, 15\-17, 20, 22, 37, 39\-40, 42, 46, 48\-49, 52\), 7 "EU" lines (102\-114 without 105\-106, 109\-111, 113\), 5 hybrid bus lines (34, 46, 50, 51, 54\), two free circle lines (0W and 0Z) two lines of special constants (F, Z) and two night lines (N1, N2\). Most of the regular lines are operated by the Municipal Transport Company (MPK Kielce) and Kielce Bus Company Workers (KASP), and the "EU", the free circle lines and some normal lines (13, 23, 24\) are operated by BP Tour Regio under an agreement signed with the Management of Urban Transport (ZTM Kielce). In Kielce, there are two depots, one used by MPK and the other used by BP Tour Regio. The rolling stock is composed of about 165 buses. In 2009/10 the Transport Authority in Kielce released the Polish Operational Programme Development of Eastern 2007 \- 2013 project "Development of public transport system in Kielce Metropolitan Area." They bought 40 new buses \-[Solaris](/wiki/Solaris_Bus_%26_Coach "Solaris Bus & Coach") Urbino 12s, and another 20 were bought in 2010\. These buses will support new lines. Part of the project, envisages installation of 24 electronic boards for bus departure times and 20 stationary ticket vending machines. ### Long\-distance travel The history of communication dates back to coaches from Kielce in 1945, when the District was set up. Already in 1946, there were regular routes to Kraków, Warsaw, Jelenia Góra, Teplice and neighbouring towns. After 1990, the Kielce Bus Station was renamed the PKS Station in Kielce, and has maintained regular passenger long\-distance routes.	[ "Transport\n---------", "Kielce is an important transport hub, and is on international and domestic routes:\n* {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|DK\\\|7}} {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|S\\\|7}} [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\") – [Elbląg](/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g \"Elbląg\") – [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") – [Radom](/wiki/Radom \"Radom\") – Kielce – [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\") – [Chyżne](/wiki/Chy%C5%BCne \"Chyżne\")\n* {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|DK\\\|73}} [Wiśniówka](/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bni%C3%B3wka%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship \"Wiśniówka, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship\") – Kielce – [Tarnów](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w \"Tarnów\") – [Pilzno](/wiki/Pilzno \"Pilzno\") – [Jasło](/wiki/Jas%C5%82o \"Jasło\")\n* {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|DK\\\|74}} {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|S\\\|74}} [Sulejów](/wiki/Sulej%C3%B3w \"Sulejów\") – Kielce – [Opatów](/wiki/Opat%C3%B3w \"Opatów\") – [Szczebrzeszyn](/wiki/Szczebrzeszyn \"Szczebrzeszyn\") – [Zamość](/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87 \"Zamość\") – and from there to Ukraine", "Provincial roads:\n* {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|DW\\\|745}} [Dąbrowa](/wiki/D%C4%85browa%2C_Kielce_County \"Dąbrowa, Kielce County\") – [Masłów](/wiki/Mas%C5%82%C3%B3w%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship \"Masłów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship\") – [Radlin](/wiki/Radlin%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship \"Radlin, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship\")\n* {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|DW\\\|761}} Kielce – [Piekoszów](/wiki/Piekosz%C3%B3w \"Piekoszów\")\n* {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|DW\\\|762}} Kielce – [Chęciny](/wiki/Ch%C4%99ciny \"Chęciny\") – [Małogoszcz](/wiki/Ma%C5%82ogoszcz \"Małogoszcz\")\n* {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|DW\\\|764}} Kielce – [Suków](/wiki/Suk%C3%B3w \"Suków\") – [Raków](/wiki/Rak%C3%B3w%2C_Kielce_County \"Raków, Kielce County\") – [Staszów](/wiki/Stasz%C3%B3w \"Staszów\") – [Połaniec](/wiki/Po%C5%82aniec \"Połaniec\")\n* {{Jct\\\|country\\=POL\\\|DW\\\|786}} Kielce – [Ruda Strawczyńska](/wiki/Ruda_Strawczy%C5%84ska \"Ruda Strawczyńska\") – [Łopuszno](/wiki/%C5%81opuszno \"Łopuszno\") – [Włoszczowa](/wiki/W%C5%82oszczowa \"Włoszczowa\") – [Koniecpol](/wiki/Koniecpol \"Koniecpol\") – [Święta Anna](/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta_Anna \"Święta Anna\") – [Częstochowa](/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa \"Częstochowa\")", "In addition, Kielce has a network of district roads, covering 109 streets with a total length of {{convert\\\|114\\.9\\\|km\\\|1\\\|abbr\\=on}} and a network of roads covering 446 streets with a total length of {{convert\\\|220\\.9\\\|km\\\|1\\\|abbr\\=on}}. 57\\.5% of roads in the city has an improved hard surface, 8\\.4% of hard surface is not improved, while 34\\.1% are dirt.\n[thumb\\\|Kielce railway station in 2023](/wiki/File:Obraz_2023-08-09_161502655.png \"Obraz 2023-08-09 161502655.png\")", "### Railways", "{{see also\\\|Kielce railway station}}\nRail transport came to Kielce in 1885, when the construction of the line linking Iwanogród ([Dęblin](/wiki/D%C4%99blin \"Dęblin\")) and [Dąbrowa Górnicza](/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza \"Dąbrowa Górnicza\") was completed. Currently, Kielce is an important intersection of railway lines, running to Częstochowa and Lubliniec, Warsaw, Kraków and Sandomierz. Within the administrative boundaries of the city there are the following railway stations: Kielce, Kielce Piaski, Kielce Białogon, Kielce Herbskie, Kielce Ślichowice.", "### Air travel", "At present, air services are only available to the residents of Kielce at [Kielce\\-Masłów Airport](/wiki/Kielce-Mas%C5%82%C3%B3w_Airport \"Kielce-Masłów Airport\"), a civilian airport located in nearby [Masłów](/wiki/Mas%C5%82%C3%B3w%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship \"Masłów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship\"). It is not able to accommodate large passenger planes, because its runway is only 1,200 m. Its reconstruction is seen as not viable and in June 2006 the decision was made about the location of a new airport near the village of the [Obice Morawica](/wiki/Obice \"Obice\"), able to handle regular airlines. At present, land has been purchased for the investment. The nearest international airports are located in [Kraków\\-Balice](/wiki/John_Paul_II_International_Airport_Krak%C3%B3w-Balice \"John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice\"), [Warsaw\\-Okecie](/wiki/Warsaw_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_Airport \"Warsaw Frédéric Chopin Airport\") and [Rzeszów\\-Jasionka](/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w-Jasionka_Airport \"Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport\").", "### Local transport", "Official transport services were first established on 22 July 1951, when the local transport department was created.", "After many changes today, the city operates 46 regular bus lines (1\\-53 without 3, 6, 15\\-17, 20, 22, 37, 39\\-40, 42, 46, 48\\-49, 52\\), 7 \"EU\" lines (102\\-114 without 105\\-106, 109\\-111, 113\\), 5 hybrid bus lines (34, 46, 50, 51, 54\\), two free circle lines (0W and 0Z) two lines of special constants (F, Z) and two night lines (N1, N2\\). Most of the regular lines are operated by the Municipal Transport Company (MPK Kielce) and Kielce Bus Company Workers (KASP), and the \"EU\", the free circle lines and some normal lines (13, 23, 24\\) are operated by BP Tour Regio under an agreement signed with the Management of Urban Transport (ZTM Kielce). In Kielce, there are two depots, one used by MPK and the other used by BP Tour Regio. The rolling stock is composed of about 165 buses.", "In 2009/10 the Transport Authority in Kielce released the Polish Operational Programme Development of Eastern 2007 \\- 2013 project \"Development of public transport system in Kielce Metropolitan Area.\" They bought 40 new buses \\-[Solaris](/wiki/Solaris_Bus_%26_Coach \"Solaris Bus & Coach\") Urbino 12s, and another 20 were bought in 2010\\. These buses will support new lines. Part of the project, envisages installation of 24 electronic boards for bus departure times and 20 stationary ticket vending machines.", "### Long\\-distance travel", "The history of communication dates back to coaches from Kielce in 1945, when the District was set up. Already in 1946, there were regular routes to Kraków, Warsaw, Jelenia Góra, Teplice and neighbouring towns.", "After 1990, the Kielce Bus Station was renamed the PKS Station in Kielce, and has maintained regular passenger long\\-distance routes.", "" ]
History ------- The Confederacy had{{when\\|date\=November 2012}} a territory that stretched from the [North Saskatchewan River](/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River "North Saskatchewan River") (called Ponoká'sisaahta){{dubious\\|date\=November 2012}} along what is now [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton "Edmonton"), Alberta, in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), to the [Yellowstone River](/wiki/Yellowstone_River "Yellowstone River") (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), and from the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains") (called Miistakistsi) and along the [South Saskatchewan River](/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_River "South Saskatchewan River") to the present Alberta\-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi),[Annis May Timpson](/wiki/Annis_May_Timpson "Annis May Timpson"): First Nations, First Thoughts: The Impact of Indigenous Thought in Canada, University of British Columbia, 2010, {{ISBN\\|978\-0\-7748\-1552\-9}} east past the [Cypress Hills](/wiki/Cypress_Hills_%28Canada%29 "Cypress Hills (Canada)"). They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis\-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)\- "Original People s Land." To the east, the [Innu](/wiki/Innu_people "Innu people") and [Naskapi](/wiki/Naskapi "Naskapi") called their territory [Nitassinan](/wiki/Nitassinan "Nitassinan") – "Our Land."{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/ourland.html \\|title\=Nitawahsin\-nanni\- Our Land \\|publisher\=Blackfootcrossing.ca \\|date\=29 January 2008 \\|access\-date\=16 December 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807091616/http://blackfootcrossing.ca/ourland.html \\|archive\-date\=7 August 2013 }} They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting. The basic [social unit](/wiki/Social_group "Social group") of the Niitsitapi above the family was [the band](/wiki/Band_society "Band society"), varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people. This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility. Each band consisted of a respected leader {{Citation needed\\|date\=May 2014}}, possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related. {{Citation needed\\|date\=May 2014}} Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes. Also, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands. In practice, bands were constantly forming and breaking up. The system maximized flexibility and was an ideal organization for a hunting people on the northwestern [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains "Great Plains"). [thumb\\|Chief [Aatsista\-Mahkan](/wiki/Aatsista-Mahkan "Aatsista-Mahkan"), c.1905\.](/wiki/File:Aatsista-Mahkan.jpg "Aatsista-Mahkan.jpg") During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings. In these large assemblies, warrior societies played an important role for the men. Membership into these societies was based on brave acts and deeds. For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley. They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted. Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together. During this part of the year, [buffalo](/wiki/American_Bison "American Bison") also wintered in wooded areas, where they were partially sheltered from storms and snow. They were easier prey as their movements were hampered. In spring the buffalo moved out onto the grasslands to forage on new spring growth. The Blackfoot did not follow immediately, for fear of late [blizzards](/wiki/Blizzard "Blizzard"). As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo. In midsummer, when the [chokecherries](/wiki/Chokecherry "Chokecherry") ripened, the people regrouped for their major ceremony, the Okan ([Sun Dance](/wiki/Sun_Dance "Sun Dance")). This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble. The gathering reinforced the bonds among the various groups and linked individuals with the nations. Communal buffalo hunts provided food for the people, as well as offerings of the bulls' tongues (a delicacy) for the ceremonies. These ceremonies are sacred to the people. After the Okan, the people again separated to follow the buffalo. They used the buffalo hides to make their dwellings and temporary tipis. In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas. The men would prepare the buffalo jumps and pounds for capturing or driving the bison for hunting. Several groups of people might join at particularly good sites, such as [Head\-Smashed\-In Buffalo Jump](/wiki/Head-Smashed-In_Buffalo_Jump "Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump"). As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills. The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into [pemmican](/wiki/Pemmican "Pemmican"), to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor. At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps. The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items. Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses. The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near [extirpation](/wiki/Local_extinction "Local extinction") of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the [European settlers](/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas "European colonization of the Americas") and their descendants. In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the [Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851](/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281851%29 "Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)"). Nearly three decades later, they were given a distinct reservation in the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty of 1887\. In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed [Treaty 7](/wiki/Treaty_7 "Treaty 7") and settled on [reserves](/wiki/Indian_reserve "Indian reserve") in southern Alberta. This began a period of great struggle and economic hardship; the Niitsitapi had to try to adapt to a completely new way of life. They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity. Eventually, they established a viable economy based on farming, ranching, and light industry. Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today. With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots. ### Early history [thumb\\|Blackfoot [teepees](/wiki/Teepee "Teepee"), [Glacier National Park](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28U.S.%29 "Glacier National Park (U.S.)"), 1933](/wiki/File:Blackfoot_tipis.jpg "Blackfoot tipis.jpg") The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.{{Citation needed\\|date\=November 2022}} Originally, only one of the Niitsitapi tribes was called Blackfoot or Siksika. The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' [moccasins](/wiki/Moccasins "Moccasins"), made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black. One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black.{{Citation needed\\|date\=November 2022}} [thumb\\|Kainai (Blood) women with travois.](/wiki/File:Kainai_travois.jpg "Kainai travois.jpg") Due to language and cultural patterns, [anthropologists](/wiki/Anthropologists "Anthropologists") believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country. They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States. They were mostly located around the modern\-day border between Canada and the state of Maine. By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land.{{Citation needed\\|date\=January 2012}} They moved west and settled for a while north of the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes") in present\-day Canada, but had to compete for resources with existing tribes. They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west.{{cite journal\\|last\=Grinnel\\|first\=George Bird\\|title\=Early Blackfoot History\\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i227087\\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-30\\|journal\=American Anthropologist \\|year\=1892\\|volume\=5\\|issue\=2\\|pages\=153–164\\|publisher\=American Anthropological Association, Wiley\\|jstor\=658663}} When they moved, they usually packed their belongings on an A\-shaped sled called a [travois](/wiki/Travois "Travois"). The travois was designed for transport over dry land.Gibson, The Blackfeet People of the Dark Moccasins, 1 The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century. From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains. The Plains had covered approximately {{convert\\|780000\\|sqmi\\|km2}} with the [Saskatchewan River](/wiki/Saskatchewan_River "Saskatchewan River") to the north, the [Rio Grande](/wiki/Rio_Grande "Rio Grande") to the south, the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River") to the east, and the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains") to the west.Taylor, 9\. Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name "The Lords of the Plains."{{cite journal \\|first\=Alex \\|last\=Johnston \\|s2cid\=19795696 \\|title\=Blackfoot Indian Utilization of the Flora of the Northwestern Great Plains \\|journal\= Economic Botany \\|volume\=24\\| issue \= 3 \\|date\=Jul–Sep 1970\\|pages\= 301–324 \\|doi\=10\.1007/bf02860666 \\|jstor\=4253161\\|doi\-access\=free }} Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to "time immemorial." ### Importance and uses of bison [thumb\\|Bison hunters with wolf skin disguises.](/wiki/File:BuffaloHunters.jpg "BuffaloHunters.jpg") [thumb\\|Depiction of Bison being driven over a "buffalo jump".](/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg "Alfred Jacob Miller - Hunting Buffalo - Walters 371940190.jpg") The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the [American bison](/wiki/American_bison "American bison") (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about {{convert\\|6\+1/2\\|ft\\|m}} tall and weighing up to {{convert\\|2000\\|lbs}}.David Murdoch, "North American Indian", eds. Marion Dent and others, Vol. Eyewitness Books(Dorling Kindersley Limited, London: Alfred A.Knopf, Inc., 1937\), 28–29\. Before the introduction of horses, the Niitsitapi needed other ways to get in range. The [buffalo jump](/wiki/Buffalo_jump "Buffalo jump") was one of the most common ways. The hunters would round up the buffalo into V\-shaped pens, and drive them over a cliff (they hunted [pronghorn](/wiki/Pronghorn "Pronghorn") antelopes in the same way). Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp. They also used camouflage for hunting. The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent. By subtle moves, the hunters could get close to the herd. When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals. The people used virtually all parts of the body and skin. The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for [jerky](/wiki/Jerky "Jerky"). This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters.Gibson, 14 The winters were long, harsh, and cold due to the lack of trees in the Plains, so people stockpiled meat in summer.Taylor, 2 As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill. The women tanned and prepared the skins to cover the tepees. These were made of log poles, with the skins draped over it. The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind.{{cite journal\\|last\=West\\|first\=Helen B.\\|date\=Autumn 1960\\|title\=Blackfoot Country\\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i405881\\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-30\\|journal\=Montana: The Magazine of Western History\\|pages\=34–44\\|jstor\=4516437\\|volume\=10\\|issue\=4}} The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat. Both men and women made utensils, sewing needles and tools from the bones, using tendon for fastening and binding. The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids. Dried bison dung was fuel for the fires. The Niitsitapi considered the animal sacred and integral to their lives.Gibson, 15 ### Discovery and uses of horses [thumb\\|Mounted Blackfoot warrior on horse painted from life by [Karl Bodmer](/wiki/Karl_Bodmer "Karl Bodmer").](/wiki/File:Bodmer_--_Blackfoot_Indian%2C_1840-1843.jpg "Bodmer -- Blackfoot Indian, 1840-1843.jpg") Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods. They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the [Shoshone](/wiki/Shoshone "Shoshone"), had already adopted their use.Grinnell, Early Blackfoot History, pp. 153–164 They saw the advantages of horses and wanted some. The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs).{{cite journal\\|last\=Baldwin\\|first\=Stuart J.\\|date\=Jan 1994\\|title\=Blackfoot Neologisms\\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i254177\\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-30\\|journal\=International Journal of American Linguistics\\|pages\=69–72\\|jstor\=1265481\\|volume\=60\\|issue\=1\\|doi\=10\.1086/466218\\|s2cid\=224808614}} The horses could carry much more weight than dogs and moved at a greater speed. They could be ridden for hunting and travel.Murdoch, North American Indian, p. 28 [thumb\\|Three mounted Piegan chiefs on the prairie. Photographed by [Edward S. Curtis](/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis "Edward S. Curtis").](/wiki/File:Three_chiefs_Piegan_p.39-2.jpg "Three chiefs Piegan p.39-2.jpg") Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth. Warriors regularly raided other tribes for their best horses. Horses were generally used as universal standards of barter. [Medicine men](/wiki/Medicine_Man "Medicine Man") were paid for cures and healing with horses. Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses.Taylor, 4 The men gave horses to those who were owed gifts as well as to the needy. An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them. The individual's prestige and status was judged by the number of horses that he could give away. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others.Royal B. Hassrick, The Colorful Story of North American Indians, Vol. Octopus Books, Limited (Hong Kong: Mandarin Publishers Limited, 1974\), 77\. [thumb\\|Blackfoot warriors at Fort MacLeod, 1907](/wiki/File:Blackfoot_warriors%2C_Macleod%2C_Alberta_%28HS85-10-18724%29.jpg "Blackfoot warriors, Macleod, Alberta (HS85-10-18724).jpg") After driving the hostile Shoshone and [Arapaho](/wiki/Arapaho_people "Arapaho people") from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily. In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid\-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival. Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands. The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – "Rapids People" – "People of the Rapids"), allies of the Niitsitapi. The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee ("They Live in Holes People"), because their tribal lands were along the [Saskatchewan River Forks](/wiki/Saskatchewan_River_Forks "Saskatchewan River Forks") (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River). They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns. In retaliation for [Hudson's Bay Company](/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company "Hudson's Bay Company") (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 [South Branch House](/wiki/South_Branch_House "South Branch House") of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of [St. Louis, Saskatchewan](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Saskatchewan "St. Louis, Saskatchewan"). Then, the tribe moved southward to the [Milk River](/wiki/Milk_River_%28Alberta%E2%80%93Montana%29 "Milk River (Alberta–Montana)") in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and [Battle River](/wiki/Battle_River "Battle River") (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances.Bruce Vandervort: Indian Wars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States 1812–1900\.Taylor \& Francis, 2005, {{ISBN\\|978\-0\-415\-22472\-7}} ### Enemies and warrior culture [thumb\\| When Blackfoot and Sioux Meet by western artist [Charles Marion Russell](/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell "Charles Marion Russell").](/wiki/File:CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg "CM Russell When Blackfoot And Sioux Meet.jpeg") [thumb\\|The Death of Omoxesisixany or Big Snake by [Paul Kane](/wiki/Paul_Kane "Paul Kane"), depicting a battle between a Blackfoot and Plains Cree warrior on horseback.](/wiki/File:The_Death_of_Omoxesisixany_or_Big_Snake.jpg "The Death of Omoxesisixany or Big Snake.jpg") Blackfoot war parties would ride hundreds of miles on raids. A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name. But after he had stolen his first horse or killed an enemy, he was given a name to honor him. Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called [counting coup](/wiki/Counting_coup "Counting coup"), in order to move up in social rank. The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp.{{cite book\\|last\=Hungrywolf\\|first\=Adolf\\|title\=The Blackfoot Papers\\|year\=2006\\|publisher\=The Good Medicine Cultural Foundation\\|location\=Skookumchuck, British Columbia\\|isbn\=0\-920698\-80\-8\\|page\=233\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=sGtsbTEtcRIC\&pg\=PA233\\|access\-date\=6 March 2013}} [right\\|thumb\\|Blackfeet Burning Crow Buffalo Range by [Charles Marion Russell](/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell "Charles Marion Russell").](/wiki/File:Blackfeet_Burning_Crow_Buffalo_Range.jpg "Blackfeet Burning Crow Buffalo Range.jpg") The Niitsitapi were enemies of the [Crow](/wiki/Crow_Nation "Crow Nation"), [Cheyenne](/wiki/Cheyenne "Cheyenne") (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux "Sioux") (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – "East Cree") on the Great Plains; and the [Shoshone](/wiki/Shoshone "Shoshone"), [Flathead](/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation "Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation"), [Kalispel](/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles_%28tribe%29 "Pend d'Oreilles (tribe)"), [Kootenai](/wiki/Ktunaxa "Ktunaxa") (called kotonáá'wa) and [Nez Perce](/wiki/Nez_Perce_people "Nez Perce people") (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the [Iron Confederacy](/wiki/Iron_Confederacy "Iron Confederacy") or Nehiyaw\-Pwat (in [Plains Cree](/wiki/Plains_Cree_language "Plains Cree language"): Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat\-sak – 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') – named after the dominating [Plains Cree](/wiki/Cree "Cree") (called Asinaa) and [Assiniboine](/wiki/Assiniboine_people "Assiniboine people") (called Niitsísinaa – "Original Cree"). These included the [Stoney](/wiki/Nakoda_%28Stoney%29 "Nakoda (Stoney)") (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi\-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″),{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.angelfire.com/ar/waakomimm/lang13\.html \\|title\=Names for Peoples/Tribes \\|publisher\=Angelfire.com \\|access\-date\=16 December 2013}} [Saulteaux](/wiki/Saulteaux "Saulteaux") (or [Plains Ojibwe](/wiki/Plains_Ojibwe "Plains Ojibwe")), and [Métis](/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_%28Canada%29 "Métis people (Canada)") to the north, east and southeast. With the expansion of the Nehiyaw\-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of [Iroquois](/wiki/Iroquois "Iroquois"), [Chipewyan](/wiki/Chipewyan "Chipewyan"), [Danezaa](/wiki/Danezaa_people "Danezaa people") (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'),the Cree called them Amiskiwiyiniw or Amisk Wiyiniwak and the [Dakelh](/wiki/Dakelh "Dakelh") Tsat'en, Tsattine or Tza Tinne – both mean 'Beaver People', so they were formerly often referred in English as Beaver Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later [Gros Ventre](/wiki/Gros_Ventre_people "Gros Ventre people") (called atsíína – "Gut People" or "like a Cree"), in their local groups. Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw\-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the [Ktunaxa](/wiki/Ktunaxa "Ktunaxa"), [Secwepemc](/wiki/Secwepemc "Secwepemc") and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead.Joachim Fromhold: The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak) The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present\-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed. By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of {{convert\\|300\\|mi}} to the east.{{cite web \\|url\=http://segonku.unl.edu/\~ahodge/aftermath.html \\|author\=A. Hodge \\|title\=Beyond Borderlands: Discussion: Aftermath \\|publisher\=University of Nebraska Lincoln \\|access\-date\=16 December 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101124041/http://segonku.unl.edu/\~ahodge/aftermath.html \\|archive\-date\=1 November 2013 }} Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw\-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy. During the so\-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870\), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – "Muddy River", "Muddy, turbid River"), the Kainai withdrew to the [Bow River](/wiki/Bow_River "Bow River") and [Belly River](/wiki/Belly_River "Belly River"); only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the [Red Deer River](/wiki/Red_Deer_River "Red Deer River"). Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection. ### First contact with Europeans and the fur trade [Anthony Henday](/wiki/Anthony_Henday "Anthony Henday") of the [Hudson's Bay Company](/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company "Hudson's Bay Company") (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta"). The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the [Lewis and Clark Expedition](/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition "Lewis and Clark Expedition") in 1806\. Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper [Missouri River](/wiki/Missouri_River "Missouri River") for the [United States government](/wiki/United_States_government "United States government"). On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to [Meriwether Lewis](/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis "Meriwether Lewis") that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors. Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations,Gibson, 23 and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations.{{cite book\\|title\=Undaunted Courage\\|author\=Ambrose, Stephen\\|page\=389}} The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept. In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed.Gibson, 23–29 In subsequent years, American [mountain men](/wiki/Mountain_man "Mountain man") trapping in Blackfoot country generally encountered hostility. When [John Colter](/wiki/John_Colter "John Colter"), a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life. In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank. Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed. Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as "Colter's Run.") He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of [driftwood](/wiki/Driftwood "Driftwood") or a [beaver dam](/wiki/Beaver_dam "Beaver dam"), where he remained concealed until after nightfall. He trekked another 300 miles to a fort.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.mman.us/coltersescape.htm\\|title\=Both versions of Colter's Run}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.lewis\-clark.org/content/content\-article.asp?ArticleID\=2616\\|title\=Colter the Mountain Man\\|publisher\=Lewis\-Clark.org\\|access\-date\=24 December 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925015401/http://www.lewis\-clark.org/content/content\-article.asp?ArticleID\=2616\\|archive\-date\=25 September 2012\\|url\-status\=dead}} [thumb\\|[Buffalo Bull's Back Fat](/wiki/Buffalo_Bull%27s_Back_Fat "Buffalo Bull's Back Fat"), Head Chief, of the Blood Tribe by [George Catlin](/wiki/George_Catlin "George Catlin").](/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_Buffalo_Bulls_Back_Fat_-_Smithsonian.jpg "George Catlin - Buffalo Bulls Back Fat - Smithsonian.jpg") In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in [Rupert's Land](/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land "Rupert's Land") whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia. > By the late 1820s, \[this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, \[to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items.Brown, 2 [thumb\\|Mehkskeme\-Sukahs, Blackfoot chief (c. 1840\).](/wiki/File:Mehkskeme-Sukahs_cropped.jpg "Mehkskeme-Sukahs cropped.jpg") The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the [North Saskatchewan River](/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River "North Saskatchewan River"), on the northern boundary of their territory. In the 1830s the Rocky Mountain region and the wider Saskatchewan District were the HBC's most profitable, and [Rocky Mountain House](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_House "Rocky Mountain House") was the HBC's busiest post. It was primarily used by the Piikani. Other Niitsitapiksi nations traded more in pemmican and buffalo skins than beaver, and visited other posts such as [Fort Edmonton](/wiki/Fort_Edmonton "Fort Edmonton").Brown, 3 Meanwhile, in 1822, the [American Fur Company](/wiki/American_Fur_Company "American Fur Company") entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission. This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established. This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by [Fort MacKenzie](/wiki/Fort_MacKenzie "Fort MacKenzie") in 1833\. The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi. The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the [Bow River](/wiki/Bow_River "Bow River") in 1832, but it was not a success.Brown, 4–5 In 1833, German explorer [Prince Maximilian of Wied\-Neuwied](/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Wied-Neuwied "Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied") and Swiss painter [Karl Bodmer](/wiki/Karl_Bodmer "Karl Bodmer") spent months with the Niitsitapi to get a sense of their culture. Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings. Contact with the Europeans caused a spread of [infectious diseases](/wiki/Infectious_diseases "Infectious diseases") to the Niitsitapi, mostly [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera") and [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox "Smallpox").Taylor, 43 In one instance in 1837, an [American Fur Company](/wiki/American_Fur_Company "American Fur Company") steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to [Fort Union](/wiki/Fort_Union_National_Monument "Fort Union National Monument") and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way. They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi. The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains. The [Hudson's Bay Company](/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company "Hudson's Bay Company") did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor [Edward Jenner](/wiki/Edward_Jenner "Edward Jenner") had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread.{{cite book \\|last\=Frazier\\|first\=Ian\\|title\=Great Plains \\|edition\=1st\\|location\=Toronto, Ontario, Canada\\|publisher\=Collins Publishers\\|year\=1989\\|pages\=50–52}} ### Indian Wars [thumb\\|Single\-Handed, [Charles Marion Russell](/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell "Charles Marion Russell") 1912\. The painting shows a North\-West Mounted Police officer attempting to arrest a defiant warrior at a Blood camp, probably in Alberta or Saskatchewan.](/wiki/File:Single-Handed%2C_Charles_Marion_Russell_1912.jpg "Single-Handed, Charles Marion Russell 1912.jpg") [thumb\\|Dog Child (Winnipeg Jack), a Blackfoot scout and interpreter for the NWMP.](/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Jack_1890.jpg "Winnipeg Jack 1890.jpg") Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers. Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army. One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the [Marias Massacre](/wiki/Marias_Massacre "Marias Massacre") on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers. A friendly relationship with the [North\-West Mounted Police](/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police "North-West Mounted Police") and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States. When the [Lakota](/wiki/Lakota_people "Lakota people"), together with their [Cheyenne](/wiki/Cheyenne_people "Cheyenne people") and [Arapaho](/wiki/Arapaho "Arapaho") allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight. [Crowfoot](/wiki/Crowfoot "Crowfoot"), one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers. He threatened to ally with the NWMP to fight them if they came north into Blackfoot country again. News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa") and from there [London](/wiki/London "London"); [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty.Dempsey, H. A. (1972\). Crowfoot, Chief of the Blackfoot, (1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, P. 88\-89 Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with [Sitting Bull](/wiki/Sitting_Bull "Sitting Bull") into Canada after defeating [George Armstrong Custer](/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer "George Armstrong Custer") and his battalion at the [Battle of Little Big Horn](/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Big_Horn "Battle of Little Big Horn"). Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti\-war stance. Sitting Bull and Crowfoot fostered peace between the two nations by a ceremonial offering of tobacco, ending hostilities between them. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.Dempsey (1972\). Crowfoot, p. 91 The Blackfoot also chose to stay out of the [North\-West Rebellion](/wiki/North-West_Rebellion "North-West Rebellion"), led by the famous [Métis](/wiki/M%C3%A9tis "Métis") leader [Louis Riel](/wiki/Louis_Riel "Louis Riel"). Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them. They tried to spread discontent with the government and gain a powerful ally. The North\-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, [Assiniboine](/wiki/Assiniboine_people "Assiniboine people") (Nakota) and [Plains Cree](/wiki/Cree "Cree"), who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds. The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted [Poundmaker](/wiki/Poundmaker "Poundmaker"), an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son. Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, [Big Bear](/wiki/Big_Bear "Big Bear"), [Wandering Spirit](/wiki/Wandering_Spirit_%28Cree_leader%29 "Wandering Spirit (Cree leader)") and [Fine\-Day](/wiki/Fine-Day "Fine-Day").Dempsey (1972\), Crowfoot, pp. 188–192 When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, [Lord Lansdowne](/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne "Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne"), the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London. The cabinet of [John A. Macdonald](/wiki/John_A._Macdonald "John A. Macdonald") (the current [Prime Minister of Canada](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada "Prime Minister of Canada") at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause. ### Further encroachment by Canada and United States [thumb\\|Colorized photograph of chief [Mountain Chief](/wiki/Mountain_Chief "Mountain Chief")](/wiki/File:Chief_Mountain%2C_Blackfeet.jpg "Chief Mountain, Blackfeet.jpg") During the mid\-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European\-American hunters were hired by the U.S. government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies.Murdoch, North American Indian, 34 In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.Gibson, 26 In 1860, very few buffalo were left, and the Niitsitapi became completely dependent on government supplies. Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all. Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble.{{Clarification needed\\|reason\=what kind of outlaw, what kind of trouble\\|date\=June 2023}} Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke. Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him. According to Piegan oral history, Clarke had also raped Owl Child's wife. But, Clarke was long married to Coth\-co\-co\-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin.[Joe Upham (descendant of Heavy Runner) tells the story of the Bakers Massacre](http://blackfootdigitallibrary.com/en/asset/joe-upham-tells-story-bakers-massacre) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185238/http://blackfootdigitallibrary.com/en/asset/joe\-upham\-tells\-story\-bakers\-massacre \\|date\=21 October 2014 }}, Blackfoot Digital Library, accessed 6 February 2011 The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders.{{cite web\\|url\=http://blackfootdigitallibrary.org/\\|title\=Welcome – Oki – Blackfoot Digital Library\\|access\-date\=9 December 2010\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621010914/http://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.org/\\|archive\-date\=21 June 2011\\|url\-status\=dead}} Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace. Public outcry from news of the event led to General [Philip Sheridan](/wiki/Philip_Sheridan "Philip Sheridan") to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them. [thumb\\|[Frances Densmore](/wiki/Frances_Densmore "Frances Densmore") plays a recording for chief [Mountain Chief](/wiki/Mountain_Chief "Mountain Chief") for the [Bureau of American Ethnology](/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology "Bureau of American Ethnology") in 1916\.](/wiki/File:Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg "Frances Densmore recording Mountain Chief2.jpg") On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band. Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush. Before the command to fire, the chief Heavy Runner was alerted to soldiers on the snowy bluffs above the encampment. He walked toward them, carrying his safe\-conduct paper. Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event. Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile [Mountain Chief](/wiki/Mountain_Chief "Mountain Chief"), further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention. Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops. He was threatened by the cavalry for reporting that the people they attacked were friendly.{{cite web\\|title\=The Marias Massacre\\|url\=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na\-mariasmassacre.html\\|work\=Legend of America\\|access\-date\=21 May 2013}} Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp. According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S. Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting. The Army took 140 Piegan prisoner and then released them. With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to [Fort Benton](/wiki/Fort_Benton%2C_Montana "Fort Benton, Montana"). {{blockquote\\|The greatest slaughter of Indians ever made by U.S. Troops\\|Lieutenant \[\[Gus Doane]], commander of F Company}} As reports of the massacre gradually were learned in the east, members of the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") and press were outraged. General [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman "William Tecumseh Sherman") reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief. An official investigation never occurred, and no official monument marks the spot of the massacre. Compared to events such as the massacres at [Wounded Knee](/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre "Wounded Knee Massacre") and [Sand Creek](/wiki/Sand_Creek_Massacre "Sand Creek Massacre"), the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown. But, it confirmed President [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant") in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents. Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans. The Cree and Assiniboine also suffered from the dwindling herds of the buffalo. By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot. Therefore, in 1870 various Nehiyaw\-Pwat bands began a final effort to get hold of their prey, by beginning a war. They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near [Fort Whoop\-Up](/wiki/Fort_Whoop-Up "Fort Whoop-Up") (called Akaisakoyi – "Many Dead"). But they were defeated in the so\-called [Battle of the Belly River](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Belly_River "Battle of the Belly River") (near [Lethbridge](/wiki/Lethbridge "Lethbridge"), called Assini\-etomochi – "where we slaughtered the Cree") and lost over 300 warriors. The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace. The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.Murdoch, North American Indian, 28–29 The winter of 1883–1884 became known as "Starvation Winter" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone. That winter, 600 Niitsitapi died of hunger.Gibson, 27–28 In efforts to [assimilate](/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans "Cultural assimilation of Native Americans") the Native Americans to European\-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions. They required Blackfoot children to go to [boarding schools](/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools "American Indian boarding schools"), where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing.Gibson, 31–42 In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands. Each household received a {{convert\\|160\\|acre\\|ha\\|adj\=on}} farm, and the government declared the remainder "surplus" to the tribe's needs. It put it up for sale for development. The allotments were too small to support farming on the arid plains. A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed.Murdoch, North American Indian, 29 In 1934 the [Indian Reorganization Act](/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act "Indian Reorganization Act"), passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures. In 1935, the [Blackfeet Nation](/wiki/Blackfeet_Indian_Reservation "Blackfeet Indian Reservation") of Montana began a Tribal Business Council. After that, they wrote and passed their own Constitution, with an elected representative government.Gibson, 35–42	[ "History\n-------", "The Confederacy had{{when\\\|date\\=November 2012}} a territory that stretched from the [North Saskatchewan River](/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River \"North Saskatchewan River\") (called Ponoká'sisaahta){{dubious\\\|date\\=November 2012}} along what is now [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\"), Alberta, in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), to the [Yellowstone River](/wiki/Yellowstone_River \"Yellowstone River\") (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), and from the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\") (called Miistakistsi) and along the [South Saskatchewan River](/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_River \"South Saskatchewan River\") to the present Alberta\\-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi),[Annis May Timpson](/wiki/Annis_May_Timpson \"Annis May Timpson\"): First Nations, First Thoughts: The Impact of Indigenous Thought in Canada, University of British Columbia, 2010, {{ISBN\\\|978\\-0\\-7748\\-1552\\-9}} east past the [Cypress Hills](/wiki/Cypress_Hills_%28Canada%29 \"Cypress Hills (Canada)\"). They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis\\-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)\\- \"Original People\ns Land.\" To the east, the [Innu](/wiki/Innu_people \"Innu people\") and [Naskapi](/wiki/Naskapi \"Naskapi\") called their territory [Nitassinan](/wiki/Nitassinan \"Nitassinan\") – \"Our Land.\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/ourland.html \\\|title\\=Nitawahsin\\-nanni\\- Our Land \\\|publisher\\=Blackfootcrossing.ca \\\|date\\=29 January 2008 \\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807091616/http://blackfootcrossing.ca/ourland.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=7 August 2013 }} They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting.", "The basic [social unit](/wiki/Social_group \"Social group\") of the Niitsitapi above the family was [the band](/wiki/Band_society \"Band society\"), varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people. This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility. Each band consisted of a respected leader {{Citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2014}}, possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related. {{Citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2014}} Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes. Also, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands. In practice, bands were constantly forming and breaking up. The system maximized flexibility and was an ideal organization for a hunting people on the northwestern [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains \"Great Plains\").", "[thumb\\\|Chief [Aatsista\\-Mahkan](/wiki/Aatsista-Mahkan \"Aatsista-Mahkan\"), c.1905\\.](/wiki/File:Aatsista-Mahkan.jpg \"Aatsista-Mahkan.jpg\")\nDuring the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings. In these large assemblies, warrior societies played an important role for the men. Membership into these societies was based on brave acts and deeds.", "For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley. They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted. Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together. During this part of the year, [buffalo](/wiki/American_Bison \"American Bison\") also wintered in wooded areas, where they were partially sheltered from storms and snow. They were easier prey as their movements were hampered. In spring the buffalo moved out onto the grasslands to forage on new spring growth. The Blackfoot did not follow immediately, for fear of late [blizzards](/wiki/Blizzard \"Blizzard\"). As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo.", "In midsummer, when the [chokecherries](/wiki/Chokecherry \"Chokecherry\") ripened, the people regrouped for their major ceremony, the Okan ([Sun Dance](/wiki/Sun_Dance \"Sun Dance\")). This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble. The gathering reinforced the bonds among the various groups and linked individuals with the nations. Communal buffalo hunts provided food for the people, as well as offerings of the bulls' tongues (a delicacy) for the ceremonies. These ceremonies are sacred to the people. After the Okan, the people again separated to follow the buffalo. They used the buffalo hides to make their dwellings and temporary tipis.", "In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas. The men would prepare the buffalo jumps and pounds for capturing or driving the bison for hunting. Several groups of people might join at particularly good sites, such as [Head\\-Smashed\\-In Buffalo Jump](/wiki/Head-Smashed-In_Buffalo_Jump \"Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump\"). As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills.", "The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into [pemmican](/wiki/Pemmican \"Pemmican\"), to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor. At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps. The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items. Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses.", "The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near [extirpation](/wiki/Local_extinction \"Local extinction\") of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the [European settlers](/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas \"European colonization of the Americas\") and their descendants. In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the [Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851](/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281851%29 \"Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)\"). Nearly three decades later, they were given a distinct reservation in the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty of 1887\\. In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed [Treaty 7](/wiki/Treaty_7 \"Treaty 7\") and settled on [reserves](/wiki/Indian_reserve \"Indian reserve\") in southern Alberta.", "This began a period of great struggle and economic hardship; the Niitsitapi had to try to adapt to a completely new way of life. They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity.", "Eventually, they established a viable economy based on farming, ranching, and light industry. Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today. With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots.", "### Early history", "[thumb\\\|Blackfoot [teepees](/wiki/Teepee \"Teepee\"), [Glacier National Park](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28U.S.%29 \"Glacier National Park (U.S.)\"), 1933](/wiki/File:Blackfoot_tipis.jpg \"Blackfoot tipis.jpg\")", "The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=November 2022}} Originally, only one of the Niitsitapi tribes was called Blackfoot or Siksika. The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' [moccasins](/wiki/Moccasins \"Moccasins\"), made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black. One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=November 2022}}", "[thumb\\\|Kainai (Blood) women with travois.](/wiki/File:Kainai_travois.jpg \"Kainai travois.jpg\")\nDue to language and cultural patterns, [anthropologists](/wiki/Anthropologists \"Anthropologists\") believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country. They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States. They were mostly located around the modern\\-day border between Canada and the state of Maine. By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=January 2012}} They moved west and settled for a while north of the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\") in present\\-day Canada, but had to compete for resources with existing tribes. They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west.{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Grinnel\\\|first\\=George Bird\\\|title\\=Early Blackfoot History\\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i227087\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-30\\\|journal\\=American Anthropologist \\\|year\\=1892\\\|volume\\=5\\\|issue\\=2\\\|pages\\=153–164\\\|publisher\\=American Anthropological Association, Wiley\\\|jstor\\=658663}}", "When they moved, they usually packed their belongings on an A\\-shaped sled called a [travois](/wiki/Travois \"Travois\"). The travois was designed for transport over dry land.Gibson, The Blackfeet People of the Dark Moccasins, 1 The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century. From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains.", "The Plains had covered approximately {{convert\\\|780000\\\|sqmi\\\|km2}} with the [Saskatchewan River](/wiki/Saskatchewan_River \"Saskatchewan River\") to the north, the [Rio Grande](/wiki/Rio_Grande \"Rio Grande\") to the south, the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\") to the east, and the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\") to the west.Taylor, 9\\. Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\"{{cite journal \\\|first\\=Alex \\\|last\\=Johnston \\\|s2cid\\=19795696 \\\|title\\=Blackfoot Indian Utilization of the Flora of the Northwestern Great Plains \\\|journal\\= Economic Botany \\\|volume\\=24\\\| issue \\= 3 \\\|date\\=Jul–Sep 1970\\\|pages\\= 301–324 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/bf02860666 \\\|jstor\\=4253161\\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\"", "### Importance and uses of bison", "[thumb\\\|Bison hunters with wolf skin disguises.](/wiki/File:BuffaloHunters.jpg \"BuffaloHunters.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Depiction of Bison being driven over a \"buffalo jump\".](/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg \"Alfred Jacob Miller - Hunting Buffalo - Walters 371940190.jpg\")\nThe Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the [American bison](/wiki/American_bison \"American bison\") (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about {{convert\\\|6\\+1/2\\\|ft\\\|m}} tall and weighing up to {{convert\\\|2000\\\|lbs}}.David Murdoch, \"North American Indian\", eds. Marion Dent and others, Vol. Eyewitness Books(Dorling Kindersley Limited, London: Alfred A.Knopf, Inc., 1937\\), 28–29\\. Before the introduction of horses, the Niitsitapi needed other ways to get in range. The [buffalo jump](/wiki/Buffalo_jump \"Buffalo jump\") was one of the most common ways. The hunters would round up the buffalo into V\\-shaped pens, and drive them over a cliff (they hunted [pronghorn](/wiki/Pronghorn \"Pronghorn\") antelopes in the same way). Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp. They also used camouflage for hunting. The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent. By subtle moves, the hunters could get close to the herd. When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals.", "The people used virtually all parts of the body and skin. The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for [jerky](/wiki/Jerky \"Jerky\"). This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters.Gibson, 14 The winters were long, harsh, and cold due to the lack of trees in the Plains, so people stockpiled meat in summer.Taylor, 2 As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill. The women tanned and prepared the skins to cover the tepees. These were made of log poles, with the skins draped over it. The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind.{{cite journal\\\|last\\=West\\\|first\\=Helen B.\\\|date\\=Autumn 1960\\\|title\\=Blackfoot Country\\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i405881\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-30\\\|journal\\=Montana: The Magazine of Western History\\\|pages\\=34–44\\\|jstor\\=4516437\\\|volume\\=10\\\|issue\\=4}}", "The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat. Both men and women made utensils, sewing needles and tools from the bones, using tendon for fastening and binding. The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids. Dried bison dung was fuel for the fires. The Niitsitapi considered the animal sacred and integral to their lives.Gibson, 15", "### Discovery and uses of horses", "[thumb\\\|Mounted Blackfoot warrior on horse painted from life by [Karl Bodmer](/wiki/Karl_Bodmer \"Karl Bodmer\").](/wiki/File:Bodmer_--_Blackfoot_Indian%2C_1840-1843.jpg \"Bodmer -- Blackfoot Indian, 1840-1843.jpg\")\nUp until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods. They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the [Shoshone](/wiki/Shoshone \"Shoshone\"), had already adopted their use.Grinnell, Early Blackfoot History, pp. 153–164 They saw the advantages of horses and wanted some. The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs).{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Baldwin\\\|first\\=Stuart J.\\\|date\\=Jan 1994\\\|title\\=Blackfoot Neologisms\\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i254177\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-30\\\|journal\\=International Journal of American Linguistics\\\|pages\\=69–72\\\|jstor\\=1265481\\\|volume\\=60\\\|issue\\=1\\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/466218\\\|s2cid\\=224808614}} The horses could carry much more weight than dogs and moved at a greater speed. They could be ridden for hunting and travel.Murdoch, North American Indian, p. 28", "[thumb\\\|Three mounted Piegan chiefs on the prairie. Photographed by [Edward S. Curtis](/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis \"Edward S. Curtis\").](/wiki/File:Three_chiefs_Piegan_p.39-2.jpg \"Three chiefs Piegan p.39-2.jpg\")\nHorses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth. Warriors regularly raided other tribes for their best horses. Horses were generally used as universal standards of barter. [Medicine men](/wiki/Medicine_Man \"Medicine Man\") were paid for cures and healing with horses. Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses.Taylor, 4 The men gave horses to those who were owed gifts as well as to the needy. An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them. The individual's prestige and status was judged by the number of horses that he could give away. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others.Royal B. Hassrick, The Colorful Story of North American Indians, Vol. Octopus Books, Limited (Hong Kong: Mandarin Publishers Limited, 1974\\), 77\\.", "[thumb\\\|Blackfoot warriors at Fort MacLeod, 1907](/wiki/File:Blackfoot_warriors%2C_Macleod%2C_Alberta_%28HS85-10-18724%29.jpg \"Blackfoot warriors, Macleod, Alberta (HS85-10-18724).jpg\")\nAfter driving the hostile Shoshone and [Arapaho](/wiki/Arapaho_people \"Arapaho people\") from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily. In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid\\-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival. Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands.", "The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi. The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the [Saskatchewan River Forks](/wiki/Saskatchewan_River_Forks \"Saskatchewan River Forks\") (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River). They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns. In retaliation for [Hudson's Bay Company](/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company \"Hudson's Bay Company\") (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 [South Branch House](/wiki/South_Branch_House \"South Branch House\") of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of [St. Louis, Saskatchewan](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Saskatchewan \"St. Louis, Saskatchewan\"). Then, the tribe moved southward to the [Milk River](/wiki/Milk_River_%28Alberta%E2%80%93Montana%29 \"Milk River (Alberta–Montana)\") in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and [Battle River](/wiki/Battle_River \"Battle River\") (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances.Bruce Vandervort: Indian Wars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States 1812–1900\\.Taylor \\& Francis, 2005, {{ISBN\\\|978\\-0\\-415\\-22472\\-7}}", "### Enemies and warrior culture", "[thumb\\\| When Blackfoot and Sioux Meet by western artist [Charles Marion Russell](/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell \"Charles Marion Russell\").](/wiki/File:CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg \"CM Russell When Blackfoot And Sioux Meet.jpeg\")\n[thumb\\\|The Death of Omoxesisixany or Big Snake by [Paul Kane](/wiki/Paul_Kane \"Paul Kane\"), depicting a battle between a Blackfoot and Plains Cree warrior on horseback.](/wiki/File:The_Death_of_Omoxesisixany_or_Big_Snake.jpg \"The Death of Omoxesisixany or Big Snake.jpg\")\nBlackfoot war parties would ride hundreds of miles on raids. A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name. But after he had stolen his first horse or killed an enemy, he was given a name to honor him. Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called [counting coup](/wiki/Counting_coup \"Counting coup\"), in order to move up in social rank. The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Hungrywolf\\\|first\\=Adolf\\\|title\\=The Blackfoot Papers\\\|year\\=2006\\\|publisher\\=The Good Medicine Cultural Foundation\\\|location\\=Skookumchuck, British Columbia\\\|isbn\\=0\\-920698\\-80\\-8\\\|page\\=233\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sGtsbTEtcRIC\\&pg\\=PA233\\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2013}}\n[right\\\|thumb\\\|Blackfeet Burning Crow Buffalo Range by [Charles Marion Russell](/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell \"Charles Marion Russell\").](/wiki/File:Blackfeet_Burning_Crow_Buffalo_Range.jpg \"Blackfeet Burning Crow Buffalo Range.jpg\")\nThe Niitsitapi were enemies of the [Crow](/wiki/Crow_Nation \"Crow Nation\"), [Cheyenne](/wiki/Cheyenne \"Cheyenne\") (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux \"Sioux\") (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the [Shoshone](/wiki/Shoshone \"Shoshone\"), [Flathead](/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation \"Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation\"), [Kalispel](/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles_%28tribe%29 \"Pend d'Oreilles (tribe)\"), [Kootenai](/wiki/Ktunaxa \"Ktunaxa\") (called kotonáá'wa) and [Nez Perce](/wiki/Nez_Perce_people \"Nez Perce people\") (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the [Iron Confederacy](/wiki/Iron_Confederacy \"Iron Confederacy\") or Nehiyaw\\-Pwat (in [Plains Cree](/wiki/Plains_Cree_language \"Plains Cree language\"): Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat\\-sak – 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') – named after the dominating [Plains Cree](/wiki/Cree \"Cree\") (called Asinaa) and [Assiniboine](/wiki/Assiniboine_people \"Assiniboine people\") (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\"). These included the [Stoney](/wiki/Nakoda_%28Stoney%29 \"Nakoda (Stoney)\") (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi\\-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″),{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.angelfire.com/ar/waakomimm/lang13\\.html \\\|title\\=Names for Peoples/Tribes \\\|publisher\\=Angelfire.com \\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2013}} [Saulteaux](/wiki/Saulteaux \"Saulteaux\") (or [Plains Ojibwe](/wiki/Plains_Ojibwe \"Plains Ojibwe\")), and [Métis](/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_%28Canada%29 \"Métis people (Canada)\") to the north, east and southeast.", "With the expansion of the Nehiyaw\\-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of [Iroquois](/wiki/Iroquois \"Iroquois\"), [Chipewyan](/wiki/Chipewyan \"Chipewyan\"), [Danezaa](/wiki/Danezaa_people \"Danezaa people\") (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'),the Cree called them Amiskiwiyiniw or Amisk Wiyiniwak and the [Dakelh](/wiki/Dakelh \"Dakelh\") Tsat'en, Tsattine or Tza Tinne – both mean 'Beaver People', so they were formerly often referred in English as Beaver Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later [Gros Ventre](/wiki/Gros_Ventre_people \"Gros Ventre people\") (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups. Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw\\-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the [Ktunaxa](/wiki/Ktunaxa \"Ktunaxa\"), [Secwepemc](/wiki/Secwepemc \"Secwepemc\") and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead.Joachim Fromhold: The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak)", "The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present\\-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed. By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of {{convert\\\|300\\\|mi}} to the east.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://segonku.unl.edu/\\~ahodge/aftermath.html \\\|author\\=A. Hodge \\\|title\\=Beyond Borderlands: Discussion: Aftermath \\\|publisher\\=University of Nebraska Lincoln \\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101124041/http://segonku.unl.edu/\\~ahodge/aftermath.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2013 }}", "Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw\\-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy. During the so\\-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870\\), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the [Bow River](/wiki/Bow_River \"Bow River\") and [Belly River](/wiki/Belly_River \"Belly River\"); only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the [Red Deer River](/wiki/Red_Deer_River \"Red Deer River\"). Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection.", "### First contact with Europeans and the fur trade", "[Anthony Henday](/wiki/Anthony_Henday \"Anthony Henday\") of the [Hudson's Bay Company](/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company \"Hudson's Bay Company\") (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\"). The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the [Lewis and Clark Expedition](/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition \"Lewis and Clark Expedition\") in 1806\\. Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper [Missouri River](/wiki/Missouri_River \"Missouri River\") for the [United States government](/wiki/United_States_government \"United States government\").", "On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to [Meriwether Lewis](/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis \"Meriwether Lewis\") that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors. Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations,Gibson, 23 and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Undaunted Courage\\\|author\\=Ambrose, Stephen\\\|page\\=389}} The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept. In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed.Gibson, 23–29", "In subsequent years, American [mountain men](/wiki/Mountain_man \"Mountain man\") trapping in Blackfoot country generally encountered hostility. When [John Colter](/wiki/John_Colter \"John Colter\"), a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life. In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank. Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed. Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\") He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of [driftwood](/wiki/Driftwood \"Driftwood\") or a [beaver dam](/wiki/Beaver_dam \"Beaver dam\"), where he remained concealed until after nightfall. He trekked another 300 miles to a fort.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.mman.us/coltersescape.htm\\\|title\\=Both versions of Colter's Run}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.lewis\\-clark.org/content/content\\-article.asp?ArticleID\\=2616\\\|title\\=Colter the Mountain Man\\\|publisher\\=Lewis\\-Clark.org\\\|access\\-date\\=24 December 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925015401/http://www.lewis\\-clark.org/content/content\\-article.asp?ArticleID\\=2616\\\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2012\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "[thumb\\\|[Buffalo Bull's Back Fat](/wiki/Buffalo_Bull%27s_Back_Fat \"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief, of the Blood Tribe by [George Catlin](/wiki/George_Catlin \"George Catlin\").](/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_Buffalo_Bulls_Back_Fat_-_Smithsonian.jpg \"George Catlin - Buffalo Bulls Back Fat - Smithsonian.jpg\")\nIn the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in [Rupert's Land](/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land \"Rupert's Land\") whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.", "", "> By the late 1820s, \\[this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, \\[to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items.Brown, 2", "[thumb\\\|Mehkskeme\\-Sukahs, Blackfoot chief (c. 1840\\).](/wiki/File:Mehkskeme-Sukahs_cropped.jpg \"Mehkskeme-Sukahs cropped.jpg\")\nThe HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the [North Saskatchewan River](/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River \"North Saskatchewan River\"), on the northern boundary of their territory. In the 1830s the Rocky Mountain region and the wider Saskatchewan District were the HBC's most profitable, and [Rocky Mountain House](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_House \"Rocky Mountain House\") was the HBC's busiest post. It was primarily used by the Piikani. Other Niitsitapiksi nations traded more in pemmican and buffalo skins than beaver, and visited other posts such as [Fort Edmonton](/wiki/Fort_Edmonton \"Fort Edmonton\").Brown, 3", "Meanwhile, in 1822, the [American Fur Company](/wiki/American_Fur_Company \"American Fur Company\") entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission. This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established. This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by [Fort MacKenzie](/wiki/Fort_MacKenzie \"Fort MacKenzie\") in 1833\\. The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi. The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the [Bow River](/wiki/Bow_River \"Bow River\") in 1832, but it was not a success.Brown, 4–5", "In 1833, German explorer [Prince Maximilian of Wied\\-Neuwied](/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Wied-Neuwied \"Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied\") and Swiss painter [Karl Bodmer](/wiki/Karl_Bodmer \"Karl Bodmer\") spent months with the Niitsitapi to get a sense of their culture. Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings.", "Contact with the Europeans caused a spread of [infectious diseases](/wiki/Infectious_diseases \"Infectious diseases\") to the Niitsitapi, mostly [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\") and [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox \"Smallpox\").Taylor, 43 In one instance in 1837, an [American Fur Company](/wiki/American_Fur_Company \"American Fur Company\") steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to [Fort Union](/wiki/Fort_Union_National_Monument \"Fort Union National Monument\") and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way. They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi. The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains. The [Hudson's Bay Company](/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company \"Hudson's Bay Company\") did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor [Edward Jenner](/wiki/Edward_Jenner \"Edward Jenner\") had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Frazier\\\|first\\=Ian\\\|title\\=Great Plains \\\|edition\\=1st\\\|location\\=Toronto, Ontario, Canada\\\|publisher\\=Collins Publishers\\\|year\\=1989\\\|pages\\=50–52}}", "### Indian Wars", "[thumb\\\|Single\\-Handed, [Charles Marion Russell](/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell \"Charles Marion Russell\") 1912\\. The painting shows a North\\-West Mounted Police officer attempting to arrest a defiant warrior at a Blood camp, probably in Alberta or Saskatchewan.](/wiki/File:Single-Handed%2C_Charles_Marion_Russell_1912.jpg \"Single-Handed, Charles Marion Russell 1912.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Dog Child (Winnipeg Jack), a Blackfoot scout and interpreter for the NWMP.](/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Jack_1890.jpg \"Winnipeg Jack 1890.jpg\")\nLike many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers. Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army. One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the [Marias Massacre](/wiki/Marias_Massacre \"Marias Massacre\") on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers. A friendly relationship with the [North\\-West Mounted Police](/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police \"North-West Mounted Police\") and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States.", "When the [Lakota](/wiki/Lakota_people \"Lakota people\"), together with their [Cheyenne](/wiki/Cheyenne_people \"Cheyenne people\") and [Arapaho](/wiki/Arapaho \"Arapaho\") allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight. [Crowfoot](/wiki/Crowfoot \"Crowfoot\"), one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers. He threatened to ally with the NWMP to fight them if they came north into Blackfoot country again. News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\") and from there [London](/wiki/London \"London\"); [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty.Dempsey, H. A. (1972\\). Crowfoot, Chief of the Blackfoot, (1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, P. 88\\-89 Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with [Sitting Bull](/wiki/Sitting_Bull \"Sitting Bull\") into Canada after defeating [George Armstrong Custer](/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer \"George Armstrong Custer\") and his battalion at the [Battle of Little Big Horn](/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Big_Horn \"Battle of Little Big Horn\"). Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti\\-war stance. Sitting Bull and Crowfoot fostered peace between the two nations by a ceremonial offering of tobacco, ending hostilities between them. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.Dempsey (1972\\). Crowfoot, p. 91", "The Blackfoot also chose to stay out of the [North\\-West Rebellion](/wiki/North-West_Rebellion \"North-West Rebellion\"), led by the famous [Métis](/wiki/M%C3%A9tis \"Métis\") leader [Louis Riel](/wiki/Louis_Riel \"Louis Riel\"). Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them. They tried to spread discontent with the government and gain a powerful ally. The North\\-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, [Assiniboine](/wiki/Assiniboine_people \"Assiniboine people\") (Nakota) and [Plains Cree](/wiki/Cree \"Cree\"), who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds. The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted [Poundmaker](/wiki/Poundmaker \"Poundmaker\"), an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son. Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, [Big Bear](/wiki/Big_Bear \"Big Bear\"), [Wandering Spirit](/wiki/Wandering_Spirit_%28Cree_leader%29 \"Wandering Spirit (Cree leader)\") and [Fine\\-Day](/wiki/Fine-Day \"Fine-Day\").Dempsey (1972\\), Crowfoot, pp. 188–192", "When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, [Lord Lansdowne](/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne \"Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne\"), the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London. The cabinet of [John A. Macdonald](/wiki/John_A._Macdonald \"John A. Macdonald\") (the current [Prime Minister of Canada](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada \"Prime Minister of Canada\") at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause.", "### Further encroachment by Canada and United States", "[thumb\\\|Colorized photograph of chief [Mountain Chief](/wiki/Mountain_Chief \"Mountain Chief\")](/wiki/File:Chief_Mountain%2C_Blackfeet.jpg \"Chief Mountain, Blackfeet.jpg\")", "During the mid\\-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European\\-American hunters were hired by the U.S. government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies.Murdoch, North American Indian, 34 In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.Gibson, 26", "In 1860, very few buffalo were left, and the Niitsitapi became completely dependent on government supplies. Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all. Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble.{{Clarification needed\\\|reason\\=what kind of outlaw, what kind of trouble\\\|date\\=June 2023}}", "Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke. Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him. According to Piegan oral history, Clarke had also raped Owl Child's wife. But, Clarke was long married to Coth\\-co\\-co\\-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin.[Joe Upham (descendant of Heavy Runner) tells the story of the Bakers Massacre](http://blackfootdigitallibrary.com/en/asset/joe-upham-tells-story-bakers-massacre) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185238/http://blackfootdigitallibrary.com/en/asset/joe\\-upham\\-tells\\-story\\-bakers\\-massacre \\\|date\\=21 October 2014 }}, Blackfoot Digital Library, accessed 6 February 2011 The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://blackfootdigitallibrary.org/\\\|title\\=Welcome – Oki – Blackfoot Digital Library\\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2010\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621010914/http://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.org/\\\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2011\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace. Public outcry from news of the event led to General [Philip Sheridan](/wiki/Philip_Sheridan \"Philip Sheridan\") to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them.\n[thumb\\\|[Frances Densmore](/wiki/Frances_Densmore \"Frances Densmore\") plays a recording for chief [Mountain Chief](/wiki/Mountain_Chief \"Mountain Chief\") for the [Bureau of American Ethnology](/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology \"Bureau of American Ethnology\") in 1916\\.](/wiki/File:Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg \"Frances Densmore recording Mountain Chief2.jpg\")", "On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band. Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush. Before the command to fire, the chief Heavy Runner was alerted to soldiers on the snowy bluffs above the encampment. He walked toward them, carrying his safe\\-conduct paper. Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event. Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile [Mountain Chief](/wiki/Mountain_Chief \"Mountain Chief\"), further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention. Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops. He was threatened by the cavalry for reporting that the people they attacked were friendly.{{cite web\\\|title\\=The Marias Massacre\\\|url\\=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na\\-mariasmassacre.html\\\|work\\=Legend of America\\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2013}}", "Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp. According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S. Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting. The Army took 140 Piegan prisoner and then released them. With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to [Fort Benton](/wiki/Fort_Benton%2C_Montana \"Fort Benton, Montana\").", "{{blockquote\\\|The greatest slaughter of Indians ever made by U.S. Troops\\\|Lieutenant \\[\\[Gus Doane]], commander of F Company}}", "As reports of the massacre gradually were learned in the east, members of the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") and press were outraged. General [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman \"William Tecumseh Sherman\") reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief. An official investigation never occurred, and no official monument marks the spot of the massacre. Compared to events such as the massacres at [Wounded Knee](/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre \"Wounded Knee Massacre\") and [Sand Creek](/wiki/Sand_Creek_Massacre \"Sand Creek Massacre\"), the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown. But, it confirmed President [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\") in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents. Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans.", "The Cree and Assiniboine also suffered from the dwindling herds of the buffalo. By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot. Therefore, in 1870 various Nehiyaw\\-Pwat bands began a final effort to get hold of their prey, by beginning a war. They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near [Fort Whoop\\-Up](/wiki/Fort_Whoop-Up \"Fort Whoop-Up\") (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\"). But they were defeated in the so\\-called [Battle of the Belly River](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Belly_River \"Battle of the Belly River\") (near [Lethbridge](/wiki/Lethbridge \"Lethbridge\"), called Assini\\-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors. The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace.", "The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.Murdoch, North American Indian, 28–29", "The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone. That winter, 600 Niitsitapi died of hunger.Gibson, 27–28", "In efforts to [assimilate](/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans \"Cultural assimilation of Native Americans\") the Native Americans to European\\-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions. They required Blackfoot children to go to [boarding schools](/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools \"American Indian boarding schools\"), where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing.Gibson, 31–42 In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands. Each household received a {{convert\\\|160\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|adj\\=on}} farm, and the government declared the remainder \"surplus\" to the tribe's needs. It put it up for sale for development. The allotments were too small to support farming on the arid plains. A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed.Murdoch, North American Indian, 29", "In 1934 the [Indian Reorganization Act](/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act \"Indian Reorganization Act\"), passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures. In 1935, the [Blackfeet Nation](/wiki/Blackfeet_Indian_Reservation \"Blackfeet Indian Reservation\") of Montana began a Tribal Business Council. After that, they wrote and passed their own Constitution, with an elected representative government.Gibson, 35–42", "" ]
Culture ------- ### Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians. For traveling, they also split into bands of 20–30 people, but would come together for times of celebration.Taylor, 11 They valued leadership skills and chose the [chiefs](/wiki/Tribal_chief "Tribal chief") who would run their settlements wisely. During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes. The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy.Gibson, 17 Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief. ### Societies [thumb\\|Scalp dance, Blackfoot Indians, 1907](/wiki/File:Scalp_dance%2C_Blackfoot_Indians_%28HS85-10-18743%29.jpg "Scalp dance, Blackfoot Indians (HS85-10-18743).jpg") Within the Blackfoot nation, there were different societies to which people belonged, each of which had functions for the tribe. Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals. For instance, young men had to perform a vision quest, begun by a spiritual cleansing in a [sweat lodge](/wiki/Sweat_lodge "Sweat lodge").Gibson, 19 They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying. Their main goal was to see a vision that would explain their future. After having the vision, a youth returned to the village ready to join society. In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle. Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well. Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens. They won prestige by "[counting coup](/wiki/Counting_coup "Counting coup")", tapping the enemy with the stick and getting away. [thumb\\|Women of the Blood Nation in battle dress, 1907](/wiki/File:Blood_squaws_in_war_dress_%28HS85-10-18744%29.jpg "Blood squaws in war dress (HS85-10-18744).jpg") Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies. They blessed the warriors before battle. Their major ceremony was the Sun Dance, or Medicine Lodge Ceremony. By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well\-being and abundance of buffalo. Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe. They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys.Gibson, 19–21 ### Ethnobotany [thumb\\|Blackfoot making [sweet grass](/wiki/Hierochloe_odorata "Hierochloe odorata") medicine for a ceremony.](/wiki/File:Joseph_Henry_Sharp_-_Making_Sweet_Grass_Medicine%2C_Blackfoot_Ceremony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Joseph Henry Sharp - Making Sweet Grass Medicine, Blackfoot Ceremony - Google Art Project.jpg") [thumb\\|Blackfoot man with braided sweet grass ropes](/wiki/File:Big_Mouth_Spring.jpg "Big Mouth Spring.jpg") [Sage](/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata "Artemisia tridentata") and [sweet grass](/wiki/Hierochloe_odorata "Hierochloe odorata") are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants. Sage and sweet grass are burned with the user inhaling and covering themselves in the smoke in a process known widely as smudging. Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger. Sweet grass is said to draw in positive energy. Both are used for purification purposes. The pleasant and natural odor of the burning grass is said to attract spirits. Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning. Sweet grass is also often present and burned in pipe\-smoking mixtures alongside [bearberry](/wiki/Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi") and red willow plants. The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke. Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants.{{cite web\\|title\=Ceremonies\\|url\=http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/ceremonies.html\\|work\=Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park\\|access\-date\=26 May 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506145033/http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/ceremonies.html\\|archive\-date\=6 May 2013\\|url\-status\=dead}} Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent.["Sweetgrass: Like DEET, Traditional Native American Herbal Remedy Acts As Mosquito Repellent," American Council onf Science and Health](http://acsh.org/news/2016/11/01/sweetgrass-deet-traditional-native-american-herbal-remedy-acts-mosquito-repellent) They apply a poultice of chewed roots [Asclepias viridiflora](/wiki/Asclepias_viridiflora "Asclepias viridiflora") to swellings, to "diarrhea rash", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants{{sfn \\| Hellson \\| 1974 \\| p\= 75 }} and to sore eyes.{{sfn \\| Hellson \\| 1974 \\| p\= 80 }} They also chew the root of [Asclepias viridiflora](/wiki/Asclepias_viridiflora "Asclepias viridiflora") for sore throats,{{sfn \\| Hellson \\| 1974 \\| p\= 71 }} and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food.{{sfn \\| Hellson \\| 1974 \\| p\= 101 }} They make use of [Viola adunca](/wiki/Viola_adunca "Viola adunca"), applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints,{{sfn \\| Hellson \\| 1974 \\| p\= 79 }} giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children,{{sfn \\| Hellson \\| 1974 \\| p\= 74 }} and using the plant to dye their arrows blue.{{sfn \\| Hellson \\| 1974 \\| p\= 123 }} They put [Carex](/wiki/Carex "Carex") in [moccasins](/wiki/Moccasins "Moccasins") to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22 ### Marriage In the Blackfoot culture, men were responsible for choosing their marriage partners, but women had the choice to accept them or not. The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior. If the father was impressed and approved of the marriage, the man and woman would exchange gifts of horses and clothing and were considered married. The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family. Although the man was permitted more than one wife, typically he only chose one. In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers.Taylor, 14–15 ### Responsibilities and clothing [thumb\\|Horned bonnet with [ermine](/wiki/Stoat "Stoat") skin.](/wiki/File:Horned_bonnet_of_weasel_skins%2C_worn_by_Grass_Dance_leader%2C_Blackfoot%2C_Alberta%2C_c._1900%2C_with_ceremonial_shirt%2C_Blackfoot%2C_c._1880_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00325.JPG "Horned bonnet of weasel skins, worn by Grass Dance leader, Blackfoot, Alberta, c. 1900, with ceremonial shirt, Blackfoot, c. 1880 - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00325.JPG") In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need. The mother would stay close to home and watch over the children while the father was out. The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up. It was generally said that both boys and girls learned to ride horses early. Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt. They would also play a popular game called shinny, which later became known as ice hockey. They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line. Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child.Gordon C. Baldwin, Games of the American Indian (Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the New York, United States of America: George J. McLeod Limited, 1969\), 115\. As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders. The girls were then taught to cook, prepare hides for leather, and gather wild plants and berries. The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting.Taylor, 14{{multiple image \\| align \= right \\| direction \= vertical \\| header \= \\| header\_align \= \\| header\_background \= \\| footer \= \\| footer\_align \= \\| width \= \\| image1 \= Three Blackfoot Chiefs.jpg \\| width1 \= \\| caption1 \= \\| image2 \= Three Blackfoot (Piegan) men.jpg \\| width2 \= \\| caption2 \= Three Piegan Blackfoot men in traditional clothing including straight\-up and standard war bonnets. }}Typically clothing was made primarily of softened and tanned antelope and deer hides. The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe. Men wore moccasins, long leggings that went up to their hips, a loincloth, and a belt. Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders. The distinguished men of bravery would wear a necklace made of grizzly bear claws. Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt. They kept warm by wearing a buffalo robe over their shoulders or over their heads if it became cold. Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins. The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal. They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children. ### Headdresses [thumb\\|Head Carry, a Piegan man wearing a split horn headdress. Photographed by [Edward S. Curtis](/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis "Edward S. Curtis"), 1900\.](/wiki/File:Head_Carry-Piegan_Blackfoot_Indian-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg "Head Carry-Piegan Blackfoot Indian- Edward S. Curtis.jpg") [thumbnail\\|Headdress Case, Blackfoot (Native American), late 19th century, [Brooklyn Museum](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum "Brooklyn Museum")](/wiki/File:Headdress_Case%2CBlackfoot_%28Native_American%29%2C_late_19th_century%2C_50.67.30.jpg "Headdress Case,Blackfoot (Native American), late 19th century, 50.67.30.jpg") Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations. The typical [war bonnet](/wiki/War_bonnet "War bonnet") was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful. It was worn by prestigious warriors and chiefs (including war\-chiefs) of the Blackfoot. The straight\-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers. The feathers on the straight\-up headdress point directly straight upwards from the rim (hence the name). Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward. The split\-horn headdress was very popular among Northern Plains Indians, particularly those nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split\-horn headdress. The split\-horn headdress was made from a single bison horn, split in two and reshaped as slimmer versions of a full\-sized bison horn, and polished. The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat. Furs from weasels (taken when carrying heavy winter coats) were attached to the top of the headdress, and dangled from the sides. The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress. A similar headdress, called the antelope horn headdress, was made in a similar fashion using the horn or horns from a [pronghorn](/wiki/Pronghorn "Pronghorn") antelope. Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a [roach](/wiki/Roach_%28headdress%29 "Roach (headdress)") made from [porcupine](/wiki/Porcupine "Porcupine") hair. The hairs of the porcupine are most often dyed red. Eagle and other bird feathers were occasionally attached to the roach. Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn. Fur "turbans" made from soft animal fur (most often otter) were also popular. Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold. The Blackfoot have continued to wear traditional headdresses at special ceremonies. They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders.{{cite web\\|title\=Sammi\-Headresses\\|url\=http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/contactus.html\\|work\=Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park\\|access\-date\=12 May 2016\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507013416/http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/contactus.html\\|archive\-date\=7 May 2013\\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Sun and the Moon [thumb\\|A Siksika Blackfeet Medicine Man, painted by [George Catlin](/wiki/George_Catlin "George Catlin").](/wiki/File:MedicineMan.Catlin.jpg "MedicineMan.Catlin.jpg") One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon. It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools (albeit a stone axe). One night, the man had a dream: he was told by the dream to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had. The man had done so and saw that it was true. One day, he came home from bringing in some fresh meat from the trail and discovered his wife to be applying perfume on herself. He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before. He then told his wife that he was going to move a web and asked if she could bring in the meat and wood he had left outside from a previous hunt. She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill. The wife looked back three times and saw her husband in the same place she had left him, so she continued on to retrieve the meat. The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had. However they knew the location in which she retrieved it from. The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover. He set the timber on fire and killed the snakes. He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home. He told the children to flee and gave them a stick, stone, and moss to use if their mother chased after them. He remained at the house and put a web over his front door. The wife tried to get in but became stuck and had her leg cut off. She then put her head through and he cut that off also. While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children. The oldest boy saw the head behind them and threw the stick. The stick turned into a great forest. The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone. He did so, and where the stone landed a huge mountain popped up. It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around. The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain. The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through. She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through. The children were far ahead, but eventually saw the head rolling behind them. The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves. They were then in a different land surrounded by an expanse of water (the 'new land' is commonly interpreted as [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"), with the expanse of water being the [Bering Strait](/wiki/Bering_Strait "Bering Strait")). The head rolled into the water and drowned. The children decided to build a raft and head back. Once they returned to their land, however, they discovered that it was now occupied by the [Crow people](/wiki/Crow_people "Crow people") and the [Snake people](/wiki/Snake_Indians "Snake Indians"), so they decided to split up. One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people. The other was smart and went south to make white people. He taught them how to forge and make advanced weapons, which is how the Blackfoot people believe the whites became so technologically advanced. The simple brother created the Blackfoot nation and was unable to teach them anything. He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfoot as Old Man (or Napiw, the Creator). The woman still chases the man: she is the moon and he is the sun, and if she ever catches him, it will always be night.{{cite journal\\|last\=Bird Grinnell\\|first\=George\\|title\=A Blackfoot Sun and Moon Myth\\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i223360\\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-30\\|journal\=The Journal of American Folklore \\|year\=1893\\|volume\=6\\|issue\=20\\|pages\=44–47\\|publisher\=University of Illinois Press\\|doi\=10\.2307/534278 \\|jstor\=534278}} ### Blackfoot creation story {{see also\\|Blackfoot religion}} {{see also\\|Blackfoot mythology}} The [creation myth](/wiki/Creation_myth "Creation myth") is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation. It was said that in the beginning, Napio floated on a log with four animals. The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle). Napio sent all of them into the deep water, one after another. The first three had gone down and returned with nothing. The turtle went down and retrieved mud from the bottom and gave it to Napio. He took the mud and rolled it in his hand and created the earth. He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today. After he created the earth, he created women first, followed by men. He had them living separately from one another. The men were shy and afraid, but Napio said to them to not fear and take one as their wife. They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them.{{cite journal\\|last\=Maclean\\|first\=John\\|title\=Blackfoot Mythology\\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i223360\\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-30\\|journal\=The Journal of American Folklore \\|year\=1893\\|volume\=6\\|issue\=22\\|pages\=165–172\\|publisher\=University of Illinois Press\\|doi\=10\.2307/533004\\|jstor\=533004}}	[ "Culture\n-------", "### Electing a leader", "Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians. For traveling, they also split into bands of 20–30 people, but would come together for times of celebration.Taylor, 11 They valued leadership skills and chose the [chiefs](/wiki/Tribal_chief \"Tribal chief\") who would run their settlements wisely. During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes. The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy.Gibson, 17 Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief.", "### Societies", "[thumb\\\|Scalp dance, Blackfoot Indians, 1907](/wiki/File:Scalp_dance%2C_Blackfoot_Indians_%28HS85-10-18743%29.jpg \"Scalp dance, Blackfoot Indians (HS85-10-18743).jpg\")", "Within the Blackfoot nation, there were different societies to which people belonged, each of which had functions for the tribe. Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals. For instance, young men had to perform a vision quest, begun by a spiritual cleansing in a [sweat lodge](/wiki/Sweat_lodge \"Sweat lodge\").Gibson, 19 They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying. Their main goal was to see a vision that would explain their future. After having the vision, a youth returned to the village ready to join society.", "In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle. Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well. Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens. They won prestige by \"[counting coup](/wiki/Counting_coup \"Counting coup\")\", tapping the enemy with the stick and getting away.", "[thumb\\\|Women of the Blood Nation in battle dress, 1907](/wiki/File:Blood_squaws_in_war_dress_%28HS85-10-18744%29.jpg \"Blood squaws in war dress (HS85-10-18744).jpg\")\nMembers of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies. They blessed the warriors before battle. Their major ceremony was the Sun Dance, or Medicine Lodge Ceremony. By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well\\-being and abundance of buffalo.", "Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe. They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys.Gibson, 19–21", "### Ethnobotany", "[thumb\\\|Blackfoot making [sweet grass](/wiki/Hierochloe_odorata \"Hierochloe odorata\") medicine for a ceremony.](/wiki/File:Joseph_Henry_Sharp_-_Making_Sweet_Grass_Medicine%2C_Blackfoot_Ceremony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Joseph Henry Sharp - Making Sweet Grass Medicine, Blackfoot Ceremony - Google Art Project.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Blackfoot man with braided sweet grass ropes](/wiki/File:Big_Mouth_Spring.jpg \"Big Mouth Spring.jpg\")\n[Sage](/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata \"Artemisia tridentata\") and [sweet grass](/wiki/Hierochloe_odorata \"Hierochloe odorata\") are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants. Sage and sweet grass are burned with the user inhaling and covering themselves in the smoke in a process known widely as smudging. Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger. Sweet grass is said to draw in positive energy. Both are used for purification purposes. The pleasant and natural odor of the burning grass is said to attract spirits. Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning.", "Sweet grass is also often present and burned in pipe\\-smoking mixtures alongside [bearberry](/wiki/Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi \"Arctostaphylos uva-ursi\") and red willow plants. The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke. Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Ceremonies\\\|url\\=http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/ceremonies.html\\\|work\\=Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park\\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506145033/http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/ceremonies.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent.[\"Sweetgrass: Like DEET, Traditional Native American Herbal Remedy Acts As Mosquito Repellent,\" American Council onf Science and Health](http://acsh.org/news/2016/11/01/sweetgrass-deet-traditional-native-american-herbal-remedy-acts-mosquito-repellent)", "They apply a poultice of chewed roots [Asclepias viridiflora](/wiki/Asclepias_viridiflora \"Asclepias viridiflora\") to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants{{sfn \\\| Hellson \\\| 1974 \\\| p\\= 75 }} and to sore eyes.{{sfn \\\| Hellson \\\| 1974 \\\| p\\= 80 }} They also chew the root of [Asclepias viridiflora](/wiki/Asclepias_viridiflora \"Asclepias viridiflora\") for sore throats,{{sfn \\\| Hellson \\\| 1974 \\\| p\\= 71 }} and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food.{{sfn \\\| Hellson \\\| 1974 \\\| p\\= 101 }} They make use of [Viola adunca](/wiki/Viola_adunca \"Viola adunca\"), applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints,{{sfn \\\| Hellson \\\| 1974 \\\| p\\= 79 }} giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children,{{sfn \\\| Hellson \\\| 1974 \\\| p\\= 74 }} and using the plant to dye their arrows blue.{{sfn \\\| Hellson \\\| 1974 \\\| p\\= 123 }} They put [Carex](/wiki/Carex \"Carex\") in [moccasins](/wiki/Moccasins \"Moccasins\") to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22", "### Marriage", "In the Blackfoot culture, men were responsible for choosing their marriage partners, but women had the choice to accept them or not. The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior. If the father was impressed and approved of the marriage, the man and woman would exchange gifts of horses and clothing and were considered married. The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family. Although the man was permitted more than one wife, typically he only chose one. In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers.Taylor, 14–15", "### Responsibilities and clothing", "[thumb\\\|Horned bonnet with [ermine](/wiki/Stoat \"Stoat\") skin.](/wiki/File:Horned_bonnet_of_weasel_skins%2C_worn_by_Grass_Dance_leader%2C_Blackfoot%2C_Alberta%2C_c._1900%2C_with_ceremonial_shirt%2C_Blackfoot%2C_c._1880_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00325.JPG \"Horned bonnet of weasel skins, worn by Grass Dance leader, Blackfoot, Alberta, c. 1900, with ceremonial shirt, Blackfoot, c. 1880 - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00325.JPG\")\nIn a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need. The mother would stay close to home and watch over the children while the father was out. The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up. It was generally said that both boys and girls learned to ride horses early. Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt.", "They would also play a popular game called shinny, which later became known as ice hockey. They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line. Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child.Gordon C. Baldwin, Games of the American Indian (Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the New York, United States of America: George J. McLeod Limited, 1969\\), 115\\. As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders. The girls were then taught to cook, prepare hides for leather, and gather wild plants and berries. The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting.Taylor, 14{{multiple image\n \\\| align \\= right\n \\\| direction \\= vertical\n \\\| header \\= \n \\\| header\\_align \\= \n \\\| header\\_background \\= \n \\\| footer \\= \n \\\| footer\\_align \\= \n \\\| width \\= \n \\\| image1 \\= Three Blackfoot Chiefs.jpg\n \\\| width1 \\= \n \\\| caption1 \\= \n \\\| image2 \\= Three Blackfoot (Piegan) men.jpg\n \\\| width2 \\= \n \\\| caption2 \\= Three Piegan Blackfoot men in traditional clothing including straight\\-up and standard war bonnets. \n}}Typically clothing was made primarily of softened and tanned antelope and deer hides. The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe. Men wore moccasins, long leggings that went up to their hips, a loincloth, and a belt. Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders. The distinguished men of bravery would wear a necklace made of grizzly bear claws.", "Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt. They kept warm by wearing a buffalo robe over their shoulders or over their heads if it became cold. Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins. The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal. They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children.", "### Headdresses", "[thumb\\\|Head Carry, a Piegan man wearing a split horn headdress. Photographed by [Edward S. Curtis](/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis \"Edward S. Curtis\"), 1900\\.](/wiki/File:Head_Carry-Piegan_Blackfoot_Indian-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg \"Head Carry-Piegan Blackfoot Indian- Edward S. Curtis.jpg\")\n[thumbnail\\\|Headdress Case, Blackfoot (Native American), late 19th century, [Brooklyn Museum](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum \"Brooklyn Museum\")](/wiki/File:Headdress_Case%2CBlackfoot_%28Native_American%29%2C_late_19th_century%2C_50.67.30.jpg \"Headdress Case,Blackfoot (Native American), late 19th century, 50.67.30.jpg\")\nSimilar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations. The typical [war bonnet](/wiki/War_bonnet \"War bonnet\") was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful. It was worn by prestigious warriors and chiefs (including war\\-chiefs) of the Blackfoot. The straight\\-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers. The feathers on the straight\\-up headdress point directly straight upwards from the rim (hence the name). Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward.", "The split\\-horn headdress was very popular among Northern Plains Indians, particularly those nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split\\-horn headdress. The split\\-horn headdress was made from a single bison horn, split in two and reshaped as slimmer versions of a full\\-sized bison horn, and polished. The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat. Furs from weasels (taken when carrying heavy winter coats) were attached to the top of the headdress, and dangled from the sides. The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress. A similar headdress, called the antelope horn headdress, was made in a similar fashion using the horn or horns from a [pronghorn](/wiki/Pronghorn \"Pronghorn\") antelope.", "Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a [roach](/wiki/Roach_%28headdress%29 \"Roach (headdress)\") made from [porcupine](/wiki/Porcupine \"Porcupine\") hair. The hairs of the porcupine are most often dyed red. Eagle and other bird feathers were occasionally attached to the roach.", "Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn. Fur \"turbans\" made from soft animal fur (most often otter) were also popular. Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold.", "The Blackfoot have continued to wear traditional headdresses at special ceremonies. They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Sammi\\-Headresses\\\|url\\=http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/contactus.html\\\|work\\=Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park\\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2016\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507013416/http://www.blackfootcrossing.ca/contactus.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Sun and the Moon", "[thumb\\\|A Siksika Blackfeet Medicine Man, painted by [George Catlin](/wiki/George_Catlin \"George Catlin\").](/wiki/File:MedicineMan.Catlin.jpg \"MedicineMan.Catlin.jpg\")\nOne of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon. It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools (albeit a stone axe). One night, the man had a dream: he was told by the dream to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had. The man had done so and saw that it was true. One day, he came home from bringing in some fresh meat from the trail and discovered his wife to be applying perfume on herself. He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before. He then told his wife that he was going to move a web and asked if she could bring in the meat and wood he had left outside from a previous hunt. She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill. The wife looked back three times and saw her husband in the same place she had left him, so she continued on to retrieve the meat. The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had. However they knew the location in which she retrieved it from.", "The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover. He set the timber on fire and killed the snakes. He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home. He told the children to flee and gave them a stick, stone, and moss to use if their mother chased after them. He remained at the house and put a web over his front door. The wife tried to get in but became stuck and had her leg cut off. She then put her head through and he cut that off also. While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children. The oldest boy saw the head behind them and threw the stick. The stick turned into a great forest. The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone. He did so, and where the stone landed a huge mountain popped up. It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around. The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain. The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through. She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through. The children were far ahead, but eventually saw the head rolling behind them. The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves. They were then in a different land surrounded by an expanse of water (the 'new land' is commonly interpreted as [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"), with the expanse of water being the [Bering Strait](/wiki/Bering_Strait \"Bering Strait\")). The head rolled into the water and drowned. The children decided to build a raft and head back. Once they returned to their land, however, they discovered that it was now occupied by the [Crow people](/wiki/Crow_people \"Crow people\") and the [Snake people](/wiki/Snake_Indians \"Snake Indians\"), so they decided to split up.", "One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people. The other was smart and went south to make white people. He taught them how to forge and make advanced weapons, which is how the Blackfoot people believe the whites became so technologically advanced. The simple brother created the Blackfoot nation and was unable to teach them anything. He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfoot as Old Man (or Napiw, the Creator). The woman still chases the man: she is the moon and he is the sun, and if she ever catches him, it will always be night.{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Bird Grinnell\\\|first\\=George\\\|title\\=A Blackfoot Sun and Moon Myth\\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i223360\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-30\\\|journal\\=The Journal of American Folklore \\\|year\\=1893\\\|volume\\=6\\\|issue\\=20\\\|pages\\=44–47\\\|publisher\\=University of Illinois Press\\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/534278 \\\|jstor\\=534278}}", "### Blackfoot creation story", "{{see also\\\|Blackfoot religion}}\n{{see also\\\|Blackfoot mythology}}\nThe [creation myth](/wiki/Creation_myth \"Creation myth\") is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation. It was said that in the beginning, Napio floated on a log with four animals. The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle). Napio sent all of them into the deep water, one after another. The first three had gone down and returned with nothing. The turtle went down and retrieved mud from the bottom and gave it to Napio.", "He took the mud and rolled it in his hand and created the earth. He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today. After he created the earth, he created women first, followed by men. He had them living separately from one another. The men were shy and afraid, but Napio said to them to not fear and take one as their wife. They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them.{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Maclean\\\|first\\=John\\\|title\\=Blackfoot Mythology\\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i223360\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-30\\\|journal\\=The Journal of American Folklore \\\|year\\=1893\\\|volume\\=6\\\|issue\\=22\\\|pages\\=165–172\\\|publisher\\=University of Illinois Press\\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/533004\\\|jstor\\=533004}}", "" ]
People ------ {{Infobox ethnic group \\|group\=Blackfoot, Niitsítapi, Siksikaitsitapi ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ \\|image\=\[\[File:Blackfoot \- Bear Bull.jpg\\|200px\\|center]]Bear Bull, Blackfoot translator photographed by \[\[Edward S. Curtis]] (1926\) \\|population\=32,000 \\|popplace\={{flagicon\\|Canada}} '''\[\[Canada]]''' ({{flagicon\\|Saskatchewan}} \[\[Saskatchewan]], {{flagicon\\|Alberta}} \[\[Alberta]], {{flagicon\\|British Columbia}} \[\[British Columbia]] (part)) {{flagicon\\|USA}} '''\[\[United States]]''' ({{flagicon\\|Montana}} \[\[Montana]], {{flagicon\\|Wyoming}} \[\[Wyoming]] (part) {{flagicon\\|Idaho}} \[\[Idaho]]) \\|rels\=\[\[Blackfoot religion\\|Traditional beliefs]], \[\[Sun Dance]], \[\[Christianity]] \\|langs\=\[\[English language\\|English]], \[\[Blackfoot language\\|Blackfoot]] \\|related\=\[\[Algonquian peoples]] }} ### Ethnic divisions The largest ethnic group in the Confederacy is the Piegan, also spelled Peigan or Pikuni. Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni. They are divided into the [Piikani Nation](/wiki/Piikani_Nation "Piikani Nation") (Aapátohsipikáni ("the companion up there") or simply Piikáni) in present\-day Alberta, and the [South Peigan](/wiki/South_Peigan "South Peigan") or [Piegan Blackfeet](/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet "Piegan Blackfeet") (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States. A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik ("the humans"){{cite web \\|url\=http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd\-05082007\-144843/unrestricted/02MAThesis.pdf \\|author\=Linda Matt Juneau \\|title\=The Humans of Blackfeet: Ethnogenesis by Social and Religious Transformation \\|year\=2002 \\|access\-date\=16 December 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219234240/http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd\-05082007\-144843/unrestricted/02MAThesis.pdf \\|archive\-date\=19 December 2014 }} of southwestern Montana. Today they survive only as a clan or band of the South Peigan. The modern [Kainai Nation](/wiki/Kainai_Nation "Kainai Nation") is named for the Blackfoot\-language term Káínaa, meaning "Many Chief people". These were historically also called the "Blood," from a [Plains Cree](/wiki/Plains_Cree_language "Plains Cree language") name for the Kainai: Miko\-Ew, meaning "stained with blood" (i.e. "the bloodthirsty, cruel"). The common English name for the tribe is Blood or the Blood tribe. The [Siksika Nation](/wiki/Siksika_Nation "Siksika Nation")'s name derives from Siksikáwa, meaning "Those of like". The Siksika also call themselves Sao\-kitapiiksi, meaning "Plains People".[Informational Sites on the Blackfoot Confederacy and Lewis \& Clark](https://www.blackfeetnationstore.com/coins/coinlinks.html) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103210622/https://www.blackfeetnationstore.com/coins/coinlinks.html \\|date\=3 January 2011 }}, Blackfeet Nation Store The [Sarcee](/wiki/Sarcee_people "Sarcee people") call themselves the Tsu T'ina, meaning "a great number of people." During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, "the stubborn ones", in their language.{{citation needed\\|date\=March 2020}} The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the [Athabascan](/wiki/Athabascan "Athabascan") or [Dené](/wiki/Den%C3%A9 "Dené") language family, most of whose members are located in the [Subarctic](/wiki/Subarctic_peoples "Subarctic peoples") of [Northern Canada](/wiki/Northern_Canada "Northern Canada"). Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the [Beaver (Danezaa)](/wiki/Beaver_%28Danezaa%29 "Beaver (Danezaa)") people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century. They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni ("Once had"). The [Gros Ventre people](/wiki/Gros_Ventre_people "Gros Ventre people") call themselves the Haaninin ("white clay people"), also spelled A'aninin. The French called them Gros Ventres ("fat bellies"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains. The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik\-siik\-sii\-naa ("snakes") or Atsina ("like a Cree"), because of years of enmity. Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the [Arapaho](/wiki/Arapaho "Arapaho") Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming."The Blackfoot Tribes", Science 6, no. 146 (20 November 1885\), 456–458, {{JSTOR\\|1760272}}. They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter. ### Modern communities #### Economy and services [thumb\\|[Earl Old Person](/wiki/Earl_Old_Person "Earl Old Person"), honorary chief of the Blackfoot.](/wiki/File:Chief_Old_Person_at_USDA_150th_Anniversary_celebration.jpg "Chief Old Person at USDA 150th Anniversary celebration.jpg") Today, many{{quantify\\|date\=August 2012}} of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live{{when\\|date\=August 2012}} on the Montana reservation of {{convert\\|1500000\\|acre\\|km2}}. In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as [Glacier National Park](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28U.S.%29 "Glacier National Park (U.S.)"). Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there. Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the [Blackfoot Writing Company](/wiki/Blackfoot_Writing_Company "Blackfoot Writing Company"), a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory. In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a [tribal college](/wiki/Tribal_college "Tribal college"), opened in [Browning, Montana](/wiki/Browning%2C_Montana "Browning, Montana"). The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in [American Indian](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") studies. In 1986, the [Kainai Nation](/wiki/Kainai_Nation "Kainai Nation") opened the [Red Crow Community College](/wiki/Red_Crow_Community_College "Red Crow Community College") in [Stand Off, Alberta](/wiki/Stand_Off%2C_Alberta "Stand Off, Alberta"). In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school. #### Traditional culture [thumb\\|Blackfoot gathering, [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta"). 1973](/wiki/File:Blackfoot_gathering_in_1973.JPG "Blackfoot gathering in 1973.JPG") [thumb\\|[Chief Mountain](/wiki/Chief_Mountain "Chief Mountain") is sacred to the Blackfoot. The mountain marks the boundary between the Blackfoot reservation in Montana and Glacier National Park.](/wiki/File:Chief_Mountain_snow.jpg "Chief Mountain snow.jpg") The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named [Frances Densmore](/wiki/Frances_Densmore "Frances Densmore") helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language. The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s–1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. {{Citation needed\\|date\=November 2009}} Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies. The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black [eagle](/wiki/Eagle "Eagle") feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words "Blackfeet Nation" and "Pikuni" (the name of the tribe in the [Algonquian](/wiki/Algonquian_languages "Algonquian languages") native tongue of the Blackfoot).	[ "People\n------", "{{Infobox ethnic group\n\\\|group\\=Blackfoot, Niitsítapi, Siksikaitsitapi ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ\n\\\|image\\=\\[\\[File:Blackfoot \\- Bear Bull.jpg\\\|200px\\\|center]]Bear Bull, Blackfoot translator photographed by \\[\\[Edward S. Curtis]] (1926\\)\n\\\|population\\=32,000\n\\\|popplace\\={{flagicon\\\|Canada}} '''\\[\\[Canada]]''' \n({{flagicon\\\|Saskatchewan}} \\[\\[Saskatchewan]], {{flagicon\\\|Alberta}} \\[\\[Alberta]], {{flagicon\\\|British Columbia}} \\[\\[British Columbia]] (part)) \n \n{{flagicon\\\|USA}} '''\\[\\[United States]]''' \n({{flagicon\\\|Montana}} \\[\\[Montana]], {{flagicon\\\|Wyoming}} \\[\\[Wyoming]] (part) {{flagicon\\\|Idaho}} \\[\\[Idaho]])\n\\\|rels\\=\\[\\[Blackfoot religion\\\|Traditional beliefs]], \\[\\[Sun Dance]], \\[\\[Christianity]]\n\\\|langs\\=\\[\\[English language\\\|English]], \\[\\[Blackfoot language\\\|Blackfoot]]\n\\\|related\\=\\[\\[Algonquian peoples]]\n}}", "### Ethnic divisions", "The largest ethnic group in the Confederacy is the Piegan, also spelled Peigan or Pikuni. Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni. They are divided into the [Piikani Nation](/wiki/Piikani_Nation \"Piikani Nation\") (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present\\-day Alberta, and the [South Peigan](/wiki/South_Peigan \"South Peigan\") or [Piegan Blackfeet](/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet \"Piegan Blackfeet\") (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States. A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\"){{cite web \\\|url\\=http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd\\-05082007\\-144843/unrestricted/02MAThesis.pdf \\\|author\\=Linda Matt Juneau \\\|title\\=The Humans of Blackfeet: Ethnogenesis by Social and Religious Transformation \\\|year\\=2002 \\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219234240/http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd\\-05082007\\-144843/unrestricted/02MAThesis.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=19 December 2014 }} of southwestern Montana. Today they survive only as a clan or band of the South Peigan.", "The modern [Kainai Nation](/wiki/Kainai_Nation \"Kainai Nation\") is named for the Blackfoot\\-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\". These were historically also called the \"Blood,\" from a [Plains Cree](/wiki/Plains_Cree_language \"Plains Cree language\") name for the Kainai: Miko\\-Ew, meaning \"stained with blood\" (i.e. \"the bloodthirsty, cruel\"). The common English name for the tribe is Blood or the Blood tribe.", "The [Siksika Nation](/wiki/Siksika_Nation \"Siksika Nation\")'s name derives from Siksikáwa, meaning \"Those of like\". The Siksika also call themselves Sao\\-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\".[Informational Sites on the Blackfoot Confederacy and Lewis \\& Clark](https://www.blackfeetnationstore.com/coins/coinlinks.html) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103210622/https://www.blackfeetnationstore.com/coins/coinlinks.html \\\|date\\=3 January 2011 }}, Blackfeet Nation Store", "The [Sarcee](/wiki/Sarcee_people \"Sarcee people\") call themselves the Tsu T'ina, meaning \"a great number of people.\" During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=March 2020}} The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the [Athabascan](/wiki/Athabascan \"Athabascan\") or [Dené](/wiki/Den%C3%A9 \"Dené\") language family, most of whose members are located in the [Subarctic](/wiki/Subarctic_peoples \"Subarctic peoples\") of [Northern Canada](/wiki/Northern_Canada \"Northern Canada\"). Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the [Beaver (Danezaa)](/wiki/Beaver_%28Danezaa%29 \"Beaver (Danezaa)\") people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century. They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\").", "The [Gros Ventre people](/wiki/Gros_Ventre_people \"Gros Ventre people\") call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin. The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains. The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik\\-siik\\-sii\\-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity. Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the [Arapaho](/wiki/Arapaho \"Arapaho\") Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming.\"The Blackfoot Tribes\", Science 6, no. 146 (20 November 1885\\), 456–458, {{JSTOR\\\|1760272}}. They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter.", "### Modern communities", "#### Economy and services", "[thumb\\\|[Earl Old Person](/wiki/Earl_Old_Person \"Earl Old Person\"), honorary chief of the Blackfoot.](/wiki/File:Chief_Old_Person_at_USDA_150th_Anniversary_celebration.jpg \"Chief Old Person at USDA 150th Anniversary celebration.jpg\")", "Today, many{{quantify\\\|date\\=August 2012}} of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live{{when\\\|date\\=August 2012}} on the Montana reservation of {{convert\\\|1500000\\\|acre\\\|km2}}. In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as [Glacier National Park](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28U.S.%29 \"Glacier National Park (U.S.)\"). Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there.", "Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the [Blackfoot Writing Company](/wiki/Blackfoot_Writing_Company \"Blackfoot Writing Company\"), a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory.", "In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a [tribal college](/wiki/Tribal_college \"Tribal college\"), opened in [Browning, Montana](/wiki/Browning%2C_Montana \"Browning, Montana\"). The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in [American Indian](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") studies.", "In 1986, the [Kainai Nation](/wiki/Kainai_Nation \"Kainai Nation\") opened the [Red Crow Community College](/wiki/Red_Crow_Community_College \"Red Crow Community College\") in [Stand Off, Alberta](/wiki/Stand_Off%2C_Alberta \"Stand Off, Alberta\"). In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school.", "#### Traditional culture", "[thumb\\\|Blackfoot gathering, [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\"). 1973](/wiki/File:Blackfoot_gathering_in_1973.JPG \"Blackfoot gathering in 1973.JPG\")", "[thumb\\\|[Chief Mountain](/wiki/Chief_Mountain \"Chief Mountain\") is sacred to the Blackfoot. The mountain marks the boundary between the Blackfoot reservation in Montana and Glacier National Park.](/wiki/File:Chief_Mountain_snow.jpg \"Chief Mountain snow.jpg\")\nThe Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named [Frances Densmore](/wiki/Frances_Densmore \"Frances Densmore\") helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language.", "The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s–1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. {{Citation needed\\\|date\\=November 2009}} Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies.", "The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black [eagle](/wiki/Eagle \"Eagle\") feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the [Algonquian](/wiki/Algonquian_languages \"Algonquian languages\") native tongue of the Blackfoot).", "" ]
### Modern communities #### Economy and services [thumb\\|[Earl Old Person](/wiki/Earl_Old_Person "Earl Old Person"), honorary chief of the Blackfoot.](/wiki/File:Chief_Old_Person_at_USDA_150th_Anniversary_celebration.jpg "Chief Old Person at USDA 150th Anniversary celebration.jpg") Today, many{{quantify\\|date\=August 2012}} of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live{{when\\|date\=August 2012}} on the Montana reservation of {{convert\\|1500000\\|acre\\|km2}}. In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as [Glacier National Park](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28U.S.%29 "Glacier National Park (U.S.)"). Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there. Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the [Blackfoot Writing Company](/wiki/Blackfoot_Writing_Company "Blackfoot Writing Company"), a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory. In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a [tribal college](/wiki/Tribal_college "Tribal college"), opened in [Browning, Montana](/wiki/Browning%2C_Montana "Browning, Montana"). The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in [American Indian](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") studies. In 1986, the [Kainai Nation](/wiki/Kainai_Nation "Kainai Nation") opened the [Red Crow Community College](/wiki/Red_Crow_Community_College "Red Crow Community College") in [Stand Off, Alberta](/wiki/Stand_Off%2C_Alberta "Stand Off, Alberta"). In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school. #### Traditional culture [thumb\\|Blackfoot gathering, [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta"). 1973](/wiki/File:Blackfoot_gathering_in_1973.JPG "Blackfoot gathering in 1973.JPG") [thumb\\|[Chief Mountain](/wiki/Chief_Mountain "Chief Mountain") is sacred to the Blackfoot. The mountain marks the boundary between the Blackfoot reservation in Montana and Glacier National Park.](/wiki/File:Chief_Mountain_snow.jpg "Chief Mountain snow.jpg") The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named [Frances Densmore](/wiki/Frances_Densmore "Frances Densmore") helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language. The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s–1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. {{Citation needed\\|date\=November 2009}} Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies. The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black [eagle](/wiki/Eagle "Eagle") feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words "Blackfeet Nation" and "Pikuni" (the name of the tribe in the [Algonquian](/wiki/Algonquian_languages "Algonquian languages") native tongue of the Blackfoot).	[ "### Modern communities", "#### Economy and services", "[thumb\\\|[Earl Old Person](/wiki/Earl_Old_Person \"Earl Old Person\"), honorary chief of the Blackfoot.](/wiki/File:Chief_Old_Person_at_USDA_150th_Anniversary_celebration.jpg \"Chief Old Person at USDA 150th Anniversary celebration.jpg\")", "Today, many{{quantify\\\|date\\=August 2012}} of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live{{when\\\|date\\=August 2012}} on the Montana reservation of {{convert\\\|1500000\\\|acre\\\|km2}}. In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as [Glacier National Park](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28U.S.%29 \"Glacier National Park (U.S.)\"). Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there.", "Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the [Blackfoot Writing Company](/wiki/Blackfoot_Writing_Company \"Blackfoot Writing Company\"), a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory.", "In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a [tribal college](/wiki/Tribal_college \"Tribal college\"), opened in [Browning, Montana](/wiki/Browning%2C_Montana \"Browning, Montana\"). The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in [American Indian](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") studies.", "In 1986, the [Kainai Nation](/wiki/Kainai_Nation \"Kainai Nation\") opened the [Red Crow Community College](/wiki/Red_Crow_Community_College \"Red Crow Community College\") in [Stand Off, Alberta](/wiki/Stand_Off%2C_Alberta \"Stand Off, Alberta\"). In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school.", "#### Traditional culture", "[thumb\\\|Blackfoot gathering, [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\"). 1973](/wiki/File:Blackfoot_gathering_in_1973.JPG \"Blackfoot gathering in 1973.JPG\")", "[thumb\\\|[Chief Mountain](/wiki/Chief_Mountain \"Chief Mountain\") is sacred to the Blackfoot. The mountain marks the boundary between the Blackfoot reservation in Montana and Glacier National Park.](/wiki/File:Chief_Mountain_snow.jpg \"Chief Mountain snow.jpg\")\nThe Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named [Frances Densmore](/wiki/Frances_Densmore \"Frances Densmore\") helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language.", "The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s–1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. {{Citation needed\\\|date\\=November 2009}} Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies.", "The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black [eagle](/wiki/Eagle \"Eagle\") feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the [Algonquian](/wiki/Algonquian_languages \"Algonquian languages\") native tongue of the Blackfoot).", "" ]
Formal definition ----------------- A circuit is a triplet (M, L, G), where * M is a set of values, * L is a set of gate labels, each of which is a function from M^{i} to M for some non\-negative integer i (where i represents the number of inputs to the gate), and * G is a [labelled](/wiki/Labelled_graph "Labelled graph") [directed acyclic graph](/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph "Directed acyclic graph") with labels from L. The vertices of the graph are called gates. For each gate g of [in\-degree](/wiki/In-degree "In-degree") i, the gate g can be labeled by an element \\ell of L if and only if \\ell is defined on M^{i}. ### Terminology The gates of in\-degree 0 are called inputs or leaves. The gates of out\-degree 0 are called outputs. If there is an edge from gate g to gate h in the graph G then h is called a child of g. We suppose there is an order on the vertices of the graph, so we can speak of the kth child of a gate when k is less than the out\-degree of the gate. The size of a circuit is the number of nodes of a circuit. The depth of a gate g is the length of the [longest path](/wiki/Longest_path "Longest path") in G beginning at g up to an output gate. In particular, the gates of out\-degree 0 are the only gates of depth 1\. The depth of a circuit is the maximum depth of any gate. Level i is the set of all gates of depth i. A levelled circuit is a circuit in which the edges to gates of depth i comes only from gates of depth i \+ 1 or from the inputs. In other words, edges only exist between adjacent levels of the circuit. The width of a levelled circuit is the maximum size of any level. ### Evaluation The exact value V(g) of a gate g with in\-degree i and label l is defined recursively for all gates g. V(g) \= \\begin{cases} ``` l & \text{if } g \text{ is an input} \\ l(V(g_1), \dotsc, V(g_i)) & \text{otherwise,} ``` \\end{cases} where each g\_j is a parent of g. The value of the circuit is the value of each of the output gates.	[ "Formal definition\n-----------------", "A circuit is a triplet (M, L, G), where\n* M is a set of values,\n* L is a set of gate labels, each of which is a function from M^{i} to M for some non\\-negative integer i (where i represents the number of inputs to the gate), and\n* G is a [labelled](/wiki/Labelled_graph \"Labelled graph\") [directed acyclic graph](/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph \"Directed acyclic graph\") with labels from L.", "The vertices of the graph are called gates. For each gate g of [in\\-degree](/wiki/In-degree \"In-degree\") i, the gate g can be labeled by an element \\\\ell of L if and only if \\\\ell is defined on M^{i}.", "### Terminology", "The gates of in\\-degree 0 are called inputs or leaves. The gates of out\\-degree 0 are called outputs. If there is an edge from gate g to gate h in the graph G then h is called a child of g. We suppose there is an order on the vertices of the graph, so we can speak of the kth child of a gate when k is less than the out\\-degree of the gate.", "The size of a circuit is the number of nodes of a circuit. The depth of a gate g is the length of the [longest path](/wiki/Longest_path \"Longest path\") in G beginning at g up to an output gate. In particular, the gates of out\\-degree 0 are the only gates of depth 1\\. The depth of a circuit is the maximum depth of any gate.", "Level i is the set of all gates of depth i. A levelled circuit is a circuit in which the edges to gates of depth i comes only from gates of depth i \\+ 1 or from the inputs. In other words, edges only exist between adjacent levels of the circuit. The width of a levelled circuit is the maximum size of any level.", "### Evaluation", "The exact value V(g) of a gate g with in\\-degree i and label l is defined recursively for all gates g.", "V(g) \\= \n\\\\begin{cases}", "```\n l & \\text{if } g \\text{ is an input} \\\\\n l(V(g_1), \\dotsc, V(g_i)) & \\text{otherwise,}", "```\n\\\\end{cases}", "where each g\\_j is a parent of g.", "The value of the circuit is the value of each of the output gates.", "" ]
Music career ------------ One of their first big opportunities came in 2014, when their remix of [Lana Del Rey](/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey "Lana Del Rey")'s "Born to Die" was added to regular rotation on SiriusXM's EDM Station BPM.{{Cite web \\|last\=Porter \\|first\=Graham \\|date\=2014\-03\-15 \\|title\=Lana Del Rey \- Born To Die (The Two Friends Remix) \\|url\=https://www.yourmusicradar.com/lana\-del\-rey\-born\-to\-die\-the\-two\-friends\-remix/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=Your Music Radar \\|language\=en\-US}} Later in 2014, they released two singles with the band Breach the Summit (now known as Armors) titled "Our Names in Lights" and "Long Way Home". Their next originals came in 2016 with "Forever" and "Overdose" on [Armada Music](/wiki/Armada_Music "Armada Music"),{{Cite web \\|title\=Overdose \\|url\=https://www.armadamusic.com/music/overdose\-7 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=Armada Music \\|language\=en}} both amassing millions of plays throughout Spotify, SoundCloud and other streaming services. In 2016 the musical group toured more vigorously than ever before, playing frequently across North America. Their second and most popular EP "Out of Love" was released in early 2017 through [Spinnin' Records](/wiki/Spinnin%27_Records "Spinnin' Records"),{{Cite web \\|date\=2017\-02\-27 \\|title\=Two Friends complete the story with 'Mona Lisa Eyes' {{!}} News {{!}} Spinnin' Records \\|url\=https://spinninrecords.com/news/2017/02/27/two\-friends\-complete\-the\-story\-with\-mona\-lisa\-eyes \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=spinninrecords.com \\|language\=en}} featuring what would become two of their most popular songs, "Out Of Love" and "Pacific Coast Highway". They subsequently embarked on the “Out Of Love Tour” in the beginning of 2017\.{{Cite web \\|date\=2017\-03\-11 \\|title\=Catch Two Friends On International Tour, Hear Infectious New Music Out On Spinnin' Sub Label SOURCE \\|url\=https://raverrafting.com/two\-friends\-out\-of\-love\-tour/2017/03/11/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=RaverRafting \\|language\=en\-US}} The remainder of 2017 saw the releases “Emily”, “While We’re Dreaming” and “Just A Kid”, with the accompanying tours including shows at major venues and festivals such as [Electric Forest Festival](/wiki/Electric_Forest_Festival "Electric Forest Festival"),{{Cite web \\|title\=Awesome People We Met at Electric Forest 2017 \\|url\=https://www.insomniac.com/magazine/awesome\-people\-we\-met\-at\-electric\-forest\-2017/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|language\=en\-US}} [Terminal 5](/wiki/Terminal_5_%28venue%29 "Terminal 5 (venue)"), and more. The duo has amassed over twenty\-seven \#1 tracks on [Hype Machine](/wiki/Hype_Machine "Hype Machine"), as well as garnered praise from [The Chainsmokers](/wiki/The_Chainsmokers "The Chainsmokers"), who named them "Most Underrated Artist" in a 2017 Reddit Thread.{{Cite magazine \\|last\=Rishty \\|first\=David \\|date\=2017\-08\-03 \\|title\=The Chainsmokers Share Their List Of Most Underrated Dance Artists \\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\-news/the\-chainsmokers\-most\-underrated\-dance\-artists\-list\-7889774/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|magazine\=Billboard \\|language\=en\-US}} They have recently undertaken official remixes for artists such as [Steve Aoki](/wiki/Steve_Aoki "Steve Aoki"), [Louis Tomlinson](/wiki/Louis_Tomlinson "Louis Tomlinson"), [Audien](/wiki/Audien "Audien"), [3lau](/wiki/3lau "3lau"), [Vicetone](/wiki/Vicetone "Vicetone") and many more. In 2022, the duo departed on the 35\-city Adventureland Tour, selling out venues such as Aragon Ballroom in Chicago, three nights at [Terminal 5](/wiki/Terminal_5_%28venue%29 "Terminal 5 (venue)"), and two nights at [Echostage](/wiki/Echostage "Echostage"), to name a few.{{Cite web \\|last\=Wu \\|first\=Tingting \\|date\=2022\-02\-21 \\|title\=Two Friends bring the heat to Hotlanta with the Adventureland Tour (DMNW Review) \\|url\=https://www.dancemusicnw.com/two\-friends\-atlanta\-adventureland\-tour\-dmnw\-review/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=Dance Music NW \\|language\=en\-US}} To acknowledge ten years of Big Bootie mixes, Two Friends produced a concert called Big Bootie Land, held in Boston on October 14 and 15, 2022, to a crowd of over 12,000\.{{Cite web \\|last\=Cihak \\|first\=Lennon \\|date\=2022\-07\-14 \\|title\=Two Friends Are Celebrating a Decade of 'Big Bootie Mix' With New Music Festival, Big Bootie Land \\|url\=https://edm.com/events/two\-friends\-announce\-big\-bootie\-land\-festival\-2022 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=EDM.com \- The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews \& Artists \\|language\=en}} 2022 brought about the release of singles such as "Wish You Were Here" featuring John K,{{Cite web \\|last\=Major \\|first\=Michael \\|title\=Two Friends Release 'Wish You Were Here' Featuring John K \\|url\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Two\-Friends\-Release\-Wish\-You\-Were\-Here\-Featuring\-John\-K\-20220511 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=BroadwayWorld.com \\|language\=en}} "Chloe" featuring Jutes, "Graduated" featuring [Bryce Vine](/wiki/Bryce_Vine "Bryce Vine"), and many more. Two Friends performed at the [22nd Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival](/wiki/Coachella_2023 "Coachella 2023") in April 2023\.{{Cite magazine \\|last1\=Woldenberg \\|first1\=Kimberly Aleah,Ilana \\|last2\=Aleah \\|first2\=Kimberly \\|last3\=Woldenberg \\|first3\=Ilana \\|date\=2023\-04\-15 \\|title\=Two Friends on Their Coachella Debut, Touring and Friendship {{!}} The Green Room \\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-videos/two\-friends\-on\-their\-coachella\-debut\-touring\-and\-friendship\-the\-green\-room\-1234715693/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|magazine\=Rolling Stone \\|language\=en\-US}} Immediately following [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_%28festival%29 "Coachella (festival)"), they departed on their biggest run to\-date, The Planet Two Friends Tour.{{Cite web \\|title\=Two Friends \- Planet Two Friends: The Tour \\|url\=https://discoveratlanta.com/event/detail/two\-friends\-planet\-two\-friends\-the\-tour/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=Discover Atlanta \\|language\=en}} Their 2023 Planet Two Friends tour took them to the biggest venues of their touring career to date. Two Friends performed at iconic venues across North America such as Red Rocks, Northerly Island, and Forest Hills Stadium as part of their 25\-date tour. The centerpiece of the Planet Two Friends tour, a spaceship\-DJ\-booth hybrid creation, was debuted at their Coachella performance one month prior. Over 100,000 tickets were bought by fans attending the Planet Two Friends. Two of their bigger songs to date, "More Than Yesterday" with [Russell Dickerson](/wiki/Russell_Dickerson "Russell Dickerson"){{Cite web \\|last\=Zisman \\|first\=Erica \\|date\=2023\-05\-10 \\|title\=Two Friends Collab with Russell Dickerson on New Song "More Than Yesterday" \\|url\=https://countryswag.com/two\-friends\-russell\-dickerson\-new\-song/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=CS \\|language\=en\-US}} and "If Only I" with [Loud Luxury](/wiki/Loud_Luxury "Loud Luxury") and [Bebe Rexha](/wiki/Bebe_Rexha "Bebe Rexha"){{Cite web \\|last\=Sunkel \\|first\=Cameron \\|date\=2023\-06\-23 \\|title\=Two Friends, Loud Luxury and Bebe Rexha Drop Peak Summer Anthem, "If Only I" \\|url\=https://edm.com/music\-releases/two\-friends\-loud\-luxury\-bebe\-rexha\-if\-only\-i \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=EDM.com \- The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews \& Artists \\|language\=en}} were released during the Planet Two Friends Tour. Big Bootie Mix Volume 23 was premiered at Big Bootie Land Chicago on June 2, 2023, at Huntington Bank Pavilion on Northerly Island.{{Cite web \\|last\=Sunkel \\|first\=Cameron \\|date\=2023\-06\-09 \\|title\=Two Friends Write Another Chapter In the "Big Bootie" Dynasty With Chicago Performance \\|url\=https://edm.com/music\-releases/two\-friends\-big\-bootie\-vol\-23\-chicago\-performance \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=EDM.com \- The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews \& Artists \\|language\=en}} At the start of 2023, Two Friends began their first Las Vegas residency. The DJs play at the Wynn and Encore Hotel properties, with performances at XS Nightclub and [Encore Beach Club](/wiki/Encore_Beach_Club "Encore Beach Club") throughout the year. Two Friends are signed with LA\-based management company SALXCO{{Cite web \\|last\=salxco \\|date\=2023\-06\-20 \\|title\=ARTISTS \\|url\=https://salxco.com/artists/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \\|website\=SALXCO \\|language\=en\-US}} and represented by [Creative Artists Agency](/wiki/Creative_Artists_Agency "Creative Artists Agency").	[ "Music career\n------------", "One of their first big opportunities came in 2014, when their remix of [Lana Del Rey](/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey \"Lana Del Rey\")'s \"Born to Die\" was added to regular rotation on SiriusXM's EDM Station BPM.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Porter \\\|first\\=Graham \\\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-15 \\\|title\\=Lana Del Rey \\- Born To Die (The Two Friends Remix) \\\|url\\=https://www.yourmusicradar.com/lana\\-del\\-rey\\-born\\-to\\-die\\-the\\-two\\-friends\\-remix/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=Your Music Radar \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Later in 2014, they released two singles with the band Breach the Summit (now known as Armors) titled \"Our Names in Lights\" and \"Long Way Home\".", "Their next originals came in 2016 with \"Forever\" and \"Overdose\" on [Armada Music](/wiki/Armada_Music \"Armada Music\"),{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Overdose \\\|url\\=https://www.armadamusic.com/music/overdose\\-7 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=Armada Music \\\|language\\=en}} both amassing millions of plays throughout Spotify, SoundCloud and other streaming services. In 2016 the musical group toured more vigorously than ever before, playing frequently across North America.", "Their second and most popular EP \"Out of Love\" was released in early 2017 through [Spinnin' Records](/wiki/Spinnin%27_Records \"Spinnin' Records\"),{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-27 \\\|title\\=Two Friends complete the story with 'Mona Lisa Eyes' {{!}} News {{!}} Spinnin' Records \\\|url\\=https://spinninrecords.com/news/2017/02/27/two\\-friends\\-complete\\-the\\-story\\-with\\-mona\\-lisa\\-eyes \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=spinninrecords.com \\\|language\\=en}} featuring what would become two of their most popular songs, \"Out Of Love\" and \"Pacific Coast Highway\". They subsequently embarked on the “Out Of Love Tour” in the beginning of 2017\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-11 \\\|title\\=Catch Two Friends On International Tour, Hear Infectious New Music Out On Spinnin' Sub Label SOURCE \\\|url\\=https://raverrafting.com/two\\-friends\\-out\\-of\\-love\\-tour/2017/03/11/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=RaverRafting \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The remainder of 2017 saw the releases “Emily”, “While We’re Dreaming” and “Just A Kid”, with the accompanying tours including shows at major venues and festivals such as [Electric Forest Festival](/wiki/Electric_Forest_Festival \"Electric Forest Festival\"),{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Awesome People We Met at Electric Forest 2017 \\\|url\\=https://www.insomniac.com/magazine/awesome\\-people\\-we\\-met\\-at\\-electric\\-forest\\-2017/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} [Terminal 5](/wiki/Terminal_5_%28venue%29 \"Terminal 5 (venue)\"), and more.", "The duo has amassed over twenty\\-seven \\#1 tracks on [Hype Machine](/wiki/Hype_Machine \"Hype Machine\"), as well as garnered praise from [The Chainsmokers](/wiki/The_Chainsmokers \"The Chainsmokers\"), who named them \"Most Underrated Artist\" in a 2017 Reddit Thread.{{Cite magazine \\\|last\\=Rishty \\\|first\\=David \\\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-03 \\\|title\\=The Chainsmokers Share Their List Of Most Underrated Dance Artists \\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\\-news/the\\-chainsmokers\\-most\\-underrated\\-dance\\-artists\\-list\\-7889774/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|magazine\\=Billboard \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} They have recently undertaken official remixes for artists such as [Steve Aoki](/wiki/Steve_Aoki \"Steve Aoki\"), [Louis Tomlinson](/wiki/Louis_Tomlinson \"Louis Tomlinson\"), [Audien](/wiki/Audien \"Audien\"), [3lau](/wiki/3lau \"3lau\"), [Vicetone](/wiki/Vicetone \"Vicetone\") and many more.", "In 2022, the duo departed on the 35\\-city Adventureland Tour, selling out venues such as Aragon Ballroom in Chicago, three nights at [Terminal 5](/wiki/Terminal_5_%28venue%29 \"Terminal 5 (venue)\"), and two nights at [Echostage](/wiki/Echostage \"Echostage\"), to name a few.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Wu \\\|first\\=Tingting \\\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-21 \\\|title\\=Two Friends bring the heat to Hotlanta with the Adventureland Tour (DMNW Review) \\\|url\\=https://www.dancemusicnw.com/two\\-friends\\-atlanta\\-adventureland\\-tour\\-dmnw\\-review/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=Dance Music NW \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "To acknowledge ten years of Big Bootie mixes, Two Friends produced a concert called Big Bootie Land, held in Boston on October 14 and 15, 2022, to a crowd of over 12,000\\.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Cihak \\\|first\\=Lennon \\\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-14 \\\|title\\=Two Friends Are Celebrating a Decade of 'Big Bootie Mix' With New Music Festival, Big Bootie Land \\\|url\\=https://edm.com/events/two\\-friends\\-announce\\-big\\-bootie\\-land\\-festival\\-2022 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=EDM.com \\- The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews \\& Artists \\\|language\\=en}}", "2022 brought about the release of singles such as \"Wish You Were Here\" featuring John K,{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Major \\\|first\\=Michael \\\|title\\=Two Friends Release 'Wish You Were Here' Featuring John K \\\|url\\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Two\\-Friends\\-Release\\-Wish\\-You\\-Were\\-Here\\-Featuring\\-John\\-K\\-20220511 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=BroadwayWorld.com \\\|language\\=en}} \"Chloe\" featuring Jutes, \"Graduated\" featuring [Bryce Vine](/wiki/Bryce_Vine \"Bryce Vine\"), and many more.", "Two Friends performed at the [22nd Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival](/wiki/Coachella_2023 \"Coachella 2023\") in April 2023\\.{{Cite magazine \\\|last1\\=Woldenberg \\\|first1\\=Kimberly Aleah,Ilana \\\|last2\\=Aleah \\\|first2\\=Kimberly \\\|last3\\=Woldenberg \\\|first3\\=Ilana \\\|date\\=2023\\-04\\-15 \\\|title\\=Two Friends on Their Coachella Debut, Touring and Friendship {{!}} The Green Room \\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-videos/two\\-friends\\-on\\-their\\-coachella\\-debut\\-touring\\-and\\-friendship\\-the\\-green\\-room\\-1234715693/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Immediately following [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_%28festival%29 \"Coachella (festival)\"), they departed on their biggest run to\\-date, The Planet Two Friends Tour.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Two Friends \\- Planet Two Friends: The Tour \\\|url\\=https://discoveratlanta.com/event/detail/two\\-friends\\-planet\\-two\\-friends\\-the\\-tour/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=Discover Atlanta \\\|language\\=en}}", "Their 2023 Planet Two Friends tour took them to the biggest venues of their touring career to date. Two Friends performed at iconic venues across North America such as Red Rocks, Northerly Island, and Forest Hills Stadium as part of their 25\\-date tour. The centerpiece of the Planet Two Friends tour, a spaceship\\-DJ\\-booth hybrid creation, was debuted at their Coachella performance one month prior. Over 100,000 tickets were bought by fans attending the Planet Two Friends.", "Two of their bigger songs to date, \"More Than Yesterday\" with [Russell Dickerson](/wiki/Russell_Dickerson \"Russell Dickerson\"){{Cite web \\\|last\\=Zisman \\\|first\\=Erica \\\|date\\=2023\\-05\\-10 \\\|title\\=Two Friends Collab with Russell Dickerson on New Song \"More Than Yesterday\" \\\|url\\=https://countryswag.com/two\\-friends\\-russell\\-dickerson\\-new\\-song/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=CS \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} and \"If Only I\" with [Loud Luxury](/wiki/Loud_Luxury \"Loud Luxury\") and [Bebe Rexha](/wiki/Bebe_Rexha \"Bebe Rexha\"){{Cite web \\\|last\\=Sunkel \\\|first\\=Cameron \\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-23 \\\|title\\=Two Friends, Loud Luxury and Bebe Rexha Drop Peak Summer Anthem, \"If Only I\" \\\|url\\=https://edm.com/music\\-releases/two\\-friends\\-loud\\-luxury\\-bebe\\-rexha\\-if\\-only\\-i \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=EDM.com \\- The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews \\& Artists \\\|language\\=en}} were released during the Planet Two Friends Tour.", "Big Bootie Mix Volume 23 was premiered at Big Bootie Land Chicago on June 2, 2023, at Huntington Bank Pavilion on Northerly Island.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Sunkel \\\|first\\=Cameron \\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-09 \\\|title\\=Two Friends Write Another Chapter In the \"Big Bootie\" Dynasty With Chicago Performance \\\|url\\=https://edm.com/music\\-releases/two\\-friends\\-big\\-bootie\\-vol\\-23\\-chicago\\-performance \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=EDM.com \\- The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews \\& Artists \\\|language\\=en}}", "At the start of 2023, Two Friends began their first Las Vegas residency. The DJs play at the Wynn and Encore Hotel properties, with performances at XS Nightclub and [Encore Beach Club](/wiki/Encore_Beach_Club \"Encore Beach Club\") throughout the year.", "Two Friends are signed with LA\\-based management company SALXCO{{Cite web \\\|last\\=salxco \\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-20 \\\|title\\=ARTISTS \\\|url\\=https://salxco.com/artists/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\\|website\\=SALXCO \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} and represented by [Creative Artists Agency](/wiki/Creative_Artists_Agency \"Creative Artists Agency\").", "" ]
Formative years --------------- Born in [Williamsburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Williamsburg, Pennsylvania"), on February 15, 1835, John Dean was a son of Matthew Dean, a tanner and farmer, and Anna (Patterson) Dean. One of eight sons in the Dean family, John Dean was also a brother to three sisters.Wiley, Samuel T. and W. Scott Garner. Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\-159: "[Blair County Biographies: Hon. John Dean](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89062010210;view=1up;seq=157)." Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Richmond, Indiana, and Chicago, Illinois: Gresham Publishing Company, 1892\.Eastman, Courts and lawyers of Pennsylvania; a history, 1623\-1923, p. 517\. Educated in the common schools of Williamsburg, John Dean received further training at the Williamsburg Academy and at [Washington College](/wiki/Washington_College_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Washington College (Pennsylvania)"), where he studied for a year before leaving to become a teacher in the local school at Williamsburg.Wiley and Garner, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\-159\.Eastman, Courts and lawyers of Pennsylvania; a history, 1623\-1923, p. 517\. While still a teacher, Dean also began to study law with James M. Bell and D. H. Hoffius in [Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Hollidaysburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania").Wiley and Garner, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\-159\.Eastman, Courts and lawyers of Pennsylvania; a history, 1623\-1923, p. 517\. ### Marriages and children Reportedly more than six feet tall, Dean married his first wife Rebecca Caldwell (1825–1874\) in 1857\. A daughter of Judge David Caldwell and Sarah (Martin) Caldwell, Rebecca (Caldwell) Dean widowed her husband on July 23, 1874, when she died in Hollidaysburg at the age of 48\. Following funeral services, she was buried at that community's Presbyterian Cemetery.Wiley and Garner, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\-159\. Dean then remarried in November 1876, taking Margaret Bell (1848–1934\) as his bride. Their children were: Elisa (Dean) Findley (1878–1960\), Anna (Dean) Baldrige (1880–1975\), Claribel Dean (1882–1955\), and Margaret Dean (1885–1971\).Wiley and Garner, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\-159\.	[ "Formative years\n---------------", "Born in [Williamsburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Williamsburg, Pennsylvania\"), on February 15, 1835, John Dean was a son of Matthew Dean, a tanner and farmer, and Anna (Patterson) Dean. One of eight sons in the Dean family, John Dean was also a brother to three sisters.Wiley, Samuel T. and W. Scott Garner. Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\\-159: \"[Blair County Biographies: Hon. John Dean](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89062010210;view=1up;seq=157).\" Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Richmond, Indiana, and Chicago, Illinois: Gresham Publishing Company, 1892\\.Eastman, Courts and lawyers of Pennsylvania; a history, 1623\\-1923, p. 517\\.", "Educated in the common schools of Williamsburg, John Dean received further training at the Williamsburg Academy and at [Washington College](/wiki/Washington_College_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Washington College (Pennsylvania)\"), where he studied for a year before leaving to become a teacher in the local school at Williamsburg.Wiley and Garner, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\\-159\\.Eastman, Courts and lawyers of Pennsylvania; a history, 1623\\-1923, p. 517\\.", "While still a teacher, Dean also began to study law with James M. Bell and D. H. Hoffius in [Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Hollidaysburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania\").Wiley and Garner, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\\-159\\.Eastman, Courts and lawyers of Pennsylvania; a history, 1623\\-1923, p. 517\\.", "### Marriages and children", "Reportedly more than six feet tall, Dean married his first wife Rebecca Caldwell (1825–1874\\) in 1857\\. A daughter of Judge David Caldwell and Sarah (Martin) Caldwell, Rebecca (Caldwell) Dean widowed her husband on July 23, 1874, when she died in Hollidaysburg at the age of 48\\. Following funeral services, she was buried at that community's Presbyterian Cemetery.Wiley and Garner, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\\-159\\.", "Dean then remarried in November 1876, taking Margaret Bell (1848–1934\\) as his bride. Their children were: Elisa (Dean) Findley (1878–1960\\), Anna (Dean) Baldrige (1880–1975\\), Claribel Dean (1882–1955\\), and Margaret Dean (1885–1971\\).Wiley and Garner, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 157\\-159\\.", "" ]
Overview and background ----------------------- Beginning on 23 December 1950, the United States began military aid to the French administration of the Kingdom of Laos as they fought the [First Indochina War](/wiki/First_Indochina_War "First Indochina War"). U.S. support would increase to the point of underwriting the Lao budget in its entirety. The rationale behind the support was that it was in American interests to combat the communist insurrectionists in Laos as part of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"). [Banned by treaty](/wiki/Geneva_Conference_%281954%29%23On_Indochina "Geneva Conference (1954)#On Indochina") from stationing an overt [Military Assistance Advisory Group](/wiki/Military_Assistance_Advisory_Group "Military Assistance Advisory Group") in Laos, in December 1955 the U.S. instead chose to establish a "civilian" military aid office within the U.S. embassy in Vientiane. The [Programs Evaluation Office](/wiki/Programs_Evaluation_Office "Programs Evaluation Office") was charged with channeling war material to the Lao military.Castle, pp. 9–20\. Of the 68 ethnic minorities that comprised the Lao population, the [Lao Loum](/wiki/Lao_Loum "Lao Loum") numerically predominated. They dwelt along the [Mekong River](/wiki/Mekong_River "Mekong River") Valley along the southern border with the [Kingdom of Thailand](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thailand "Kingdom of Thailand"). The [King of Laos](/wiki/King_of_Laos "King of Laos") and most of the ruling class of Laos were Lao Loum. About 20 of these influential lowland Lao families actually controlled Laos.Castle, pp. 5, 20, 141\. With the PEO confined to office work, distribution of military goods took place without PEO followup. From 1955 to 1958, the U.S. would sink $202 million into Laos. This aid led to corruption as it was siphoned off by recipients.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 15, 19–20, 28–29\. As [Bernard Fall](/wiki/Bernard_Fall "Bernard Fall") noted from personal observation, the support of the Lao military was for political reasons, and not necessarily for self\-defense. The Lao soldiers were among the most highly paid in the world. They cost an average of about $1,000 apiece annually; the global average for a soldier was $848 per capita. Many Lao soldiers were fictional recruits, with their pay being siphoned off by Lao officers. Junior Lao officers afforded expensive villas. More disheartening to PEO, there were thievish Americans in the program.Fall, pp. 163–166\. The basic Lao economy was so underdeveloped that an artificial economy developed. U.S. dollars funded imports that were sold commercially on the open market. The resultant [Lao kips](/wiki/Lao_kip "Lao kip") went to underwrite the Lao military. These payments were also subsequently turned over into foreign goods. With no controls on the imports, the quality and utility of provisions were often ignored. Fall summarized the result by quoting a pro\-American Lao officer, [Sisouk na Champassak](/wiki/Sisouk_na_Champassak "Sisouk na Champassak"): "Black market deals in American aid dollars reached such proportions that the Pathet Lao needed no propaganda to turn the rural people against the townspeople."Fall, p. 165\. The 1960 Laotian coups brought about a pivotal change of government in the Kingdom of Laos. General [Phoumi Nosavan](/wiki/Phoumi_Nosavan "Phoumi Nosavan") established himself as the strongman running Laos in a bloodless coup on 25 December 1959\. He would be himself overthrown on 10 August 1960 by the young paratrooper captain whom had backed him in the 1959 coup. When Captain Kong Le impressed the American officials underwriting Laos as a potential communist, they backed Phoumi's return to power in November and December 1960\. In turn, the [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR") backed Kong Le as their proxy in this cold war standoff. After the Battle of Vientiane ended in his defeat, Kong Le withdrew his paratroopers northward to the strategic Plain of Jars on 16 December 1960,Conboy, Morrison, pp. 31–42\. there to form Forces Armee Neutraliste (Neutralist Armed Forces).Library of Congress country study of Laos: Royal Lao Army [http://lcweb2\.loc.gov/cgi\-bin/query/D?cstdy:2:./temp/\~frd\_xax2::](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cstdy:2:./temp/~frd_xax2::) Retrieved 20 February 2015\.	[ "Overview and background\n-----------------------", "Beginning on 23 December 1950, the United States began military aid to the French administration of the Kingdom of Laos as they fought the [First Indochina War](/wiki/First_Indochina_War \"First Indochina War\"). U.S. support would increase to the point of underwriting the Lao budget in its entirety. The rationale behind the support was that it was in American interests to combat the communist insurrectionists in Laos as part of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). [Banned by treaty](/wiki/Geneva_Conference_%281954%29%23On_Indochina \"Geneva Conference (1954)#On Indochina\") from stationing an overt [Military Assistance Advisory Group](/wiki/Military_Assistance_Advisory_Group \"Military Assistance Advisory Group\") in Laos, in December 1955 the U.S. instead chose to establish a \"civilian\" military aid office within the U.S. embassy in Vientiane. The [Programs Evaluation Office](/wiki/Programs_Evaluation_Office \"Programs Evaluation Office\") was charged with channeling war material to the Lao military.Castle, pp. 9–20\\.", "Of the 68 ethnic minorities that comprised the Lao population, the [Lao Loum](/wiki/Lao_Loum \"Lao Loum\") numerically predominated. They dwelt along the [Mekong River](/wiki/Mekong_River \"Mekong River\") Valley along the southern border with the [Kingdom of Thailand](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thailand \"Kingdom of Thailand\"). The [King of Laos](/wiki/King_of_Laos \"King of Laos\") and most of the ruling class of Laos were Lao Loum. About 20 of these influential lowland Lao families actually controlled Laos.Castle, pp. 5, 20, 141\\. With the PEO confined to office work, distribution of military goods took place without PEO followup. From 1955 to 1958, the U.S. would sink $202 million into Laos. This aid led to corruption as it was siphoned off by recipients.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 15, 19–20, 28–29\\.", "As [Bernard Fall](/wiki/Bernard_Fall \"Bernard Fall\") noted from personal observation, the support of the Lao military was for political reasons, and not necessarily for self\\-defense. The Lao soldiers were among the most highly paid in the world. They cost an average of about $1,000 apiece annually; the global average for a soldier was $848 per capita. Many Lao soldiers were fictional recruits, with their pay being siphoned off by Lao officers. Junior Lao officers afforded expensive villas. More disheartening to PEO, there were thievish Americans in the program.Fall, pp. 163–166\\.", "The basic Lao economy was so underdeveloped that an artificial economy developed. U.S. dollars funded imports that were sold commercially on the open market. The resultant [Lao kips](/wiki/Lao_kip \"Lao kip\") went to underwrite the Lao military. These payments were also subsequently turned over into foreign goods. With no controls on the imports, the quality and utility of provisions were often ignored.", "Fall summarized the result by quoting a pro\\-American Lao officer, [Sisouk na Champassak](/wiki/Sisouk_na_Champassak \"Sisouk na Champassak\"): \"Black market deals in American aid dollars reached such proportions that the Pathet Lao needed no propaganda to turn the rural people against the townspeople.\"Fall, p. 165\\.", "The 1960 Laotian coups brought about a pivotal change of government in the Kingdom of Laos. General [Phoumi Nosavan](/wiki/Phoumi_Nosavan \"Phoumi Nosavan\") established himself as the strongman running Laos in a bloodless coup on 25 December 1959\\. He would be himself overthrown on 10 August 1960 by the young paratrooper captain whom had backed him in the 1959 coup. When Captain Kong Le impressed the American officials underwriting Laos as a potential communist, they backed Phoumi's return to power in November and December 1960\\. In turn, the [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\") backed Kong Le as their proxy in this cold war standoff. After the Battle of Vientiane ended in his defeat, Kong Le withdrew his paratroopers northward to the strategic Plain of Jars on 16 December 1960,Conboy, Morrison, pp. 31–42\\. there to form Forces Armee Neutraliste (Neutralist Armed Forces).Library of Congress country study of Laos: Royal Lao Army [http://lcweb2\\.loc.gov/cgi\\-bin/query/D?cstdy:2:./temp/\\~frd\\_xax2::](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cstdy:2:./temp/~frd_xax2::) Retrieved 20 February 2015\\.", "" ]
Origin of Forces Armées Neutralistes -------------------------------------- {{See also\\|Battle of Vientiane\\|Kong Le}} Kong Le had led his Bataillon Parachutiste 2 (Paratroop Battalion 2\) into the 10 August 1960 coup. The battalion suffered only 17 killed in the Battle of Vientiane, before being forced from the city by Phoumi's troops. As the defeated paratroopers withdrew northward to the Plain of Jars on 16 December, about 400 neutralist adherents joined the column as new recruits, upping the column's strength to about 1,200 men.Library of Congress country study of Laos: Battle of Vientiane [http://lcweb2\.loc.gov/cgi\-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID\+la0041%29](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+la0041%29) Retrieved 5 February 2015\. The revolutionists' withdrawal along Route 13 distracted attention from the nascent [Operation Momentum](/wiki/Operation_Momentum "Operation Momentum") starting up at nearby Ban Padong.Ahern, p. 34\. In early 1961, French intelligence sources reported at a [SEATO](/wiki/SEATO "SEATO") meeting in Bangkok that 20 Soviet aircraft were ferrying military aid to the coup force,Ahern, pp. 27–28\. which had burgeoned to 4,000 men.Ahern, p. 74\. At about this time, the [Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Joint Chiefs of Staff") estimated that unilateral intervention in Laos by the United States would require 60,000 American troops; the intervention option was then rejected.Ahern, p. 53\. On 3 April 1961, FAN paratroopers were dropped by Soviet aircraft west of Vang Vieng. Coordinating their action with the Pathet Lao, they captured the town from the Royalists on Route 13 on 23 April.Anthony, Sexton, p. 48\. Though the way lay open before them, the victorious Neutralists did not extend their offensive toward Vientiane.Anthony, Sexton, p. 51\. Vang Pao's [Hmong](/wiki/Hmong_%28people%29 "Hmong (people)") irregulars—raised through Operation Momentum—were then equipped with 82mm mortars on 1 March 1961\. These weapons, with a range greater than 7,000 meters, when emplaced on high points surrounding the Plain of Jars could hit Kong Le's forces almost anywhere on the Plain. Meanwhile, the Royal Lao Army, which was expected to defeat the Neutralists "...distinguish(ed) itself primarily by its lassitude and incompetence."Ahern, p. 52\. At this point, both Phoumi and Kong Le reorganized their forces. However, while both sides were reorganizing, the communists launched attacks. On 12 April, Kong Le met with Vang Pao and agreed on cooperation between their forces.Ahern, p. 152\. The PAVN 19th Border Defense Battalion overran [Khamkeut](/wiki/Khamkeut "Khamkeut") and [Lak Sao](/wiki/Lak_Sao "Lak Sao"), nearly severing the lower panhandle from northern Laos by the second week in April 1961\. In a second offensive, the PAVN stalemated four of Phoumi's new regiments that were strung out along Route 13 between Luang Prabang and Vientiane. It was during this action that [U.S. Special Forces](/wiki/U.S._Special_Forces "U.S. Special Forces") Team Moon was ambushed, and the first Americans killed in action. As a result of PAVN success in these actions, PEO head General [Andrew J. Boyle](/wiki/Andrew_J._Boyle "Andrew J. Boyle") remarked that the communists were poised to take any of the Lao towns along the [Mekong River](/wiki/Mekong_River "Mekong River").Conboy, Morrison, pp. 52–54\. By 5 May 1961, the term Forces Armées Neutralistes came into use to describe Kong Le's military.Library of Congress country study of Laos: Expansion of Pathet Lao Influence [http://lcweb2\.loc.gov/cgi\-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID\+la0044%29](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+la0044%29) Retrieved 5 February 2015\. Kong Le recruited enough new soldiers to split BP 2 into six companies. Although designated as airborne units, only the veteran cadre had parachute training. By October 1961, FAN was in conflict with the Royalist guerrillas surrounding the Plain; the effect was to push FAN into cooperation with the communists.Ahern, pp. 111–113\. After a 23 December 1961 battle between FAN and the guerrillas, a FAN defector and a Vietnamese prisoner verified Vietnamese communist backing for FAN.Ahern, p. 115\. By the time the [International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos](/wiki/International_Agreement_on_the_Neutrality_of_Laos "International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos") agreed upon on 23 July 1962 came into effect, FAN had ramped up to a strength of 8,000 troops. Three battalions under Brigadier General Khoumane Boupha were occupying far northern [Phongsaly Province](/wiki/Phongsaly_Province "Phongsaly Province"). There were two new infantry battalions outposted in [Vang Vieng](/wiki/Vang_Vieng "Vang Vieng") on Route 13, threatening Vientiane from the north. Three battalions moved southward into the panhandle, to occupy [Tchepone](/wiki/Tchepone "Tchepone"), Nhommarath, and [Mahaxay](/wiki/Mahaxay "Mahaxay"). FAN's center of gravity on the Plain of Jars was four paratroop battalions and two artillery battalions. The new artillery battalions were not the only heavy weapons units added to FAN. There was a company of [PT\-76](/wiki/PT-76 "PT-76") amphibious tanks formed from the 45 tanks given to FAN by the PAVN. There was also a small air arm, consisting of two [C\-47s](/wiki/C-47 "C-47") and two [Beavers](/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-2_Beaver "De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver") flown north from Vientiane during the retreat to the Plain.Conboy, Morrison, pp. 95–98\. Dissension began between FAN and the communists. PAVN insisted on supplying military trainers to FAN, despite Kong Le's preference for cadre from the French military mission. After FAN tank crews were trained by PAVN, the Neutralists had to seize the PT\-76 tanks they had been promised; the PAVN response was to withhold ammunition from FAN. In general, the Pathet Lao's help to FAN was sporadic; the Lao communists were an untrustworthy conduit of Soviet aid. On 27 September, U.S. ambassador [Leonard Unger](/wiki/Leonard_Unger "Leonard Unger") visited Kong Le on the Plain of Jars. They agreed on an American airdrop of blankets and food. On 22 November, as an [Air America](/wiki/Air_America_%28airline%29 "Air America (airline)") [C\-123](/wiki/C-123 "C-123") prepared to land the aid, pro\-communist Neutralist antiaircraft gunners of the Phetsarath Artillery Battalion shot it down, killing the pilots. On 4 December 1962, the FAN air arm was augmented by three [Li\-2s](/wiki/Li-2 "Li-2") given by the USSR, as the Russians ended their logistic support.Castle, p. 56, Also in December, a contingent of FAN pilot candidates went to the Soviet Union for aviation training. To command this growing army, Kong Le promoted himself to Major General. He could muster 4,500 Neutralist soldiers at this time.Anthony, Sexton, p. 79\. By contrast, at this time, the PAVN had 9,000 troops stationed in Laos; the [Pathet Lao](/wiki/Pathet_Lao "Pathet Lao") could muster about 19,500 men. The opposing Royal Lao Army reportedly mustered a strength of 51,000\. On 5 January 1963, a [BirdAir](/wiki/BirdAir "BirdAir") [PV\-2T](/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura%23PV-2_Harpoon "Lockheed Ventura#PV-2 Harpoon") was fired upon and set aflame 30 kilometers south of [Muong Sing](/wiki/Muong_Sing "Muong Sing"); a crew member died of injuries. Colonel Kettsana, the FAN commander of MR 2, began to distrust the communists; in February 1963, he was murdered. Sniping and clashes between FAN and the communists became daily events during the spring of 1963\. On 1 April, the pro\-Pathet Lao Neutralist Foreign Minister, [Quinim Pholsena](/wiki/Quinim_Pholsena "Quinim Pholsena"), was killed by his bodyguard; it was regarded as vengeance for Kettsana's homicide. At that point, the Pathet Lao political delegation fled Vientiane. On 2 April, communist forces attacked FAN on the Plain of Jars.Ahern, p. 150\. Two days later, a pro\-Kong Le Neutralist intelligence officer's body was found there.	[ "Origin of Forces Armées Neutralistes\n--------------------------------------", "{{See also\\\|Battle of Vientiane\\\|Kong Le}}", "Kong Le had led his Bataillon Parachutiste 2 (Paratroop Battalion 2\\) into the 10 August 1960 coup. The battalion suffered only 17 killed in the Battle of Vientiane, before being forced from the city by Phoumi's troops. As the defeated paratroopers withdrew northward to the Plain of Jars on 16 December, about 400 neutralist adherents joined the column as new recruits, upping the column's strength to about 1,200 men.Library of Congress country study of Laos: Battle of Vientiane [http://lcweb2\\.loc.gov/cgi\\-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID\\+la0041%29](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+la0041%29) Retrieved 5 February 2015\\. The revolutionists' withdrawal along Route 13 distracted attention from the nascent [Operation Momentum](/wiki/Operation_Momentum \"Operation Momentum\") starting up at nearby Ban Padong.Ahern, p. 34\\. In early 1961, French intelligence sources reported at a [SEATO](/wiki/SEATO \"SEATO\") meeting in Bangkok that 20 Soviet aircraft were ferrying military aid to the coup force,Ahern, pp. 27–28\\. which had burgeoned to 4,000 men.Ahern, p. 74\\. At about this time, the [Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff \"Joint Chiefs of Staff\") estimated that unilateral intervention in Laos by the United States would require 60,000 American troops; the intervention option was then rejected.Ahern, p. 53\\. On 3 April 1961, FAN paratroopers were dropped by Soviet aircraft west of Vang Vieng. Coordinating their action with the Pathet Lao, they captured the town from the Royalists on Route 13 on 23 April.Anthony, Sexton, p. 48\\. Though the way lay open before them, the victorious Neutralists did not extend their offensive toward Vientiane.Anthony, Sexton, p. 51\\.", "Vang Pao's [Hmong](/wiki/Hmong_%28people%29 \"Hmong (people)\") irregulars—raised through Operation Momentum—were then equipped with 82mm mortars on 1 March 1961\\. These weapons, with a range greater than 7,000 meters, when emplaced on high points surrounding the Plain of Jars could hit Kong Le's forces almost anywhere on the Plain. Meanwhile, the Royal Lao Army, which was expected to defeat the Neutralists \"...distinguish(ed) itself primarily by its lassitude and incompetence.\"Ahern, p. 52\\.", "At this point, both Phoumi and Kong Le reorganized their forces. However, while both sides were reorganizing, the communists launched attacks. On 12 April, Kong Le met with Vang Pao and agreed on cooperation between their forces.Ahern, p. 152\\. The PAVN 19th Border Defense Battalion overran [Khamkeut](/wiki/Khamkeut \"Khamkeut\") and [Lak Sao](/wiki/Lak_Sao \"Lak Sao\"), nearly severing the lower panhandle from northern Laos by the second week in April 1961\\. In a second offensive, the PAVN stalemated four of Phoumi's new regiments that were strung out along Route 13 between Luang Prabang and Vientiane. It was during this action that [U.S. Special Forces](/wiki/U.S._Special_Forces \"U.S. Special Forces\") Team Moon was ambushed, and the first Americans killed in action. As a result of PAVN success in these actions, PEO head General [Andrew J. Boyle](/wiki/Andrew_J._Boyle \"Andrew J. Boyle\") remarked that the communists were poised to take any of the Lao towns along the [Mekong River](/wiki/Mekong_River \"Mekong River\").Conboy, Morrison, pp. 52–54\\.", "By 5 May 1961, the term Forces Armées Neutralistes came into use to describe Kong Le's military.Library of Congress country study of Laos: Expansion of Pathet Lao Influence [http://lcweb2\\.loc.gov/cgi\\-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID\\+la0044%29](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+la0044%29) Retrieved 5 February 2015\\. Kong Le recruited enough new soldiers to split BP 2 into six companies. Although designated as airborne units, only the veteran cadre had parachute training. By October 1961, FAN was in conflict with the Royalist guerrillas surrounding the Plain; the effect was to push FAN into cooperation with the communists.Ahern, pp. 111–113\\. After a 23 December 1961 battle between FAN and the guerrillas, a FAN defector and a Vietnamese prisoner verified Vietnamese communist backing for FAN.Ahern, p. 115\\.", "By the time the [International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos](/wiki/International_Agreement_on_the_Neutrality_of_Laos \"International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos\") agreed upon on 23 July 1962 came into effect, FAN had ramped up to a strength of 8,000 troops. Three battalions under Brigadier General Khoumane Boupha were occupying far northern [Phongsaly Province](/wiki/Phongsaly_Province \"Phongsaly Province\"). There were two new infantry battalions outposted in [Vang Vieng](/wiki/Vang_Vieng \"Vang Vieng\") on Route 13, threatening Vientiane from the north. Three battalions moved southward into the panhandle, to occupy [Tchepone](/wiki/Tchepone \"Tchepone\"), Nhommarath, and [Mahaxay](/wiki/Mahaxay \"Mahaxay\"). FAN's center of gravity on the Plain of Jars was four paratroop battalions and two artillery battalions. The new artillery battalions were not the only heavy weapons units added to FAN. There was a company of [PT\\-76](/wiki/PT-76 \"PT-76\") amphibious tanks formed from the 45 tanks given to FAN by the PAVN. There was also a small air arm, consisting of two [C\\-47s](/wiki/C-47 \"C-47\") and two [Beavers](/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-2_Beaver \"De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver\") flown north from Vientiane during the retreat to the Plain.Conboy, Morrison, pp. 95–98\\.", "Dissension began between FAN and the communists. PAVN insisted on supplying military trainers to FAN, despite Kong Le's preference for cadre from the French military mission. After FAN tank crews were trained by PAVN, the Neutralists had to seize the PT\\-76 tanks they had been promised; the PAVN response was to withhold ammunition from FAN. In general, the Pathet Lao's help to FAN was sporadic; the Lao communists were an untrustworthy conduit of Soviet aid. On 27 September, U.S. ambassador [Leonard Unger](/wiki/Leonard_Unger \"Leonard Unger\") visited Kong Le on the Plain of Jars. They agreed on an American airdrop of blankets and food. On 22 November, as an [Air America](/wiki/Air_America_%28airline%29 \"Air America (airline)\") [C\\-123](/wiki/C-123 \"C-123\") prepared to land the aid, pro\\-communist Neutralist antiaircraft gunners of the Phetsarath Artillery Battalion shot it down, killing the pilots.", "On 4 December 1962, the FAN air arm was augmented by three [Li\\-2s](/wiki/Li-2 \"Li-2\") given by the USSR, as the Russians ended their logistic support.Castle, p. 56, Also in December, a contingent of FAN pilot candidates went to the Soviet Union for aviation training. To command this growing army, Kong Le promoted himself to Major General. He could muster 4,500 Neutralist soldiers at this time.Anthony, Sexton, p. 79\\. By contrast, at this time, the PAVN had 9,000 troops stationed in Laos; the [Pathet Lao](/wiki/Pathet_Lao \"Pathet Lao\") could muster about 19,500 men. The opposing Royal Lao Army reportedly mustered a strength of 51,000\\.", "On 5 January 1963, a [BirdAir](/wiki/BirdAir \"BirdAir\") [PV\\-2T](/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura%23PV-2_Harpoon \"Lockheed Ventura#PV-2 Harpoon\") was fired upon and set aflame 30 kilometers south of [Muong Sing](/wiki/Muong_Sing \"Muong Sing\"); a crew member died of injuries. Colonel Kettsana, the FAN commander of MR 2, began to distrust the communists; in February 1963, he was murdered. Sniping and clashes between FAN and the communists became daily events during the spring of 1963\\. On 1 April, the pro\\-Pathet Lao Neutralist Foreign Minister, [Quinim Pholsena](/wiki/Quinim_Pholsena \"Quinim Pholsena\"), was killed by his bodyguard; it was regarded as vengeance for Kettsana's homicide. At that point, the Pathet Lao political delegation fled Vientiane. On 2 April, communist forces attacked FAN on the Plain of Jars.Ahern, p. 150\\. Two days later, a pro\\-Kong Le Neutralist intelligence officer's body was found there.", "" ]
Continued hostilities --------------------- By the time of the coup, the Patriotic Neutralists had been largely absorbed into the Pathet Lao;Brown, p. 202\. the two sides held the first of their biannual cooperative political congresses in 1964\.Stuart\-Fox, p. 250\. On the Plain of Jars, the coup sparked further dissension in the Neutralist movement. Two of FAN's paratroop battalions—BP 4 and BP 6—favored siding with the communists. On 27 April 1964, as the Royalist garrison withdrew from Phou San, it was attacked and defeated by communist forces as nearby FAN units deigned to intervene. However, when Pathet Lao occupied the vacated strongpoint overlooking Kong Le's headquarters at Muong Phan, his Bataillon Parachutistes 5 unsuccessfully assaulted the mountaintop. Six days later, the third mountaintop position, on Phou Nong, also fell. The defeated troops split into two columns escaping in opposite directions, with the Royalists retreating southeast while FAN withdrew to the northwest. On 13 May 1964, as Pathet Lao troops moved to isolate the Neutralist garrisons at Muong Phan and Muong Kheung, a revolt against Kong Le broke out within FAN. His tank company commander, Colonel Sourideth, encircled Kong Le's headquarters with a dozen tanks. The next day, BP 4 went over to Deuane's Patriotic Neutralists. One company of the latter was fighting in an offensive against Royalist regiment Groupement Mobile 17 (Mobile Group 17\). By 21 May, Ambassador Unger feared that the neutralist forces in Laos faced extinction if FAN's position at Muang Soui fell to the communists.Anthony, Sexton, p. 103\. Kong Le withdrew FAN from the Plain in good order, except for an inconsequential loss of small arms. However, in June, his armored force of 23 vehicles had to be abandoned at Muong Kheung.Conboy, Morrison, pp. 107–108\. The FAN still blocked Route 7 to communist use, as well as holding the strategic all\-weather airstrip at Muang Soui. As they were short of expert gunners, a 279\-man Thai artillery battalion was flown into Muong Soui on 4 July 1964 to reinforce FAN as part of the Royalist offensive, [Operation Triangle](/wiki/Operation_Triangle "Operation Triangle"). However, a battalion of the PAVN 148 Regiment of the 316th Division, backed by Pathet Lao, held an overwatch position on the heights of [Phou Khout](/wiki/Phou_Khout "Phou Khout"). Three FAN battalions took up an unsuccessful offensive to clear them from overlooking Muong Soui. Their failure to capture the ridge left Route 7 blocked to both sides. Deadly minefields inflicted 106 casualties on FAN's paras on 7 August, turning back their fourth assault on Phou Khout.Conboy, Morrison, pp. 110–112\.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 119–128\. Elsewhere, the FAN garrison in Vang Vieng joined the slow north\-bound Royalist offensive column up Route 13 as its contribution to Operation Triangle.Conboy, Morrison, p. 112\. In December 1964, another FAN offensive on the communist\-held high ground at Phou Khout failed.Conboy, Morrison, p. 132\. Planned to take advantage of the [esprit de corps](/wiki/Esprit_de_corps "Esprit de corps") of being personally led by Kong Le, it kicked off on 1 December. Kong Le promptly withdrew into a nearby cave that was a Buddhist shrine, there to meditate while his troops attacked. After suffering 12 dead and 68 wounded from communist tank fire, the FAN troops withdrew to Muang Soui. Their unsuccessful commander was not relieved for his failure, but was sacked by Kong Le for embezzling 1\.5 million Lao kip from troop funding.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 143–144\. Elsewhere, FAN Bataillon Infanterie 5 (Infantry Battalion 5\) at Moung Hiem, commanded by Souvanna Phouma's nephew Tiao Sisouvanh, made a point of co\-existing peacefully with nearby PAVN units. However, on 11 March 1965, the Vietnamese communists unexpectedly turned on them, overran the battalion in a midnight attack, and executed its three senior officers.Conboy, Morrison, pp. 152–153\. On 10 November, the FAN commander at Muang Soui suddenly decided he would launch another attack on Phou Khout. On short notice, U.S. aircraft using 750lb. bombs blasted the ridge in the face of heavy antiaircraft fire from machine guns and 37mm cannons. On both 16 and 20 November, FAN attacked up the mountain's north slope. However, air support fizzled out after the 20th, not being resumed until 2 December. When the Christmas bombing truce freed up sorties scheduled for strikes in Vietnam, there was an unsuccessful attempt to restart the air cover for further attacks, but it fizzled.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 185–187\. In January 1966, FAN decided to leave the assault on Phou Khout to American air power. While U.S. air strikes struck the communists there, eight battalions of Neutralists fanned out onto the Plain of Jars on 30 January. In the event, air support was sporadic, and with the exception of BP 2, FAN was unsuccessful. On 12 February 1966, a communist attack overran [Lima Site 27](/wiki/Covert_sites_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War "Covert sites of the Laotian Civil War"); on the 16th, they also attacked Lima Site 36, suffering heavy losses to napalm and to the fire of [AC\-47 gunships](/wiki/AC-47_gunship "AC-47 gunship"). Nevertheless, by 19 February, they were successful. An immediate counterattack was planned, but put on hold. On the night of 12 March, Lima Site 48 fell. On 14 March, FAN once again attacked Phou Khout, with about 30 sorties of U.S. air dropping napalm to clear the way. The communists were pushed back onto Phou Khout's northern slopes, where they were supported by fire from nearby Hill 1157\. FAN suffered 10 dead, 31 wounded. At 0400 hours 20 March, troops from the Pathet Lao 2nd and 701st Battalions drove FAN from the ridgeline; they also closed in on Muang Soui. By 30 March 1966, FAN Bataillon Infanterie 8 (Infantry Battalion 8\) had had enough; they walked off the battlefield and insisted on being returned to Vang Vieng.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 188–192\.	[ "Continued hostilities\n---------------------", "By the time of the coup, the Patriotic Neutralists had been largely absorbed into the Pathet Lao;Brown, p. 202\\. the two sides held the first of their biannual cooperative political congresses in 1964\\.Stuart\\-Fox, p. 250\\. On the Plain of Jars, the coup sparked further dissension in the Neutralist movement. Two of FAN's paratroop battalions—BP 4 and BP 6—favored siding with the communists. On 27 April 1964, as the Royalist garrison withdrew from Phou San, it was attacked and defeated by communist forces as nearby FAN units deigned to intervene. However, when Pathet Lao occupied the vacated strongpoint overlooking Kong Le's headquarters at Muong Phan, his Bataillon Parachutistes 5 unsuccessfully assaulted the mountaintop. Six days later, the third mountaintop position, on Phou Nong, also fell. The defeated troops split into two columns escaping in opposite directions, with the Royalists retreating southeast while FAN withdrew to the northwest.", "On 13 May 1964, as Pathet Lao troops moved to isolate the Neutralist garrisons at Muong Phan and Muong Kheung, a revolt against Kong Le broke out within FAN. His tank company commander, Colonel Sourideth, encircled Kong Le's headquarters with a dozen tanks. The next day, BP 4 went over to Deuane's Patriotic Neutralists. One company of the latter was fighting in an offensive against Royalist regiment Groupement Mobile 17 (Mobile Group 17\\). By 21 May, Ambassador Unger feared that the neutralist forces in Laos faced extinction if FAN's position at Muang Soui fell to the communists.Anthony, Sexton, p. 103\\. Kong Le withdrew FAN from the Plain in good order, except for an inconsequential loss of small arms. However, in June, his armored force of 23 vehicles had to be abandoned at Muong Kheung.Conboy, Morrison, pp. 107–108\\.", "The FAN still blocked Route 7 to communist use, as well as holding the strategic all\\-weather airstrip at Muang Soui. As they were short of expert gunners, a 279\\-man Thai artillery battalion was flown into Muong Soui on 4 July 1964 to reinforce FAN as part of the Royalist offensive, [Operation Triangle](/wiki/Operation_Triangle \"Operation Triangle\"). However, a battalion of the PAVN 148 Regiment of the 316th Division, backed by Pathet Lao, held an overwatch position on the heights of [Phou Khout](/wiki/Phou_Khout \"Phou Khout\"). Three FAN battalions took up an unsuccessful offensive to clear them from overlooking Muong Soui. Their failure to capture the ridge left Route 7 blocked to both sides. Deadly minefields inflicted 106 casualties on FAN's paras on 7 August, turning back their fourth assault on Phou Khout.Conboy, Morrison, pp. 110–112\\.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 119–128\\. Elsewhere, the FAN garrison in Vang Vieng joined the slow north\\-bound Royalist offensive column up Route 13 as its contribution to Operation Triangle.Conboy, Morrison, p. 112\\.", "In December 1964, another FAN offensive on the communist\\-held high ground at Phou Khout failed.Conboy, Morrison, p. 132\\. Planned to take advantage of the [esprit de corps](/wiki/Esprit_de_corps \"Esprit de corps\") of being personally led by Kong Le, it kicked off on 1 December. Kong Le promptly withdrew into a nearby cave that was a Buddhist shrine, there to meditate while his troops attacked. After suffering 12 dead and 68 wounded from communist tank fire, the FAN troops withdrew to Muang Soui. Their unsuccessful commander was not relieved for his failure, but was sacked by Kong Le for embezzling 1\\.5 million Lao kip from troop funding.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 143–144\\.", "Elsewhere, FAN Bataillon Infanterie 5 (Infantry Battalion 5\\) at Moung Hiem, commanded by Souvanna Phouma's nephew Tiao Sisouvanh, made a point of co\\-existing peacefully with nearby PAVN units. However, on 11 March 1965, the Vietnamese communists unexpectedly turned on them, overran the battalion in a midnight attack, and executed its three senior officers.Conboy, Morrison, pp. 152–153\\. On 10 November, the FAN commander at Muang Soui suddenly decided he would launch another attack on Phou Khout. On short notice, U.S. aircraft using 750lb. bombs blasted the ridge in the face of heavy antiaircraft fire from machine guns and 37mm cannons. On both 16 and 20 November, FAN attacked up the mountain's north slope. However, air support fizzled out after the 20th, not being resumed until 2 December. When the Christmas bombing truce freed up sorties scheduled for strikes in Vietnam, there was an unsuccessful attempt to restart the air cover for further attacks, but it fizzled.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 185–187\\.", "In January 1966, FAN decided to leave the assault on Phou Khout to American air power. While U.S. air strikes struck the communists there, eight battalions of Neutralists fanned out onto the Plain of Jars on 30 January. In the event, air support was sporadic, and with the exception of BP 2, FAN was unsuccessful. On 12 February 1966, a communist attack overran [Lima Site 27](/wiki/Covert_sites_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War \"Covert sites of the Laotian Civil War\"); on the 16th, they also attacked Lima Site 36, suffering heavy losses to napalm and to the fire of [AC\\-47 gunships](/wiki/AC-47_gunship \"AC-47 gunship\"). Nevertheless, by 19 February, they were successful. An immediate counterattack was planned, but put on hold. On the night of 12 March, Lima Site 48 fell. On 14 March, FAN once again attacked Phou Khout, with about 30 sorties of U.S. air dropping napalm to clear the way. The communists were pushed back onto Phou Khout's northern slopes, where they were supported by fire from nearby Hill 1157\\. FAN suffered 10 dead, 31 wounded. At 0400 hours 20 March, troops from the Pathet Lao 2nd and 701st Battalions drove FAN from the ridgeline; they also closed in on Muang Soui. By 30 March 1966, FAN Bataillon Infanterie 8 (Infantry Battalion 8\\) had had enough; they walked off the battlefield and insisted on being returned to Vang Vieng.Anthony, Sexton, pp. 188–192\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- Laurie Collins (Chase) is an attractive and highly successful stuntwoman in the motion picture industry. Her job on one film takes her to a small town not far from where her younger sister Bonnie Cusack (Michelle Newkirk) lives. Because of the close proximity, Laurie invites Bonnie to come visit her on the set, as she likely will not have time to visit her on her own. Bonnie readily agrees, and during a night of partying, she is picked up by a man in a bar who then tries to rape her at gunpoint. Having been taught some self\-defense moves by her sister, Bonnie manages to overpower her attacker and kills him with his own gun. Though the case seems like a sure open\-to\-shut one of self\-defense, Bonnie is shocked when she is charged with murder, as she learns that her attacker was the son of an influential local politician. Because Bonnie is from out of town, she is seen as the troublemaker and convicted on her charges. The judge sentencing her states that while she may have seemed justified by her actions, she cannot take the law into her own hands, and is sentenced to a term in the state prison. Bonnie learns the realities of prison life when she draws the sexual interest of Kay (Martin), an influential trustee inmate who soon shows herself to be capable of making life miserable for the youngster. One night, when Bonnie is touched inappropriately by Kay, she fights back. Bonnie's victory is short\-lived, however, as Kay and her gang assault her and inject her with heroin before dumping her to her death over a railing four floors up and to the floor below. The next day, Laurie is called to claim and identify her sister's body. She sees on the report that her sister had died of a drug overdose, but when she sees her sister's dead and visibly bruised body in the morgue, Laurie concludes that a cover\-up is being engineered by the authorities, and is determined to find out the truth. Laurie decides to get arrested and inside the prison herself by intentionally driving drunk. Her efforts succeed, and she gets the same sentencing judge her sister had. However, she is shocked when the judge gives her a suspended sentence because she is a first\-time offender. Outraged, Laurie proceeds to insult the judge and attempts to attack him. She is dragged off to jail as the judge revokes the sentence he had just suspended. It does not take long for Laurie to realize who is behind her sister's death once on the inside. However, Kay does not make the same sexual advances on her as she had her sister. Laurie finally gets Kay's attention by killing Wanda, the first inmate who is part of Kay's gang, at a prison\-operated wind farm. Throughout all of this is a subplot involving Miss Dice ([Roberta Collins](/wiki/Roberta_Collins "Roberta Collins")), the head of security at the prison who is aware of the corrupt circumstances at the prison and in the judicial system, but has little power to do anything about it. When China, another one of Kay's henchwomen, is killed after Laurie attacks her at the prison pool, and then Star, who dies from a head injury after Laurie fights her in a prison shower, Dice takes an interest in the pattern and asks Kay what is going on. An anguished Kay, unaware of Laurie's relationship to Bonnie, claims not to know. Later on, two more of her people die at Laurie's hands, ultimately leaving Kay to face Laurie in a showdown of hand\-to\-hand combat. Kay is stunned to discover Laurie is the one responsible for the killings and even more so when she reveals that Bonnie was her sister. Kay tells Laurie that Bonnie's death was merely an accident and that she and her cohorts just roughed her up a little. Enraged at Kay's lie, Laurie attacks Kay and proceeds to beat her into submission. While the older and heavier Kay is physically stronger and has considerable endurance for her age, she proves to be no match for Laurie's stuntwoman training. Laurie quickly gains the upper hand and proceeds to try and choke Kay to death. But then, Laurie suddenly has an attack of conscience and cannot bring herself to kill her. She leaves Kay on the floor and walks away, but Kay recovers and proceeds to chase Laurie through the prison. Kay taunts her the entire time, daring her to stand and fight. This proves to be a mistake as Laurie finally stops running and once again, Kay is soundly thrashed. Just as Laurie defeats Kay, leaving her battered and bloody on the floor, Miss Dice appears, armed with a shotgun and orders Laurie to stand down. Laurie does so, but then Kay rises up off the floor with a wrench, posed to kill Laurie. Miss Dice quickly fires a round into Kay's chest, saving Laurie. Laurie stares in shock at Kay's body and then back at Miss Dice, who looks back at her with sympathy. "Did it bring Bonnie back?" Miss Dice asks Laurie rhetorically, revealing she knew about what Kay and her people had done to her and the reason Laurie had gotten herself imprisoned. "You have the rest of your life to think about that." The scene then cuts to the movie's final shot, showing Laurie being picked up from prison by her boyfriend and now living life as a free woman.	[ "Plot\n----", "Laurie Collins (Chase) is an attractive and highly successful stuntwoman in the motion picture industry. Her job on one film takes her to a small town not far from where her younger sister Bonnie Cusack (Michelle Newkirk) lives. Because of the close proximity, Laurie invites Bonnie to come visit her on the set, as she likely will not have time to visit her on her own.", "Bonnie readily agrees, and during a night of partying, she is picked up by a man in a bar who then tries to rape her at gunpoint. Having been taught some self\\-defense moves by her sister, Bonnie manages to overpower her attacker and kills him with his own gun.", "Though the case seems like a sure open\\-to\\-shut one of self\\-defense, Bonnie is shocked when she is charged with murder, as she learns that her attacker was the son of an influential local politician. Because Bonnie is from out of town, she is seen as the troublemaker and convicted on her charges. The judge sentencing her states that while she may have seemed justified by her actions, she cannot take the law into her own hands, and is sentenced to a term in the state prison.", "Bonnie learns the realities of prison life when she draws the sexual interest of Kay (Martin), an influential trustee inmate who soon shows herself to be capable of making life miserable for the youngster. One night, when Bonnie is touched inappropriately by Kay, she fights back. Bonnie's victory is short\\-lived, however, as Kay and her gang assault her and inject her with heroin before dumping her to her death over a railing four floors up and to the floor below.", "The next day, Laurie is called to claim and identify her sister's body. She sees on the report that her sister had died of a drug overdose, but when she sees her sister's dead and visibly bruised body in the morgue, Laurie concludes that a cover\\-up is being engineered by the authorities, and is determined to find out the truth.", "Laurie decides to get arrested and inside the prison herself by intentionally driving drunk. Her efforts succeed, and she gets the same sentencing judge her sister had. However, she is shocked when the judge gives her a suspended sentence because she is a first\\-time offender. Outraged, Laurie proceeds to insult the judge and attempts to attack him. She is dragged off to jail as the judge revokes the sentence he had just suspended.", "It does not take long for Laurie to realize who is behind her sister's death once on the inside. However, Kay does not make the same sexual advances on her as she had her sister. Laurie finally gets Kay's attention by killing Wanda, the first inmate who is part of Kay's gang, at a prison\\-operated wind farm.", "Throughout all of this is a subplot involving Miss Dice ([Roberta Collins](/wiki/Roberta_Collins \"Roberta Collins\")), the head of security at the prison who is aware of the corrupt circumstances at the prison and in the judicial system, but has little power to do anything about it. When China, another one of Kay's henchwomen, is killed after Laurie attacks her at the prison pool, and then Star, who dies from a head injury after Laurie fights her in a prison shower, Dice takes an interest in the pattern and asks Kay what is going on. An anguished Kay, unaware of Laurie's relationship to Bonnie, claims not to know. Later on, two more of her people die at Laurie's hands, ultimately leaving Kay to face Laurie in a showdown of hand\\-to\\-hand combat.", "Kay is stunned to discover Laurie is the one responsible for the killings and even more so when she reveals that Bonnie was her sister. Kay tells Laurie that Bonnie's death was merely an accident and that she and her cohorts just roughed her up a little. Enraged at Kay's lie, Laurie attacks Kay and proceeds to beat her into submission. While the older and heavier Kay is physically stronger and has considerable endurance for her age, she proves to be no match for Laurie's stuntwoman training. Laurie quickly gains the upper hand and proceeds to try and choke Kay to death. But then, Laurie suddenly has an attack of conscience and cannot bring herself to kill her. She leaves Kay on the floor and walks away, but Kay recovers and proceeds to chase Laurie through the prison. Kay taunts her the entire time, daring her to stand and fight. This proves to be a mistake as Laurie finally stops running and once again, Kay is soundly thrashed. Just as Laurie defeats Kay, leaving her battered and bloody on the floor, Miss Dice appears, armed with a shotgun and orders Laurie to stand down. Laurie does so, but then Kay rises up off the floor with a wrench, posed to kill Laurie. Miss Dice quickly fires a round into Kay's chest, saving Laurie.", "Laurie stares in shock at Kay's body and then back at Miss Dice, who looks back at her with sympathy. \"Did it bring Bonnie back?\" Miss Dice asks Laurie rhetorically, revealing she knew about what Kay and her people had done to her and the reason Laurie had gotten herself imprisoned. \"You have the rest of your life to think about that.\" The scene then cuts to the movie's final shot, showing Laurie being picked up from prison by her boyfriend and now living life as a free woman.", "" ]
Journey from Boston to New York ------------------------------- [thumb\\|approximate route of Sarah Kemble Knight's Journey, 1704\-1705](/wiki/File:Approximate_route_of_Sarah_Kemble_Knight%27s_Journey%2C_1704-1705.png "Approximate route of Sarah Kemble Knight's Journey, 1704-1705.png") Knight chose to travel with a post rider or other reliable guide, so she was never alone on the road. Still, the difficulties she encountered speak volumes about the physical dangers of long\-distance travel by horseback in that era. In crossing the Thames River in a ferry boat that carried both passengers and their horses, she wrote in an entry dated “Thirsday, Octobr ye 5th”: “Here, by reason of a very high wind, we met with great difficulty in getting over—the Boat tos’t exceedingly, and our horses capper’d at a very surprising Rate, and set us all in a fright.” The following day, after traveling for miles over roads that were “very bad, incumbered with rocks and mountainous passages,” Sarah Knight came to “a bridge under which the river ran very swift, my horse stumbled, and very narrowly escaped falling into the water, which extremely frightened me.” As for room and board, Sarah Knight spent an evening with the Congregationalist minister in New London, “where I was very handsomely and plentifully treated and Lodg’d.” The minister, she noted, was “the most affable, courteous, Genero’s and best of men.” Such experiences, however, were offset by others less wholesome. In Saybrook, where Madam Knight stopped for a mid\-day dinner, she complained of the landlady: “Shee told us shee had some mutton wch shee would broil, wch I was glad to hear; \[…] but it being pickled and my Guide said it smelt strong of head sause, we left it, and pd sixpence apiece for our Dinners, wch was only smell.” Further on, at a public house in Fairfield, Ms. Knight was likewise unable to eat the meal prepared for her and went to bed supperless. On being shown to her room, “a little Lento Chamber furnisht amongst other Rubbish with a High Bedd and a Low one \[…] down I laid my poor Carkes (never more tired) and found my Covering as scanty as my Bed was hard.” Before crossing a particularly hazardous river, Knight cannot rid herself of thoughts of drowning, writing, "The concern of mind this relation sett me in: no thoughts but those of the dang'ros River could entertain my Imagination, and they were as formidable as varios, still Tormenting me with blackest Ideas of my Approaching fate–Sometimes seeing my self drowning, otherwhiles drowned, and at the best like a holy Sister just come out of a Spiritual Bath in dripping Garments."Knight, 13\. This is not the last danger water presents during Knight's journey. Near the end of the journey, she has a rather close call when she writes, "But in going over the Causeway at Dedham the Bridge being overflowed by the high waters coming down I very narrowly escaped falling over into the river Hors and all wch twas almost a miracle I did not."Knight, 56\. In addition to the danger posed by the rivers, Knight writes about the less than ideal roads on which she must travel. She explains in her straightforward manner that "\[t]he Rodes all along this way are very bad, Incumbred with Rocks and mountainos passages, wch were very disagreeable to my tired carcass."Knight, 28\. These examples provide just a sampling of the dangers faced by Knight on her journey as chronicled in her journal. Knight persevered and after six days on the road arrived in New Haven, where she visited with relatives before resuming her trip to New York, which took an additional three days of hard travel. ### Journal She recounted her experiences during the five\-month journey in the “journals” that have made her known to students of American colonial literature and history. The small diary of her Boston–New York journey passed into private hands and lay undiscovered until 1825 when it was published posthumously as The Journal of Mme Knight by [Theodore Dwight](/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_%28author%29 "Theodore Dwight (author)")."[\> Sarah Kemble Knight". Encyclopædia Britannica](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/320359/Sarah-Kemble-Knight). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014\. Web. 03 Oct. 2014\. The Journal of Madam Knight has subsequently been reprinted by others with additional biographical information.{{NIE\\|wstitle\=Knight, Sarah Kemble\\|inline\=1 \\|year\=1905}} ### Her journal Her journal remains noteworthy both for its larger\-than\-life central character (Knight) and its telling of a trying journey not normally undertaken by a woman.{{cite book\\|last1\=Waisman\\|first1\=Charlotte S.\\|title\=Her Story\\|year\=2008\\|publisher\=Collins\\|isbn\=978\-0\-06\-124651\-7\\|last2\=Tietjen \\|first2\=Jill S. \\|page\=17}} The discomforts of primitive traveling are described with much sprightliness and not a little humor, including poems of gratitude and relief about finding moonlight, and poems of frustration about the loud sounds of drunken men late at night. The journal is valuable as a history of the manners and customs of the time, and is full of graphic descriptions of the early settlements in New England and New York. At the same time, it is interesting for its original orthography and interspersed rhymes.{{Cite Americana\\|wstitle\=Knight, Sarah Kemble}} #### Later life In 1706 she opened a boarding house and taught school, which gained some reputation in Boston. She is described as “excelling in the art of teaching composition.”{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit03/authors\-3\.html\\|publisher\=learner.org\\|work\=American Passages: A Literary Survey\\|title\=Unit 3: Utopian Promise; Authors: Sarah Kemble Knight (1666\-1727\)\\|accessdate\=23 September 2012}} In 1713, Knight's daughter married John Livingston, of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut"), and the son of [Robert Livingston the Elder](/wiki/Robert_Livingston_the_Elder "Robert Livingston the Elder"),{{cite book\\|last1\=Livingston\\|first1\=Edwin Brockholst\\|title\=The Livingstons of Livingston manor; being the history of that branch of the Scottish house of Callendar which settled in the English province of New York during the reign of Charles the Second; and also including an account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The nephew," a settler in the same province and his principal descendants\\|date\=1901\\|publisher\=The Knickerbocker Press\\|location\=New York\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/livingstonsofliv00newy\\|accessdate\=16 September 2016}} and Madam Knight moved with them to [New London](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut "New London, Connecticut"), where she continued her business and land dealings. Madam Knight, as she was generally called as a mark of respect, spent the rest of her life either in New London or [Norwich, Connecticut](/wiki/Norwich%2C_Connecticut "Norwich, Connecticut"). She owned several farms in New London, and had a home in Norwich. She ran an inn out of the Livingston farm in New London.{{Cite book\\|title\=Dames and daughters of colonial days\\|last\=Brooks\\|first\=Geraldine\\|publisher\=T.Y. Crowell \& Co.\\|year\=1900\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/damesanddaughte02broogoog\\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/damesanddaughte02broogoog/page/n126 100]}} In the widowed years of her life, Sarah Kemble Knight left Boston for good and moved to New London to live near her married daughter. There, she owned a tavern and an inn, engaged in the buying and selling of land for speculation and became a respected member of her church. Sarah Kemble Knight died at age 62 and is buried in New London at [Ye Antientist Burial Ground, New London](/wiki/Ye_Antientist_Burial_Ground%2C_New_London "Ye Antientist Burial Ground, New London").{{Citation needed\\|date\=February 2011}} #### Relevance and reception Since its publication, The Journal of Madam Knight has been valued as both an historical and literary document. As a travel narrative, it recounts the dangerous and primitive conditions of travel in the colonies at this time period. Furthermore, Knight's detailed descriptions of New York, New Haven, and the many small settlements she travels through across Connecticut, shed light on colonial life at the turn of the 18th century. She documents eating habits, architecture, religious diversity, and various fashions of the people of New York and New Haven, as well as the living conditions found in rural settlements between Boston and New York. Knight's diary has also been important in the field of women's history and literary recovery, both of which are movements that seek to recover narratives often forgotten or neglected in favor of more mainstream, canonized works.Marsden, Jean I. “Beyond Recovery: Feminism and the Future of Eighteenth\-Century Literary Studies.” Feminist Studies 28\.3 (Autumn 2002\): 657\-662\. JSTOR. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178795> As a woman's diary, The Journal of Madam Knight represents a deviation from the traditional masculine canon. While her status as a feminist figure remains open for debate, Knight's diary has merited study for its record of an unusual situation (a woman traveling alone through the New England wilderness); for its uncharacteristically outward focus (as opposed to the typical, inwardly reflective, Puritan diary); and for the unique judgements and strong personality contained within it.Stern, Julia. “To Relish and To Spew: Disgust as Cultural Critique in The Journal of Sarah Kemble Knight.” Legacy 14\.1 (1997\): 1\-12\. JSTOR. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/25679210> While many critics and scholars have praised Knight's Journal as an historical account, some scholars, such as Robert O. Stephens, believe it should also be read as an imaginative and creative work. Stephens asserts that "By recognizing the mythic implications of Madam Knight's Journal, even at the expense of its mimetic and outwardly historical impact, we are able to place the work more clearly in the fruitful tradition of colonial American, and particularly New England, literature...Identification of the individual mythic allusions is only a matter of reading, but seeing the tantalizing pattern they fall into is an indication that this innocent and rough\-mannered journal has meanings that a literal reading cannot guess at."Stephens, Robert O. "The Odyssey of Sarah Kemble Knight." CLA Journal 7\.3 (Mar. 1964\): 247\-255\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\. By reading the Journal as a mythical account, Stephens hopes to align Knight's work with the narrative style of Nathaniel Hawthorne.Stephens, 247\-255 #### Structure Knight's journal is largely a ledger of the places and people she encountered during each day of her trip. The extended scenes highlight remarkable or memorable interactions, usually with people that Knight has strong opinions about.[Knight, Sarah Kemble. "The Journal of Madam Knight." The Puritans. Ed. Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson. New York: American Book Company, 1938\. Web.](http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=knight_journal.xml&action=show) For example, early in the journal, crosses a swamp with a man she sarcastically describes as "honest John." She recounts of how he embellishes the stories of his adventures to appear to her as "a Prince disguis'd." Upon reaching the next stop, Knight is confronted with this man's eldest daughter, who interrogates her with "silly questions" referring to the unusualness of a woman being on such a journey, to which Knight responds curtly, calling her rude. These instances of hyperbole and character judgment contrast with other, apparently less remarkable interactions, such as the following account of a transaction between two postmen (one of which was her guide), in which she does not even name her guide: "About 8 in the morning, I with the Post proceeded forward without observing any thing remarkable; And about two, on, Arrived at the Post's second stage, where the western Post mett him and exchanged Letters." This account, however, is immediately followed by a detailed description of a meal Knight was served, which appears to have been notable for its unpleasant appearance and aftermath. Extended scenes describing Knight's unpleasant encounters with food occur often throughout her journal. Some moments during the journey appear to have had a profound impact on Knight. These experiences are marked by distinct poetic interludes in her journal, in which she abandons the conventions of prose and resorts to metrical composition. In one instance, Knight finds herself riding her horse in the pitch\-dark woods alone late at night. She feels intensely fearful until the moon reveals itself and lights her way, after which she experiences a transcendental sense of relief and gratitude toward the moon. She unpacks this tightly bound moment with the following solvent prose: > ``` > Fair Cynthia, all the Homage that I may > ``` > > > > > ``` > Unto a Creature, unto thee I pay; > ``` > > > > > ``` > In Lonesome woods to meet so kind a guide, > ``` > > > > > ``` > To Mee's more worth than all the world beside. > ``` > > > > > ``` > Some Joy I felt just now, when safe got or'e > ``` > > > > > ``` > Yon Surly River to this Rugged shore, > ``` > > > > > ``` > Deeming Rough welcomes from these clownish Trees, > ``` > > > > > ``` > Better than Lodgings with Nereidees. > ``` > > > > > ``` > Yet swelling fears surprise; all dark appears– > ``` > > > > > ``` > Nothing but Light can dissipate those fears. > ``` > > > > > ``` > My fainting vitals can't lend strength to say, > ``` > > > > > ``` > But softly whisper, O I wish 'twere day. > ``` > > > > > ``` > The murmer hardly warma the Ambient air, > ``` > > > > > ``` > E' re thy Bright Aspect rescues from despair: > ``` > > > > > ``` > Makes the old Hagg her sable mantle loose, > ``` > > > > > ``` > And a Bright joy do's through my Soul diffuse. > ``` > > > > > ``` > The Boistero's Trees now Lend a Passage Free, > ``` > > > > > ``` > And pleasant prospects thou giv'st light to see. > > ``` Later, she encounters a very poor family, for whom she seemingly pretends to have an overwhelming sense of empathy (a convention of verse at the time). She draws out the emotional nuances of this vision as follows: > ``` > Tho' Ill at éase, A stranger and alone, > ``` > > > > > ``` > All my fatigues shall not extort a grone. > ``` > > > > > ``` > These Indigents have hunger wth their ease; > ``` > > > > > ``` > Their best is worn behalfe then my disease. > ``` > > > > > ``` > Their Misirable butt wch Heat and Cold > ``` > > > > > ``` > Alternately without Repulse do hold; > ``` > > > > > ``` > Their Lodgings thyn and hard, their Indian fare > ``` > > > > > ``` > The mean Apparel which the wretches wear, > ``` > > > > > ``` > And their ten thousand ills wch can't be told, > ``` > > > > > ``` > Makes nature er'e 'tis middle age'd look old. > ``` > > > > > ``` > When I reflect, my late fatigues do seem > ``` > > > > > ``` > Only a notion or forgotten Dreem. > > ``` Although written as a journal and despite her occasional poetic flights, Knight's writing is primarily focused outward, concerned with taking inner stock of her external surroundings as she travels both inwardly and outwardly. In one instance, she notes that some of her experiences and stories are "not proper to be Related by a Female pen," suggesting that even though she wrote privately, Knight was aware of the possibility her work might be read by an external party. However she made no effort to publish and seems to have forgotten to have the journal destroyed before she died, as was common at the time.Knight, 37\. #### Danger, courage, and determination Knight's journey was a difficult one for a woman of her station, and both the perils and her courage and recklessness throughout the journey are illustrated in multiple moments throughout her journal. Knight's knowledge of business and determination is apparent early in her account of her journey when she writes about an exchange concerning payment for an escort. She tells the woman attempting to get more money from her simply that she “would not be accessary to such extortion.”Knight, 4\. In the end, Knight stands her ground and is able to bypass the negotiator, deal directly with the would\-be escort, and arrange a price she feels is fair. Knight must traverse some rather dangerous landscapes unfamiliar to her. Along the way, Knight may seem to feel fear or apprehension. #### Humor Despite the hardships of her journey, Knight infused humor into her journal as she traveled. In addition, many scholars of American Literature cite Knight's picaresqueThorpe, Peter. "Sarah Kemble Knight and the Picaresque Tradition." CLA Journal 10\.2 (Dec. 1966\): 114\-121\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\. characterizations and her satirical tendencies as reasons to consider her an early precursor to "the sort of broad humor and characterization that would be typical of later American writers,"Stanford, Ann. "Sarah Kemble Knight." American Colonial Writers, 1606\-1734\. Ed. Emory Elliott. Detroit: Gale Research, 1984\. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 24\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\. such as Mark Twain.Cate, Hollis L. "The Figurative Language of Recall in Sarah Kemble Knight's 'Journal'." in The CEA Critic 43\.1 (Nov. 1980\): 32\-35\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\.Bush, Sargent, Jr. "Sarah Kemble Knight (1666\-1727\)." Legacy 12\.2 (1995\): 112\-120\. JSTOR. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\. #### Racism and class concerns Sarah Kemble Knight was a complex human being with early American racial and class sensibilities. Knight refers to racial interactions between slaves and whites with white supremacist's observations: "But too Indulgent (especially ye farmers) to their slaves: suffering too great familiarity from them, permitting ym to sit at Table and eat with them, (as they say to save time,) and into the dish goes the black hoof as freely as the white hand."Knight, 36 Knight also demonstrates racist judgment of Native Americans: "There are every where in the Towns as I passed, a Number of Indians the Natives of the Country, and are the most salvage of all the salvages of that kind that I had ever Seen: little or no care taken (as I heard upon enquiry) to make them otherwise."Knight, 37 Knight comments that a certain country gentleman is animal\-like and uncouth. She says that country people, like cows, "seldom Loose their Cudd."Knight, 41 She also describes the previously mentioned country gentleman as "spitting a Large deal of Aromatick Tincture, he gave a scrape with his shovel like shoo, leaving a small shovel full of dirt on the floor, made a full stop, Hugging his own pretty Body with his hands under his arms, Stood staring rown'd him, like a Catt let out of a Baskett." Clearly, Knight's account of the strangers she met on her journey would conflict with more modern understandings of how we should treat our fellow human beings. However, as an early American writer, Knight's writings offer scholars a view into the controversial complexities of 18th\-century life.	[ "Journey from Boston to New York\n-------------------------------", "[thumb\\\|approximate route of Sarah Kemble Knight's Journey, 1704\\-1705](/wiki/File:Approximate_route_of_Sarah_Kemble_Knight%27s_Journey%2C_1704-1705.png \"Approximate route of Sarah Kemble Knight's Journey, 1704-1705.png\")", "Knight chose to travel with a post rider or other reliable guide, so she was never alone on the road. Still, the difficulties she encountered speak volumes about the physical dangers of long\\-distance travel by horseback in that era. In crossing the Thames River in a ferry boat that carried both passengers and their horses, she wrote in an entry dated “Thirsday, Octobr ye 5th”: “Here, by reason of a very high wind, we met with great difficulty in getting over—the Boat tos’t exceedingly, and our horses capper’d at a very surprising Rate, and set us all in a fright.”", "The following day, after traveling for miles over roads that were “very bad, incumbered with rocks and mountainous passages,” Sarah Knight came to “a bridge under which the river ran very swift, my horse stumbled, and very narrowly escaped falling into the water, which extremely frightened me.”", "As for room and board, Sarah Knight spent an evening with the Congregationalist minister in New London, “where I was very handsomely and plentifully treated and Lodg’d.” The minister, she noted, was “the most affable, courteous, Genero’s and best of men.”", "Such experiences, however, were offset by others less wholesome. In Saybrook, where Madam Knight stopped for a mid\\-day dinner, she complained of the landlady: “Shee told us shee had some mutton wch shee would broil, wch I was glad to hear; \\[…] but it being pickled and my Guide said it smelt strong of head sause, we left it, and pd sixpence apiece for our Dinners, wch was only smell.”", "Further on, at a public house in Fairfield, Ms. Knight was likewise unable to eat the meal prepared for her and went to bed supperless. On being shown to her room, “a little Lento Chamber furnisht amongst other Rubbish with a High Bedd and a Low one \\[…] down I laid my poor Carkes (never more tired) and found my Covering as scanty as my Bed was hard.”", "Before crossing a particularly hazardous river, Knight cannot rid herself of thoughts of drowning, writing, \"The concern of mind this relation sett me in: no thoughts but those of the dang'ros River could entertain my Imagination, and they were as formidable as varios, still Tormenting me with blackest Ideas of my Approaching fate–Sometimes seeing my self drowning, otherwhiles drowned, and at the best like a holy Sister just come out of a Spiritual Bath in dripping Garments.\"Knight, 13\\. This is not the last danger water presents during Knight's journey. Near the end of the journey, she has a rather close call when she writes, \"But in going over the Causeway at Dedham the Bridge being overflowed by the high waters coming down I very narrowly escaped falling over into the river Hors and all wch twas almost a miracle I did not.\"Knight, 56\\. In addition to the danger posed by the rivers, Knight writes about the less than ideal roads on which she must travel. She explains in her straightforward manner that \"\\[t]he Rodes all along this way are very bad, Incumbred with Rocks and mountainos passages, wch were very disagreeable to my tired carcass.\"Knight, 28\\. These examples provide just a sampling of the dangers faced by Knight on her journey as chronicled in her journal.", "Knight persevered and after six days on the road arrived in New Haven, where she visited with relatives before resuming her trip to New York, which took an additional three days of hard travel.", "### Journal", "She recounted her experiences during the five\\-month journey in the “journals” that have made her known to students of American colonial literature and history. The small diary of her Boston–New York journey passed into private hands and lay undiscovered until 1825 when it was published posthumously as The Journal of Mme Knight by [Theodore Dwight](/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_%28author%29 \"Theodore Dwight (author)\").\"[\\> Sarah Kemble Knight\". Encyclopædia Britannica](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/320359/Sarah-Kemble-Knight). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014\\. Web. 03 Oct. 2014\\. The Journal of Madam Knight has subsequently been reprinted by others with additional biographical information.{{NIE\\\|wstitle\\=Knight, Sarah Kemble\\\|inline\\=1 \\\|year\\=1905}}", "### Her journal", "Her journal remains noteworthy both for its larger\\-than\\-life central character (Knight) and its telling of a trying journey not normally undertaken by a woman.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Waisman\\\|first1\\=Charlotte S.\\\|title\\=Her Story\\\|year\\=2008\\\|publisher\\=Collins\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-06\\-124651\\-7\\\|last2\\=Tietjen \\\|first2\\=Jill S. \\\|page\\=17}} The discomforts of primitive traveling are described with much sprightliness and not a little humor, including poems of gratitude and relief about finding moonlight, and poems of frustration about the loud sounds of drunken men late at night. The journal is valuable as a history of the manners and customs of the time, and is full of graphic descriptions of the early settlements in New England and New York. At the same time, it is interesting for its original orthography and interspersed rhymes.{{Cite Americana\\\|wstitle\\=Knight, Sarah Kemble}}", "#### Later life", "In 1706 she opened a boarding house and taught school, which gained some reputation in Boston. She is described as “excelling in the art of teaching composition.”{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit03/authors\\-3\\.html\\\|publisher\\=learner.org\\\|work\\=American Passages: A Literary Survey\\\|title\\=Unit 3: Utopian Promise; Authors: Sarah Kemble Knight (1666\\-1727\\)\\\|accessdate\\=23 September 2012}} In 1713, Knight's daughter married John Livingston, of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\"), and the son of [Robert Livingston the Elder](/wiki/Robert_Livingston_the_Elder \"Robert Livingston the Elder\"),{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Livingston\\\|first1\\=Edwin Brockholst\\\|title\\=The Livingstons of Livingston manor; being the history of that branch of the Scottish house of Callendar which settled in the English province of New York during the reign of Charles the Second; and also including an account of Robert Livingston of Albany, \"The nephew,\" a settler in the same province and his principal descendants\\\|date\\=1901\\\|publisher\\=The Knickerbocker Press\\\|location\\=New York\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/livingstonsofliv00newy\\\|accessdate\\=16 September 2016}} and Madam Knight moved with them to [New London](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut \"New London, Connecticut\"), where she continued her business and land dealings. Madam Knight, as she was generally called as a mark of respect, spent the rest of her life either in New London or [Norwich, Connecticut](/wiki/Norwich%2C_Connecticut \"Norwich, Connecticut\"). She owned several farms in New London, and had a home in Norwich. She ran an inn out of the Livingston farm in New London.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=Dames and daughters of colonial days\\\|last\\=Brooks\\\|first\\=Geraldine\\\|publisher\\=T.Y. Crowell \\& Co.\\\|year\\=1900\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/damesanddaughte02broogoog\\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/damesanddaughte02broogoog/page/n126 100]}}", "In the widowed years of her life, Sarah Kemble Knight left Boston for good and moved to New London to live near her married daughter. There, she owned a tavern and an inn, engaged in the buying and selling of land for speculation and became a respected member of her church. Sarah Kemble Knight died at age 62 and is buried in New London at [Ye Antientist Burial Ground, New London](/wiki/Ye_Antientist_Burial_Ground%2C_New_London \"Ye Antientist Burial Ground, New London\").{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=February 2011}}", "#### Relevance and reception", "Since its publication, The Journal of Madam Knight has been valued as both an historical and literary document. As a travel narrative, it recounts the dangerous and primitive conditions of travel in the colonies at this time period. Furthermore, Knight's detailed descriptions of New York, New Haven, and the many small settlements she travels through across Connecticut, shed light on colonial life at the turn of the 18th century. She documents eating habits, architecture, religious diversity, and various fashions of the people of New York and New Haven, as well as the living conditions found in rural settlements between Boston and New York.", "Knight's diary has also been important in the field of women's history and literary recovery, both of which are movements that seek to recover narratives often forgotten or neglected in favor of more mainstream, canonized works.Marsden, Jean I. “Beyond Recovery: Feminism and the Future of Eighteenth\\-Century Literary Studies.” Feminist Studies 28\\.3 (Autumn 2002\\): 657\\-662\\. JSTOR. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178795> As a woman's diary, The Journal of Madam Knight represents a deviation from the traditional masculine canon. While her status as a feminist figure remains open for debate, Knight's diary has merited study for its record of an unusual situation (a woman traveling alone through the New England wilderness); for its uncharacteristically outward focus (as opposed to the typical, inwardly reflective, Puritan diary); and for the unique judgements and strong personality contained within it.Stern, Julia. “To Relish and To Spew: Disgust as Cultural Critique in The Journal of Sarah Kemble Knight.” Legacy 14\\.1 (1997\\): 1\\-12\\. JSTOR. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/25679210>", "While many critics and scholars have praised Knight's Journal as an historical account, some scholars, such as Robert O. Stephens, believe it should also be read as an imaginative and creative work. Stephens asserts that \"By recognizing the mythic implications of Madam Knight's Journal, even at the expense of its mimetic and outwardly historical impact, we are able to place the work more clearly in the fruitful tradition of colonial American, and particularly New England, literature...Identification of the individual mythic allusions is only a matter of reading, but seeing the tantalizing pattern they fall into is an indication that this innocent and rough\\-mannered journal has meanings that a literal reading cannot guess at.\"Stephens, Robert O. \"The Odyssey of Sarah Kemble Knight.\" CLA Journal 7\\.3 (Mar. 1964\\): 247\\-255\\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\. By reading the Journal as a mythical account, Stephens hopes to align Knight's work with the narrative style of Nathaniel Hawthorne.Stephens, 247\\-255", "#### Structure", "Knight's journal is largely a ledger of the places and people she encountered during each day of her trip. The extended scenes highlight remarkable or memorable interactions, usually with people that Knight has strong opinions about.[Knight, Sarah Kemble. \"The Journal of Madam Knight.\" The Puritans. Ed. Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson. New York: American Book Company, 1938\\. Web.](http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=knight_journal.xml&action=show)", "For example, early in the journal, crosses a swamp with a man she sarcastically describes as \"honest John.\" She recounts of how he embellishes the stories of his adventures to appear to her as \"a Prince disguis'd.\" Upon reaching the next stop, Knight is confronted with this man's eldest daughter, who interrogates her with \"silly questions\" referring to the unusualness of a woman being on such a journey, to which Knight responds curtly, calling her rude. These instances of hyperbole and character judgment contrast with other, apparently less remarkable interactions, such as the following account of a transaction between two postmen (one of which was her guide), in which she does not even name her guide: \"About 8 in the morning, I with the Post proceeded forward without observing any thing remarkable; And about two, on, Arrived at the Post's second stage, where the western Post mett him and exchanged Letters.\" This account, however, is immediately followed by a detailed description of a meal Knight was served, which appears to have been notable for its unpleasant appearance and aftermath. Extended scenes describing Knight's unpleasant encounters with food occur often throughout her journal.", "Some moments during the journey appear to have had a profound impact on Knight. These experiences are marked by distinct poetic interludes in her journal, in which she abandons the conventions of prose and resorts to metrical composition. In one instance, Knight finds herself riding her horse in the pitch\\-dark woods alone late at night. She feels intensely fearful until the moon reveals itself and lights her way, after which she experiences a transcendental sense of relief and gratitude toward the moon. She unpacks this tightly bound moment with the following solvent prose:", "> ```\n> Fair Cynthia, all the Homage that I may\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Unto a Creature, unto thee I pay; \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> In Lonesome woods to meet so kind a guide,\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> To Mee's more worth than all the world beside. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Some Joy I felt just now, when safe got or'e \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Yon Surly River to this Rugged shore, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Deeming Rough welcomes from these clownish Trees,\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Better than Lodgings with Nereidees. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Yet swelling fears surprise; all dark appears– \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Nothing but Light can dissipate those fears.\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> My fainting vitals can't lend strength to say, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> But softly whisper, O I wish 'twere day. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> The murmer hardly warma the Ambient air, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> E' re thy Bright Aspect rescues from despair:\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Makes the old Hagg her sable mantle loose, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> And a Bright joy do's through my Soul diffuse. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> The Boistero's Trees now Lend a Passage Free,\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> And pleasant prospects thou giv'st light to see.\n> \n> ```", "Later, she encounters a very poor family, for whom she seemingly pretends to have an overwhelming sense of empathy (a convention of verse at the time). She draws out the emotional nuances of this vision as follows:", "> ```\n> Tho' Ill at éase, A stranger and alone, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> All my fatigues shall not extort a grone. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> These Indigents have hunger wth their ease;\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Their best is worn behalfe then my disease. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Their Misirable butt wch Heat and Cold \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Alternately without Repulse do hold; \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Their Lodgings thyn and hard, their Indian fare\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> The mean Apparel which the wretches wear, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> And their ten thousand ills wch can't be told, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Makes nature er'e 'tis middle age'd look old.\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> When I reflect, my late fatigues do seem \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Only a notion or forgotten Dreem.\n> \n> ```", "Although written as a journal and despite her occasional poetic flights, Knight's writing is primarily focused outward, concerned with taking inner stock of her external surroundings as she travels both inwardly and outwardly. In one instance, she notes that some of her experiences and stories are \"not proper to be Related by a Female pen,\" suggesting that even though she wrote privately, Knight was aware of the possibility her work might be read by an external party. However she made no effort to publish and seems to have forgotten to have the journal destroyed before she died, as was common at the time.Knight, 37\\.", "#### Danger, courage, and determination", "Knight's journey was a difficult one for a woman of her station, and both the perils and her courage and recklessness throughout the journey are illustrated in multiple moments throughout her journal. Knight's knowledge of business and determination is apparent early in her account of her journey when she writes about an exchange concerning payment for an escort. She tells the woman attempting to get more money from her simply that she “would not be accessary to such extortion.”Knight, 4\\. In the end, Knight stands her ground and is able to bypass the negotiator, deal directly with the would\\-be escort, and arrange a price she feels is fair. Knight must traverse some rather dangerous landscapes unfamiliar to her. Along the way, Knight may seem to feel fear or apprehension.", "#### Humor", "Despite the hardships of her journey, Knight infused humor into her journal as she traveled. In addition, many scholars of American Literature cite Knight's picaresqueThorpe, Peter. \"Sarah Kemble Knight and the Picaresque Tradition.\" CLA Journal 10\\.2 (Dec. 1966\\): 114\\-121\\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\. characterizations and her satirical tendencies as reasons to consider her an early precursor to \"the sort of broad humor and characterization that would be typical of later American writers,\"Stanford, Ann. \"Sarah Kemble Knight.\" American Colonial Writers, 1606\\-1734\\. Ed. Emory Elliott. Detroit: Gale Research, 1984\\. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 24\\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\. such as Mark Twain.Cate, Hollis L. \"The Figurative Language of Recall in Sarah Kemble Knight's 'Journal'.\" in The CEA Critic 43\\.1 (Nov. 1980\\): 32\\-35\\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\.Bush, Sargent, Jr. \"Sarah Kemble Knight (1666\\-1727\\).\" Legacy 12\\.2 (1995\\): 112\\-120\\. JSTOR. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\.", "#### Racism and class concerns", "Sarah Kemble Knight was a complex human being with early American racial and class sensibilities. Knight refers to racial interactions between slaves and whites with white supremacist's observations: \"But too Indulgent (especially ye farmers) to their slaves: suffering too great familiarity from them, permitting ym to sit at Table and eat with them, (as they say to save time,) and into the dish goes the black hoof as freely as the white hand.\"Knight, 36\nKnight also demonstrates racist judgment of Native Americans: \"There are every where in the Towns as I passed, a Number of Indians the Natives of the Country, and are the most salvage of all the salvages of that kind that I had ever Seen: little or no care taken (as I heard upon enquiry) to make them otherwise.\"Knight, 37", "Knight comments that a certain country gentleman is animal\\-like and uncouth. She says that country people, like cows, \"seldom Loose their Cudd.\"Knight, 41 She also describes the previously mentioned country gentleman as \"spitting a Large deal of Aromatick Tincture, he gave a scrape with his shovel like shoo, leaving a small shovel full of dirt on the floor, made a full stop, Hugging his own pretty Body with his hands under his arms, Stood staring rown'd him, like a Catt let out of a Baskett.\" Clearly, Knight's account of the strangers she met on her journey would conflict with more modern understandings of how we should treat our fellow human beings. However, as an early American writer, Knight's writings offer scholars a view into the controversial complexities of 18th\\-century life.", "" ]
### Her journal Her journal remains noteworthy both for its larger\-than\-life central character (Knight) and its telling of a trying journey not normally undertaken by a woman.{{cite book\\|last1\=Waisman\\|first1\=Charlotte S.\\|title\=Her Story\\|year\=2008\\|publisher\=Collins\\|isbn\=978\-0\-06\-124651\-7\\|last2\=Tietjen \\|first2\=Jill S. \\|page\=17}} The discomforts of primitive traveling are described with much sprightliness and not a little humor, including poems of gratitude and relief about finding moonlight, and poems of frustration about the loud sounds of drunken men late at night. The journal is valuable as a history of the manners and customs of the time, and is full of graphic descriptions of the early settlements in New England and New York. At the same time, it is interesting for its original orthography and interspersed rhymes.{{Cite Americana\\|wstitle\=Knight, Sarah Kemble}} #### Later life In 1706 she opened a boarding house and taught school, which gained some reputation in Boston. She is described as “excelling in the art of teaching composition.”{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit03/authors\-3\.html\\|publisher\=learner.org\\|work\=American Passages: A Literary Survey\\|title\=Unit 3: Utopian Promise; Authors: Sarah Kemble Knight (1666\-1727\)\\|accessdate\=23 September 2012}} In 1713, Knight's daughter married John Livingston, of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut"), and the son of [Robert Livingston the Elder](/wiki/Robert_Livingston_the_Elder "Robert Livingston the Elder"),{{cite book\\|last1\=Livingston\\|first1\=Edwin Brockholst\\|title\=The Livingstons of Livingston manor; being the history of that branch of the Scottish house of Callendar which settled in the English province of New York during the reign of Charles the Second; and also including an account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The nephew," a settler in the same province and his principal descendants\\|date\=1901\\|publisher\=The Knickerbocker Press\\|location\=New York\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/livingstonsofliv00newy\\|accessdate\=16 September 2016}} and Madam Knight moved with them to [New London](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut "New London, Connecticut"), where she continued her business and land dealings. Madam Knight, as she was generally called as a mark of respect, spent the rest of her life either in New London or [Norwich, Connecticut](/wiki/Norwich%2C_Connecticut "Norwich, Connecticut"). She owned several farms in New London, and had a home in Norwich. She ran an inn out of the Livingston farm in New London.{{Cite book\\|title\=Dames and daughters of colonial days\\|last\=Brooks\\|first\=Geraldine\\|publisher\=T.Y. Crowell \& Co.\\|year\=1900\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/damesanddaughte02broogoog\\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/damesanddaughte02broogoog/page/n126 100]}} In the widowed years of her life, Sarah Kemble Knight left Boston for good and moved to New London to live near her married daughter. There, she owned a tavern and an inn, engaged in the buying and selling of land for speculation and became a respected member of her church. Sarah Kemble Knight died at age 62 and is buried in New London at [Ye Antientist Burial Ground, New London](/wiki/Ye_Antientist_Burial_Ground%2C_New_London "Ye Antientist Burial Ground, New London").{{Citation needed\\|date\=February 2011}} #### Relevance and reception Since its publication, The Journal of Madam Knight has been valued as both an historical and literary document. As a travel narrative, it recounts the dangerous and primitive conditions of travel in the colonies at this time period. Furthermore, Knight's detailed descriptions of New York, New Haven, and the many small settlements she travels through across Connecticut, shed light on colonial life at the turn of the 18th century. She documents eating habits, architecture, religious diversity, and various fashions of the people of New York and New Haven, as well as the living conditions found in rural settlements between Boston and New York. Knight's diary has also been important in the field of women's history and literary recovery, both of which are movements that seek to recover narratives often forgotten or neglected in favor of more mainstream, canonized works.Marsden, Jean I. “Beyond Recovery: Feminism and the Future of Eighteenth\-Century Literary Studies.” Feminist Studies 28\.3 (Autumn 2002\): 657\-662\. JSTOR. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178795> As a woman's diary, The Journal of Madam Knight represents a deviation from the traditional masculine canon. While her status as a feminist figure remains open for debate, Knight's diary has merited study for its record of an unusual situation (a woman traveling alone through the New England wilderness); for its uncharacteristically outward focus (as opposed to the typical, inwardly reflective, Puritan diary); and for the unique judgements and strong personality contained within it.Stern, Julia. “To Relish and To Spew: Disgust as Cultural Critique in The Journal of Sarah Kemble Knight.” Legacy 14\.1 (1997\): 1\-12\. JSTOR. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/25679210> While many critics and scholars have praised Knight's Journal as an historical account, some scholars, such as Robert O. Stephens, believe it should also be read as an imaginative and creative work. Stephens asserts that "By recognizing the mythic implications of Madam Knight's Journal, even at the expense of its mimetic and outwardly historical impact, we are able to place the work more clearly in the fruitful tradition of colonial American, and particularly New England, literature...Identification of the individual mythic allusions is only a matter of reading, but seeing the tantalizing pattern they fall into is an indication that this innocent and rough\-mannered journal has meanings that a literal reading cannot guess at."Stephens, Robert O. "The Odyssey of Sarah Kemble Knight." CLA Journal 7\.3 (Mar. 1964\): 247\-255\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\. By reading the Journal as a mythical account, Stephens hopes to align Knight's work with the narrative style of Nathaniel Hawthorne.Stephens, 247\-255 #### Structure Knight's journal is largely a ledger of the places and people she encountered during each day of her trip. The extended scenes highlight remarkable or memorable interactions, usually with people that Knight has strong opinions about.[Knight, Sarah Kemble. "The Journal of Madam Knight." The Puritans. Ed. Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson. New York: American Book Company, 1938\. Web.](http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=knight_journal.xml&action=show) For example, early in the journal, crosses a swamp with a man she sarcastically describes as "honest John." She recounts of how he embellishes the stories of his adventures to appear to her as "a Prince disguis'd." Upon reaching the next stop, Knight is confronted with this man's eldest daughter, who interrogates her with "silly questions" referring to the unusualness of a woman being on such a journey, to which Knight responds curtly, calling her rude. These instances of hyperbole and character judgment contrast with other, apparently less remarkable interactions, such as the following account of a transaction between two postmen (one of which was her guide), in which she does not even name her guide: "About 8 in the morning, I with the Post proceeded forward without observing any thing remarkable; And about two, on, Arrived at the Post's second stage, where the western Post mett him and exchanged Letters." This account, however, is immediately followed by a detailed description of a meal Knight was served, which appears to have been notable for its unpleasant appearance and aftermath. Extended scenes describing Knight's unpleasant encounters with food occur often throughout her journal. Some moments during the journey appear to have had a profound impact on Knight. These experiences are marked by distinct poetic interludes in her journal, in which she abandons the conventions of prose and resorts to metrical composition. In one instance, Knight finds herself riding her horse in the pitch\-dark woods alone late at night. She feels intensely fearful until the moon reveals itself and lights her way, after which she experiences a transcendental sense of relief and gratitude toward the moon. She unpacks this tightly bound moment with the following solvent prose: > ``` > Fair Cynthia, all the Homage that I may > ``` > > > > > ``` > Unto a Creature, unto thee I pay; > ``` > > > > > ``` > In Lonesome woods to meet so kind a guide, > ``` > > > > > ``` > To Mee's more worth than all the world beside. > ``` > > > > > ``` > Some Joy I felt just now, when safe got or'e > ``` > > > > > ``` > Yon Surly River to this Rugged shore, > ``` > > > > > ``` > Deeming Rough welcomes from these clownish Trees, > ``` > > > > > ``` > Better than Lodgings with Nereidees. > ``` > > > > > ``` > Yet swelling fears surprise; all dark appears– > ``` > > > > > ``` > Nothing but Light can dissipate those fears. > ``` > > > > > ``` > My fainting vitals can't lend strength to say, > ``` > > > > > ``` > But softly whisper, O I wish 'twere day. > ``` > > > > > ``` > The murmer hardly warma the Ambient air, > ``` > > > > > ``` > E' re thy Bright Aspect rescues from despair: > ``` > > > > > ``` > Makes the old Hagg her sable mantle loose, > ``` > > > > > ``` > And a Bright joy do's through my Soul diffuse. > ``` > > > > > ``` > The Boistero's Trees now Lend a Passage Free, > ``` > > > > > ``` > And pleasant prospects thou giv'st light to see. > > ``` Later, she encounters a very poor family, for whom she seemingly pretends to have an overwhelming sense of empathy (a convention of verse at the time). She draws out the emotional nuances of this vision as follows: > ``` > Tho' Ill at éase, A stranger and alone, > ``` > > > > > ``` > All my fatigues shall not extort a grone. > ``` > > > > > ``` > These Indigents have hunger wth their ease; > ``` > > > > > ``` > Their best is worn behalfe then my disease. > ``` > > > > > ``` > Their Misirable butt wch Heat and Cold > ``` > > > > > ``` > Alternately without Repulse do hold; > ``` > > > > > ``` > Their Lodgings thyn and hard, their Indian fare > ``` > > > > > ``` > The mean Apparel which the wretches wear, > ``` > > > > > ``` > And their ten thousand ills wch can't be told, > ``` > > > > > ``` > Makes nature er'e 'tis middle age'd look old. > ``` > > > > > ``` > When I reflect, my late fatigues do seem > ``` > > > > > ``` > Only a notion or forgotten Dreem. > > ``` Although written as a journal and despite her occasional poetic flights, Knight's writing is primarily focused outward, concerned with taking inner stock of her external surroundings as she travels both inwardly and outwardly. In one instance, she notes that some of her experiences and stories are "not proper to be Related by a Female pen," suggesting that even though she wrote privately, Knight was aware of the possibility her work might be read by an external party. However she made no effort to publish and seems to have forgotten to have the journal destroyed before she died, as was common at the time.Knight, 37\. #### Danger, courage, and determination Knight's journey was a difficult one for a woman of her station, and both the perils and her courage and recklessness throughout the journey are illustrated in multiple moments throughout her journal. Knight's knowledge of business and determination is apparent early in her account of her journey when she writes about an exchange concerning payment for an escort. She tells the woman attempting to get more money from her simply that she “would not be accessary to such extortion.”Knight, 4\. In the end, Knight stands her ground and is able to bypass the negotiator, deal directly with the would\-be escort, and arrange a price she feels is fair. Knight must traverse some rather dangerous landscapes unfamiliar to her. Along the way, Knight may seem to feel fear or apprehension. #### Humor Despite the hardships of her journey, Knight infused humor into her journal as she traveled. In addition, many scholars of American Literature cite Knight's picaresqueThorpe, Peter. "Sarah Kemble Knight and the Picaresque Tradition." CLA Journal 10\.2 (Dec. 1966\): 114\-121\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\. characterizations and her satirical tendencies as reasons to consider her an early precursor to "the sort of broad humor and characterization that would be typical of later American writers,"Stanford, Ann. "Sarah Kemble Knight." American Colonial Writers, 1606\-1734\. Ed. Emory Elliott. Detroit: Gale Research, 1984\. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 24\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\. such as Mark Twain.Cate, Hollis L. "The Figurative Language of Recall in Sarah Kemble Knight's 'Journal'." in The CEA Critic 43\.1 (Nov. 1980\): 32\-35\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\.Bush, Sargent, Jr. "Sarah Kemble Knight (1666\-1727\)." Legacy 12\.2 (1995\): 112\-120\. JSTOR. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\. #### Racism and class concerns Sarah Kemble Knight was a complex human being with early American racial and class sensibilities. Knight refers to racial interactions between slaves and whites with white supremacist's observations: "But too Indulgent (especially ye farmers) to their slaves: suffering too great familiarity from them, permitting ym to sit at Table and eat with them, (as they say to save time,) and into the dish goes the black hoof as freely as the white hand."Knight, 36 Knight also demonstrates racist judgment of Native Americans: "There are every where in the Towns as I passed, a Number of Indians the Natives of the Country, and are the most salvage of all the salvages of that kind that I had ever Seen: little or no care taken (as I heard upon enquiry) to make them otherwise."Knight, 37 Knight comments that a certain country gentleman is animal\-like and uncouth. She says that country people, like cows, "seldom Loose their Cudd."Knight, 41 She also describes the previously mentioned country gentleman as "spitting a Large deal of Aromatick Tincture, he gave a scrape with his shovel like shoo, leaving a small shovel full of dirt on the floor, made a full stop, Hugging his own pretty Body with his hands under his arms, Stood staring rown'd him, like a Catt let out of a Baskett." Clearly, Knight's account of the strangers she met on her journey would conflict with more modern understandings of how we should treat our fellow human beings. However, as an early American writer, Knight's writings offer scholars a view into the controversial complexities of 18th\-century life.	[ "### Her journal", "Her journal remains noteworthy both for its larger\\-than\\-life central character (Knight) and its telling of a trying journey not normally undertaken by a woman.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Waisman\\\|first1\\=Charlotte S.\\\|title\\=Her Story\\\|year\\=2008\\\|publisher\\=Collins\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-06\\-124651\\-7\\\|last2\\=Tietjen \\\|first2\\=Jill S. \\\|page\\=17}} The discomforts of primitive traveling are described with much sprightliness and not a little humor, including poems of gratitude and relief about finding moonlight, and poems of frustration about the loud sounds of drunken men late at night. The journal is valuable as a history of the manners and customs of the time, and is full of graphic descriptions of the early settlements in New England and New York. At the same time, it is interesting for its original orthography and interspersed rhymes.{{Cite Americana\\\|wstitle\\=Knight, Sarah Kemble}}", "#### Later life", "In 1706 she opened a boarding house and taught school, which gained some reputation in Boston. She is described as “excelling in the art of teaching composition.”{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit03/authors\\-3\\.html\\\|publisher\\=learner.org\\\|work\\=American Passages: A Literary Survey\\\|title\\=Unit 3: Utopian Promise; Authors: Sarah Kemble Knight (1666\\-1727\\)\\\|accessdate\\=23 September 2012}} In 1713, Knight's daughter married John Livingston, of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\"), and the son of [Robert Livingston the Elder](/wiki/Robert_Livingston_the_Elder \"Robert Livingston the Elder\"),{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Livingston\\\|first1\\=Edwin Brockholst\\\|title\\=The Livingstons of Livingston manor; being the history of that branch of the Scottish house of Callendar which settled in the English province of New York during the reign of Charles the Second; and also including an account of Robert Livingston of Albany, \"The nephew,\" a settler in the same province and his principal descendants\\\|date\\=1901\\\|publisher\\=The Knickerbocker Press\\\|location\\=New York\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/livingstonsofliv00newy\\\|accessdate\\=16 September 2016}} and Madam Knight moved with them to [New London](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut \"New London, Connecticut\"), where she continued her business and land dealings. Madam Knight, as she was generally called as a mark of respect, spent the rest of her life either in New London or [Norwich, Connecticut](/wiki/Norwich%2C_Connecticut \"Norwich, Connecticut\"). She owned several farms in New London, and had a home in Norwich. She ran an inn out of the Livingston farm in New London.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=Dames and daughters of colonial days\\\|last\\=Brooks\\\|first\\=Geraldine\\\|publisher\\=T.Y. Crowell \\& Co.\\\|year\\=1900\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/damesanddaughte02broogoog\\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/damesanddaughte02broogoog/page/n126 100]}}", "In the widowed years of her life, Sarah Kemble Knight left Boston for good and moved to New London to live near her married daughter. There, she owned a tavern and an inn, engaged in the buying and selling of land for speculation and became a respected member of her church. Sarah Kemble Knight died at age 62 and is buried in New London at [Ye Antientist Burial Ground, New London](/wiki/Ye_Antientist_Burial_Ground%2C_New_London \"Ye Antientist Burial Ground, New London\").{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=February 2011}}", "#### Relevance and reception", "Since its publication, The Journal of Madam Knight has been valued as both an historical and literary document. As a travel narrative, it recounts the dangerous and primitive conditions of travel in the colonies at this time period. Furthermore, Knight's detailed descriptions of New York, New Haven, and the many small settlements she travels through across Connecticut, shed light on colonial life at the turn of the 18th century. She documents eating habits, architecture, religious diversity, and various fashions of the people of New York and New Haven, as well as the living conditions found in rural settlements between Boston and New York.", "Knight's diary has also been important in the field of women's history and literary recovery, both of which are movements that seek to recover narratives often forgotten or neglected in favor of more mainstream, canonized works.Marsden, Jean I. “Beyond Recovery: Feminism and the Future of Eighteenth\\-Century Literary Studies.” Feminist Studies 28\\.3 (Autumn 2002\\): 657\\-662\\. JSTOR. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178795> As a woman's diary, The Journal of Madam Knight represents a deviation from the traditional masculine canon. While her status as a feminist figure remains open for debate, Knight's diary has merited study for its record of an unusual situation (a woman traveling alone through the New England wilderness); for its uncharacteristically outward focus (as opposed to the typical, inwardly reflective, Puritan diary); and for the unique judgements and strong personality contained within it.Stern, Julia. “To Relish and To Spew: Disgust as Cultural Critique in The Journal of Sarah Kemble Knight.” Legacy 14\\.1 (1997\\): 1\\-12\\. JSTOR. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/25679210>", "While many critics and scholars have praised Knight's Journal as an historical account, some scholars, such as Robert O. Stephens, believe it should also be read as an imaginative and creative work. Stephens asserts that \"By recognizing the mythic implications of Madam Knight's Journal, even at the expense of its mimetic and outwardly historical impact, we are able to place the work more clearly in the fruitful tradition of colonial American, and particularly New England, literature...Identification of the individual mythic allusions is only a matter of reading, but seeing the tantalizing pattern they fall into is an indication that this innocent and rough\\-mannered journal has meanings that a literal reading cannot guess at.\"Stephens, Robert O. \"The Odyssey of Sarah Kemble Knight.\" CLA Journal 7\\.3 (Mar. 1964\\): 247\\-255\\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\. By reading the Journal as a mythical account, Stephens hopes to align Knight's work with the narrative style of Nathaniel Hawthorne.Stephens, 247\\-255", "#### Structure", "Knight's journal is largely a ledger of the places and people she encountered during each day of her trip. The extended scenes highlight remarkable or memorable interactions, usually with people that Knight has strong opinions about.[Knight, Sarah Kemble. \"The Journal of Madam Knight.\" The Puritans. Ed. Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson. New York: American Book Company, 1938\\. Web.](http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=knight_journal.xml&action=show)", "For example, early in the journal, crosses a swamp with a man she sarcastically describes as \"honest John.\" She recounts of how he embellishes the stories of his adventures to appear to her as \"a Prince disguis'd.\" Upon reaching the next stop, Knight is confronted with this man's eldest daughter, who interrogates her with \"silly questions\" referring to the unusualness of a woman being on such a journey, to which Knight responds curtly, calling her rude. These instances of hyperbole and character judgment contrast with other, apparently less remarkable interactions, such as the following account of a transaction between two postmen (one of which was her guide), in which she does not even name her guide: \"About 8 in the morning, I with the Post proceeded forward without observing any thing remarkable; And about two, on, Arrived at the Post's second stage, where the western Post mett him and exchanged Letters.\" This account, however, is immediately followed by a detailed description of a meal Knight was served, which appears to have been notable for its unpleasant appearance and aftermath. Extended scenes describing Knight's unpleasant encounters with food occur often throughout her journal.", "Some moments during the journey appear to have had a profound impact on Knight. These experiences are marked by distinct poetic interludes in her journal, in which she abandons the conventions of prose and resorts to metrical composition. In one instance, Knight finds herself riding her horse in the pitch\\-dark woods alone late at night. She feels intensely fearful until the moon reveals itself and lights her way, after which she experiences a transcendental sense of relief and gratitude toward the moon. She unpacks this tightly bound moment with the following solvent prose:", "> ```\n> Fair Cynthia, all the Homage that I may\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Unto a Creature, unto thee I pay; \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> In Lonesome woods to meet so kind a guide,\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> To Mee's more worth than all the world beside. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Some Joy I felt just now, when safe got or'e \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Yon Surly River to this Rugged shore, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Deeming Rough welcomes from these clownish Trees,\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Better than Lodgings with Nereidees. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Yet swelling fears surprise; all dark appears– \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Nothing but Light can dissipate those fears.\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> My fainting vitals can't lend strength to say, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> But softly whisper, O I wish 'twere day. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> The murmer hardly warma the Ambient air, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> E' re thy Bright Aspect rescues from despair:\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Makes the old Hagg her sable mantle loose, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> And a Bright joy do's through my Soul diffuse. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> The Boistero's Trees now Lend a Passage Free,\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> And pleasant prospects thou giv'st light to see.\n> \n> ```", "Later, she encounters a very poor family, for whom she seemingly pretends to have an overwhelming sense of empathy (a convention of verse at the time). She draws out the emotional nuances of this vision as follows:", "> ```\n> Tho' Ill at éase, A stranger and alone, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> All my fatigues shall not extort a grone. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> These Indigents have hunger wth their ease;\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Their best is worn behalfe then my disease. \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Their Misirable butt wch Heat and Cold \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Alternately without Repulse do hold; \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Their Lodgings thyn and hard, their Indian fare\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> The mean Apparel which the wretches wear, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> And their ten thousand ills wch can't be told, \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Makes nature er'e 'tis middle age'd look old.\n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> When I reflect, my late fatigues do seem \n> ```\n> \n> \n> \n> \n> ```\n> Only a notion or forgotten Dreem.\n> \n> ```", "Although written as a journal and despite her occasional poetic flights, Knight's writing is primarily focused outward, concerned with taking inner stock of her external surroundings as she travels both inwardly and outwardly. In one instance, she notes that some of her experiences and stories are \"not proper to be Related by a Female pen,\" suggesting that even though she wrote privately, Knight was aware of the possibility her work might be read by an external party. However she made no effort to publish and seems to have forgotten to have the journal destroyed before she died, as was common at the time.Knight, 37\\.", "#### Danger, courage, and determination", "Knight's journey was a difficult one for a woman of her station, and both the perils and her courage and recklessness throughout the journey are illustrated in multiple moments throughout her journal. Knight's knowledge of business and determination is apparent early in her account of her journey when she writes about an exchange concerning payment for an escort. She tells the woman attempting to get more money from her simply that she “would not be accessary to such extortion.”Knight, 4\\. In the end, Knight stands her ground and is able to bypass the negotiator, deal directly with the would\\-be escort, and arrange a price she feels is fair. Knight must traverse some rather dangerous landscapes unfamiliar to her. Along the way, Knight may seem to feel fear or apprehension.", "#### Humor", "Despite the hardships of her journey, Knight infused humor into her journal as she traveled. In addition, many scholars of American Literature cite Knight's picaresqueThorpe, Peter. \"Sarah Kemble Knight and the Picaresque Tradition.\" CLA Journal 10\\.2 (Dec. 1966\\): 114\\-121\\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\. characterizations and her satirical tendencies as reasons to consider her an early precursor to \"the sort of broad humor and characterization that would be typical of later American writers,\"Stanford, Ann. \"Sarah Kemble Knight.\" American Colonial Writers, 1606\\-1734\\. Ed. Emory Elliott. Detroit: Gale Research, 1984\\. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 24\\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\. such as Mark Twain.Cate, Hollis L. \"The Figurative Language of Recall in Sarah Kemble Knight's 'Journal'.\" in The CEA Critic 43\\.1 (Nov. 1980\\): 32\\-35\\. Rpt. in Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800\\. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 7\\. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988\\. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\.Bush, Sargent, Jr. \"Sarah Kemble Knight (1666\\-1727\\).\" Legacy 12\\.2 (1995\\): 112\\-120\\. JSTOR. Web. 5 Oct. 2014\\.", "#### Racism and class concerns", "Sarah Kemble Knight was a complex human being with early American racial and class sensibilities. Knight refers to racial interactions between slaves and whites with white supremacist's observations: \"But too Indulgent (especially ye farmers) to their slaves: suffering too great familiarity from them, permitting ym to sit at Table and eat with them, (as they say to save time,) and into the dish goes the black hoof as freely as the white hand.\"Knight, 36\nKnight also demonstrates racist judgment of Native Americans: \"There are every where in the Towns as I passed, a Number of Indians the Natives of the Country, and are the most salvage of all the salvages of that kind that I had ever Seen: little or no care taken (as I heard upon enquiry) to make them otherwise.\"Knight, 37", "Knight comments that a certain country gentleman is animal\\-like and uncouth. She says that country people, like cows, \"seldom Loose their Cudd.\"Knight, 41 She also describes the previously mentioned country gentleman as \"spitting a Large deal of Aromatick Tincture, he gave a scrape with his shovel like shoo, leaving a small shovel full of dirt on the floor, made a full stop, Hugging his own pretty Body with his hands under his arms, Stood staring rown'd him, like a Catt let out of a Baskett.\" Clearly, Knight's account of the strangers she met on her journey would conflict with more modern understandings of how we should treat our fellow human beings. However, as an early American writer, Knight's writings offer scholars a view into the controversial complexities of 18th\\-century life.", "" ]
History ------- {{Main\\|History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)}} {{multiple image \\| footer \= Helen Suzman and Harry Schwarz, who were prominent anti\-apartheid campaigners during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s \\| total\_width \= 300 \\| image1 \= HelenSuzman.jpg \\| width1 \= 590 \\| height1 \= 590 \\| alt1 \= Suzman \\| caption1 \= {{center\\|\[\[Helen Suzman]]}} \\| image3 \= Harry Schwarz white house portrait.jpg \\| width3 \= 1705 \\| height3 \= 2476 \\| alt3 \= Schwarz \\| caption3 \= \[\[Harry Schwarz]] }} ### Beginnings in the Democratic Party Although the Democratic Alliance (DA) in its present form is fairly new, its roots can be traced far back in South African political history, through a complex sequence of splits and mergers. The modern day DA is in large part a product of the [white](/wiki/White_South_Africans "White South Africans") parliamentary opposition to the ruling [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "National Party (South Africa)"). The origin of the party can be traced to the mid\-1950s when some younger members of the [United Party](/wiki/United_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "United Party (South Africa)") felt that they were not providing strong enough opposition to the National Party and its policy of [Apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid"), causing them to break away and form the Progressive Party in 1959\. In the 1970s, as it rose to become the official opposition, the party merged with more splinters from the disintegrating United Party and become known first as the [Progressive Reform Party](/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)") and then as the [Progressive Federal Party](/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party "Progressive Federal Party"). The Progressives sought to change the system from within, but in doing so chose to comply with Apartheid legislation outlawing multi\-racial membership. During this time, the party was led by liberal\-minded opponents of Apartheid, such as Jan Steytler, [Helen Suzman](/wiki/Helen_Suzman "Helen Suzman"), [Zach de Beer](/wiki/Zach_de_Beer "Zach de Beer"), [Colin Eglin](/wiki/Colin_Eglin "Colin Eglin"), [Frederik van Zyl Slabbert](/wiki/Frederik_van_Zyl_Slabbert "Frederik van Zyl Slabbert") and [Harry Schwarz](/wiki/Harry_Schwarz "Harry Schwarz"). In 1989, it merged with two smaller reformist organisations to become the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "Democratic Party (South Africa)") (DP), a name that was retained into the 1990s when freedom was achieved. It was marginalised by the National Party's shift towards the center after 1990, and fared relatively poorly in the [first democratic election in 1994](/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election "1994 South African general election"), won by the African National Congress. The DP established itself as a more effective party of opposition,Institutions, Ethnicity, and Political Mobilization in South Africa, pages 130–131 however, and eventually rose from relative obscurity and ascended to the status of official opposition in 1999 under the leadership of [Tony Leon](/wiki/Tony_Leon "Tony Leon"), mainly by taking votes from the [New National Party](/wiki/New_National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "New National Party (South Africa)"), the renamed version of the NP. The party also became kingmakers in the Western Cape province, where it formed a coalition government with the NNP. With a fractured national opposition standing against an increasingly dominant governing party, there was a perceived need to better challenge the ANC. To this end, the DP reached a merger agreement with the NNP and the much smaller [Federal Alliance](/wiki/Federal_Alliance_%28South_Africa%29 "Federal Alliance (South Africa)") (FA) in 2000\. Together, they formed the Democratic Alliance. The merger was ultimately aborted, with both the NNP and FA leaving the DA. Many former NNP members remained, and the new name was kept. The DP was disbanded after the 2003 [floor crossing](/wiki/Floor_crossing_%28South_Africa%29 "Floor crossing (South Africa)") period, establishing the DA at all levels of government. ### Since becoming the Democratic Alliance in 2003 [thumb\\|150px\\|Logo of the DA used between 2000 and 2008](/wiki/File:Democratic_Alliance_logo_%282000%29.svg "Democratic Alliance logo (2000).svg") The party consolidated its status as the official opposition in the [2004 general election](/wiki/2004_South_African_general_election "2004 South African general election"), while the NNP collapsed. Having gone into opposition in the Western Cape in 2001 when the NNP formed a new coalition with the ANC, the demise of the NNP made the province a natural target for the party. In the [2006 municipal elections](/wiki/South_African_municipal_election%2C_2006 "South African municipal election, 2006"), the DA narrowly gained control of its largest city, [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), in a multi\-party coalition. Helen Zille, the executive mayor of Cape Town, then succeeded Leon as DA Party Leader in May 2007\. In 2008, she re\-launched the party as one that no longer acts solely as an opposition but also as an alternative choice for government.{{Clarify\\|date\=July 2021}} The party also introduced a new logo and a new slogan.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set\_id\=1\&click\_id\=6\&art\_id\=nw20081115132702381C435948\\| title\=DA relaunches as 'party of government' \\| publisher\=IOL\\|date \=15 November 2008}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/the\_parties/0,2172,179902,00\.html\\| title\=DA relaunches in Johannesburg \\| publisher\=SABC\\|date \=15 November 2008}}{{Dead link\\|date\=July 2009}} Zille said the new DA would be "more reflective of our rich racial, linguistic and cultural heritage,"{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.citizen.co.za/index/article.aspx?pDesc\=83096,1,22\\|title\='Yes we can', chant DA faithful\\|publisher\=The Citizen\\|date\=16 November 2008}}{{dead link\\|date\=September 2017 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} and emphasized that she wanted it to be a "party for all the people" and not decline into a "shrinking, irrelevant minority."{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008\-11\-20\-zille\-in\-for\-the\-long\-haul\\|title\=Zille: In for the long haul\\|publisher\=Mail\&Guardian\\|date\=20 November 2008\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223739/http://mg.co.za/article/2008\-11\-20\-zille\-in\-for\-the\-long\-haul\\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016}} In the [2009 South African general election](/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election "2009 South African general election"), the DA [won an overall majority](/wiki/2009_Western_Cape_provincial_election "2009 Western Cape provincial election") in the Western Cape, and Zille became the new [provincial premier](/wiki/Premier_of_the_Western_Cape "Premier of the Western Cape"). In her newsletter, she wrote that "winning power in the Western Cape will allow us to show what co\-operative governance between local authorities and a province can achieve."{{cite web \\|url\=http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/04/17/helen\-zilles\-final\-election\-message\-full\-text/ \\|title\=Helen Zille's final election message – full text « the Wild Frontier \\|access\-date\=13 April 2016 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603222726/http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/04/17/helen\-zilles\-final\-election\-message\-full\-text/ \\|archive\-date\=3 June 2016 }} In the [2011 local government elections](/wiki/2011_South_African_municipal_elections "2011 South African municipal elections"), the party won control of most of the municipalities in the Western Cape. In 2013, the DA launched the "Know Your DA" campaign, in an attempt to try to show that the DA (via its proxy predecessor organisations) was involved in the struggle against apartheid. This campaign focused mainly on the role played by a few key individuals in opposing apartheid — particularly [Helen Suzman](/wiki/Helen_Suzman "Helen Suzman") and Helen Zille.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013\-05\-14\-know\-your\-da\-a\-tale\-of\-two\-helens/\#.Viikv6SX87A\\|title\=Know Your DA (A Tale of Two Helens) – Daily Maverick\\|first\=Rebecca\\|last\=Davis\\|website\=www.dailymaverick.co.za\\|date\=14 May 2013 \\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929111052/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013\-05\-14\-know\-your\-da\-a\-tale\-of\-two\-helens/\#.Viikv6SX87A\\|archive\-date\=29 September 2015}} The campaign received a certain amount of media attention, much of it somewhat sceptical.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2013/09/10/das\-clumsy\-bee\-poster\-misses\-its\-mark\\|title\=DA's clumsy BEE poster misses its mark\\|website\=\[\[Business Day (South Africa)]]\\|first\=Sipho\\|last\=Hlongwane\\|date\=10 September 2013\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113620/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2013/09/10/das\-clumsy\-bee\-poster\-misses\-its\-mark\\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://mg.co.za/article/2013\-09\-09\-da\-launches\-second\-phase\-of\-know\-your\-da\-campaign\\|title\='Know your DA' campaign: We are committed to BEE\\|author\=Staff Reporter\\|date\=9 September 2013 \\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215357/http://mg.co.za/article/2013\-09\-09\-da\-launches\-second\-phase\-of\-know\-your\-da\-campaign\\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016}} The ANC issued a detailed critique of the campaign, focusing especially on Suzman's role in the apartheid parliament.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news\-and\-analysis/helen\-suzman\-and\-apartheid\\|title\=Helen Suzman and apartheid – NEWS \& ANALYSIS – Politicsweb\\|website\=www.politicsweb.co.za\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316231221/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news\-and\-analysis/helen\-suzman\-and\-apartheid\\|archive\-date\=16 March 2016}} Partially on the basis of this campaign the DA contested the [2014 general election](/wiki/2014_South_African_general_election "2014 South African general election"), where it once again grew its support base but failed in its stated goal of winning [Gauteng](/wiki/Gauteng "Gauteng") province. In the [municipal elections of 2016](/wiki/South_African_municipal_elections%2C_2016 "South African municipal elections, 2016"), the DA made significant gains along with other opposition parties in some of the country's most important metropolitan areas. The DA currently governs [Tshwane](/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality "City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality") (including [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria"), the administrative capital),{{cite web\\|url\=http://ewn.co.za/2016/08/19/DAs\-Solly\-Msimanga\-elected\-unopposed\-as\-new\-Tshwane\-mayor\\|title\=DA's Solly Msimanga elected new Tshwane mayor\\|first\=Masa\\|last\=Kekana\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823131406/http://ewn.co.za/2016/08/19/DAs\-Solly\-Msimanga\-elected\-unopposed\-as\-new\-Tshwane\-mayor\\|archive\-date\=23 August 2016}} [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town") (South Africa's second\-largest city and legislative capital) and various other municipalities. In the [general elections of 2019](/wiki/2019_South_African_general_election "2019 South African general election"), the DA's national support declined for the first time in its history.{{cite news \\|last1\=Du Toit \\|first1\=Pieter \\|title\=News24 projects: ANC on 57%, DA declines and EFF grows \\|url\=https://www.news24\.com/elections/news/news24\-projects\-anc\-on\-57\-da\-declines\-and\-eff\-grows\-20190509 \\|access\-date\=17 November 2019 \\|newspaper\=News24 \\|date\=9 May 2019}} The party retained control of the Western Cape but with a reduced majority and failed to win Gauteng once again.{{cite news \\|title\=DA falls short of projected 60% in Western Cape \\|url\=https://www.enca.com/news/da\-fall\-short\-projected\-60\-wcape \\|access\-date\=17 November 2019 \\|newspaper\=eNCA \\|date\=11 May 2019}}{{cite news \\|last1\=Deklerk \\|first1\=Aphiwe \\|title\=ANC holds on to Gauteng by a whisker \\|url\=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019\-05\-11\-anc\-holds\-on\-to\-gauteng\-by\-a\-whisker/ \\|access\-date\=17 November 2019 \\|newspaper\=TimesLIVE \\|date\=11 May 2019}} The conservative [Freedom Front Plus](/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus "Freedom Front Plus") (FF\+) made significant gains on the DA in the [Afrikaner](/wiki/Afrikaner "Afrikaner") community.{{cite news \\|last1\=Mailovich \\|first1\=Claudi \\|title\=FF Plus defies expectations \\|url\=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019\-05\-09\-ff\-plus\-on\-track\-to\-being\-biggest\-success\-story\-of\-election\-2019/ \\|access\-date\=17 November 2019 \\|newspaper\=BusinessLIVE \\|date\=9 May 2019}} In the aftermath of the election, the FF\+ continued to make inroads in former DA strongholds.{{cite news \\|title\=Mamusa by\-election: Good news for EFF, but DA slide against FF\+ continues \\|url\=https://citizen.co.za/news/south\-africa/elections/2229204/mamusa\-by\-election\-good\-news\-for\-eff\-but\-da\-slide\-against\-ff\-continues/ \\|access\-date\=26 January 2020 \\|newspaper\=The Citizen \\|date\=16 January 2020}}{{cite news \\|last1\=Head \\|first1\=Tom \\|title\=Schweizer\-Reneke: DA disaster, as they lose third ward in six months to FF Plus \\|url\=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/schweizer\-reneke\-by\-election\-results\-da\-ff\-plus\-support/ \\|access\-date\=26 January 2020 \\|newspaper\=The South African \\|date\=16 January 2020}} In the run\-up to the [2024 general election](/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election "2024 South African general election"), the DA joined the [Multi\-Party Charter](/wiki/Multi-Party_Charter "Multi-Party Charter"), an electoral alliance taking advantage of the unpopularity of the ANC. The ANC failed to gain a majority of seats in the National Assembly after the election, leading to the DA agreeing to form a coalition of national unity, entering ruling government for the first time.{{Cite web \\|date\=2024\-06\-14 \\|title\=South Africa's government of national unity is a landmark for a humbled ANC \\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw55w4z3gqeo \\|access\-date\=2024\-06\-14 \\|website\=BBC News \\|language\=en\-GB}} ### Formation and mergers * 1959 – Progressive Party breaks away from [United Party](/wiki/United_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "United Party (South Africa)"). * 1975 – Progressive Party merges with [Harry Schwarz](/wiki/Harry_Schwarz "Harry Schwarz")'s Reform Party, to form [Progressive Reform Party](/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)"). * 1977 – Progressive Reform Party merges with the Committee for a United Opposition to form the [Progressive Federal Party](/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party "Progressive Federal Party"). * 1989 – PFP merges with [Denis Worrall](/wiki/Denis_Worrall "Denis Worrall")'s [Independent Party](/wiki/Independent_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "Independent Party (South Africa)") and National Democratic Movement, to form Democratic Party. * 2000 – Democratic Party merges with [New National Party](/wiki/New_National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "New National Party (South Africa)") and the [Federal Alliance](/wiki/Federal_Alliance "Federal Alliance"), to form Democratic Alliance (NNP and FA later withdrew){{Cite web \\|title\=NNP quits DA \\|url\=https://www.news24\.com/news24/nnp\-quits\-da\-20011026 \\|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04 \\|website\=News24 \\|language\=en\-US}} * 2010 – Democratic Alliance begins absorbing [Patricia de Lille](/wiki/Patricia_de_Lille "Patricia de Lille")'s [Independent Democrats](/wiki/Independent_Democrats "Independent Democrats").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set\_id\=1\&click\_id\=13\&art\_id\=vn20100816041935120C783169\\|title\=DA, ID seal it with a pact}} * 2011 – Democratic Alliance absorbs Ziba Jiyane's [South African Democratic Convention](/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention "South African Democratic Convention").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\=233149\&sn\=Detail\&pid\=71654\\|title\=SADECO and Dr Ziba Jiyane join DA – Wilmot James – PARTY – Politicsweb\\|website\=www.politicsweb.co.za\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617002745/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\=233149\&sn\=Detail\&pid\=71654\\|archive\-date\=17 June 2013}}	[ "History\n-------", "{{Main\\\|History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)}}\n{{multiple image\n\\\| footer \\= Helen Suzman and Harry Schwarz, who were prominent anti\\-apartheid campaigners during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s\n\\\| total\\_width \\= 300", "\\\| image1 \\= HelenSuzman.jpg\n\\\| width1 \\= 590 \\\| height1 \\= 590\n\\\| alt1 \\= Suzman\n\\\| caption1 \\= {{center\\\|\\[\\[Helen Suzman]]}}", "\\\| image3 \\= Harry Schwarz white house portrait.jpg\n\\\| width3 \\= 1705 \\\| height3 \\= 2476\n\\\| alt3 \\= Schwarz\n\\\| caption3 \\= \\[\\[Harry Schwarz]]\n}}", "### Beginnings in the Democratic Party", "Although the Democratic Alliance (DA) in its present form is fairly new, its roots can be traced far back in South African political history, through a complex sequence of splits and mergers. The modern day DA is in large part a product of the [white](/wiki/White_South_Africans \"White South Africans\") parliamentary opposition to the ruling [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"National Party (South Africa)\"). The origin of the party can be traced to the mid\\-1950s when some younger members of the [United Party](/wiki/United_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"United Party (South Africa)\") felt that they were not providing strong enough opposition to the National Party and its policy of [Apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid \"Apartheid\"), causing them to break away and form the Progressive Party in 1959\\. In the 1970s, as it rose to become the official opposition, the party merged with more splinters from the disintegrating United Party and become known first as the [Progressive Reform Party](/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)\") and then as the [Progressive Federal Party](/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party \"Progressive Federal Party\"). The Progressives sought to change the system from within, but in doing so chose to comply with Apartheid legislation outlawing multi\\-racial membership. During this time, the party was led by liberal\\-minded opponents of Apartheid, such as Jan Steytler, [Helen Suzman](/wiki/Helen_Suzman \"Helen Suzman\"), [Zach de Beer](/wiki/Zach_de_Beer \"Zach de Beer\"), [Colin Eglin](/wiki/Colin_Eglin \"Colin Eglin\"), [Frederik van Zyl Slabbert](/wiki/Frederik_van_Zyl_Slabbert \"Frederik van Zyl Slabbert\") and [Harry Schwarz](/wiki/Harry_Schwarz \"Harry Schwarz\"). In 1989, it merged with two smaller reformist organisations to become the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"Democratic Party (South Africa)\") (DP), a name that was retained into the 1990s when freedom was achieved. It was marginalised by the National Party's shift towards the center after 1990, and fared relatively poorly in the [first democratic election in 1994](/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election \"1994 South African general election\"), won by the African National Congress.", "The DP established itself as a more effective party of opposition,Institutions, Ethnicity, and Political Mobilization in South Africa, pages 130–131 however, and eventually rose from relative obscurity and ascended to the status of official opposition in 1999 under the leadership of [Tony Leon](/wiki/Tony_Leon \"Tony Leon\"), mainly by taking votes from the [New National Party](/wiki/New_National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"New National Party (South Africa)\"), the renamed version of the NP. The party also became kingmakers in the Western Cape province, where it formed a coalition government with the NNP. With a fractured national opposition standing against an increasingly dominant governing party, there was a perceived need to better challenge the ANC. To this end, the DP reached a merger agreement with the NNP and the much smaller [Federal Alliance](/wiki/Federal_Alliance_%28South_Africa%29 \"Federal Alliance (South Africa)\") (FA) in 2000\\. Together, they formed the Democratic Alliance. The merger was ultimately aborted, with both the NNP and FA leaving the DA. Many former NNP members remained, and the new name was kept.", "The DP was disbanded after the 2003 [floor crossing](/wiki/Floor_crossing_%28South_Africa%29 \"Floor crossing (South Africa)\") period, establishing the DA at all levels of government.", "### Since becoming the Democratic Alliance in 2003", "[thumb\\\|150px\\\|Logo of the DA used between 2000 and 2008](/wiki/File:Democratic_Alliance_logo_%282000%29.svg \"Democratic Alliance logo (2000).svg\")\nThe party consolidated its status as the official opposition in the [2004 general election](/wiki/2004_South_African_general_election \"2004 South African general election\"), while the NNP collapsed. Having gone into opposition in the Western Cape in 2001 when the NNP formed a new coalition with the ANC, the demise of the NNP made the province a natural target for the party. In the [2006 municipal elections](/wiki/South_African_municipal_election%2C_2006 \"South African municipal election, 2006\"), the DA narrowly gained control of its largest city, [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), in a multi\\-party coalition. Helen Zille, the executive mayor of Cape Town, then succeeded Leon as DA Party Leader in May 2007\\. In 2008, she re\\-launched the party as one that no longer acts solely as an opposition but also as an alternative choice for government.{{Clarify\\\|date\\=July 2021}} The party also introduced a new logo and a new slogan.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set\\_id\\=1\\&click\\_id\\=6\\&art\\_id\\=nw20081115132702381C435948\\\| title\\=DA relaunches as 'party of government' \\\| publisher\\=IOL\\\|date \\=15 November 2008}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/the\\_parties/0,2172,179902,00\\.html\\\| title\\=DA relaunches in Johannesburg \\\| publisher\\=SABC\\\|date \\=15 November 2008}}{{Dead link\\\|date\\=July 2009}} Zille said the new DA would be \"more reflective of our rich racial, linguistic and cultural heritage,\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.citizen.co.za/index/article.aspx?pDesc\\=83096,1,22\\\|title\\='Yes we can', chant DA faithful\\\|publisher\\=The Citizen\\\|date\\=16 November 2008}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=September 2017 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} and emphasized that she wanted it to be a \"party for all the people\" and not decline into a \"shrinking, irrelevant minority.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008\\-11\\-20\\-zille\\-in\\-for\\-the\\-long\\-haul\\\|title\\=Zille: In for the long haul\\\|publisher\\=Mail\\&Guardian\\\|date\\=20 November 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223739/http://mg.co.za/article/2008\\-11\\-20\\-zille\\-in\\-for\\-the\\-long\\-haul\\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016}} In the [2009 South African general election](/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election \"2009 South African general election\"), the DA [won an overall majority](/wiki/2009_Western_Cape_provincial_election \"2009 Western Cape provincial election\") in the Western Cape, and Zille became the new [provincial premier](/wiki/Premier_of_the_Western_Cape \"Premier of the Western Cape\"). In her newsletter, she wrote that \"winning power in the Western Cape will allow us to show what co\\-operative governance between local authorities and a province can achieve.\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/04/17/helen\\-zilles\\-final\\-election\\-message\\-full\\-text/ \\\|title\\=Helen Zille's final election message – full text « the Wild Frontier \\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2016 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603222726/http://blogs.timeslive.co.za/hartley/2009/04/17/helen\\-zilles\\-final\\-election\\-message\\-full\\-text/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2016 }} In the [2011 local government elections](/wiki/2011_South_African_municipal_elections \"2011 South African municipal elections\"), the party won control of most of the municipalities in the Western Cape.", "In 2013, the DA launched the \"Know Your DA\" campaign, in an attempt to try to show that the DA (via its proxy predecessor organisations) was involved in the struggle against apartheid. This campaign focused mainly on the role played by a few key individuals in opposing apartheid — particularly [Helen Suzman](/wiki/Helen_Suzman \"Helen Suzman\") and Helen Zille.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013\\-05\\-14\\-know\\-your\\-da\\-a\\-tale\\-of\\-two\\-helens/\\#.Viikv6SX87A\\\|title\\=Know Your DA (A Tale of Two Helens) – Daily Maverick\\\|first\\=Rebecca\\\|last\\=Davis\\\|website\\=www.dailymaverick.co.za\\\|date\\=14 May 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929111052/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013\\-05\\-14\\-know\\-your\\-da\\-a\\-tale\\-of\\-two\\-helens/\\#.Viikv6SX87A\\\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2015}} The campaign received a certain amount of media attention, much of it somewhat sceptical.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2013/09/10/das\\-clumsy\\-bee\\-poster\\-misses\\-its\\-mark\\\|title\\=DA's clumsy BEE poster misses its mark\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Business Day (South Africa)]]\\\|first\\=Sipho\\\|last\\=Hlongwane\\\|date\\=10 September 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113620/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2013/09/10/das\\-clumsy\\-bee\\-poster\\-misses\\-its\\-mark\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://mg.co.za/article/2013\\-09\\-09\\-da\\-launches\\-second\\-phase\\-of\\-know\\-your\\-da\\-campaign\\\|title\\='Know your DA' campaign: We are committed to BEE\\\|author\\=Staff Reporter\\\|date\\=9 September 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215357/http://mg.co.za/article/2013\\-09\\-09\\-da\\-launches\\-second\\-phase\\-of\\-know\\-your\\-da\\-campaign\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016}} The ANC issued a detailed critique of the campaign, focusing especially on Suzman's role in the apartheid parliament.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news\\-and\\-analysis/helen\\-suzman\\-and\\-apartheid\\\|title\\=Helen Suzman and apartheid – NEWS \\& ANALYSIS – Politicsweb\\\|website\\=www.politicsweb.co.za\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316231221/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news\\-and\\-analysis/helen\\-suzman\\-and\\-apartheid\\\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2016}} Partially on the basis of this campaign the DA contested the [2014 general election](/wiki/2014_South_African_general_election \"2014 South African general election\"), where it once again grew its support base but failed in its stated goal of winning [Gauteng](/wiki/Gauteng \"Gauteng\") province.", "In the [municipal elections of 2016](/wiki/South_African_municipal_elections%2C_2016 \"South African municipal elections, 2016\"), the DA made significant gains along with other opposition parties in some of the country's most important metropolitan areas. The DA currently governs [Tshwane](/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality \"City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality\") (including [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria \"Pretoria\"), the administrative capital),{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://ewn.co.za/2016/08/19/DAs\\-Solly\\-Msimanga\\-elected\\-unopposed\\-as\\-new\\-Tshwane\\-mayor\\\|title\\=DA's Solly Msimanga elected new Tshwane mayor\\\|first\\=Masa\\\|last\\=Kekana\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823131406/http://ewn.co.za/2016/08/19/DAs\\-Solly\\-Msimanga\\-elected\\-unopposed\\-as\\-new\\-Tshwane\\-mayor\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 August 2016}} [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") (South Africa's second\\-largest city and legislative capital) and various other municipalities.", "In the [general elections of 2019](/wiki/2019_South_African_general_election \"2019 South African general election\"), the DA's national support declined for the first time in its history.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Du Toit \\\|first1\\=Pieter \\\|title\\=News24 projects: ANC on 57%, DA declines and EFF grows \\\|url\\=https://www.news24\\.com/elections/news/news24\\-projects\\-anc\\-on\\-57\\-da\\-declines\\-and\\-eff\\-grows\\-20190509 \\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2019 \\\|newspaper\\=News24 \\\|date\\=9 May 2019}} The party retained control of the Western Cape but with a reduced majority and failed to win Gauteng once again.{{cite news \\\|title\\=DA falls short of projected 60% in Western Cape \\\|url\\=https://www.enca.com/news/da\\-fall\\-short\\-projected\\-60\\-wcape \\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2019 \\\|newspaper\\=eNCA \\\|date\\=11 May 2019}}{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Deklerk \\\|first1\\=Aphiwe \\\|title\\=ANC holds on to Gauteng by a whisker \\\|url\\=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019\\-05\\-11\\-anc\\-holds\\-on\\-to\\-gauteng\\-by\\-a\\-whisker/ \\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2019 \\\|newspaper\\=TimesLIVE \\\|date\\=11 May 2019}} The conservative [Freedom Front Plus](/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus \"Freedom Front Plus\") (FF\\+) made significant gains on the DA in the [Afrikaner](/wiki/Afrikaner \"Afrikaner\") community.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Mailovich \\\|first1\\=Claudi \\\|title\\=FF Plus defies expectations \\\|url\\=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019\\-05\\-09\\-ff\\-plus\\-on\\-track\\-to\\-being\\-biggest\\-success\\-story\\-of\\-election\\-2019/ \\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2019 \\\|newspaper\\=BusinessLIVE \\\|date\\=9 May 2019}} In the aftermath of the election, the FF\\+ continued to make inroads in former DA strongholds.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Mamusa by\\-election: Good news for EFF, but DA slide against FF\\+ continues \\\|url\\=https://citizen.co.za/news/south\\-africa/elections/2229204/mamusa\\-by\\-election\\-good\\-news\\-for\\-eff\\-but\\-da\\-slide\\-against\\-ff\\-continues/ \\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2020 \\\|newspaper\\=The Citizen \\\|date\\=16 January 2020}}{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Head \\\|first1\\=Tom \\\|title\\=Schweizer\\-Reneke: DA disaster, as they lose third ward in six months to FF Plus \\\|url\\=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/schweizer\\-reneke\\-by\\-election\\-results\\-da\\-ff\\-plus\\-support/ \\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2020 \\\|newspaper\\=The South African \\\|date\\=16 January 2020}}", "In the run\\-up to the [2024 general election](/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election \"2024 South African general election\"), the DA joined the [Multi\\-Party Charter](/wiki/Multi-Party_Charter \"Multi-Party Charter\"), an electoral alliance taking advantage of the unpopularity of the ANC. The ANC failed to gain a majority of seats in the National Assembly after the election, leading to the DA agreeing to form a coalition of national unity, entering ruling government for the first time.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-14 \\\|title\\=South Africa's government of national unity is a landmark for a humbled ANC \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw55w4z3gqeo \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-14 \\\|website\\=BBC News \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "### Formation and mergers", "* 1959 – Progressive Party breaks away from [United Party](/wiki/United_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"United Party (South Africa)\").\n* 1975 – Progressive Party merges with [Harry Schwarz](/wiki/Harry_Schwarz \"Harry Schwarz\")'s Reform Party, to form [Progressive Reform Party](/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)\").\n* 1977 – Progressive Reform Party merges with the Committee for a United Opposition to form the [Progressive Federal Party](/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party \"Progressive Federal Party\").\n* 1989 – PFP merges with [Denis Worrall](/wiki/Denis_Worrall \"Denis Worrall\")'s [Independent Party](/wiki/Independent_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"Independent Party (South Africa)\") and National Democratic Movement, to form Democratic Party.\n* 2000 – Democratic Party merges with [New National Party](/wiki/New_National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"New National Party (South Africa)\") and the [Federal Alliance](/wiki/Federal_Alliance \"Federal Alliance\"), to form Democratic Alliance (NNP and FA later withdrew){{Cite web \\\|title\\=NNP quits DA \\\|url\\=https://www.news24\\.com/news24/nnp\\-quits\\-da\\-20011026 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04 \\\|website\\=News24 \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}\n* 2010 – Democratic Alliance begins absorbing [Patricia de Lille](/wiki/Patricia_de_Lille \"Patricia de Lille\")'s [Independent Democrats](/wiki/Independent_Democrats \"Independent Democrats\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set\\_id\\=1\\&click\\_id\\=13\\&art\\_id\\=vn20100816041935120C783169\\\|title\\=DA, ID seal it with a pact}}\n* 2011 – Democratic Alliance absorbs Ziba Jiyane's [South African Democratic Convention](/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention \"South African Democratic Convention\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\\=233149\\&sn\\=Detail\\&pid\\=71654\\\|title\\=SADECO and Dr Ziba Jiyane join DA – Wilmot James – PARTY – Politicsweb\\\|website\\=www.politicsweb.co.za\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617002745/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\\=233149\\&sn\\=Detail\\&pid\\=71654\\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2013}}", "" ]
Ideology and principles ----------------------- The DA sums up its political philosophy as the belief in an "Open Opportunity Society for All".{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/about.htm?action\=view\-page\&category\=386\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222102128/http://www.da.org.za/about.htm?action\=view\-page\&category\=386\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=22 February 2009\\|publisher\=DA\\|title\=Our Visions and Values\\|date\=20 August 2008}} Former party leader Helen Zille has argued that this stands in direct contrast to the ruling ANC's approach to governance, which she maintains has led to a "closed, crony society for some".{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/campaigns.htm?action\=view\-page\&category\=6329 \\|publisher\=DA \\|title\=Introductory letter by DA Leader, Helen Zille \\|date\=14 November 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604163441/http://www.da.org.za/campaigns.htm?action\=view\-page\&category\=6329 \\|archive\-date\=4 June 2009 }} This formed the basis of the philosophy underlying the party's 2009 Election Manifesto,{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/6674/21941%20DA%20Manifesto%20Eng.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=16 March 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306051146/http://www.da.org.za/docs/6674/21941%20DA%20Manifesto%20Eng.pdf \\|archive\-date\=6 March 2009 }} which seeks to build a society by linking outcomes to "opportunity, effort and ability".{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/6674/21941%20DA%20Manifesto%20Eng.pdf \\|publisher\=DA \\|title\=DA Manifesto 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306051146/http://www.da.org.za/docs/6674/21941%20DA%20Manifesto%20Eng.pdf \\|archive\-date\=6 March 2009 }} The DA's historical roots are broadly liberal\-democratic. During the 1990s, the party remained associated with liberal values, though party leader [Tony Leon](/wiki/Tony_Leon "Tony Leon")'s support for the reintroduction of the [death penalty](/wiki/Death_penalty "Death penalty"), the party's controversial 1999 campaign slogan "Fight Back", and the short\-lived alliance with the [centre\-right](/wiki/Centre-right_politics "Centre-right politics") [New National Party](/wiki/New_National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "New National Party (South Africa)") fuelled criticisms of the party from the left.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id\=814075\\|title\=How DP came to Fight Back\\|date\=3 August 2008}}{{dead link\\|date\=September 2017 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.id.org.za/newsroom/news\-articles/news\-archives/archive\-2004/march\-2004/da\-s\-death\-penalty\-stance\-irks\-de\-lille/\\|publisher\=South African Press Association\\|title\=DA's death penalty stance irks De Lille\\|date\=11 March 2004\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423051726/http://www.id.org.za/newsroom/news\-articles/news\-archives/archive\-2004/march\-2004/da\-s\-death\-penalty\-stance\-irks\-de\-lille\\|archive\-date\=23 April 2009\\|access\-date\=15 January 2009}}{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006\-11\-26\-tony\-leon\-to\-step\-down\-as\-da\-leader\\|title\=Tony Leon to step down as DA leader\\|date\=26 November 2006\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916012435/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006\-11\-26\-tony\-leon\-to\-step\-down\-as\-da\-leader\\|archive\-date\=16 September 2008}} After Helen Zille's election as party leader, the DA has attempted to reposition itself as a mainstream alternative to the ANC.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.news24\.com/News24/South\_Africa/Politics/0,,2\-7\-12\_2453609,00\.html\\|title\=ANC's shift could spell trouble\\|date\=15 January 2009\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116080459/http://www.news24\.com/News24/South\_Africa/Politics/0%2C%2C2\-7\-12\_2453609%2C00\.html\\|archive\-date\=16 January 2009}} The party's economic policy is also broadly centrist, and supports a mix of high spending on crucial social services such as education and health care, a [basic income](/wiki/Basic_income "Basic income") grant, and a strong regulatory framework, with more "moderate" policies such as a lower budget deficit and a deregulated labour market.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6232\#more\-1295\\|title\=Ensuring South Africa's prosperity in the face of the global economic crisis\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143048/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6232\#more\-1295\\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011}} At her 2009 State of the Province speech, party leader Zille described her party's economic policy as pragmatic: "We believe the state has a crucial role to play in socio\-economic development. We are not free market fundamentalists. By the same token we do not believe that a state, with limited capacity, should over\-reach itself."{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/eng/your\_gov/3150/speeches/2009/may/182124\\|title\=State of the Province Speech 2009\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722032140/http://www.westerncape.gov.za/eng/your\_gov/3150/speeches/2009/may/182124\\|archive\-date\=22 July 2012}} ### Current policies #### Crime In the DA's crime plan, "Conquering Fear, Commanding Hope",{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/653/CONQUERING%20FEAR%20II.pdf \\|title\=CONQUERING FEAR II.doc \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143924/http://www.da.org.za/docs/653/CONQUERING%20FEAR%20II.pdf \\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011 }} the DA committed itself to increasing the number of police officers to 250,000\. This is 60,000 more than the government's own target.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.capetimes.co.za/index.php?fSectionId\=3531\&fArticleId\=nw20080812133009575C367672\\|work\=Cape Times\\|title\= DA promises to reinstate Narcotics Bureau \\|date\=12 August 2008}} The party also announced plans to employ 30,000 additional detectives and forensics experts and 500 more prosecutors, in order to reduce court backlogs, and establish a Directorate for Victims of Crime, which would provide funding and support for crime victims. In addition, the party announced its support for a prison labour programme, which would put prisoners to work in various community upliftment programmes. The proposal was criticised by labour unions, who believed it was unethical and would result in labour job losses.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/da\-s\-prison\-work\-plan\-is\-slavery\-with\-new\-name\-1\.712779\\|publisher\=Business Report\\|title\=DA's prison work plan is slavery with new name\\|date\=15 August 2008\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511154554/http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/da\-s\-prison\-work\-plan\-is\-slavery\-with\-new\-name\-1\.712779\\|archive\-date\=11 May 2015}} In late 2008–2009, the DA took a stand against the [South African Police Service](/wiki/South_African_Police_Service "South African Police Service")'s [VIP Protection Unit](/wiki/VIP_Protection_Unit_%28South_Africa%29 "VIP Protection Unit (South Africa)"), after several officers in the unit were charged with serious criminal offences. The party later released documentation of the unit's poor disciplinary record, and claimed its divisional commander had himself dodged serious criminal charges.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\=913960\\|title\=Blue light bullies off the hook\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108133154/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\=913960\\|archive\-date\=8 January 2009}} The DA strongly opposed the disbandment of the [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28South_Africa%29 "Scorpions (South Africa)") crime investigation unit,{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009\-01\-30\-opposition\-scorpions\-bills\-mark\-dark\-day\-in\-sa\-history\\|title\=Opposition: Scorpions bill marks dark day in SA history\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202102314/http://mg.co.za/article/2009\-01\-30\-opposition\-scorpions\-bills\-mark\-dark\-day\-in\-sa\-history\\|archive\-date\=2 February 2009}} and similar efforts to centralise the police service such as the nationwide disbandment of specialised Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) units.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6149\\|title\=How we can resource our agencies properly\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143105/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6149\\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011}} The party adopted a resolution declaring farm attacks and murders as [hate crimes](/wiki/Hate_crimes "Hate crimes") at its 2020 Federal Congress.{{cite news \\|title\=DA resolves to declare farm murders a hate crime \\|url\=https://www.news24\.com/news24/southafrica/news/da\-resolves\-to\-declare\-farm\-murders\-a\-hate\-crime\-20201101 \\|access\-date\=16 November 2020 \\|agency\=News24 \\|date\=1 November 2020}} #### Social development Central to the DA's social development policy, "Breaking the Cycle of Poverty",{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/657/Breaking%20the%20cycle%20of%20poverty.pdf \\|title\=Breaking the cycle of poverty.doc \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202115908/http://da.org.za/docs/657/Breaking%20the%20cycle%20of%20poverty.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2 December 2010 }} is a Basic Income Grant, which would provide a monthly transfer of R110 to all adults earning less than R46,000 per year. The party also supports legislation that would require the legal guardians of children living in poverty to ensure that their child attends 85 per cent of school classes, and undergoes routine health check\-ups. In addition, to aid with youth development skills, the party proposed a R6000 opportunity voucher or twelve month community service programme to all high school matriculants. The party also supports a universal old age pension, and the abolishment of pension means tests. #### Education The DA's education programme, "Preparing for Success",{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/647/Preparing%20for%20Success.pdf \\|title\=Preparing for Success.doc \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143859/http://www.da.org.za/docs/647/Preparing%20for%20Success.pdf \\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011 }} focuses on providing adequate physical and human resources to underperforming schools. The DA supports guaranteed access to a core minimum of resources for each school, proper state school nutrition schemes for grade 1–12 learners, and measures to train 30,000 additional teachers per year. The DA continues to support the introduction of new performance targets for teachers and schools, and also advocates a per\-child wage subsidy, and a national network of community\-based early childhood education centres. #### Health The DA's "Quality Care for All"{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/655/health\-review11\.pdf \\|title\=Health review11\.doc \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202120821/http://da.org.za/docs/655/health\-review11\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2 December 2010 }} programme is focused on tackling [the country's high HIV/AIDS infection rate](/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa "HIV/AIDS in South Africa"). Included in these plans is an increase in the number of clinics offering HIV testing and measures to provide all HIV\-positive women with [Nevirapine](/wiki/Nevirapine "Nevirapine"). The party's health policy also plans to devote more resources to vaccinations against common childhood illnesses. The party also advocates creating a transparent and competitive health sector, to boost service delivery and encourage health care practitioners to remain in the country. #### Economy The DA's economic policy aims to create a society in which all South Africans enjoy both the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, and the opportunities to take advantage of those freedoms. In its 2010 Federal Congress booklet, The Open Opportunity Society for All, the party describes this society in the following terms: "Opportunity is the vehicle with which people are empowered to live their lives, pursue their dreams and develop their full potential. And the DA believes that the role of the government is to provide every citizen with a minimum basic standard of quality services and resources with which to be able to do so – a framework for choice." The DA therefore advocates a mixed\-economy approach, where the state is involved in the economy only to the extent that it can expand opportunity and choice.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/our\_policies.htm?action\=view\-policy\&policy\=613\\|title\=Our Policies: Economics\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031125/http://da.org.za/our\_policies.htm?action\=view\-policy\&policy\=613\\|archive\-date\=23 November 2010}} The manifesto includes various proposals detailing how a DA government would manage the economy and facilitate growth. The majority of the interventions suggested by the party are aimed at creating an atmosphere conducive to job creation and greater foreign direct investment. The DA has suggested measures to make South Africa's labour market more amenable to job creation.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\=217600\&sn\=Detail\&pid\=71616\\|title\=New labour laws will kill jobs – Ian Ollis\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145245/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\=217600\&sn\=Detail\&pid\=71616\\|archive\-date\=4 March 2012}} The party has also suggested several targeted interventions to allow for higher employment, especially amongst the youth. These interventions include a wage subsidy programme to reduce the cost of hiring first\-time workers. The DA has committed itself to a counter\-cyclical fiscal policy approach. This is evident in the party's previous alternative budget frameworks, with both alternative budgets posting deficits. The party defended this stance by arguing that increased spending was necessary to help the economy out of [recession](/wiki/Recession "Recession").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=7898\\|title\=Alternative Budget 2010: Budgeting for Opportunity\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722094845/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=7898\\|archive\-date\=22 July 2011}} Other fiscal interventions have included a proposed scrapping of [value added tax](/wiki/Value_added_tax "Value added tax") (VAT) on books and tax rebates for crime prevention expenditure by businesses. The DA supports an inflation\-targeting [monetary policy](/wiki/Monetary_policy "Monetary policy") regime similar to that of the ANC government. It has also repeatedly reaffirmed its support and commitment for reserve bank instrument independence.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.polity.org.za/article/da\-statement\-by\-dion\-george\-democratic\-alliance\-shadow\-minister\-of\-finance\-welcoming\-the\-interest\-rate\-decision\-26012010\-2010\-01\-26\\|title\=DA welcomes interest rates decision\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401073131/http://www.polity.org.za/article/da\-statement\-by\-dion\-george\-democratic\-alliance\-shadow\-minister\-of\-finance\-welcoming\-the\-interest\-rate\-decision\-26012010\-2010\-01\-26\\|archive\-date\=1 April 2010}} The DA proposes to incentivise savings by reducing taxes on income earned from fixed deposits that are held for longer than twelve months. The party states that this would help South Africa to boost its domestic savings rate to enable the country to invest in projects that will provide additional job opportunities. The party has rejected the ANC's approach to [Black Economic Empowerment](/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment "Black Economic Empowerment"), with former party leader Helen Zille arguing that the current policies have only served to enrich a small elite of politically connected businessmen. The party proposed an alternative it calls broad\-based economic empowerment, which would provide for targeted interventions focusing on skills training and socio\-economic investment instead of ownership targets. The party believes that this approach will give a broader group of black South Africans an opportunity to compete and partake in the economy.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/our\_policies.htm?action\=view\-policy\&policy\=613\\|title\=DA Economic Policy\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031125/http://da.org.za/our\_policies.htm?action\=view\-policy\&policy\=613\\|archive\-date\=23 November 2010}} The party advocates an active industrial policy that allows the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) to co\-ordinate industrial policy. Additionally it would also set up a sovereign venture capital fund to help support innovation in key industries. The DA also supports the creation of Industrial Development Zones and Export Processing Zones. The party suggests that by relaxing certain regulations in these zones, manufacturers and exporters would be able to grow faster and employ more people. This fits into the party's broader vision of growing the economy by cutting red tape and regulations it claims is holding back South Africa's economic growth.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id\=124415\\|title\=Job figures unrealistic\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040915/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id\=124415\\|archive\-date\=6 March 2012}} The DA has been against the introduction of a national [minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage "Minimum wage"), arguing that workers should be allowed to accept a wage of less than R3500 on their own terms.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://mg.co.za/article/2018\-04\-07\-da\-wants\-workers\-to\-be\-free\-to\-opt\-out\-of\-national\-minimum\-wage\\|title\=DA wants workers to be free to opt out of national minimum wage\\|last\=Bendile\\|first\=Dineo\\|date\=7 April 2018\\|website\=Mail \& Guardian\\|access\-date\=28 January 2019}} In contrast, President [Cyril Ramaphosa](/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa "Cyril Ramaphosa") stated that the R3500 per month (R20 an hour) minimum wage was still not a living wage, and would only "advance the struggle for a living wage".{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018\-12\-07\-national\-minimum\-wage\-on\-the\-way\-a\-major\-step\-in\-tackling\-inequality/\\|title\=National minimum wage on the way, a major step in tackling inequality\\|last\=Nicolson\\|first\=Greg\\|date\=7 December 2018\\|website\=Daily Maverick}} #### Land The DA is resolutely against land expropriation without compensation.{{Cite news\\|url\=https://citizen.co.za/news/south\-africa/1884367/da\-resolute\-against\-land\-expropriation\-without\-compensation/\\|title\=DA resolute against land expropriation without compensation\\|last\=Masilela\\|first\=Brenda\\|work\=The Citizen\\|access\-date\=13 April 2018\\|language\=en}} This is in response to the ANC and the EFF's recent attempts to change section 25 of the Constitution which deals with land reform. The DA says that changing the Constitution will open the floodgates and undermine property rights, allowing government to own all land and forcing all South Africans to be only permanent tenants of the land. The party says that it is committed to ensuring that those entitled to land receive it in the form of direct ownership, and not as lifelong tenants. The DA's "Land of Opportunity"{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/644/Land%20reform%20\-%20land%20of%20oppourtunity.pdf \\|title\=Land reform – land of opportunity \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011211451/http://www.da.org.za/docs/644/Land%20reform%20\-%20land%20of%20oppourtunity.pdf \\|archive\-date\=11 October 2010 }} programme supports the "willing buyer, willing seller" principle, though it also allows for expropriation for reform purposes in certain limited circumstances. The party has been critical of the resources that government has allocated to land reform, claiming that government has not been sufficiently active in buying up land that comes onto the market. Though the DA believes this could speed up the pace of land reform, their policies have been vocally criticised by members of the Tripartite Alliance. Land Affairs Minister [Thoko Didiza](/wiki/Thoko_Didiza "Thoko Didiza") accused the DA of attempting to "stifle" land reform,{{cite web\\|url\=http://land.pwv.gov.za/publications/news/dla\_in\_the\_news/2005/DLA\_in\_the\_News\_December/DAILY%20DISPATCH%2002\-12\-05%20p24%20\.pdf \\|title\=DA's land reform plan shot down by Thoko Didiza \\|publisher\=Daily Dispatch \\|date\=2 December 2005 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204041754/http://land.pwv.gov.za/publications/news/dla\_in\_the\_news/2005/DLA\_in\_the\_News\_December/DAILY%20DISPATCH%2002\-12\-05%20p24%20\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=4 December 2008 }} while the [South African Communist Party](/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party "South African Communist Party") contended that the DA's policies overly favoured big business.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include\=docs/pr/2005/pr1201\.html\\|title\=SACP Statement on the DA's approach to land and agrarian reform\\|publisher\=SACP\\|date\=1 December 2005\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310054821/http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include\=docs%2Fpr%2F2005%2Fpr1201\.html\\|archive\-date\=10 March 2007\\|access\-date\=10 January 2018}} In a speech at the DA's national congress in April 2018, DA Leader, Mmusi Maimane, praised DA Western Cape Provincial Leader, Bonginkosi Madikizela, for overseeing the delivery of 91 000 title deeds in the province and allowing residents to have full title deeds to their homes.{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.da.org.za/2018/04/closing\-speech\-congress\-2018/\\|title\=Closing Speech Congress 2018\\|date\=8 April 2018\\|work\=Democratic Alliance\\|access\-date\=13 April 2018\\|language\=en\-US}} #### Environment and energy In the build up to the 2009 elections, the DA announced it would create a new Ministry of Energy and Climate Change, to ensure improved integrated energy planning in order to deal with South Africa's growing carbon dioxide emissions.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.news24\.com/News24/Technology/News/0,,2\-13\-1443\_2452524,00\.html\\|title\=DA Unveils Energy Policy\\|publisher\=News24\\|date\=13 January 2009\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114002403/http://www.news24\.com/News24/Technology/News/0%2C%2C2\-13\-1443\_2452524%2C00\.html\\|archive\-date\=14 January 2009}} The DA's 2009 environment and energy plan, "In Trust for the Nation"{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/645/in\-trust\-for\-the\-nation.pdf \\|title\=Who is the President? South Africa left with no Executive Head \\|access\-date\=18 August 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144440/http://www.da.org.za/docs/645/in\-trust\-for\-the\-nation.pdf \\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011 }} proposed new measures to increase energy efficiency, and the introduction of sectoral carbon emission targets. #### Electoral reform The DA broadly supports reforms recommended by [Frederik van Zyl Slabbert](/wiki/Frederik_van_Zyl_Slabbert "Frederik van Zyl Slabbert")'s electoral reform task\-team, that would see the current party list voting system replaced by a 75% constituency\-based/25% [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation "Proportional representation")\-based electoral system that would apply at the national and provincial level.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6026\\|title\=DA proposes electoral reform ahead of next year's general elections\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143209/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6026\\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011}} The DA's governance policy Promoting Open Opportunity Governance{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/640/governance.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=18 August 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202115649/http://da.org.za/docs/640/governance.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2 December 2010 }} also makes provision for the direct election of the president, which would give voters a more direct link to the executive branch. The DA believe voting rights should be extended to include all South African citizens who are living and working abroad, many of whom intend returning.{{cite web\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008\-11/21/content\_10393105\.htm\\|title\=S African Democratic Alliance to lobby for voting rights for S Africans abroad\\|publisher\=China View\\|date\=21 November 2008\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012622/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008\-11/21/content\_10393105\.htm\\|archive\-date\=22 October 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\=889824\\|title\=IEC to consider overseas voting rights\\|publisher\=The Times (South Africa)\\|date\=21 November 2008\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204092232/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\=889824\\|archive\-date\=4 December 2008}} Since 2013, South Africans living abroad can now register and vote in national elections.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/elections\-expats\-080114\.htm \\|title\=SA expats can register abroad to vote \\|access\-date\=8 August 2016 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911091834/http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/elections\-expats\-080114\.htm \\|archive\-date\=11 September 2016 }} #### Foreign policy [250px\\|right\\|thumb\\|[Cape Town City Hall](/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Hall "Cape Town City Hall"), the meeting place for the DA\-controlled [Cape Town City Council](/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Council "Cape Town City Council"), was lit up in blue and yellow (the colours of the [Ukrainian flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine "Flag of Ukraine")) in solidarity with Ukraine in following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine").](/wiki/File:City_Hall_lit_in_blue_and_yellow_%283%29.jpg "City Hall lit in blue and yellow (3).jpg") The DA holds a generally [pro\-Western](/wiki/Pro-Western "Pro-Western") foreign policy. The DA has been a strong supporter of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") during the [Russo\-Ukrainian War](/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War "Russo-Ukrainian War"). South Africa, a member of the [BRICS](/wiki/BRICS "BRICS") alliance, has remained neutral throughout the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), but the DA (including DA\-controlled legislatures and councils) supports Ukraine and has criticised South Africa's ambiguous position, though the ANC has denied supporting [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") and insists that it is neutral. Steenhuisen visited Ukraine in 2022 in solidarity.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/5/south\-africas\-opposition\-leader\-goes\-to\-ukraine\-for\-fact\-finding \\| title\=South Africa's opposition leader goes to Ukraine for fact\-finding }} The party has also called for [Russian President](/wiki/President_of_Russia "President of Russia") [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") [to be arrested](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures "International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures").{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir\-putin\-south\-africa\-opposition\-government\-brics/ \\| title\=Arrest Putin, South Africa's opposition urges government \\| date\=30 May 2023 }} Unlike the ANC, which outspokenly declared its support for [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine "State of Palestine") and refused to condemn [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas") for [its attacks on Israel on 7 October 2023](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel"), the DA, along with other members of the [Multi\-Party Charter](/wiki/Multi-Party_Charter "Multi-Party Charter"), specifically condemned Hamas for its attacks on [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel").{{cite web \\| url\=https://theconversation.com/israel\-palestine\-conflict\-divides\-south\-african\-politicians\-what\-their\-responses\-reveal\-about\-historical\-alliances\-215349 \\| title\=Israel\-Palestine conflict divides South African politicians – what their responses reveal about historical alliances \\| date\=10 October 2023 }} However, the DA, like the ANC, supports a [two state solution](/wiki/Two_state_solution "Two state solution") to the [Israel\-Palestine conflict](/wiki/Israel-Palestine_conflict "Israel-Palestine conflict"), seeking peaceful resolution between the two, and for Palestine to be free, saying "the people of Palestine are not defined by Hamas".{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.da.org.za/2023/11/straight\-talk\-the\-da\-is\-on\-the\-side\-of\-peace\-in\-palestine\-and\-israel\#:\~:text\=The%20Democratic%20Alliance%20remains%20committed,Council%20resolutions%20242%20and%20338\.\\|title\=The DA is on the side of peace in Palestine\\|access\-date\=June 25, 2024\\|website\=DA}}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.da.org.za/2024/01/the\-da\-rejects\-netanyahus\-recent\-statements \\| title\=The DA rejects Netanyahu's recent statements }} There have been pro\-Palestinian civilians in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town") who have protested against the party for not outright condemning Israel.{{cite web \\| url\=https://newint.org/story/action/2024/01/13/cape\-town\-souh\-africa\-icj\-gaza \\| title\=Cape Town youth demand city leaders support Palestine \\| New Internationalist \\| date\=13 January 2024 }}	[ "Ideology and principles\n-----------------------", "The DA sums up its political philosophy as the belief in an \"Open Opportunity Society for All\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/about.htm?action\\=view\\-page\\&category\\=386\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222102128/http://www.da.org.za/about.htm?action\\=view\\-page\\&category\\=386\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2009\\\|publisher\\=DA\\\|title\\=Our Visions and Values\\\|date\\=20 August 2008}} Former party leader Helen Zille has argued that this stands in direct contrast to the ruling ANC's approach to governance, which she maintains has led to a \"closed, crony society for some\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/campaigns.htm?action\\=view\\-page\\&category\\=6329 \\\|publisher\\=DA \\\|title\\=Introductory letter by DA Leader, Helen Zille \\\|date\\=14 November 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604163441/http://www.da.org.za/campaigns.htm?action\\=view\\-page\\&category\\=6329 \\\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2009 }} This formed the basis of the philosophy underlying the party's 2009 Election Manifesto,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/6674/21941%20DA%20Manifesto%20Eng.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306051146/http://www.da.org.za/docs/6674/21941%20DA%20Manifesto%20Eng.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2009 }} which seeks to build a society by linking outcomes to \"opportunity, effort and ability\".{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/6674/21941%20DA%20Manifesto%20Eng.pdf \\\|publisher\\=DA \\\|title\\=DA Manifesto 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306051146/http://www.da.org.za/docs/6674/21941%20DA%20Manifesto%20Eng.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2009 }}", "The DA's historical roots are broadly liberal\\-democratic. During the 1990s, the party remained associated with liberal values, though party leader [Tony Leon](/wiki/Tony_Leon \"Tony Leon\")'s support for the reintroduction of the [death penalty](/wiki/Death_penalty \"Death penalty\"), the party's controversial 1999 campaign slogan \"Fight Back\", and the short\\-lived alliance with the [centre\\-right](/wiki/Centre-right_politics \"Centre-right politics\") [New National Party](/wiki/New_National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"New National Party (South Africa)\") fuelled criticisms of the party from the left.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id\\=814075\\\|title\\=How DP came to Fight Back\\\|date\\=3 August 2008}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=September 2017 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.id.org.za/newsroom/news\\-articles/news\\-archives/archive\\-2004/march\\-2004/da\\-s\\-death\\-penalty\\-stance\\-irks\\-de\\-lille/\\\|publisher\\=South African Press Association\\\|title\\=DA's death penalty stance irks De Lille\\\|date\\=11 March 2004\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423051726/http://www.id.org.za/newsroom/news\\-articles/news\\-archives/archive\\-2004/march\\-2004/da\\-s\\-death\\-penalty\\-stance\\-irks\\-de\\-lille\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2009}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006\\-11\\-26\\-tony\\-leon\\-to\\-step\\-down\\-as\\-da\\-leader\\\|title\\=Tony Leon to step down as DA leader\\\|date\\=26 November 2006\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916012435/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006\\-11\\-26\\-tony\\-leon\\-to\\-step\\-down\\-as\\-da\\-leader\\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2008}} After Helen Zille's election as party leader, the DA has attempted to reposition itself as a mainstream alternative to the ANC.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.news24\\.com/News24/South\\_Africa/Politics/0,,2\\-7\\-12\\_2453609,00\\.html\\\|title\\=ANC's shift could spell trouble\\\|date\\=15 January 2009\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116080459/http://www.news24\\.com/News24/South\\_Africa/Politics/0%2C%2C2\\-7\\-12\\_2453609%2C00\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2009}} The party's economic policy is also broadly centrist, and supports a mix of high spending on crucial social services such as education and health care, a [basic income](/wiki/Basic_income \"Basic income\") grant, and a strong regulatory framework, with more \"moderate\" policies such as a lower budget deficit and a deregulated labour market.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6232\\#more\\-1295\\\|title\\=Ensuring South Africa's prosperity in the face of the global economic crisis\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143048/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6232\\#more\\-1295\\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011}} At her 2009 State of the Province speech, party leader Zille described her party's economic policy as pragmatic: \"We believe the state has a crucial role to play in socio\\-economic development. We are not free market fundamentalists. By the same token we do not believe that a state, with limited capacity, should over\\-reach itself.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/eng/your\\_gov/3150/speeches/2009/may/182124\\\|title\\=State of the Province Speech 2009\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722032140/http://www.westerncape.gov.za/eng/your\\_gov/3150/speeches/2009/may/182124\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2012}}", "### Current policies", "#### Crime", "In the DA's crime plan, \"Conquering Fear, Commanding Hope\",{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/653/CONQUERING%20FEAR%20II.pdf \\\|title\\=CONQUERING FEAR II.doc \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143924/http://www.da.org.za/docs/653/CONQUERING%20FEAR%20II.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011 }} the DA committed itself to increasing the number of police officers to 250,000\\. This is 60,000 more than the government's own target.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.capetimes.co.za/index.php?fSectionId\\=3531\\&fArticleId\\=nw20080812133009575C367672\\\|work\\=Cape Times\\\|title\\= DA promises to reinstate Narcotics Bureau \\\|date\\=12 August 2008}} The party also announced plans to employ 30,000 additional detectives and forensics experts and 500 more prosecutors, in order to reduce court backlogs, and establish a Directorate for Victims of Crime, which would provide funding and support for crime victims.", "In addition, the party announced its support for a prison labour programme, which would put prisoners to work in various community upliftment programmes. The proposal was criticised by labour unions, who believed it was unethical and would result in labour job losses.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/da\\-s\\-prison\\-work\\-plan\\-is\\-slavery\\-with\\-new\\-name\\-1\\.712779\\\|publisher\\=Business Report\\\|title\\=DA's prison work plan is slavery with new name\\\|date\\=15 August 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511154554/http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/da\\-s\\-prison\\-work\\-plan\\-is\\-slavery\\-with\\-new\\-name\\-1\\.712779\\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2015}}", "In late 2008–2009, the DA took a stand against the [South African Police Service](/wiki/South_African_Police_Service \"South African Police Service\")'s [VIP Protection Unit](/wiki/VIP_Protection_Unit_%28South_Africa%29 \"VIP Protection Unit (South Africa)\"), after several officers in the unit were charged with serious criminal offences. The party later released documentation of the unit's poor disciplinary record, and claimed its divisional commander had himself dodged serious criminal charges.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\\=913960\\\|title\\=Blue light bullies off the hook\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108133154/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\\=913960\\\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2009}}", "The DA strongly opposed the disbandment of the [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28South_Africa%29 \"Scorpions (South Africa)\") crime investigation unit,{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009\\-01\\-30\\-opposition\\-scorpions\\-bills\\-mark\\-dark\\-day\\-in\\-sa\\-history\\\|title\\=Opposition: Scorpions bill marks dark day in SA history\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202102314/http://mg.co.za/article/2009\\-01\\-30\\-opposition\\-scorpions\\-bills\\-mark\\-dark\\-day\\-in\\-sa\\-history\\\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2009}} and similar efforts to centralise the police service such as the nationwide disbandment of specialised Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) units.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6149\\\|title\\=How we can resource our agencies properly\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143105/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6149\\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011}}", "The party adopted a resolution declaring farm attacks and murders as [hate crimes](/wiki/Hate_crimes \"Hate crimes\") at its 2020 Federal Congress.{{cite news \\\|title\\=DA resolves to declare farm murders a hate crime \\\|url\\=https://www.news24\\.com/news24/southafrica/news/da\\-resolves\\-to\\-declare\\-farm\\-murders\\-a\\-hate\\-crime\\-20201101 \\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2020 \\\|agency\\=News24 \\\|date\\=1 November 2020}}", "#### Social development", "Central to the DA's social development policy, \"Breaking the Cycle of Poverty\",{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/657/Breaking%20the%20cycle%20of%20poverty.pdf \\\|title\\=Breaking the cycle of poverty.doc \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202115908/http://da.org.za/docs/657/Breaking%20the%20cycle%20of%20poverty.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2010 }} is a Basic Income Grant, which would provide a monthly transfer of R110 to all adults earning less than R46,000 per year. The party also supports legislation that would require the legal guardians of children living in poverty to ensure that their child attends 85 per cent of school classes, and undergoes routine health check\\-ups.", "In addition, to aid with youth development skills, the party proposed a R6000 opportunity voucher or twelve month community service programme to all high school matriculants. The party also supports a universal old age pension, and the abolishment of pension means tests.", "#### Education", "The DA's education programme, \"Preparing for Success\",{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/647/Preparing%20for%20Success.pdf \\\|title\\=Preparing for Success.doc \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143859/http://www.da.org.za/docs/647/Preparing%20for%20Success.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011 }} focuses on providing adequate physical and human resources to underperforming schools. The DA supports guaranteed access to a core minimum of resources for each school, proper state school nutrition schemes for grade 1–12 learners, and measures to train 30,000 additional teachers per year. The DA continues to support the introduction of new performance targets for teachers and schools, and also advocates a per\\-child wage subsidy, and a national network of community\\-based early childhood education centres.", "#### Health", "The DA's \"Quality Care for All\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/655/health\\-review11\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Health review11\\.doc \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202120821/http://da.org.za/docs/655/health\\-review11\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2010 }} programme is focused on tackling [the country's high HIV/AIDS infection rate](/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa \"HIV/AIDS in South Africa\"). Included in these plans is an increase in the number of clinics offering HIV testing and measures to provide all HIV\\-positive women with [Nevirapine](/wiki/Nevirapine \"Nevirapine\"). The party's health policy also plans to devote more resources to vaccinations against common childhood illnesses.", "The party also advocates creating a transparent and competitive health sector, to boost service delivery and encourage health care practitioners to remain in the country.", "#### Economy", "The DA's economic policy aims to create a society in which all South Africans enjoy both the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, and the opportunities to take advantage of those freedoms. In its 2010 Federal Congress booklet, The Open Opportunity Society for All, the party describes this society in the following terms: \"Opportunity is the vehicle with which people are empowered to live their lives, pursue their dreams and develop their full potential. And the DA believes that the role of the government is to provide every citizen with a minimum basic standard of quality services and resources with which to be able to do so – a framework for choice.\"", "The DA therefore advocates a mixed\\-economy approach, where the state is involved in the economy only to the extent that it can expand opportunity and choice.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/our\\_policies.htm?action\\=view\\-policy\\&policy\\=613\\\|title\\=Our Policies: Economics\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031125/http://da.org.za/our\\_policies.htm?action\\=view\\-policy\\&policy\\=613\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2010}}", "The manifesto includes various proposals detailing how a DA government would manage the economy and facilitate growth. The majority of the interventions suggested by the party are aimed at creating an atmosphere conducive to job creation and greater foreign direct investment.", "The DA has suggested measures to make South Africa's labour market more amenable to job creation.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\\=217600\\&sn\\=Detail\\&pid\\=71616\\\|title\\=New labour laws will kill jobs – Ian Ollis\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145245/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\\=217600\\&sn\\=Detail\\&pid\\=71616\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2012}} The party has also suggested several targeted interventions to allow for higher employment, especially amongst the youth. These interventions include a wage subsidy programme to reduce the cost of hiring first\\-time workers.", "The DA has committed itself to a counter\\-cyclical fiscal policy approach. This is evident in the party's previous alternative budget frameworks, with both alternative budgets posting deficits. The party defended this stance by arguing that increased spending was necessary to help the economy out of [recession](/wiki/Recession \"Recession\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=7898\\\|title\\=Alternative Budget 2010: Budgeting for Opportunity\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722094845/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=7898\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2011}} Other fiscal interventions have included a proposed scrapping of [value added tax](/wiki/Value_added_tax \"Value added tax\") (VAT) on books and tax rebates for crime prevention expenditure by businesses.", "The DA supports an inflation\\-targeting [monetary policy](/wiki/Monetary_policy \"Monetary policy\") regime similar to that of the ANC government. It has also repeatedly reaffirmed its support and commitment for reserve bank instrument independence.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.polity.org.za/article/da\\-statement\\-by\\-dion\\-george\\-democratic\\-alliance\\-shadow\\-minister\\-of\\-finance\\-welcoming\\-the\\-interest\\-rate\\-decision\\-26012010\\-2010\\-01\\-26\\\|title\\=DA welcomes interest rates decision\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401073131/http://www.polity.org.za/article/da\\-statement\\-by\\-dion\\-george\\-democratic\\-alliance\\-shadow\\-minister\\-of\\-finance\\-welcoming\\-the\\-interest\\-rate\\-decision\\-26012010\\-2010\\-01\\-26\\\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2010}} The DA proposes to incentivise savings by reducing taxes on income earned from fixed deposits that are held for longer than twelve months. The party states that this would help South Africa to boost its domestic savings rate to enable the country to invest in projects that will provide additional job opportunities.", "The party has rejected the ANC's approach to [Black Economic Empowerment](/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment \"Black Economic Empowerment\"), with former party leader Helen Zille arguing that the current policies have only served to enrich a small elite of politically connected businessmen. The party proposed an alternative it calls broad\\-based economic empowerment, which would provide for targeted interventions focusing on skills training and socio\\-economic investment instead of ownership targets. The party believes that this approach will give a broader group of black South Africans an opportunity to compete and partake in the economy.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/our\\_policies.htm?action\\=view\\-policy\\&policy\\=613\\\|title\\=DA Economic Policy\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031125/http://da.org.za/our\\_policies.htm?action\\=view\\-policy\\&policy\\=613\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2010}}", "The party advocates an active industrial policy that allows the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) to co\\-ordinate industrial policy. Additionally it would also set up a sovereign venture capital fund to help support innovation in key industries. The DA also supports the creation of Industrial Development Zones and Export Processing Zones. The party suggests that by relaxing certain regulations in these zones, manufacturers and exporters would be able to grow faster and employ more people. This fits into the party's broader vision of growing the economy by cutting red tape and regulations it claims is holding back South Africa's economic growth.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id\\=124415\\\|title\\=Job figures unrealistic\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040915/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id\\=124415\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2012}}", "The DA has been against the introduction of a national [minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage \"Minimum wage\"), arguing that workers should be allowed to accept a wage of less than R3500 on their own terms.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://mg.co.za/article/2018\\-04\\-07\\-da\\-wants\\-workers\\-to\\-be\\-free\\-to\\-opt\\-out\\-of\\-national\\-minimum\\-wage\\\|title\\=DA wants workers to be free to opt out of national minimum wage\\\|last\\=Bendile\\\|first\\=Dineo\\\|date\\=7 April 2018\\\|website\\=Mail \\& Guardian\\\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2019}} In contrast, President [Cyril Ramaphosa](/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa \"Cyril Ramaphosa\") stated that the R3500 per month (R20 an hour) minimum wage was still not a living wage, and would only \"advance the struggle for a living wage\".{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018\\-12\\-07\\-national\\-minimum\\-wage\\-on\\-the\\-way\\-a\\-major\\-step\\-in\\-tackling\\-inequality/\\\|title\\=National minimum wage on the way, a major step in tackling inequality\\\|last\\=Nicolson\\\|first\\=Greg\\\|date\\=7 December 2018\\\|website\\=Daily Maverick}}", "#### Land", "The DA is resolutely against land expropriation without compensation.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://citizen.co.za/news/south\\-africa/1884367/da\\-resolute\\-against\\-land\\-expropriation\\-without\\-compensation/\\\|title\\=DA resolute against land expropriation without compensation\\\|last\\=Masilela\\\|first\\=Brenda\\\|work\\=The Citizen\\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2018\\\|language\\=en}} This is in response to the ANC and the EFF's recent attempts to change section 25 of the Constitution which deals with land reform. The DA says that changing the Constitution will open the floodgates and undermine property rights, allowing government to own all land and forcing all South Africans to be only permanent tenants of the land. The party says that it is committed to ensuring that those entitled to land receive it in the form of direct ownership, and not as lifelong tenants.", "The DA's \"Land of Opportunity\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/644/Land%20reform%20\\-%20land%20of%20oppourtunity.pdf \\\|title\\=Land reform – land of opportunity \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011211451/http://www.da.org.za/docs/644/Land%20reform%20\\-%20land%20of%20oppourtunity.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2010 }} programme supports the \"willing buyer, willing seller\" principle, though it also allows for expropriation for reform purposes in certain limited circumstances. The party has been critical of the resources that government has allocated to land reform, claiming that government has not been sufficiently active in buying up land that comes onto the market. Though the DA believes this could speed up the pace of land reform, their policies have been vocally criticised by members of the Tripartite Alliance. Land Affairs Minister [Thoko Didiza](/wiki/Thoko_Didiza \"Thoko Didiza\") accused the DA of attempting to \"stifle\" land reform,{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://land.pwv.gov.za/publications/news/dla\\_in\\_the\\_news/2005/DLA\\_in\\_the\\_News\\_December/DAILY%20DISPATCH%2002\\-12\\-05%20p24%20\\.pdf \\\|title\\=DA's land reform plan shot down by Thoko Didiza \\\|publisher\\=Daily Dispatch \\\|date\\=2 December 2005 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204041754/http://land.pwv.gov.za/publications/news/dla\\_in\\_the\\_news/2005/DLA\\_in\\_the\\_News\\_December/DAILY%20DISPATCH%2002\\-12\\-05%20p24%20\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2008 }} while the [South African Communist Party](/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party \"South African Communist Party\") contended that the DA's policies overly favoured big business.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include\\=docs/pr/2005/pr1201\\.html\\\|title\\=SACP Statement on the DA's approach to land and agrarian reform\\\|publisher\\=SACP\\\|date\\=1 December 2005\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310054821/http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include\\=docs%2Fpr%2F2005%2Fpr1201\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=10 March 2007\\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2018}} In a speech at the DA's national congress in April 2018, DA Leader, Mmusi Maimane, praised DA Western Cape Provincial Leader, Bonginkosi Madikizela, for overseeing the delivery of 91 000 title deeds in the province and allowing residents to have full title deeds to their homes.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.da.org.za/2018/04/closing\\-speech\\-congress\\-2018/\\\|title\\=Closing Speech Congress 2018\\\|date\\=8 April 2018\\\|work\\=Democratic Alliance\\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2018\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "#### Environment and energy", "In the build up to the 2009 elections, the DA announced it would create a new Ministry of Energy and Climate Change, to ensure improved integrated energy planning in order to deal with South Africa's growing carbon dioxide emissions.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.news24\\.com/News24/Technology/News/0,,2\\-13\\-1443\\_2452524,00\\.html\\\|title\\=DA Unveils Energy Policy\\\|publisher\\=News24\\\|date\\=13 January 2009\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114002403/http://www.news24\\.com/News24/Technology/News/0%2C%2C2\\-13\\-1443\\_2452524%2C00\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2009}} The DA's 2009 environment and energy plan, \"In Trust for the Nation\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/645/in\\-trust\\-for\\-the\\-nation.pdf \\\|title\\=Who is the President? South Africa left with no Executive Head \\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144440/http://www.da.org.za/docs/645/in\\-trust\\-for\\-the\\-nation.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011 }} proposed new measures to increase energy efficiency, and the introduction of sectoral carbon emission targets.", "#### Electoral reform", "The DA broadly supports reforms recommended by [Frederik van Zyl Slabbert](/wiki/Frederik_van_Zyl_Slabbert \"Frederik van Zyl Slabbert\")'s electoral reform task\\-team, that would see the current party list voting system replaced by a 75% constituency\\-based/25% [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation \"Proportional representation\")\\-based electoral system that would apply at the national and provincial level.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6026\\\|title\\=DA proposes electoral reform ahead of next year's general elections\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143209/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6026\\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011}} The DA's governance policy Promoting Open Opportunity Governance{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/640/governance.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202115649/http://da.org.za/docs/640/governance.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2010 }} also makes provision for the direct election of the president, which would give voters a more direct link to the executive branch.", "The DA believe voting rights should be extended to include all South African citizens who are living and working abroad, many of whom intend returning.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008\\-11/21/content\\_10393105\\.htm\\\|title\\=S African Democratic Alliance to lobby for voting rights for S Africans abroad\\\|publisher\\=China View\\\|date\\=21 November 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012622/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008\\-11/21/content\\_10393105\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2012}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\\=889824\\\|title\\=IEC to consider overseas voting rights\\\|publisher\\=The Times (South Africa)\\\|date\\=21 November 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204092232/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\\=889824\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2008}} Since 2013, South Africans living abroad can now register and vote in national elections.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/elections\\-expats\\-080114\\.htm \\\|title\\=SA expats can register abroad to vote \\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2016 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911091834/http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/elections\\-expats\\-080114\\.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=11 September 2016 }}", "#### Foreign policy", "[250px\\\|right\\\|thumb\\\|[Cape Town City Hall](/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Hall \"Cape Town City Hall\"), the meeting place for the DA\\-controlled [Cape Town City Council](/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Council \"Cape Town City Council\"), was lit up in blue and yellow (the colours of the [Ukrainian flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine \"Flag of Ukraine\")) in solidarity with Ukraine in following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\").](/wiki/File:City_Hall_lit_in_blue_and_yellow_%283%29.jpg \"City Hall lit in blue and yellow (3).jpg\")\nThe DA holds a generally [pro\\-Western](/wiki/Pro-Western \"Pro-Western\") foreign policy.", "The DA has been a strong supporter of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") during the [Russo\\-Ukrainian War](/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War \"Russo-Ukrainian War\"). South Africa, a member of the [BRICS](/wiki/BRICS \"BRICS\") alliance, has remained neutral throughout the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), but the DA (including DA\\-controlled legislatures and councils) supports Ukraine and has criticised South Africa's ambiguous position, though the ANC has denied supporting [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") and insists that it is neutral. Steenhuisen visited Ukraine in 2022 in solidarity.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/5/south\\-africas\\-opposition\\-leader\\-goes\\-to\\-ukraine\\-for\\-fact\\-finding \\\| title\\=South Africa's opposition leader goes to Ukraine for fact\\-finding }} The party has also called for [Russian President](/wiki/President_of_Russia \"President of Russia\") [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") [to be arrested](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures \"International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures\").{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir\\-putin\\-south\\-africa\\-opposition\\-government\\-brics/ \\\| title\\=Arrest Putin, South Africa's opposition urges government \\\| date\\=30 May 2023 }}", "Unlike the ANC, which outspokenly declared its support for [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\") and refused to condemn [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\") for [its attacks on Israel on 7 October 2023](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel \"2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel\"), the DA, along with other members of the [Multi\\-Party Charter](/wiki/Multi-Party_Charter \"Multi-Party Charter\"), specifically condemned Hamas for its attacks on [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\").{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://theconversation.com/israel\\-palestine\\-conflict\\-divides\\-south\\-african\\-politicians\\-what\\-their\\-responses\\-reveal\\-about\\-historical\\-alliances\\-215349 \\\| title\\=Israel\\-Palestine conflict divides South African politicians – what their responses reveal about historical alliances \\\| date\\=10 October 2023 }} However, the DA, like the ANC, supports a [two state solution](/wiki/Two_state_solution \"Two state solution\") to the [Israel\\-Palestine conflict](/wiki/Israel-Palestine_conflict \"Israel-Palestine conflict\"), seeking peaceful resolution between the two, and for Palestine to be free, saying \"the people of Palestine are not defined by Hamas\".{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.da.org.za/2023/11/straight\\-talk\\-the\\-da\\-is\\-on\\-the\\-side\\-of\\-peace\\-in\\-palestine\\-and\\-israel\\#:\\~:text\\=The%20Democratic%20Alliance%20remains%20committed,Council%20resolutions%20242%20and%20338\\.\\\|title\\=The DA is on the side of peace in Palestine\\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2024\\\|website\\=DA}}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.da.org.za/2024/01/the\\-da\\-rejects\\-netanyahus\\-recent\\-statements \\\| title\\=The DA rejects Netanyahu's recent statements }} There have been pro\\-Palestinian civilians in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") who have protested against the party for not outright condemning Israel.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://newint.org/story/action/2024/01/13/cape\\-town\\-souh\\-africa\\-icj\\-gaza \\\| title\\=Cape Town youth demand city leaders support Palestine \\\| New Internationalist \\\| date\\=13 January 2024 }}", "" ]
### Current policies #### Crime In the DA's crime plan, "Conquering Fear, Commanding Hope",{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/653/CONQUERING%20FEAR%20II.pdf \\|title\=CONQUERING FEAR II.doc \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143924/http://www.da.org.za/docs/653/CONQUERING%20FEAR%20II.pdf \\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011 }} the DA committed itself to increasing the number of police officers to 250,000\. This is 60,000 more than the government's own target.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.capetimes.co.za/index.php?fSectionId\=3531\&fArticleId\=nw20080812133009575C367672\\|work\=Cape Times\\|title\= DA promises to reinstate Narcotics Bureau \\|date\=12 August 2008}} The party also announced plans to employ 30,000 additional detectives and forensics experts and 500 more prosecutors, in order to reduce court backlogs, and establish a Directorate for Victims of Crime, which would provide funding and support for crime victims. In addition, the party announced its support for a prison labour programme, which would put prisoners to work in various community upliftment programmes. The proposal was criticised by labour unions, who believed it was unethical and would result in labour job losses.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/da\-s\-prison\-work\-plan\-is\-slavery\-with\-new\-name\-1\.712779\\|publisher\=Business Report\\|title\=DA's prison work plan is slavery with new name\\|date\=15 August 2008\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511154554/http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/da\-s\-prison\-work\-plan\-is\-slavery\-with\-new\-name\-1\.712779\\|archive\-date\=11 May 2015}} In late 2008–2009, the DA took a stand against the [South African Police Service](/wiki/South_African_Police_Service "South African Police Service")'s [VIP Protection Unit](/wiki/VIP_Protection_Unit_%28South_Africa%29 "VIP Protection Unit (South Africa)"), after several officers in the unit were charged with serious criminal offences. The party later released documentation of the unit's poor disciplinary record, and claimed its divisional commander had himself dodged serious criminal charges.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\=913960\\|title\=Blue light bullies off the hook\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108133154/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\=913960\\|archive\-date\=8 January 2009}} The DA strongly opposed the disbandment of the [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28South_Africa%29 "Scorpions (South Africa)") crime investigation unit,{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009\-01\-30\-opposition\-scorpions\-bills\-mark\-dark\-day\-in\-sa\-history\\|title\=Opposition: Scorpions bill marks dark day in SA history\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202102314/http://mg.co.za/article/2009\-01\-30\-opposition\-scorpions\-bills\-mark\-dark\-day\-in\-sa\-history\\|archive\-date\=2 February 2009}} and similar efforts to centralise the police service such as the nationwide disbandment of specialised Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) units.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6149\\|title\=How we can resource our agencies properly\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143105/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6149\\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011}} The party adopted a resolution declaring farm attacks and murders as [hate crimes](/wiki/Hate_crimes "Hate crimes") at its 2020 Federal Congress.{{cite news \\|title\=DA resolves to declare farm murders a hate crime \\|url\=https://www.news24\.com/news24/southafrica/news/da\-resolves\-to\-declare\-farm\-murders\-a\-hate\-crime\-20201101 \\|access\-date\=16 November 2020 \\|agency\=News24 \\|date\=1 November 2020}} #### Social development Central to the DA's social development policy, "Breaking the Cycle of Poverty",{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/657/Breaking%20the%20cycle%20of%20poverty.pdf \\|title\=Breaking the cycle of poverty.doc \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202115908/http://da.org.za/docs/657/Breaking%20the%20cycle%20of%20poverty.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2 December 2010 }} is a Basic Income Grant, which would provide a monthly transfer of R110 to all adults earning less than R46,000 per year. The party also supports legislation that would require the legal guardians of children living in poverty to ensure that their child attends 85 per cent of school classes, and undergoes routine health check\-ups. In addition, to aid with youth development skills, the party proposed a R6000 opportunity voucher or twelve month community service programme to all high school matriculants. The party also supports a universal old age pension, and the abolishment of pension means tests. #### Education The DA's education programme, "Preparing for Success",{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/647/Preparing%20for%20Success.pdf \\|title\=Preparing for Success.doc \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143859/http://www.da.org.za/docs/647/Preparing%20for%20Success.pdf \\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011 }} focuses on providing adequate physical and human resources to underperforming schools. The DA supports guaranteed access to a core minimum of resources for each school, proper state school nutrition schemes for grade 1–12 learners, and measures to train 30,000 additional teachers per year. The DA continues to support the introduction of new performance targets for teachers and schools, and also advocates a per\-child wage subsidy, and a national network of community\-based early childhood education centres. #### Health The DA's "Quality Care for All"{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/655/health\-review11\.pdf \\|title\=Health review11\.doc \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202120821/http://da.org.za/docs/655/health\-review11\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2 December 2010 }} programme is focused on tackling [the country's high HIV/AIDS infection rate](/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa "HIV/AIDS in South Africa"). Included in these plans is an increase in the number of clinics offering HIV testing and measures to provide all HIV\-positive women with [Nevirapine](/wiki/Nevirapine "Nevirapine"). The party's health policy also plans to devote more resources to vaccinations against common childhood illnesses. The party also advocates creating a transparent and competitive health sector, to boost service delivery and encourage health care practitioners to remain in the country. #### Economy The DA's economic policy aims to create a society in which all South Africans enjoy both the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, and the opportunities to take advantage of those freedoms. In its 2010 Federal Congress booklet, The Open Opportunity Society for All, the party describes this society in the following terms: "Opportunity is the vehicle with which people are empowered to live their lives, pursue their dreams and develop their full potential. And the DA believes that the role of the government is to provide every citizen with a minimum basic standard of quality services and resources with which to be able to do so – a framework for choice." The DA therefore advocates a mixed\-economy approach, where the state is involved in the economy only to the extent that it can expand opportunity and choice.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/our\_policies.htm?action\=view\-policy\&policy\=613\\|title\=Our Policies: Economics\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031125/http://da.org.za/our\_policies.htm?action\=view\-policy\&policy\=613\\|archive\-date\=23 November 2010}} The manifesto includes various proposals detailing how a DA government would manage the economy and facilitate growth. The majority of the interventions suggested by the party are aimed at creating an atmosphere conducive to job creation and greater foreign direct investment. The DA has suggested measures to make South Africa's labour market more amenable to job creation.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\=217600\&sn\=Detail\&pid\=71616\\|title\=New labour laws will kill jobs – Ian Ollis\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145245/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\=217600\&sn\=Detail\&pid\=71616\\|archive\-date\=4 March 2012}} The party has also suggested several targeted interventions to allow for higher employment, especially amongst the youth. These interventions include a wage subsidy programme to reduce the cost of hiring first\-time workers. The DA has committed itself to a counter\-cyclical fiscal policy approach. This is evident in the party's previous alternative budget frameworks, with both alternative budgets posting deficits. The party defended this stance by arguing that increased spending was necessary to help the economy out of [recession](/wiki/Recession "Recession").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=7898\\|title\=Alternative Budget 2010: Budgeting for Opportunity\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722094845/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=7898\\|archive\-date\=22 July 2011}} Other fiscal interventions have included a proposed scrapping of [value added tax](/wiki/Value_added_tax "Value added tax") (VAT) on books and tax rebates for crime prevention expenditure by businesses. The DA supports an inflation\-targeting [monetary policy](/wiki/Monetary_policy "Monetary policy") regime similar to that of the ANC government. It has also repeatedly reaffirmed its support and commitment for reserve bank instrument independence.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.polity.org.za/article/da\-statement\-by\-dion\-george\-democratic\-alliance\-shadow\-minister\-of\-finance\-welcoming\-the\-interest\-rate\-decision\-26012010\-2010\-01\-26\\|title\=DA welcomes interest rates decision\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401073131/http://www.polity.org.za/article/da\-statement\-by\-dion\-george\-democratic\-alliance\-shadow\-minister\-of\-finance\-welcoming\-the\-interest\-rate\-decision\-26012010\-2010\-01\-26\\|archive\-date\=1 April 2010}} The DA proposes to incentivise savings by reducing taxes on income earned from fixed deposits that are held for longer than twelve months. The party states that this would help South Africa to boost its domestic savings rate to enable the country to invest in projects that will provide additional job opportunities. The party has rejected the ANC's approach to [Black Economic Empowerment](/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment "Black Economic Empowerment"), with former party leader Helen Zille arguing that the current policies have only served to enrich a small elite of politically connected businessmen. The party proposed an alternative it calls broad\-based economic empowerment, which would provide for targeted interventions focusing on skills training and socio\-economic investment instead of ownership targets. The party believes that this approach will give a broader group of black South Africans an opportunity to compete and partake in the economy.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/our\_policies.htm?action\=view\-policy\&policy\=613\\|title\=DA Economic Policy\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031125/http://da.org.za/our\_policies.htm?action\=view\-policy\&policy\=613\\|archive\-date\=23 November 2010}} The party advocates an active industrial policy that allows the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) to co\-ordinate industrial policy. Additionally it would also set up a sovereign venture capital fund to help support innovation in key industries. The DA also supports the creation of Industrial Development Zones and Export Processing Zones. The party suggests that by relaxing certain regulations in these zones, manufacturers and exporters would be able to grow faster and employ more people. This fits into the party's broader vision of growing the economy by cutting red tape and regulations it claims is holding back South Africa's economic growth.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id\=124415\\|title\=Job figures unrealistic\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040915/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id\=124415\\|archive\-date\=6 March 2012}} The DA has been against the introduction of a national [minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage "Minimum wage"), arguing that workers should be allowed to accept a wage of less than R3500 on their own terms.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://mg.co.za/article/2018\-04\-07\-da\-wants\-workers\-to\-be\-free\-to\-opt\-out\-of\-national\-minimum\-wage\\|title\=DA wants workers to be free to opt out of national minimum wage\\|last\=Bendile\\|first\=Dineo\\|date\=7 April 2018\\|website\=Mail \& Guardian\\|access\-date\=28 January 2019}} In contrast, President [Cyril Ramaphosa](/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa "Cyril Ramaphosa") stated that the R3500 per month (R20 an hour) minimum wage was still not a living wage, and would only "advance the struggle for a living wage".{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018\-12\-07\-national\-minimum\-wage\-on\-the\-way\-a\-major\-step\-in\-tackling\-inequality/\\|title\=National minimum wage on the way, a major step in tackling inequality\\|last\=Nicolson\\|first\=Greg\\|date\=7 December 2018\\|website\=Daily Maverick}} #### Land The DA is resolutely against land expropriation without compensation.{{Cite news\\|url\=https://citizen.co.za/news/south\-africa/1884367/da\-resolute\-against\-land\-expropriation\-without\-compensation/\\|title\=DA resolute against land expropriation without compensation\\|last\=Masilela\\|first\=Brenda\\|work\=The Citizen\\|access\-date\=13 April 2018\\|language\=en}} This is in response to the ANC and the EFF's recent attempts to change section 25 of the Constitution which deals with land reform. The DA says that changing the Constitution will open the floodgates and undermine property rights, allowing government to own all land and forcing all South Africans to be only permanent tenants of the land. The party says that it is committed to ensuring that those entitled to land receive it in the form of direct ownership, and not as lifelong tenants. The DA's "Land of Opportunity"{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/644/Land%20reform%20\-%20land%20of%20oppourtunity.pdf \\|title\=Land reform – land of opportunity \\|access\-date\=15 June 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011211451/http://www.da.org.za/docs/644/Land%20reform%20\-%20land%20of%20oppourtunity.pdf \\|archive\-date\=11 October 2010 }} programme supports the "willing buyer, willing seller" principle, though it also allows for expropriation for reform purposes in certain limited circumstances. The party has been critical of the resources that government has allocated to land reform, claiming that government has not been sufficiently active in buying up land that comes onto the market. Though the DA believes this could speed up the pace of land reform, their policies have been vocally criticised by members of the Tripartite Alliance. Land Affairs Minister [Thoko Didiza](/wiki/Thoko_Didiza "Thoko Didiza") accused the DA of attempting to "stifle" land reform,{{cite web\\|url\=http://land.pwv.gov.za/publications/news/dla\_in\_the\_news/2005/DLA\_in\_the\_News\_December/DAILY%20DISPATCH%2002\-12\-05%20p24%20\.pdf \\|title\=DA's land reform plan shot down by Thoko Didiza \\|publisher\=Daily Dispatch \\|date\=2 December 2005 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204041754/http://land.pwv.gov.za/publications/news/dla\_in\_the\_news/2005/DLA\_in\_the\_News\_December/DAILY%20DISPATCH%2002\-12\-05%20p24%20\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=4 December 2008 }} while the [South African Communist Party](/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party "South African Communist Party") contended that the DA's policies overly favoured big business.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include\=docs/pr/2005/pr1201\.html\\|title\=SACP Statement on the DA's approach to land and agrarian reform\\|publisher\=SACP\\|date\=1 December 2005\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310054821/http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include\=docs%2Fpr%2F2005%2Fpr1201\.html\\|archive\-date\=10 March 2007\\|access\-date\=10 January 2018}} In a speech at the DA's national congress in April 2018, DA Leader, Mmusi Maimane, praised DA Western Cape Provincial Leader, Bonginkosi Madikizela, for overseeing the delivery of 91 000 title deeds in the province and allowing residents to have full title deeds to their homes.{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.da.org.za/2018/04/closing\-speech\-congress\-2018/\\|title\=Closing Speech Congress 2018\\|date\=8 April 2018\\|work\=Democratic Alliance\\|access\-date\=13 April 2018\\|language\=en\-US}} #### Environment and energy In the build up to the 2009 elections, the DA announced it would create a new Ministry of Energy and Climate Change, to ensure improved integrated energy planning in order to deal with South Africa's growing carbon dioxide emissions.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.news24\.com/News24/Technology/News/0,,2\-13\-1443\_2452524,00\.html\\|title\=DA Unveils Energy Policy\\|publisher\=News24\\|date\=13 January 2009\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114002403/http://www.news24\.com/News24/Technology/News/0%2C%2C2\-13\-1443\_2452524%2C00\.html\\|archive\-date\=14 January 2009}} The DA's 2009 environment and energy plan, "In Trust for the Nation"{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/645/in\-trust\-for\-the\-nation.pdf \\|title\=Who is the President? South Africa left with no Executive Head \\|access\-date\=18 August 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144440/http://www.da.org.za/docs/645/in\-trust\-for\-the\-nation.pdf \\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011 }} proposed new measures to increase energy efficiency, and the introduction of sectoral carbon emission targets. #### Electoral reform The DA broadly supports reforms recommended by [Frederik van Zyl Slabbert](/wiki/Frederik_van_Zyl_Slabbert "Frederik van Zyl Slabbert")'s electoral reform task\-team, that would see the current party list voting system replaced by a 75% constituency\-based/25% [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation "Proportional representation")\-based electoral system that would apply at the national and provincial level.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6026\\|title\=DA proposes electoral reform ahead of next year's general elections\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143209/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\=view\-news\-item\&id\=6026\\|archive\-date\=13 June 2011}} The DA's governance policy Promoting Open Opportunity Governance{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/640/governance.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=18 August 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202115649/http://da.org.za/docs/640/governance.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2 December 2010 }} also makes provision for the direct election of the president, which would give voters a more direct link to the executive branch. The DA believe voting rights should be extended to include all South African citizens who are living and working abroad, many of whom intend returning.{{cite web\\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008\-11/21/content\_10393105\.htm\\|title\=S African Democratic Alliance to lobby for voting rights for S Africans abroad\\|publisher\=China View\\|date\=21 November 2008\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012622/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008\-11/21/content\_10393105\.htm\\|archive\-date\=22 October 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\=889824\\|title\=IEC to consider overseas voting rights\\|publisher\=The Times (South Africa)\\|date\=21 November 2008\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204092232/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\=889824\\|archive\-date\=4 December 2008}} Since 2013, South Africans living abroad can now register and vote in national elections.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/elections\-expats\-080114\.htm \\|title\=SA expats can register abroad to vote \\|access\-date\=8 August 2016 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911091834/http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/elections\-expats\-080114\.htm \\|archive\-date\=11 September 2016 }} #### Foreign policy [250px\\|right\\|thumb\\|[Cape Town City Hall](/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Hall "Cape Town City Hall"), the meeting place for the DA\-controlled [Cape Town City Council](/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Council "Cape Town City Council"), was lit up in blue and yellow (the colours of the [Ukrainian flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine "Flag of Ukraine")) in solidarity with Ukraine in following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine").](/wiki/File:City_Hall_lit_in_blue_and_yellow_%283%29.jpg "City Hall lit in blue and yellow (3).jpg") The DA holds a generally [pro\-Western](/wiki/Pro-Western "Pro-Western") foreign policy. The DA has been a strong supporter of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") during the [Russo\-Ukrainian War](/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War "Russo-Ukrainian War"). South Africa, a member of the [BRICS](/wiki/BRICS "BRICS") alliance, has remained neutral throughout the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), but the DA (including DA\-controlled legislatures and councils) supports Ukraine and has criticised South Africa's ambiguous position, though the ANC has denied supporting [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") and insists that it is neutral. Steenhuisen visited Ukraine in 2022 in solidarity.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/5/south\-africas\-opposition\-leader\-goes\-to\-ukraine\-for\-fact\-finding \\| title\=South Africa's opposition leader goes to Ukraine for fact\-finding }} The party has also called for [Russian President](/wiki/President_of_Russia "President of Russia") [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") [to be arrested](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures "International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures").{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir\-putin\-south\-africa\-opposition\-government\-brics/ \\| title\=Arrest Putin, South Africa's opposition urges government \\| date\=30 May 2023 }} Unlike the ANC, which outspokenly declared its support for [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine "State of Palestine") and refused to condemn [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas") for [its attacks on Israel on 7 October 2023](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel"), the DA, along with other members of the [Multi\-Party Charter](/wiki/Multi-Party_Charter "Multi-Party Charter"), specifically condemned Hamas for its attacks on [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel").{{cite web \\| url\=https://theconversation.com/israel\-palestine\-conflict\-divides\-south\-african\-politicians\-what\-their\-responses\-reveal\-about\-historical\-alliances\-215349 \\| title\=Israel\-Palestine conflict divides South African politicians – what their responses reveal about historical alliances \\| date\=10 October 2023 }} However, the DA, like the ANC, supports a [two state solution](/wiki/Two_state_solution "Two state solution") to the [Israel\-Palestine conflict](/wiki/Israel-Palestine_conflict "Israel-Palestine conflict"), seeking peaceful resolution between the two, and for Palestine to be free, saying "the people of Palestine are not defined by Hamas".{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.da.org.za/2023/11/straight\-talk\-the\-da\-is\-on\-the\-side\-of\-peace\-in\-palestine\-and\-israel\#:\~:text\=The%20Democratic%20Alliance%20remains%20committed,Council%20resolutions%20242%20and%20338\.\\|title\=The DA is on the side of peace in Palestine\\|access\-date\=June 25, 2024\\|website\=DA}}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.da.org.za/2024/01/the\-da\-rejects\-netanyahus\-recent\-statements \\| title\=The DA rejects Netanyahu's recent statements }} There have been pro\-Palestinian civilians in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town") who have protested against the party for not outright condemning Israel.{{cite web \\| url\=https://newint.org/story/action/2024/01/13/cape\-town\-souh\-africa\-icj\-gaza \\| title\=Cape Town youth demand city leaders support Palestine \\| New Internationalist \\| date\=13 January 2024 }}	[ "### Current policies", "#### Crime", "In the DA's crime plan, \"Conquering Fear, Commanding Hope\",{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/653/CONQUERING%20FEAR%20II.pdf \\\|title\\=CONQUERING FEAR II.doc \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143924/http://www.da.org.za/docs/653/CONQUERING%20FEAR%20II.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011 }} the DA committed itself to increasing the number of police officers to 250,000\\. This is 60,000 more than the government's own target.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.capetimes.co.za/index.php?fSectionId\\=3531\\&fArticleId\\=nw20080812133009575C367672\\\|work\\=Cape Times\\\|title\\= DA promises to reinstate Narcotics Bureau \\\|date\\=12 August 2008}} The party also announced plans to employ 30,000 additional detectives and forensics experts and 500 more prosecutors, in order to reduce court backlogs, and establish a Directorate for Victims of Crime, which would provide funding and support for crime victims.", "In addition, the party announced its support for a prison labour programme, which would put prisoners to work in various community upliftment programmes. The proposal was criticised by labour unions, who believed it was unethical and would result in labour job losses.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/da\\-s\\-prison\\-work\\-plan\\-is\\-slavery\\-with\\-new\\-name\\-1\\.712779\\\|publisher\\=Business Report\\\|title\\=DA's prison work plan is slavery with new name\\\|date\\=15 August 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511154554/http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/da\\-s\\-prison\\-work\\-plan\\-is\\-slavery\\-with\\-new\\-name\\-1\\.712779\\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2015}}", "In late 2008–2009, the DA took a stand against the [South African Police Service](/wiki/South_African_Police_Service \"South African Police Service\")'s [VIP Protection Unit](/wiki/VIP_Protection_Unit_%28South_Africa%29 \"VIP Protection Unit (South Africa)\"), after several officers in the unit were charged with serious criminal offences. The party later released documentation of the unit's poor disciplinary record, and claimed its divisional commander had himself dodged serious criminal charges.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\\=913960\\\|title\\=Blue light bullies off the hook\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108133154/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\\=913960\\\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2009}}", "The DA strongly opposed the disbandment of the [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28South_Africa%29 \"Scorpions (South Africa)\") crime investigation unit,{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009\\-01\\-30\\-opposition\\-scorpions\\-bills\\-mark\\-dark\\-day\\-in\\-sa\\-history\\\|title\\=Opposition: Scorpions bill marks dark day in SA history\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202102314/http://mg.co.za/article/2009\\-01\\-30\\-opposition\\-scorpions\\-bills\\-mark\\-dark\\-day\\-in\\-sa\\-history\\\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2009}} and similar efforts to centralise the police service such as the nationwide disbandment of specialised Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) units.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6149\\\|title\\=How we can resource our agencies properly\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143105/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6149\\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011}}", "The party adopted a resolution declaring farm attacks and murders as [hate crimes](/wiki/Hate_crimes \"Hate crimes\") at its 2020 Federal Congress.{{cite news \\\|title\\=DA resolves to declare farm murders a hate crime \\\|url\\=https://www.news24\\.com/news24/southafrica/news/da\\-resolves\\-to\\-declare\\-farm\\-murders\\-a\\-hate\\-crime\\-20201101 \\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2020 \\\|agency\\=News24 \\\|date\\=1 November 2020}}", "#### Social development", "Central to the DA's social development policy, \"Breaking the Cycle of Poverty\",{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/657/Breaking%20the%20cycle%20of%20poverty.pdf \\\|title\\=Breaking the cycle of poverty.doc \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202115908/http://da.org.za/docs/657/Breaking%20the%20cycle%20of%20poverty.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2010 }} is a Basic Income Grant, which would provide a monthly transfer of R110 to all adults earning less than R46,000 per year. The party also supports legislation that would require the legal guardians of children living in poverty to ensure that their child attends 85 per cent of school classes, and undergoes routine health check\\-ups.", "In addition, to aid with youth development skills, the party proposed a R6000 opportunity voucher or twelve month community service programme to all high school matriculants. The party also supports a universal old age pension, and the abolishment of pension means tests.", "#### Education", "The DA's education programme, \"Preparing for Success\",{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/647/Preparing%20for%20Success.pdf \\\|title\\=Preparing for Success.doc \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143859/http://www.da.org.za/docs/647/Preparing%20for%20Success.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011 }} focuses on providing adequate physical and human resources to underperforming schools. The DA supports guaranteed access to a core minimum of resources for each school, proper state school nutrition schemes for grade 1–12 learners, and measures to train 30,000 additional teachers per year. The DA continues to support the introduction of new performance targets for teachers and schools, and also advocates a per\\-child wage subsidy, and a national network of community\\-based early childhood education centres.", "#### Health", "The DA's \"Quality Care for All\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/655/health\\-review11\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Health review11\\.doc \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202120821/http://da.org.za/docs/655/health\\-review11\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2010 }} programme is focused on tackling [the country's high HIV/AIDS infection rate](/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa \"HIV/AIDS in South Africa\"). Included in these plans is an increase in the number of clinics offering HIV testing and measures to provide all HIV\\-positive women with [Nevirapine](/wiki/Nevirapine \"Nevirapine\"). The party's health policy also plans to devote more resources to vaccinations against common childhood illnesses.", "The party also advocates creating a transparent and competitive health sector, to boost service delivery and encourage health care practitioners to remain in the country.", "#### Economy", "The DA's economic policy aims to create a society in which all South Africans enjoy both the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, and the opportunities to take advantage of those freedoms. In its 2010 Federal Congress booklet, The Open Opportunity Society for All, the party describes this society in the following terms: \"Opportunity is the vehicle with which people are empowered to live their lives, pursue their dreams and develop their full potential. And the DA believes that the role of the government is to provide every citizen with a minimum basic standard of quality services and resources with which to be able to do so – a framework for choice.\"", "The DA therefore advocates a mixed\\-economy approach, where the state is involved in the economy only to the extent that it can expand opportunity and choice.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/our\\_policies.htm?action\\=view\\-policy\\&policy\\=613\\\|title\\=Our Policies: Economics\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031125/http://da.org.za/our\\_policies.htm?action\\=view\\-policy\\&policy\\=613\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2010}}", "The manifesto includes various proposals detailing how a DA government would manage the economy and facilitate growth. The majority of the interventions suggested by the party are aimed at creating an atmosphere conducive to job creation and greater foreign direct investment.", "The DA has suggested measures to make South Africa's labour market more amenable to job creation.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\\=217600\\&sn\\=Detail\\&pid\\=71616\\\|title\\=New labour laws will kill jobs – Ian Ollis\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145245/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid\\=217600\\&sn\\=Detail\\&pid\\=71616\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2012}} The party has also suggested several targeted interventions to allow for higher employment, especially amongst the youth. These interventions include a wage subsidy programme to reduce the cost of hiring first\\-time workers.", "The DA has committed itself to a counter\\-cyclical fiscal policy approach. This is evident in the party's previous alternative budget frameworks, with both alternative budgets posting deficits. The party defended this stance by arguing that increased spending was necessary to help the economy out of [recession](/wiki/Recession \"Recession\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=7898\\\|title\\=Alternative Budget 2010: Budgeting for Opportunity\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722094845/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=7898\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2011}} Other fiscal interventions have included a proposed scrapping of [value added tax](/wiki/Value_added_tax \"Value added tax\") (VAT) on books and tax rebates for crime prevention expenditure by businesses.", "The DA supports an inflation\\-targeting [monetary policy](/wiki/Monetary_policy \"Monetary policy\") regime similar to that of the ANC government. It has also repeatedly reaffirmed its support and commitment for reserve bank instrument independence.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.polity.org.za/article/da\\-statement\\-by\\-dion\\-george\\-democratic\\-alliance\\-shadow\\-minister\\-of\\-finance\\-welcoming\\-the\\-interest\\-rate\\-decision\\-26012010\\-2010\\-01\\-26\\\|title\\=DA welcomes interest rates decision\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401073131/http://www.polity.org.za/article/da\\-statement\\-by\\-dion\\-george\\-democratic\\-alliance\\-shadow\\-minister\\-of\\-finance\\-welcoming\\-the\\-interest\\-rate\\-decision\\-26012010\\-2010\\-01\\-26\\\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2010}} The DA proposes to incentivise savings by reducing taxes on income earned from fixed deposits that are held for longer than twelve months. The party states that this would help South Africa to boost its domestic savings rate to enable the country to invest in projects that will provide additional job opportunities.", "The party has rejected the ANC's approach to [Black Economic Empowerment](/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment \"Black Economic Empowerment\"), with former party leader Helen Zille arguing that the current policies have only served to enrich a small elite of politically connected businessmen. The party proposed an alternative it calls broad\\-based economic empowerment, which would provide for targeted interventions focusing on skills training and socio\\-economic investment instead of ownership targets. The party believes that this approach will give a broader group of black South Africans an opportunity to compete and partake in the economy.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/our\\_policies.htm?action\\=view\\-policy\\&policy\\=613\\\|title\\=DA Economic Policy\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031125/http://da.org.za/our\\_policies.htm?action\\=view\\-policy\\&policy\\=613\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2010}}", "The party advocates an active industrial policy that allows the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) to co\\-ordinate industrial policy. Additionally it would also set up a sovereign venture capital fund to help support innovation in key industries. The DA also supports the creation of Industrial Development Zones and Export Processing Zones. The party suggests that by relaxing certain regulations in these zones, manufacturers and exporters would be able to grow faster and employ more people. This fits into the party's broader vision of growing the economy by cutting red tape and regulations it claims is holding back South Africa's economic growth.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id\\=124415\\\|title\\=Job figures unrealistic\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040915/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id\\=124415\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2012}}", "The DA has been against the introduction of a national [minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage \"Minimum wage\"), arguing that workers should be allowed to accept a wage of less than R3500 on their own terms.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://mg.co.za/article/2018\\-04\\-07\\-da\\-wants\\-workers\\-to\\-be\\-free\\-to\\-opt\\-out\\-of\\-national\\-minimum\\-wage\\\|title\\=DA wants workers to be free to opt out of national minimum wage\\\|last\\=Bendile\\\|first\\=Dineo\\\|date\\=7 April 2018\\\|website\\=Mail \\& Guardian\\\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2019}} In contrast, President [Cyril Ramaphosa](/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa \"Cyril Ramaphosa\") stated that the R3500 per month (R20 an hour) minimum wage was still not a living wage, and would only \"advance the struggle for a living wage\".{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018\\-12\\-07\\-national\\-minimum\\-wage\\-on\\-the\\-way\\-a\\-major\\-step\\-in\\-tackling\\-inequality/\\\|title\\=National minimum wage on the way, a major step in tackling inequality\\\|last\\=Nicolson\\\|first\\=Greg\\\|date\\=7 December 2018\\\|website\\=Daily Maverick}}", "#### Land", "The DA is resolutely against land expropriation without compensation.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://citizen.co.za/news/south\\-africa/1884367/da\\-resolute\\-against\\-land\\-expropriation\\-without\\-compensation/\\\|title\\=DA resolute against land expropriation without compensation\\\|last\\=Masilela\\\|first\\=Brenda\\\|work\\=The Citizen\\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2018\\\|language\\=en}} This is in response to the ANC and the EFF's recent attempts to change section 25 of the Constitution which deals with land reform. The DA says that changing the Constitution will open the floodgates and undermine property rights, allowing government to own all land and forcing all South Africans to be only permanent tenants of the land. The party says that it is committed to ensuring that those entitled to land receive it in the form of direct ownership, and not as lifelong tenants.", "The DA's \"Land of Opportunity\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/644/Land%20reform%20\\-%20land%20of%20oppourtunity.pdf \\\|title\\=Land reform – land of opportunity \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011211451/http://www.da.org.za/docs/644/Land%20reform%20\\-%20land%20of%20oppourtunity.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2010 }} programme supports the \"willing buyer, willing seller\" principle, though it also allows for expropriation for reform purposes in certain limited circumstances. The party has been critical of the resources that government has allocated to land reform, claiming that government has not been sufficiently active in buying up land that comes onto the market. Though the DA believes this could speed up the pace of land reform, their policies have been vocally criticised by members of the Tripartite Alliance. Land Affairs Minister [Thoko Didiza](/wiki/Thoko_Didiza \"Thoko Didiza\") accused the DA of attempting to \"stifle\" land reform,{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://land.pwv.gov.za/publications/news/dla\\_in\\_the\\_news/2005/DLA\\_in\\_the\\_News\\_December/DAILY%20DISPATCH%2002\\-12\\-05%20p24%20\\.pdf \\\|title\\=DA's land reform plan shot down by Thoko Didiza \\\|publisher\\=Daily Dispatch \\\|date\\=2 December 2005 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204041754/http://land.pwv.gov.za/publications/news/dla\\_in\\_the\\_news/2005/DLA\\_in\\_the\\_News\\_December/DAILY%20DISPATCH%2002\\-12\\-05%20p24%20\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2008 }} while the [South African Communist Party](/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party \"South African Communist Party\") contended that the DA's policies overly favoured big business.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include\\=docs/pr/2005/pr1201\\.html\\\|title\\=SACP Statement on the DA's approach to land and agrarian reform\\\|publisher\\=SACP\\\|date\\=1 December 2005\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310054821/http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include\\=docs%2Fpr%2F2005%2Fpr1201\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=10 March 2007\\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2018}} In a speech at the DA's national congress in April 2018, DA Leader, Mmusi Maimane, praised DA Western Cape Provincial Leader, Bonginkosi Madikizela, for overseeing the delivery of 91 000 title deeds in the province and allowing residents to have full title deeds to their homes.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.da.org.za/2018/04/closing\\-speech\\-congress\\-2018/\\\|title\\=Closing Speech Congress 2018\\\|date\\=8 April 2018\\\|work\\=Democratic Alliance\\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2018\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "#### Environment and energy", "In the build up to the 2009 elections, the DA announced it would create a new Ministry of Energy and Climate Change, to ensure improved integrated energy planning in order to deal with South Africa's growing carbon dioxide emissions.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.news24\\.com/News24/Technology/News/0,,2\\-13\\-1443\\_2452524,00\\.html\\\|title\\=DA Unveils Energy Policy\\\|publisher\\=News24\\\|date\\=13 January 2009\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114002403/http://www.news24\\.com/News24/Technology/News/0%2C%2C2\\-13\\-1443\\_2452524%2C00\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2009}} The DA's 2009 environment and energy plan, \"In Trust for the Nation\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/645/in\\-trust\\-for\\-the\\-nation.pdf \\\|title\\=Who is the President? South Africa left with no Executive Head \\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144440/http://www.da.org.za/docs/645/in\\-trust\\-for\\-the\\-nation.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011 }} proposed new measures to increase energy efficiency, and the introduction of sectoral carbon emission targets.", "#### Electoral reform", "The DA broadly supports reforms recommended by [Frederik van Zyl Slabbert](/wiki/Frederik_van_Zyl_Slabbert \"Frederik van Zyl Slabbert\")'s electoral reform task\\-team, that would see the current party list voting system replaced by a 75% constituency\\-based/25% [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation \"Proportional representation\")\\-based electoral system that would apply at the national and provincial level.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6026\\\|title\\=DA proposes electoral reform ahead of next year's general elections\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143209/http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action\\=view\\-news\\-item\\&id\\=6026\\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2011}} The DA's governance policy Promoting Open Opportunity Governance{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.da.org.za/docs/640/governance.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202115649/http://da.org.za/docs/640/governance.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2010 }} also makes provision for the direct election of the president, which would give voters a more direct link to the executive branch.", "The DA believe voting rights should be extended to include all South African citizens who are living and working abroad, many of whom intend returning.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008\\-11/21/content\\_10393105\\.htm\\\|title\\=S African Democratic Alliance to lobby for voting rights for S Africans abroad\\\|publisher\\=China View\\\|date\\=21 November 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012622/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008\\-11/21/content\\_10393105\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2012}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\\=889824\\\|title\\=IEC to consider overseas voting rights\\\|publisher\\=The Times (South Africa)\\\|date\\=21 November 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204092232/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id\\=889824\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2008}} Since 2013, South Africans living abroad can now register and vote in national elections.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/elections\\-expats\\-080114\\.htm \\\|title\\=SA expats can register abroad to vote \\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2016 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911091834/http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/elections\\-expats\\-080114\\.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=11 September 2016 }}", "#### Foreign policy", "[250px\\\|right\\\|thumb\\\|[Cape Town City Hall](/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Hall \"Cape Town City Hall\"), the meeting place for the DA\\-controlled [Cape Town City Council](/wiki/Cape_Town_City_Council \"Cape Town City Council\"), was lit up in blue and yellow (the colours of the [Ukrainian flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine \"Flag of Ukraine\")) in solidarity with Ukraine in following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\").](/wiki/File:City_Hall_lit_in_blue_and_yellow_%283%29.jpg \"City Hall lit in blue and yellow (3).jpg\")\nThe DA holds a generally [pro\\-Western](/wiki/Pro-Western \"Pro-Western\") foreign policy.", "The DA has been a strong supporter of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") during the [Russo\\-Ukrainian War](/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War \"Russo-Ukrainian War\"). South Africa, a member of the [BRICS](/wiki/BRICS \"BRICS\") alliance, has remained neutral throughout the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), but the DA (including DA\\-controlled legislatures and councils) supports Ukraine and has criticised South Africa's ambiguous position, though the ANC has denied supporting [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") and insists that it is neutral. Steenhuisen visited Ukraine in 2022 in solidarity.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/5/south\\-africas\\-opposition\\-leader\\-goes\\-to\\-ukraine\\-for\\-fact\\-finding \\\| title\\=South Africa's opposition leader goes to Ukraine for fact\\-finding }} The party has also called for [Russian President](/wiki/President_of_Russia \"President of Russia\") [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") [to be arrested](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures \"International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures\").{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir\\-putin\\-south\\-africa\\-opposition\\-government\\-brics/ \\\| title\\=Arrest Putin, South Africa's opposition urges government \\\| date\\=30 May 2023 }}", "Unlike the ANC, which outspokenly declared its support for [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\") and refused to condemn [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\") for [its attacks on Israel on 7 October 2023](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel \"2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel\"), the DA, along with other members of the [Multi\\-Party Charter](/wiki/Multi-Party_Charter \"Multi-Party Charter\"), specifically condemned Hamas for its attacks on [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\").{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://theconversation.com/israel\\-palestine\\-conflict\\-divides\\-south\\-african\\-politicians\\-what\\-their\\-responses\\-reveal\\-about\\-historical\\-alliances\\-215349 \\\| title\\=Israel\\-Palestine conflict divides South African politicians – what their responses reveal about historical alliances \\\| date\\=10 October 2023 }} However, the DA, like the ANC, supports a [two state solution](/wiki/Two_state_solution \"Two state solution\") to the [Israel\\-Palestine conflict](/wiki/Israel-Palestine_conflict \"Israel-Palestine conflict\"), seeking peaceful resolution between the two, and for Palestine to be free, saying \"the people of Palestine are not defined by Hamas\".{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.da.org.za/2023/11/straight\\-talk\\-the\\-da\\-is\\-on\\-the\\-side\\-of\\-peace\\-in\\-palestine\\-and\\-israel\\#:\\~:text\\=The%20Democratic%20Alliance%20remains%20committed,Council%20resolutions%20242%20and%20338\\.\\\|title\\=The DA is on the side of peace in Palestine\\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2024\\\|website\\=DA}}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.da.org.za/2024/01/the\\-da\\-rejects\\-netanyahus\\-recent\\-statements \\\| title\\=The DA rejects Netanyahu's recent statements }} There have been pro\\-Palestinian civilians in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") who have protested against the party for not outright condemning Israel.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://newint.org/story/action/2024/01/13/cape\\-town\\-souh\\-africa\\-icj\\-gaza \\\| title\\=Cape Town youth demand city leaders support Palestine \\\| New Internationalist \\\| date\\=13 January 2024 }}", "" ]
Organisation and structure -------------------------- ### Democratic Alliance Youth The Democratic Alliance Youth (DA Youth), which came officially into being in late 2008, was first led by [Makashule Gana](/wiki/Makashule_Gana "Makashule Gana") until 2013, [Mbali Ntuli](/wiki/Mbali_Ntuli "Mbali Ntuli") led between 2013 and 2014, [Yusuf Cassim](/wiki/Yusuf_Cassim "Yusuf Cassim") led from 2014 to 2018 and [Luyolo Mphithi](/wiki/Luyolo_Mphithi "Luyolo Mphithi") led from 2018 to 2022\. The current Interim Federal Leader, Nicholas Nyati, was elected at the Interim Democratic Alliance Youth Federal Congress in 2022\. Robin Atson, Kamogelo Makola, Chadwin Petersen and Lindokuhle Sixabayi are the Interim DA Youth Federal Deputy Chaipersons in Administration, Recruitment, Training and Development, and Media and Publicity, respectively.{{Cite web \\|last\=Charles \\|first\=Marvin \\|title\=DA Youth elects new interim leadership during virtual federal congress \\|url\=https://www.news24\.com/news24/southafrica/news/da\-youth\-elects\-new\-interim\-leadership\-during\-virtual\-federal\-congress\-20220515 \\|access\-date\=2022\-05\-15 \\|website\=News24 \\|language\=en\-US}} In the Gauteng Province, the first dually elected Democratic Alliance Youth Provincial Executive Committee took office in November 2017 after they were elected at the Gauteng Provincial Congress the same year. It consists of Pogiso Mthimunye (chairperson), Patrick Oberholster (deputy chairperson), Khathutshelo Rasilingwane (Recruitment and Campaigns) and Prudence Mollo (Training and Development). In the North West Province of South Africa, Emi Koekemoer is the elected Provincial Chairperson while Henning Lubbe takes the role as Provincial Deputy Chairperson of Administration, Quinton Booysen fills the role of Provincial Deputy Chairperson of Recruitment and Campaigns, Percilla Mompe is the Provincial Deputy Chairperson of Media and Publicity and Neo Mabote is the Provincial Deputy Chairperson of Training and Development. ### Democratic Alliance Women's Network [199x199px\\|thumb\\|[Nomafrench Mbombo](/wiki/Nomafrench_Mbombo "Nomafrench Mbombo"), the most recent DAWN leader](/wiki/File:Nomafrench_Mbombo.png "Nomafrench Mbombo.png") Until 28 April 2021, the Democratic Alliance Women's Network (DAWN) federal leader was [Nomafrench Mbombo](/wiki/Nomafrench_Mbombo "Nomafrench Mbombo"), who is also the current Western Cape Minister of Health.{{Cite news\\|date\=28 April 2021\\|title\=WC Health MEC resigns as DA Women's Network Federal leader\\|work\=eNCA\\|url\=https://www.enca.com/news/wc\-health\-mec\-resigns\-da\-womens\-network\-federal\-leader\\|access\-date\=28 April 2021\\|archive\-date\=22 October 2022\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022075154/https://www.enca.com/news/wc\-health\-mec\-resigns\-da\-womens\-network\-federal\-leader\\|url\-status\=dead}} The deputy federal leader is Safiyia Stanfley.{{Cite news \\|date\=6 April 2018 \\|title\=DA Women's Network and DA Youth elect new leadership – Democratic Alliance \\|language\=en\-US \\|work\=Democratic Alliance \\|url\=https://www.da.org.za/2018/04/da\-womens\-network\-da\-youth\-elect\-new\-leadership/ \\|access\-date\=30 April 2018}} According to the DAWN constitution:{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.da.org.za/constitution\-democratic\-alliance\-womens\-network/\\|title\=The Constitution of the Democratic Alliance Women's Network – Democratic Alliance\\|work\=Democratic Alliance\\|access\-date\=30 April 2018\\|language\=en\-US}} > DAWN will: promote the empowerment and development of women and help build their self\-confidence to stimulate and activate initiatives. promote amongst women a consciousness of accountability, patriotism and unity. promote women's participation in every sector of public life. promote a healthy culture of the recognition of women's rights as human rights. oppose violence against women wherever possible. * + - * + Each province has a provincial DAWN chairperson. The provincial chairpersons are as follows:{{cite web \\|title\=DA Women's Network \\|url\=https://www.da.org.za/get\-involved/dawn \\|access\-date\=13 August 2024 \\|website\=Democratic Alliance}} * [Eastern Cape](/wiki/Eastern_Cape "Eastern Cape"): Nomvano Zibonda * [Free State](/wiki/Free_State_%28province%29 "Free State (province)"): Mildred Faro * [Gauteng](/wiki/Gauteng "Gauteng"): Vacant * [KwaZulu\-Natal](/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal "KwaZulu-Natal"): Remona Mackenzie * [Limpopo](/wiki/Limpopo "Limpopo"): Thelma Mafunzwaini * [Mpumalanga](/wiki/Mpumalanga "Mpumalanga"): Mariaan Chamberlain * [Northern Cape](/wiki/Northern_Cape "Northern Cape"): [Fawzia Rhoda](/wiki/Fawzia_Rhoda "Fawzia Rhoda") * [North\-West](/wiki/North_West_%28South_African_province%29 "North West (South African province)"): Vacant * [Western Cape](/wiki/Western_Cape "Western Cape"): Vacant ### Democratic Alliance Abroad The DA Abroad is the Democratic Alliance's supporters network for South Africans who live outside the South African border. The DA Abroad aims to grow the DA's overseas voter base, actively lobby for international awareness and influence for the furtherance of policies and action programmes of the DA and develop a global interconnected community that supports an open opportunity society for all. The Democratic Alliance Abroad (DA Abroad) was officially launched in November 2009\. Previously the DA Abroad was led by Ludre Stevens between 2009 and 2015 and then by Francine Higham between 2015 and 2019 with Morné Van der Waltsleben as Global Operations Chair from 2013 to 2017\. Between 2019 and 2021 it was led by Rory Jubber with [Nigel Bruce](/wiki/Nigel_Bruce_%28journalist%29 "Nigel Bruce (journalist)") acting as chairperson. On 27 August 2021, Ludre Stevens was elected unopposed as DA Abroad Leader. The DA Abroad has hubs in the UK, North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia. ### Democratic Alliance Young Leaders Programme The DA's Young Leaders Programme (YLP) is a political leadership development programme for South Africans between the ages of 18 and 35\.	[ "Organisation and structure\n--------------------------", "### Democratic Alliance Youth", "The Democratic Alliance Youth (DA Youth), which came officially into being in late 2008, was first led by [Makashule Gana](/wiki/Makashule_Gana \"Makashule Gana\") until 2013, [Mbali Ntuli](/wiki/Mbali_Ntuli \"Mbali Ntuli\") led between 2013 and 2014, [Yusuf Cassim](/wiki/Yusuf_Cassim \"Yusuf Cassim\") led from 2014 to 2018 and [Luyolo Mphithi](/wiki/Luyolo_Mphithi \"Luyolo Mphithi\") led from 2018 to 2022\\. The current Interim Federal Leader, Nicholas Nyati, was elected at the Interim Democratic Alliance Youth Federal Congress in 2022\\. Robin Atson, Kamogelo Makola, Chadwin Petersen and Lindokuhle Sixabayi are the Interim DA Youth Federal Deputy Chaipersons in Administration, Recruitment, Training and Development, and Media and Publicity, respectively.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Charles \\\|first\\=Marvin \\\|title\\=DA Youth elects new interim leadership during virtual federal congress \\\|url\\=https://www.news24\\.com/news24/southafrica/news/da\\-youth\\-elects\\-new\\-interim\\-leadership\\-during\\-virtual\\-federal\\-congress\\-20220515 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-15 \\\|website\\=News24 \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In the Gauteng Province, the first dually elected Democratic Alliance Youth Provincial Executive Committee took office in November 2017 after they were elected at the Gauteng Provincial Congress the same year. It consists of Pogiso Mthimunye (chairperson), Patrick Oberholster (deputy chairperson), Khathutshelo Rasilingwane (Recruitment and Campaigns) and Prudence Mollo (Training and Development).", "In the North West Province of South Africa, Emi Koekemoer is the elected Provincial Chairperson while Henning Lubbe takes the role as Provincial Deputy Chairperson of Administration, Quinton Booysen fills the role of Provincial Deputy Chairperson of Recruitment and Campaigns, Percilla Mompe is the Provincial Deputy Chairperson of Media and Publicity and Neo Mabote is the Provincial Deputy Chairperson of Training and Development.", "### Democratic Alliance Women's Network", "[199x199px\\\|thumb\\\|[Nomafrench Mbombo](/wiki/Nomafrench_Mbombo \"Nomafrench Mbombo\"), the most recent DAWN leader](/wiki/File:Nomafrench_Mbombo.png \"Nomafrench Mbombo.png\")\nUntil 28 April 2021, the Democratic Alliance Women's Network (DAWN) federal leader was [Nomafrench Mbombo](/wiki/Nomafrench_Mbombo \"Nomafrench Mbombo\"), who is also the current Western Cape Minister of Health.{{Cite news\\\|date\\=28 April 2021\\\|title\\=WC Health MEC resigns as DA Women's Network Federal leader\\\|work\\=eNCA\\\|url\\=https://www.enca.com/news/wc\\-health\\-mec\\-resigns\\-da\\-womens\\-network\\-federal\\-leader\\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2021\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2022\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022075154/https://www.enca.com/news/wc\\-health\\-mec\\-resigns\\-da\\-womens\\-network\\-federal\\-leader\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The deputy federal leader is Safiyia Stanfley.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=6 April 2018 \\\|title\\=DA Women's Network and DA Youth elect new leadership – Democratic Alliance \\\|language\\=en\\-US \\\|work\\=Democratic Alliance \\\|url\\=https://www.da.org.za/2018/04/da\\-womens\\-network\\-da\\-youth\\-elect\\-new\\-leadership/ \\\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2018}}", "According to the DAWN constitution:{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.da.org.za/constitution\\-democratic\\-alliance\\-womens\\-network/\\\|title\\=The Constitution of the Democratic Alliance Women's Network – Democratic Alliance\\\|work\\=Democratic Alliance\\\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2018\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "", "> DAWN will:", "promote the empowerment and development of women and help build their self\\-confidence to stimulate and activate initiatives.\n promote amongst women a consciousness of accountability, patriotism and unity.\n promote women's participation in every sector of public life.\n promote a healthy culture of the recognition of women's rights as human rights.\n oppose violence against women wherever possible.", "* + - * + Each province has a provincial DAWN chairperson. The provincial chairpersons are as follows:{{cite web \\\|title\\=DA Women's Network \\\|url\\=https://www.da.org.za/get\\-involved/dawn \\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2024 \\\|website\\=Democratic Alliance}}", "* [Eastern Cape](/wiki/Eastern_Cape \"Eastern Cape\"): Nomvano Zibonda\n* [Free State](/wiki/Free_State_%28province%29 \"Free State (province)\"): Mildred Faro\n* [Gauteng](/wiki/Gauteng \"Gauteng\"): Vacant\n* [KwaZulu\\-Natal](/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal \"KwaZulu-Natal\"): Remona Mackenzie\n* [Limpopo](/wiki/Limpopo \"Limpopo\"): Thelma Mafunzwaini\n* [Mpumalanga](/wiki/Mpumalanga \"Mpumalanga\"): Mariaan Chamberlain\n* [Northern Cape](/wiki/Northern_Cape \"Northern Cape\"): [Fawzia Rhoda](/wiki/Fawzia_Rhoda \"Fawzia Rhoda\")\n* [North\\-West](/wiki/North_West_%28South_African_province%29 \"North West (South African province)\"): Vacant\n* [Western Cape](/wiki/Western_Cape \"Western Cape\"): Vacant", "### Democratic Alliance Abroad", "The DA Abroad is the Democratic Alliance's supporters network for South Africans who live outside the South African border. The DA Abroad aims to grow the DA's overseas voter base, actively lobby for international awareness and influence for the furtherance of policies and action programmes of the DA and develop a global interconnected community that supports an open opportunity society for all.", "The Democratic Alliance Abroad (DA Abroad) was officially launched in November 2009\\. Previously the DA Abroad was led by Ludre Stevens between 2009 and 2015 and then by Francine Higham between 2015 and 2019 with Morné Van der Waltsleben as Global Operations Chair from 2013 to 2017\\. Between 2019 and 2021 it was led by Rory Jubber with [Nigel Bruce](/wiki/Nigel_Bruce_%28journalist%29 \"Nigel Bruce (journalist)\") acting as chairperson. On 27 August 2021, Ludre Stevens was elected unopposed as DA Abroad Leader.", "The DA Abroad has hubs in the UK, North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia.", "### Democratic Alliance Young Leaders Programme", "The DA's Young Leaders Programme (YLP) is a political leadership development programme for South Africans between the ages of 18 and 35\\.", "" ]
Taking over the team -------------------- Brown assumed ownership responsibilities upon his father's death in August 1991 and has remained in the ownership position since. His first significant move as owner was to fire popular coach [Sam Wyche](/wiki/Sam_Wyche "Sam Wyche") after the 1991 season (although he originally claimed that Wyche resigned).Players are stunned by Wyche's exit, 1991, December 26, The New York Times, B21\. Days later, Brown hired [Dave Shula](/wiki/Dave_Shula "Dave Shula") to be head coach, making Shula (at the time) the second youngest NFL head coach in history and making Dave and [Don Shula](/wiki/Don_Shula "Don Shula") the first father\-son to lead different NFL teams in the same year.Fowler, Scott, 1991, December 28, Shula \& son: NFL coaching tandem; Bengals select David Shula, The Miami Herald, D1\. Going into 1993, Brown sought to negotiate a new lease with [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati") to keep the Bengals in the city. ### Construction of a new stadium deal Initially, Brown rejected advances from other cities to discuss moving the team.Shapiro, Leonard, 1993, December 2, Expansive Jacksonville is jumping for Jaguars; NFL's newest city enjoys upset victory, The Washington Post, B1\. By 1995, he argued that [Riverfront Stadium](/wiki/Riverfront_Stadium "Riverfront Stadium")'s small [seating capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity "Seating capacity") and lack of [luxury boxes](/wiki/Luxury_box "Luxury box") was hindering the Bengals' success.Forbes, Gordon, 1995, June 20\. Bengals' boss sees stadiums as solutions, USA Today, 6C. In 1995, he announced that Cincinnati had [breached](/wiki/Breach_of_contract "Breach of contract") its [lease](/wiki/Lease "Lease") agreement when it was late by one week in paying $167,000 in [concession](/wiki/Concession_%28contract%29 "Concession (contract)") [receipts](/wiki/Receipt "Receipt").{{cite web \\|title\=Hamilton County Board of Commissioners v. National Football League, et al. \\|url\=http://www.ca6\.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/07a0229p\-06\.pdf \\|website\=USCourts.gov}} He threatened to move the team to [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore") if Cincinnati or Hamilton County would not fund a new [stadium](/wiki/Stadium "Stadium").1995, June 25, Bengals set ultimatum, The Washington Post, p. D05 The [leverage](/wiki/Leverage_%28negotiation%29 "Leverage (negotiation)") of this threat proved successful as Cincinnati's [City Council](/wiki/City_Council "City Council") and the Hamilton County Commissioners opted to fund the new [Paul Brown Stadium](/wiki/Paul_Brown_Stadium "Paul Brown Stadium") with a proposed county sales tax increase, which needed voter approval. (Modell eventually, and controversially, [moved the Browns to Baltimore](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns_relocation_controversy "Cleveland Browns relocation controversy") and renamed it to the [Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens "Baltimore Ravens"), but a new Cleveland team resumed the Browns' history.) In 1996, [Hamilton County](/wiki/Hamilton_County%2C_Ohio "Hamilton County, Ohio") voters passed a one\-half percent [sales tax](/wiki/Sales_tax "Sales tax") increase to fund the building of a new facility for the Bengals and a second new facility for the [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds").1996, September 6\. The stadium binge, USA Today, 20C. The Bengals filed suit against the county for the right to manage it in 2000\.2000, April 27\. Bengals sue county for right to manage new football stadium, The Associated Press State \& Local Wire. County commissioners agreed to let a Bengals' subsidiary run the stadium,2000, May 25\. County OKs deal to let Bengals unit manage new stadium, The Associated Press State \& Local Wire. and it opened later that year.2000, September 10\. Browns spoil opener for Bengals' stadium, Associated Press Worldstream [thumb\\|170px\\|right\\|Todd Portune unseated future Bengals employee Bob Bedinghaus for the role of Hamilton County Commissioner](/wiki/File:Todd_Portune_at_Turnaround_Ohio_rally.jpg "Todd Portune at Turnaround Ohio rally.jpg") In 2007, Hamilton County Commissioner [Todd Portune](/wiki/Todd_Portune "Todd Portune") (a former Cincinnati City Council member, though not Commissioner at the time the parties executed the lease), filed a [lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuit "Lawsuit") in [federal district court](/wiki/Federal_district_court "Federal district court") against the NFL, the Bengals and the other 31 NFL teams. Portune felt, among other things, that published revenues from 1995 to 1999 Bruton, Mike. 2001, May 17\. League, teams take aim at revenue report. Philadelphia Inquirer. contradicted Brown's claims of financial distress. The Hamilton County Board of Commissioners eventually was substituted as the plaintiff in the case. Fans supporting Portune cited what they felt was the broken promise that the Bengals would "be more competitive" with a new stadium.Associated Press, 2000, August 16, Public gets look at new Bengals' stadium. The Bengals have had only eight winning seasons out of 22 since the stadium opened, [with five of those seasons occurring from 2011 to 2015](/wiki/List_of_Cincinnati_Bengals_seasons "List of Cincinnati Bengals seasons"). Rick Eckstein, co\-author of "Public Dollars, Private Stadiums," described the Hamilton County arrangement as "the single most lopsided stadium deal since 1993" and questioned Bob Bedinghaus'{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.smartvoter.org/2000/11/07/oh/hm/vote/bedinghaus\_b/\\|title \= Voter Information for Bob Bedinghaus}} role with the team after having been County Commissioner when the deal was reached.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.whodeyrevolution.com/whodeyrevolution/2008/12/fuel\-to\-the\-fire\-more\-on\-the\-stadium\-deal.html\#comments \\|title\=WhoDeyRevolution: Fuel to the Fire: More on the Stadium Deal \\|access\-date\=December 11, 2008 \\|archive\-date\=December 19, 2008 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219025535/http://www.whodeyrevolution.com/whodeyrevolution/2008/12/fuel\-to\-the\-fire\-more\-on\-the\-stadium\-deal.html\#comments \\|url\-status\=dead }} A 2008 [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes") survey suggested the team's rankings in direct revenues had dropped since the stadium's construction (placing the team 21st in total value at the time at $941 million).{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/30/sportsmoney\_nfl08\_Cincinnati\-Bengals\_306869\.html\\|title \= Forbes List Directory\\|website \= \[\[Forbes]]}} The organization's lease is due to expire in 2026\. In 2020, Hamilton County and the Bengals agreed to split costs on an architectural needs assessment of the stadium.Wartman, Scott, 2020, September 12, What will stadium need to stay 'relevant?': County hires architects to recommend what needs to be done over next 20 years, Cincinnati Enquirer, A.1\. ### On\-the\-field struggles Since Brown became owner, the team has eight winning seasons out of 30, a winning percentage of .418 (199–278–4\) in the regular season, and no playoff wins in seven appearances from 1991 to 2020\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/teams/cin/\\|title \= Cincinnati Bengals Team Encyclopedia\\|website \= \[\[Pro\-Football\-Reference.com]]}} In 2008, the Bengals set a record for the most games needed under one specific owner to attain 100 wins (288\). In 2010, the team set a record for the fewest games needed to lose 200 (both considering and not considering playoffs) under one specific owner (314\).Jones, Tom, 2010, November 12, Number of the day, St. Petersburg Times (Florida), 2C. The Bengals hold a number of distinctions for the time frame of Brown's ownership: It is the only team with three nine\-game\-or\-more losing streaks.{{cite web \\|url\=http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2010/12/06/historic\-losing\-streak/ \\|title\=Historic losing streak \\| Bengals Blog \\|access\-date\=December 8, 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208195602/http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2010/12/06/historic\-losing\-streak/ \\|archive\-date\=December 8, 2010 }} It also holds six of the twenty\-five 0\-6 starts (24%)[Bengals back to setting standard for misery](https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug=ap-sameoldbengals&prov=ap&type=lgns%20Bengals%20back%20to%20setting%20standard%20for%20misery) Yahoo.com {{Dead link\\|date\=February 2022}} and four of the thirteen 0\-8 starts (31%) in that time.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/27407418/ \\|title\='Embarrassed' Bengals (0\-8\) reaching new lows \- NFL\- nbcsports.MSNBC.com \\|access\-date\=February 17, 2009 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030024113/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/27407418/ \\|archive\-date\=October 30, 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead }} The Bengals have gone winless in October nine different times in twenty\-two years under five different head coaches ([Sam Wyche](/wiki/Sam_Wyche "Sam Wyche"), the first under his ownership, was originally hired by [his father](/wiki/Paul_Brown "Paul Brown")). The franchise's winless playoff record from 1991 to 2020 was the longest active drought in the four major North American sports. One of the few successful coaches during Brown's tenure was [Marvin Lewis](/wiki/Marvin_Lewis "Marvin Lewis"), who was his first to have winning seasons, playoff appearances, division titles, and an overall winning record at 131\-129\-3 (.504\). All seven of the Bengals postseason appearances with Lewis, however, ended in first\-round losses. [Zac Taylor](/wiki/Zac_Taylor "Zac Taylor"), Lewis' successor, was the first head coach under Brown to win a playoff game, which he achieved in [2021](/wiki/2021_Cincinnati_Bengals_season "2021 Cincinnati Bengals season"). The team also won the franchise's first road playoff game and advanced to [Super Bowl LVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVI "Super Bowl LVI"), although they lost to the [Los Angeles Rams](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams "Los Angeles Rams"). In 2009, Yahoo sports ranked Brown as the second worst owner in the NFL.{{cite web\\|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug\=ms\-ownerrankingspartone09020 \\|title\='09 owner rankings, 17\-32: Dysfunctional Davis \- NFL \- Yahoo! Sports \\|access\-date\=September 4, 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103060447/http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug\=ms\-ownerrankingspartone09020 \\|archive\-date\=November 3, 2011 }} In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Mike Brown as the 9th worst sports owner.{{Cite magazine\\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics\-lists/the\-15\-worst\-owners\-in\-sports\-144598/\\|title\=The 15 Worst Owners in Sports\\|last1\=Lund\\|first1\=Jeb\\|last2\=Stone\\|first2\=Rolling\\|date\=November 23, 2015\\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\\|language\=en\-US\\|access\-date\=January 5, 2020}}	[ "Taking over the team\n--------------------", "Brown assumed ownership responsibilities upon his father's death in August 1991 and has remained in the ownership position since. His first significant move as owner was to fire popular coach [Sam Wyche](/wiki/Sam_Wyche \"Sam Wyche\") after the 1991 season (although he originally claimed that Wyche resigned).Players are stunned by Wyche's exit, 1991, December 26, The New York Times, B21\\. Days later, Brown hired [Dave Shula](/wiki/Dave_Shula \"Dave Shula\") to be head coach, making Shula (at the time) the second youngest NFL head coach in history and making Dave and [Don Shula](/wiki/Don_Shula \"Don Shula\") the first father\\-son to lead different NFL teams in the same year.Fowler, Scott, 1991, December 28, Shula \\& son: NFL coaching tandem; Bengals select David Shula, The Miami Herald, D1\\. Going into 1993, Brown sought to negotiate a new lease with [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati \"Cincinnati\") to keep the Bengals in the city.", "### Construction of a new stadium deal", "Initially, Brown rejected advances from other cities to discuss moving the team.Shapiro, Leonard, 1993, December 2, Expansive Jacksonville is jumping for Jaguars; NFL's newest city enjoys upset victory, The Washington Post, B1\\. By 1995, he argued that [Riverfront Stadium](/wiki/Riverfront_Stadium \"Riverfront Stadium\")'s small [seating capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity \"Seating capacity\") and lack of [luxury boxes](/wiki/Luxury_box \"Luxury box\") was hindering the Bengals' success.Forbes, Gordon, 1995, June 20\\. Bengals' boss sees stadiums as solutions, USA Today, 6C.", "In 1995, he announced that Cincinnati had [breached](/wiki/Breach_of_contract \"Breach of contract\") its [lease](/wiki/Lease \"Lease\") agreement when it was late by one week in paying $167,000 in [concession](/wiki/Concession_%28contract%29 \"Concession (contract)\") [receipts](/wiki/Receipt \"Receipt\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=Hamilton County Board of Commissioners v. National Football League, et al. \\\|url\\=http://www.ca6\\.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/07a0229p\\-06\\.pdf \\\|website\\=USCourts.gov}} He threatened to move the team to [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\") if Cincinnati or Hamilton County would not fund a new [stadium](/wiki/Stadium \"Stadium\").1995, June 25, Bengals set ultimatum, The Washington Post, p. D05 The [leverage](/wiki/Leverage_%28negotiation%29 \"Leverage (negotiation)\") of this threat proved successful as Cincinnati's [City Council](/wiki/City_Council \"City Council\") and the Hamilton County Commissioners opted to fund the new [Paul Brown Stadium](/wiki/Paul_Brown_Stadium \"Paul Brown Stadium\") with a proposed county sales tax increase, which needed voter approval. (Modell eventually, and controversially, [moved the Browns to Baltimore](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns_relocation_controversy \"Cleveland Browns relocation controversy\") and renamed it to the [Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens \"Baltimore Ravens\"), but a new Cleveland team resumed the Browns' history.) In 1996, [Hamilton County](/wiki/Hamilton_County%2C_Ohio \"Hamilton County, Ohio\") voters passed a one\\-half percent [sales tax](/wiki/Sales_tax \"Sales tax\") increase to fund the building of a new facility for the Bengals and a second new facility for the [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\").1996, September 6\\. The stadium binge, USA Today, 20C. The Bengals filed suit against the county for the right to manage it in 2000\\.2000, April 27\\. Bengals sue county for right to manage new football stadium, The Associated Press State \\& Local Wire. County commissioners agreed to let a Bengals' subsidiary run the stadium,2000, May 25\\. County OKs deal to let Bengals unit manage new stadium, The Associated Press State \\& Local Wire. and it opened later that year.2000, September 10\\. Browns spoil opener for Bengals' stadium, Associated Press Worldstream", "[thumb\\\|170px\\\|right\\\|Todd Portune unseated future Bengals employee Bob Bedinghaus for the role of Hamilton County Commissioner](/wiki/File:Todd_Portune_at_Turnaround_Ohio_rally.jpg \"Todd Portune at Turnaround Ohio rally.jpg\")", "In 2007, Hamilton County Commissioner [Todd Portune](/wiki/Todd_Portune \"Todd Portune\") (a former Cincinnati City Council member, though not Commissioner at the time the parties executed the lease), filed a [lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuit \"Lawsuit\") in [federal district court](/wiki/Federal_district_court \"Federal district court\") against the NFL, the Bengals and the other 31 NFL teams. Portune felt, among other things, that published revenues from 1995 to 1999 Bruton, Mike. 2001, May 17\\. League, teams take aim at revenue report. Philadelphia Inquirer. contradicted Brown's claims of financial distress. The Hamilton County Board of Commissioners eventually was substituted as the plaintiff in the case. Fans supporting Portune cited what they felt was the broken promise that the Bengals would \"be more competitive\" with a new stadium.Associated Press, 2000, August 16, Public gets look at new Bengals' stadium. The Bengals have had only eight winning seasons out of 22 since the stadium opened, [with five of those seasons occurring from 2011 to 2015](/wiki/List_of_Cincinnati_Bengals_seasons \"List of Cincinnati Bengals seasons\").", "Rick Eckstein, co\\-author of \"Public Dollars, Private Stadiums,\" described the Hamilton County arrangement as \"the single most lopsided stadium deal since 1993\" and questioned Bob Bedinghaus'{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.smartvoter.org/2000/11/07/oh/hm/vote/bedinghaus\\_b/\\\|title \\= Voter Information for Bob Bedinghaus}} role with the team after having been County Commissioner when the deal was reached.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.whodeyrevolution.com/whodeyrevolution/2008/12/fuel\\-to\\-the\\-fire\\-more\\-on\\-the\\-stadium\\-deal.html\\#comments \\\|title\\=WhoDeyRevolution: Fuel to the Fire: More on the Stadium Deal \\\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2008 \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2008 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219025535/http://www.whodeyrevolution.com/whodeyrevolution/2008/12/fuel\\-to\\-the\\-fire\\-more\\-on\\-the\\-stadium\\-deal.html\\#comments \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} A 2008 [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\") survey suggested the team's rankings in direct revenues had dropped since the stadium's construction (placing the team 21st in total value at the time at $941 million).{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/30/sportsmoney\\_nfl08\\_Cincinnati\\-Bengals\\_306869\\.html\\\|title \\= Forbes List Directory\\\|website \\= \\[\\[Forbes]]}}", "The organization's lease is due to expire in 2026\\. In 2020, Hamilton County and the Bengals agreed to split costs on an architectural needs assessment of the stadium.Wartman, Scott, 2020, September 12, What will stadium need to stay 'relevant?': County hires architects to recommend what needs to be done over next 20 years, Cincinnati Enquirer, A.1\\.", "### On\\-the\\-field struggles", "Since Brown became owner, the team has eight winning seasons out of 30, a winning percentage of .418 (199–278–4\\) in the regular season, and no playoff wins in seven appearances from 1991 to 2020\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/teams/cin/\\\|title \\= Cincinnati Bengals Team Encyclopedia\\\|website \\= \\[\\[Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com]]}} In 2008, the Bengals set a record for the most games needed under one specific owner to attain 100 wins (288\\). In 2010, the team set a record for the fewest games needed to lose 200 (both considering and not considering playoffs) under one specific owner (314\\).Jones, Tom, 2010, November 12, Number of the day, St. Petersburg Times (Florida), 2C.", "The Bengals hold a number of distinctions for the time frame of Brown's ownership: It is the only team with three nine\\-game\\-or\\-more losing streaks.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2010/12/06/historic\\-losing\\-streak/ \\\|title\\=Historic losing streak \\\| Bengals Blog \\\|access\\-date\\=December 8, 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208195602/http://cincinnati.com/blogs/bengals/2010/12/06/historic\\-losing\\-streak/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 8, 2010 }} It also holds six of the twenty\\-five 0\\-6 starts (24%)[Bengals back to setting standard for misery](https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug=ap-sameoldbengals&prov=ap&type=lgns%20Bengals%20back%20to%20setting%20standard%20for%20misery) Yahoo.com {{Dead link\\\|date\\=February 2022}} and four of the thirteen 0\\-8 starts (31%) in that time.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/27407418/ \\\|title\\='Embarrassed' Bengals (0\\-8\\) reaching new lows \\- NFL\\- nbcsports.MSNBC.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2009 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030024113/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/27407418/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 30, 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The Bengals have gone winless in October nine different times in twenty\\-two years under five different head coaches ([Sam Wyche](/wiki/Sam_Wyche \"Sam Wyche\"), the first under his ownership, was originally hired by [his father](/wiki/Paul_Brown \"Paul Brown\")).", "The franchise's winless playoff record from 1991 to 2020 was the longest active drought in the four major North American sports. One of the few successful coaches during Brown's tenure was [Marvin Lewis](/wiki/Marvin_Lewis \"Marvin Lewis\"), who was his first to have winning seasons, playoff appearances, division titles, and an overall winning record at 131\\-129\\-3 (.504\\). All seven of the Bengals postseason appearances with Lewis, however, ended in first\\-round losses.", "[Zac Taylor](/wiki/Zac_Taylor \"Zac Taylor\"), Lewis' successor, was the first head coach under Brown to win a playoff game, which he achieved in [2021](/wiki/2021_Cincinnati_Bengals_season \"2021 Cincinnati Bengals season\"). The team also won the franchise's first road playoff game and advanced to [Super Bowl LVI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVI \"Super Bowl LVI\"), although they lost to the [Los Angeles Rams](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams \"Los Angeles Rams\").", "In 2009, Yahoo sports ranked Brown as the second worst owner in the NFL.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug\\=ms\\-ownerrankingspartone09020 \\\|title\\='09 owner rankings, 17\\-32: Dysfunctional Davis \\- NFL \\- Yahoo! Sports \\\|access\\-date\\=September 4, 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103060447/http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug\\=ms\\-ownerrankingspartone09020 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2011 }} In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Mike Brown as the 9th worst sports owner.{{Cite magazine\\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics\\-lists/the\\-15\\-worst\\-owners\\-in\\-sports\\-144598/\\\|title\\=The 15 Worst Owners in Sports\\\|last1\\=Lund\\\|first1\\=Jeb\\\|last2\\=Stone\\\|first2\\=Rolling\\\|date\\=November 23, 2015\\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\\|language\\=en\\-US\\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2020}}", "" ]
Philosophy ---------- During [Marvin Lewis](/wiki/Marvin_Lewis "Marvin Lewis")' tenure as head coach, Brown began to cede more of the day\-to\-day control over football matters to a committee composed of Lewis, executive vice president [Katie Blackburn](/wiki/Katie_Blackburn "Katie Blackburn") (Brown's daughter), and several other members of the Brown family.Wesseling, Chris. [Mike Brown ceding Bengals control to Marvin Lewis](https://www.nfl.com/news/mike-brown-ceding-bengals-control-to-marvin-lewis-0ap2000000367536). [NFL Network](/wiki/NFL_Network "NFL Network"), July 27, 2014\. This preceded a five\-year run of playoff appearances (2011–2015\). ### Tolerance of off field conduct In the mid\-to\-late 2000s, the Bengals were involved in a series of disciplinary measures with a variety of players. In 2005, the Bengals drafted [Chris Henry](/wiki/Chris_Henry_%28wide_receiver%29 "Chris Henry (wide receiver)") and [Odell Thurman](/wiki/Odell_Thurman "Odell Thurman"), each considered exceptionally talented but possible disciplinary hazards during their [college](/wiki/Ncaa_football "Ncaa football") careers.Newberry, Paul. 2004, September 30\. Odell Thurman: I'm not a bad guy, The Associated Press State \& Local Wire.Kay, Joe. 2005, April 3, Henry had to convince Bengals he was a good risk, The Associated Press State \& Local Wire. The following year, they were among [nine Bengals players arrested for various offenses](/wiki/2006_Cincinnati_Bengals_season%23Legal_troubles "2006 Cincinnati Bengals season#Legal troubles"). Brown cut several "problem players" in 2008 including Henry and Thurman, but re\-signed Henry later that year.Maske, Mark. 2008, August 20\. Bengals Re\-Sign WR Henry Despite His Suspension, The Washington Post, E03\. This came after five arrests of Henry and Brown's statement earlier in the year that Henry's "conduct could no longer be tolerated."2008, April 4, Bengals drop Henry after assault charge, conduct 'no longer tolerated' by team, National Post (Canada) One fan protested by purchasing an electronic [billboard](/wiki/Billboard "Billboard") along the Cincinnati [interstate](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System "Interstate Highway System") reading "CHRIS HENRY AGAIN? ARE YOU SERIOUS?"{{Cite web\\|url\=http://news.cincinnati.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/AB/20080830/SPT02/808300426/\\|title \= Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do \\| Cincinnati Enquirer}} Henry [died during a domestic dispute](/wiki/Chris_Henry_%28wide_receiver%29%23Death "Chris Henry (wide receiver)#Death") on December 17, 2009\. Commenting on his death, Brown defended his decision to re\-sign Henry, noting that "We knew him in a different way than his public persona."{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id\=4750615\\|title\=Henry, 26, dies day after dispute\\|date\=December 17, 2009}} Posthumously, it was discovered that Henry was suffering from a progressive degenerative brain disease known as [chronic traumatic encephalopathy](/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy"), or CTE.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://old.post\-gazette.com/pg/10179/1068847\-114\.stm\\|title\=Experts warn about repeated brain blows in football\\|website\=old.post\-gazette.com}} According to a West Virginia University research study, the CTE may have contributed to Henry's troubled behavior and, ultimately, his death. Later in 2008, the Bengals signed running back [Cedric Benson](/wiki/Cedric_Benson "Cedric Benson"), whom the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears "Chicago Bears") had waived, in part, due to his [off\-field activities](/wiki/Cedric_Benson%232008_arrests "Cedric Benson#2008 arrests").Kay, Joe. 2008, November 5\. Benson has become Bengals' top runner, Associated Press Online. In 2009, the team added [Larry Johnson](/wiki/Larry_Johnson_%28running_back%29 "Larry Johnson (running back)") to provide depth for the position after the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs") released him for "detrimental conduct."{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/sports/football/10chiefs.html?\_r\=1\\|title\=As Johnson's Suspension Ends, So Does His Time with the Chiefs\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=November 9, 2009\\|last1\=Battista\\|first1\=Judy}} Johnson had also experienced [recent legal difficulties](/wiki/Larry_Johnson_%28running_back%29%23Legal_troubles "Larry Johnson (running back)#Legal troubles"). Benson was among 2009's leading NFL rushers, while Johnson saw limited action. Brown also signed free agent [Adam "Pacman" Jones](/wiki/Adam_Jones_%28American_football%29 "Adam Jones (American football)") during the 2010 offseason despite Jones' legal history while a member of the Tennessee Titans and Dallas Cowboys, including a season\-long ban in 2007 due to a shooting in Las Vegas. He also signed undrafted free agent [Vontaze Burfict](/wiki/Vontaze_Burfict "Vontaze Burfict") in the 2012 offseason despite his legal history in college and high number of flagrant fouls while at Arizona State. In recent years, Brown claims to have rethought this approach. Talking about the team's second appearance on [Hard Knocks](/wiki/Hard_Knocks_%28documentary_series%29 "Hard Knocks (documentary series)"), Brown stated, "We have a different team now than we had a few years ago. We want the public to see them. We think they're good people. We think the public will be taken by them, will like them. It gives us a boost."{{Cite web \\|date\=2013\-07\-23 \\|title\=Owner explains 'Hard Knocks' call \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/\_/id/9502979/cincinnati\-bengals\-owner\-mike\-brown\-wants\-alter\-team\-image \\|access\-date\=2023\-01\-18 \\|website\=ESPN.com \\|language\=en}} Brown has commented that the league's current attitude towards discipline is a change from a past "boys will be boys" attitude.Kay, August 30, 2008 Brown's father welcomed tailback [Stanley Wilson](/wiki/Stanley_Wilson_Sr. "Stanley Wilson Sr.") back to the Bengals in 1988 after two drug suspensions. Wilson [relapsed](/wiki/Relapse "Relapse") the night before [Super Bowl XXIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXIII "Super Bowl XXIII") Mihoces, Gary. 1989, January 23\. Wilson hit with Bowl ban, USA Today, 4C. and his absence in short\-yardage situations affected the Bengals' efforts in one of the tightest [Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") games in NFL history that Cincinnati ultimately lost.Eskenazi, Gerald. 1989, January 24\. SUPER BOWL; Too Many Hurdles for the Bengals, The New York Times, B13 ### Loyalty issues Brown is historically reluctant to fire personnel after multiple losing seasons. His first hire as [head coach](/wiki/Head_coach "Head coach"), [David Shula](/wiki/David_Shula "David Shula"), lost fifty games faster than any NFL coach in history (69 games);Chad, Norman. 1996, October 11\. Easy to understand agony of Cincinnati, The Toronto Star, B3\. Shula was hired over [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs") defensive coordinator [Bill Cowher](/wiki/Bill_Cowher "Bill Cowher"), presumably due to Brown seeing similarities with himself and Shula in the same manner that their respective fathers ([Don Shula](/wiki/Don_Shula "Don Shula") and Paul Brown) overshadow them in many aspects. Cowher would take the head coaching position with the [rival](/wiki/Bengals%E2%80%93Steelers_rivalry "Bengals–Steelers rivalry") [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers") that same offseason and would go on to have a 22–9 career record against the Bengals, the most wins he would have against any team as a head coach, including an 8–1 record against Shula. Cowher also beat the Bengals in the 2006 wild card game as well and went on to win a [Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") title that year.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=vrcCbmeJuuU\\|title \= \- YouTube\\|website \= \[\[YouTube]]}} Shula's successor, [Bruce Coslet](/wiki/Bruce_Coslet "Bruce Coslet"), resigned with a 21–39 record in 2000; Brown had yet to fire him.Myers, Gary. 2000, October 1\. Bruce finally loose, Daily News (New York), p. 77\. Cincinnati's first winning seasons and postseason appearances during Brown's ownership came under head coach [Marvin Lewis](/wiki/Marvin_Lewis "Marvin Lewis"), who obtained a 131–122–3 regular season record with the team and helped the Bengals return to competitiveness. However, Brown was criticized for continuing to retain Lewis after the Bengals lost all seven of the playoff games they appeared in during Lewis' tenure. Following five consecutive opening\-round postseason losses from 2011 to 2015, an NFL first, and back\-to\-back losing seasons in 2016 and 2017, Lewis received a two\-year contract extension, which received harsh criticism from the media and fans.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2018/01/02/marvin\-lewis\-bengals\-agree\-to\-two\-more\-years/\\|title\=Marvin Lewis, Bengals agree to two more years\\|date\=January 2, 2018}} When Brown and Lewis mutually parted ways in 2018, Lewis' 16\-year tenure became the most of an NFL head coach to not win a playoff game as well as the most playoff losses without a win in NFL history. Brown also values his family's connection with the franchise; evident in his choosing to name Paul Brown Stadium after his father rather than to sell corporate [naming rights](/wiki/Naming_rights "Naming rights") for it.Rozin, Skip. 2000, September 11\. Welcome to U.S. Widget Stadium, Business Week, p. 124\. Daughter [Katie Blackburn](/wiki/Katie_Blackburn "Katie Blackburn") is the executive president of the team and her husband Troy is a VP with additional family members among the front office staff.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.bengals.com/team/FrontOffice.asp \\|title\=Staff Directory \- Cincinnati Bengals \\|access\-date\=September 16, 2008 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917222546/http://www.bengals.com/team/FrontOffice.asp \\|archive\-date\=September 17, 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead }} From 1994 to 2000, the Bengals paid out over $50 million to the Brown family members of Bengals staff in salaries.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20090424/SPT02/304240022/1066\\|title \= Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do \\| Cincinnati Enquirer}} Former Bengals receiver [Cris Collinsworth](/wiki/Cris_Collinsworth "Cris Collinsworth") argues Brown's loyalty played a role in a decision to not persuade [Boomer Esiason](/wiki/Boomer_Esiason "Boomer Esiason") out of retiring despite a productive [1997 season](/wiki/1997_NFL_season "1997 NFL season"). Esiason became a [color analyst](/wiki/Color_analyst "Color analyst") on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company")'s [Monday Night Football](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football "Monday Night Football"). Collinsworth suggested Brown "thought he was doing the right thing by Boomer" and did not want to cost him the MNF job. Collinsworth contrasted this attitude to other NFL owners, like the [Dallas Cowboys'](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys") [Jerry Jones](/wiki/Jerry_Jones "Jerry Jones"), whom Collinsworth felt "would have flown Boomer down to the [Bahamas](/wiki/Bahamas "Bahamas") on his personal jet, offered to kiss his [ring](/wiki/Championship_ring "Championship ring") and signed him right there."{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1998/12/26/spt\_mb2020\.html\\|title \= Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do \\| Cincinnati Enquirer}} ### Scouting Brown employs a very small scouting staff. A 2008 comparison between the Bengals' scouting department and five [AFC](/wiki/American_football_conference "American football conference") teams with a .540\+ winning percentage since 1991 showed the winning teams employing five or more scouts whereas the Bengals employed only one.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20081102/SPT02/811020440/1066/SPT02\\|title \= Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do \\| Cincinnati Enquirer}} Since then, the Bengals have added two additional scouts{{Cite web \\|last\=Florio \\|first\=Mike \\|date\=2012\-03\-23 \\|title\=Bengals hire two scouts \\|url\=https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2012/03/23/bengals\-hire\-two\-scouts/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-01\-18 \\|website\=ProFootballTalk \\|language\=en\-US}} ([Marvin Lewis](/wiki/Marvin_Lewis "Marvin Lewis") originally claimed when hired that Brown assured him of a retooled scouting staffBell, Jarrett. 2003, January 16\. Lewis needs to beat bushes to turn over new leaf, USA Today, p. 6C.). ### Emphasis on the quarterback Brown has publicized his belief that a "bell cow" quarterback is a necessity in turning a team into a winner.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://bengals.enquirer.com/1997/12/122197\_brown.html \\|title\=Cincinnati Bengals \- the Enquirer \- December 21, 1997 \\|access\-date\=March 24, 2009 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120701165219/http://bengals.enquirer.com/1997/12/122197\_brown.html \\|archive\-date\=July 1, 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead }} In a 1999 interview, he remarked "If you don't have a productive quarterback, you won't go anywhere...I know it doesn't seem that simple, but it is."{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.cincypost.com/bengals/99preview/mike091199\.html \\|title\=Mike091199 \\|website\=www.cincypost.com \\|access\-date\=January 11, 2022 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010729064608/http://www.cincypost.com/bengals/99preview/mike091199\.html \\|archive\-date\=July 29, 2001 \\|url\-status\=dead}} Comparing quarterbacks to other positions on a football team, Brown has said "He's the hub of the wheel...like a queen on a chessboard. These other guys are like rooks or bishops or other pieces that are not quite as valuable. Some are more valuable than others. That's just a fact."Ludwig, Chick. 19, April 16\. Bengals hope to gain a quarterback, Cox News Service. Brown turned down then\-[Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints "New Orleans Saints") coach [Mike Ditka](/wiki/Mike_Ditka "Mike Ditka")'s offer of [nine draft picks for one](/wiki/Akili_Smith%23Cincinnati_Bengals "Akili Smith#Cincinnati Bengals") in the [1999 NFL draft](/wiki/1999_NFL_draft "1999 NFL draft")Bell, Jarret. 1999, April 20\. Huard, Poindexter look past bad falls, USA Today, 10C. against then\-coach Coslet's advice. Coslet wanted as many draft picks as possible to help the Bengals' defense.Myers, 2000\. Instead, Brown overruled Coslet and selected [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon "University of Oregon") quarterback [Akili Smith](/wiki/Akili_Smith "Akili Smith").Kay, Joe. 1999, April 17\. Smith looking forward to rivalry with Couch, Browns, Associated Press Wire. Smith only played 22 games in his NFL career and is generally regarded as a [draft bust](/wiki/Draft_%28sports%29%23Draft_bust "Draft (sports)#Draft bust"). Coslet later regretted that he "didn't insist hard enough" in trying to persuade Brown to accept the Saints' offer. Before the [1992 draft](/wiki/1992_NFL_draft "1992 NFL draft"), press reports stressed the Bengals' need for either a cornerback or defensive lineman.n/t, Nolan, John. 1992, April 23, Associated Press Brown himself had been quoted the day before the draft as stating "we would dearly love to get a top defensive lineman, they're at a premium, and it's less true of other positions."n/t, Nolan, John. 1992, April 24, Associated Press. Instead, the Bengals selected [Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston "University of Houston") quarterback [David Klingler](/wiki/David_Klingler "David Klingler"). Then Bengals quarterback Boomer Esiason and strong\-safety [David Fulcher](/wiki/David_Fulcher "David Fulcher") both openly questioned the move the next day, arguing the team needed help on defense.n/a, n/t, 1992, April 27, Associated Press, Monday AM cycle. Klingler later became regarded as a bust. Esiason has since revealed that he had actually demanded a trade at the end of the 1991 season, which may have influenced Brown to select Klingler (Esiason was traded to the New York Jets in 1993\).{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.bengals.com/news/article\-1/Monday\-notes\-Research\-Boomer\-trade\-Lewis\-tweaks\-Ocho\-tweet\-Scott\-kin\-can\-do/5199f09b\-1783\-4a44\-8087\-b9e839420dd2 \\|title\=Monday notes: Research Boomer trade; Lewis tweaks Ocho tweet; Scott kin can do \\|access\-date\=January 25, 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127120457/http://www.bengals.com/news/article\-1/Monday\-notes\-Research\-Boomer\-trade\-Lewis\-tweaks\-Ocho\-tweet\-Scott\-kin\-can\-do/5199f09b\-1783\-4a44\-8087\-b9e839420dd2 \\|archive\-date\=January 27, 2011 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Brown placed a great deal of responsibility on [Carson Palmer](/wiki/Carson_Palmer "Carson Palmer"), calling him the Bengals' "lead dog" and stating "as he goes, we go."[Dayton Daily News](https://web.archive.org/web/20090309031122/http://www.daytondailynews.com/s/content/oh/story/sports/pro/bengals/2008/07/23/ddn072308spbrown.html) Palmer holds [a number of team records](/wiki/Carson_Palmer%23Bengals_franchise_records "Carson Palmer#Bengals franchise records") and three [Pro Bowl](/wiki/Pro_Bowl "Pro Bowl") selections. The Bengals were 46\-51 (.474\) with Palmer as starter.{{cite web\\| url \= https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/P/PalmCa00\_games.htm\\| url\-status \= dead\\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080724053919/http://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/P/PalmCa00\_games.htm\\| archive\-date \= July 24, 2008\\| title \= Carson Palmer Gamelogs and Game Logs \- Pro\-Football\-Reference.com\\| website \= \[\[Pro\-Football\-Reference.com]]}} Palmer threatened [retirement](/wiki/Retirement "Retirement") from football if the Bengals did not [trade](/wiki/Trade_%28sports%29 "Trade (sports)") him during the 2011 offseason. Brown insisted that he wouldn't "reward" Palmer's demands, arguing that Palmer made a commitment to the organization when he received a contract extension.{{cite web \\| url\=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/07/26/mike\-brown\-were\-not\-going\-to\-reward\-carson\-palmer\-with\-trade/ \\| title\=Mike Brown: We're not going to "reward" Carson Palmer with trade \\| date\=July 26, 2011 }} Brown released Carson's younger brother, [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_Palmer_%28American_football%29 "Jordan Palmer (American football)") from the team on August 27, 2011\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.cincyjungle.com/2011/8/27/2388127/bengals\-release\-six\-including\-quarterback\-jordan\-palmer\-and\-defensive\\|title\=Bengals Release Six Including Quarterback Jordan Palmer And Defensive Backs Fred Bennett And Tom Nelson\\|first\=Josh\\|last\=Kirkendall\\|date\=August 27, 2011\\|website\=Cincy Jungle}} On October 18, 2011, the Bengals finally traded Carson to the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders "Oakland Raiders") for a 2012 first round draft pick and a conditional second round 2013 pick if Oakland made it to the AFC Championship game in 2011 or 2012 (which they did not).[AP Raiders Palmer](https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news;_ylt=Akx3lF7OQxum3cah1GwdT9I5nYcB?slug=ap-raiders-palmer) Yahoo.com {{Dead link\\|date\=February 2022}} Palmer later said in the [NFL Network](/wiki/NFL_Network "NFL Network") documentary series [A Football Life](/wiki/A_Football_Life "A Football Life") that after the 2010 season, he told Brown that the Bengals needed to modernize and hire a general manager and that he and Brown got into a heated argument over it. He said that Brown 'is a very, very, very stubborn man'. [Andy Dalton](/wiki/Andy_Dalton "Andy Dalton") was taken in the [2011 NFL draft](/wiki/2011_NFL_draft "2011 NFL draft") and became the first quarterback in franchise history to lead the team to the playoffs five years in a row, although the Bengals were eliminated in the first round each year. Dalton did not play in what became the fifth consecutive loss due to injury. After returning from injury, Dalton underperformed from 2016 to 2019 compared to the previous 5 seasons and was eventually cut after the 2019 season. The Bengals drafted [Joe Burrow](/wiki/Joe_Burrow "Joe Burrow") with the first overall pick in the 2020 Draft. In 2021, Burrow led the Bengals to their first playoff win since 1990 and has led them to back\-to\-back AFC Championship Games in 2021 and 2022, a team first, and one Super Bowl berth. ### "Carl Pickens Clause" In 1998, the Bengals cut punter [Lee Johnson](/wiki/Lee_Johnson_%28punter%29 "Lee Johnson (punter)"). Brown attempted to fine Johnson after cutting him for "conduct detrimental to the team" in relation to comments Johnson had made about the organization and the 1998 season. A reporter asked Johnson after a Bengals loss "if you were a fan, would you have come here today?" to which Johnson replied "No, no way...why would you? You're saying (losing) is OK. I guess if you've got nothing else to do. I'd sell my tickets."Robinson, Doug, 1999, January 8, Ex\-Cougar Johnson talked his way out of Cincinnati, Deseret News (Salt Lake City), p. D03 This fine resulted in a dispute with the [NFL players union](/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association "National Football League Players Association"), whose counsel remarked "A fine is a disciplinary measure, you discipline someone to try and make sure they're a better employee in the future. How can you do that if you've fired them?"Bengals can't fine Johnson, 1998, December 11, The Augusta Chronicle (Georgia), p. B2 In 2000, the Bengals instituted a "loyalty clause," which allows the Bengals to deny various bonuses to players depending on the remarks they make about the Bengals.2000, August 1\. Union challenges loyalty clause, USA Today, 12C The ability to enact such a clause appears justified under the collective bargaining agreement which states an NFL team can fine a player one week's salary and suspend him without pay for up to four weeks for any action the club considers detrimental to the team.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/news/2000/06/11/bengals\_contracts\_ap/ \\|title\=CNNSI.com \- NFL Football \- Cincinnati seeking loyalty clause in new contracts \- Monday June 12, 2000 11:01 AM \\|access\-date\=October 20, 2008 \\|archive\-date\=November 3, 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103210743/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/news/2000/06/11/bengals\_contracts\_ap/ \\|url\-status\=dead }} Brown responded that the clause would only be enacted under extreme circumstances. He wrote an editorial for the [Cincinnati Enquirer](/wiki/Cincinnati_Enquirer "Cincinnati Enquirer"), citing team cohesion as his main motivation for the clause.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://bengals.enquirer.com/2000/07/18/ben\_loyalty\_clause\_is.html \\|title\=Loyalty clause is needed \\|access\-date\=November 11, 2007 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120707125727/http://bengals.enquirer.com/2000/07/18/ben\_loyalty\_clause\_is.html \\|archive\-date\=July 7, 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead }} It is often dubbed the "[Carl Pickens](/wiki/Carl_Pickens "Carl Pickens") Clause," stemming from the 2000 offseason. Brown renewed Bruce Coslet's contract despite his 21–36 Bengals record. Pickens responded, "I don't understand it. We're trying to win; we're trying to turn this thing around out there. And they bring (Coslet) back."Quotes of the Week, 2000, January 1, The Independent (London), p. 23 Pickens finished his career with the [Tennessee Titans](/wiki/Tennessee_Titans "Tennessee Titans"). Over the years since the clause, Bengals players have commented on a negative atmosphere within the organization, notably [Takeo Spikes](/wiki/Takeo_Spikes "Takeo Spikes"),Elfin, David. 2002, October 18, Bungling along; Cincinnati seems content never to contend, The Washington Times, p. C04 [Jeff Blake](/wiki/Jeff_Blake "Jeff Blake"),Wright, Ken, 2002, November 8\. No fond Bengal memories for Blake, The Washington Times, p. C04 and [Jon Kitna](/wiki/Jon_Kitna "Jon Kitna").Sandler, 2002 The most vocal critic of the Bengals since the clause was instituted was [Corey Dillon](/wiki/Corey_Dillon "Corey Dillon").Sandler, Jeremy, 2002, December 30, Losing becomes them: The Bengals' problems are biblical in proportion, but no salvation appears in sight, National Post (Canada), p.S2 In 2001, after becoming the sixth player in NFL history to rush for 1,000 yards or more in five consecutive seasons, he remarked "at the end of the season, what do I have to feel good about? Nothing at all. It's not cool." After a fifth losing season with the team in 2002, he remarked ""I'm tired of it, six years of this B.S. I ain't lying to you. I'm sick of this crap, period." Dillon demanded a trade at the end of the 2003 season after throwing most of his gear to the fans during the last home game of the season. He went on to win a [Super Bowl](/wiki/NFL_championship%23Super_Bowl_Championship_.281970_.E2.80.93_present.29 "NFL championship#Super Bowl Championship .281970 .E2.80.93 present.29") with the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots") in the following season. ### Frugality [thumb\\|102px\\|right\\|Warren Sapp went to the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders "Oakland Raiders") after the Bengals appeared to have signed him](/wiki/Image:Warren_Sapp_2.jpg "Warren Sapp 2.jpg") In 1994, [agent](/wiki/Agent_%28sports%29 "Agent (sports)") [Leigh Steinberg](/wiki/Leigh_Steinberg "Leigh Steinberg") described Brown as "in a lonely fight for economic rationality in the NFL" and "a [Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote "Don Quixote")\-type figure pushing back the forces of salary madness."{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/23/sports/football\-wilkinson\-theorem\-perplexes\-bengals.html\\|title\=FOOTBALL; Wilkinson Theorem Perplexes Bengals\\|first\=Timothy W.\\|last\=Smith\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=April 23, 1994}} In the 2000s, Brown proved reluctant to finish free agent signings or trades. [Warren Sapp](/wiki/Warren_Sapp "Warren Sapp") (in 2004\), [Shaun Rogers](/wiki/Shaun_Rogers_%28American_football%29 "Shaun Rogers (American football)") (in 2008\), and [Johnathan Joseph](/wiki/Johnathan_Joseph "Johnathan Joseph") (in 2011\) being notable examples. Agent [Drew Rosenhaus](/wiki/Drew_Rosenhaus "Drew Rosenhaus") described it as a "matter of hours" before the Bengals would sign Sapp, only a day before the Raiders signed him.Price, Jeff. 2004, March 19\. Agent: Sapp close to four\-year deal with Bengals, Associated Press Sapp accused the Bengals of "playing with the money" on the original deal they offered him, deferring more money to incentives rather than in guarantees.2004, March 21, Cimini, Rich \& Myers, Gary, Sapp rushes to Raiders, Daily News, New York, p. 74 The [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported a completed trade between Cincinnati and the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions "Detroit Lions") on February 29, 2008, for Rogers.Lage, Larry, 2008, February 29, Lions DT Shaun Rogers goes to Cincinnati for 3rd, 5th\-round picks, Associated Press. However, the trade fell through and the next day, it was confirmed that the Lions instead traded Rogers to the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns").[Detroit Free Press](https://web.archive.org/web/20140223135326/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080229/SPORTS01/80229042/1048/SPORTS) Former Bengals players and beat writers have also remarked on other spendthrift aspects of the organization as compared to other NFL franchises, such as not supplying sports drinks and providing undersized towels or used equipment for the players.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/10/1079947605/a\-look\-at\-owner\-mike\-browns\-untraditional\-approach\-to\-running\-the\-cincinnati\-ben \\| title\=A look at owner Mike Brown's untraditional approach to running the Cincinnati Bengals \\| website\=NPR.org }}{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.journal\-news.com/sports/houshmandzadeh\-recounts\-embarrassing\-details\-from\-his\-early\-bengals\-career/Cf5Yteg0oS77xSQYaV8GpM/ \\|title\=Football; T.J. Houshmandzadeh recounts embarrassing details from his early Bengals career\\|first\=Marcus\\|last\=Hartman\\|newspaper\=Butler County Journal News\\|date\=July 10, 2018}}	[ "Philosophy\n----------", "During [Marvin Lewis](/wiki/Marvin_Lewis \"Marvin Lewis\")' tenure as head coach, Brown began to cede more of the day\\-to\\-day control over football matters to a committee composed of Lewis, executive vice president [Katie Blackburn](/wiki/Katie_Blackburn \"Katie Blackburn\") (Brown's daughter), and several other members of the Brown family.Wesseling, Chris. [Mike Brown ceding Bengals control to Marvin Lewis](https://www.nfl.com/news/mike-brown-ceding-bengals-control-to-marvin-lewis-0ap2000000367536). [NFL Network](/wiki/NFL_Network \"NFL Network\"), July 27, 2014\\. This preceded a five\\-year run of playoff appearances (2011–2015\\).", "### Tolerance of off field conduct", "In the mid\\-to\\-late 2000s, the Bengals were involved in a series of disciplinary measures with a variety of players. In 2005, the Bengals drafted [Chris Henry](/wiki/Chris_Henry_%28wide_receiver%29 \"Chris Henry (wide receiver)\") and [Odell Thurman](/wiki/Odell_Thurman \"Odell Thurman\"), each considered exceptionally talented but possible disciplinary hazards during their [college](/wiki/Ncaa_football \"Ncaa football\") careers.Newberry, Paul. 2004, September 30\\. Odell Thurman: I'm not a bad guy, The Associated Press State \\& Local Wire.Kay, Joe. 2005, April 3, Henry had to convince Bengals he was a good risk, The Associated Press State \\& Local Wire. The following year, they were among [nine Bengals players arrested for various offenses](/wiki/2006_Cincinnati_Bengals_season%23Legal_troubles \"2006 Cincinnati Bengals season#Legal troubles\"). Brown cut several \"problem players\" in 2008 including Henry and Thurman, but re\\-signed Henry later that year.Maske, Mark. 2008, August 20\\. Bengals Re\\-Sign WR Henry Despite His Suspension, The Washington Post, E03\\. This came after five arrests of Henry and Brown's statement earlier in the year that Henry's \"conduct could no longer be tolerated.\"2008, April 4, Bengals drop Henry after assault charge, conduct 'no longer tolerated' by team, National Post (Canada) One fan protested by purchasing an electronic [billboard](/wiki/Billboard \"Billboard\") along the Cincinnati [interstate](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System \"Interstate Highway System\") reading \"CHRIS HENRY AGAIN? ARE YOU SERIOUS?\"{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://news.cincinnati.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/AB/20080830/SPT02/808300426/\\\|title \\= Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do \\\| Cincinnati Enquirer}} Henry [died during a domestic dispute](/wiki/Chris_Henry_%28wide_receiver%29%23Death \"Chris Henry (wide receiver)#Death\") on December 17, 2009\\. Commenting on his death, Brown defended his decision to re\\-sign Henry, noting that \"We knew him in a different way than his public persona.\"{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id\\=4750615\\\|title\\=Henry, 26, dies day after dispute\\\|date\\=December 17, 2009}} Posthumously, it was discovered that Henry was suffering from a progressive degenerative brain disease known as [chronic traumatic encephalopathy](/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy \"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy\"), or CTE.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://old.post\\-gazette.com/pg/10179/1068847\\-114\\.stm\\\|title\\=Experts warn about repeated brain blows in football\\\|website\\=old.post\\-gazette.com}} According to a West Virginia University research study, the CTE may have contributed to Henry's troubled behavior and, ultimately, his death.", "Later in 2008, the Bengals signed running back [Cedric Benson](/wiki/Cedric_Benson \"Cedric Benson\"), whom the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears \"Chicago Bears\") had waived, in part, due to his [off\\-field activities](/wiki/Cedric_Benson%232008_arrests \"Cedric Benson#2008 arrests\").Kay, Joe. 2008, November 5\\. Benson has become Bengals' top runner, Associated Press Online. In 2009, the team added [Larry Johnson](/wiki/Larry_Johnson_%28running_back%29 \"Larry Johnson (running back)\") to provide depth for the position after the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\") released him for \"detrimental conduct.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/sports/football/10chiefs.html?\\_r\\=1\\\|title\\=As Johnson's Suspension Ends, So Does His Time with the Chiefs\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=November 9, 2009\\\|last1\\=Battista\\\|first1\\=Judy}} Johnson had also experienced [recent legal difficulties](/wiki/Larry_Johnson_%28running_back%29%23Legal_troubles \"Larry Johnson (running back)#Legal troubles\"). Benson was among 2009's leading NFL rushers, while Johnson saw limited action.", "Brown also signed free agent [Adam \"Pacman\" Jones](/wiki/Adam_Jones_%28American_football%29 \"Adam Jones (American football)\") during the 2010 offseason despite Jones' legal history while a member of the Tennessee Titans and Dallas Cowboys, including a season\\-long ban in 2007 due to a shooting in Las Vegas. He also signed undrafted free agent [Vontaze Burfict](/wiki/Vontaze_Burfict \"Vontaze Burfict\") in the 2012 offseason despite his legal history in college and high number of flagrant fouls while at Arizona State.", "In recent years, Brown claims to have rethought this approach. Talking about the team's second appearance on [Hard Knocks](/wiki/Hard_Knocks_%28documentary_series%29 \"Hard Knocks (documentary series)\"), Brown stated, \"We have a different team now than we had a few years ago. We want the public to see them. We think they're good people. We think the public will be taken by them, will like them. It gives us a boost.\"{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-23 \\\|title\\=Owner explains 'Hard Knocks' call \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/\\_/id/9502979/cincinnati\\-bengals\\-owner\\-mike\\-brown\\-wants\\-alter\\-team\\-image \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-18 \\\|website\\=ESPN.com \\\|language\\=en}}", "Brown has commented that the league's current attitude towards discipline is a change from a past \"boys will be boys\" attitude.Kay, August 30, 2008 Brown's father welcomed tailback [Stanley Wilson](/wiki/Stanley_Wilson_Sr. \"Stanley Wilson Sr.\") back to the Bengals in 1988 after two drug suspensions. Wilson [relapsed](/wiki/Relapse \"Relapse\") the night before [Super Bowl XXIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXIII \"Super Bowl XXIII\")\nMihoces, Gary. 1989, January 23\\. Wilson hit with Bowl ban, USA Today, 4C. and his absence in short\\-yardage situations affected the Bengals' efforts in one of the tightest [Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl \"Super Bowl\") games in NFL history that Cincinnati ultimately lost.Eskenazi, Gerald. 1989, January 24\\. SUPER BOWL; Too Many Hurdles for the Bengals, The New York Times, B13", "### Loyalty issues", "Brown is historically reluctant to fire personnel after multiple losing seasons. His first hire as [head coach](/wiki/Head_coach \"Head coach\"), [David Shula](/wiki/David_Shula \"David Shula\"), lost fifty games faster than any NFL coach in history (69 games);Chad, Norman. 1996, October 11\\. Easy to understand agony of Cincinnati, The Toronto Star, B3\\. Shula was hired over [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\") defensive coordinator [Bill Cowher](/wiki/Bill_Cowher \"Bill Cowher\"), presumably due to Brown seeing similarities with himself and Shula in the same manner that their respective fathers ([Don Shula](/wiki/Don_Shula \"Don Shula\") and Paul Brown) overshadow them in many aspects. Cowher would take the head coaching position with the [rival](/wiki/Bengals%E2%80%93Steelers_rivalry \"Bengals–Steelers rivalry\") [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\") that same offseason and would go on to have a 22–9 career record against the Bengals, the most wins he would have against any team as a head coach, including an 8–1 record against Shula. Cowher also beat the Bengals in the 2006 wild card game as well and went on to win a [Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl \"Super Bowl\") title that year.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=vrcCbmeJuuU\\\|title \\= \\- YouTube\\\|website \\= \\[\\[YouTube]]}} Shula's successor, [Bruce Coslet](/wiki/Bruce_Coslet \"Bruce Coslet\"), resigned with a 21–39 record in 2000; Brown had yet to fire him.Myers, Gary. 2000, October 1\\. Bruce finally loose, Daily News (New York), p. 77\\.", "Cincinnati's first winning seasons and postseason appearances during Brown's ownership came under head coach [Marvin Lewis](/wiki/Marvin_Lewis \"Marvin Lewis\"), who obtained a 131–122–3 regular season record with the team and helped the Bengals return to competitiveness. However, Brown was criticized for continuing to retain Lewis after the Bengals lost all seven of the playoff games they appeared in during Lewis' tenure. Following five consecutive opening\\-round postseason losses from 2011 to 2015, an NFL first, and back\\-to\\-back losing seasons in 2016 and 2017, Lewis received a two\\-year contract extension, which received harsh criticism from the media and fans.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2018/01/02/marvin\\-lewis\\-bengals\\-agree\\-to\\-two\\-more\\-years/\\\|title\\=Marvin Lewis, Bengals agree to two more years\\\|date\\=January 2, 2018}} When Brown and Lewis mutually parted ways in 2018, Lewis' 16\\-year tenure became the most of an NFL head coach to not win a playoff game as well as the most playoff losses without a win in NFL history.", "Brown also values his family's connection with the franchise; evident in his choosing to name Paul Brown Stadium after his father rather than to sell corporate [naming rights](/wiki/Naming_rights \"Naming rights\") for it.Rozin, Skip. 2000, September 11\\. Welcome to U.S. Widget Stadium, Business Week, p. 124\\. Daughter [Katie Blackburn](/wiki/Katie_Blackburn \"Katie Blackburn\") is the executive president of the team and her husband Troy is a VP with additional family members among the front office staff.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.bengals.com/team/FrontOffice.asp \\\|title\\=Staff Directory \\- Cincinnati Bengals \\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2008 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917222546/http://www.bengals.com/team/FrontOffice.asp \\\|archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} From 1994 to 2000, the Bengals paid out over $50 million to the Brown family members of Bengals staff in salaries.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20090424/SPT02/304240022/1066\\\|title \\= Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do \\\| Cincinnati Enquirer}}", "Former Bengals receiver [Cris Collinsworth](/wiki/Cris_Collinsworth \"Cris Collinsworth\") argues Brown's loyalty played a role in a decision to not persuade [Boomer Esiason](/wiki/Boomer_Esiason \"Boomer Esiason\") out of retiring despite a productive [1997 season](/wiki/1997_NFL_season \"1997 NFL season\"). Esiason became a [color analyst](/wiki/Color_analyst \"Color analyst\") on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\")'s [Monday Night Football](/wiki/Monday_Night_Football \"Monday Night Football\"). Collinsworth suggested Brown \"thought he was doing the right thing by Boomer\" and did not want to cost him the MNF job. Collinsworth contrasted this attitude to other NFL owners, like the [Dallas Cowboys'](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\") [Jerry Jones](/wiki/Jerry_Jones \"Jerry Jones\"), whom Collinsworth felt \"would have flown Boomer down to the [Bahamas](/wiki/Bahamas \"Bahamas\") on his personal jet, offered to kiss his [ring](/wiki/Championship_ring \"Championship ring\") and signed him right there.\"{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1998/12/26/spt\\_mb2020\\.html\\\|title \\= Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do \\\| Cincinnati Enquirer}}", "### Scouting", "Brown employs a very small scouting staff. A 2008 comparison between the Bengals' scouting department and five [AFC](/wiki/American_football_conference \"American football conference\") teams with a .540\\+ winning percentage since 1991 showed the winning teams employing five or more scouts whereas the Bengals employed only one.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20081102/SPT02/811020440/1066/SPT02\\\|title \\= Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do \\\| Cincinnati Enquirer}} Since then, the Bengals have added two additional scouts{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Florio \\\|first\\=Mike \\\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-23 \\\|title\\=Bengals hire two scouts \\\|url\\=https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2012/03/23/bengals\\-hire\\-two\\-scouts/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-18 \\\|website\\=ProFootballTalk \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} ([Marvin Lewis](/wiki/Marvin_Lewis \"Marvin Lewis\") originally claimed when hired that Brown assured him of a retooled scouting staffBell, Jarrett. 2003, January 16\\. Lewis needs to beat bushes to turn over new leaf, USA Today, p. 6C.).", "### Emphasis on the quarterback", "Brown has publicized his belief that a \"bell cow\" quarterback is a necessity in turning a team into a winner.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://bengals.enquirer.com/1997/12/122197\\_brown.html \\\|title\\=Cincinnati Bengals \\- the Enquirer \\- December 21, 1997 \\\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2009 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120701165219/http://bengals.enquirer.com/1997/12/122197\\_brown.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In a 1999 interview, he remarked \"If you don't have a productive quarterback, you won't go anywhere...I know it doesn't seem that simple, but it is.\"{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.cincypost.com/bengals/99preview/mike091199\\.html \\\|title\\=Mike091199 \\\|website\\=www.cincypost.com \\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2022 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010729064608/http://www.cincypost.com/bengals/99preview/mike091199\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 29, 2001 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Comparing quarterbacks to other positions on a football team, Brown has said \"He's the hub of the wheel...like a queen on a chessboard. These other guys are like rooks or bishops or other pieces that are not quite as valuable. Some are more valuable than others. That's just a fact.\"Ludwig, Chick. 19, April 16\\. Bengals hope to gain a quarterback, Cox News Service.", "Brown turned down then\\-[Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints \"New Orleans Saints\") coach [Mike Ditka](/wiki/Mike_Ditka \"Mike Ditka\")'s offer of [nine draft picks for one](/wiki/Akili_Smith%23Cincinnati_Bengals \"Akili Smith#Cincinnati Bengals\") in the [1999 NFL draft](/wiki/1999_NFL_draft \"1999 NFL draft\")Bell, Jarret. 1999, April 20\\. Huard, Poindexter look past bad falls, USA Today, 10C. against then\\-coach Coslet's advice. Coslet wanted as many draft picks as possible to help the Bengals' defense.Myers, 2000\\. Instead, Brown overruled Coslet and selected [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon \"University of Oregon\") quarterback [Akili Smith](/wiki/Akili_Smith \"Akili Smith\").Kay, Joe. 1999, April 17\\. Smith looking forward to rivalry with Couch, Browns, Associated Press Wire. Smith only played 22 games in his NFL career and is generally regarded as a [draft bust](/wiki/Draft_%28sports%29%23Draft_bust \"Draft (sports)#Draft bust\"). Coslet later regretted that he \"didn't insist hard enough\" in trying to persuade Brown to accept the Saints' offer.", "Before the [1992 draft](/wiki/1992_NFL_draft \"1992 NFL draft\"), press reports stressed the Bengals' need for either a cornerback or defensive lineman.n/t, Nolan, John. 1992, April 23, Associated Press Brown himself had been quoted the day before the draft as stating \"we would dearly love to get a top defensive lineman, they're at a premium, and it's less true of other positions.\"n/t, Nolan, John. 1992, April 24, Associated Press. Instead, the Bengals selected [Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston \"University of Houston\") quarterback [David Klingler](/wiki/David_Klingler \"David Klingler\"). Then Bengals quarterback Boomer Esiason and strong\\-safety [David Fulcher](/wiki/David_Fulcher \"David Fulcher\") both openly questioned the move the next day, arguing the team needed help on defense.n/a, n/t, 1992, April 27, Associated Press, Monday AM cycle. Klingler later became regarded as a bust. Esiason has since revealed that he had actually demanded a trade at the end of the 1991 season, which may have influenced Brown to select Klingler (Esiason was traded to the New York Jets in 1993\\).{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.bengals.com/news/article\\-1/Monday\\-notes\\-Research\\-Boomer\\-trade\\-Lewis\\-tweaks\\-Ocho\\-tweet\\-Scott\\-kin\\-can\\-do/5199f09b\\-1783\\-4a44\\-8087\\-b9e839420dd2 \\\|title\\=Monday notes: Research Boomer trade; Lewis tweaks Ocho tweet; Scott kin can do \\\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127120457/http://www.bengals.com/news/article\\-1/Monday\\-notes\\-Research\\-Boomer\\-trade\\-Lewis\\-tweaks\\-Ocho\\-tweet\\-Scott\\-kin\\-can\\-do/5199f09b\\-1783\\-4a44\\-8087\\-b9e839420dd2 \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2011 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Brown placed a great deal of responsibility on [Carson Palmer](/wiki/Carson_Palmer \"Carson Palmer\"), calling him the Bengals' \"lead dog\" and stating \"as he goes, we go.\"[Dayton Daily News](https://web.archive.org/web/20090309031122/http://www.daytondailynews.com/s/content/oh/story/sports/pro/bengals/2008/07/23/ddn072308spbrown.html) Palmer holds [a number of team records](/wiki/Carson_Palmer%23Bengals_franchise_records \"Carson Palmer#Bengals franchise records\") and three [Pro Bowl](/wiki/Pro_Bowl \"Pro Bowl\") selections. The Bengals were 46\\-51 (.474\\) with Palmer as starter.{{cite web\\\| url \\= https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/P/PalmCa00\\_games.htm\\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080724053919/http://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/P/PalmCa00\\_games.htm\\\| archive\\-date \\= July 24, 2008\\\| title \\= Carson Palmer Gamelogs and Game Logs \\- Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com\\\| website \\= \\[\\[Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com]]}} Palmer threatened [retirement](/wiki/Retirement \"Retirement\") from football if the Bengals did not [trade](/wiki/Trade_%28sports%29 \"Trade (sports)\") him during the 2011 offseason. Brown insisted that he wouldn't \"reward\" Palmer's demands, arguing that Palmer made a commitment to the organization when he received a contract extension.{{cite web \\\| url\\=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/07/26/mike\\-brown\\-were\\-not\\-going\\-to\\-reward\\-carson\\-palmer\\-with\\-trade/ \\\| title\\=Mike Brown: We're not going to \"reward\" Carson Palmer with trade \\\| date\\=July 26, 2011 }} Brown released Carson's younger brother, [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_Palmer_%28American_football%29 \"Jordan Palmer (American football)\") from the team on August 27, 2011\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.cincyjungle.com/2011/8/27/2388127/bengals\\-release\\-six\\-including\\-quarterback\\-jordan\\-palmer\\-and\\-defensive\\\|title\\=Bengals Release Six Including Quarterback Jordan Palmer And Defensive Backs Fred Bennett And Tom Nelson\\\|first\\=Josh\\\|last\\=Kirkendall\\\|date\\=August 27, 2011\\\|website\\=Cincy Jungle}} On October 18, 2011, the Bengals finally traded Carson to the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders \"Oakland Raiders\") for a 2012 first round draft pick and a conditional second round 2013 pick if Oakland made it to the AFC Championship game in 2011 or 2012 (which they did not).[AP Raiders Palmer](https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news;_ylt=Akx3lF7OQxum3cah1GwdT9I5nYcB?slug=ap-raiders-palmer) Yahoo.com {{Dead link\\\|date\\=February 2022}} Palmer later said in the [NFL Network](/wiki/NFL_Network \"NFL Network\") documentary series [A Football Life](/wiki/A_Football_Life \"A Football Life\") that after the 2010 season, he told Brown that the Bengals needed to modernize and hire a general manager and that he and Brown got into a heated argument over it. He said that Brown 'is a very, very, very stubborn man'.", "[Andy Dalton](/wiki/Andy_Dalton \"Andy Dalton\") was taken in the [2011 NFL draft](/wiki/2011_NFL_draft \"2011 NFL draft\") and became the first quarterback in franchise history to lead the team to the playoffs five years in a row, although the Bengals were eliminated in the first round each year. Dalton did not play in what became the fifth consecutive loss due to injury. After returning from injury, Dalton underperformed from 2016 to 2019 compared to the previous 5 seasons and was eventually cut after the 2019 season.", "The Bengals drafted [Joe Burrow](/wiki/Joe_Burrow \"Joe Burrow\") with the first overall pick in the 2020 Draft. In 2021, Burrow led the Bengals to their first playoff win since 1990 and has led them to back\\-to\\-back AFC Championship Games in 2021 and 2022, a team first, and one Super Bowl berth.", "### \"Carl Pickens Clause\"", "In 1998, the Bengals cut punter [Lee Johnson](/wiki/Lee_Johnson_%28punter%29 \"Lee Johnson (punter)\"). Brown attempted to fine Johnson after cutting him for \"conduct detrimental to the team\" in relation to comments Johnson had made about the organization and the 1998 season. A reporter asked Johnson after a Bengals loss \"if you were a fan, would you have come here today?\" to which Johnson replied \"No, no way...why would you? You're saying (losing) is OK. I guess if you've got nothing else to do. I'd sell my tickets.\"Robinson, Doug, 1999, January 8, Ex\\-Cougar Johnson talked his way out of Cincinnati, Deseret News (Salt Lake City), p. D03 This fine resulted in a dispute with the [NFL players union](/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association \"National Football League Players Association\"), whose counsel remarked \"A fine is a disciplinary measure, you discipline someone to try and make sure they're a better employee in the future. How can you do that if you've fired them?\"Bengals can't fine Johnson, 1998, December 11, The Augusta Chronicle (Georgia), p. B2", "In 2000, the Bengals instituted a \"loyalty clause,\" which allows the Bengals to deny various bonuses to players depending on the remarks they make about the Bengals.2000, August 1\\. Union challenges loyalty clause, USA Today, 12C The ability to enact such a clause appears justified under the collective bargaining agreement which states an NFL team can fine a player one week's salary and suspend him without pay for up to four weeks for any action the club considers detrimental to the team.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/news/2000/06/11/bengals\\_contracts\\_ap/ \\\|title\\=CNNSI.com \\- NFL Football \\- Cincinnati seeking loyalty clause in new contracts \\- Monday June 12, 2000 11:01 AM \\\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2008 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103210743/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/news/2000/06/11/bengals\\_contracts\\_ap/ \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Brown responded that the clause would only be enacted under extreme circumstances. He wrote an editorial for the [Cincinnati Enquirer](/wiki/Cincinnati_Enquirer \"Cincinnati Enquirer\"), citing team cohesion as his main motivation for the clause.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://bengals.enquirer.com/2000/07/18/ben\\_loyalty\\_clause\\_is.html \\\|title\\=Loyalty clause is needed \\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2007 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120707125727/http://bengals.enquirer.com/2000/07/18/ben\\_loyalty\\_clause\\_is.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "It is often dubbed the \"[Carl Pickens](/wiki/Carl_Pickens \"Carl Pickens\") Clause,\" stemming from the 2000 offseason. Brown renewed Bruce Coslet's contract despite his 21–36 Bengals record. Pickens responded, \"I don't understand it. We're trying to win; we're trying to turn this thing around out there. And they bring (Coslet) back.\"Quotes of the Week, 2000, January 1, The Independent (London), p. 23 Pickens finished his career with the [Tennessee Titans](/wiki/Tennessee_Titans \"Tennessee Titans\").", "Over the years since the clause, Bengals players have commented on a negative atmosphere within the organization, notably [Takeo Spikes](/wiki/Takeo_Spikes \"Takeo Spikes\"),Elfin, David. 2002, October 18, Bungling along; Cincinnati seems content never to contend, The Washington Times, p. C04 [Jeff Blake](/wiki/Jeff_Blake \"Jeff Blake\"),Wright, Ken, 2002, November 8\\. No fond Bengal memories for Blake, The Washington Times, p. C04 and [Jon Kitna](/wiki/Jon_Kitna \"Jon Kitna\").Sandler, 2002", "The most vocal critic of the Bengals since the clause was instituted was [Corey Dillon](/wiki/Corey_Dillon \"Corey Dillon\").Sandler, Jeremy, 2002, December 30, Losing becomes them: The Bengals' problems are biblical in proportion, but no salvation appears in sight, National Post (Canada), p.S2 In 2001, after becoming the sixth player in NFL history to rush for 1,000 yards or more in five consecutive seasons, he remarked \"at the end of the season, what do I have to feel good about? Nothing at all. It's not cool.\" After a fifth losing season with the team in 2002, he remarked \"\"I'm tired of it, six years of this B.S. I ain't lying to you. I'm sick of this crap, period.\" Dillon demanded a trade at the end of the 2003 season after throwing most of his gear to the fans during the last home game of the season. He went on to win a [Super Bowl](/wiki/NFL_championship%23Super_Bowl_Championship_.281970_.E2.80.93_present.29 \"NFL championship#Super Bowl Championship .281970 .E2.80.93 present.29\") with the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\") in the following season.", "### Frugality", "[thumb\\\|102px\\\|right\\\|Warren Sapp went to the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders \"Oakland Raiders\") after the Bengals appeared to have signed him](/wiki/Image:Warren_Sapp_2.jpg \"Warren Sapp 2.jpg\")\nIn 1994, [agent](/wiki/Agent_%28sports%29 \"Agent (sports)\") [Leigh Steinberg](/wiki/Leigh_Steinberg \"Leigh Steinberg\") described Brown as \"in a lonely fight for economic rationality in the NFL\" and \"a [Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote \"Don Quixote\")\\-type figure pushing back the forces of salary madness.\"{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/23/sports/football\\-wilkinson\\-theorem\\-perplexes\\-bengals.html\\\|title\\=FOOTBALL; Wilkinson Theorem Perplexes Bengals\\\|first\\=Timothy W.\\\|last\\=Smith\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=April 23, 1994}} In the 2000s, Brown proved reluctant to finish free agent signings or trades. [Warren Sapp](/wiki/Warren_Sapp \"Warren Sapp\") (in 2004\\), [Shaun Rogers](/wiki/Shaun_Rogers_%28American_football%29 \"Shaun Rogers (American football)\") (in 2008\\), and [Johnathan Joseph](/wiki/Johnathan_Joseph \"Johnathan Joseph\") (in 2011\\) being notable examples.", "Agent [Drew Rosenhaus](/wiki/Drew_Rosenhaus \"Drew Rosenhaus\") described it as a \"matter of hours\" before the Bengals would sign Sapp, only a day before the Raiders signed him.Price, Jeff. 2004, March 19\\. Agent: Sapp close to four\\-year deal with Bengals, Associated Press Sapp accused the Bengals of \"playing with the money\" on the original deal they offered him, deferring more money to incentives rather than in guarantees.2004, March 21, Cimini, Rich \\& Myers, Gary, Sapp rushes to Raiders, Daily News, New York, p. 74 The [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") reported a completed trade between Cincinnati and the [Detroit Lions](/wiki/Detroit_Lions \"Detroit Lions\") on February 29, 2008, for Rogers.Lage, Larry, 2008, February 29, Lions DT Shaun Rogers goes to Cincinnati for 3rd, 5th\\-round picks, Associated Press. However, the trade fell through and the next day, it was confirmed that the Lions instead traded Rogers to the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\").[Detroit Free Press](https://web.archive.org/web/20140223135326/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080229/SPORTS01/80229042/1048/SPORTS)", "Former Bengals players and beat writers have also remarked on other spendthrift aspects of the organization as compared to other NFL franchises, such as not supplying sports drinks and providing undersized towels or used equipment for the players.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/10/1079947605/a\\-look\\-at\\-owner\\-mike\\-browns\\-untraditional\\-approach\\-to\\-running\\-the\\-cincinnati\\-ben \\\| title\\=A look at owner Mike Brown's untraditional approach to running the Cincinnati Bengals \\\| website\\=NPR.org }}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.journal\\-news.com/sports/houshmandzadeh\\-recounts\\-embarrassing\\-details\\-from\\-his\\-early\\-bengals\\-career/Cf5Yteg0oS77xSQYaV8GpM/\n\\\|title\\=Football; T.J. Houshmandzadeh recounts embarrassing details from his early Bengals career\\\|first\\=Marcus\\\|last\\=Hartman\\\|newspaper\\=Butler County Journal News\\\|date\\=July 10, 2018}}", "" ]
Gameplay -------- ### Original series {{Overly detailed\\|section\\|details\=\\|date\=May 2024}} Unlike the American version, where the numbers on the wheel correspond to the amount of money won by each contestant, the British version instead referred to these amounts as 'points'. These points have no cash value; their only purpose was to determine the grand finalist, or to choose a winner for a particular round. There was a reason for this. Between 1960 and 1992, the [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority "Independent Broadcasting Authority") and, for the last two years, its successor, the [Independent Television Commission](/wiki/Independent_Television_Commission "Independent Television Commission"), imposed caps on the top prize game shows could give away per week, and standardising the prize on offer per episode ensured the programme did not breach the set limits. Points earned from all players carried on to proceeding rounds, and only scores for the current round were susceptible to Bankrupts, meaning a winner could be crowned who had never solved a puzzle, but acquired a large number of points. This rule would encourage sacrificing a player's turn if he or she did not know the puzzle rather than risking his or her points by spinning again. For the first three series, before the recording of each episode, each contestant spun the wheel; the contestant with the highest score would start the first round. In the programme proper, the contestant was asked a 50/50 trivia question, and if the contestant answered correctly, they spun the wheel. If the contestant landed on a number, they had to pick a letter. If the letter appeared on the puzzle board, the contestant earned the value multiplied by the number of times the letter appeared. A player was allowed to purchase a vowel for a flat rate of 250 points for any number of repetitions as long as that vowel appeared in the puzzle. The contestant would then spin the wheel again, but the contestant's turn would end if the contestant either (a) landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, earning the contestant no points (but not deducting the number the contestant landed on); (b) bought a vowel that did not appear in the puzzle (still costing the 250 points); (c) landed on the "LOSE A TURN" space; (d) landed on the "BANKRUPT" space, losing the contestant's total score for that round (but not from previous rounds); or (e) attempting to solve the puzzle but giving an incorrect answer. If the contestant landed on the "FREE SPIN", the contestant would be given a "FREE SPIN" token and would spin the wheel again. If the contestant landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, or landed on the "LOSE A TURN" space or the "BANKRUPT" space, the contestant could give their "FREE SPIN" loop to the host and spin again. They could alternatively hand over play to the next contestant. If the contestant answered the 50/50 trivia question incorrectly, they would not spin the wheel; play would move on to the next contestant. In the speed round, the host would spin the wheel with the centre player's arrow determining the point value for each contestant. Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth whatever the value spun. The left player would go first. No more 50/50 questions were asked. From the fourth series onward, the 50/50 trivia individual questions were dropped. Instead, at the start of each round, the contestants would be asked a general knowledge question and the first contestant to buzz in and answer correctly would gain control of the wheel (this included the speed\-up round). Also from the fourth series onward, from Round 3 to the end, the points on the wheel were worth double (although the wheel did not show the values at double points). The yellow (centre) player's arrow determined the point value for each consonant in the speed\-up round (and during the final spin both Walsh and Leslie employed the catchphrase "No more spinning, just winning!" while explaining how the speed\-up round worked). Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth the value spun. In case of a tie, each player tied for the lead spun the wheel and the player who spun the higher number went through. In the final series, this was replaced by a tie\-break question on the buzzer, and whoever answered correctly first went into the final. In the Grand Finale, the winning contestant chose from one of three bonus prizes to play for: a car, a luxury holiday, or a cash prize. The series in 1994 differed, in that the prize the contestant won for solving the puzzle was a car plus the cash prize of £10,000\. In one episode in 1994, the prize was two cars and £10,000\.{{citation needed\\|date\=August 2018}} From 1995 to 1998, the player chose one of two envelopes, one with the car and the other with £20,000\. The prize chosen, the Grand Finale continued with the contestant choosing five consonants and a vowel. The contestant had 15 seconds to solve the puzzle to win the prize. Unlike other versions, the player could solve any one word individually, and then work on any other word in the puzzle. For example, if the puzzle was "A CUP OF TEA", the player could solve "OF", then "A", then "TEA", and finally "CUP" to complete the puzzle. In the final series, "LOSE A TURN" was changed to "MISS A TURN", for reasons unknown, and a "500 Gamble" wedge was added. If a player landed on the latter wedge, they had the option of going for 500 points per letter or gambling their round score. If they chose to gamble their points and called a correct letter, their score would be doubled with 1,000 (2,000 starting in the third round) for each appearance of said consonant added to the sum;{{clarify\\|date\=August 2018}} an incorrect letter was the same as Bankrupt. In the rare event two or all three players were tied for first place, the host had each player spin the wheel once, and the highest number spun won the game. Spinning a "BANKRUPT," "LOSE A TURN/MISS A TURN," or "FREE SPIN" did not allow another spin and thus counted as a zero score. ### Revival series The rules in the revival are more faithful to the [original American version of the show](/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_%28American_game_show%29 "Wheel of Fortune (American game show)"). Each episode consists of at least six standard puzzle rounds, with toss\-up rounds before the first, third, fourth and six puzzles. Each toss\-up round consists of three puzzles each worth £500 for the first two rounds and £1,000 for the last two rounds. The wheel now contains money amounts from £100 to £2,000, along with two 'Prize' tokens that award a prize to the contestant who claims it regardless of the puzzle's outcome, but do not count towards their score. Vowels cost £100 each. A bonus round is played by the contestant who solves the third puzzle. After selecting one of three categories, the puzzle is displayed with all instances of R, S, T, L, N, and E revealed and the player must choose three more consonants and another vowel. After all instances of the chosen letters are revealed, if the player could solve the puzzle within ten seconds, the player won a bonus prize. The final round is played in a 'speed\-up' format, with the amount spun on the host's final spin being the value of each consonant. Another bonus round is then played in the same manner as the first by the contestant who has the most total money, who spins a special wheel to determine the prize.	[ "Gameplay\n--------", "### Original series", "{{Overly detailed\\\|section\\\|details\\=\\\|date\\=May 2024}}\nUnlike the American version, where the numbers on the wheel correspond to the amount of money won by each contestant, the British version instead referred to these amounts as 'points'. These points have no cash value; their only purpose was to determine the grand finalist, or to choose a winner for a particular round. There was a reason for this. Between 1960 and 1992, the [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority \"Independent Broadcasting Authority\") and, for the last two years, its successor, the [Independent Television Commission](/wiki/Independent_Television_Commission \"Independent Television Commission\"), imposed caps on the top prize game shows could give away per week, and standardising the prize on offer per episode ensured the programme did not breach the set limits.", "Points earned from all players carried on to proceeding rounds, and only scores for the current round were susceptible to Bankrupts, meaning a winner could be crowned who had never solved a puzzle, but acquired a large number of points. This rule would encourage sacrificing a player's turn if he or she did not know the puzzle rather than risking his or her points by spinning again.", "For the first three series, before the recording of each episode, each contestant spun the wheel; the contestant with the highest score would start the first round. In the programme proper, the contestant was asked a 50/50 trivia question, and if the contestant answered correctly, they spun the wheel. If the contestant landed on a number, they had to pick a letter. If the letter appeared on the puzzle board, the contestant earned the value multiplied by the number of times the letter appeared. A player was allowed to purchase a vowel for a flat rate of 250 points for any number of repetitions as long as that vowel appeared in the puzzle. The contestant would then spin the wheel again, but the contestant's turn would end if the contestant either (a) landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, earning the contestant no points (but not deducting the number the contestant landed on); (b) bought a vowel that did not appear in the puzzle (still costing the 250 points); (c) landed on the \"LOSE A TURN\" space; (d) landed on the \"BANKRUPT\" space, losing the contestant's total score for that round (but not from previous rounds); or (e) attempting to solve the puzzle but giving an incorrect answer.", "If the contestant landed on the \"FREE SPIN\", the contestant would be given a \"FREE SPIN\" token and would spin the wheel again. If the contestant landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, or landed on the \"LOSE A TURN\" space or the \"BANKRUPT\" space, the contestant could give their \"FREE SPIN\" loop to the host and spin again. They could alternatively hand over play to the next contestant.", "If the contestant answered the 50/50 trivia question incorrectly, they would not spin the wheel; play would move on to the next contestant.", "In the speed round, the host would spin the wheel with the centre player's arrow determining the point value for each contestant. Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth whatever the value spun. The left player would go first. No more 50/50 questions were asked.", "From the fourth series onward, the 50/50 trivia individual questions were dropped. Instead, at the start of each round, the contestants would be asked a general knowledge question and the first contestant to buzz in and answer correctly would gain control of the wheel (this included the speed\\-up round).", "Also from the fourth series onward, from Round 3 to the end, the points on the wheel were worth double (although the wheel did not show the values at double points).", "The yellow (centre) player's arrow determined the point value for each consonant in the speed\\-up round (and during the final spin both Walsh and Leslie employed the catchphrase \"No more spinning, just winning!\" while explaining how the speed\\-up round worked). Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth the value spun. In case of a tie, each player tied for the lead spun the wheel and the player who spun the higher number went through. In the final series, this was replaced by a tie\\-break question on the buzzer, and whoever answered correctly first went into the final.", "In the Grand Finale, the winning contestant chose from one of three bonus prizes to play for: a car, a luxury holiday, or a cash prize. The series in 1994 differed, in that the prize the contestant won for solving the puzzle was a car plus the cash prize of £10,000\\. In one episode in 1994, the prize was two cars and £10,000\\.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=August 2018}} From 1995 to 1998, the player chose one of two envelopes, one with the car and the other with £20,000\\. The prize chosen, the Grand Finale continued with the contestant choosing five consonants and a vowel. The contestant had 15 seconds to solve the puzzle to win the prize. Unlike other versions, the player could solve any one word individually, and then work on any other word in the puzzle. For example, if the puzzle was \"A CUP OF TEA\", the player could solve \"OF\", then \"A\", then \"TEA\", and finally \"CUP\" to complete the puzzle.", "In the final series, \"LOSE A TURN\" was changed to \"MISS A TURN\", for reasons unknown, and a \"500 Gamble\" wedge was added. If a player landed on the latter wedge, they had the option of going for 500 points per letter or gambling their round score. If they chose to gamble their points and called a correct letter, their score would be doubled with 1,000 (2,000 starting in the third round) for each appearance of said consonant added to the sum;{{clarify\\\|date\\=August 2018}} an incorrect letter was the same as Bankrupt.", "In the rare event two or all three players were tied for first place, the host had each player spin the wheel once, and the highest number spun won the game. Spinning a \"BANKRUPT,\" \"LOSE A TURN/MISS A TURN,\" or \"FREE SPIN\" did not allow another spin and thus counted as a zero score.", "### Revival series", "The rules in the revival are more faithful to the [original American version of the show](/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_%28American_game_show%29 \"Wheel of Fortune (American game show)\"). Each episode consists of at least six standard puzzle rounds, with toss\\-up rounds before the first, third, fourth and six puzzles. Each toss\\-up round consists of three puzzles each worth £500 for the first two rounds and £1,000 for the last two rounds. The wheel now contains money amounts from £100 to £2,000, along with two 'Prize' tokens that award a prize to the contestant who claims it regardless of the puzzle's outcome, but do not count towards their score. Vowels cost £100 each.", "A bonus round is played by the contestant who solves the third puzzle.\nAfter selecting one of three categories, the puzzle is displayed with all instances of R, S, T, L, N, and E revealed and the player must choose three more consonants and another vowel. After all instances of the chosen letters are revealed, if the player could solve the puzzle within ten seconds, the player won a bonus prize.", "The final round is played in a 'speed\\-up' format, with the amount spun on the host's final spin being the value of each consonant. Another bonus round is then played in the same manner as the first by the contestant who has the most total money, who spins a special wheel to determine the prize.", "" ]
### Original series {{Overly detailed\\|section\\|details\=\\|date\=May 2024}} Unlike the American version, where the numbers on the wheel correspond to the amount of money won by each contestant, the British version instead referred to these amounts as 'points'. These points have no cash value; their only purpose was to determine the grand finalist, or to choose a winner for a particular round. There was a reason for this. Between 1960 and 1992, the [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority "Independent Broadcasting Authority") and, for the last two years, its successor, the [Independent Television Commission](/wiki/Independent_Television_Commission "Independent Television Commission"), imposed caps on the top prize game shows could give away per week, and standardising the prize on offer per episode ensured the programme did not breach the set limits. Points earned from all players carried on to proceeding rounds, and only scores for the current round were susceptible to Bankrupts, meaning a winner could be crowned who had never solved a puzzle, but acquired a large number of points. This rule would encourage sacrificing a player's turn if he or she did not know the puzzle rather than risking his or her points by spinning again. For the first three series, before the recording of each episode, each contestant spun the wheel; the contestant with the highest score would start the first round. In the programme proper, the contestant was asked a 50/50 trivia question, and if the contestant answered correctly, they spun the wheel. If the contestant landed on a number, they had to pick a letter. If the letter appeared on the puzzle board, the contestant earned the value multiplied by the number of times the letter appeared. A player was allowed to purchase a vowel for a flat rate of 250 points for any number of repetitions as long as that vowel appeared in the puzzle. The contestant would then spin the wheel again, but the contestant's turn would end if the contestant either (a) landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, earning the contestant no points (but not deducting the number the contestant landed on); (b) bought a vowel that did not appear in the puzzle (still costing the 250 points); (c) landed on the "LOSE A TURN" space; (d) landed on the "BANKRUPT" space, losing the contestant's total score for that round (but not from previous rounds); or (e) attempting to solve the puzzle but giving an incorrect answer. If the contestant landed on the "FREE SPIN", the contestant would be given a "FREE SPIN" token and would spin the wheel again. If the contestant landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, or landed on the "LOSE A TURN" space or the "BANKRUPT" space, the contestant could give their "FREE SPIN" loop to the host and spin again. They could alternatively hand over play to the next contestant. If the contestant answered the 50/50 trivia question incorrectly, they would not spin the wheel; play would move on to the next contestant. In the speed round, the host would spin the wheel with the centre player's arrow determining the point value for each contestant. Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth whatever the value spun. The left player would go first. No more 50/50 questions were asked. From the fourth series onward, the 50/50 trivia individual questions were dropped. Instead, at the start of each round, the contestants would be asked a general knowledge question and the first contestant to buzz in and answer correctly would gain control of the wheel (this included the speed\-up round). Also from the fourth series onward, from Round 3 to the end, the points on the wheel were worth double (although the wheel did not show the values at double points). The yellow (centre) player's arrow determined the point value for each consonant in the speed\-up round (and during the final spin both Walsh and Leslie employed the catchphrase "No more spinning, just winning!" while explaining how the speed\-up round worked). Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth the value spun. In case of a tie, each player tied for the lead spun the wheel and the player who spun the higher number went through. In the final series, this was replaced by a tie\-break question on the buzzer, and whoever answered correctly first went into the final. In the Grand Finale, the winning contestant chose from one of three bonus prizes to play for: a car, a luxury holiday, or a cash prize. The series in 1994 differed, in that the prize the contestant won for solving the puzzle was a car plus the cash prize of £10,000\. In one episode in 1994, the prize was two cars and £10,000\.{{citation needed\\|date\=August 2018}} From 1995 to 1998, the player chose one of two envelopes, one with the car and the other with £20,000\. The prize chosen, the Grand Finale continued with the contestant choosing five consonants and a vowel. The contestant had 15 seconds to solve the puzzle to win the prize. Unlike other versions, the player could solve any one word individually, and then work on any other word in the puzzle. For example, if the puzzle was "A CUP OF TEA", the player could solve "OF", then "A", then "TEA", and finally "CUP" to complete the puzzle. In the final series, "LOSE A TURN" was changed to "MISS A TURN", for reasons unknown, and a "500 Gamble" wedge was added. If a player landed on the latter wedge, they had the option of going for 500 points per letter or gambling their round score. If they chose to gamble their points and called a correct letter, their score would be doubled with 1,000 (2,000 starting in the third round) for each appearance of said consonant added to the sum;{{clarify\\|date\=August 2018}} an incorrect letter was the same as Bankrupt. In the rare event two or all three players were tied for first place, the host had each player spin the wheel once, and the highest number spun won the game. Spinning a "BANKRUPT," "LOSE A TURN/MISS A TURN," or "FREE SPIN" did not allow another spin and thus counted as a zero score.	[ "### Original series", "{{Overly detailed\\\|section\\\|details\\=\\\|date\\=May 2024}}\nUnlike the American version, where the numbers on the wheel correspond to the amount of money won by each contestant, the British version instead referred to these amounts as 'points'. These points have no cash value; their only purpose was to determine the grand finalist, or to choose a winner for a particular round. There was a reason for this. Between 1960 and 1992, the [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority \"Independent Broadcasting Authority\") and, for the last two years, its successor, the [Independent Television Commission](/wiki/Independent_Television_Commission \"Independent Television Commission\"), imposed caps on the top prize game shows could give away per week, and standardising the prize on offer per episode ensured the programme did not breach the set limits.", "Points earned from all players carried on to proceeding rounds, and only scores for the current round were susceptible to Bankrupts, meaning a winner could be crowned who had never solved a puzzle, but acquired a large number of points. This rule would encourage sacrificing a player's turn if he or she did not know the puzzle rather than risking his or her points by spinning again.", "For the first three series, before the recording of each episode, each contestant spun the wheel; the contestant with the highest score would start the first round. In the programme proper, the contestant was asked a 50/50 trivia question, and if the contestant answered correctly, they spun the wheel. If the contestant landed on a number, they had to pick a letter. If the letter appeared on the puzzle board, the contestant earned the value multiplied by the number of times the letter appeared. A player was allowed to purchase a vowel for a flat rate of 250 points for any number of repetitions as long as that vowel appeared in the puzzle. The contestant would then spin the wheel again, but the contestant's turn would end if the contestant either (a) landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, earning the contestant no points (but not deducting the number the contestant landed on); (b) bought a vowel that did not appear in the puzzle (still costing the 250 points); (c) landed on the \"LOSE A TURN\" space; (d) landed on the \"BANKRUPT\" space, losing the contestant's total score for that round (but not from previous rounds); or (e) attempting to solve the puzzle but giving an incorrect answer.", "If the contestant landed on the \"FREE SPIN\", the contestant would be given a \"FREE SPIN\" token and would spin the wheel again. If the contestant landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, or landed on the \"LOSE A TURN\" space or the \"BANKRUPT\" space, the contestant could give their \"FREE SPIN\" loop to the host and spin again. They could alternatively hand over play to the next contestant.", "If the contestant answered the 50/50 trivia question incorrectly, they would not spin the wheel; play would move on to the next contestant.", "In the speed round, the host would spin the wheel with the centre player's arrow determining the point value for each contestant. Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth whatever the value spun. The left player would go first. No more 50/50 questions were asked.", "From the fourth series onward, the 50/50 trivia individual questions were dropped. Instead, at the start of each round, the contestants would be asked a general knowledge question and the first contestant to buzz in and answer correctly would gain control of the wheel (this included the speed\\-up round).", "Also from the fourth series onward, from Round 3 to the end, the points on the wheel were worth double (although the wheel did not show the values at double points).", "The yellow (centre) player's arrow determined the point value for each consonant in the speed\\-up round (and during the final spin both Walsh and Leslie employed the catchphrase \"No more spinning, just winning!\" while explaining how the speed\\-up round worked). Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth the value spun. In case of a tie, each player tied for the lead spun the wheel and the player who spun the higher number went through. In the final series, this was replaced by a tie\\-break question on the buzzer, and whoever answered correctly first went into the final.", "In the Grand Finale, the winning contestant chose from one of three bonus prizes to play for: a car, a luxury holiday, or a cash prize. The series in 1994 differed, in that the prize the contestant won for solving the puzzle was a car plus the cash prize of £10,000\\. In one episode in 1994, the prize was two cars and £10,000\\.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=August 2018}} From 1995 to 1998, the player chose one of two envelopes, one with the car and the other with £20,000\\. The prize chosen, the Grand Finale continued with the contestant choosing five consonants and a vowel. The contestant had 15 seconds to solve the puzzle to win the prize. Unlike other versions, the player could solve any one word individually, and then work on any other word in the puzzle. For example, if the puzzle was \"A CUP OF TEA\", the player could solve \"OF\", then \"A\", then \"TEA\", and finally \"CUP\" to complete the puzzle.", "In the final series, \"LOSE A TURN\" was changed to \"MISS A TURN\", for reasons unknown, and a \"500 Gamble\" wedge was added. If a player landed on the latter wedge, they had the option of going for 500 points per letter or gambling their round score. If they chose to gamble their points and called a correct letter, their score would be doubled with 1,000 (2,000 starting in the third round) for each appearance of said consonant added to the sum;{{clarify\\\|date\\=August 2018}} an incorrect letter was the same as Bankrupt.", "In the rare event two or all three players were tied for first place, the host had each player spin the wheel once, and the highest number spun won the game. Spinning a \"BANKRUPT,\" \"LOSE A TURN/MISS A TURN,\" or \"FREE SPIN\" did not allow another spin and thus counted as a zero score.", "" ]