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History ------- During the mid\-'50s a group of local businessmen, including Orville Slutzky, Karl Plattner Sr. and Israel Slutzky, developed plans to revive the area's economy after the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), World War II, and the decline of Catskills tourism had caused long\-term economic distress. The sport of [skiing](/wiki/Skiing "Skiing") was becoming popular, and the group considered developing Hunter Mountain as a ski resort. After a failed lobbying attempt to get the state to develop a new ski area on [Hunter Mountain](/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_%28New_York%29 "Hunter Mountain (New York)"), the group contacted Denise McCluggage, a sports editor at the [New York Herald Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune "New York Herald Tribune"). They told her they had a mountain to give away to any developer who would build a ski area called Hunter Mountain on it. McCluggage wrote an article that attracted the interest of a group of Broadway show\-business people. This group created the Hunter Mountain Development Corp., which was the first operator of Hunter Mountain. Headed by [James Hammerstein](/wiki/James_Hammerstein "James Hammerstein"), the son of [Oscar Hammerstein II](/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II "Oscar Hammerstein II"), the group included many Hollywood and Broadway stars of the time. With Orville and Izzy Slutzky providing most of the land and their firm I. \& O.A. Slutzky providing the construction, the ground was broken to develop the ski area in the summer of 1959\. The area was given to the group to operate with two stipulations: that it be called "Hunter Mountain Ski Bowl" and that it has snowmaking capabilities, which was a relatively new technology at the time. On January 9, 1960, Hunter Mountain opened for the first time with the original "B" Lift in operation. The original "A" Lift was under construction and was not completed in time for the first season. The old Starr Hotel served as the first base lodge, located just below the old Ski and Snowboard School administration building. When the Hunter Mountain Development Corp. went bankrupt by the middle of the 1961/62 season the Slutzky brothers took over the operation. During the summer of 1962, the "A" lift was completed. This opened up the skiing to the summit. Over the next several years, many new trails were cut, including the opening of the Belt Parkway and the construction of the Upper Shop, and more snow\-making was installed. In the summer of 1963, Hunter opened for summer skiing on plastic chips. Summer skiing lasted only a few years. During the winter of 1963/64, Hunter Mountain opened for night skiing for the first time. Night skiing was discontinued in 1972\. [thumb\\|left\\|Hunter MountainIn](/wiki/Image:Hunter_Mountain_ski_area.jpg "Hunter Mountain ski area.jpg") the summer of 1964, construction of the present\-day base lodge began, which opened on December 12, 1964, featuring a 300\-seat dining room, an indoor swimming pool, sauna, health club, and massage rooms. The "D" Lift opened in December 1967, the first triple chair at Hunter Mountain. Also that winter, Hunter Mountain became the first area in the world with a summit to base snow\-making with the completion of snow\-making lines to the summit. Also at this time, the "East Side" was developed including K\-27 (38–44 degrees, steepest run on the mountain), East Side Drive, and The Milky Way. In the summer of 1969, construction of the trails on Hunter West began. It was opened with the "Z" Lift for the season. That summer, the Summit Lodge was constructed. The first Hunter Summer Festival took place in July 1975 with the ten\-day German Alps Festival. Under the direction of Don Conover and his family, the festivals grew steadily each year thereafter. The Colonel's Hall was added to the base lodge in the summer of 1977\. In addition, the Mini\-Lodge in Hunter One was constructed. The Mini\-Lodge has since been removed. In 1980, Hunter Mountain became the first ski area in the world to feature snow\-making on 100 percent of its trails. December 1983 saw the opening of the Sushi Bar in the Summit Lounge. In the summer of 1987, The SnowLite Express Quad was built along with the West Wing and CopperTree Restaurant addition to the base lodge. In 1989, Hunter became the first area in the U.S. to install an automated snow\-making system. The system installed on Racer's Edge by York International was and still is operated remotely from the Upper Shop. This year also saw the completion of the first lift side condominiums. Construction and development continued into the '90s, with lifts, trails, and shops added to the complex. During summer 2010, the resort acknowledged the need to replace the aging AA\- Snowlite Express and decided that a high\-speed six\-person chairlift from [Leitner\-Poma](/wiki/Leitner-Poma "Leitner-Poma") would be the replacement.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.huntermtn.com/huntermtn/siteassets/files/news/general\-release.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\=2013\-01\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041723/http://www.huntermtn.com/huntermtn/SiteAssets/files/news/general\-release.pdf \\|archivedate\=July 7, 2011 \\|df\=mdy\-all }} Hunter unveils first six\-passenger lift in NY State It was completed by opening day for the 2010–11 season. Also new to the season were the Mid\-Mountain Tour and the Adventure Tower, operated by Zipline New York. 150 new snow guns were also added for the 2010–11 season. The summer of 2011 also saw some major changes, including another 150 new snow guns and miscellaneous improvements to the Empire Park terrain parks. The biggest improvement was the installation of a new high\-speed quad on the west side to replace the Z and Y lifts. The new lift, named the Zephyr Express, was the former AA\- Snowlite Express, which had undergone extensive renovations and new station designs.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.huntermtn.com/huntermtn/info/press\_2011\-2012\_zephyr.aspx \\|title\=Hunter Mountain \\| Press Release \- 2011\-2012 \- Zephyr Express \\|accessdate\=2013\-01\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213051318/http://www.huntermtn.com/huntermtn/info/press\_2011\-2012\_zephyr.aspx \\|archivedate\=December 13, 2012 \\|df\=mdy\-all }} Hunter to Unveil New High Speed Quad on the West Side for 2011/12 Season. The original owner Orville Slutzky died on April 18, 2013, at the age of 96\. Hunter Mountain operated for a few more family\-owned years. In late November 2015, it was announced that [Peak Resorts](/wiki/Peak_Resorts "Peak Resorts") would acquire Hunter Mountain, ending the 50\+ year run of the original owners. The 36 million dollar transaction was completed by the end of the year. On April 5, 2018, the Hunter North Expansion was announced. It includes 9 new runs, consisting of 5 trails and 4 glades, a new high\-speed six\-person chairlift located below the Belt Parkway, and Way Out trails covers approximately 1,000 vertical feet. The expansion increased Hunter Mountain's skiable acreage by 33 percent, and also adds an entirely new entrance and parking lot with space for up to 250 more vehicles. Construction on the expansion, which officially began on April 16, 2018, was completed as of Christmas Eve, December 24, 2018, and was opened to the public with a ribbon\-cutting ceremony and grand opening at 8:30 am the very same morning. As of its debut, Hunter Mountain's increase in acreage and terrain was reported as the largest ski resort expansion on the east coast of the United States in over 15 years. The addition of a second high\-speed six\-passenger chairlift, the Northern Express, makes Hunter Mountain the only ski resort in New York State to feature two 6\-passenger chairlifts.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.huntermtn.com/blog/ \\| title\=Hunter Mountain Blog \\| Hunter Mountain Resort }} In the first two months of operation, three skiers died on new trails in the expansion area.{{Cite web\\|last\=Arnold\\|first\=Chad\\|title\=Hunter Mountain: A string of deaths on the ski slopes raises questions\\|url\=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/14/hunter\-mountain\-string\-deaths\-ski\-slopes\-raises\-questions/3160930002/\\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-26\\|website\=Democrat and Chronicle\\|language\=en\-US}} {{Cite web\\|title\=Vail Resorts to Acquire Peak Resorts, Owner of 17 U.S. Ski Areas {{!}} Vail Resorts Corporate\\|url\=https://news.vailresorts.com/corporate/peakresorts.htm\\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-26\\|website\=news.vailresorts.com\\|language\=en}} During July 2019 [Peak Resorts](/wiki/Peak_Resorts "Peak Resorts") was acquired by [Vail Resorts](/wiki/Vail_Resorts "Vail Resorts"),{{Cite web\\|last\=Inc\\|first\=Vail Resorts\\|title\=Vail Resorts Closes its Acquisition of Peak Resorts; Adds 17 U.S. Ski Areas Near Major Metropolitan Areas to Portfolio\\|url\=https://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/vail\-resorts\-closes\-its\-acquisition\-of\-peak\-resorts\-adds\-17\-us\-ski\-areas\-near\-major\-metropolitan\-areas\-to\-portfolio\-300924366\.html\\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-26\\|website\=www.prnewswire.com\\|language\=en}} the transaction closed on September 24, 2019\. The 2019\-20 season enabled Hunter to accept Epic Passes, with the 2020\-21 season having RFID cards being checked by handheld scanners.	[ "History\n-------", "During the mid\\-'50s a group of local businessmen, including Orville Slutzky, Karl Plattner Sr. and Israel Slutzky, developed plans to revive the area's economy after the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), World War II, and the decline of Catskills tourism had caused long\\-term economic distress. The sport of [skiing](/wiki/Skiing \"Skiing\") was becoming popular, and the group considered developing Hunter Mountain as a ski resort. After a failed lobbying attempt to get the state to develop a new ski area on [Hunter Mountain](/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_%28New_York%29 \"Hunter Mountain (New York)\"), the group contacted Denise McCluggage, a sports editor at the [New York Herald Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune \"New York Herald Tribune\"). They told her they had a mountain to give away to any developer who would build a ski area called Hunter Mountain on it. McCluggage wrote an article that attracted the interest of a group of Broadway show\\-business people.", "This group created the Hunter Mountain Development Corp., which was the first operator of Hunter Mountain. Headed by [James Hammerstein](/wiki/James_Hammerstein \"James Hammerstein\"), the son of [Oscar Hammerstein II](/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II \"Oscar Hammerstein II\"), the group included many Hollywood and Broadway stars of the time. With Orville and Izzy Slutzky providing most of the land and their firm I. \\& O.A. Slutzky providing the construction, the ground was broken to develop the ski area in the summer of 1959\\. The area was given to the group to operate with two stipulations: that it be called \"Hunter Mountain Ski Bowl\" and that it has snowmaking capabilities, which was a relatively new technology at the time.", "On January 9, 1960, Hunter Mountain opened for the first time with the original \"B\" Lift in operation. The original \"A\" Lift was under construction and was not completed in time for the first season. The old Starr Hotel served as the first base lodge, located just below the old Ski and Snowboard School administration building. When the Hunter Mountain Development Corp. went bankrupt by the middle of the 1961/62 season the Slutzky brothers took over the operation.", "During the summer of 1962, the \"A\" lift was completed. This opened up the skiing to the summit. Over the next several years, many new trails were cut, including the opening of the Belt Parkway and the construction of the Upper Shop, and more snow\\-making was installed. In the summer of 1963, Hunter opened for summer skiing on plastic chips. Summer skiing lasted only a few years. During the winter of 1963/64, Hunter Mountain opened for night skiing for the first time. Night skiing was discontinued in 1972\\.", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Hunter MountainIn](/wiki/Image:Hunter_Mountain_ski_area.jpg \"Hunter Mountain ski area.jpg\") the summer of 1964, construction of the present\\-day base lodge began, which opened on December 12, 1964, featuring a 300\\-seat dining room, an indoor swimming pool, sauna, health club, and massage rooms. The \"D\" Lift opened in December 1967, the first triple chair at Hunter Mountain. Also that winter, Hunter Mountain became the first area in the world with a summit to base snow\\-making with the completion of snow\\-making lines to the summit. Also at this time, the \"East Side\" was developed including K\\-27 (38–44 degrees, steepest run on the mountain), East Side Drive, and The Milky Way.", "In the summer of 1969, construction of the trails on Hunter West began. It was opened with the \"Z\" Lift for the season. That summer, the Summit Lodge was constructed. The first Hunter Summer Festival took place in July 1975 with the ten\\-day German Alps Festival. Under the direction of Don Conover and his family, the festivals grew steadily each year thereafter. The Colonel's Hall was added to the base lodge in the summer of 1977\\. In addition, the Mini\\-Lodge in Hunter One was constructed. The Mini\\-Lodge has since been removed. In 1980, Hunter Mountain became the first ski area in the world to feature snow\\-making on 100 percent of its trails.", "December 1983 saw the opening of the Sushi Bar in the Summit Lounge. In the summer of 1987, The SnowLite Express Quad was built along with the West Wing and CopperTree Restaurant addition to the base lodge.", "In 1989, Hunter became the first area in the U.S. to install an automated snow\\-making system. The system installed on Racer's Edge by York International was and still is operated remotely from the Upper Shop. This year also saw the completion of the first lift side condominiums. Construction and development continued into the '90s, with lifts, trails, and shops added to the complex. During summer 2010, the resort acknowledged the need to replace the aging AA\\- Snowlite Express and decided that a high\\-speed six\\-person chairlift from [Leitner\\-Poma](/wiki/Leitner-Poma \"Leitner-Poma\") would be the replacement.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.huntermtn.com/huntermtn/siteassets/files/news/general\\-release.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|accessdate\\=2013\\-01\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041723/http://www.huntermtn.com/huntermtn/SiteAssets/files/news/general\\-release.pdf \\\|archivedate\\=July 7, 2011 \\\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Hunter unveils first six\\-passenger lift in NY State It was completed by opening day for the 2010–11 season. Also new to the season were the Mid\\-Mountain Tour and the Adventure Tower, operated by Zipline New York. 150 new snow guns were also added for the 2010–11 season. The summer of 2011 also saw some major changes, including another 150 new snow guns and miscellaneous improvements to the Empire Park terrain parks. The biggest improvement was the installation of a new high\\-speed quad on the west side to replace the Z and Y lifts. The new lift, named the Zephyr Express, was the former AA\\- Snowlite Express, which had undergone extensive renovations and new station designs.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.huntermtn.com/huntermtn/info/press\\_2011\\-2012\\_zephyr.aspx \\\|title\\=Hunter Mountain \\\| Press Release \\- 2011\\-2012 \\- Zephyr Express \\\|accessdate\\=2013\\-01\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213051318/http://www.huntermtn.com/huntermtn/info/press\\_2011\\-2012\\_zephyr.aspx \\\|archivedate\\=December 13, 2012 \\\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Hunter to Unveil New High Speed Quad on the West Side for 2011/12 Season.", "The original owner Orville Slutzky died on April 18, 2013, at the age of 96\\. Hunter Mountain operated for a few more family\\-owned years.", "In late November 2015, it was announced that [Peak Resorts](/wiki/Peak_Resorts \"Peak Resorts\") would acquire Hunter Mountain, ending the 50\\+ year run of the original owners. The 36 million dollar transaction was completed by the end of the year.", "On April 5, 2018, the Hunter North Expansion was announced. It includes 9 new runs, consisting of 5 trails and 4 glades, a new high\\-speed six\\-person chairlift located below the Belt Parkway, and Way Out trails covers approximately 1,000 vertical feet. The expansion increased Hunter Mountain's skiable acreage by 33 percent, and also adds an entirely new entrance and parking lot with space for up to 250 more vehicles. Construction on the expansion, which officially began on April 16, 2018, was completed as of Christmas Eve, December 24, 2018, and was opened to the public with a ribbon\\-cutting ceremony and grand opening at 8:30 am the very same morning. As of its debut, Hunter Mountain's increase in acreage and terrain was reported as the largest ski resort expansion on the east coast of the United States in over 15 years. The addition of a second high\\-speed six\\-passenger chairlift, the Northern Express, makes Hunter Mountain the only ski resort in New York State to feature two 6\\-passenger chairlifts.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.huntermtn.com/blog/ \\\| title\\=Hunter Mountain Blog \\\| Hunter Mountain Resort }} In the first two months of operation, three skiers died on new trails in the expansion area.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Arnold\\\|first\\=Chad\\\|title\\=Hunter Mountain: A string of deaths on the ski slopes raises questions\\\|url\\=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/14/hunter\\-mountain\\-string\\-deaths\\-ski\\-slopes\\-raises\\-questions/3160930002/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-26\\\|website\\=Democrat and Chronicle\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Vail Resorts to Acquire Peak Resorts, Owner of 17 U.S. Ski Areas {{!}} Vail Resorts Corporate\\\|url\\=https://news.vailresorts.com/corporate/peakresorts.htm\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-26\\\|website\\=news.vailresorts.com\\\|language\\=en}} During July 2019 [Peak Resorts](/wiki/Peak_Resorts \"Peak Resorts\") was acquired by [Vail Resorts](/wiki/Vail_Resorts \"Vail Resorts\"),{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Inc\\\|first\\=Vail Resorts\\\|title\\=Vail Resorts Closes its Acquisition of Peak Resorts; Adds 17 U.S. Ski Areas Near Major Metropolitan Areas to Portfolio\\\|url\\=https://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/vail\\-resorts\\-closes\\-its\\-acquisition\\-of\\-peak\\-resorts\\-adds\\-17\\-us\\-ski\\-areas\\-near\\-major\\-metropolitan\\-areas\\-to\\-portfolio\\-300924366\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-26\\\|website\\=www.prnewswire.com\\\|language\\=en}} the transaction closed on September 24, 2019\\. The 2019\\-20 season enabled Hunter to accept Epic Passes, with the 2020\\-21 season having RFID cards being checked by handheld scanners.", "" ]
Nickelodeon episodes (1991–1994\) --------------------------------- ### Season 1 (1991\) In the closing credits for this season, two different pieces of music would play: the first piece would be taken from the second story in the episode, and during the last third, Porkchop would don headphones and listen to music from the first story, immediately drowning out the original background music and angering Doug. Unlike the other seasons, the [Jumbo Pictures](/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures "Jumbo Pictures") closing logo is different. It is still and takes place on a dark blue background. {{Episode table \\|background\=\#B5DFB9 \\|overall\=4\\|season\=4\\|title\=22\\|titleR\={{efn\\|name\="alt"\\|Alternate titles are sourced from an archived Nickelodeon episode guide, iTunes, and Paramount\+.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/1/\\|title\=''Doug'': Season 1 \- Episode Guide\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Paramount\+]]}}}}\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=8\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p14t4c1\.tin\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000617134102/http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p14t4c1\.tin\\|title\=''Doug'': Episodes\\|archive\-date\=June 17, 2000\\|access\-date\=May 11, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Nick.com]]\\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://tv.apple.com/us/show/doug/umc.cmc.1wd1mt6j6uhbqtnhwdey3a65b\\|title\=Doug\\|work\=\[\[iTunes Store]]\\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Inc.]]\\|date\=August 2, 1991\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}}\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=1 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Can't Dance \\|Title\_2\=Doug Gets Busted \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=\[\[Ken Kimmelman]] \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Aaron \& Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|8\\|11}}{{Cite web\\|url\=https://groups.google.com/g/rec.arts.animation/c/QDcSRyZwxLo/m/4DfoerKEUhQJ\\|title\=The new Nik cartoons\\|website\=groups.google.com}}https://archive.org/details/Rugrats101\.TommysFirstBirthday\_201805 {{Dead link\\|date\=February 2022}} \\|ProdCode\=002 \\|ShortSummary\= Doug is excited about going to his first school costume dance, and having the opportunity to dance with his dream girl, Patti. But Doug's excitement soon fades when Roger reminds him that he has no dancing talent, so Doug goes to Skeeter for dancing tips. --- Doug makes a model of a volcano for a science project. When rumor has it that the volcano erupted and caused the whole science room to explode, Doug decides to disguise himself as Jack Bandit and go on the lam to avoid the cops and getting in trouble. \\|LineColor\=\#B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\=Doug Bags a Neematoad \\|DirectedBy\=Howard Beckerman \& Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\=Alicia Marie Schudt \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|8\\|18}} \\|ProdCode\=001 \\|ShortSummary\= The Funnies have moved from Bloatsburg and are just arriving at their new home in the town of Bluffington. 11\-year\-old Doug Funnie writes his thoughts in his journal and worries he will not be able to make any friends. On a search to find food for his Mom (Theda), Dad (Phil), sister (Judy), and himself, Doug meets his next door neighbor Mr. Dink. He shows Doug a video about Bluffington and introduces him to the popular hangout fast food restaurant called The Honker Burger. When Doug gets to the hangout, he meets Skeeter Valentine who befriends him right away. Doug also meets Patti Mayonnaise and, right away, has a secret crush on her. However, all is not well when he also meets the local bully Roger Klotz who tricks Doug into believing he has to catch a \[\[List of cryptids\\|monster]] called a Neematoad at Stinsen's Pond to be a town hero. Note: Chronologically, this is the series premiere, but it aired as the second episode. This explains why Doug's family moved in this episode, when they already moved into Bluffington in the first episode. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=3 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Dog's Date \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Big Nose \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Johan Edstrom \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Betty G. Birney \\|WrittenBy\_2\=M.K. Brown \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|8\\|25}} \\|ProdCode\=003 \\|ShortSummary\=When Porkchop begins acting very strangely, Doug tries to find out what's causing his friend's odd behavior. It turns out that Porkchop has come down with a case of "puppy love" for a local poodle. --- Doug refuses to get his picture taken for School Photo Swap Day at school, because he has suddenly become self\-conscious of his nose after Skeeter's little brother Dale calls Doug "big nose". \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=4 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Takes a Hike \\|Title\_2\=Doug Rocks \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Ken Kimmelman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|9\\|8}} \\|ProdCode\=004 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug joins the Bluff Scouts and, on his first camping trip with the scouts, he really wants to get his first badge. But when Roger "volunteers" to be Doug's camping partner, he's not sure how the camping trip will turn out. --- Skeeter and Doug win tickets to go see The Beets live at a concert in Bluffington. Unfortunately, everything comes to a halt when Skeeter gets grounded and can't go with Doug to the concert. Doug really wants to go, but sticks with his best friend. Skeeter gets ungrounded by his father since he was making noise and go outside. On the night of the concert the two are at the Honker Burger, when they get the surprise of their lives. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=5 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Can't Dig It \\|Title\_2\=Doug Didn't Do It \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Jean\-Pierre Jacquet \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Marcy Winograd \& Jacqueline Hirtz \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|9\\|22}} \\|ProdCode\=005 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is thrilled when Mrs. Wingo tells him that he'll be introducing a special performer for an upcoming school show. But when he finds out that the performer is actually his sister Judy, he worries that he'll be embarrassed in front of the entire school. --- A prankster steals Vice Principal Bone's "Der Grosser Yodelmeister" trophy. When the trophy is later found in Doug's locker, Mr. Bone becomes convinced that Doug is the thief. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=6 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\_1\=Doug is Mayor for a Day" "Doug, Mayor for a Day" "Mayor for a Day \\|Title\_2\=Doug's No Dummy \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=\[\[John Pardee]] \& \[\[Joey Murphy]] \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Kingsberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|9\\|29}} \\|ProdCode\=006 \\|ShortSummary\=For Student Government Day, Doug is chosen to be the mayor for the day. He visits Mayor Robert "Bob" White on a field trip to Bluffington Town Hall, and makes a big decision in the position when a situation erupts at Mr. Swirly's Ice Cream factory. --- Doug is entered (thanks to Roger) into a school talent contest, and decides to try out a ventriloquism act. Once onstage, Doug has to face his nerves and keep his new pal Buster from losing his head. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=7 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Cool Shoes \\|Title\_2\=Doug to the Rescue \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Marcy Winograd \& Jacqueline Hirtz \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|10\\|6}} \\|ProdCode\_1\=007B \\|ProdCode\_2\=007A \\|ShortSummary\=Doug feels inferior because he doesn't have awesome new shoes, the Sky Davis Inflatable Air Jets, like everyone else. That is, until he meets the real Sky Davis. --- Roger begins pestering Patti to help him with his book report, and when Patti finally loses her temper and yells at Roger to leave her alone, they get punished with a trip to detention. This doesn't sit well with Doug, who tries to stop Roger from bugging Patti. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=8 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Gets His Ears Lowered \\|Title\_2\=Doug on the Wild Side \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Lisa Melamed \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Beth Bornstein \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|10\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=008 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug decides that he needs a haircut, but he doesn't want just ANY kind of haircut. He goes around town, trying to find a barber that can cut his hair the same way his old friend in Bloatsburg did. He looks all over and finds Mr. Sweeny before escaping the dangerous barber Fluke. --- Doug's motorcycle\-riding Grandma Opal comes to visit and she teaches Doug to take risks and enjoy life while taking him on his first motorcycle ride and sushi lunch. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=9 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Big Catch \\|Title\_2\=Doug Needs Money \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Jean\-Pierre Jacquet \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=\[\[Joe Stillman\\|Joseph Stillman]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|11\\|3}} \\|ProdCode\=009 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug accompanies Mr. Dink to the Big Time Bass\-Off Contest, in order to try and catch a fish named Chester who stole Bud's wallet 30 years ago. --- Doug and Skeeter try to make some money in order to buy Mr. Dink a new grill, after they accidentally break his old one with a baseball. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=10 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Runaway Journal \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Doodle" "Doug Doodles \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joseph Stillman \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|11\\|10}} \\|ProdCode\_1\=010B \\|ProdCode\_2\=010A \\|ShortSummary\=Doug freaks out when he can't find his journal anywhere. All his personal thoughts are in that journal, and he'll do anything to get it back. After posting flyers around town, he learns that Roger has found it. --- Doug accidentally hands in his doodle of Mrs. Wingo, instead of his essay assignment. Hoping he won't get into trouble or be embarrassed, Doug tries to get the doodle back as Smash Adams. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=11 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Cookin' \\|Title\_2\=Doug Loses Dale \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Jean\-Pierre Jacquet \\|WrittenBy\_1\=\[\[Alan J. Higgins\\|Alan Higgins]] \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Kayte Kuch \& Sheryl Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|11\\|17}} \\|ProdCode\=011 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Patti are both paired up in a cooking class competition. When Patti tells Doug she can't cook, Doug invites her over to his house to practice some easy recipes and decide what to cook for their class. --- Doug is nervous because he is given the job of babysitting Skeeter's younger brother, Dale, when the Valentines leave for a trip. So he asks all his friends for advice on babysitting, but Doug finds out you can't always rely on other people's advice. But while Doug is cleaning, Dale sneaks off and then he has to search the entire house for him. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=12 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\_1\=Doug is Quailman \\|Title\_2\=Doug Out in Left Field \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Silberberg \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Lisa Melamed \& Alicia Marie Schudt \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|11\\|24}} \\|ProdCode\=012 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug spends a day drawing his favorite cartoon super hero, Quailman, who saves students from the evil Dr. Klotzenstein, who is using his "brain drain" to suck intelligence out of kids at the Bluffington School. --- Patti is rejected from the school baseball team by Coach Spitz, only because she's a girl. She then organizes her own team with the other kids who have been rejected, and challenges Coach Spitz to a game. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=13 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Fair Lady \\|Title\_2\=Doug Says Goodbye \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Bradley Kesden \& Skip Shepard \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|{{End date\\|1991\\|12\\|8}}}} \\|ProdCode\=013 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is reluctant to ask Patti to the Tri\-County Fair, so Skeeter invites Beebe to go with them too. Once at the fair, Doug wants to get the chance to ride the \[\[Ferris wheel]] with Patti. --- Before Beebe's big costume party, Skeeter has to tell Doug that they can't go because he believes that he and his family are going move to a new town. Doug can't believe Skeeter has to move, but then Skeeter secretly moves in with Doug in order to stay in Bluffington with his best friend. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} }} ### Season 2 (1992\) Beginning with this season, only a single piece of music is played during the closing credits, though the animation remains the same until the fifth season. Additionally, the more familiar [Jumbo Pictures](/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures "Jumbo Pictures") closing logo started to be used. This season is also one of the only two seasons to not have any full\-length episodes. {{Episode table \\|background\=\#FEF9C1\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|titleR\={{efn\\|name\="alt"}}\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|airdateR\=\\|prodcode\=8\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/2/\\|title\=''Doug'': Season 2 \- Episode Guide\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Paramount\+]]}}\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=14 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Got No Gift \\|Title\_2\=Doug Vs. the Klotzoid Zombies \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|9\\|13}} \\|ProdCode\=015 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug unintentionally spends all of his money on a video arcade game, "Bag the Neematoad", and now he can't buy Patti a beetball as a birthday present. So Mr. Dink gives Doug the idea of making a gift for Patti, and all Doug hopes is that she'll like it. --- Roger invites everyone over to his house except for poor Doug, who begins to feel left out. Doug later imagines himself as Quailman battling Dr. Klotzenstein, the mad scientist who turns all of Bluffington's citizens into mindless zombies with his zombie chips. Doug then faces Roger at his trailer to discover he has organized a one year anniversary party for Doug. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=15 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Takes the Case \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Secret Song \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Tim Grundmann \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|9\\|20}} \\|ProdCode\=014 \\|ShortSummary\=Beebe brings her father's expensive new Chromo Neato 5000 radio to school in order to impress her peers. When it ends up going missing, Mr. Bone threatens to give the whole class afternoon detention if the radio is not returned. Hoping to catch the real culprit, Doug decides to take the case as "The Chameleon", who is a master of disguise. But when Doug finds out that Skeeter has the radio, he'll either have to turn him in or cover for him. --- Doug writes a secret and quirky love song about Patti, and makes it into a video at a new store in the mall where people can make their own music videos. But after a mix\-up at the store (and after being beset by a severe case of hiccups while filming the video), Doug gets Patti's video and Doug thinks his tape fell into the hands of Patti, who is taking it to an up\-all\-night party at Beebe's house. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=16 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Secret Admirer \\|Title\_2\=Doug's on TV \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=\[\[Alan J. Higgins\\|Al Higgins]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|9\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=016 \\|ShortSummary\=A secret admirer is putting love letters inside Doug's locker and Doug is horrified to discover that it isn't Patti, but Beebe. --- Doug is excited when his Aunt Betty\-Ann invites him and Skeeter to be on a TV show. The only problem is that it is the kiddie show ''Kiddie Koral''. Doug goes to the kiddie show with Skeeter and later regrets it when Roger sees him on the show and tapes it. But when Betty\-Ann recognizes Roger, the embarrassment tables are turned. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=17 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Dinner Date \\|Title\_2\=Doug Meets Fentruck \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Al Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=John Wohlbruck \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|10\\|4}} \\|ProdCode\=017 \\|ShortSummary\=Patti invites Doug over for dinner with the rest of the gang and Doug is thrilled. It's a dream come true for Doug, until Patti tells Doug she will be serving liver and onions (one of Doug's most hated foods). With the dinner looming, Doug tries everything (including hypnosis) to overcome his fear. --- An exchange student from Yakestonia named Fentruck Stimmel comes to live in Bluffington and attend Bluffington School. However, after Fentruck asks Doug to help him write a letter to a "yellow\-haired girl who sits in front of me", Doug begins to suspect that the new kid may already have eyes for Patti. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=18 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Battles the Rulemeister" "Doug Meets the Rulemeister \\|Title\_2\=Doug's a Genius \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Silberberg \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|10\\|11}} \\|ProdCode\=020 \\|ShortSummary\=Roger tricks Doug into breaking a school rule which causes Mr. Bone to give his entire class Saturday detention. Doug imagines how Quailman would handle the situation as he battles the Rulemeister and his pointless rules to try to get his friends out of detention. --- Doug is irritated when Porkchop chases a raccoon and the two animals accidentally get their paw\-prints all over the backside of his painting for the Arts Guild Exhibition. But everyone, including the art teacher Mrs. Perigrew, thinks his ruined painting is a brilliant piece of art! When Doug's art is hung in an exhibit, Doug imagines how Smash Adams would get it out, but knows he'll have to tell the truth about his "masterpiece". \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=19 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Saves Roger \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Big News \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Tim Grundmann \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|10\\|18}} \\|ProdCode\=021 \\|ShortSummary\=Mr. Bone's nephew Percy Femur transfers to Bluffington School and Roger gets ready to be the bully that he normally is, but it turns out that Percy is very tough and a lot bigger than Roger, and Roger's the one who gets bullied for a change. When Doug tries to convince Percy to leave Roger alone, Percy turns his wrath on Doug, but Doug is saved when Mr. Bone catches his nephew in the act and sends Percy back to his old school. --- When the kids in Mrs. Wingo's class criticize Mr. Bone's dull school news video show, he challenges the class to do a better one. The entire class then turns their classroom into a newsroom with reports from the students, but Roger then sets out to sabotage all their hard work. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=20 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's a Big Fat Liar \\|Title\_2\=Doug Wears Tights \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=John Wohlbrook \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|10\\|25}} \\|ProdCode\=022 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wants to go to the Hoe\-Down dance with Patti. But when Connie asks him, Doug lies and says he's staying home to take care of his sick cousin "Melvin." His lie gets him into big trouble when Patti and Connie come over to visit his cousin. Doug gets Judy to play "Melvin," and she does ''too'' good a job, because Patti invites "Melvin" to the Hoe\-Down. --- In front of the dance teacher, Miss Mimi, Doug signs up to be the lead dancer in the school ballet so he can be dance partners with Patti. His fears about being teased by Roger are quelled when Roger is cast in the ballet as the Rat King. However, he's not so happy to learn that Beebe may get the lead female role instead of Patti, since Mrs. Bluff owns the ballet company. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=21 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Derby Dilemma \\|Title\_2\=Doug on His Own" "Doug's On His Own \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Michele Jabloner \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|1}} \\|ProdCode\=019 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and his friends are all building soapbox racers for the Mt. St. Buster Downhill Speed Race, and they all want to win the secret mystery prize, and Doug and Skeeter are having trouble keeping their racer a secret. But during the race, there's a disaster on the track, and everyone finds out that helping a friend is more important than winning. --- Mr. and Mrs. Funnie go to Judy's school dance as chaperones and Doug plans a night in the house all by himself. However, a huge thunderstorm knocks out the electricity and ruins his plan \- and having watched a scary movie on TV doesn't help. In order to get the power back in his house, Doug must find the power box in his basement, in the dark. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=22 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\_1\=Doug on the Trail \\|Title\_2\=Doug Meets RoboBone \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|8}} \\|ProdCode\=023 \\|ShortSummary\=The Bluffscouts are on a canoe trip. But trouble arrives when Scoutmaster Dink heads off into the forest to get a new navigational computer, leaving Roger in charge. Doug and Skeeter can't stand Roger's orders, so they search for Mr. Dink who seems to have disappeared. --- When Doug gets The Beets to play a concert at school, Mr. Bone cancels the deal. In a Quailman daydream, Quailman battles RoboBone and his robotic army, which leads to a compromise with Mr. Bone, and everyone learns the importance of compromise. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=23 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Hot Ticket \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Dental Disaster \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Silberberg \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Al Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|15}} \\|ProdCode\=025 \\|ShortSummary\=The Beets concert in Doug's former hometown of Bloatsburg is sold out, but luckily Judy has two tickets which she doesn't want. Judy gives Doug her tickets and he and Skeeter set out on an incredible adventure on the road and end up as Beets roadies when they meet other fans. --- Doug's tooth hurts when he gets a \[\[Dental caries\\|cavity]] after biting into a candy bar at the movies, and afterwards has to go to his dentist. Although he doesn't want to go to the appointment, he daydreams how Secret Agent Smash Adams would handle a dental situation, but soon his frown turns to a smile when he meets his new female dentist, Dr. Kay. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=24 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's on Stage \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Worst Nightmare \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Al Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|22}} \\|ProdCode\=018 \\|ShortSummary\=Bluffington students are cast in the school play, which shows the historic founding of the town. Doug's sister Judy is hired as director, who decides to take on a more "modern" approach to the story. However, parental complaints (which lead Mr. Bone to interfere) threaten the new approach. --- When Roger starts acting nice, Doug's worst nightmare has finally become a reality – Roger has developed a crush on Judy. The only thing that could make things worse for Doug, is if Judy has fallen for Roger. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=25 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Pumps Up \\|Title\_2\=Doug Goes Hollywood \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Al Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|29}} \\|ProdCode\=024 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug competes in the Mayor's fitness test featuring Ronald Weisenheimer, an \[\[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]\-like celebrity, and to get in shape, Doug starts a crash exercise program. But this only brings Doug to hurting every muscle in his body, and with sore muscles, Doug may not be able to compete. --- When J.B. Spiggot, a famous movie director, is looking for someone in Bluffington to be in his newest project, everyone is sure they'll be chosen, especially Judy. When Doug almost gets an offer, he worries about hurting Judy's feelings, but he's saved when Porkchop is who J.B. wants. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=26 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Lost Weekend \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Lucky Hat \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|{{End date\\|1992\\|12\\|6}}}} \\|ProdCode\=026 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wins a Super\-Pretendo with the video game ''Space Munks'', but the more he plays, the more he can't put it down. Suddenly, he realizes the weekend is over and he hasn't even started his homework. --- A mysterious hat floats onto Doug's head. Strange and wonderful things begin to happen to him, so Doug claims the hat as lucky, and it isn't long before Roger wants to get his hands on it. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} }} ### Season 3 (1993\) Along with the second season, this season is one of the only two seasons to not have any full\-length episodes. {{Episode table \\|background\=\#95CBEF\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|titleR\={{efn\\|name\="alt"}}\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=8\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/3/\\|title\=''Doug'': Season 3 \- Episode Guide\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Paramount\+]]}}\\|viewers\=\\|viewersT\=U.S. households (millions)\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=27 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Fat Cat \\|Title\_2\=Doug and Patti P.I. \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Dietrich Smith \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|4\\|11}} \\|ProdCode\=027 \\|Viewers\=1\.28{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-04\-19\-OCR\-Page\-0048\.pdf\\|title\=40 Top Cable Programs: April 5\-11, 1993 (p. 40\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= April 11, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=Roger asks Doug to take care of his cat, Stinky, while he goes on a trip. Since Stinky has been acting weird to Roger, he said that he has put Stinky a diet. But, Stinky not only rips up the Funnie home but also eats all the junk food in the house and gets sick. Doug rushes him to the vet, hoping he'll be OK. But when Doug gets there, he and Roger are surprised that they find out Stinky is really female, and saw that she just had kittens. --- Someone has sabotaged the wheelbarrow race at the Bluffington picnic and now no one can be in the race. So, Doug and Patti team up to solve the mystery of who did it and why. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=28 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\_1\=Doug is Slave for a Day" "Doug's Servitude \\|Title\_2\=Doug Rocks the House \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Johan Edstrom \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\_1\=\[\[Alan J. Higgins\\|Alan Higgins]] \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Steve Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|4\\|18}} \\|ProdCode\=028 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Judy catches Doug breaking a vase that belonged to their mom. To keep her quiet, Doug must agree to be her slave for a week. He suffers until he realizes that the only way out is to tell the truth. --- Doug destroys an entire old house in a rock\-throwing contest with Roger. But when Patti witnesses the contest she gets angry at Doug, and he has to figure out why. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=29 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Comic Collaboration \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Pet Capades \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|4\\|25}} \\|ProdCode\=029 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Skeeter decide to work together to create their own comic book featuring Silver Skeeter and Quailman fighting the evil Wacky Weather Man. But when they can't agree which character should be the hero, the boys end up not speaking to each other. --- Porkchop wants to enter the Bluffington pet talent show, but Doug is completely oblivious until Roger and his cat, Stinky, challenge him and Porkchop. Doug's now determined to come up with the perfect act for his dog, with some help from Skeeter and Larry. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=30 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Career Anxiety \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Big Brawl \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|5\\|9}} \\|ProdCode\=030 \\|Viewers\=1\.41{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-05\-17\-OCR\-Page\-0032\.pdf\\|title\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 3\-9, 1993 (p. 32\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= May 17, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=For Career Week, Doug is chosen by a computer to be corporate executive in charge of a class project. He can't handle the stress until he finds out there was an error in the guidance counselor's computer. --- After Larry the A.V. nerd punches Doug in the face, Doug punches him back. Suddenly, the other A.V. nerds make Doug look bad at school and all of the other students are hoping Doug will start a new fight with Larry. Doug doesn't want to fight again and comes up with a quick solution. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=31 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Huge Zit \\|Title\_2\=Doug Flies a Kite \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Johan Edstrom \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Evan Gore \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Michale Schaefer \& Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|5\\|16}} \\|ProdCode\=031 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is invited to Beebe's party, but something shows up on his face that makes it impossible for him to go out in public. --- Mr. Funnie convinces Doug that he has a great idea to build the perfect kite to compete in the upcoming Bluffscout airshow. Doug thinks his Dad's idea is too simple, so he changes it thinking it will be better, but he gets surprising results. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=32 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\_1\=Doug and the Weird Kids \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Behind the Wheel \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Christine Ecklund \& Keith Hoffman \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|5\\|23}} \\|ProdCode\=032 \\|Viewers\=1\.74{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-05\-31\-OCR\-Page\-0019\.pdf\\|title\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 17\-23, 1993 (p. 19\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= May 31, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=For a project, Mrs. Wingo lets her students get to know each other more and Doug is paired with the two people no one else wants to be paired up with, the weird twins Al and Moo Sleech. When it's time for Doug to write his report, the Sleech twins have one already written up for him. Doug knows he's going to have to visit the Sleech's to get his own facts. --- Judy is getting her license, and Doug tells Patti that she'll take them to the opening of an amusement park, Bumper Car Mania. Judy fails her test when she can't parallel park, and Doug must help her pass any way he can so he can get that ride from Judy. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=33 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's New Teacher \\|Title\_2\=Doug on First \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Silberberg \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|5\\|30}} \\|ProdCode\=033 \\|Viewers\=1\.39{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-06\-07\-OCR\-Page\-0028\.pdf\\|title\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 24\-30, 1993 (p. 28\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= June 7, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=While Mrs. Wingo is away, a substitute named Ms. Newberry takes her place. Doug makes a bad first impression which places him as the class troublemaker and Roger as the nice guy. So Doug tries everything to change Ms. Newberry's image of him. --- Doug and his friends are on the team Patti's Pulverizers, and they are on top when it comes to winning games. All of the parents, including Doug's dad, think it's unfair that only Patti gets to pitch and they want their own kids to pitch. But after the parents have their way, they realize that it may not be a good idea. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=34 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Cartoon \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Monster Movie \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|6\\|6}} \\|ProdCode\=034 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Assistant Principal Bone shuts down the school newspaper because of Doug's unflattering cartoon about the school's least favorite lunch food, magic mystery meat. All the other students love the cartoon, so they rally to get their newspaper back. --- Doug and Skeeter are having trouble finding a scary monster for their homemade video movie, until Mayor White creates a monster of his own with his "beautify Bluffington" campaign, which was inspired by Doug's mom Mrs. Funnie. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=35 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Hot Property \\|Title\_2\=Doug and the Little Liar" "Doug \& The Little Liar \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Dietrich Smith \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|6\\|13}} \\|ProdCode\=035 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Some tough high schoolers offer to sell Doug the very rare first issue of the Man\-O\-Steel Man comic book, the one issue he is missing from his collection. That same issue turns out to be missing from Sully's comic book store and Doug feels guilty that he had bought Sully's stolen issue. However, when Mr. Sully lets only one customer into his shop at a time for security reasons, Doug decides to do what is right for everyone. --- There's a new girl in town named Loretta Lequigly who says she is from Yakestonia and can speak the language. Loretta catches Skeeter's eye and Doug is convinced that Loretta is a liar, and Skeeter is believing everything she says. With help from Fentruck, Doug sets out to expose Loretta's deceit and hoping Skeeter will break up with her. Though Loretta admits she isn't fluent in Yakestonesian, she turns out to be not as big a liar as she seemed. Skeeter goes on the trip with her leaving Doug a pyrrhic victory and Doug also learns a lesson about judging people too soon. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=36 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Inc. \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Nightmare on Jumbo Street \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|6\\|20}} \\|ProdCode\=036 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wants to raise enough money to buy a new skateboard and sets up a lawn mowing enterprise to do so. Skeeter and the Sleech Twins join in, but they soon feel Doug is being unfair. Doug may raise the cash, but he risks losing his friends in the process. --- Everyone in school is talking about the final scene in the latest horror movie, ''The Abnormal'', but Doug closed his eyes and missed the ending. After thinking that he's a chicken for not seeing the ending he finally gets up the courage to see the film again and realizes it is not only not scary, it's silly. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=37 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Shock Therapy \\|Title\_2\=Doug is Hamburger Boy \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Johan Edstrom \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Evan Gore \& Dietrich Smith \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|6\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=037 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Mr. Bone is in the hospital and Doug unwillingly volunteers to take get well soon cards to him from Mrs. Wingo's class. But when Doug gets there, Mr. Bone thinks he's getting Doug's prized skateboard instead. What's more, the skateboard brings childhood memories to Mr. "T\-Bone". --- Mr. Dink volunteers Doug to dress up as the Big Honkerburger and talk to kids in costume at the Honker Burger for a week. Plus, he has to go to the Bluffington picnic with Patti and be the Big Honkerburger without telling anyone who he is. Doug's busy weekend will be something he'll have to handle all on his own. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=38 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\_1\=Doug and the Yard of Doom \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Garage Band \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|7\\|4}} \\|ProdCode\=038 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Skeeter are playing with Patti's new Wacky\-Wizzer frisbee and accidentally toss it into a fenced\-in yard. Doug tries going in to get it back, but encounters a huge guard dog named Lady. Doug imagines how Race Canyon would get himself out of the mess. --- Beebe gets Doug and Skeeter their first gig for their new band – but they have to let her join. Now, every time Doug wants to add something to the show he has to let in new members, and it seems they all just want to play the drums. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=39 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Great Beet War" "Doug Operation Moody School \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Magic Act \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \& Dietrich Smith \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|{{End date\\|1993\\|7\\|11}}}} \\|ProdCode\=039 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=When the Bluffington School float for the upcoming Beet parade goes missing, Doug is accused of helping the Moody School students steal it. So Doug and Porkchop must sneak into the Moody School to see for themselves. There is a reference to The Beatles White Album at the end of the episode. The Moody School's float is a plain white square with the word "Beet" on it. --- Doug tries to impress Patti with a magic trick from his new magic set, but it backfires and they end up handcuffed together, without the key, for the entire afternoon. This does not sit well with Patti as it makes her miss planned activities. After many attempts to get the key, they realize the magic store owner may have a solution \- if they can get there before the store closes! \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} }} ### Season 4 (1993–1994\) According to the closing credits, the entirety of this season was produced between late April to mid\-November 1993\.{{cite news\\|title\=The Arts: Television\\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1993\-11\-16\-ca\-57250\-story.html \\|access\-date\=October 23, 2014\\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\=November 16, 1993}} {{Episode table \\|background\=\#AC97C5\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|titleR\={{efn\\|name\="alt"}}\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=8\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/4/\\|title\=''Doug'': Season 4 \- Episode Guide\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Paramount\+]]}}\\|viewers\=\\|viewersT\=U.S. households (millions)\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=40 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Math Problem \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Big Feat \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Andrew Steele \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|9\\|26}}{{cite web\\|title\=Amazon.com: Doug: Season 4, Episode 1 "Doug's Math Problem" --- "Doug's Big Feat": Amazon Video\\|url\=https://www.amazon.com/Dougs\-Math\-Problem\-Big\-Feat/dp/B004OQSMOC/\\|publisher\=Viacom\\|access\-date\=December 30, 2011}} \\|ProdCode\=040 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug gets a letter from his school and panics when he sees it's addressed to his parents. Since he's doing poorly in math, Doug immediately assumes that it's a failing notice! So he does everything to find out what the letter says and avoid his parents from seeing it. If that wasn't enough, Patti is trying to tell Doug something and get her message to him. --- It's the day of the big football game against Bloatsburg, and Doug is snared by Coach Spitz, who mistakenly believes Doug has a "golden toe" for field kicking. Doug is then put into the next football game by Coach Spitz, and he is very nervous when he finds out that Percy Femur is on the other team. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=41 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Bum Rap \\|Title\_2\=Doug and Patti Sittin' in a Tree \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Marc Sevier \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Ken Kimmelman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|10\\|3}} \\|ProdCode\=041 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is accused of cheating when he and Chalky score identical marks on a test. Both of them are given one day to confess or else they'll both have to take a harder re\-test this Saturday. Doug knows he didn't cheat so he tries to talk about it with Chalky, but he keeps avoiding Doug. Finally, Doug gets Chalky to confess, and Chalky accepts the consequences, which involve taking the re\-test and missing the big football game. --- Patti asks Doug to go with her to the movies, and now everyone at school is teasing them about dating. Even Doug wonders if it is really a date or not. In order to find out, Skeeter goes through dating scenarios from a book with Doug. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=42 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Door\-to\-Door \\|Title\_2\=Doug Tips the Scales \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \& Drew Edwards \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Dennis Garvey \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|10\\|10}} \\|ProdCode\=042 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug's Bluff Scout Troop \#617 has to raise money for new canoes, so they sell "Bluff Scout Booster Bars" door to door. But after being rejected by everyone, Roger offers a new way to sell the bars, which Doug doesn't agree with. Then when Doug sells a bar to Mr. Swirly, he realizes the problem of why the bars taste so horrible. --- Over the weekend, Doug puts on a few pounds at Grandma Funnie's house and has been invited to Beebe's pool party. Doug is too embarrassed to be seen in a swimsuit, so he decides to work the extra weight off before the party using Ronald "Prepare to Suffer" Weisenheimer's videos. However, it turns out he's not the only one who's insecure about his body. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=43 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\=Doug's Halloween Adventure \\|DirectedBy\=Myrna Bushman \& Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \& \[\[Alan J. Higgins\\|Alan Higgins]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|10\\|30}}{{cite news\\|title\=FEAST FROM A HALLOWEEN CALDRON OF ANIMATED KIDS' TALES ON TV\\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=VP\&p\_theme\=vp\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EAFF6CCCF3D9B04\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927030441/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=VP\&p\_theme\=vp\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EAFF6CCCF3D9B04\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=September 27, 2013\\|access\-date\=October 25, 2011\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Virginian\-Pilot]]\\|date\=October 30, 1993}} \\|ProdCode\=043 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug dresses up as a hero named Race Canyon. When a spooky new amusement ride, Blood Stone Manor, opens up at Funkytown on Halloween night, Skeeter wants to check it out instead of trick or treating. Doug reluctantly agrees to go, but when the park closes at 10:00pm before their turn comes up, Roger convinces them to go on the ride anyway. Once on the ride, Roger scares Doug and Skeeter big time, so it's up to them to scare Roger back! \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=44 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\_1\=Doug En Vogue \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Mail Order Mania \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \& Marc Sevier \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Andy Yerkes \& \[\[Kenneth Lonergan]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|11\\|7}} \\|ProdCode\=044 \\|Viewers\=1\.70{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-11\-15\-Page\-0030\.pdf\\|title\=Top cable shows and nets (p. 30\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= November 15, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wishes he was more fashionable until his friends at school accuse him of dressing like Dylan Farnum from the TV show "Teen Heart Street". He's tired of being told he's copying someone else's style, so he decides to shop for a new look. --- Doug becomes the victim of a contest scam that promises to make him rich. But after trying so hard and paying a lot of money, Doug later realizes he may not be as close to winning as he thinks. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=45 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Birthday Present \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Fan Club \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Drew Edwards \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Steve Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Patty Hume \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|11\\|14}} \\|ProdCode\=045 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is impressed by Mr. Bluff's gifts to Beebe. Mr. Funnie feels pressured to make more money for a better birthday present for his son, so he decides to start his own photography store. At first, Doug is excited by the thought of more money, but when he sees the effects on his father and their family, he realizes that money can't buy happiness. --- After performing a magic trick, Doug becomes adored by a second grader named Todd Bentley, who starts to follow Doug everywhere. Doug enjoys being idolized until Todd embarrasses him in front of his friends, and finally tells Todd to leave him alone, which upsets Todd and leaves Doug feeling guilty. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=46 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Runs \\|Title\_2\=Doug Clobbers Patti \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Myrna Bushman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|11\\|21}} \\|ProdCode\=046 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is nominated for class treasurer, and when he finds himself running against Willy White, the mayor's son, he starts making promises to his voters he knows he can't keep. Meanwhile, Tippi Dink runs for Mayor of Bluffington and wins! While Skeeter's uncle wins for class treasurer instead of Doug and Willy. --- Doug beats Patti in a bowling match, and Skeeter tells everyone about it. Doug gains popularity, but feels bad about beating Patti every time they play a game. It seems Patti is having a losing streak and is upset about it. Doug decides the only way to save Patti's feelings is to try to make himself unlucky. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=47 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Treasure Hunt \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Brainy Buddy \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Marc Sevier \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Ken Kimmelman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins, Ken Scarborough \& Dietrich Smith \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|11\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=047 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Skeeter go digging for artifacts when they get assigned to research Bluffington's history. They soon get into trouble though, when they are caught digging on the Bluff estate even though they didn't know. --- Skeeter gets a high score on an intelligent test making him a genius, and Doug is convinced Skeeter got the wrong test results. But soon Skeeter starts to spend less time with Doug and more time thinking about going to college, and Doug thinks he has lost his best friend. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=48 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Ripped Off! \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Babysitter \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Drew Edwards \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Mark Dacus \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|12\\|5}} \\|ProdCode\=048 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=All of Doug's friends have cool bikes, but Doug hates his—until he discovers that someone has stolen it. He thinks about who could have taken it, and wonders if one of his friends is a thief. --- Doug and Judy get into a fight and blow their big chance to stay alone in the house while their parents are on vacation. Instead, they're cursed with the strict baby\-sitter, Mrs. Stintson, who is a firm disciplinarian and serves dinners of prunes, and they realize that the only way out of this mess is to cooperate. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=49 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's in the Money \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Sister Act \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \& Marc Sevier \\|WrittenBy\_1\=\[\[Jim Jinkins]] \& David Campbell \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|12\\|12}} \\|ProdCode\=050 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=An envelope of money falls from a speeding car and Doug finds it with a huge fortune in it. Doug hands it in to the police and everyone makes fun of him for doing it. After no one claims the money, the police tell Doug he can keep the money. When Doug discovers who the real owner is, he must choose between what's legal and what he knows is right. --- Mrs. Funnie invites Judy's new boyfriend over for dinner, but Judy is embarrassed by her boring family, especially Doug. So she decides to "spruce" things up around the house, but a resentful Doug decides to do some "sprucing up" of his own. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=50 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\=Doug's Christmas Story \\|DirectedBy\=Paul Sparagano \& Myrna Bushman \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|12\\|12}} \\|ProdCode\=049 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=When Porkchop has been mistakenly accused of attacking Beebe, Doug has to try to clear his best non\-human friend out. Unfortunately, former Mayor White, and Bill Bluff are determined to make sure that Porkchop never bothers anyone again. After a trial in court, Porkchop is sentenced to a dog pound for bad dogs, and after Doug's attempt to break Porkchop out of the pound fails, Doug tearfully realizes that Porkchop may be put down. He tries to imagine how Quailman, Smash Adams and Race Canyon would solve the problem, but finally realizes he's going to have to find his own way out of this mess. At the return court date, Doug convinces the judge to let Porkchop return to the scene of the crime to show them what really happened. Beebe falls in the thin ice, and Porkchop rescues her. Everyone now realizes that the reason Porkchop "attacked" Beebe before was to try to pull her away from the thin ice. Doug is proud of Porkchop, who is now hailed as a hero. At Porkchop's request, Mayor Bluff hosts a Christmas party for all the dogs in the pound in order to find them all new owners. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=51 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Throws a Party \\|Title\_2\=Doug Way Out West \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \& Drew Edwards \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Andy Yerkes \& Kenneth Lonergan \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|12\\|26}} \\|ProdCode\=051 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is having his first house party, and although he is very excited about it, he doesn't want it to be lame. When Roger suggests to play Truth or Dare, Doug hopes it'll make his party better. --- When Patti invites everyone to go horseback riding at a dude ranch, Doug brags about how well he can ride. But his exaggerations get him in trouble when he is assigned an aggressive horse that he can't handle. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=52 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Graduates \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Bad Trip \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Myrna Bushman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|{{End date\\|1994\\|1\\|2}}}} \\|ProdCode\=052 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and his friends are getting ready for the end of sixth grade and are graduating from Bluffington School. Doug feels a bit sad about leaving so he tries to find Principal Buttsavitch to talk to him. But when he finds out that Roger is as reluctant to leave the school as he is, Doug convinces Roger (and himself) that the new school will be great. --- As the summer begins, the Funnies plan to drive across the country to visit the Great Painted Gorge. Mr. Funnie is committed to keeping to a schedule, but Doug and Judy convince him to stop at several tourist traps along the way. The family isn't having any fun on the trip, until they finally reach the stop that makes it all worthwhile. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} }}	[ "Nickelodeon episodes (1991–1994\\)\n---------------------------------", "### Season 1 (1991\\)", "In the closing credits for this season, two different pieces of music would play: the first piece would be taken from the second story in the episode, and during the last third, Porkchop would don headphones and listen to music from the first story, immediately drowning out the original background music and angering Doug.", "Unlike the other seasons, the [Jumbo Pictures](/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures \"Jumbo Pictures\") closing logo is different. It is still and takes place on a dark blue background.", "{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#B5DFB9 \\\|overall\\=4\\\|season\\=4\\\|title\\=22\\\|titleR\\={{efn\\\|name\\=\"alt\"\\\|Alternate titles are sourced from an archived Nickelodeon episode guide, iTunes, and Paramount\\+.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/1/\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Season 1 \\- Episode Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Paramount\\+]]}}}}\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=8\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p14t4c1\\.tin\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000617134102/http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p14t4c1\\.tin\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Episodes\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2000\\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nick.com]]\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://tv.apple.com/us/show/doug/umc.cmc.1wd1mt6j6uhbqtnhwdey3a65b\\\|title\\=Doug\\\|work\\=\\[\\[iTunes Store]]\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Inc.]]\\\|date\\=August 2, 1991\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=1\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Can't Dance\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Gets Busted\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=\\[\\[Ken Kimmelman]]\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Aaron \\& Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|8\\\|11}}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://groups.google.com/g/rec.arts.animation/c/QDcSRyZwxLo/m/4DfoerKEUhQJ\\\|title\\=The new Nik cartoons\\\|website\\=groups.google.com}}https://archive.org/details/Rugrats101\\.TommysFirstBirthday\\_201805 {{Dead link\\\|date\\=February 2022}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=002\n \\\|ShortSummary\\= Doug is excited about going to his first school costume dance, and having the opportunity to dance with his dream girl, Patti. But Doug's excitement soon fades when Roger reminds him that he has no dancing talent, so Doug goes to Skeeter for dancing tips.", "---", "Doug makes a model of a volcano for a science project. When rumor has it that the volcano erupted and caused the whole science room to explode, Doug decides to disguise himself as Jack Bandit and go on the lam to avoid the cops and getting in trouble.\n \\\|LineColor\\=\\#B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Bags a Neematoad\n \\\|DirectedBy\\=Howard Beckerman \\& Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Alicia Marie Schudt\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|8\\\|18}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=001\n \\\|ShortSummary\\= The Funnies have moved from Bloatsburg and are just arriving at their new home in the town of Bluffington. 11\\-year\\-old Doug Funnie writes his thoughts in his journal and worries he will not be able to make any friends. On a search to find food for his Mom (Theda), Dad (Phil), sister (Judy), and himself, Doug meets his next door neighbor Mr. Dink. He shows Doug a video about Bluffington and introduces him to the popular hangout fast food restaurant called The Honker Burger. When Doug gets to the hangout, he meets Skeeter Valentine who befriends him right away. Doug also meets Patti Mayonnaise and, right away, has a secret crush on her. However, all is not well when he also meets the local bully Roger Klotz who tricks Doug into believing he has to catch a \\[\\[List of cryptids\\\|monster]] called a Neematoad at Stinsen's Pond to be a town hero.\nNote: Chronologically, this is the series premiere, but it aired as the second episode. This explains why Doug's family moved in this episode, when they already moved into Bluffington in the first episode.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=3\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Dog's Date\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Big Nose\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Betty G. Birney\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=M.K. Brown\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|8\\\|25}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=003\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=When Porkchop begins acting very strangely, Doug tries to find out what's causing his friend's odd behavior. It turns out that Porkchop has come down with a case of \"puppy love\" for a local poodle.", "---", "Doug refuses to get his picture taken for School Photo Swap Day at school, because he has suddenly become self\\-conscious of his nose after Skeeter's little brother Dale calls Doug \"big nose\".\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=4\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Takes a Hike\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Rocks\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|9\\\|8}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=004\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug joins the Bluff Scouts and, on his first camping trip with the scouts, he really wants to get his first badge. But when Roger \"volunteers\" to be Doug's camping partner, he's not sure how the camping trip will turn out.", "---", "Skeeter and Doug win tickets to go see The Beets live at a concert in Bluffington. Unfortunately, everything comes to a halt when Skeeter gets grounded and can't go with Doug to the concert. Doug really wants to go, but sticks with his best friend. Skeeter gets ungrounded by his father since he was making noise and go outside. On the night of the concert the two are at the Honker Burger, when they get the surprise of their lives. \n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=5\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Can't Dig It\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Didn't Do It\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Jean\\-Pierre Jacquet\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Marcy Winograd \\& Jacqueline Hirtz\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|9\\\|22}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=005\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is thrilled when Mrs. Wingo tells him that he'll be introducing a special performer for an upcoming school show. But when he finds out that the performer is actually his sister Judy, he worries that he'll be embarrassed in front of the entire school.", "---", "A prankster steals Vice Principal Bone's \"Der Grosser Yodelmeister\" trophy. When the trophy is later found in Doug's locker, Mr. Bone becomes convinced that Doug is the thief.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=6\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug is Mayor for a Day\" \n\"Doug, Mayor for a Day\" \n\"Mayor for a Day\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's No Dummy\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=\\[\\[John Pardee]] \\& \\[\\[Joey Murphy]]\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Kingsberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|9\\\|29}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=006\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=For Student Government Day, Doug is chosen to be the mayor for the day. He visits Mayor Robert \"Bob\" White on a field trip to Bluffington Town Hall, and makes a big decision in the position when a situation erupts at Mr. Swirly's Ice Cream factory.", "---", "Doug is entered (thanks to Roger) into a school talent contest, and decides to try out a ventriloquism act. Once onstage, Doug has to face his nerves and keep his new pal Buster from losing his head.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=7\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Cool Shoes\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug to the Rescue \n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Marcy Winograd \\& Jacqueline Hirtz\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|10\\\|6}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\_1\\=007B\n \\\|ProdCode\\_2\\=007A\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug feels inferior because he doesn't have awesome new shoes, the Sky Davis Inflatable Air Jets, like everyone else. That is, until he meets the real Sky Davis.", "---", "Roger begins pestering Patti to help him with his book report, and when Patti finally loses her temper and yells at Roger to leave her alone, they get punished with a trip to detention. This doesn't sit well with Doug, who tries to stop Roger from bugging Patti.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=8\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Gets His Ears Lowered\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug on the Wild Side\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Lisa Melamed\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Beth Bornstein\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|10\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=008\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug decides that he needs a haircut, but he doesn't want just ANY kind of haircut. He goes around town, trying to find a barber that can cut his hair the same way his old friend in Bloatsburg did. He looks all over and finds Mr. Sweeny before escaping the dangerous barber Fluke.", "---", "Doug's motorcycle\\-riding Grandma Opal comes to visit and she teaches Doug to take risks and enjoy life while taking him on his first motorcycle ride and sushi lunch.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=9\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Big Catch\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Needs Money\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Jean\\-Pierre Jacquet\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=\\[\\[Joe Stillman\\\|Joseph Stillman]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|11\\\|3}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=009\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug accompanies Mr. Dink to the Big Time Bass\\-Off Contest, in order to try and catch a fish named Chester who stole Bud's wallet 30 years ago.", "---", "Doug and Skeeter try to make some money in order to buy Mr. Dink a new grill, after they accidentally break his old one with a baseball.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=10\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Runaway Journal\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Doodle\" \n\"Doug Doodles\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joseph Stillman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|11\\\|10}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\_1\\=010B\n \\\|ProdCode\\_2\\=010A\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug freaks out when he can't find his journal anywhere. All his personal thoughts are in that journal, and he'll do anything to get it back. After posting flyers around town, he learns that Roger has found it.", "---", "Doug accidentally hands in his doodle of Mrs. Wingo, instead of his essay assignment. Hoping he won't get into trouble or be embarrassed, Doug tries to get the doodle back as Smash Adams.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=11\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Cookin'\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Loses Dale\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Jean\\-Pierre Jacquet\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=\\[\\[Alan J. Higgins\\\|Alan Higgins]]\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Kayte Kuch \\& Sheryl Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|11\\\|17}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=011\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Patti are both paired up in a cooking class competition. When Patti tells Doug she can't cook, Doug invites her over to his house to practice some easy recipes and decide what to cook for their class.", "---", "Doug is nervous because he is given the job of babysitting Skeeter's younger brother, Dale, when the Valentines leave for a trip. So he asks all his friends for advice on babysitting, but Doug finds out you can't always rely on other people's advice. But while Doug is cleaning, Dale sneaks off and then he has to search the entire house for him.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=12\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug is Quailman\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Out in Left Field\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Lisa Melamed \\& Alicia Marie Schudt\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|11\\\|24}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=012\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug spends a day drawing his favorite cartoon super hero, Quailman, who saves students from the evil Dr. Klotzenstein, who is using his \"brain drain\" to suck intelligence out of kids at the Bluffington School.", "---", "Patti is rejected from the school baseball team by Coach Spitz, only because she's a girl. She then organizes her own team with the other kids who have been rejected, and challenges Coach Spitz to a game.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=13\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Fair Lady\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Says Goodbye\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Bradley Kesden \\& Skip Shepard\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|{{End date\\\|1991\\\|12\\\|8}}}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=013\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is reluctant to ask Patti to the Tri\\-County Fair, so Skeeter invites Beebe to go with them too. Once at the fair, Doug wants to get the chance to ride the \\[\\[Ferris wheel]] with Patti.", "---", "Before Beebe's big costume party, Skeeter has to tell Doug that they can't go because he believes that he and his family are going move to a new town. Doug can't believe Skeeter has to move, but then Skeeter secretly moves in with Doug in order to stay in Bluffington with his best friend.\n\\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n}}", "### Season 2 (1992\\)", "Beginning with this season, only a single piece of music is played during the closing credits, though the animation remains the same until the fifth season.", "Additionally, the more familiar [Jumbo Pictures](/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures \"Jumbo Pictures\") closing logo started to be used.", "This season is also one of the only two seasons to not have any full\\-length episodes.\n{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#FEF9C1\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|titleR\\={{efn\\\|name\\=\"alt\"}}\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|airdateR\\=\\\|prodcode\\=8\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/2/\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Season 2 \\- Episode Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Paramount\\+]]}}\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=14\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Got No Gift\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Vs. the Klotzoid Zombies\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|9\\\|13}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=015\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug unintentionally spends all of his money on a video arcade game, \"Bag the Neematoad\", and now he can't buy Patti a beetball as a birthday present. So Mr. Dink gives Doug the idea of making a gift for Patti, and all Doug hopes is that she'll like it.", "---", "Roger invites everyone over to his house except for poor Doug, who begins to feel left out. Doug later imagines himself as Quailman battling Dr. Klotzenstein, the mad scientist who turns all of Bluffington's citizens into mindless zombies with his zombie chips. Doug then faces Roger at his trailer to discover he has organized a one year anniversary party for Doug.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=15\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Takes the Case\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Secret Song\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Tim Grundmann\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|9\\\|20}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=014\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Beebe brings her father's expensive new Chromo Neato 5000 radio to school in order to impress her peers. When it ends up going missing, Mr. Bone threatens to give the whole class afternoon detention if the radio is not returned. Hoping to catch the real culprit, Doug decides to take the case as \"The Chameleon\", who is a master of disguise. But when Doug finds out that Skeeter has the radio, he'll either have to turn him in or cover for him.", "---", "Doug writes a secret and quirky love song about Patti, and makes it into a video at a new store in the mall where people can make their own music videos. But after a mix\\-up at the store (and after being beset by a severe case of hiccups while filming the video), Doug gets Patti's video and Doug thinks his tape fell into the hands of Patti, who is taking it to an up\\-all\\-night party at Beebe's house.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=16\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Secret Admirer\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's on TV\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=\\[\\[Alan J. Higgins\\\|Al Higgins]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|9\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=016\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=A secret admirer is putting love letters inside Doug's locker and Doug is horrified to discover that it isn't Patti, but Beebe.", "---", "Doug is excited when his Aunt Betty\\-Ann invites him and Skeeter to be on a TV show. The only problem is that it is the kiddie show ''Kiddie Koral''. Doug goes to the kiddie show with Skeeter and later regrets it when Roger sees him on the show and tapes it. But when Betty\\-Ann recognizes Roger, the embarrassment tables are turned.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=17\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Dinner Date\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Meets Fentruck\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=John Wohlbruck\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|10\\\|4}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=017\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Patti invites Doug over for dinner with the rest of the gang and Doug is thrilled. It's a dream come true for Doug, until Patti tells Doug she will be serving liver and onions (one of Doug's most hated foods). With the dinner looming, Doug tries everything (including hypnosis) to overcome his fear.", "---", "An exchange student from Yakestonia named Fentruck Stimmel comes to live in Bluffington and attend Bluffington School. However, after Fentruck asks Doug to help him write a letter to a \"yellow\\-haired girl who sits in front of me\", Doug begins to suspect that the new kid may already have eyes for Patti.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=18\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Battles the Rulemeister\" \n\"Doug Meets the Rulemeister\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's a Genius\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|10\\\|11}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=020\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Roger tricks Doug into breaking a school rule which causes Mr. Bone to give his entire class Saturday detention. Doug imagines how Quailman would handle the situation as he battles the Rulemeister and his pointless rules to try to get his friends out of detention.", "---", "Doug is irritated when Porkchop chases a raccoon and the two animals accidentally get their paw\\-prints all over the backside of his painting for the Arts Guild Exhibition. But everyone, including the art teacher Mrs. Perigrew, thinks his ruined painting is a brilliant piece of art! When Doug's art is hung in an exhibit, Doug imagines how Smash Adams would get it out, but knows he'll have to tell the truth about his \"masterpiece\".\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=19\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Saves Roger\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Big News\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Tim Grundmann\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|10\\\|18}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=021\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Mr. Bone's nephew Percy Femur transfers to Bluffington School and Roger gets ready to be the bully that he normally is, but it turns out that Percy is very tough and a lot bigger than Roger, and Roger's the one who gets bullied for a change. When Doug tries to convince Percy to leave Roger alone, Percy turns his wrath on Doug, but Doug is saved when Mr. Bone catches his nephew in the act and sends Percy back to his old school.", "---", "When the kids in Mrs. Wingo's class criticize Mr. Bone's dull school news video show, he challenges the class to do a better one. The entire class then turns their classroom into a newsroom with reports from the students, but Roger then sets out to sabotage all their hard work.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=20\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's a Big Fat Liar\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Wears Tights\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=John Wohlbrook\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|10\\\|25}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=022\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wants to go to the Hoe\\-Down dance with Patti. But when Connie asks him, Doug lies and says he's staying home to take care of his sick cousin \"Melvin.\" His lie gets him into big trouble when Patti and Connie come over to visit his cousin. Doug gets Judy to play \"Melvin,\" and she does ''too'' good a job, because Patti invites \"Melvin\" to the Hoe\\-Down.", "---", "In front of the dance teacher, Miss Mimi, Doug signs up to be the lead dancer in the school ballet so he can be dance partners with Patti. His fears about being teased by Roger are quelled when Roger is cast in the ballet as the Rat King. However, he's not so happy to learn that Beebe may get the lead female role instead of Patti, since Mrs. Bluff owns the ballet company. \n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=21\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Derby Dilemma\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug on His Own\" \n\"Doug's On His Own\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Michele Jabloner\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|1}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=019\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and his friends are all building soapbox racers for the Mt. St. Buster Downhill Speed Race, and they all want to win the secret mystery prize, and Doug and Skeeter are having trouble keeping their racer a secret. But during the race, there's a disaster on the track, and everyone finds out that helping a friend is more important than winning.", "---", "Mr. and Mrs. Funnie go to Judy's school dance as chaperones and Doug plans a night in the house all by himself. However, a huge thunderstorm knocks out the electricity and ruins his plan \\- and having watched a scary movie on TV doesn't help. In order to get the power back in his house, Doug must find the power box in his basement, in the dark.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=22\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug on the Trail\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Meets RoboBone\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|8}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=023\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=The Bluffscouts are on a canoe trip. But trouble arrives when Scoutmaster Dink heads off into the forest to get a new navigational computer, leaving Roger in charge. Doug and Skeeter can't stand Roger's orders, so they search for Mr. Dink who seems to have disappeared.", "---", "When Doug gets The Beets to play a concert at school, Mr. Bone cancels the deal. In a Quailman daydream, Quailman battles RoboBone and his robotic army, which leads to a compromise with Mr. Bone, and everyone learns the importance of compromise. \n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=23\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Hot Ticket\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Dental Disaster\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|15}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=025\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=The Beets concert in Doug's former hometown of Bloatsburg is sold out, but luckily Judy has two tickets which she doesn't want. Judy gives Doug her tickets and he and Skeeter set out on an incredible adventure on the road and end up as Beets roadies when they meet other fans.", "---", "Doug's tooth hurts when he gets a \\[\\[Dental caries\\\|cavity]] after biting into a candy bar at the movies, and afterwards has to go to his dentist. Although he doesn't want to go to the appointment, he daydreams how Secret Agent Smash Adams would handle a dental situation, but soon his frown turns to a smile when he meets his new female dentist, Dr. Kay.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=24\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's on Stage\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Worst Nightmare\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|22}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=018\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Bluffington students are cast in the school play, which shows the historic founding of the town. Doug's sister Judy is hired as director, who decides to take on a more \"modern\" approach to the story. However, parental complaints (which lead Mr. Bone to interfere) threaten the new approach.", "---", "When Roger starts acting nice, Doug's worst nightmare has finally become a reality – Roger has developed a crush on Judy. The only thing that could make things worse for Doug, is if Judy has fallen for Roger.\n\\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=25\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Pumps Up\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Goes Hollywood\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|29}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=024\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug competes in the Mayor's fitness test featuring Ronald Weisenheimer, an \\[\\[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]\\-like celebrity, and to get in shape, Doug starts a crash exercise program. But this only brings Doug to hurting every muscle in his body, and with sore muscles, Doug may not be able to compete.", "---", "When J.B. Spiggot, a famous movie director, is looking for someone in Bluffington to be in his newest project, everyone is sure they'll be chosen, especially Judy. When Doug almost gets an offer, he worries about hurting Judy's feelings, but he's saved when Porkchop is who J.B. wants.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=26\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Lost Weekend\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Lucky Hat\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|{{End date\\\|1992\\\|12\\\|6}}}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=026\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wins a Super\\-Pretendo with the video game ''Space Munks'', but the more he plays, the more he can't put it down. Suddenly, he realizes the weekend is over and he hasn't even started his homework.", "---", "A mysterious hat floats onto Doug's head. Strange and wonderful things begin to happen to him, so Doug claims the hat as lucky, and it isn't long before Roger wants to get his hands on it.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n}}", "### Season 3 (1993\\)", "Along with the second season, this season is one of the only two seasons to not have any full\\-length episodes.\n{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#95CBEF\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|titleR\\={{efn\\\|name\\=\"alt\"}}\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=8\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/3/\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Season 3 \\- Episode Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Paramount\\+]]}}\\\|viewers\\=\\\|viewersT\\=U.S. households (millions)\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=27\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Fat Cat\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug and Patti P.I.\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Dietrich Smith\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|4\\\|11}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=027\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.28{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-04\\-19\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0048\\.pdf\\\|title\\=40 Top Cable Programs: April 5\\-11, 1993 (p. 40\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= April 11, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Roger asks Doug to take care of his cat, Stinky, while he goes on a trip. Since Stinky has been acting weird to Roger, he said that he has put Stinky a diet. But, Stinky not only rips up the Funnie home but also eats all the junk food in the house and gets sick. Doug rushes him to the vet, hoping he'll be OK. But when Doug gets there, he and Roger are surprised that they find out Stinky is really female, and saw that she just had kittens.", "---", "Someone has sabotaged the wheelbarrow race at the Bluffington picnic and now no one can be in the race. So, Doug and Patti team up to solve the mystery of who did it and why.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=28\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug is Slave for a Day\" \n\"Doug's Servitude\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Rocks the House\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=\\[\\[Alan J. Higgins\\\|Alan Higgins]]\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Steve Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|4\\\|18}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=028\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Judy catches Doug breaking a vase that belonged to their mom. To keep her quiet, Doug must agree to be her slave for a week. He suffers until he realizes that the only way out is to tell the truth.", "---", "Doug destroys an entire old house in a rock\\-throwing contest with Roger. But when Patti witnesses the contest she gets angry at Doug, and he has to figure out why.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=29\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Comic Collaboration\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Pet Capades\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|4\\\|25}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=029\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Skeeter decide to work together to create their own comic book featuring Silver Skeeter and Quailman fighting the evil Wacky Weather Man. But when they can't agree which character should be the hero, the boys end up not speaking to each other.", "---", "Porkchop wants to enter the Bluffington pet talent show, but Doug is completely oblivious until Roger and his cat, Stinky, challenge him and Porkchop. Doug's now determined to come up with the perfect act for his dog, with some help from Skeeter and Larry.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=30\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Career Anxiety\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Big Brawl\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|5\\\|9}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=030\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.41{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-05\\-17\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0032\\.pdf\\\|title\\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 3\\-9, 1993 (p. 32\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= May 17, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=For Career Week, Doug is chosen by a computer to be corporate executive in charge of a class project. He can't handle the stress until he finds out there was an error in the guidance counselor's computer.", "---", "After Larry the A.V. nerd punches Doug in the face, Doug punches him back. Suddenly, the other A.V. nerds make Doug look bad at school and all of the other students are hoping Doug will start a new fight with Larry. Doug doesn't want to fight again and comes up with a quick solution.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=31\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Huge Zit\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Flies a Kite\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Evan Gore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Michale Schaefer \\& Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|5\\\|16}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=031\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is invited to Beebe's party, but something shows up on his face that makes it impossible for him to go out in public.", "---", "Mr. Funnie convinces Doug that he has a great idea to build the perfect kite to compete in the upcoming Bluffscout airshow. Doug thinks his Dad's idea is too simple, so he changes it thinking it will be better, but he gets surprising results.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=32\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug and the Weird Kids\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Behind the Wheel\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Christine Ecklund \\& Keith Hoffman\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|5\\\|23}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=032\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.74{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-05\\-31\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0019\\.pdf\\\|title\\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 17\\-23, 1993 (p. 19\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= May 31, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=For a project, Mrs. Wingo lets her students get to know each other more and Doug is paired with the two people no one else wants to be paired up with, the weird twins Al and Moo Sleech. When it's time for Doug to write his report, the Sleech twins have one already written up for him. Doug knows he's going to have to visit the Sleech's to get his own facts.", "---", "Judy is getting her license, and Doug tells Patti that she'll take them to the opening of an amusement park, Bumper Car Mania. Judy fails her test when she can't parallel park, and Doug must help her pass any way he can so he can get that ride from Judy.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=33\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's New Teacher\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug on First\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|5\\\|30}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=033\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.39{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-06\\-07\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0028\\.pdf\\\|title\\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 24\\-30, 1993 (p. 28\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= June 7, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=While Mrs. Wingo is away, a substitute named Ms. Newberry takes her place. Doug makes a bad first impression which places him as the class troublemaker and Roger as the nice guy. So Doug tries everything to change Ms. Newberry's image of him.", "---", "Doug and his friends are on the team Patti's Pulverizers, and they are on top when it comes to winning games. All of the parents, including Doug's dad, think it's unfair that only Patti gets to pitch and they want their own kids to pitch. But after the parents have their way, they realize that it may not be a good idea.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=34\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Cartoon\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Monster Movie\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|6\\\|6}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=034\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Assistant Principal Bone shuts down the school newspaper because of Doug's unflattering cartoon about the school's least favorite lunch food, magic mystery meat. All the other students love the cartoon, so they rally to get their newspaper back.", "---", "Doug and Skeeter are having trouble finding a scary monster for their homemade video movie, until Mayor White creates a monster of his own with his \"beautify Bluffington\" campaign, which was inspired by Doug's mom Mrs. Funnie.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=35\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Hot Property\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug and the Little Liar\" \n\"Doug \\& The Little Liar\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Dietrich Smith\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|6\\\|13}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=035\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Some tough high schoolers offer to sell Doug the very rare first issue of the Man\\-O\\-Steel Man comic book, the one issue he is missing from his collection. That same issue turns out to be missing from Sully's comic book store and Doug feels guilty that he had bought Sully's stolen issue. However, when Mr. Sully lets only one customer into his shop at a time for security reasons, Doug decides to do what is right for everyone.", "---", "There's a new girl in town named Loretta Lequigly who says she is from Yakestonia and can speak the language. Loretta catches Skeeter's eye and Doug is convinced that Loretta is a liar, and Skeeter is believing everything she says. With help from Fentruck, Doug sets out to expose Loretta's deceit and hoping Skeeter will break up with her. Though Loretta admits she isn't fluent in Yakestonesian, she turns out to be not as big a liar as she seemed. Skeeter goes on the trip with her leaving Doug a pyrrhic victory and Doug also learns a lesson about judging people too soon. \n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=36\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Inc.\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Nightmare on Jumbo Street\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|6\\\|20}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=036\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wants to raise enough money to buy a new skateboard and sets up a lawn mowing enterprise to do so. Skeeter and the Sleech Twins join in, but they soon feel Doug is being unfair. Doug may raise the cash, but he risks losing his friends in the process.", "---", "Everyone in school is talking about the final scene in the latest horror movie, ''The Abnormal'', but Doug closed his eyes and missed the ending. After thinking that he's a chicken for not seeing the ending he finally gets up the courage to see the film again and realizes it is not only not scary, it's silly.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=37\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Shock Therapy\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug is Hamburger Boy\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Evan Gore \\& Dietrich Smith\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|6\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=037\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Mr. Bone is in the hospital and Doug unwillingly volunteers to take get well soon cards to him from Mrs. Wingo's class. But when Doug gets there, Mr. Bone thinks he's getting Doug's prized skateboard instead. What's more, the skateboard brings childhood memories to Mr. \"T\\-Bone\".", "---", "Mr. Dink volunteers Doug to dress up as the Big Honkerburger and talk to kids in costume at the Honker Burger for a week. Plus, he has to go to the Bluffington picnic with Patti and be the Big Honkerburger without telling anyone who he is. Doug's busy weekend will be something he'll have to handle all on his own.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=38\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug and the Yard of Doom\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Garage Band\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|7\\\|4}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=038\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Skeeter are playing with Patti's new Wacky\\-Wizzer frisbee and accidentally toss it into a fenced\\-in yard. Doug tries going in to get it back, but encounters a huge guard dog named Lady. Doug imagines how Race Canyon would get himself out of the mess.", "---", "Beebe gets Doug and Skeeter their first gig for their new band – but they have to let her join. Now, every time Doug wants to add something to the show he has to let in new members, and it seems they all just want to play the drums.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=39\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Great Beet War\" \n\"Doug Operation Moody School\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Magic Act\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass \\& Dietrich Smith\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|{{End date\\\|1993\\\|7\\\|11}}}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=039\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=When the Bluffington School float for the upcoming Beet parade goes missing, Doug is accused of helping the Moody School students steal it. So Doug and Porkchop must sneak into the Moody School to see for themselves. There is a reference to The Beatles White Album at the end of the episode. The Moody School's float is a plain white square with the word \"Beet\" on it.", "---", "Doug tries to impress Patti with a magic trick from his new magic set, but it backfires and they end up handcuffed together, without the key, for the entire afternoon. This does not sit well with Patti as it makes her miss planned activities. After many attempts to get the key, they realize the magic store owner may have a solution \\- if they can get there before the store closes!\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n}}", "### Season 4 (1993–1994\\)", "According to the closing credits, the entirety of this season was produced between late April to mid\\-November 1993\\.{{cite news\\\|title\\=The Arts: Television\\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1993\\-11\\-16\\-ca\\-57250\\-story.html \\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2014\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\\|date\\=November 16, 1993}}\n{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#AC97C5\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|titleR\\={{efn\\\|name\\=\"alt\"}}\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=8\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/4/\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Season 4 \\- Episode Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Paramount\\+]]}}\\\|viewers\\=\\\|viewersT\\=U.S. households (millions)\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=40\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Math Problem\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Big Feat\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Andrew Steele\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|9\\\|26}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Amazon.com: Doug: Season 4, Episode 1 \"Doug's Math Problem\"", "---", "\"Doug's Big Feat\": Amazon Video\\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/Dougs\\-Math\\-Problem\\-Big\\-Feat/dp/B004OQSMOC/\\\|publisher\\=Viacom\\\|access\\-date\\=December 30, 2011}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=040\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug gets a letter from his school and panics when he sees it's addressed to his parents. Since he's doing poorly in math, Doug immediately assumes that it's a failing notice! So he does everything to find out what the letter says and avoid his parents from seeing it. If that wasn't enough, Patti is trying to tell Doug something and get her message to him.", "---", "It's the day of the big football game against Bloatsburg, and Doug is snared by Coach Spitz, who mistakenly believes Doug has a \"golden toe\" for field kicking. Doug is then put into the next football game by Coach Spitz, and he is very nervous when he finds out that Percy Femur is on the other team.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=41\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Bum Rap\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug and Patti Sittin' in a Tree\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Marc Sevier\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|10\\\|3}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=041\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is accused of cheating when he and Chalky score identical marks on a test. Both of them are given one day to confess or else they'll both have to take a harder re\\-test this Saturday. Doug knows he didn't cheat so he tries to talk about it with Chalky, but he keeps avoiding Doug. Finally, Doug gets Chalky to confess, and Chalky accepts the consequences, which involve taking the re\\-test and missing the big football game.", "---", "Patti asks Doug to go with her to the movies, and now everyone at school is teasing them about dating. Even Doug wonders if it is really a date or not. In order to find out, Skeeter goes through dating scenarios from a book with Doug.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=42\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Door\\-to\\-Door\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Tips the Scales\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman \\& Drew Edwards\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Dennis Garvey\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|10\\\|10}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=042\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug's Bluff Scout Troop \\#617 has to raise money for new canoes, so they sell \"Bluff Scout Booster Bars\" door to door. But after being rejected by everyone, Roger offers a new way to sell the bars, which Doug doesn't agree with. Then when Doug sells a bar to Mr. Swirly, he realizes the problem of why the bars taste so horrible.", "---", "Over the weekend, Doug puts on a few pounds at Grandma Funnie's house and has been invited to Beebe's pool party. Doug is too embarrassed to be seen in a swimsuit, so he decides to work the extra weight off before the party using Ronald \"Prepare to Suffer\" Weisenheimer's videos. However, it turns out he's not the only one who's insecure about his body.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=43\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Halloween Adventure\n \\\|DirectedBy\\=Myrna Bushman \\& Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough \\& \\[\\[Alan J. Higgins\\\|Alan Higgins]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|10\\\|30}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=FEAST FROM A HALLOWEEN CALDRON OF ANIMATED KIDS' TALES ON TV\\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=VP\\&p\\_theme\\=vp\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EAFF6CCCF3D9B04\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927030441/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=VP\\&p\\_theme\\=vp\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EAFF6CCCF3D9B04\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2011\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Virginian\\-Pilot]]\\\|date\\=October 30, 1993}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=043\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug dresses up as a hero named Race Canyon. When a spooky new amusement ride, Blood Stone Manor, opens up at Funkytown on Halloween night, Skeeter wants to check it out instead of trick or treating. Doug reluctantly agrees to go, but when the park closes at 10:00pm before their turn comes up, Roger convinces them to go on the ride anyway. Once on the ride, Roger scares Doug and Skeeter big time, so it's up to them to scare Roger back!\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=44\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug En Vogue\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Mail Order Mania\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman \\& Marc Sevier\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Andy Yerkes \\& \\[\\[Kenneth Lonergan]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|11\\\|7}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=044\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.70{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-11\\-15\\-Page\\-0030\\.pdf\\\|title\\=Top cable shows and nets (p. 30\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= November 15, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wishes he was more fashionable until his friends at school accuse him of dressing like Dylan Farnum from the TV show \"Teen Heart Street\". He's tired of being told he's copying someone else's style, so he decides to shop for a new look.", "---", "Doug becomes the victim of a contest scam that promises to make him rich. But after trying so hard and paying a lot of money, Doug later realizes he may not be as close to winning as he thinks.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=45\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Birthday Present\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Fan Club\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Drew Edwards\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Steve Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Patty Hume\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|11\\\|14}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=045\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is impressed by Mr. Bluff's gifts to Beebe. Mr. Funnie feels pressured to make more money for a better birthday present for his son, so he decides to start his own photography store. At first, Doug is excited by the thought of more money, but when he sees the effects on his father and their family, he realizes that money can't buy happiness.", "---", "After performing a magic trick, Doug becomes adored by a second grader named Todd Bentley, who starts to follow Doug everywhere. Doug enjoys being idolized until Todd embarrasses him in front of his friends, and finally tells Todd to leave him alone, which upsets Todd and leaves Doug feeling guilty.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=46\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Runs\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Clobbers Patti\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Myrna Bushman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|11\\\|21}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=046\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is nominated for class treasurer, and when he finds himself running against Willy White, the mayor's son, he starts making promises to his voters he knows he can't keep. Meanwhile, Tippi Dink runs for Mayor of Bluffington and wins! While Skeeter's uncle wins for class treasurer instead of Doug and Willy.", "---", "Doug beats Patti in a bowling match, and Skeeter tells everyone about it. Doug gains popularity, but feels bad about beating Patti every time they play a game. It seems Patti is having a losing streak and is upset about it. Doug decides the only way to save Patti's feelings is to try to make himself unlucky. \n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=47\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Treasure Hunt\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Brainy Buddy\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Marc Sevier\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins, Ken Scarborough \\& Dietrich Smith\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|11\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=047\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Skeeter go digging for artifacts when they get assigned to research Bluffington's history. They soon get into trouble though, when they are caught digging on the Bluff estate even though they didn't know.", "---", "Skeeter gets a high score on an intelligent test making him a genius, and Doug is convinced Skeeter got the wrong test results. But soon Skeeter starts to spend less time with Doug and more time thinking about going to college, and Doug thinks he has lost his best friend. \n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=48\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Ripped Off!\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Babysitter\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Drew Edwards\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Mark Dacus\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|12\\\|5}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=048\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=All of Doug's friends have cool bikes, but Doug hates his—until he discovers that someone has stolen it. He thinks about who could have taken it, and wonders if one of his friends is a thief.", "---", "Doug and Judy get into a fight and blow their big chance to stay alone in the house while their parents are on vacation. Instead, they're cursed with the strict baby\\-sitter, Mrs. Stintson, who is a firm disciplinarian and serves dinners of prunes, and they realize that the only way out of this mess is to cooperate.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=49\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's in the Money\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Sister Act\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman \\& Marc Sevier\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=\\[\\[Jim Jinkins]] \\& David Campbell\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|12\\\|12}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=050\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=An envelope of money falls from a speeding car and Doug finds it with a huge fortune in it. Doug hands it in to the police and everyone makes fun of him for doing it. After no one claims the money, the police tell Doug he can keep the money. When Doug discovers who the real owner is, he must choose between what's legal and what he knows is right.", "---", "Mrs. Funnie invites Judy's new boyfriend over for dinner, but Judy is embarrassed by her boring family, especially Doug. So she decides to \"spruce\" things up around the house, but a resentful Doug decides to do some \"sprucing up\" of his own.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=50\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Christmas Story\n \\\|DirectedBy\\=Paul Sparagano \\& Myrna Bushman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|12\\\|12}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=049\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=When Porkchop has been mistakenly accused of attacking Beebe, Doug has to try to clear his best non\\-human friend out. Unfortunately, former Mayor White, and Bill Bluff are determined to make sure that Porkchop never bothers anyone again. After a trial in court, Porkchop is sentenced to a dog pound for bad dogs, and after Doug's attempt to break Porkchop out of the pound fails, Doug tearfully realizes that Porkchop may be put down. He tries to imagine how Quailman, Smash Adams and Race Canyon would solve the problem, but finally realizes he's going to have to find his own way out of this mess. At the return court date, Doug convinces the judge to let Porkchop return to the scene of the crime to show them what really happened. Beebe falls in the thin ice, and Porkchop rescues her. Everyone now realizes that the reason Porkchop \"attacked\" Beebe before was to try to pull her away from the thin ice. Doug is proud of Porkchop, who is now hailed as a hero. At Porkchop's request, Mayor Bluff hosts a Christmas party for all the dogs in the pound in order to find them all new owners. \n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=51\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Throws a Party\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Way Out West\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman \\& Drew Edwards\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Andy Yerkes \\& Kenneth Lonergan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|12\\\|26}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=051\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is having his first house party, and although he is very excited about it, he doesn't want it to be lame. When Roger suggests to play Truth or Dare, Doug hopes it'll make his party better.", "---", "When Patti invites everyone to go horseback riding at a dude ranch, Doug brags about how well he can ride. But his exaggerations get him in trouble when he is assigned an aggressive horse that he can't handle.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=52\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Graduates\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Bad Trip\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Myrna Bushman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|{{End date\\\|1994\\\|1\\\|2}}}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=052\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and his friends are getting ready for the end of sixth grade and are graduating from Bluffington School. Doug feels a bit sad about leaving so he tries to find Principal Buttsavitch to talk to him. But when he finds out that Roger is as reluctant to leave the school as he is, Doug convinces Roger (and himself) that the new school will be great.", "---", "As the summer begins, the Funnies plan to drive across the country to visit the Great Painted Gorge. Mr. Funnie is committed to keeping to a schedule, but Doug and Judy convince him to stop at several tourist traps along the way. The family isn't having any fun on the trip, until they finally reach the stop that makes it all worthwhile.\n\\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n}}", "", "", "", "" ]
### Season 1 (1991\) In the closing credits for this season, two different pieces of music would play: the first piece would be taken from the second story in the episode, and during the last third, Porkchop would don headphones and listen to music from the first story, immediately drowning out the original background music and angering Doug. Unlike the other seasons, the [Jumbo Pictures](/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures "Jumbo Pictures") closing logo is different. It is still and takes place on a dark blue background. {{Episode table \\|background\=\#B5DFB9 \\|overall\=4\\|season\=4\\|title\=22\\|titleR\={{efn\\|name\="alt"\\|Alternate titles are sourced from an archived Nickelodeon episode guide, iTunes, and Paramount\+.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/1/\\|title\=''Doug'': Season 1 \- Episode Guide\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Paramount\+]]}}}}\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=8\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p14t4c1\.tin\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000617134102/http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p14t4c1\.tin\\|title\=''Doug'': Episodes\\|archive\-date\=June 17, 2000\\|access\-date\=May 11, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Nick.com]]\\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://tv.apple.com/us/show/doug/umc.cmc.1wd1mt6j6uhbqtnhwdey3a65b\\|title\=Doug\\|work\=\[\[iTunes Store]]\\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Inc.]]\\|date\=August 2, 1991\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}}\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=1 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Can't Dance \\|Title\_2\=Doug Gets Busted \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=\[\[Ken Kimmelman]] \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Aaron \& Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|8\\|11}}{{Cite web\\|url\=https://groups.google.com/g/rec.arts.animation/c/QDcSRyZwxLo/m/4DfoerKEUhQJ\\|title\=The new Nik cartoons\\|website\=groups.google.com}}https://archive.org/details/Rugrats101\.TommysFirstBirthday\_201805 {{Dead link\\|date\=February 2022}} \\|ProdCode\=002 \\|ShortSummary\= Doug is excited about going to his first school costume dance, and having the opportunity to dance with his dream girl, Patti. But Doug's excitement soon fades when Roger reminds him that he has no dancing talent, so Doug goes to Skeeter for dancing tips. --- Doug makes a model of a volcano for a science project. When rumor has it that the volcano erupted and caused the whole science room to explode, Doug decides to disguise himself as Jack Bandit and go on the lam to avoid the cops and getting in trouble. \\|LineColor\=\#B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\=Doug Bags a Neematoad \\|DirectedBy\=Howard Beckerman \& Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\=Alicia Marie Schudt \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|8\\|18}} \\|ProdCode\=001 \\|ShortSummary\= The Funnies have moved from Bloatsburg and are just arriving at their new home in the town of Bluffington. 11\-year\-old Doug Funnie writes his thoughts in his journal and worries he will not be able to make any friends. On a search to find food for his Mom (Theda), Dad (Phil), sister (Judy), and himself, Doug meets his next door neighbor Mr. Dink. He shows Doug a video about Bluffington and introduces him to the popular hangout fast food restaurant called The Honker Burger. When Doug gets to the hangout, he meets Skeeter Valentine who befriends him right away. Doug also meets Patti Mayonnaise and, right away, has a secret crush on her. However, all is not well when he also meets the local bully Roger Klotz who tricks Doug into believing he has to catch a \[\[List of cryptids\\|monster]] called a Neematoad at Stinsen's Pond to be a town hero. Note: Chronologically, this is the series premiere, but it aired as the second episode. This explains why Doug's family moved in this episode, when they already moved into Bluffington in the first episode. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=3 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Dog's Date \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Big Nose \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Johan Edstrom \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Betty G. Birney \\|WrittenBy\_2\=M.K. Brown \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|8\\|25}} \\|ProdCode\=003 \\|ShortSummary\=When Porkchop begins acting very strangely, Doug tries to find out what's causing his friend's odd behavior. It turns out that Porkchop has come down with a case of "puppy love" for a local poodle. --- Doug refuses to get his picture taken for School Photo Swap Day at school, because he has suddenly become self\-conscious of his nose after Skeeter's little brother Dale calls Doug "big nose". \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=4 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Takes a Hike \\|Title\_2\=Doug Rocks \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Ken Kimmelman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|9\\|8}} \\|ProdCode\=004 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug joins the Bluff Scouts and, on his first camping trip with the scouts, he really wants to get his first badge. But when Roger "volunteers" to be Doug's camping partner, he's not sure how the camping trip will turn out. --- Skeeter and Doug win tickets to go see The Beets live at a concert in Bluffington. Unfortunately, everything comes to a halt when Skeeter gets grounded and can't go with Doug to the concert. Doug really wants to go, but sticks with his best friend. Skeeter gets ungrounded by his father since he was making noise and go outside. On the night of the concert the two are at the Honker Burger, when they get the surprise of their lives. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=5 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Can't Dig It \\|Title\_2\=Doug Didn't Do It \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Jean\-Pierre Jacquet \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Marcy Winograd \& Jacqueline Hirtz \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|9\\|22}} \\|ProdCode\=005 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is thrilled when Mrs. Wingo tells him that he'll be introducing a special performer for an upcoming school show. But when he finds out that the performer is actually his sister Judy, he worries that he'll be embarrassed in front of the entire school. --- A prankster steals Vice Principal Bone's "Der Grosser Yodelmeister" trophy. When the trophy is later found in Doug's locker, Mr. Bone becomes convinced that Doug is the thief. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=6 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\_1\=Doug is Mayor for a Day" "Doug, Mayor for a Day" "Mayor for a Day \\|Title\_2\=Doug's No Dummy \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=\[\[John Pardee]] \& \[\[Joey Murphy]] \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Kingsberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|9\\|29}} \\|ProdCode\=006 \\|ShortSummary\=For Student Government Day, Doug is chosen to be the mayor for the day. He visits Mayor Robert "Bob" White on a field trip to Bluffington Town Hall, and makes a big decision in the position when a situation erupts at Mr. Swirly's Ice Cream factory. --- Doug is entered (thanks to Roger) into a school talent contest, and decides to try out a ventriloquism act. Once onstage, Doug has to face his nerves and keep his new pal Buster from losing his head. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=7 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Cool Shoes \\|Title\_2\=Doug to the Rescue \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Marcy Winograd \& Jacqueline Hirtz \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|10\\|6}} \\|ProdCode\_1\=007B \\|ProdCode\_2\=007A \\|ShortSummary\=Doug feels inferior because he doesn't have awesome new shoes, the Sky Davis Inflatable Air Jets, like everyone else. That is, until he meets the real Sky Davis. --- Roger begins pestering Patti to help him with his book report, and when Patti finally loses her temper and yells at Roger to leave her alone, they get punished with a trip to detention. This doesn't sit well with Doug, who tries to stop Roger from bugging Patti. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=8 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Gets His Ears Lowered \\|Title\_2\=Doug on the Wild Side \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Lisa Melamed \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Beth Bornstein \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|10\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=008 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug decides that he needs a haircut, but he doesn't want just ANY kind of haircut. He goes around town, trying to find a barber that can cut his hair the same way his old friend in Bloatsburg did. He looks all over and finds Mr. Sweeny before escaping the dangerous barber Fluke. --- Doug's motorcycle\-riding Grandma Opal comes to visit and she teaches Doug to take risks and enjoy life while taking him on his first motorcycle ride and sushi lunch. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=9 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Big Catch \\|Title\_2\=Doug Needs Money \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Jean\-Pierre Jacquet \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=\[\[Joe Stillman\\|Joseph Stillman]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|11\\|3}} \\|ProdCode\=009 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug accompanies Mr. Dink to the Big Time Bass\-Off Contest, in order to try and catch a fish named Chester who stole Bud's wallet 30 years ago. --- Doug and Skeeter try to make some money in order to buy Mr. Dink a new grill, after they accidentally break his old one with a baseball. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=10 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Runaway Journal \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Doodle" "Doug Doodles \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joseph Stillman \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|11\\|10}} \\|ProdCode\_1\=010B \\|ProdCode\_2\=010A \\|ShortSummary\=Doug freaks out when he can't find his journal anywhere. All his personal thoughts are in that journal, and he'll do anything to get it back. After posting flyers around town, he learns that Roger has found it. --- Doug accidentally hands in his doodle of Mrs. Wingo, instead of his essay assignment. Hoping he won't get into trouble or be embarrassed, Doug tries to get the doodle back as Smash Adams. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=11 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Cookin' \\|Title\_2\=Doug Loses Dale \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Jean\-Pierre Jacquet \\|WrittenBy\_1\=\[\[Alan J. Higgins\\|Alan Higgins]] \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Kayte Kuch \& Sheryl Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|11\\|17}} \\|ProdCode\=011 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Patti are both paired up in a cooking class competition. When Patti tells Doug she can't cook, Doug invites her over to his house to practice some easy recipes and decide what to cook for their class. --- Doug is nervous because he is given the job of babysitting Skeeter's younger brother, Dale, when the Valentines leave for a trip. So he asks all his friends for advice on babysitting, but Doug finds out you can't always rely on other people's advice. But while Doug is cleaning, Dale sneaks off and then he has to search the entire house for him. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=12 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\_1\=Doug is Quailman \\|Title\_2\=Doug Out in Left Field \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Silberberg \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Lisa Melamed \& Alicia Marie Schudt \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1991\\|11\\|24}} \\|ProdCode\=012 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug spends a day drawing his favorite cartoon super hero, Quailman, who saves students from the evil Dr. Klotzenstein, who is using his "brain drain" to suck intelligence out of kids at the Bluffington School. --- Patti is rejected from the school baseball team by Coach Spitz, only because she's a girl. She then organizes her own team with the other kids who have been rejected, and challenges Coach Spitz to a game. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=13 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Fair Lady \\|Title\_2\=Doug Says Goodbye \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Bradley Kesden \& Skip Shepard \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|{{End date\\|1991\\|12\\|8}}}} \\|ProdCode\=013 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is reluctant to ask Patti to the Tri\-County Fair, so Skeeter invites Beebe to go with them too. Once at the fair, Doug wants to get the chance to ride the \[\[Ferris wheel]] with Patti. --- Before Beebe's big costume party, Skeeter has to tell Doug that they can't go because he believes that he and his family are going move to a new town. Doug can't believe Skeeter has to move, but then Skeeter secretly moves in with Doug in order to stay in Bluffington with his best friend. \\|LineColor\=B5DFB9 }} }}	[ "### Season 1 (1991\\)", "In the closing credits for this season, two different pieces of music would play: the first piece would be taken from the second story in the episode, and during the last third, Porkchop would don headphones and listen to music from the first story, immediately drowning out the original background music and angering Doug.", "Unlike the other seasons, the [Jumbo Pictures](/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures \"Jumbo Pictures\") closing logo is different. It is still and takes place on a dark blue background.", "{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#B5DFB9 \\\|overall\\=4\\\|season\\=4\\\|title\\=22\\\|titleR\\={{efn\\\|name\\=\"alt\"\\\|Alternate titles are sourced from an archived Nickelodeon episode guide, iTunes, and Paramount\\+.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/1/\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Season 1 \\- Episode Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Paramount\\+]]}}}}\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=8\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p14t4c1\\.tin\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000617134102/http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p14t4c1\\.tin\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Episodes\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2000\\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nick.com]]\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://tv.apple.com/us/show/doug/umc.cmc.1wd1mt6j6uhbqtnhwdey3a65b\\\|title\\=Doug\\\|work\\=\\[\\[iTunes Store]]\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Inc.]]\\\|date\\=August 2, 1991\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=1\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Can't Dance\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Gets Busted\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=\\[\\[Ken Kimmelman]]\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Aaron \\& Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|8\\\|11}}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://groups.google.com/g/rec.arts.animation/c/QDcSRyZwxLo/m/4DfoerKEUhQJ\\\|title\\=The new Nik cartoons\\\|website\\=groups.google.com}}https://archive.org/details/Rugrats101\\.TommysFirstBirthday\\_201805 {{Dead link\\\|date\\=February 2022}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=002\n \\\|ShortSummary\\= Doug is excited about going to his first school costume dance, and having the opportunity to dance with his dream girl, Patti. But Doug's excitement soon fades when Roger reminds him that he has no dancing talent, so Doug goes to Skeeter for dancing tips.", "---", "Doug makes a model of a volcano for a science project. When rumor has it that the volcano erupted and caused the whole science room to explode, Doug decides to disguise himself as Jack Bandit and go on the lam to avoid the cops and getting in trouble.\n \\\|LineColor\\=\\#B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Bags a Neematoad\n \\\|DirectedBy\\=Howard Beckerman \\& Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Alicia Marie Schudt\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|8\\\|18}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=001\n \\\|ShortSummary\\= The Funnies have moved from Bloatsburg and are just arriving at their new home in the town of Bluffington. 11\\-year\\-old Doug Funnie writes his thoughts in his journal and worries he will not be able to make any friends. On a search to find food for his Mom (Theda), Dad (Phil), sister (Judy), and himself, Doug meets his next door neighbor Mr. Dink. He shows Doug a video about Bluffington and introduces him to the popular hangout fast food restaurant called The Honker Burger. When Doug gets to the hangout, he meets Skeeter Valentine who befriends him right away. Doug also meets Patti Mayonnaise and, right away, has a secret crush on her. However, all is not well when he also meets the local bully Roger Klotz who tricks Doug into believing he has to catch a \\[\\[List of cryptids\\\|monster]] called a Neematoad at Stinsen's Pond to be a town hero.\nNote: Chronologically, this is the series premiere, but it aired as the second episode. This explains why Doug's family moved in this episode, when they already moved into Bluffington in the first episode.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=3\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Dog's Date\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Big Nose\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Betty G. Birney\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=M.K. Brown\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|8\\\|25}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=003\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=When Porkchop begins acting very strangely, Doug tries to find out what's causing his friend's odd behavior. It turns out that Porkchop has come down with a case of \"puppy love\" for a local poodle.", "---", "Doug refuses to get his picture taken for School Photo Swap Day at school, because he has suddenly become self\\-conscious of his nose after Skeeter's little brother Dale calls Doug \"big nose\".\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=4\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Takes a Hike\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Rocks\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|9\\\|8}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=004\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug joins the Bluff Scouts and, on his first camping trip with the scouts, he really wants to get his first badge. But when Roger \"volunteers\" to be Doug's camping partner, he's not sure how the camping trip will turn out.", "---", "Skeeter and Doug win tickets to go see The Beets live at a concert in Bluffington. Unfortunately, everything comes to a halt when Skeeter gets grounded and can't go with Doug to the concert. Doug really wants to go, but sticks with his best friend. Skeeter gets ungrounded by his father since he was making noise and go outside. On the night of the concert the two are at the Honker Burger, when they get the surprise of their lives. \n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=5\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Can't Dig It\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Didn't Do It\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Jean\\-Pierre Jacquet\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Marcy Winograd \\& Jacqueline Hirtz\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|9\\\|22}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=005\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is thrilled when Mrs. Wingo tells him that he'll be introducing a special performer for an upcoming school show. But when he finds out that the performer is actually his sister Judy, he worries that he'll be embarrassed in front of the entire school.", "---", "A prankster steals Vice Principal Bone's \"Der Grosser Yodelmeister\" trophy. When the trophy is later found in Doug's locker, Mr. Bone becomes convinced that Doug is the thief.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=6\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug is Mayor for a Day\" \n\"Doug, Mayor for a Day\" \n\"Mayor for a Day\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's No Dummy\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=\\[\\[John Pardee]] \\& \\[\\[Joey Murphy]]\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Kingsberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|9\\\|29}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=006\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=For Student Government Day, Doug is chosen to be the mayor for the day. He visits Mayor Robert \"Bob\" White on a field trip to Bluffington Town Hall, and makes a big decision in the position when a situation erupts at Mr. Swirly's Ice Cream factory.", "---", "Doug is entered (thanks to Roger) into a school talent contest, and decides to try out a ventriloquism act. Once onstage, Doug has to face his nerves and keep his new pal Buster from losing his head.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=7\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Cool Shoes\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug to the Rescue \n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Marcy Winograd \\& Jacqueline Hirtz\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|10\\\|6}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\_1\\=007B\n \\\|ProdCode\\_2\\=007A\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug feels inferior because he doesn't have awesome new shoes, the Sky Davis Inflatable Air Jets, like everyone else. That is, until he meets the real Sky Davis.", "---", "Roger begins pestering Patti to help him with his book report, and when Patti finally loses her temper and yells at Roger to leave her alone, they get punished with a trip to detention. This doesn't sit well with Doug, who tries to stop Roger from bugging Patti.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=8\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Gets His Ears Lowered\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug on the Wild Side\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Lisa Melamed\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Beth Bornstein\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|10\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=008\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug decides that he needs a haircut, but he doesn't want just ANY kind of haircut. He goes around town, trying to find a barber that can cut his hair the same way his old friend in Bloatsburg did. He looks all over and finds Mr. Sweeny before escaping the dangerous barber Fluke.", "---", "Doug's motorcycle\\-riding Grandma Opal comes to visit and she teaches Doug to take risks and enjoy life while taking him on his first motorcycle ride and sushi lunch.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=9\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Big Catch\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Needs Money\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Jean\\-Pierre Jacquet\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=\\[\\[Joe Stillman\\\|Joseph Stillman]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|11\\\|3}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=009\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug accompanies Mr. Dink to the Big Time Bass\\-Off Contest, in order to try and catch a fish named Chester who stole Bud's wallet 30 years ago.", "---", "Doug and Skeeter try to make some money in order to buy Mr. Dink a new grill, after they accidentally break his old one with a baseball.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=10\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Runaway Journal\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Doodle\" \n\"Doug Doodles\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joseph Stillman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|11\\\|10}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\_1\\=010B\n \\\|ProdCode\\_2\\=010A\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug freaks out when he can't find his journal anywhere. All his personal thoughts are in that journal, and he'll do anything to get it back. After posting flyers around town, he learns that Roger has found it.", "---", "Doug accidentally hands in his doodle of Mrs. Wingo, instead of his essay assignment. Hoping he won't get into trouble or be embarrassed, Doug tries to get the doodle back as Smash Adams.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=11\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Cookin'\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Loses Dale\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Jean\\-Pierre Jacquet\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=\\[\\[Alan J. Higgins\\\|Alan Higgins]]\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Kayte Kuch \\& Sheryl Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|11\\\|17}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=011\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Patti are both paired up in a cooking class competition. When Patti tells Doug she can't cook, Doug invites her over to his house to practice some easy recipes and decide what to cook for their class.", "---", "Doug is nervous because he is given the job of babysitting Skeeter's younger brother, Dale, when the Valentines leave for a trip. So he asks all his friends for advice on babysitting, but Doug finds out you can't always rely on other people's advice. But while Doug is cleaning, Dale sneaks off and then he has to search the entire house for him.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=12\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug is Quailman\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Out in Left Field\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Lisa Melamed \\& Alicia Marie Schudt\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1991\\\|11\\\|24}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=012\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug spends a day drawing his favorite cartoon super hero, Quailman, who saves students from the evil Dr. Klotzenstein, who is using his \"brain drain\" to suck intelligence out of kids at the Bluffington School.", "---", "Patti is rejected from the school baseball team by Coach Spitz, only because she's a girl. She then organizes her own team with the other kids who have been rejected, and challenges Coach Spitz to a game.\n \\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=13\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Fair Lady\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Says Goodbye\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Bradley Kesden \\& Skip Shepard\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|{{End date\\\|1991\\\|12\\\|8}}}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=013\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is reluctant to ask Patti to the Tri\\-County Fair, so Skeeter invites Beebe to go with them too. Once at the fair, Doug wants to get the chance to ride the \\[\\[Ferris wheel]] with Patti.", "---", "Before Beebe's big costume party, Skeeter has to tell Doug that they can't go because he believes that he and his family are going move to a new town. Doug can't believe Skeeter has to move, but then Skeeter secretly moves in with Doug in order to stay in Bluffington with his best friend.\n\\\|LineColor\\=B5DFB9\n}}\n}}", "" ]
### Season 2 (1992\) Beginning with this season, only a single piece of music is played during the closing credits, though the animation remains the same until the fifth season. Additionally, the more familiar [Jumbo Pictures](/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures "Jumbo Pictures") closing logo started to be used. This season is also one of the only two seasons to not have any full\-length episodes. {{Episode table \\|background\=\#FEF9C1\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|titleR\={{efn\\|name\="alt"}}\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|airdateR\=\\|prodcode\=8\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/2/\\|title\=''Doug'': Season 2 \- Episode Guide\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Paramount\+]]}}\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=14 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Got No Gift \\|Title\_2\=Doug Vs. the Klotzoid Zombies \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|9\\|13}} \\|ProdCode\=015 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug unintentionally spends all of his money on a video arcade game, "Bag the Neematoad", and now he can't buy Patti a beetball as a birthday present. So Mr. Dink gives Doug the idea of making a gift for Patti, and all Doug hopes is that she'll like it. --- Roger invites everyone over to his house except for poor Doug, who begins to feel left out. Doug later imagines himself as Quailman battling Dr. Klotzenstein, the mad scientist who turns all of Bluffington's citizens into mindless zombies with his zombie chips. Doug then faces Roger at his trailer to discover he has organized a one year anniversary party for Doug. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=15 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Takes the Case \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Secret Song \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Tim Grundmann \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|9\\|20}} \\|ProdCode\=014 \\|ShortSummary\=Beebe brings her father's expensive new Chromo Neato 5000 radio to school in order to impress her peers. When it ends up going missing, Mr. Bone threatens to give the whole class afternoon detention if the radio is not returned. Hoping to catch the real culprit, Doug decides to take the case as "The Chameleon", who is a master of disguise. But when Doug finds out that Skeeter has the radio, he'll either have to turn him in or cover for him. --- Doug writes a secret and quirky love song about Patti, and makes it into a video at a new store in the mall where people can make their own music videos. But after a mix\-up at the store (and after being beset by a severe case of hiccups while filming the video), Doug gets Patti's video and Doug thinks his tape fell into the hands of Patti, who is taking it to an up\-all\-night party at Beebe's house. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=16 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Secret Admirer \\|Title\_2\=Doug's on TV \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=\[\[Alan J. Higgins\\|Al Higgins]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|9\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=016 \\|ShortSummary\=A secret admirer is putting love letters inside Doug's locker and Doug is horrified to discover that it isn't Patti, but Beebe. --- Doug is excited when his Aunt Betty\-Ann invites him and Skeeter to be on a TV show. The only problem is that it is the kiddie show ''Kiddie Koral''. Doug goes to the kiddie show with Skeeter and later regrets it when Roger sees him on the show and tapes it. But when Betty\-Ann recognizes Roger, the embarrassment tables are turned. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=17 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Dinner Date \\|Title\_2\=Doug Meets Fentruck \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Al Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=John Wohlbruck \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|10\\|4}} \\|ProdCode\=017 \\|ShortSummary\=Patti invites Doug over for dinner with the rest of the gang and Doug is thrilled. It's a dream come true for Doug, until Patti tells Doug she will be serving liver and onions (one of Doug's most hated foods). With the dinner looming, Doug tries everything (including hypnosis) to overcome his fear. --- An exchange student from Yakestonia named Fentruck Stimmel comes to live in Bluffington and attend Bluffington School. However, after Fentruck asks Doug to help him write a letter to a "yellow\-haired girl who sits in front of me", Doug begins to suspect that the new kid may already have eyes for Patti. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=18 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Battles the Rulemeister" "Doug Meets the Rulemeister \\|Title\_2\=Doug's a Genius \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Silberberg \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|10\\|11}} \\|ProdCode\=020 \\|ShortSummary\=Roger tricks Doug into breaking a school rule which causes Mr. Bone to give his entire class Saturday detention. Doug imagines how Quailman would handle the situation as he battles the Rulemeister and his pointless rules to try to get his friends out of detention. --- Doug is irritated when Porkchop chases a raccoon and the two animals accidentally get their paw\-prints all over the backside of his painting for the Arts Guild Exhibition. But everyone, including the art teacher Mrs. Perigrew, thinks his ruined painting is a brilliant piece of art! When Doug's art is hung in an exhibit, Doug imagines how Smash Adams would get it out, but knows he'll have to tell the truth about his "masterpiece". \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=19 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Saves Roger \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Big News \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Tim Grundmann \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|10\\|18}} \\|ProdCode\=021 \\|ShortSummary\=Mr. Bone's nephew Percy Femur transfers to Bluffington School and Roger gets ready to be the bully that he normally is, but it turns out that Percy is very tough and a lot bigger than Roger, and Roger's the one who gets bullied for a change. When Doug tries to convince Percy to leave Roger alone, Percy turns his wrath on Doug, but Doug is saved when Mr. Bone catches his nephew in the act and sends Percy back to his old school. --- When the kids in Mrs. Wingo's class criticize Mr. Bone's dull school news video show, he challenges the class to do a better one. The entire class then turns their classroom into a newsroom with reports from the students, but Roger then sets out to sabotage all their hard work. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=20 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's a Big Fat Liar \\|Title\_2\=Doug Wears Tights \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=John Wohlbrook \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|10\\|25}} \\|ProdCode\=022 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wants to go to the Hoe\-Down dance with Patti. But when Connie asks him, Doug lies and says he's staying home to take care of his sick cousin "Melvin." His lie gets him into big trouble when Patti and Connie come over to visit his cousin. Doug gets Judy to play "Melvin," and she does ''too'' good a job, because Patti invites "Melvin" to the Hoe\-Down. --- In front of the dance teacher, Miss Mimi, Doug signs up to be the lead dancer in the school ballet so he can be dance partners with Patti. His fears about being teased by Roger are quelled when Roger is cast in the ballet as the Rat King. However, he's not so happy to learn that Beebe may get the lead female role instead of Patti, since Mrs. Bluff owns the ballet company. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=21 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Derby Dilemma \\|Title\_2\=Doug on His Own" "Doug's On His Own \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Michele Jabloner \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|1}} \\|ProdCode\=019 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and his friends are all building soapbox racers for the Mt. St. Buster Downhill Speed Race, and they all want to win the secret mystery prize, and Doug and Skeeter are having trouble keeping their racer a secret. But during the race, there's a disaster on the track, and everyone finds out that helping a friend is more important than winning. --- Mr. and Mrs. Funnie go to Judy's school dance as chaperones and Doug plans a night in the house all by himself. However, a huge thunderstorm knocks out the electricity and ruins his plan \- and having watched a scary movie on TV doesn't help. In order to get the power back in his house, Doug must find the power box in his basement, in the dark. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=22 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\_1\=Doug on the Trail \\|Title\_2\=Doug Meets RoboBone \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|8}} \\|ProdCode\=023 \\|ShortSummary\=The Bluffscouts are on a canoe trip. But trouble arrives when Scoutmaster Dink heads off into the forest to get a new navigational computer, leaving Roger in charge. Doug and Skeeter can't stand Roger's orders, so they search for Mr. Dink who seems to have disappeared. --- When Doug gets The Beets to play a concert at school, Mr. Bone cancels the deal. In a Quailman daydream, Quailman battles RoboBone and his robotic army, which leads to a compromise with Mr. Bone, and everyone learns the importance of compromise. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=23 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Hot Ticket \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Dental Disaster \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Silberberg \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Al Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|15}} \\|ProdCode\=025 \\|ShortSummary\=The Beets concert in Doug's former hometown of Bloatsburg is sold out, but luckily Judy has two tickets which she doesn't want. Judy gives Doug her tickets and he and Skeeter set out on an incredible adventure on the road and end up as Beets roadies when they meet other fans. --- Doug's tooth hurts when he gets a \[\[Dental caries\\|cavity]] after biting into a candy bar at the movies, and afterwards has to go to his dentist. Although he doesn't want to go to the appointment, he daydreams how Secret Agent Smash Adams would handle a dental situation, but soon his frown turns to a smile when he meets his new female dentist, Dr. Kay. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=24 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's on Stage \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Worst Nightmare \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Al Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|22}} \\|ProdCode\=018 \\|ShortSummary\=Bluffington students are cast in the school play, which shows the historic founding of the town. Doug's sister Judy is hired as director, who decides to take on a more "modern" approach to the story. However, parental complaints (which lead Mr. Bone to interfere) threaten the new approach. --- When Roger starts acting nice, Doug's worst nightmare has finally become a reality – Roger has developed a crush on Judy. The only thing that could make things worse for Doug, is if Judy has fallen for Roger. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=25 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Pumps Up \\|Title\_2\=Doug Goes Hollywood \\|DirectedBy\_1\=John Paratore \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Al Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1992\\|11\\|29}} \\|ProdCode\=024 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug competes in the Mayor's fitness test featuring Ronald Weisenheimer, an \[\[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]\-like celebrity, and to get in shape, Doug starts a crash exercise program. But this only brings Doug to hurting every muscle in his body, and with sore muscles, Doug may not be able to compete. --- When J.B. Spiggot, a famous movie director, is looking for someone in Bluffington to be in his newest project, everyone is sure they'll be chosen, especially Judy. When Doug almost gets an offer, he worries about hurting Judy's feelings, but he's saved when Porkchop is who J.B. wants. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=26 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Lost Weekend \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Lucky Hat \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Silberberg \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|{{End date\\|1992\\|12\\|6}}}} \\|ProdCode\=026 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wins a Super\-Pretendo with the video game ''Space Munks'', but the more he plays, the more he can't put it down. Suddenly, he realizes the weekend is over and he hasn't even started his homework. --- A mysterious hat floats onto Doug's head. Strange and wonderful things begin to happen to him, so Doug claims the hat as lucky, and it isn't long before Roger wants to get his hands on it. \\|LineColor\=FEF9C1 }} }}	[ "### Season 2 (1992\\)", "Beginning with this season, only a single piece of music is played during the closing credits, though the animation remains the same until the fifth season.", "Additionally, the more familiar [Jumbo Pictures](/wiki/Jumbo_Pictures \"Jumbo Pictures\") closing logo started to be used.", "This season is also one of the only two seasons to not have any full\\-length episodes.\n{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#FEF9C1\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|titleR\\={{efn\\\|name\\=\"alt\"}}\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|airdateR\\=\\\|prodcode\\=8\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/2/\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Season 2 \\- Episode Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Paramount\\+]]}}\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=14\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Got No Gift\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Vs. the Klotzoid Zombies\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|9\\\|13}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=015\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug unintentionally spends all of his money on a video arcade game, \"Bag the Neematoad\", and now he can't buy Patti a beetball as a birthday present. So Mr. Dink gives Doug the idea of making a gift for Patti, and all Doug hopes is that she'll like it.", "---", "Roger invites everyone over to his house except for poor Doug, who begins to feel left out. Doug later imagines himself as Quailman battling Dr. Klotzenstein, the mad scientist who turns all of Bluffington's citizens into mindless zombies with his zombie chips. Doug then faces Roger at his trailer to discover he has organized a one year anniversary party for Doug.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=15\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Takes the Case\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Secret Song\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Tim Grundmann\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|9\\\|20}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=014\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Beebe brings her father's expensive new Chromo Neato 5000 radio to school in order to impress her peers. When it ends up going missing, Mr. Bone threatens to give the whole class afternoon detention if the radio is not returned. Hoping to catch the real culprit, Doug decides to take the case as \"The Chameleon\", who is a master of disguise. But when Doug finds out that Skeeter has the radio, he'll either have to turn him in or cover for him.", "---", "Doug writes a secret and quirky love song about Patti, and makes it into a video at a new store in the mall where people can make their own music videos. But after a mix\\-up at the store (and after being beset by a severe case of hiccups while filming the video), Doug gets Patti's video and Doug thinks his tape fell into the hands of Patti, who is taking it to an up\\-all\\-night party at Beebe's house.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=16\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Secret Admirer\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's on TV\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=\\[\\[Alan J. Higgins\\\|Al Higgins]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|9\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=016\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=A secret admirer is putting love letters inside Doug's locker and Doug is horrified to discover that it isn't Patti, but Beebe.", "---", "Doug is excited when his Aunt Betty\\-Ann invites him and Skeeter to be on a TV show. The only problem is that it is the kiddie show ''Kiddie Koral''. Doug goes to the kiddie show with Skeeter and later regrets it when Roger sees him on the show and tapes it. But when Betty\\-Ann recognizes Roger, the embarrassment tables are turned.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=17\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Dinner Date\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Meets Fentruck\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=John Wohlbruck\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|10\\\|4}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=017\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Patti invites Doug over for dinner with the rest of the gang and Doug is thrilled. It's a dream come true for Doug, until Patti tells Doug she will be serving liver and onions (one of Doug's most hated foods). With the dinner looming, Doug tries everything (including hypnosis) to overcome his fear.", "---", "An exchange student from Yakestonia named Fentruck Stimmel comes to live in Bluffington and attend Bluffington School. However, after Fentruck asks Doug to help him write a letter to a \"yellow\\-haired girl who sits in front of me\", Doug begins to suspect that the new kid may already have eyes for Patti.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=18\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Battles the Rulemeister\" \n\"Doug Meets the Rulemeister\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's a Genius\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|10\\\|11}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=020\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Roger tricks Doug into breaking a school rule which causes Mr. Bone to give his entire class Saturday detention. Doug imagines how Quailman would handle the situation as he battles the Rulemeister and his pointless rules to try to get his friends out of detention.", "---", "Doug is irritated when Porkchop chases a raccoon and the two animals accidentally get their paw\\-prints all over the backside of his painting for the Arts Guild Exhibition. But everyone, including the art teacher Mrs. Perigrew, thinks his ruined painting is a brilliant piece of art! When Doug's art is hung in an exhibit, Doug imagines how Smash Adams would get it out, but knows he'll have to tell the truth about his \"masterpiece\".\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=19\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Saves Roger\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Big News\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Tim Grundmann\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|10\\\|18}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=021\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Mr. Bone's nephew Percy Femur transfers to Bluffington School and Roger gets ready to be the bully that he normally is, but it turns out that Percy is very tough and a lot bigger than Roger, and Roger's the one who gets bullied for a change. When Doug tries to convince Percy to leave Roger alone, Percy turns his wrath on Doug, but Doug is saved when Mr. Bone catches his nephew in the act and sends Percy back to his old school.", "---", "When the kids in Mrs. Wingo's class criticize Mr. Bone's dull school news video show, he challenges the class to do a better one. The entire class then turns their classroom into a newsroom with reports from the students, but Roger then sets out to sabotage all their hard work.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=20\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's a Big Fat Liar\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Wears Tights\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=John Wohlbrook\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|10\\\|25}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=022\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wants to go to the Hoe\\-Down dance with Patti. But when Connie asks him, Doug lies and says he's staying home to take care of his sick cousin \"Melvin.\" His lie gets him into big trouble when Patti and Connie come over to visit his cousin. Doug gets Judy to play \"Melvin,\" and she does ''too'' good a job, because Patti invites \"Melvin\" to the Hoe\\-Down.", "---", "In front of the dance teacher, Miss Mimi, Doug signs up to be the lead dancer in the school ballet so he can be dance partners with Patti. His fears about being teased by Roger are quelled when Roger is cast in the ballet as the Rat King. However, he's not so happy to learn that Beebe may get the lead female role instead of Patti, since Mrs. Bluff owns the ballet company. \n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=21\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Derby Dilemma\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug on His Own\" \n\"Doug's On His Own\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Michele Jabloner\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|1}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=019\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and his friends are all building soapbox racers for the Mt. St. Buster Downhill Speed Race, and they all want to win the secret mystery prize, and Doug and Skeeter are having trouble keeping their racer a secret. But during the race, there's a disaster on the track, and everyone finds out that helping a friend is more important than winning.", "---", "Mr. and Mrs. Funnie go to Judy's school dance as chaperones and Doug plans a night in the house all by himself. However, a huge thunderstorm knocks out the electricity and ruins his plan \\- and having watched a scary movie on TV doesn't help. In order to get the power back in his house, Doug must find the power box in his basement, in the dark.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=22\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug on the Trail\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Meets RoboBone\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|8}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=023\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=The Bluffscouts are on a canoe trip. But trouble arrives when Scoutmaster Dink heads off into the forest to get a new navigational computer, leaving Roger in charge. Doug and Skeeter can't stand Roger's orders, so they search for Mr. Dink who seems to have disappeared.", "---", "When Doug gets The Beets to play a concert at school, Mr. Bone cancels the deal. In a Quailman daydream, Quailman battles RoboBone and his robotic army, which leads to a compromise with Mr. Bone, and everyone learns the importance of compromise. \n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=23\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Hot Ticket\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Dental Disaster\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|15}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=025\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=The Beets concert in Doug's former hometown of Bloatsburg is sold out, but luckily Judy has two tickets which she doesn't want. Judy gives Doug her tickets and he and Skeeter set out on an incredible adventure on the road and end up as Beets roadies when they meet other fans.", "---", "Doug's tooth hurts when he gets a \\[\\[Dental caries\\\|cavity]] after biting into a candy bar at the movies, and afterwards has to go to his dentist. Although he doesn't want to go to the appointment, he daydreams how Secret Agent Smash Adams would handle a dental situation, but soon his frown turns to a smile when he meets his new female dentist, Dr. Kay.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=24\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's on Stage\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Worst Nightmare\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|22}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=018\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Bluffington students are cast in the school play, which shows the historic founding of the town. Doug's sister Judy is hired as director, who decides to take on a more \"modern\" approach to the story. However, parental complaints (which lead Mr. Bone to interfere) threaten the new approach.", "---", "When Roger starts acting nice, Doug's worst nightmare has finally become a reality – Roger has developed a crush on Judy. The only thing that could make things worse for Doug, is if Judy has fallen for Roger.\n\\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=25\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Pumps Up\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Goes Hollywood\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=John Paratore\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1992\\\|11\\\|29}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=024\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug competes in the Mayor's fitness test featuring Ronald Weisenheimer, an \\[\\[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]\\-like celebrity, and to get in shape, Doug starts a crash exercise program. But this only brings Doug to hurting every muscle in his body, and with sore muscles, Doug may not be able to compete.", "---", "When J.B. Spiggot, a famous movie director, is looking for someone in Bluffington to be in his newest project, everyone is sure they'll be chosen, especially Judy. When Doug almost gets an offer, he worries about hurting Judy's feelings, but he's saved when Porkchop is who J.B. wants.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=26\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Lost Weekend\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Lucky Hat\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|{{End date\\\|1992\\\|12\\\|6}}}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=026\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wins a Super\\-Pretendo with the video game ''Space Munks'', but the more he plays, the more he can't put it down. Suddenly, he realizes the weekend is over and he hasn't even started his homework.", "---", "A mysterious hat floats onto Doug's head. Strange and wonderful things begin to happen to him, so Doug claims the hat as lucky, and it isn't long before Roger wants to get his hands on it.\n \\\|LineColor\\=FEF9C1\n}}\n}}", "", "" ]
### Season 3 (1993\) Along with the second season, this season is one of the only two seasons to not have any full\-length episodes. {{Episode table \\|background\=\#95CBEF\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|titleR\={{efn\\|name\="alt"}}\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=8\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/3/\\|title\=''Doug'': Season 3 \- Episode Guide\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Paramount\+]]}}\\|viewers\=\\|viewersT\=U.S. households (millions)\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=27 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Fat Cat \\|Title\_2\=Doug and Patti P.I. \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Dietrich Smith \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|4\\|11}} \\|ProdCode\=027 \\|Viewers\=1\.28{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-04\-19\-OCR\-Page\-0048\.pdf\\|title\=40 Top Cable Programs: April 5\-11, 1993 (p. 40\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= April 11, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=Roger asks Doug to take care of his cat, Stinky, while he goes on a trip. Since Stinky has been acting weird to Roger, he said that he has put Stinky a diet. But, Stinky not only rips up the Funnie home but also eats all the junk food in the house and gets sick. Doug rushes him to the vet, hoping he'll be OK. But when Doug gets there, he and Roger are surprised that they find out Stinky is really female, and saw that she just had kittens. --- Someone has sabotaged the wheelbarrow race at the Bluffington picnic and now no one can be in the race. So, Doug and Patti team up to solve the mystery of who did it and why. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=28 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\_1\=Doug is Slave for a Day" "Doug's Servitude \\|Title\_2\=Doug Rocks the House \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Johan Edstrom \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\_1\=\[\[Alan J. Higgins\\|Alan Higgins]] \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Steve Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|4\\|18}} \\|ProdCode\=028 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Judy catches Doug breaking a vase that belonged to their mom. To keep her quiet, Doug must agree to be her slave for a week. He suffers until he realizes that the only way out is to tell the truth. --- Doug destroys an entire old house in a rock\-throwing contest with Roger. But when Patti witnesses the contest she gets angry at Doug, and he has to figure out why. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=29 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Comic Collaboration \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Pet Capades \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|4\\|25}} \\|ProdCode\=029 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Skeeter decide to work together to create their own comic book featuring Silver Skeeter and Quailman fighting the evil Wacky Weather Man. But when they can't agree which character should be the hero, the boys end up not speaking to each other. --- Porkchop wants to enter the Bluffington pet talent show, but Doug is completely oblivious until Roger and his cat, Stinky, challenge him and Porkchop. Doug's now determined to come up with the perfect act for his dog, with some help from Skeeter and Larry. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=30 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Career Anxiety \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Big Brawl \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|5\\|9}} \\|ProdCode\=030 \\|Viewers\=1\.41{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-05\-17\-OCR\-Page\-0032\.pdf\\|title\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 3\-9, 1993 (p. 32\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= May 17, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=For Career Week, Doug is chosen by a computer to be corporate executive in charge of a class project. He can't handle the stress until he finds out there was an error in the guidance counselor's computer. --- After Larry the A.V. nerd punches Doug in the face, Doug punches him back. Suddenly, the other A.V. nerds make Doug look bad at school and all of the other students are hoping Doug will start a new fight with Larry. Doug doesn't want to fight again and comes up with a quick solution. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=31 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Huge Zit \\|Title\_2\=Doug Flies a Kite \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Johan Edstrom \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Evan Gore \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Michale Schaefer \& Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|5\\|16}} \\|ProdCode\=031 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is invited to Beebe's party, but something shows up on his face that makes it impossible for him to go out in public. --- Mr. Funnie convinces Doug that he has a great idea to build the perfect kite to compete in the upcoming Bluffscout airshow. Doug thinks his Dad's idea is too simple, so he changes it thinking it will be better, but he gets surprising results. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=32 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\_1\=Doug and the Weird Kids \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Behind the Wheel \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Christine Ecklund \& Keith Hoffman \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|5\\|23}} \\|ProdCode\=032 \\|Viewers\=1\.74{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-05\-31\-OCR\-Page\-0019\.pdf\\|title\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 17\-23, 1993 (p. 19\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= May 31, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=For a project, Mrs. Wingo lets her students get to know each other more and Doug is paired with the two people no one else wants to be paired up with, the weird twins Al and Moo Sleech. When it's time for Doug to write his report, the Sleech twins have one already written up for him. Doug knows he's going to have to visit the Sleech's to get his own facts. --- Judy is getting her license, and Doug tells Patti that she'll take them to the opening of an amusement park, Bumper Car Mania. Judy fails her test when she can't parallel park, and Doug must help her pass any way he can so he can get that ride from Judy. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=33 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's New Teacher \\|Title\_2\=Doug on First \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Yvette Kaplan \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Silberberg \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|5\\|30}} \\|ProdCode\=033 \\|Viewers\=1\.39{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-06\-07\-OCR\-Page\-0028\.pdf\\|title\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 24\-30, 1993 (p. 28\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= June 7, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=While Mrs. Wingo is away, a substitute named Ms. Newberry takes her place. Doug makes a bad first impression which places him as the class troublemaker and Roger as the nice guy. So Doug tries everything to change Ms. Newberry's image of him. --- Doug and his friends are on the team Patti's Pulverizers, and they are on top when it comes to winning games. All of the parents, including Doug's dad, think it's unfair that only Patti gets to pitch and they want their own kids to pitch. But after the parents have their way, they realize that it may not be a good idea. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=34 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Cartoon \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Monster Movie \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Johan Edstrom \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ken Scarborough \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|6\\|6}} \\|ProdCode\=034 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Assistant Principal Bone shuts down the school newspaper because of Doug's unflattering cartoon about the school's least favorite lunch food, magic mystery meat. All the other students love the cartoon, so they rally to get their newspaper back. --- Doug and Skeeter are having trouble finding a scary monster for their homemade video movie, until Mayor White creates a monster of his own with his "beautify Bluffington" campaign, which was inspired by Doug's mom Mrs. Funnie. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=35 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Hot Property \\|Title\_2\=Doug and the Little Liar" "Doug \& The Little Liar \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Dietrich Smith \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|6\\|13}} \\|ProdCode\=035 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Some tough high schoolers offer to sell Doug the very rare first issue of the Man\-O\-Steel Man comic book, the one issue he is missing from his collection. That same issue turns out to be missing from Sully's comic book store and Doug feels guilty that he had bought Sully's stolen issue. However, when Mr. Sully lets only one customer into his shop at a time for security reasons, Doug decides to do what is right for everyone. --- There's a new girl in town named Loretta Lequigly who says she is from Yakestonia and can speak the language. Loretta catches Skeeter's eye and Doug is convinced that Loretta is a liar, and Skeeter is believing everything she says. With help from Fentruck, Doug sets out to expose Loretta's deceit and hoping Skeeter will break up with her. Though Loretta admits she isn't fluent in Yakestonesian, she turns out to be not as big a liar as she seemed. Skeeter goes on the trip with her leaving Doug a pyrrhic victory and Doug also learns a lesson about judging people too soon. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=36 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Inc. \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Nightmare on Jumbo Street \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|6\\|20}} \\|ProdCode\=036 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wants to raise enough money to buy a new skateboard and sets up a lawn mowing enterprise to do so. Skeeter and the Sleech Twins join in, but they soon feel Doug is being unfair. Doug may raise the cash, but he risks losing his friends in the process. --- Everyone in school is talking about the final scene in the latest horror movie, ''The Abnormal'', but Doug closed his eyes and missed the ending. After thinking that he's a chicken for not seeing the ending he finally gets up the courage to see the film again and realizes it is not only not scary, it's silly. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=37 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Shock Therapy \\|Title\_2\=Doug is Hamburger Boy \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Johan Edstrom \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Evan Gore \& Dietrich Smith \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|6\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=037 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Mr. Bone is in the hospital and Doug unwillingly volunteers to take get well soon cards to him from Mrs. Wingo's class. But when Doug gets there, Mr. Bone thinks he's getting Doug's prized skateboard instead. What's more, the skateboard brings childhood memories to Mr. "T\-Bone". --- Mr. Dink volunteers Doug to dress up as the Big Honkerburger and talk to kids in costume at the Honker Burger for a week. Plus, he has to go to the Bluffington picnic with Patti and be the Big Honkerburger without telling anyone who he is. Doug's busy weekend will be something he'll have to handle all on his own. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=38 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\_1\=Doug and the Yard of Doom \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Garage Band \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=John Paratore \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Alan Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|7\\|4}} \\|ProdCode\=038 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Skeeter are playing with Patti's new Wacky\-Wizzer frisbee and accidentally toss it into a fenced\-in yard. Doug tries going in to get it back, but encounters a huge guard dog named Lady. Doug imagines how Race Canyon would get himself out of the mess. --- Beebe gets Doug and Skeeter their first gig for their new band – but they have to let her join. Now, every time Doug wants to add something to the show he has to let in new members, and it seems they all just want to play the drums. \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=39 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Great Beet War" "Doug Operation Moody School \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Magic Act \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \& Dietrich Smith \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|{{End date\\|1993\\|7\\|11}}}} \\|ProdCode\=039 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=When the Bluffington School float for the upcoming Beet parade goes missing, Doug is accused of helping the Moody School students steal it. So Doug and Porkchop must sneak into the Moody School to see for themselves. There is a reference to The Beatles White Album at the end of the episode. The Moody School's float is a plain white square with the word "Beet" on it. --- Doug tries to impress Patti with a magic trick from his new magic set, but it backfires and they end up handcuffed together, without the key, for the entire afternoon. This does not sit well with Patti as it makes her miss planned activities. After many attempts to get the key, they realize the magic store owner may have a solution \- if they can get there before the store closes! \\|LineColor\=95CBEF }} }}	[ "### Season 3 (1993\\)", "Along with the second season, this season is one of the only two seasons to not have any full\\-length episodes.\n{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#95CBEF\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|titleR\\={{efn\\\|name\\=\"alt\"}}\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=8\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/3/\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Season 3 \\- Episode Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Paramount\\+]]}}\\\|viewers\\=\\\|viewersT\\=U.S. households (millions)\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=27\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Fat Cat\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug and Patti P.I.\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Dietrich Smith\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|4\\\|11}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=027\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.28{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-04\\-19\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0048\\.pdf\\\|title\\=40 Top Cable Programs: April 5\\-11, 1993 (p. 40\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= April 11, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Roger asks Doug to take care of his cat, Stinky, while he goes on a trip. Since Stinky has been acting weird to Roger, he said that he has put Stinky a diet. But, Stinky not only rips up the Funnie home but also eats all the junk food in the house and gets sick. Doug rushes him to the vet, hoping he'll be OK. But when Doug gets there, he and Roger are surprised that they find out Stinky is really female, and saw that she just had kittens.", "---", "Someone has sabotaged the wheelbarrow race at the Bluffington picnic and now no one can be in the race. So, Doug and Patti team up to solve the mystery of who did it and why.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=28\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug is Slave for a Day\" \n\"Doug's Servitude\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Rocks the House\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=\\[\\[Alan J. Higgins\\\|Alan Higgins]]\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Steve Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|4\\\|18}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=028\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Judy catches Doug breaking a vase that belonged to their mom. To keep her quiet, Doug must agree to be her slave for a week. He suffers until he realizes that the only way out is to tell the truth.", "---", "Doug destroys an entire old house in a rock\\-throwing contest with Roger. But when Patti witnesses the contest she gets angry at Doug, and he has to figure out why.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=29\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Comic Collaboration\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Pet Capades\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|4\\\|25}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=029\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Skeeter decide to work together to create their own comic book featuring Silver Skeeter and Quailman fighting the evil Wacky Weather Man. But when they can't agree which character should be the hero, the boys end up not speaking to each other.", "---", "Porkchop wants to enter the Bluffington pet talent show, but Doug is completely oblivious until Roger and his cat, Stinky, challenge him and Porkchop. Doug's now determined to come up with the perfect act for his dog, with some help from Skeeter and Larry.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=30\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Career Anxiety\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Big Brawl\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|5\\\|9}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=030\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.41{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-05\\-17\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0032\\.pdf\\\|title\\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 3\\-9, 1993 (p. 32\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= May 17, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=For Career Week, Doug is chosen by a computer to be corporate executive in charge of a class project. He can't handle the stress until he finds out there was an error in the guidance counselor's computer.", "---", "After Larry the A.V. nerd punches Doug in the face, Doug punches him back. Suddenly, the other A.V. nerds make Doug look bad at school and all of the other students are hoping Doug will start a new fight with Larry. Doug doesn't want to fight again and comes up with a quick solution.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=31\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Huge Zit\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Flies a Kite\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Evan Gore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Michale Schaefer \\& Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|5\\\|16}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=031\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is invited to Beebe's party, but something shows up on his face that makes it impossible for him to go out in public.", "---", "Mr. Funnie convinces Doug that he has a great idea to build the perfect kite to compete in the upcoming Bluffscout airshow. Doug thinks his Dad's idea is too simple, so he changes it thinking it will be better, but he gets surprising results.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=32\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug and the Weird Kids\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Behind the Wheel\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Christine Ecklund \\& Keith Hoffman\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|5\\\|23}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=032\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.74{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-05\\-31\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0019\\.pdf\\\|title\\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 17\\-23, 1993 (p. 19\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= May 31, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=For a project, Mrs. Wingo lets her students get to know each other more and Doug is paired with the two people no one else wants to be paired up with, the weird twins Al and Moo Sleech. When it's time for Doug to write his report, the Sleech twins have one already written up for him. Doug knows he's going to have to visit the Sleech's to get his own facts.", "---", "Judy is getting her license, and Doug tells Patti that she'll take them to the opening of an amusement park, Bumper Car Mania. Judy fails her test when she can't parallel park, and Doug must help her pass any way he can so he can get that ride from Judy.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=33\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's New Teacher\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug on First\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Silberberg\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|5\\\|30}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=033\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.39{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-06\\-07\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0028\\.pdf\\\|title\\=40 Top Cable Programs: May 24\\-30, 1993 (p. 28\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= June 7, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=While Mrs. Wingo is away, a substitute named Ms. Newberry takes her place. Doug makes a bad first impression which places him as the class troublemaker and Roger as the nice guy. So Doug tries everything to change Ms. Newberry's image of him.", "---", "Doug and his friends are on the team Patti's Pulverizers, and they are on top when it comes to winning games. All of the parents, including Doug's dad, think it's unfair that only Patti gets to pitch and they want their own kids to pitch. But after the parents have their way, they realize that it may not be a good idea.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=34\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Cartoon\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Monster Movie\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|6\\\|6}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=034\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Assistant Principal Bone shuts down the school newspaper because of Doug's unflattering cartoon about the school's least favorite lunch food, magic mystery meat. All the other students love the cartoon, so they rally to get their newspaper back.", "---", "Doug and Skeeter are having trouble finding a scary monster for their homemade video movie, until Mayor White creates a monster of his own with his \"beautify Bluffington\" campaign, which was inspired by Doug's mom Mrs. Funnie.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=35\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Hot Property\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug and the Little Liar\" \n\"Doug \\& The Little Liar\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Dietrich Smith\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|6\\\|13}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=035\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Some tough high schoolers offer to sell Doug the very rare first issue of the Man\\-O\\-Steel Man comic book, the one issue he is missing from his collection. That same issue turns out to be missing from Sully's comic book store and Doug feels guilty that he had bought Sully's stolen issue. However, when Mr. Sully lets only one customer into his shop at a time for security reasons, Doug decides to do what is right for everyone.", "---", "There's a new girl in town named Loretta Lequigly who says she is from Yakestonia and can speak the language. Loretta catches Skeeter's eye and Doug is convinced that Loretta is a liar, and Skeeter is believing everything she says. With help from Fentruck, Doug sets out to expose Loretta's deceit and hoping Skeeter will break up with her. Though Loretta admits she isn't fluent in Yakestonesian, she turns out to be not as big a liar as she seemed. Skeeter goes on the trip with her leaving Doug a pyrrhic victory and Doug also learns a lesson about judging people too soon. \n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=36\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Inc.\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Nightmare on Jumbo Street\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|6\\\|20}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=036\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wants to raise enough money to buy a new skateboard and sets up a lawn mowing enterprise to do so. Skeeter and the Sleech Twins join in, but they soon feel Doug is being unfair. Doug may raise the cash, but he risks losing his friends in the process.", "---", "Everyone in school is talking about the final scene in the latest horror movie, ''The Abnormal'', but Doug closed his eyes and missed the ending. After thinking that he's a chicken for not seeing the ending he finally gets up the courage to see the film again and realizes it is not only not scary, it's silly.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=37\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Shock Therapy\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug is Hamburger Boy\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Johan Edstrom\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Evan Gore \\& Dietrich Smith\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|6\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=037\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Mr. Bone is in the hospital and Doug unwillingly volunteers to take get well soon cards to him from Mrs. Wingo's class. But when Doug gets there, Mr. Bone thinks he's getting Doug's prized skateboard instead. What's more, the skateboard brings childhood memories to Mr. \"T\\-Bone\".", "---", "Mr. Dink volunteers Doug to dress up as the Big Honkerburger and talk to kids in costume at the Honker Burger for a week. Plus, he has to go to the Bluffington picnic with Patti and be the Big Honkerburger without telling anyone who he is. Doug's busy weekend will be something he'll have to handle all on his own.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=38\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug and the Yard of Doom\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Garage Band\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=John Paratore\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|7\\\|4}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=038\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Skeeter are playing with Patti's new Wacky\\-Wizzer frisbee and accidentally toss it into a fenced\\-in yard. Doug tries going in to get it back, but encounters a huge guard dog named Lady. Doug imagines how Race Canyon would get himself out of the mess.", "---", "Beebe gets Doug and Skeeter their first gig for their new band – but they have to let her join. Now, every time Doug wants to add something to the show he has to let in new members, and it seems they all just want to play the drums.\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=39\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Great Beet War\" \n\"Doug Operation Moody School\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Magic Act\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass \\& Dietrich Smith\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|{{End date\\\|1993\\\|7\\\|11}}}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=039\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=When the Bluffington School float for the upcoming Beet parade goes missing, Doug is accused of helping the Moody School students steal it. So Doug and Porkchop must sneak into the Moody School to see for themselves. There is a reference to The Beatles White Album at the end of the episode. The Moody School's float is a plain white square with the word \"Beet\" on it.", "---", "Doug tries to impress Patti with a magic trick from his new magic set, but it backfires and they end up handcuffed together, without the key, for the entire afternoon. This does not sit well with Patti as it makes her miss planned activities. After many attempts to get the key, they realize the magic store owner may have a solution \\- if they can get there before the store closes!\n \\\|LineColor\\=95CBEF\n}}\n}}", "", "" ]
### Season 4 (1993–1994\) According to the closing credits, the entirety of this season was produced between late April to mid\-November 1993\.{{cite news\\|title\=The Arts: Television\\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1993\-11\-16\-ca\-57250\-story.html \\|access\-date\=October 23, 2014\\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\=November 16, 1993}} {{Episode table \\|background\=\#AC97C5\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|titleR\={{efn\\|name\="alt"}}\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=8\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/4/\\|title\=''Doug'': Season 4 \- Episode Guide\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023\\|publisher\=\[\[Paramount\+]]}}\\|viewers\=\\|viewersT\=U.S. households (millions)\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=40 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Math Problem \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Big Feat \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Yvette Kaplan \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Andrew Steele \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|9\\|26}}{{cite web\\|title\=Amazon.com: Doug: Season 4, Episode 1 "Doug's Math Problem" --- "Doug's Big Feat": Amazon Video\\|url\=https://www.amazon.com/Dougs\-Math\-Problem\-Big\-Feat/dp/B004OQSMOC/\\|publisher\=Viacom\\|access\-date\=December 30, 2011}} \\|ProdCode\=040 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug gets a letter from his school and panics when he sees it's addressed to his parents. Since he's doing poorly in math, Doug immediately assumes that it's a failing notice! So he does everything to find out what the letter says and avoid his parents from seeing it. If that wasn't enough, Patti is trying to tell Doug something and get her message to him. --- It's the day of the big football game against Bloatsburg, and Doug is snared by Coach Spitz, who mistakenly believes Doug has a "golden toe" for field kicking. Doug is then put into the next football game by Coach Spitz, and he is very nervous when he finds out that Percy Femur is on the other team. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=41 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Bum Rap \\|Title\_2\=Doug and Patti Sittin' in a Tree \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Marc Sevier \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Ken Kimmelman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|10\\|3}} \\|ProdCode\=041 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is accused of cheating when he and Chalky score identical marks on a test. Both of them are given one day to confess or else they'll both have to take a harder re\-test this Saturday. Doug knows he didn't cheat so he tries to talk about it with Chalky, but he keeps avoiding Doug. Finally, Doug gets Chalky to confess, and Chalky accepts the consequences, which involve taking the re\-test and missing the big football game. --- Patti asks Doug to go with her to the movies, and now everyone at school is teasing them about dating. Even Doug wonders if it is really a date or not. In order to find out, Skeeter goes through dating scenarios from a book with Doug. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=42 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Door\-to\-Door \\|Title\_2\=Doug Tips the Scales \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \& Drew Edwards \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Dennis Garvey \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|10\\|10}} \\|ProdCode\=042 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug's Bluff Scout Troop \#617 has to raise money for new canoes, so they sell "Bluff Scout Booster Bars" door to door. But after being rejected by everyone, Roger offers a new way to sell the bars, which Doug doesn't agree with. Then when Doug sells a bar to Mr. Swirly, he realizes the problem of why the bars taste so horrible. --- Over the weekend, Doug puts on a few pounds at Grandma Funnie's house and has been invited to Beebe's pool party. Doug is too embarrassed to be seen in a swimsuit, so he decides to work the extra weight off before the party using Ronald "Prepare to Suffer" Weisenheimer's videos. However, it turns out he's not the only one who's insecure about his body. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=43 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\=Doug's Halloween Adventure \\|DirectedBy\=Myrna Bushman \& Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \& \[\[Alan J. Higgins\\|Alan Higgins]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|10\\|30}}{{cite news\\|title\=FEAST FROM A HALLOWEEN CALDRON OF ANIMATED KIDS' TALES ON TV\\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=VP\&p\_theme\=vp\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EAFF6CCCF3D9B04\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927030441/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=VP\&p\_theme\=vp\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EAFF6CCCF3D9B04\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=September 27, 2013\\|access\-date\=October 25, 2011\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Virginian\-Pilot]]\\|date\=October 30, 1993}} \\|ProdCode\=043 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug dresses up as a hero named Race Canyon. When a spooky new amusement ride, Blood Stone Manor, opens up at Funkytown on Halloween night, Skeeter wants to check it out instead of trick or treating. Doug reluctantly agrees to go, but when the park closes at 10:00pm before their turn comes up, Roger convinces them to go on the ride anyway. Once on the ride, Roger scares Doug and Skeeter big time, so it's up to them to scare Roger back! \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=44 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\_1\=Doug En Vogue \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Mail Order Mania \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \& Marc Sevier \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Andy Yerkes \& \[\[Kenneth Lonergan]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|11\\|7}} \\|ProdCode\=044 \\|Viewers\=1\.70{{cite web\\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-11\-15\-Page\-0030\.pdf\\|title\=Top cable shows and nets (p. 30\)\\|work\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\|date\= November 15, 1993 \\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wishes he was more fashionable until his friends at school accuse him of dressing like Dylan Farnum from the TV show "Teen Heart Street". He's tired of being told he's copying someone else's style, so he decides to shop for a new look. --- Doug becomes the victim of a contest scam that promises to make him rich. But after trying so hard and paying a lot of money, Doug later realizes he may not be as close to winning as he thinks. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=45 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Birthday Present \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Fan Club \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Drew Edwards \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Steve Higgins \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Patty Hume \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|11\\|14}} \\|ProdCode\=045 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is impressed by Mr. Bluff's gifts to Beebe. Mr. Funnie feels pressured to make more money for a better birthday present for his son, so he decides to start his own photography store. At first, Doug is excited by the thought of more money, but when he sees the effects on his father and their family, he realizes that money can't buy happiness. --- After performing a magic trick, Doug becomes adored by a second grader named Todd Bentley, who starts to follow Doug everywhere. Doug enjoys being idolized until Todd embarrasses him in front of his friends, and finally tells Todd to leave him alone, which upsets Todd and leaves Doug feeling guilty. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=46 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Runs \\|Title\_2\=Doug Clobbers Patti \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Myrna Bushman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Paul Sparagano \\|WrittenBy\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|11\\|21}} \\|ProdCode\=046 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is nominated for class treasurer, and when he finds himself running against Willy White, the mayor's son, he starts making promises to his voters he knows he can't keep. Meanwhile, Tippi Dink runs for Mayor of Bluffington and wins! While Skeeter's uncle wins for class treasurer instead of Doug and Willy. --- Doug beats Patti in a bowling match, and Skeeter tells everyone about it. Doug gains popularity, but feels bad about beating Patti every time they play a game. It seems Patti is having a losing streak and is upset about it. Doug decides the only way to save Patti's feelings is to try to make himself unlucky. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=47 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's Treasure Hunt \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Brainy Buddy \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Marc Sevier \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Ken Kimmelman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Joe Fallon \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins, Ken Scarborough \& Dietrich Smith \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|11\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=047 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Skeeter go digging for artifacts when they get assigned to research Bluffington's history. They soon get into trouble though, when they are caught digging on the Bluff estate even though they didn't know. --- Skeeter gets a high score on an intelligent test making him a genius, and Doug is convinced Skeeter got the wrong test results. But soon Skeeter starts to spend less time with Doug and more time thinking about going to college, and Doug thinks he has lost his best friend. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=48 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Ripped Off! \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Babysitter \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Tony Eastman \& Drew Edwards \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Carol Millican \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Mark Dacus \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|12\\|5}} \\|ProdCode\=048 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=All of Doug's friends have cool bikes, but Doug hates his—until he discovers that someone has stolen it. He thinks about who could have taken it, and wonders if one of his friends is a thief. --- Doug and Judy get into a fight and blow their big chance to stay alone in the house while their parents are on vacation. Instead, they're cursed with the strict baby\-sitter, Mrs. Stintson, who is a firm disciplinarian and serves dinners of prunes, and they realize that the only way out of this mess is to cooperate. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=49 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\_1\=Doug's in the Money \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Sister Act \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Ken Kimmelman \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \& Marc Sevier \\|WrittenBy\_1\=\[\[Jim Jinkins]] \& David Campbell \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|12\\|12}} \\|ProdCode\=050 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=An envelope of money falls from a speeding car and Doug finds it with a huge fortune in it. Doug hands it in to the police and everyone makes fun of him for doing it. After no one claims the money, the police tell Doug he can keep the money. When Doug discovers who the real owner is, he must choose between what's legal and what he knows is right. --- Mrs. Funnie invites Judy's new boyfriend over for dinner, but Judy is embarrassed by her boring family, especially Doug. So she decides to "spruce" things up around the house, but a resentful Doug decides to do some "sprucing up" of his own. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=50 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\=Doug's Christmas Story \\|DirectedBy\=Paul Sparagano \& Myrna Bushman \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|12\\|12}} \\|ProdCode\=049 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=When Porkchop has been mistakenly accused of attacking Beebe, Doug has to try to clear his best non\-human friend out. Unfortunately, former Mayor White, and Bill Bluff are determined to make sure that Porkchop never bothers anyone again. After a trial in court, Porkchop is sentenced to a dog pound for bad dogs, and after Doug's attempt to break Porkchop out of the pound fails, Doug tearfully realizes that Porkchop may be put down. He tries to imagine how Quailman, Smash Adams and Race Canyon would solve the problem, but finally realizes he's going to have to find his own way out of this mess. At the return court date, Doug convinces the judge to let Porkchop return to the scene of the crime to show them what really happened. Beebe falls in the thin ice, and Porkchop rescues her. Everyone now realizes that the reason Porkchop "attacked" Beebe before was to try to pull her away from the thin ice. Doug is proud of Porkchop, who is now hailed as a hero. At Porkchop's request, Mayor Bluff hosts a Christmas party for all the dogs in the pound in order to find them all new owners. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=51 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Throws a Party \\|Title\_2\=Doug Way Out West \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Carol Millican \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Tony Eastman \& Drew Edwards \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Andy Yerkes \& Kenneth Lonergan \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1993\\|12\\|26}} \\|ProdCode\=051 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is having his first house party, and although he is very excited about it, he doesn't want it to be lame. When Roger suggests to play Truth or Dare, Doug hopes it'll make his party better. --- When Patti invites everyone to go horseback riding at a dude ranch, Doug brags about how well he can ride. But his exaggerations get him in trouble when he is assigned an aggressive horse that he can't handle. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} {{Episode list \\|NumParts\=2 \\|EpisodeNumber\=52 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\_1\=Doug Graduates \\|Title\_2\=Doug's Bad Trip \\|DirectedBy\_1\=Paul Sparagano \\|DirectedBy\_2\=Myrna Bushman \\|WrittenBy\_1\=Matt Steinglass \\|WrittenBy\_2\=Alan Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|{{End date\\|1994\\|1\\|2}}}} \\|ProdCode\=052 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and his friends are getting ready for the end of sixth grade and are graduating from Bluffington School. Doug feels a bit sad about leaving so he tries to find Principal Buttsavitch to talk to him. But when he finds out that Roger is as reluctant to leave the school as he is, Doug convinces Roger (and himself) that the new school will be great. --- As the summer begins, the Funnies plan to drive across the country to visit the Great Painted Gorge. Mr. Funnie is committed to keeping to a schedule, but Doug and Judy convince him to stop at several tourist traps along the way. The family isn't having any fun on the trip, until they finally reach the stop that makes it all worthwhile. \\|LineColor\=AC97C5 }} }}	[ "### Season 4 (1993–1994\\)", "According to the closing credits, the entirety of this season was produced between late April to mid\\-November 1993\\.{{cite news\\\|title\\=The Arts: Television\\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1993\\-11\\-16\\-ca\\-57250\\-story.html \\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2014\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\\|date\\=November 16, 1993}}\n{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#AC97C5\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|titleR\\={{efn\\\|name\\=\"alt\"}}\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=8\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/doug/episodes/4/\\\|title\\=''Doug'': Season 4 \\- Episode Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Paramount\\+]]}}\\\|viewers\\=\\\|viewersT\\=U.S. households (millions)\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=40\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Math Problem\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Big Feat\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Yvette Kaplan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Andrew Steele\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|9\\\|26}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Amazon.com: Doug: Season 4, Episode 1 \"Doug's Math Problem\"", "---", "\"Doug's Big Feat\": Amazon Video\\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/Dougs\\-Math\\-Problem\\-Big\\-Feat/dp/B004OQSMOC/\\\|publisher\\=Viacom\\\|access\\-date\\=December 30, 2011}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=040\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug gets a letter from his school and panics when he sees it's addressed to his parents. Since he's doing poorly in math, Doug immediately assumes that it's a failing notice! So he does everything to find out what the letter says and avoid his parents from seeing it. If that wasn't enough, Patti is trying to tell Doug something and get her message to him.", "---", "It's the day of the big football game against Bloatsburg, and Doug is snared by Coach Spitz, who mistakenly believes Doug has a \"golden toe\" for field kicking. Doug is then put into the next football game by Coach Spitz, and he is very nervous when he finds out that Percy Femur is on the other team.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=41\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Bum Rap\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug and Patti Sittin' in a Tree\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Marc Sevier\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|10\\\|3}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=041\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is accused of cheating when he and Chalky score identical marks on a test. Both of them are given one day to confess or else they'll both have to take a harder re\\-test this Saturday. Doug knows he didn't cheat so he tries to talk about it with Chalky, but he keeps avoiding Doug. Finally, Doug gets Chalky to confess, and Chalky accepts the consequences, which involve taking the re\\-test and missing the big football game.", "---", "Patti asks Doug to go with her to the movies, and now everyone at school is teasing them about dating. Even Doug wonders if it is really a date or not. In order to find out, Skeeter goes through dating scenarios from a book with Doug.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=42\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Door\\-to\\-Door\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Tips the Scales\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman \\& Drew Edwards\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Dennis Garvey\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|10\\\|10}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=042\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug's Bluff Scout Troop \\#617 has to raise money for new canoes, so they sell \"Bluff Scout Booster Bars\" door to door. But after being rejected by everyone, Roger offers a new way to sell the bars, which Doug doesn't agree with. Then when Doug sells a bar to Mr. Swirly, he realizes the problem of why the bars taste so horrible.", "---", "Over the weekend, Doug puts on a few pounds at Grandma Funnie's house and has been invited to Beebe's pool party. Doug is too embarrassed to be seen in a swimsuit, so he decides to work the extra weight off before the party using Ronald \"Prepare to Suffer\" Weisenheimer's videos. However, it turns out he's not the only one who's insecure about his body.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=43\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Halloween Adventure\n \\\|DirectedBy\\=Myrna Bushman \\& Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough \\& \\[\\[Alan J. Higgins\\\|Alan Higgins]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|10\\\|30}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=FEAST FROM A HALLOWEEN CALDRON OF ANIMATED KIDS' TALES ON TV\\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=VP\\&p\\_theme\\=vp\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EAFF6CCCF3D9B04\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927030441/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=VP\\&p\\_theme\\=vp\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EAFF6CCCF3D9B04\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2011\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Virginian\\-Pilot]]\\\|date\\=October 30, 1993}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=043\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug dresses up as a hero named Race Canyon. When a spooky new amusement ride, Blood Stone Manor, opens up at Funkytown on Halloween night, Skeeter wants to check it out instead of trick or treating. Doug reluctantly agrees to go, but when the park closes at 10:00pm before their turn comes up, Roger convinces them to go on the ride anyway. Once on the ride, Roger scares Doug and Skeeter big time, so it's up to them to scare Roger back!\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=44\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug En Vogue\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Mail Order Mania\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman \\& Marc Sevier\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Andy Yerkes \\& \\[\\[Kenneth Lonergan]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|11\\\|7}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=044\n \\\|Viewers\\=1\\.70{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-11\\-15\\-Page\\-0030\\.pdf\\\|title\\=Top cable shows and nets (p. 30\\)\\\|work\\=Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\\\|date\\= November 15, 1993 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wishes he was more fashionable until his friends at school accuse him of dressing like Dylan Farnum from the TV show \"Teen Heart Street\". He's tired of being told he's copying someone else's style, so he decides to shop for a new look.", "---", "Doug becomes the victim of a contest scam that promises to make him rich. But after trying so hard and paying a lot of money, Doug later realizes he may not be as close to winning as he thinks.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=45\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Birthday Present\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Fan Club\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Drew Edwards\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Steve Higgins\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Patty Hume\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|11\\\|14}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=045\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is impressed by Mr. Bluff's gifts to Beebe. Mr. Funnie feels pressured to make more money for a better birthday present for his son, so he decides to start his own photography store. At first, Doug is excited by the thought of more money, but when he sees the effects on his father and their family, he realizes that money can't buy happiness.", "---", "After performing a magic trick, Doug becomes adored by a second grader named Todd Bentley, who starts to follow Doug everywhere. Doug enjoys being idolized until Todd embarrasses him in front of his friends, and finally tells Todd to leave him alone, which upsets Todd and leaves Doug feeling guilty.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=46\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Runs\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Clobbers Patti\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Myrna Bushman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|11\\\|21}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=046\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is nominated for class treasurer, and when he finds himself running against Willy White, the mayor's son, he starts making promises to his voters he knows he can't keep. Meanwhile, Tippi Dink runs for Mayor of Bluffington and wins! While Skeeter's uncle wins for class treasurer instead of Doug and Willy.", "---", "Doug beats Patti in a bowling match, and Skeeter tells everyone about it. Doug gains popularity, but feels bad about beating Patti every time they play a game. It seems Patti is having a losing streak and is upset about it. Doug decides the only way to save Patti's feelings is to try to make himself unlucky. \n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=47\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's Treasure Hunt\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Brainy Buddy\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Marc Sevier\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins, Ken Scarborough \\& Dietrich Smith\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|11\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=047\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Skeeter go digging for artifacts when they get assigned to research Bluffington's history. They soon get into trouble though, when they are caught digging on the Bluff estate even though they didn't know.", "---", "Skeeter gets a high score on an intelligent test making him a genius, and Doug is convinced Skeeter got the wrong test results. But soon Skeeter starts to spend less time with Doug and more time thinking about going to college, and Doug thinks he has lost his best friend. \n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=48\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Ripped Off!\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Babysitter\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Tony Eastman \\& Drew Edwards\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Mark Dacus\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|12\\\|5}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=048\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=All of Doug's friends have cool bikes, but Doug hates his—until he discovers that someone has stolen it. He thinks about who could have taken it, and wonders if one of his friends is a thief.", "---", "Doug and Judy get into a fight and blow their big chance to stay alone in the house while their parents are on vacation. Instead, they're cursed with the strict baby\\-sitter, Mrs. Stintson, who is a firm disciplinarian and serves dinners of prunes, and they realize that the only way out of this mess is to cooperate.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=49\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug's in the Money\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Sister Act\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Ken Kimmelman\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman \\& Marc Sevier\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=\\[\\[Jim Jinkins]] \\& David Campbell\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|12\\\|12}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=050\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=An envelope of money falls from a speeding car and Doug finds it with a huge fortune in it. Doug hands it in to the police and everyone makes fun of him for doing it. After no one claims the money, the police tell Doug he can keep the money. When Doug discovers who the real owner is, he must choose between what's legal and what he knows is right.", "---", "Mrs. Funnie invites Judy's new boyfriend over for dinner, but Judy is embarrassed by her boring family, especially Doug. So she decides to \"spruce\" things up around the house, but a resentful Doug decides to do some \"sprucing up\" of his own.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=50\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Christmas Story\n \\\|DirectedBy\\=Paul Sparagano \\& Myrna Bushman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|12\\\|12}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=049\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=When Porkchop has been mistakenly accused of attacking Beebe, Doug has to try to clear his best non\\-human friend out. Unfortunately, former Mayor White, and Bill Bluff are determined to make sure that Porkchop never bothers anyone again. After a trial in court, Porkchop is sentenced to a dog pound for bad dogs, and after Doug's attempt to break Porkchop out of the pound fails, Doug tearfully realizes that Porkchop may be put down. He tries to imagine how Quailman, Smash Adams and Race Canyon would solve the problem, but finally realizes he's going to have to find his own way out of this mess. At the return court date, Doug convinces the judge to let Porkchop return to the scene of the crime to show them what really happened. Beebe falls in the thin ice, and Porkchop rescues her. Everyone now realizes that the reason Porkchop \"attacked\" Beebe before was to try to pull her away from the thin ice. Doug is proud of Porkchop, who is now hailed as a hero. At Porkchop's request, Mayor Bluff hosts a Christmas party for all the dogs in the pound in order to find them all new owners. \n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=51\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Throws a Party\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug Way Out West\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Carol Millican\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Tony Eastman \\& Drew Edwards\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Andy Yerkes \\& Kenneth Lonergan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1993\\\|12\\\|26}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=051\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is having his first house party, and although he is very excited about it, he doesn't want it to be lame. When Roger suggests to play Truth or Dare, Doug hopes it'll make his party better.", "---", "When Patti invites everyone to go horseback riding at a dude ranch, Doug brags about how well he can ride. But his exaggerations get him in trouble when he is assigned an aggressive horse that he can't handle.\n \\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|NumParts\\=2\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=52\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\_1\\=Doug Graduates\n \\\|Title\\_2\\=Doug's Bad Trip\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_1\\=Paul Sparagano\n \\\|DirectedBy\\_2\\=Myrna Bushman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Alan Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|{{End date\\\|1994\\\|1\\\|2}}}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=052\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and his friends are getting ready for the end of sixth grade and are graduating from Bluffington School. Doug feels a bit sad about leaving so he tries to find Principal Buttsavitch to talk to him. But when he finds out that Roger is as reluctant to leave the school as he is, Doug convinces Roger (and himself) that the new school will be great.", "---", "As the summer begins, the Funnies plan to drive across the country to visit the Great Painted Gorge. Mr. Funnie is committed to keeping to a schedule, but Doug and Judy convince him to stop at several tourist traps along the way. The family isn't having any fun on the trip, until they finally reach the stop that makes it all worthwhile.\n\\\|LineColor\\=AC97C5\n}}\n}}", "", "" ]
Disney episodes (1996–1999\) ---------------------------- ### Season 5 (1996–1997\) In February 1996, Jumbo Pictures was acquired by Disney. Disney greenlit a fifth season of Doug, which Nickelodeon had previously declined to order, for the [Disney's One Saturday Morning](/wiki/Disney%27s_One_Saturday_Morning "Disney's One Saturday Morning") block on ABC. This season introduced a new theme song and, at Jinkins' decision, some changes to the characters. In an interview, Jinkins said, "We'd already done a hundred and fifty some\-odd stories, so our writing team was looking for a way to restart. The changes were my doing. I wanted to shake it up."{{cite web \\| url\=https://floodmagazine.com/41940/twenty\-five\-years\-doug/ \\| title\=I Was That Kid, Too: Twenty\-Five Years of Nickelodeon's "Doug" }} To emphasize how the episodes were brand\-new, this season was called Brand Spanking New! Doug. As of this season, episodes are now made up of one 22\-minute stories. The ending credits also changed to where Doug chases Porkchop from left to right and then the latter chases the former to the left. The show started airing on ABC's One Saturday Morning Block, although Christmas\-themed special 15th episode "Doug's Secret Christmas" premiered on the network in primetime. Every episode of this season was directed by both Jim Jinkins \& Jack Spillum. {{Episode table \\|background\=\#52DD04\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=\\|prodcodeR\={{cite web\\|url\=https://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Walt\_Disney\_Studios/Television/Brand\_Spanking\_New\_Doug/\\|title\=Brand Spanking New! Doug Episode Guide\\|author\=The Big Cartoon DataBase\\|work\=Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB)\\|access\-date\=May 22, 2023}}{{dead link\\|date\=January 2024\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}}\\|viewers\=\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=53 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\=Doug's Last Birthday \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|9\\|7}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-053 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug's fears about the changes that are happening in life make him think about canceling his \[\[birthday]] parties. The summer is coming to a close and Doug is delivering invitations for his 12th birthday party to all his friends. While he goes all around town, he discovers that Bluffington (as well as his friends) have been through changes. The Honker Burger is changed into a French restaurant called Chez Honque, Roger is rich, The Beets are breaking up, a new Middle School is being built, Connie has lost weight, Patti is being home schooled in the mornings and Doug needs a hair cut. So many things have changed that it makes Doug sick of changes, so he cancels his birthday. But later, Judy makes him realize that changes make us different from rocks, and Doug reinstates his party just in time for some shocking news from Mrs. Funnie. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=54 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\=Doug's New School \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|9\\|14}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-054 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=It's the first day of seventh grade at the new middle school which still does not have a name, so a "Name Your School" student contest is created by the former Mayor White who is now the school's principal. The contest causes fierce competition between Patti and Doug when they don't like each other's school name suggestions. Mr Bluff, who funded the building of the school, decides to name it after Bebe. Doug meets all his teachers including his homeroom and English teacher Ms. Krystal, and during breaks, the students realize the school isn't quite finished yet. Also, the gang is on the search for the perfect new hangout since the Honker Burger is now Chez Honque. That hangout at the end is revealed to be Swirly's. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=55 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\=Doug Grows Up \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|9\\|21}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-055 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug and Skeeter wear their Bluff\-Scout uniforms to school to prepare for the upcoming Shindiggarama. Doug gets laughed at and concludes the Bluff\-Scouts are "kids stuff", so he quits. Doug starts to think the Bluff\-Scout duties are childish and searches for a more grown up environment. Doug then tries to live a more grown up life by talking and dressing like a grown up. A mature party at Roger's house makes him realize he's not having fun as an adult because he cared too much about what people think. Doug then goes back to Bluff\-Scouts and has a great time at the Shindiggarama, realizing that Bluff\-Scouts have given him many skills he will need as an adult. Roger decided to re\-join the bluff scouts. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=56 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\=Doug's Hoop Nightmare \\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Scott Fellows]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|9\\|28}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-056 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug tells the story of what happened last summer at a sports camp. The Funnie family is curious when Doug gets a letter from Bolivia. Doug's explanation involves the previous summer, where Doug went to the Grinning Bear Sports Camp with Patti. Meantime, Doug's asthmatic cabinmate Leonard, who has made a career of escaping summer camps, plans yet another escape. However, Doug, Chalky, and Patti have to worry about the upcoming basketball game they have to play against a tougher camp. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=57 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\=Doug: A Limited Corporation \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|10\\|5}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-058 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=The Beets are having a break\-up concert. One minor problem is that Doug is broke. After school, he stops by Swirly's for a chocolate shake, while Patti is with Connie and Roger. Next, Doug ends up working at his Grandma Edna's Craftee Shoppee with his Grandma Edna. After Roger wants him to sell the tickets, Doug refuses to sell the tickets to him. Doug wants to be rich and tells Skeeter to come down to the store, but almost forgets to invite Patti to the concert, angering her. Meanwhile he gives up all the tickets to Roger. On the night of the concert, Roger arrives with Patti, who is not with Doug. Doug is up on the hill and is found by Patti. When it is hard to hear the music, Patti sits next to Doug, and the concert starts. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=58 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\=Doug's in Debt! \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|10\\|12}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-059 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=For a class project, Judy lets Doug borrow one of her theatrical Napoleon hats after making him sign a contract. Doug loses the hat and Roger finds it and won't give it back to Doug. In order to get the hat back from Roger, he asks Doug to do many favors including stealing a plastic cow. After Doug failed to get the plastic cow, Roger backs out on the deal. Since Doug can't return the hat to Judy, he must suffer the consequences. After Doug tells Judy that Roger won't give the hat back to her, Judy takes the hat from Roger. At first, Doug was relieved that he didn't have to be in Judy's play but when she saw how sad it made her, he decides to be in it. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=59 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\=Doug's Big Comeback \\|WrittenBy\=Dennis Garvey \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|10\\|19}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-061 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=When Doug gets tired of being insulted by Roger and his gang, he gets help from Mr. Dink, who provides him with some home movies of the famous insult comedian, \[\[Don Rickles\\|Rick Nickles]]. After viewing these home movies, Doug gets the ability to crack insulting jokes, prompting Ned, Boomer, and Willie to hanging out with him. At first it puts Roger in his place, but Doug soon realizes that he's made a mistake when he makes wisecracks about the people he loves. Meanwhile, the Beebe Bluff Middle School baseball team goes on strike after Chalky is unfair in his coaching. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=60 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\=Doug's Bloody Buddy \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|10\\|26}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-060 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=After Connie starts a rumor, the students of Beebe Bluff Middle School get into an uproar that Skeeter is really a vampire. Doug and Roger investigate the rumor and soon everyone becomes scared of Skeeter after they see him hanging out with bats. Soon all of his friends avoid him and on the night of his Halloween party, Doug feels guilty for not going to his party without even knowing what Skeeter thinks about the rumor. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=61 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\=Doug's Patti Beef \\|WrittenBy\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|11\\|2}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-057 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Patti eyes the snooty club, The Junior Daughters of the Founding Mothers and Fathers where no boys are allowed and Doug is surprised she's interested in it. Doug worries if Patti joins the club, she'll change and won't have time for him anymore. Also, Skeeter has his eye on Muffy Silverson who is part of the club, so Doug and Skeeter dress up as girls to find out all about the snooty place. Meanwhile, Ned, Willie and Boomer accidentally save the oldest tree in town and are treated as public heroes. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=62 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\=Doug Directs \\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Reich \& Ted Cohen \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|11\\|9}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-062 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug ends up directing the annual Founder's Day Pageant after Judy drops out of directing duties. The group decide to stage a musical based on the founding of Bluffington by the Bluff family. But everyone has different ideas for what to do, and the argument causes everyone to split up. A sudden blizzard leaves everyone stuck inside the school, and Doug realizes they will all have to cooperate to pull through. When help comes to rescue them, they decide to stay in school to finish the play. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=63 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\=Doug's Movie Madness \\|WrittenBy\=Mark York \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|11\\|16}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-064 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=After Doug and Skeeter see a commercial for the new movie Targetman, they desperately want to see it. Soon, all of Doug's friends and even his teachers are talking about Targetman. When Doug tells his parents he wants to see it, they don't allow him because it is way too violent and they feel Doug is not mature enough to see it. So Doug tries to be more mature in front of his parents in order for them to let him see the movie, but they still say no. Doug goes with Skeeter to see the movie anyway, only to regret it later on. Meanwhile, Mr. Klotz is in town to visit Roger who also wants to see Targetman, but Mr. Klotz won't let Roger see it, and he doesn't realize why. NOTE – This episode, for unexplained reasons, was skipped over by \[\[Toon Disney]] during its first few cycles, but was eventually shown. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=64 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\=Doug's Brain Drain \\|WrittenBy\=Jeff Kindley \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|11\\|23}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-063 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=It's B.L.A.B.A.B.B.A. (Be Like A Beaver, A Beebe Bluff Achiever) Day at the middle school, and there are dozens of clubs the students can join. Doug tries to find the best club and thinks that the Brain Team would impress Patti, and make him less average. Doug then takes the Brain Test and in order to be on the school's Brain Team. When he cheats, he ends up on the team but can't handle studying for the Bowl of Brains Quiz Bowl. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=65 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\=Doug: The Big Switch \\|WrittenBy\=Al Higgins \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|11\\|30}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-065 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is watching ''Dr. Cop'', but is called by mom Theda and runs into dad Phil. By the time Doug returns, his sister Judy munches on popcorn and watches a documentary about owls. Doug and Judy wrestle for the remote on the floor, but Phil wins and tells the two if they can't get along and watch television like regular adults, then he will take away Doug and Judy's TV privileges for the night, much to Doug and Judy's dismay. In the scene of the drawing, Porkchop takes over, and when Doug returns, he confronts him. In the switch for a day, Doug switches places with Patti, Skeeter switches places with Beebe, and Chalky switches places with Roger. At Skeeter's house, Beebe tries to babysit Dale, and Skeeter orders a banana sandwich at Beebe's house, but picks up two forks. At Doug's house, Patti watches Theda clean the house, and at Patti's house, Doug is homeschooled by Patti's dad. Finally, Doug sneaks past Mr. Mayonnaise and bolts for home, but runs into Patti. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=66 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \\|Title\=Doug Gets His Wish \\|WrittenBy\=Jeff Kindley \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|12\\|7}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-066 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=After Doug gets his wish, Ms. Krystal is not at school, and Principal White takes over, after not liking her to get Willy in trouble. Patti, Skeeter, Beebe, Connie, and the rest are worried about Ms. Krystal. After Principal White is called out of class the next day, his son Willie takes over. Doug asks Mayor Tippy Dink to bring back and recall Ms. Krystal. Another next day, Mayor Tippi asks Ms. Krystal to add a new student in class—Principal White! \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=67 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \\|Title\=Doug's Secret Christmas \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|12\\|14}}{{cite web\\|title\=TV Listings for – December 14, 1996 – TV Tango\\|url\=http://www.tvtango.com/listings/1996/12/14\\|publisher\=TV Tango\\|access\-date\=30 December 2011}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-067 \\|Viewers\=9\.5{{cite web\\|url\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eD1HcKaGE9ASWwtRMRICNMd5BXNaB6tY\\|title\=1996\-97 USA Today.pdf\\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\\|publisher\=\[\[Google Drive]]\\|date\=August 28, 2022\\|access\-date\=March 1, 2023}} \\|ShortSummary\=With a new baby on the way, Doug's family is too busy to have a traditional Christmas and Doug wants one. So Doug and Porkchop decide to have their own secret holiday celebration in his room. But when he later finds the house completely empty, Mr. Funnie phones with news, and Doug's and Judy's baby sister, Dirtbike, is born on Christmas Day. Meanwhile, Fentruck tells all his friends how they spend Christmas in Yakestonia. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=68 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \\|Title\=Doug's Hot Dog \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1996\\|12\\|28}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-068 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug finds a lost puppy named Baker in Lucky Duck park and he decides to keep it until its owner is found. But the puppy proves to be too much trouble at home. The new puppy may be cute, but he isn't like Porkchop and Doug realizes that Baker is a regular puppy is a lot of work to take care of. When the puppy's owner is still not found, Doug gives all his friends a chance to own him. Meanwhile, Al and Moo calculate the day an alien is scheduled to land in Lucky Duck Park. NOTE – This episode, for unexplained reasons, was copyrighted 1997, presumably intended to air after Christmas Break in 1996\. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=69 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \\|Title\=Doug's Great Opportoonity \\|WrittenBy\=Scott Fellows \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|1\\|4}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-069 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=It's the student council elections at the middle school and Beebe, Roger and Chalky are all running. Doug meets eighth\-grader Guy Graham who gives him a job on the school newspaper as the cartoonist. Guy tells Doug to create a cartoon on the school student council election and draw who he thinks should win. When Roger and Beebe get word, they bribe Doug to make him draw the cartoon about them. Meanwhile, Mr. Mayonnaise becomes the middle school's new history teacher and Patti now attends school full day. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=70 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \\|Title\=Doug Gets a Roommate \\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Steve Bannos]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|1\\|11}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-070 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=After a day of repeatedly taunting Doug, Ned Cauphee, Roger’s most obnoxious friend, angers Doug over his limit by plastering him with mashed potatoes and gravy. When Doug and his friends come out of the school, they see a fire at Ned's house, Doug feels at fault after telling Ned that "someday he'll get his." Mrs. Funnie offers to house him while Ned's house is fixed. When Ned arrives, Doug can't believe how well he behaves because he is nothing like that at school. Doug even starts to feel sympathetic towards Ned. But now Ned is off to visit Grandma Funnie with the rest of the Funnies and Doug is worried he'll ruin his grandmother's home. NOTE – This episode, for unexplained reasons, was skipped over by Toon Disney. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=71 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \\|Title\=Doug Gets Booked \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|1\\|18}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-071 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Ms. Kristal assigns a book report with no rules, she tells the class to use their imagination. At the same time, Beebe is being filmed for a documentary sponsored by her dad Mr. Bluff. This means the book reports will be shown on TV, which makes everyone in the class want to have the biggest and best report in the entire class. Doug decides to show some drawings he drew, but he realizes that it's not exciting enough, so he goes on a search to find a book where he can make a more exciting report. But when he doesn't have an exciting report the night it's due, he either has to present his drawings or nothing at all. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=72 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \\|Title\=Doug's Minor Catastrophe \\|WrittenBy\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|1\\|25}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-072 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=The new snack fad "Nic Nacs" is ostensibly targeted at adults (despite its \[\[Joe Camel]]\-like mascot and advertising during children's programs) and kids are going crazy to try some after Roger acquires a mass with a fake ID and resells it on the black market; it quickly becomes a popular fad. Through Doug's research for an article for the school paper, he discovers that the snack has a highly addictive "chemical relaxant" that brings with it unpleasant and temporary side effects. Also, Mr. Dink quits his job at Bluffco and tries to write his own book. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=73 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \\|Title\=Doug's Big Panic \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|2\\|1}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-073 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Guy sees a musical and is inspired by it. He tells Skeeter to work on a secret script for a huge drama play for Beebe Bluff Middle School. The play is a love story between Leonardo da Vinci and the Mona Lisa. Doug gets interested in auditioning when he learns Patti gets the female lead, and is in a kissing scene at the end of the play. Doug tries hard to get the male lead, but when Guy gives himself the role, Doug wonders if his work was wasted. But before showtime, Guy gets sick and someone else has to be the male lead. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=74 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \\|Title\=Doug's Hairy Situation \\|WrittenBy\=Scott Fellows \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|2\\|8}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-074 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug finds hair in his comb and fears he's going bald, and figures Patti won't want to hang out with him anymore. The gang also is going to meet at the new water park when it opens and Doug doesn't want to go because of his hair. Meanwhile, Patti gets her first pimple. Beebe gets her first nose job and Roger may have gotten his first whisker. Doug lets all these things get in the way of his fun, and later realizes he shouldn't have. Also, Skeeter gets his first failing grade in shop class when his coat rack assignment isn't simple enough, so he is given a second chance to make another simple object. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=75 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=23 \\|Title\=Doug: Oh, Baby \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|2\\|15}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-075 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug begins to worry that the new baby Cleopatra "Dirtbike" will end up being another Judy, and Judy is afraid she'll grow up to be like Doug. So the two set out to shape the baby's personality. When Mr. and Mrs. Funnie go out for an evening, Judy and Doug are left to babysit and don't want the other to be left alone with Dirtbike. But when their fighting leaves Dirtbike alone in Mr. Dink's house, they realize they are going to have to co\-operate to get her out. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=76 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=24 \\|Title\=Doug's Disappearing Dog \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|2\\|22}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-076 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug wakes up the morning after the Flounder's Day Picnic to find that Porkchop has packed up his things and is gone. When Porkchop disappears, Doug has to try to find him. He concludes that someone must have done something bad to him to make him pack up and leave. So he goes to talk all his friends to question them about what happened to Porkchop the day before, only to find that each of them remember things differently. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=77 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=25 \\|Title\=Doug's Mural Mania \\|WrittenBy\=Steve Bannos \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|3\\|1}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-077 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\=Doug enters a school contest to paint a mural on a new school wall. Mrs. Perigrew and Principal White match Doug with Roger to paint a large mural. But when he has to share the mural design with Roger, he's not sure he can do it with him because he thinks Roger can't really draw. Also, Bluffington is in a heat wave and the Sleech twins think it is their fault, so they set out to change the hot weather. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=78 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=26 \\|Title\=Doug on the Road \\|\\|WrittenBy\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|3\\|8}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-078 \\|Viewers\= \\|ShortSummary\= Doug and his friends decide to meet at Funkytown and spend a day having fun, so Judy volunteers to drive him there. But before she drops Doug off, Judy wants to shop at Snord Grupen. After leaving the giant mall, Doug and Judy are on the road to go to Funkytown, but end up in the wrong place. Patti, Skeeter, Beebe, and the rest find Doug and Judy. \\|LineColor\=52DD04 }} }} ### Season 6 (1997\) {{Episode table \\|background\=\#900361\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=\\|prodcodeR\=\\|episodes\= Every episode of this season was directed by \[\[Maurice Joyce]]. {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=79 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\=Doug's Secret of Success \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|9\\|13}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-079 \\|ShortSummary\=The lives of Doug and all the other students at Beebe Bluff Middle School become a frenzy when Bone returns and becomes the middle school's new vice principal. He soon starts throwing Roger into detention and making new school rules. Also, eighth graders invite Doug to join a secret club of the future powerful men of the universe. But in order to be worthy to join, Doug must prove he can be a successful person and it's cutting himself out of \[\[Cryptozoology\\|monster]] hunting with Skeeter. \\|LineColor\=900361 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=80 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\=Doug's Friend's Friend \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|9\\|20}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-080 \\|ShortSummary\=Skeeter is dating Beebe and Doug is disgusted by Skeeter's lovesick attitude and jealous of their friendship. Doug decides to fight back which ends up in the end of their friendship. Doug and Skeeter have been friends forever, but not anymore. Then when Doug tries to break up Skeeter and Beebe, Elmo reminds Doug who got them together. Meanwhile, a flood is reported to hit Bluffington and Roger wants to be part of "the biggest thing to ever hit this town". \\|LineColor\=900361 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=81 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\=Doug's Chubby Buddy \\|WrittenBy\=Sandra Willard \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|9\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-081 \\|ShortSummary\=Patti panics and thinks she's fat after watching a commercial selling a diet kit by a teenage actress, so she, Connie, and Beebe set out to lose weight. Patti decides to go on a drastic diet and exercise routine. But once she starts losing weight, she can't seem to stop herself, she even stops eating and appears to develop \[\[anorexia nervosa]]. This all comes to a head after Patti passes out when she goes 3 days without eating. EDITED – This episode originally ended with Patti's voiceover encouraging viewers to learn more about eating disorders. This was removed in the syndicated version, and replaced with the voices of Roger and Skeeter arguing with each other. \\|LineColor\=900361 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=82 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\=Doug: Quailman VI: The Dark Quail Saga \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|10\\|4}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-082 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene by the "Doug" logo, Quailman tries to put on his Power Briefs, but crashes into place. By the premiere, Doug tells Patti that he will cry if she goes with Guy. Quailman tries to save Ms. Mayonnaise, but Rubbersuit traps him under a big foot. The Golden Salmon rescues Quailman and revives him. Later, the Golden Salmon disguises himself as Rupert Schmupert. Rubbersuit yanks out Quailman's evil twin, the Dark Quail. A giant slug slithers into the room slips into a Rupert Schmupert suit and mask and tries to get to Ms. Mayonnaise. After splitting the Dark Quail back together, Quailman tries to warn her about dating a giant space slug. Quailman asks Patti to share his Quail Powers with her, and gives his Quail Belt to Patti, who puts it on. Patti, who uses Quailman's powers, unmasks the slug, and kisses Quailman. After the dream ends, Doug asks Patti that she can go skating on Sunday, but she can't, and he moans painfully. Seconds later, Doug is joined by Patti. \\|LineColor\=900361 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=83 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\=Judy, Judy, Judy \\|WrittenBy\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|10\\|11}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-083 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene by the "Doug" logo blocked by three Judy names, Judy takes over Doug's role as the lead and narration, while Doug and Porkchop are tied up. A new girl named Gwen meets with Judy and calls her "Jenny\-Penny". Judy helps out with Gwen Gauntlet, her favorite actress and teen role model, while she is in town to shoot an entertainment show. Judy hopes she can get a recommendation from Gwen for Vole University. However, Gwen is so self\-absorbed that it tests the limits of Judy's patience. Doug runs into Gwen, but is yelled at by her. Judy angrily confronts Gwen and corrects her by saying that her name is "Judy", not "Jenny\-Penny". Meanwhile, Doug and Skeeter think they've shot proof of the \[\[Lake monster\\|monster]] on Judy's video camera and Judy won't let them see the tape. \\|LineColor\=900361 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=84 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\=Doug's Dougapalooza \\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Scott Fellows]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|10\\|18}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-084 \\|ShortSummary\=Connie Benge becomes obsessed with winning a local radio\-station contest to become a rock 'n' roll star. She brings Doug into it, and is so obsessed she thinks about quitting school just like Flounder from The Beets did. Soon she realizes Flounder may have not done the right thing. Meanwhile, Al, Moo and Skeeter try to contact the monster of the lake by creating a monster calling machine. \\|LineColor\=900361 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=85 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\=Doug Gets it All \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|11\\|1}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-085 \\|ShortSummary\=When Doug worries he is only average, he decides that to make his level of importance higher he should be a collector of unusual and (hopefully) valuable items. So he goes to a flea market with a valuable collector's item book looking for rubber tub stoppers and bowls, but someone has already gotten to them. Meanwhile, Roger gets on Mr. Bone's good side to get himself out of detention and Skeeter asks the A.V. Nerds to help him find the Lucky Duck Monster using A.V. equipment. \\|LineColor\=900361 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=86 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\=Doug's Thanksgiving \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \& Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1997\\|11\\|22}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-033 \\|ShortSummary\=Beebe tells Bluff that the not\-so\-good thieves tell her to get in the end of the line. Bill Bluff's public relations firm decides that Bill should have \[\[Thanksgiving]] Day dinner with an average Bluffington family to increase his popularity. Doug's family is chosen and turns their simple Thanksgiving plans upside down. They won't let Patti join their dinner all because of Bluff and Judy doesn't like what he is doing in preparation for the big dinner. So Doug sets out to make everyone happy for Thanksgiving. \\|LineColor\=900361 }} }} ### Season 7 (1998–1999\) In the final season, Brand Spanking New! Doug was renamed Disney's Doug. After production ended, all 65 episodes produced by Disney were repackaged under the Disney's Doug name for syndication on their Disney's One Too block, which commenced on UPN affiliates in September 1999\. For the syndicated version, each episode was slightly edited, the end credits were completely redone, and new Doug shorts, featuring some of the characters from the show, were added in between commercial breaks. According to the closing credits, the entirety of this season was produced throughout 1998\. Every episode of this season was directed by Bernie Denk. {{Episode table \\|background\=\#071218\\|overall\=5\\|season\=5\\|title\=22\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=15\\|prodcode\=\\|prodcodeR\=\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=87 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \\|Title\=Doug's Midnight Kiss \\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Glenn Leopold]] \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|9\\|12}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-086 \\|ShortSummary\=One of Doug's New Year's resolution is to tell Patti how he feels about her. But when Doug realizes he hasn't done that yet, he decides that giving her a kiss at Beebe's New Year's Eve party will do it. So Doug rents movies and uses balloons for practice. At the party, midnight is approaching and Doug finds out that Patti left Beebe's party to go to other parties with Guy. It looks like Guy had the same plans for Patti as Doug did. Meanwhile, Roger tries to break his own record of how many girls to kiss at midnight and Judy hates all the New Year's celebration. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=88 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \\|Title\=Doug's Older Woman \\|WrittenBy\=Don Gillies \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|9\\|19}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-087 \\|ShortSummary\=Popular eighth grader Cassandra Bleem asks Doug to be her date at the upcoming Bluffington Blowout Bar\-Becue and Beach Bash beach party and he does everything to prepare to be cool in front of Cassandra. But Patti becomes upset for Doug standing her up. Meanwhile, the Sleech twins try different kind of ways to get dates for the beach party. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=89 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \\|Title\=Doug Gets Right Back On! \\|WrittenBy\=Mark Edward Edens \& Michael Edens \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|9\\|26}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-088 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug is practicing for the Rudolph Bluff Memorial Bike Rally, where he is on Patti's team and they are determined to beat Roger's team. But after Doug has a bicycle accident, he breaks his leg and once it heals, he is afraid to get back on his bike. His fear won't let him practice or even ride in the rally, and if he doesn't overcome his fear, it would let Patti and the team down. Meanwhile, Doug learns about Mr. Dink's phobia of beans and how he has tried to overcome it. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=90 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \\|Title\=Quailman VII: Quaildad \\|WrittenBy\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|10\\|3}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-089 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene by the "Doug" logo, Quailman takes over, and Quaildog appears. Quailman's dad, Quaildad, arrives and joins Quailman and Quaildog, who are going after the Golden Salmon. At the bottom of the sea, Quailman and his companions chase the Golden Salmon, and on dry land they appear at the \[\[volcano]], which has \[\[lava]] and an on/off switch. Later, after Quaildad leaves, Quailman and Quaildog are visited by the Golden Salmon, who dresses himself as Patti. With help from Quaildog and Quailman, Quaildad uses his bald spot that destroys the cosmic imperviator. When the dream ends, Doug and Phil end up at the concert, visited by Patti. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=91 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \\|Title\=Doug's in the Middle \\|WrittenBy\=Dennis Garvey \& Tommy Nichols \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|10\\|10}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-090 \\|ShortSummary\=Patti and Skeeter comment about how great Guy's weekend party which makes Doug decide to have his own party. At school, Patti and Skeeter accidentally get locked in a janitor's closet after doing a favor for Ms. Krystal. While being locked in, they share a secret and promise each other not to tell anyone else. But somehow Roger finds out and he tells the whole school about Patti and Skeeter's secrets, which leaves the question of who spilled the secret. Things between Patti and Skeeter get so bad, that neither of them are willing to remain friends with Doug if he stays friends with the other, and Doug has to try to get them to be friends again before his party. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=92 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \\|Title\=Night of the Living Dougs \\|WrittenBy\=Scott Kreamer \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|10\\|31}}{{cite web\\|title\=Doug Episodes – Doug Full Episode Guides on Nickelodeon\\|url\=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/doug/episodes/201000\\|publisher\=TV Guide\\|access\-date\=30 December 2011}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-091 \\|ShortSummary\=Beebe is having a Halloween party with a costume contest. After Doug's homemade Lucky Duck monster costume is destroyed by Dirtbike, Doug needs help for a new Halloween costume. So he goes to Skeeter, Judy, Mr. Dink, and Roger for help, but Doug can't believe they are all too busy to help him. Later in the nightmare, Doug can't believe that people all over town are turning into Doug clones. At the Halloween party, Doug wears his own normal clothes and Patti dresses like Jeannie from ''\[\[I Dream of Jeannie]]''. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=93 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \\|Title\=Doug's Dream House \\|WrittenBy\=Glenn Leopold \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|11\\|7}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-092 \\|ShortSummary\=While Chad is out of town, Patti comes to stay with the Funnies for a week and Doug worries she will realize that Judy will reveal Doug's love for Patti so he tries to stop her. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=94 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \\|Title\=Quailman Takes the Blame \\|WrittenBy\=Greg Johnson \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|11\\|14}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-093 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene by the "Doug" logo, Quailman takes over again, while playing \[\[baseball]] with Quaildog. Roger feigns a sprained ankle for attention and blames Doug. After Quailman stupefies him, Klotzenstein is rushed to the hospital to recover. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=95 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \\|Title\=Doug and the Bluffington Five \\|WrittenBy\=Don Gillies \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|11\\|21}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-094 \\|ShortSummary\=A new change is coming to the Beebe Bluff Middle School... school uniforms! But all the students don't want uniforms so Sally rallies Patti, Roger, Fentruck and Beebe and forms a protest group. But after Principal White and Vice Principal Bone don't listen, Sally stages a student debate. But Sally ends up losing her voice, so Patti has to take over the debate. But it seems the power has gone to Patti's head. Meanwhile, Doug and Skeeter wonder what to do for their Civics class report. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=96 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \\|Title\=Quailman Vs. Supersport \\|WrittenBy\=Marcy Brown \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|11\\|28}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-095 \\|ShortSummary\=After being beaten by Patti at several sports, Doug feels inferior and imagines how Quailman would deal with it. In the Quailman story, a new hero based on Patti named "Supersport" is introduced who uses a super\-powered sports ball and saves Quailman from the evil Klotzfinger. Eventually, Quailman's jealousy of Supersport gets the best of him and the Dark Quail appears again. Quailman is distracted and Klotzfinger kidnaps Supersport. In the end, Quailman reconciles with the Dark Quail by overcoming his jealousy, and Quailman and Supersport work together to save the day. In the end, Patti sees Doug drawing the Quailman and Supersport comics and tells him she wishes she could draw \- pointing out that they are both good at doing different things. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=97 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \\|Title\=Doug's Concert Crisis \\|WrittenBy\=Betty G. Birney \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|12\\|5}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-096 \\|ShortSummary\=Flounder wants to start a new group and talent searches in Bluffington. When he sees interest in Judy's "music" he starts dating her and Doug gets three tickets to Flounder and Judy's upcoming concert. At school, Doug becomes popular because he promised 20 tickets for 20 people, but he now has to risk his popularity in telling them only two tickets are available. Meanwhile, Theda gets a makeover and wonders if she should keep her new look. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=98 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \\|Title\=Quailman Vs. the Annoying S.T.U.A.R.T. \\|WrittenBy\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1998\\|12\\|12}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-097 \\|ShortSummary\=The S.T.U.A.R.T. (Society To Undermine, Annoy and Ruthlessly Torment) corporation's faulty products are making citizens in Megalopolis uncharacteristically short\-tempered. After having seen enough, Quailman is once again joined by Silver Skeeter. The two of them set out to stop and confront the not\-so\-nice S.T.U.A.R.T. workers. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=99 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \\|Title\=Quailman vs. the Whackhammer \\|WrittenBy\=Kate Donahue \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|1\\|2}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-098 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug volunteers to spend time with the residents of the Maturing Meadows retirement home. He meets Mrs. Whackhammer and doesn't make a good first impression (or a second impression). Doug turns to Quailman, to see how he would handle a monster who turns the citizens of Megalopolis grouchy. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=100 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \\|Title\=Judy's Big Admission \\|WrittenBy\=Glenn Leopold \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|1\\|9}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-099 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene by the "Doug" logo, a big egg renders Doug unconscious. Judy crosses it off and puts in her name and the words "big admission". Judy auditions for an acting admission to Vole University, and she accidentally hands in Doug's doodle to the Dean. Judy ends up accepted to Vole, but only because of Doug's doodle. Judy is okay with it until the Dean asks her to draw examples for a class. Meanwhile, Doug tags along with Judy and finds out what he really wants to do with the rest of his life as he waits for the results from a drawing talent contest. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=101 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \\|Title\=Quailman Vs. the Quizzler \\|WrittenBy\=Steve Aranguren \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|1\\|30}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-100 \\|ShortSummary\=Everyone at Beebe Bluff Middle School is worried about the upcoming mysterious S.P.I.T. tests. If they fail, they could be sent back a grade...or so the rumour says. Then, Doug bumps into Mr. Bone who leaves behind the S.P.I.T. test folder. If Doug takes a look inside the folder, he can tell his friends what's on the test. Doug wonders if that's the right thing to do, then turns to Quailman. In Megalopolis, the Quizzler is stealing information and words and alphabets all over town and Quailman wants to stop and confront him. Quailman must set everything back to normal. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=102 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \\|Title\=Doug's Sour Songbird \\|WrittenBy\=Marcy Brown \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|2\\|20}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-101 \\|ShortSummary\=In preparation for Bluffington Pride Day, the contest to write the official Bluffington Anthem is on. Patti has written the perfect song, the only problem is she can't sing to save her life. Doug lies to Patti about her singing, which leads to her entering the contest and Doug has to tell the truth or convince Patti to drop out of the singing contest because it would only embarrass her. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=103 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \\|Title\=Doug's Best Buddy \\|WrittenBy\=Don Gillies \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|2\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-102 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug's old best friend Bobby Bodingo is moving to Bluffington, and Doug can't wait to show him around school and introduce him to his friends. But Bobby just isn't the same as he used to be, he's rude and crude and even makes Doug go in the girls' bathroom. As a result, all of Doug's friends don't like him and won't spend time with Doug if Bobby is around him. Furious after not being joined by Patti, Beebe, and Skeeter, Doug angrily confronts Bobby and gets him to stay away from him. The next day, Bobby doesn't come to school and Doug finds him in the comic book store and he convinces Bobby to be nicer to people and have them get to know him better, which he does. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=104 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \\|Title\=Quailman and the Quintuple Quandary \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|3\\|27}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-103 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene with the "Doug" logo, Quailman takes over again, but tries to get squirted with ink by the squid, and Quaildog stops it. Quailman and Quaildog head for an adventure to search for Professor Quint, who has actually become a supervillain. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=105 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \\|Title\=Quailman's Bad Hair Day \\|WrittenBy\=Lisa Johnson \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|4\\|3}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-104 \\|ShortSummary\=Doug always manages to have a bad hair day on school\-picture day. So when school\-picture day comes around again, Doug douses himself with hair\-care products to prevent bad hair. Meanwhile, he daydreams how Quailman would handle a bad hair day, as an evil shampoo from the S.T.U.A.R.T. company is taking over the hair of all the citizens in Megalopolis. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=106 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \\|Title\=Doug: Beebe Goes Broke \\|WrittenBy\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|4\\|10}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-105 \\|ShortSummary\=Beebe accidentally goes bankrupt. Her family is penniless due to heavy investments in the Yakestonian snoozegraffle crop, which gets completely destroyed due to a storm. Also because of the destroyed crop, Fentruck's family can't support their son overseas and will have to send him back home if he doesn't raise enough money. She attends a party, but after defying her parents, she gets in trouble and begins to cry. Doug, Skeeter, and Patti try to help poor Beebe. They try to save Fentruck from leaving and show Beebe that "you don't need a lot of money to have a good time". \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=107 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \\|Title\=Quailman and the L.U.B. \\|WrittenBy\=Dennis Garvey \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|4\\|17}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-106 \\|ShortSummary\=Judy forces Doug and his friends to do a Shakespearean tribute to recycling instead of a fun play they came up with on their own. Meanwhile, in Doug's daydream Judy\-dra is turning everyone in Megalopolis into performance artists and Quailman and is joined by Silver Skeeter, Material Girl (Beebe Bluff's alter\-ego), Supersport (Patti Mayonnaise's alter\-ego), and the rest of the other heroes must stop her. They are about to stop Judy\-dra (Judy Funnie's evil alter\-ego), a three\-headed dragon. NOTE – This episode, for unexplained reasons, was skipped over by Toon Disney. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=108 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \\|Title\=Patti's Dad Dilemma \\|WrittenBy\=Glenn Leopold \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|4\\|24}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-107 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene with the usual "Doug" logo, it's blank. Doug instead draws Patti's house as she enters the scene with her dad rolling by. Patti then writes the title of the episode. Patti worries her Dad, Chad, is dating Edwina Klotz, so she does everything, including eating at Chez Honk to find out. Doug and Patti discover Chad is dating someone; but it's not Edwina, it's their teacher Ms. Krystal. When she has dinner at the Mayonnaise's, Patti feels she is trying to replace her mother. Patti sobs when her mother has died. She then sees her mom's grave and is seen by her dad. After the loss of Doug's hamster Happy and Ms. Krystal's parrot Lord Byron, Ms. Krystal and Doug begin to cry. Meanwhile, Doug finds out the truth about what happened to his pet goldfish as a kid. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=109 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=23 \\|Title\=Quailman: The Un\-Quail Saga \\|WrittenBy\=Marcy Brown \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|5\\|1}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-108 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene by the "Doug" logo, when Quailman is missing, his sidekick Quaildog takes over. Quailman is finally getting recognition. Doug has been offered to draw a Quailman comic for the school paper, The Weekly Beebe. But the night before Doug's Quailman comic is due, Doug has not begun drawing. Meanwhile in a Quailman daydream, Rubbersuit gives out a present called Bob\-i\-nite and renders Quailman powerless. Quailman has lost his powers and feels he can't save Megalopolis without them, which allows Rubbersuit to steal all the beets in the entire city. Later, he traps Ms. Mayonnaise and Cameraman Skeeter in the glass. Quailman uses the malted milkballs and defeats Rubbersuit. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=110 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=24 \\|Title\=Doug Cuts School \\|WrittenBy\=Gary Apple \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|5\\|8}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-109 \\|ShortSummary\=After finding out that all the girls love a rebellious actor, Doug decides to cut school during an assembly and have a wild adventure with Skeeter. But Mr. Bone finds out and although he can't tell who is cutting school, he is determined to hunt down the fugitives. Doug and Skeeter go to the mall, Swirly's and the park and find out that cutting school is not as wild as they thought. When their boring adventure is over, they return to school only to find out that Patti doesn't like a real rebel. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=111 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=25 \\|Title\=Quailman Vs. the Triad of Terror \\|WrittenBy\=Don Gillies \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|5\\|15}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-110 \\|ShortSummary\=An alien being named Generalissimo Twang tries to convince the three evildoers Dr. Klotzenstien, RoboBone and the Golden Salmon that they can kill Quailman if they work together. Quailman defeats Klotzenstein, the Golden Salmon, and RoboBone and puts them in jail. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=112 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=26 \\|Title\=Doug Plays Cupid \\|WrittenBy\=Matt Steinglass \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|5\\|22}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-111 \\|ShortSummary\=Roger gets Doug to teach him how to be a gentleman in order to get Beebe to ask him to go to the Bumpkin Day Hoe\-Down Dance with him where the girls ask the guys. Doug hopes Patti will ask him, but she's sick and Doug is afraid she'll ask someone else once she's better. Also, Skunky shows his friends that he has webbed toes, which is distracting everyone in gym class, so Coach Spitz forces Skunky to cover up his toes at all times. Not listening to Beebe, Roger throws a water balloon and makes Mr. Bone fall down with cake on him and angers him. Skunky confronts Coach Spitz and tells him not to force Skunky to cover up his toes. Roger tries to throw another water balloon and Doug and Patti, but Mr. Bone lets him have detention. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=113 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=27 \\|Title\=Doug: I, Rubbersuit \\|WrittenBy\=Joe Fallon \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|5\\|29}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-112 \\|ShortSummary\=In this scene by the "Doug" logo, Rubbersuit takes over, while Quailman is tied up and gagged. Even though he knows he is not supposed to, Doug loans Roger his school newspaper press pass so Roger can get into an early screening of a movie. But after Roger gives an insulting review of the movie to the press wearing Doug's press pass, Doug has to confront the consequences. In Megalopolis, the Kabrain twins help Quailman turn into Rubbersuit to learn more about him. But when the real Rubbersuit finds out about this, he visits the Kabrain twins to get them to change "Rubbersuit" back into Quailman. Klotzenstein appears, and the Kabrain twins get Rubbersuit back into the real Quailman and get Quailman back into the real Rubbersuit. Later, Doug tells the truth and upsets Guy and then gets to join Patti. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=114 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=28 \\|Title\=Doug's Adventures On\-Line \\|WrittenBy\=Don Gillies \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|6\\|5}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-113 \\|ShortSummary\=While surfing the internet on the Funnie family's new computer to find music for the upcoming retro dance, Doug and Skeeter encounter Webster, a 'kid' they agree to meet to exchange some records. What the boys don't know is that Webster is really 'Friendly Frankie,' a rather unscrupulous adult. Instead of meeting them, however, Webster/Frankie creates a distraction and steals their records. Horrified, Doug and Skeeter go back online and find similar records for sale at Friendly Frankie's Used Records. At the store, when the boys try to talk to Frankie about their records, Doug and Skeeter find themselves in a bad situation. Mayor Dink and Mr. Dink rescue Doug and Skeeter and furiously confront Frankie, who is now a criminal. Meanwhile, Judy is online in the 'Bluffington's Pretentious Artists Chat Room,' where she meets a guy who uses the screen name 'Leonardo D'Warhol'. Believing she has met the man of her dreams, Judy arranges a meeting in person only to discover that Leonardo is not quite the man she expected. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=115 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=29 \\|Title\=Quailman Vs. the Little Rubber Army \\|WrittenBy\=Terry M. Coudri \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|6\\|12}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-114 \\|ShortSummary\=In the scene by the "Doug" logo, Quailman appears again. Doug is horrified to find out that Todd Bentley is going to be on his team for the Bluff Scouts hike. Todd angers Doug by messing up. A new little hero named Kid\-Quail joins and clings to Quailman. Quailman has to teach Kid\-Quail how to be a super hero. Rubbersuit kidnaps the children, and Quailman and Quaildog get to melt the man\-made rubber. Rubbersuit tries to kill Quailman, but Kid\-Quail finally stops him. Later, Rubbersuit is tied up and kidnapped by Quailman. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=116 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=30 \\|Title\=Doug's Grand Band Plan \\|WrittenBy\=Glenn Leopold \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|6\\|19}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-115 \\|ShortSummary\= For the final school dance of the school year (the Spring Fling A\-Ding), Doug tells his class he can get The Beets to play at the dance, but they suddenly break up again after fighting over a banana. Meanwhile, Mr. Funnie's old band members visit the Funnie's and they decide to play at the dance when Doug invites them. But after hearing their horrible practice session, Doug has to decide if he should fire his own dad Mr. Funnie from playing at the dance and embarrassing himself. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} {{Episode list \\|EpisodeNumber\=117 \\|EpisodeNumber2\=31 \\|Title\=Doug's Marriage Madness \\|WrittenBy\=Don Gillies \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|6\\|26}} \\|ProdCode\=ABC\-116 \\|ShortSummary\=More changes in Doug's life are underway as Judy prepares to leave for college and Doug's voice begins to crack. Seventh grade is over for Doug and his friends, and to start off the summer, Mr. Mayonnaise and Ms. Krystal are getting married. Principal White is performing the ceremony and Doug is asked to carry the wedding ring, but while paying for forty goats he accidentally loses it. Convinced he gave the ring to Mr. Swirly, Doug and Skeeter ride all over town to try to find him and the ring before the wedding starts. Meanwhile at the church, Mr. Bone and Mr. Fort argue over who should get to play music at the wedding, Judy complains the stage she is performing on is too small, and one of Mr. Dink's very expensive machines goes crazy. If that wasn't enough, Roger's wedding present lands on top of the reception tent causing the tent to collapse, and Principal White faints as soon as the wedding starts. After Mr. Mayonnaise and Ms. Krystal are married, Judy drives away towards Vole, the Sleech twins get dates, Cleopatra says her first word, and Patti (now Ms. Krystal's stepdaughter) asks Doug on a date\-date to the upcoming Summer Harvest Moon Festival. Doug reaches the last page of his journal. Porkchop gives Doug a new journal where he can write his new adventures to fill in. \\|LineColor\=071218 }} }} ### Film (1999\) {{Episode table \\|background\=\#2F296A\\|title\=34\\|director\=20\\|writer\=20\\|airdate\=23\\|episodes\= {{Episode list \\|RTitle\=''\[\[Doug's 1st Movie]]'' \\|DirectedBy \= Maurice Joyce \\|WrittenBy\=Ken Scarborough \\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\\|1999\\|3\\|26}} \\|ShortSummary\= \\|LineColor\=2F296A }} }}	[ "Disney episodes (1996–1999\\)\n----------------------------", "### Season 5 (1996–1997\\)", "In February 1996, Jumbo Pictures was acquired by Disney. Disney greenlit a fifth season of Doug, which Nickelodeon had previously declined to order, for the [Disney's One Saturday Morning](/wiki/Disney%27s_One_Saturday_Morning \"Disney's One Saturday Morning\") block on ABC. This season introduced a new theme song and, at Jinkins' decision, some changes to the characters. In an interview, Jinkins said, \"We'd already done a hundred and fifty some\\-odd stories, so our writing team was looking for a way to restart. The changes were my doing. I wanted to shake it up.\"{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://floodmagazine.com/41940/twenty\\-five\\-years\\-doug/ \\\| title\\=I Was That Kid, Too: Twenty\\-Five Years of Nickelodeon's \"Doug\" }} To emphasize how the episodes were brand\\-new, this season was called Brand Spanking New! Doug. As of this season, episodes are now made up of one 22\\-minute stories. The ending credits also changed to where Doug chases Porkchop from left to right and then the latter chases the former to the left. The show started airing on ABC's One Saturday Morning Block, although Christmas\\-themed special 15th episode \"Doug's Secret Christmas\" premiered on the network in primetime.", "", "Every episode of this season was directed by both Jim Jinkins \\& Jack Spillum.", "{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#52DD04\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=\\\|prodcodeR\\={{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Walt\\_Disney\\_Studios/Television/Brand\\_Spanking\\_New\\_Doug/\\\|title\\=Brand Spanking New! Doug Episode Guide\\\|author\\=The Big Cartoon DataBase\\\|work\\=Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB)\\\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2023}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=January 2024\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}\\\|viewers\\=\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=53\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Last Birthday\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|9\\\|7}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-053 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug's fears about the changes that are happening in life make him think about canceling his \\[\\[birthday]] parties. The summer is coming to a close and Doug is delivering invitations for his 12th birthday party to all his friends. While he goes all around town, he discovers that Bluffington (as well as his friends) have been through changes. The Honker Burger is changed into a French restaurant called Chez Honque, Roger is rich, The Beets are breaking up, a new Middle School is being built, Connie has lost weight, Patti is being home schooled in the mornings and Doug needs a hair cut. So many things have changed that it makes Doug sick of changes, so he cancels his birthday. But later, Judy makes him realize that changes make us different from rocks, and Doug reinstates his party just in time for some shocking news from Mrs. Funnie.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=54\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's New School\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|9\\\|14}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-054 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=It's the first day of seventh grade at the new middle school which still does not have a name, so a \"Name Your School\" student contest is created by the former Mayor White who is now the school's principal. The contest causes fierce competition between Patti and Doug when they don't like each other's school name suggestions. Mr Bluff, who funded the building of the school, decides to name it after Bebe. Doug meets all his teachers including his homeroom and English teacher Ms. Krystal, and during breaks, the students realize the school isn't quite finished yet. Also, the gang is on the search for the perfect new hangout since the Honker Burger is now Chez Honque. That hangout at the end is revealed to be Swirly's.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=55\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Grows Up\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|9\\\|21}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-055 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug and Skeeter wear their Bluff\\-Scout uniforms to school to prepare for the upcoming Shindiggarama. Doug gets laughed at and concludes the Bluff\\-Scouts are \"kids stuff\", so he quits. Doug starts to think the Bluff\\-Scout duties are childish and searches for a more grown up environment. Doug then tries to live a more grown up life by talking and dressing like a grown up. A mature party at Roger's house makes him realize he's not having fun as an adult because he cared too much about what people think. Doug then goes back to Bluff\\-Scouts and has a great time at the Shindiggarama, realizing that Bluff\\-Scouts have given him many skills he will need as an adult. Roger decided to re\\-join the bluff scouts.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=56\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Hoop Nightmare\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Scott Fellows]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|9\\\|28}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-056\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug tells the story of what happened last summer at a sports camp. The Funnie family is curious when Doug gets a letter from Bolivia. Doug's explanation involves the previous summer, where Doug went to the Grinning Bear Sports Camp with Patti. Meantime, Doug's asthmatic cabinmate Leonard, who has made a career of escaping summer camps, plans yet another escape. However, Doug, Chalky, and Patti have to worry about the upcoming basketball game they have to play against a tougher camp.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=57\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\=Doug: A Limited Corporation\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|10\\\|5}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-058 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=The Beets are having a break\\-up concert. One minor problem is that Doug is broke. After school, he stops by Swirly's for a chocolate shake, while Patti is with Connie and Roger. Next, Doug ends up working at his Grandma Edna's Craftee Shoppee with his Grandma Edna. After Roger wants him to sell the tickets, Doug refuses to sell the tickets to him. Doug wants to be rich and tells Skeeter to come down to the store, but almost forgets to invite Patti to the concert, angering her. Meanwhile he gives up all the tickets to Roger. On the night of the concert, Roger arrives with Patti, who is not with Doug. Doug is up on the hill and is found by Patti. When it is hard to hear the music, Patti sits next to Doug, and the concert starts. \n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=58\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's in Debt!\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|10\\\|12}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-059 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=For a class project, Judy lets Doug borrow one of her theatrical Napoleon hats after making him sign a contract. Doug loses the hat and Roger finds it and won't give it back to Doug. In order to get the hat back from Roger, he asks Doug to do many favors including stealing a plastic cow. After Doug failed to get the plastic cow, Roger backs out on the deal. Since Doug can't return the hat to Judy, he must suffer the consequences. After Doug tells Judy that Roger won't give the hat back to her, Judy takes the hat from Roger. At first, Doug was relieved that he didn't have to be in Judy's play but when she saw how sad it made her, he decides to be in it.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=59\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Big Comeback\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Dennis Garvey\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|10\\\|19}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-061\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=When Doug gets tired of being insulted by Roger and his gang, he gets help from Mr. Dink, who provides him with some home movies of the famous insult comedian, \\[\\[Don Rickles\\\|Rick Nickles]]. After viewing these home movies, Doug gets the ability to crack insulting jokes, prompting Ned, Boomer, and Willie to hanging out with him. At first it puts Roger in his place, but Doug soon realizes that he's made a mistake when he makes wisecracks about the people he loves. Meanwhile, the Beebe Bluff Middle School baseball team goes on strike after Chalky is unfair in his coaching.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=60\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Bloody Buddy\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|10\\\|26}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-060 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=After Connie starts a rumor, the students of Beebe Bluff Middle School get into an uproar that Skeeter is really a vampire. Doug and Roger investigate the rumor and soon everyone becomes scared of Skeeter after they see him hanging out with bats. Soon all of his friends avoid him and on the night of his Halloween party, Doug feels guilty for not going to his party without even knowing what Skeeter thinks about the rumor.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=61\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Patti Beef\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|11\\\|2}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-057 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Patti eyes the snooty club, The Junior Daughters of the Founding Mothers and Fathers where no boys are allowed and Doug is surprised she's interested in it. Doug worries if Patti joins the club, she'll change and won't have time for him anymore. Also, Skeeter has his eye on Muffy Silverson who is part of the club, so Doug and Skeeter dress up as girls to find out all about the snooty place. Meanwhile, Ned, Willie and Boomer accidentally save the oldest tree in town and are treated as public heroes.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=62\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Directs\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Reich \\& Ted Cohen\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|11\\\|9}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-062 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug ends up directing the annual Founder's Day Pageant after Judy drops out of directing duties. The group decide to stage a musical based on the founding of Bluffington by the Bluff family. But everyone has different ideas for what to do, and the argument causes everyone to split up. A sudden blizzard leaves everyone stuck inside the school, and Doug realizes they will all have to cooperate to pull through. When help comes to rescue them, they decide to stay in school to finish the play.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=63\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Movie Madness\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Mark York\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|11\\\|16}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-064 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=After Doug and Skeeter see a commercial for the new movie Targetman, they desperately want to see it. Soon, all of Doug's friends and even his teachers are talking about Targetman. When Doug tells his parents he wants to see it, they don't allow him because it is way too violent and they feel Doug is not mature enough to see it. So Doug tries to be more mature in front of his parents in order for them to let him see the movie, but they still say no. Doug goes with Skeeter to see the movie anyway, only to regret it later on. Meanwhile, Mr. Klotz is in town to visit Roger who also wants to see Targetman, but Mr. Klotz won't let Roger see it, and he doesn't realize why.", "NOTE – This episode, for unexplained reasons, was skipped over by \\[\\[Toon Disney]] during its first few cycles, but was eventually shown.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=64\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Brain Drain\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Jeff Kindley\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|11\\\|23}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-063 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=It's B.L.A.B.A.B.B.A. (Be Like A Beaver, A Beebe Bluff Achiever) Day at the middle school, and there are dozens of clubs the students can join. Doug tries to find the best club and thinks that the Brain Team would impress Patti, and make him less average. Doug then takes the Brain Test and in order to be on the school's Brain Team. When he cheats, he ends up on the team but can't handle studying for the Bowl of Brains Quiz Bowl.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=65\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\=Doug: The Big Switch\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Al Higgins\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|11\\\|30}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-065\n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is watching ''Dr. Cop'', but is called by mom Theda and runs into dad Phil. By the time Doug returns, his sister Judy munches on popcorn and watches a documentary about owls. Doug and Judy wrestle for the remote on the floor, but Phil wins and tells the two if they can't get along and watch television like regular adults, then he will take away Doug and Judy's TV privileges for the night, much to Doug and Judy's dismay. In the scene of the drawing, Porkchop takes over, and when Doug returns, he confronts him. In the switch for a day, Doug switches places with Patti, Skeeter switches places with Beebe, and Chalky switches places with Roger. At Skeeter's house, Beebe tries to babysit Dale, and Skeeter orders a banana sandwich at Beebe's house, but picks up two forks. At Doug's house, Patti watches Theda clean the house, and at Patti's house, Doug is homeschooled by Patti's dad. Finally, Doug sneaks past Mr. Mayonnaise and bolts for home, but runs into Patti.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=66\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Gets His Wish\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Jeff Kindley\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|12\\\|7}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-066 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=After Doug gets his wish, Ms. Krystal is not at school, and Principal White takes over, after not liking her to get Willy in trouble. Patti, Skeeter, Beebe, Connie, and the rest are worried about Ms. Krystal. After Principal White is called out of class the next day, his son Willie takes over. Doug asks Mayor Tippy Dink to bring back and recall Ms. Krystal. Another next day, Mayor Tippi asks Ms. Krystal to add a new student in class—Principal White!\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=67\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Secret Christmas\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|12\\\|14}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=TV Listings for – December 14, 1996 – TV Tango\\\|url\\=http://www.tvtango.com/listings/1996/12/14\\\|publisher\\=TV Tango\\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2011}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-067 \n \\\|Viewers\\=9\\.5{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eD1HcKaGE9ASWwtRMRICNMd5BXNaB6tY\\\|title\\=1996\\-97 USA Today.pdf\\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Google Drive]]\\\|date\\=August 28, 2022\\\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2023}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=With a new baby on the way, Doug's family is too busy to have a traditional Christmas and Doug wants one. So Doug and Porkchop decide to have their own secret holiday celebration in his room. But when he later finds the house completely empty, Mr. Funnie phones with news, and Doug's and Judy's baby sister, Dirtbike, is born on Christmas Day. Meanwhile, Fentruck tells all his friends how they spend Christmas in Yakestonia.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=68\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Hot Dog\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1996\\\|12\\\|28}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-068 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug finds a lost puppy named Baker in Lucky Duck park and he decides to keep it until its owner is found. But the puppy proves to be too much trouble at home. The new puppy may be cute, but he isn't like Porkchop and Doug realizes that Baker is a regular puppy is a lot of work to take care of. When the puppy's owner is still not found, Doug gives all his friends a chance to own him. Meanwhile, Al and Moo calculate the day an alien is scheduled to land in Lucky Duck Park.", "NOTE – This episode, for unexplained reasons, was copyrighted 1997, presumably intended to air after Christmas Break in 1996\\.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=69\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Great Opportoonity\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Scott Fellows\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|1\\\|4}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-069 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=It's the student council elections at the middle school and Beebe, Roger and Chalky are all running. Doug meets eighth\\-grader Guy Graham who gives him a job on the school newspaper as the cartoonist. Guy tells Doug to create a cartoon on the school student council election and draw who he thinks should win. When Roger and Beebe get word, they bribe Doug to make him draw the cartoon about them. Meanwhile, Mr. Mayonnaise becomes the middle school's new history teacher and Patti now attends school full day.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=70\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Gets a Roommate\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Steve Bannos]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|1\\\|11}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-070 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=After a day of repeatedly taunting Doug, Ned Cauphee, Roger’s most obnoxious friend, angers Doug over his limit by plastering him with mashed potatoes and gravy. When Doug and his friends come out of the school, they see a fire at Ned's house, Doug feels at fault after telling Ned that \"someday he'll get his.\" Mrs. Funnie offers to house him while Ned's house is fixed. When Ned arrives, Doug can't believe how well he behaves because he is nothing like that at school. Doug even starts to feel sympathetic towards Ned. But now Ned is off to visit Grandma Funnie with the rest of the Funnies and Doug is worried he'll ruin his grandmother's home.", "NOTE – This episode, for unexplained reasons, was skipped over by Toon Disney.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=71\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Gets Booked\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|1\\\|18}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-071 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Ms. Kristal assigns a book report with no rules, she tells the class to use their imagination. At the same time, Beebe is being filmed for a documentary sponsored by her dad Mr. Bluff. This means the book reports will be shown on TV, which makes everyone in the class want to have the biggest and best report in the entire class. Doug decides to show some drawings he drew, but he realizes that it's not exciting enough, so he goes on a search to find a book where he can make a more exciting report. But when he doesn't have an exciting report the night it's due, he either has to present his drawings or nothing at all.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=72\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Minor Catastrophe\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|1\\\|25}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-072 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=The new snack fad \"Nic Nacs\" is ostensibly targeted at adults (despite its \\[\\[Joe Camel]]\\-like mascot and advertising during children's programs) and kids are going crazy to try some after Roger acquires a mass with a fake ID and resells it on the black market; it quickly becomes a popular fad. Through Doug's research for an article for the school paper, he discovers that the snack has a highly addictive \"chemical relaxant\" that brings with it unpleasant and temporary side effects. Also, Mr. Dink quits his job at Bluffco and tries to write his own book.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=73\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Big Panic\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|2\\\|1}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-073 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Guy sees a musical and is inspired by it. He tells Skeeter to work on a secret script for a huge drama play for Beebe Bluff Middle School. The play is a love story between Leonardo da Vinci and the Mona Lisa. Doug gets interested in auditioning when he learns Patti gets the female lead, and is in a kissing scene at the end of the play. Doug tries hard to get the male lead, but when Guy gives himself the role, Doug wonders if his work was wasted. But before showtime, Guy gets sick and someone else has to be the male lead.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=74\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Hairy Situation\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Scott Fellows\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|2\\\|8}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-074 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug finds hair in his comb and fears he's going bald, and figures Patti won't want to hang out with him anymore. The gang also is going to meet at the new water park when it opens and Doug doesn't want to go because of his hair. Meanwhile, Patti gets her first pimple. Beebe gets her first nose job and Roger may have gotten his first whisker. Doug lets all these things get in the way of his fun, and later realizes he shouldn't have. Also, Skeeter gets his first failing grade in shop class when his coat rack assignment isn't simple enough, so he is given a second chance to make another simple object.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=75\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n \\\|Title\\=Doug: Oh, Baby\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|2\\\|15}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-075 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug begins to worry that the new baby Cleopatra \"Dirtbike\" will end up being another Judy, and Judy is afraid she'll grow up to be like Doug. So the two set out to shape the baby's personality. When Mr. and Mrs. Funnie go out for an evening, Judy and Doug are left to babysit and don't want the other to be left alone with Dirtbike. But when their fighting leaves Dirtbike alone in Mr. Dink's house, they realize they are going to have to co\\-operate to get her out.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=76\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Disappearing Dog\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|2\\\|22}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-076 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug wakes up the morning after the Flounder's Day Picnic to find that Porkchop has packed up his things and is gone. When Porkchop disappears, Doug has to try to find him. He concludes that someone must have done something bad to him to make him pack up and leave. So he goes to talk all his friends to question them about what happened to Porkchop the day before, only to find that each of them remember things differently.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=77\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Mural Mania\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Steve Bannos\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|3\\\|1}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-077 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug enters a school contest to paint a mural on a new school wall. Mrs. Perigrew and Principal White match Doug with Roger to paint a large mural. But when he has to share the mural design with Roger, he's not sure he can do it with him because he thinks Roger can't really draw. Also, Bluffington is in a heat wave and the Sleech twins think it is their fault, so they set out to change the hot weather.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=78\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n \\\|Title\\=Doug on the Road\n \\\|\\\|WrittenBy\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|3\\\|8}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-078 \n \\\|Viewers\\=\n \\\|ShortSummary\\= Doug and his friends decide to meet at Funkytown and spend a day having fun, so Judy volunteers to drive him there. But before she drops Doug off, Judy wants to shop at Snord Grupen. After leaving the giant mall, Doug and Judy are on the road to go to Funkytown, but end up in the wrong place. Patti, Skeeter, Beebe, and the rest find Doug and Judy.\n \\\|LineColor\\=52DD04\n}}\n}}", "### Season 6 (1997\\)", "{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#900361\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=\\\|prodcodeR\\=\\\|episodes\\=\nEvery episode of this season was directed by \\[\\[Maurice Joyce]].\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=79\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Secret of Success\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|9\\\|13}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-079\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=The lives of Doug and all the other students at Beebe Bluff Middle School become a frenzy when Bone returns and becomes the middle school's new vice principal. He soon starts throwing Roger into detention and making new school rules. Also, eighth graders invite Doug to join a secret club of the future powerful men of the universe. But in order to be worthy to join, Doug must prove he can be a successful person and it's cutting himself out of \\[\\[Cryptozoology\\\|monster]] hunting with Skeeter.\n \\\|LineColor\\=900361\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=80\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Friend's Friend\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|9\\\|20}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-080\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Skeeter is dating Beebe and Doug is disgusted by Skeeter's lovesick attitude and jealous of their friendship. Doug decides to fight back which ends up in the end of their friendship. Doug and Skeeter have been friends forever, but not anymore. Then when Doug tries to break up Skeeter and Beebe, Elmo reminds Doug who got them together. Meanwhile, a flood is reported to hit Bluffington and Roger wants to be part of \"the biggest thing to ever hit this town\".\n \\\|LineColor\\=900361\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=81\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Chubby Buddy\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Sandra Willard\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|9\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-081\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Patti panics and thinks she's fat after watching a commercial selling a diet kit by a teenage actress, so she, Connie, and Beebe set out to lose weight. Patti decides to go on a drastic diet and exercise routine. But once she starts losing weight, she can't seem to stop herself, she even stops eating and appears to develop \\[\\[anorexia nervosa]]. This all comes to a head after Patti passes out when she goes 3 days without eating.", "EDITED – This episode originally ended with Patti's voiceover encouraging viewers to learn more about eating disorders. This was removed in the syndicated version, and replaced with the voices of Roger and Skeeter arguing with each other.", "\\\|LineColor\\=900361\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=82\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\=Doug: Quailman VI: The Dark Quail Saga\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|10\\\|4}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-082\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene by the \"Doug\" logo, Quailman tries to put on his Power Briefs, but crashes into place. By the premiere, Doug tells Patti that he will cry if she goes with Guy. Quailman tries to save Ms. Mayonnaise, but Rubbersuit traps him under a big foot. The Golden Salmon rescues Quailman and revives him. Later, the Golden Salmon disguises himself as Rupert Schmupert. Rubbersuit yanks out Quailman's evil twin, the Dark Quail. A giant slug slithers into the room slips into a Rupert Schmupert suit and mask and tries to get to Ms. Mayonnaise. After splitting the Dark Quail back together, Quailman tries to warn her about dating a giant space slug. Quailman asks Patti to share his Quail Powers with her, and gives his Quail Belt to Patti, who puts it on. Patti, who uses Quailman's powers, unmasks the slug, and kisses Quailman. After the dream ends, Doug asks Patti that she can go skating on Sunday, but she can't, and he moans painfully. Seconds later, Doug is joined by Patti.\n \\\|LineColor\\=900361\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=83\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\=Judy, Judy, Judy\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|10\\\|11}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-083\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene by the \"Doug\" logo blocked by three Judy names, Judy takes over Doug's role as the lead and narration, while Doug and Porkchop are tied up. A new girl named Gwen meets with Judy and calls her \"Jenny\\-Penny\". Judy helps out with Gwen Gauntlet, her favorite actress and teen role model, while she is in town to shoot an entertainment show. Judy hopes she can get a recommendation from Gwen for Vole University. However, Gwen is so self\\-absorbed that it tests the limits of Judy's patience. Doug runs into Gwen, but is yelled at by her. Judy angrily confronts Gwen and corrects her by saying that her name is \"Judy\", not \"Jenny\\-Penny\". Meanwhile, Doug and Skeeter think they've shot proof of the \\[\\[Lake monster\\\|monster]] on Judy's video camera and Judy won't let them see the tape.\n \\\|LineColor\\=900361\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=84\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Dougapalooza\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Scott Fellows]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|10\\\|18}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-084\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Connie Benge becomes obsessed with winning a local radio\\-station contest to become a rock 'n' roll star. She brings Doug into it, and is so obsessed she thinks about quitting school just like Flounder from The Beets did. Soon she realizes Flounder may have not done the right thing. Meanwhile, Al, Moo and Skeeter try to contact the monster of the lake by creating a monster calling machine.\n \\\|LineColor\\=900361\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=85\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Gets it All\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|11\\\|1}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-085\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=When Doug worries he is only average, he decides that to make his level of importance higher he should be a collector of unusual and (hopefully) valuable items. So he goes to a flea market with a valuable collector's item book looking for rubber tub stoppers and bowls, but someone has already gotten to them. Meanwhile, Roger gets on Mr. Bone's good side to get himself out of detention and Skeeter asks the A.V. Nerds to help him find the Lucky Duck Monster using A.V. equipment.\n \\\|LineColor\\=900361\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=86\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Thanksgiving\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon \\& Ken Scarborough \n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1997\\\|11\\\|22}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-033\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Beebe tells Bluff that the not\\-so\\-good thieves tell her to get in the end of the line. Bill Bluff's public relations firm decides that Bill should have \\[\\[Thanksgiving]] Day dinner with an average Bluffington family to increase his popularity. Doug's family is chosen and turns their simple Thanksgiving plans upside down. They won't let Patti join their dinner all because of Bluff and Judy doesn't like what he is doing in preparation for the big dinner. So Doug sets out to make everyone happy for Thanksgiving. \n \\\|LineColor\\=900361\n}}\n}}", "### Season 7 (1998–1999\\)", "In the final season, Brand Spanking New! Doug was renamed Disney's Doug. After production ended, all 65 episodes produced by Disney were repackaged under the Disney's Doug name for syndication on their Disney's One Too block, which commenced on UPN affiliates in September 1999\\. For the syndicated version, each episode was slightly edited, the end credits were completely redone, and new Doug shorts, featuring some of the characters from the show, were added in between commercial breaks. According to the closing credits, the entirety of this season was produced throughout 1998\\.", "Every episode of this season was directed by Bernie Denk.", "{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#071218\\\|overall\\=5\\\|season\\=5\\\|title\\=22\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=15\\\|prodcode\\=\\\|prodcodeR\\=\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=87\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Midnight Kiss\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Glenn Leopold]]\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|9\\\|12}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-086\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=One of Doug's New Year's resolution is to tell Patti how he feels about her. But when Doug realizes he hasn't done that yet, he decides that giving her a kiss at Beebe's New Year's Eve party will do it. So Doug rents movies and uses balloons for practice. At the party, midnight is approaching and Doug finds out that Patti left Beebe's party to go to other parties with Guy. It looks like Guy had the same plans for Patti as Doug did. Meanwhile, Roger tries to break his own record of how many girls to kiss at midnight and Judy hates all the New Year's celebration.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=88\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Older Woman\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Don Gillies\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|9\\\|19}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-087\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Popular eighth grader Cassandra Bleem asks Doug to be her date at the upcoming Bluffington Blowout Bar\\-Becue and Beach Bash beach party and he does everything to prepare to be cool in front of Cassandra. But Patti becomes upset for Doug standing her up. Meanwhile, the Sleech twins try different kind of ways to get dates for the beach party. \n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=89\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Gets Right Back On!\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Mark Edward Edens \\& Michael Edens\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|9\\\|26}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-088\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug is practicing for the Rudolph Bluff Memorial Bike Rally, where he is on Patti's team and they are determined to beat Roger's team. But after Doug has a bicycle accident, he breaks his leg and once it heals, he is afraid to get back on his bike. His fear won't let him practice or even ride in the rally, and if he doesn't overcome his fear, it would let Patti and the team down. Meanwhile, Doug learns about Mr. Dink's phobia of beans and how he has tried to overcome it. \n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=90\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman VII: Quaildad\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|10\\\|3}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-089\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene by the \"Doug\" logo, Quailman takes over, and Quaildog appears. Quailman's dad, Quaildad, arrives and joins Quailman and Quaildog, who are going after the Golden Salmon. At the bottom of the sea, Quailman and his companions chase the Golden Salmon, and on dry land they appear at the \\[\\[volcano]], which has \\[\\[lava]] and an on/off switch. Later, after Quaildad leaves, Quailman and Quaildog are visited by the Golden Salmon, who dresses himself as Patti. With help from Quaildog and Quailman, Quaildad uses his bald spot that destroys the cosmic imperviator. When the dream ends, Doug and Phil end up at the concert, visited by Patti.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=91\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's in the Middle\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Dennis Garvey \\& Tommy Nichols\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|10\\\|10}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-090\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Patti and Skeeter comment about how great Guy's weekend party which makes Doug decide to have his own party. At school, Patti and Skeeter accidentally get locked in a janitor's closet after doing a favor for Ms. Krystal. While being locked in, they share a secret and promise each other not to tell anyone else. But somehow Roger finds out and he tells the whole school about Patti and Skeeter's secrets, which leaves the question of who spilled the secret. Things between Patti and Skeeter get so bad, that neither of them are willing to remain friends with Doug if he stays friends with the other, and Doug has to try to get them to be friends again before his party.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=92\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\\|Title\\=Night of the Living Dougs\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Scott Kreamer\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|10\\\|31}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Doug Episodes – Doug Full Episode Guides on Nickelodeon\\\|url\\=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/doug/episodes/201000\\\|publisher\\=TV Guide\\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2011}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-091\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Beebe is having a Halloween party with a costume contest. After Doug's homemade Lucky Duck monster costume is destroyed by Dirtbike, Doug needs help for a new Halloween costume. So he goes to Skeeter, Judy, Mr. Dink, and Roger for help, but Doug can't believe they are all too busy to help him. Later in the nightmare, Doug can't believe that people all over town are turning into Doug clones. At the Halloween party, Doug wears his own normal clothes and Patti dresses like Jeannie from ''\\[\\[I Dream of Jeannie]]''.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=93\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Dream House\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Glenn Leopold\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|11\\\|7}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-092\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=While Chad is out of town, Patti comes to stay with the Funnies for a week and Doug worries she will realize that Judy will reveal Doug's love for Patti so he tries to stop her.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=94\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman Takes the Blame\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Greg Johnson\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|11\\\|14}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-093\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene by the \"Doug\" logo, Quailman takes over again, while playing \\[\\[baseball]] with Quaildog. Roger feigns a sprained ankle for attention and blames Doug. After Quailman stupefies him, Klotzenstein is rushed to the hospital to recover.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=95\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\\|Title\\=Doug and the Bluffington Five\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Don Gillies\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|11\\\|21}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-094\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=A new change is coming to the Beebe Bluff Middle School... school uniforms! But all the students don't want uniforms so Sally rallies Patti, Roger, Fentruck and Beebe and forms a protest group. But after Principal White and Vice Principal Bone don't listen, Sally stages a student debate. But Sally ends up losing her voice, so Patti has to take over the debate. But it seems the power has gone to Patti's head. Meanwhile, Doug and Skeeter wonder what to do for their Civics class report.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=96\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman Vs. Supersport\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Marcy Brown\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|11\\\|28}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-095\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=After being beaten by Patti at several sports, Doug feels inferior and imagines how Quailman would deal with it. In the Quailman story, a new hero based on Patti named \"Supersport\" is introduced who uses a super\\-powered sports ball and saves Quailman from the evil Klotzfinger. Eventually, Quailman's jealousy of Supersport gets the best of him and the Dark Quail appears again. Quailman is distracted and Klotzfinger kidnaps Supersport. In the end, Quailman reconciles with the Dark Quail by overcoming his jealousy, and Quailman and Supersport work together to save the day. In the end, Patti sees Doug drawing the Quailman and Supersport comics and tells him she wishes she could draw \\- pointing out that they are both good at doing different things. \n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=97\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Concert Crisis\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Betty G. Birney\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|12\\\|5}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-096\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Flounder wants to start a new group and talent searches in Bluffington. When he sees interest in Judy's \"music\" he starts dating her and Doug gets three tickets to Flounder and Judy's upcoming concert. At school, Doug becomes popular because he promised 20 tickets for 20 people, but he now has to risk his popularity in telling them only two tickets are available. Meanwhile, Theda gets a makeover and wonders if she should keep her new look.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=98\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman Vs. the Annoying S.T.U.A.R.T.\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1998\\\|12\\\|12}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-097\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=The S.T.U.A.R.T. (Society To Undermine, Annoy and Ruthlessly Torment) corporation's faulty products are making citizens in Megalopolis uncharacteristically short\\-tempered. After having seen enough, Quailman is once again joined by Silver Skeeter. The two of them set out to stop and confront the not\\-so\\-nice S.T.U.A.R.T. workers.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=99\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman vs. the Whackhammer\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Kate Donahue\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|1\\\|2}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-098\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug volunteers to spend time with the residents of the Maturing Meadows retirement home. He meets Mrs. Whackhammer and doesn't make a good first impression (or a second impression). Doug turns to Quailman, to see how he would handle a monster who turns the citizens of Megalopolis grouchy.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=100\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\\|Title\\=Judy's Big Admission\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Glenn Leopold\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|1\\\|9}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-099\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene by the \"Doug\" logo, a big egg renders Doug unconscious. Judy crosses it off and puts in her name and the words \"big admission\". Judy auditions for an acting admission to Vole University, and she accidentally hands in Doug's doodle to the Dean. Judy ends up accepted to Vole, but only because of Doug's doodle. Judy is okay with it until the Dean asks her to draw examples for a class. Meanwhile, Doug tags along with Judy and finds out what he really wants to do with the rest of his life as he waits for the results from a drawing talent contest.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=101\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman Vs. the Quizzler\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Steve Aranguren\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|1\\\|30}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-100\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Everyone at Beebe Bluff Middle School is worried about the upcoming mysterious S.P.I.T. tests. If they fail, they could be sent back a grade...or so the rumour says. Then, Doug bumps into Mr. Bone who leaves behind the S.P.I.T. test folder. If Doug takes a look inside the folder, he can tell his friends what's on the test. Doug wonders if that's the right thing to do, then turns to Quailman. In Megalopolis, the Quizzler is stealing information and words and alphabets all over town and Quailman wants to stop and confront him. Quailman must set everything back to normal. \n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=102\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Sour Songbird\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Marcy Brown\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|2\\\|20}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-101\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In preparation for Bluffington Pride Day, the contest to write the official Bluffington Anthem is on. Patti has written the perfect song, the only problem is she can't sing to save her life. Doug lies to Patti about her singing, which leads to her entering the contest and Doug has to tell the truth or convince Patti to drop out of the singing contest because it would only embarrass her.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=103\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Best Buddy\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Don Gillies\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|2\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-102\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug's old best friend Bobby Bodingo is moving to Bluffington, and Doug can't wait to show him around school and introduce him to his friends. But Bobby just isn't the same as he used to be, he's rude and crude and even makes Doug go in the girls' bathroom. As a result, all of Doug's friends don't like him and won't spend time with Doug if Bobby is around him. Furious after not being joined by Patti, Beebe, and Skeeter, Doug angrily confronts Bobby and gets him to stay away from him. The next day, Bobby doesn't come to school and Doug finds him in the comic book store and he convinces Bobby to be nicer to people and have them get to know him better, which he does.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=104\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman and the Quintuple Quandary\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|3\\\|27}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-103\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene with the \"Doug\" logo, Quailman takes over again, but tries to get squirted with ink by the squid, and Quaildog stops it. Quailman and Quaildog head for an adventure to search for Professor Quint, who has actually become a supervillain.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=105\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman's Bad Hair Day\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Lisa Johnson\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|4\\\|3}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-104\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Doug always manages to have a bad hair day on school\\-picture day. So when school\\-picture day comes around again, Doug douses himself with hair\\-care products to prevent bad hair. Meanwhile, he daydreams how Quailman would handle a bad hair day, as an evil shampoo from the S.T.U.A.R.T. company is taking over the hair of all the citizens in Megalopolis.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=106\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\\|Title\\=Doug: Beebe Goes Broke\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|4\\\|10}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-105\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Beebe accidentally goes bankrupt. Her family is penniless due to heavy investments in the Yakestonian snoozegraffle crop, which gets completely destroyed due to a storm. Also because of the destroyed crop, Fentruck's family can't support their son overseas and will have to send him back home if he doesn't raise enough money. She attends a party, but after defying her parents, she gets in trouble and begins to cry. Doug, Skeeter, and Patti try to help poor Beebe. They try to save Fentruck from leaving and show Beebe that \"you don't need a lot of money to have a good time\".\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=107\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman and the L.U.B.\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Dennis Garvey\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|4\\\|17}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-106\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Judy forces Doug and his friends to do a Shakespearean tribute to recycling instead of a fun play they came up with on their own. Meanwhile, in Doug's daydream Judy\\-dra is turning everyone in Megalopolis into performance artists and Quailman and is joined by Silver Skeeter, Material Girl (Beebe Bluff's alter\\-ego), Supersport (Patti Mayonnaise's alter\\-ego), and the rest of the other heroes must stop her. They are about to stop Judy\\-dra (Judy Funnie's evil alter\\-ego), a three\\-headed dragon.", "NOTE – This episode, for unexplained reasons, was skipped over by Toon Disney.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=108\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\\|Title\\=Patti's Dad Dilemma\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Glenn Leopold\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|4\\\|24}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-107\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene with the usual \"Doug\" logo, it's blank. Doug instead draws Patti's house as she enters the scene with her dad rolling by. Patti then writes the title of the episode. Patti worries her Dad, Chad, is dating Edwina Klotz, so she does everything, including eating at Chez Honk to find out. Doug and Patti discover Chad is dating someone; but it's not Edwina, it's their teacher Ms. Krystal. When she has dinner at the Mayonnaise's, Patti feels she is trying to replace her mother. Patti sobs when her mother has died. She then sees her mom's grave and is seen by her dad. After the loss of Doug's hamster Happy and Ms. Krystal's parrot Lord Byron, Ms. Krystal and Doug begin to cry. Meanwhile, Doug finds out the truth about what happened to his pet goldfish as a kid.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=109\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman: The Un\\-Quail Saga\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Marcy Brown\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|5\\\|1}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-108\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene by the \"Doug\" logo, when Quailman is missing, his sidekick Quaildog takes over. Quailman is finally getting recognition. Doug has been offered to draw a Quailman comic for the school paper, The Weekly Beebe. But the night before Doug's Quailman comic is due, Doug has not begun drawing. Meanwhile in a Quailman daydream, Rubbersuit gives out a present called Bob\\-i\\-nite and renders Quailman powerless. Quailman has lost his powers and feels he can't save Megalopolis without them, which allows Rubbersuit to steal all the beets in the entire city. Later, he traps Ms. Mayonnaise and Cameraman Skeeter in the glass. Quailman uses the malted milkballs and defeats Rubbersuit.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=110\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Cuts School\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Gary Apple\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|5\\\|8}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-109\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=After finding out that all the girls love a rebellious actor, Doug decides to cut school during an assembly and have a wild adventure with Skeeter. But Mr. Bone finds out and although he can't tell who is cutting school, he is determined to hunt down the fugitives. Doug and Skeeter go to the mall, Swirly's and the park and find out that cutting school is not as wild as they thought. When their boring adventure is over, they return to school only to find out that Patti doesn't like a real rebel.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=111\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman Vs. the Triad of Terror\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Don Gillies\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|5\\\|15}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-110\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=An alien being named Generalissimo Twang tries to convince the three evildoers Dr. Klotzenstien, RoboBone and the Golden Salmon that they can kill Quailman if they work together. Quailman defeats Klotzenstein, the Golden Salmon, and RoboBone and puts them in jail.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=112\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n \\\|Title\\=Doug Plays Cupid\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Matt Steinglass\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|5\\\|22}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-111\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=Roger gets Doug to teach him how to be a gentleman in order to get Beebe to ask him to go to the Bumpkin Day Hoe\\-Down Dance with him where the girls ask the guys. Doug hopes Patti will ask him, but she's sick and Doug is afraid she'll ask someone else once she's better. Also, Skunky shows his friends that he has webbed toes, which is distracting everyone in gym class, so Coach Spitz forces Skunky to cover up his toes at all times. Not listening to Beebe, Roger throws a water balloon and makes Mr. Bone fall down with cake on him and angers him. Skunky confronts Coach Spitz and tells him not to force Skunky to cover up his toes. Roger tries to throw another water balloon and Doug and Patti, but Mr. Bone lets him have detention.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=113\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=27\n \\\|Title\\=Doug: I, Rubbersuit\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Fallon\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|5\\\|29}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-112\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In this scene by the \"Doug\" logo, Rubbersuit takes over, while Quailman is tied up and gagged. Even though he knows he is not supposed to, Doug loans Roger his school newspaper press pass so Roger can get into an early screening of a movie. But after Roger gives an insulting review of the movie to the press wearing Doug's press pass, Doug has to confront the consequences. In Megalopolis, the Kabrain twins help Quailman turn into Rubbersuit to learn more about him. But when the real Rubbersuit finds out about this, he visits the Kabrain twins to get them to change \"Rubbersuit\" back into Quailman. Klotzenstein appears, and the Kabrain twins get Rubbersuit back into the real Quailman and get Quailman back into the real Rubbersuit. Later, Doug tells the truth and upsets Guy and then gets to join Patti.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=114\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=28\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Adventures On\\-Line\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Don Gillies\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|6\\\|5}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-113\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=While surfing the internet on the Funnie family's new computer to find music for the upcoming retro dance, Doug and Skeeter encounter Webster, a 'kid' they agree to meet to exchange some records. What the boys don't know is that Webster is really 'Friendly Frankie,' a rather unscrupulous adult. Instead of meeting them, however, Webster/Frankie creates a distraction and steals their records. Horrified, Doug and Skeeter go back online and find similar records for sale at Friendly Frankie's Used Records. At the store, when the boys try to talk to Frankie about their records, Doug and Skeeter find themselves in a bad situation. Mayor Dink and Mr. Dink rescue Doug and Skeeter and furiously confront Frankie, who is now a criminal. Meanwhile, Judy is online in the 'Bluffington's Pretentious Artists Chat Room,' where she meets a guy who uses the screen name 'Leonardo D'Warhol'. Believing she has met the man of her dreams, Judy arranges a meeting in person only to discover that Leonardo is not quite the man she expected.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=115\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=29\n \\\|Title\\=Quailman Vs. the Little Rubber Army\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Terry M. Coudri\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|6\\\|12}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-114\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=In the scene by the \"Doug\" logo, Quailman appears again. Doug is horrified to find out that Todd Bentley is going to be on his team for the Bluff Scouts hike. Todd angers Doug by messing up. A new little hero named Kid\\-Quail joins and clings to Quailman. Quailman has to teach Kid\\-Quail how to be a super hero. Rubbersuit kidnaps the children, and Quailman and Quaildog get to melt the man\\-made rubber. Rubbersuit tries to kill Quailman, but Kid\\-Quail finally stops him. Later, Rubbersuit is tied up and kidnapped by Quailman. \n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=116\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=30\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Grand Band Plan\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Glenn Leopold\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|6\\\|19}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-115\n \\\|ShortSummary\\= For the final school dance of the school year (the Spring Fling A\\-Ding), Doug tells his class he can get The Beets to play at the dance, but they suddenly break up again after fighting over a banana. Meanwhile, Mr. Funnie's old band members visit the Funnie's and they decide to play at the dance when Doug invites them. But after hearing their horrible practice session, Doug has to decide if he should fire his own dad Mr. Funnie from playing at the dance and embarrassing himself.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\\|EpisodeNumber\\=117\n \\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=31\n \\\|Title\\=Doug's Marriage Madness\n \\\|WrittenBy\\=Don Gillies\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|6\\\|26}}\n \\\|ProdCode\\=ABC\\-116\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=More changes in Doug's life are underway as Judy prepares to leave for college and Doug's voice begins to crack. Seventh grade is over for Doug and his friends, and to start off the summer, Mr. Mayonnaise and Ms. Krystal are getting married. Principal White is performing the ceremony and Doug is asked to carry the wedding ring, but while paying for forty goats he accidentally loses it. Convinced he gave the ring to Mr. Swirly, Doug and Skeeter ride all over town to try to find him and the ring before the wedding starts. Meanwhile at the church, Mr. Bone and Mr. Fort argue over who should get to play music at the wedding, Judy complains the stage she is performing on is too small, and one of Mr. Dink's very expensive machines goes crazy. If that wasn't enough, Roger's wedding present lands on top of the reception tent causing the tent to collapse, and Principal White faints as soon as the wedding starts. After Mr. Mayonnaise and Ms. Krystal are married, Judy drives away towards Vole, the Sleech twins get dates, Cleopatra says her first word, and Patti (now Ms. Krystal's stepdaughter) asks Doug on a date\\-date to the upcoming Summer Harvest Moon Festival. Doug reaches the last page of his journal. Porkchop gives Doug a new journal where he can write his new adventures to fill in.\n \\\|LineColor\\=071218\n}}\n}}", "### Film (1999\\)", "{{Episode table \\\|background\\=\\#2F296A\\\|title\\=34\\\|director\\=20\\\|writer\\=20\\\|airdate\\=23\\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\\|RTitle\\=''\\[\\[Doug's 1st Movie]]''\n \\\|DirectedBy \\= Maurice Joyce \\\|WrittenBy\\=Ken Scarborough\n \\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\\|1999\\\|3\\\|26}}\n \\\|ShortSummary\\=\n \\\|LineColor\\=2F296A\n}}\n}}", "" ]
Production ---------- Bond 18 was greenlit after the positive public reception to the [teaser trailer](/wiki/Teaser_trailer "Teaser trailer") for GoldenEye in May 1995\.{{sfn\\|Field\\|Chowdhury\\|2015\\|p\=498}} Following [GoldenEye](/wiki/GoldenEye "GoldenEye")'s success in reviving the Bond series, there was pressure to recreate that success in the next production. This pressure came from [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer") which, along with its new owner, billionaire [Kirk Kerkorian](/wiki/Kirk_Kerkorian "Kirk Kerkorian"), wanted the film's release to coincide with their public stock offering.{{cite web \\|first\=Richard \\|last\=Ashton \\|title\=Tomorrow Never Dies \\|url\=http://www.hmss.com/films/mgw/mgw97\.html \\|publisher\=hmss.com \\|year\=1997 \\|access\-date\=6 January 2007 \\|archive\-date\=24 May 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524142027/http://www.hmss.com/films/mgw/mgw97\.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} Co\-producer [Michael G. Wilson](/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson "Michael G. Wilson") commented: "You realize that there's a huge audience and I guess you don't want to come out with a film that's going to somehow disappoint them." It was the first Bond film made after the death of [Albert R. Broccoli](/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli "Albert R. Broccoli"), who was involved with the series' production since its inception; the film is dedicated to his memory. The rush to complete the film drove the budget to $110 million. The producers were unable to persuade GoldenEye director [Martin Campbell](/wiki/Martin_Campbell "Martin Campbell") to return, as he had chosen to direct [The Mask of Zorro](/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro "The Mask of Zorro") instead;{{cite web \\| url\=https://fictionmachine.com/2018/05/13/it\-comes\-from\-not\-growing\-up\-at\-all\-tomorrow\-never\-dies\-1997/ \\| title\="It comes from not growing up at all" \\| Tomorrow Never Dies (1997\) \\| date\=13 May 2018 \\| access\-date\=10 May 2022 \\| archive\-date\=24 May 2022 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524053150/https://fictionmachine.com/2018/05/13/it\-comes\-from\-not\-growing\-up\-at\-all\-tomorrow\-never\-dies\-1997/ \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\|last\=Hickman \\|first\=Luke \\|url\=https://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Fun\_Stuff/Luke\_Hickman/Martin\_Campbell/5\_Films\_You\_Might\_Not\_Realize\_Were\_Directed\_by\_Martin\_Campbell/7112 \\|title\=5 Films You Might Not Realize Were Directed by Martin Campbell \\|website\=High\-Def Digest \\|date\=16 June 2011 \\|access\-date\=10 May 2022 \\|archive\-date\=17 August 2022 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817033504/https://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Fun\_Stuff/Luke\_Hickman/Martin\_Campbell/5\_Films\_You\_Might\_Not\_Realize\_Were\_Directed\_by\_Martin\_Campbell/7112 \\|url\-status\=live }} his agent said, "Martin just didn't want to do two Bond films in a row." [Roger Spottiswoode](/wiki/Roger_Spottiswoode "Roger Spottiswoode") was chosen to direct in September 1996; he had offered to direct GoldenEye when [Timothy Dalton](/wiki/Timothy_Dalton "Timothy Dalton") was still cast as Bond.{{cite magazine \\|last\=Jones \\|first\=Alan \\|magazine\=\[\[Cinefantastique]] \\|title\=Tomorrow Never Dies: Pierce Brosnan returns as James Bond, battling British baddie Jonathan Pryce \\|url\=https://archive.org/details/cinefantastique\_1970\-2002/Cinefantastique%20Vol%2029%20No%208%20%28Dec%201997%29/page/n7/mode/2up \\|date\=December 1997 \\|pages\=8–9 \\|quote\=Director Roger Spottiswoode said, "I'd met the Broccoli family years before about the possibility of making one of the \[prior Bond] Timothy Dalton episodes \\|via\=\[\[Internet Archive]]}}{{sfn\\|Field\\|Chowdhury\\|2015\\|p\=500}} ### Writing Initial writers included [John Cork](/wiki/John_Cork "John Cork"), Richard Smith, and novelist [Donald E. Westlake](/wiki/Donald_E._Westlake "Donald E. Westlake"). In 1995, Westlake wrote two story treatments in collaboration with Wilson, both of which featured a villain who planned to destroy Hong Kong with explosives on the eve of the city's July 1997 [transfer of sovereignty to China](/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong "Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong").{{cite magazine \\|last\=Poggiali \\|first\=Philip \\|title\=Fall of the City: Bond 18 and Westlake \\|magazine\=MI6 Confidential \\|issue\=32 \\|year\=2015 \\|pages\=22–26}} Westlake used some of his ideas for a novel he completed the next year, though it was not published until 2017 under the title Forever and a Death. Director Spottiswoode said that, in January 1997, MGM had a script also focused on the Hong Kong handover; however, it could not be used for a film opening at the end of the year, so they had to start "almost from scratch at T\-minus zero!"{{cite news \\|first\=Kevin \\|last\=Collette \\|title\=Yesterday's 'Tomorrow': Spottiswoode Interview \\|url\=http://www.ianfleming.org/mt\_content/000180\.html \\| website\=ianfleming.org \\|date\=10 April 2004\\|access\-date\=5 January 2007\\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20061115091611/http://www.ianfleming.org/mt\_content/000180\.html \\|archive\-date \= 15 November 2006}} [Bruce Feirstein](/wiki/Bruce_Feirstein "Bruce Feirstein"), who worked on GoldenEye, wrote the initial script. He claimed that his inspiration was his own experience working with journalism and viewing both [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News") and [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN")'s [24\-hour news](/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle "24-hour news cycle") coverage of the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"), stating that he aimed to "write something that was grounded in a nightmare of reality."{{cite news \\|first\=Anthony C. \\|last\=Ferrante \\|title\=The Man with the Golden Pen \\|url\=http://www.eonmag.com/archive/9910/FEATURES/big\_picture/bond\_screenwriter\_1/default\-body.htm \\|publisher\=Eon Magazine \\|date\=October 1999 \\|access\-date\=5 January 2007 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000711140644/http://www.eonmag.com/archive/9910/features/big\_picture/bond\_screenwriter\_1/features\_frameset.htm \\|archive\-date\=11 July 2000}}{{sfn\\|Field\\|Chowdhury\\|2015\\|p\=499}} The script was handed to Spottiswoode, who then gathered seven Hollywood screenwriters in London to brainstorm, eventually choosing [Nicholas Meyer](/wiki/Nicholas_Meyer "Nicholas Meyer") to do rewrites. The script was also worked on by Dan Petrie Jr. and David Campbell Wilson before Feirstein was brought back for a final polish. Although Feirstein retained sole writing credit in the film and publicity materials, Meyer, Petrie and Wilson were given credit with Feirstein on the title page of the film's novelization by [Raymond Benson](/wiki/Raymond_Benson "Raymond Benson"). While many reviewers compared Elliot Carver to [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch "Rupert Murdoch"), Feirstein based the character on [Robert Maxwell](/wiki/Robert_Maxwell "Robert Maxwell"), with Carver's reported death bearing similarities to that of [Maxwell's](/wiki/Robert_Maxwell%23Death "Robert Maxwell#Death"); that is, "Missing, presumed drowned, while on a cruise aboard his luxury yacht," as stated by M at the end of the film.{{cite magazine \\|last\=Feirstein \\|first\=Bruce \\|title\=Bruce Feirstein: The Tao of Bond\-Film Naming \\|magazine\=\[\[Vanity Fair (magazine)\\|Vanity Fair]] \\|date\=29 January 2008 \\|url\=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/01/bruce\-feirste\-2 \\|access\-date\=6 March 2013 \\|archive\-date\=13 April 2016 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413170221/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/01/bruce\-feirste\-2 \\|url\-status\=live }} However, Spottiswoode himself said in a 2004 interview that "Carver is Rupert Murdoch". In the original script when Bond is set to parachute into Vietnam he is told by a CIA agent that “You know what will happen. It will be war. And maybe this time, maybe we’ll win”. [The Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") was embarrassed by this line and it was subsequently removed.{{cite book \\|title\=Hollywood and the CIA Cinema, Defense and Subversion \\|date\=2011 \\|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis \\|page\=12}} Wilson said, "We didn't have a script that was ready to shoot on the first day of filming", while Pierce Brosnan said, "We had a script that was not functioning in certain areas." The title was inspired by [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles")' song "[Tomorrow Never Knows](/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows "Tomorrow Never Knows")". The eventual title came about by accident. One of the potential titles was Tomorrow Never Lies (referring to the Tomorrow newspaper in the plot), and this was [faxed](/wiki/Fax "Fax") to MGM. However, due to a misunderstanding by the fax recipient, it became Tomorrow Never Dies, a title MGM found so attractive that they insisted on using it. The title was the first not to have any relation to Fleming's life or work. ### Casting [Teri Hatcher](/wiki/Teri_Hatcher "Teri Hatcher") was three months pregnant when shooting started, although her publicist stated the pregnancy did not affect the production schedule.{{cite news \\|first\=Elizabeth \\|last\=Johns \\|title\=Teri Hatcher Pregnant \\|url\=http://www.eonline.com/news/teri\_hatcher\_pregnant/34466 \\|website\=\[\[E!]] \\|date\=2 May 1997 \\|access\-date\=5 January 2007 \\|archive\-date\=5 August 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030008/http://www.eonline.com/news/Teri\_Hatcher\_Pregnant/34466 \\|url\-status\=live }} Hatcher later regretted playing Paris Carver, saying, "It's such an artificial kind of character to be playing that you don't get any special satisfaction from it."{{cite news \\|title\=Live and let lie? \\|url\=http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/28112006/5/live\-lie\-0\.html \\|publisher\=\[\[Yahoo! News]] \\|date\=28 November 2008 \\|access\-date\=5 January 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708025516/http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/28112006/5/live\-lie\-0\.html \\|archive\-date\=8 July 2012 }} Actress [Sela Ward](/wiki/Sela_Ward "Sela Ward") auditioned for the role; the producers reportedly said they wanted her "but ten years younger".{{cite news \\| url\=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/csi\_sela\_juCROhLFbUv3MlblsBMk7H \\| work\=New York Post \\| first\=Robert \\| last\=Rorke \\| title\=CSI: Sela \\| date\=8 May 2011 \\| access\-date\=18 October 2011 \\| archive\-date\=10 August 2011 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810092850/http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/csi\_sela\_juCROhLFbUv3MlblsBMk7H \\| url\-status\=live }} Hatcher, at 32, was seven years Ward's junior, and playing [Lois Lane](/wiki/Lois_Lane "Lois Lane") on the television show [Lois \& Clark: The New Adventures of Superman](/wiki/Lois_%26_Clark:The_New_Adventures_of_Superman "The New Adventures of Superman"), where she was voted the "Sexiest Woman on Television" by readers of [TV Guide](/wiki/TV_Guide "TV Guide") the previous year.{{cite journal\\|title\=Playboy Interview: Pierce Brosnan\\|volume\=52\\|issue\=12\\|pages\=61–62\+65–68\+70\\|first\=Stephen\\|last\=Rebello\\|url\=http://commanderbond.net/2994/brosnan\-bares\-all\-for\-playboy.html\\|journal\=\[\[Playboy]]\\|date\=December 2005\\|access\-date\=4 July 2012\\|archive\-date\=6 August 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806001249/http://commanderbond.net/2994/brosnan\-bares\-all\-for\-playboy.html\\|url\-status\=live}} Brosnan also [screen\-tested](/wiki/Screen_test "Screen test") with Italian [Monica Bellucci](/wiki/Monica_Bellucci "Monica Bellucci"), but the studio maintained that the role could be given only to an American actress.{{cite news \\|last\=Larman \\|first\=Alexander \\|author\-link\=Alexander Larman \\|date\=15 July 2017 \\|title\=James Bond's China conflict: is Tomorrow Never Dies the most chaotic, prophetic 007 film so far? \\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/why\-tomorrow\-never\-dies\-chaotic\-prophetic\-bond\-film\-ever\-made/ \\|url\-status\=live \\|language\=en\-GB \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20221209193817/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/why\-tomorrow\-never\-dies\-chaotic\-prophetic\-bond\-film\-ever\-made/ \\|archive\-date\=9 December 2022 \\|access\-date\=5 November 2023 \\|url\-access\=registration}} Brosnan remarked: "The fools said no." [Daphne Deckers](/wiki/Daphne_Deckers "Daphne Deckers"), who portrays the PR woman, also confirms that she saw Bellucci the same day she herself auditioned.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/486410/daphne\-deckers\-ik\-at\-sateetjes\-met\-james\-bond\\|title\=Daphne Deckers: 'Ik at sateetjes met James Bond'\\|date\=27 October 2015\\|website\=Telegraaf\\|language\=nl\\|access\-date\=10 January 2020\\|archive\-date\=21 May 2021\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521100918/https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/486410/daphne\-deckers\-ik\-at\-sateetjes\-met\-james\-bond\\|url\-status\=live}} Bellucci subsequently had a role in the 24th Bond film, [Spectre](/wiki/Spectre_%282015_film%29 "Spectre (2015 film)"). The role of Elliot Carver was initially offered to [Anthony Hopkins](/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins "Anthony Hopkins") (who was also offered a role in GoldenEye), but he declined in favor of The Mask of Zorro.{{cite news\\|last1\=Weiner\\|first1\=Rex\\|last2\=Dawtrey\\|first2\=Adam\\|title\=MGM's Completion Bond\\|url\=https://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/mgm\-s\-completion\-bond\-1117436166/\\|work\=Variety\\|date\=30 December 1996\\|access\-date\=20 April 2016\\|archive\-date\=27 April 2016\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427203455/http://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/mgm\-s\-completion\-bond\-1117436166/\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\=Production Notes – Tomorrow Never Dies\\|url\=http://www.mi6\-hq.com/sections/movies/tnd\_production.php3?t\=tnd\&s\=tnd\\|publisher\=\[\[MI6\-HQ.com]]\\|access\-date\=5 January 2007\\|archive\-date\=18 December 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218151252/http://www.mi6\-hq.com/sections/movies/tnd\_production.php3?t\=tnd\&s\=tnd\\|url\-status\=live}} [Natasha Henstridge](/wiki/Natasha_Henstridge "Natasha Henstridge") was rumoured as cast in the lead Bond Girl role,{{cite news \\|first\=Amy \\|last\=Ferguson \\|title\=Back in Action \\|url\=http://www.tribute.ca/tribute/0901/cover\_story.htm \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718210831/http://www.tribute.ca/tribute/0901/cover\_story.htm \\|archive\-date\=18 July 2006\\|publisher\=Tribute \\|access\-date\=5 January 2007}} but eventually, Yeoh was confirmed. Brosnan was impressed, describing her as a "wonderful actress" who was "serious and committed about her work".{{cite news \\|first\=David \\|last\=Cohen \\|title\=Bond girl Yeoh gets licence to thrill 007 \\|url\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\.html\#yeoh \\|work\=\[\[South China Morning Post]] \\|date\=11 February 1997 \\|access\-date\=6 January 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210445/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\.html\#yeoh \\|archive\-date\=9 October 2006 }} She reportedly wanted to perform her own stunts, but was prevented because director Spottiswoode ruled it too dangerous and prohibited by insurance restrictions.{{cite news \\|title\=Bond Leading Lady Won't Do Stunts \\|url\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\.html\#yeoh \\|agency\=Associated Press \\|date\=21 May 1997 \\|access\-date\=6 January 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210445/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\.html\#yeoh \\|archive\-date\=9 October 2006 }}{{cite news\\|title\=Much More Than Just A Bond Girl\\|url\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews2\.html\#starburst\\|work\=\[\[South China Morning Post]]\\|date\=30 May 1997\\|access\-date\=7 January 2007\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215060635/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews2\.html\#starburst\\|archive\-date\=15 December 2012}} When [Götz Otto](/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Otto "Götz Otto") was called in for casting, his hair had been cropped short for a television role. He was given 20 seconds to introduce himself, but did it in five: "I'm big, I'm bad, and I'm German."{{cite news\\|title\=Promi\-Porträt: Götz Otto \\|url\=http://www.kwick.de/magazin/promi\_portraet\_goetz\_otto\_.9014\.html \\|publisher\=kwick! \\|date\=20 October 2007 \\|access\-date\=6 January 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022072341/http://www.kwick.de/magazin/promi\_portraet\_goetz\_otto\_.9014\.html \\|archive\-date\=22 October 2007 }} {{Better source needed\\|reason\=Cited article notes (in German) that this "a rumor that went around", so possibly just a myth.\\|date\=June 2021}} ### Filming [230px\\|thumb\\|A modified [BMW 7 Series](/wiki/BMW_7_Series_%28E38%29 "BMW 7 Series (E38)") car with a steering wheel on the back seat, seen at an exhibition at Museum Industriekultur, Nuremberg.](/wiki/File:Tomorrow_Never_Dies_-_BMW_750iL.jpg "Tomorrow Never Dies - BMW 750iL.jpg") With [Vic Armstrong](/wiki/Vic_Armstrong "Vic Armstrong") directing the [second unit](/wiki/Second_unit "Second unit"), filming of the $11 million{{cite episode \\|title\=L\-39 Albatros \\|series\=Warbird Workshop \\|network\=UK TV \\|station\=Yesterday \\|date\=9 April 2020 \\|series\-no\=1 \\|number\=6}} 4\-minute pre\-title sequence began on 18 January 1997 at [Peyresourde\-Balatestas Airport](/wiki/Altiport_de_Peyresourde-Balestas "Altiport de Peyresourde-Balestas"), [Peyragudes](/wiki/Peyragudes "Peyragudes") in the [French Pyrenees](/wiki/French_Pyrenees "French Pyrenees"). The plane Bond is seen to purloin in the movie was a [Czech](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia")\-built [Aero Vodochody](/wiki/Aero_Vodochody "Aero Vodochody") [L\-39ZO Albatros](/wiki/Aero_L-39_Albatros "Aero L-39 Albatros") weapons [jet trainer](/wiki/Jet_trainer "Jet trainer"),{{cite web \\|last\=Lande \\|first\=David \\|date\=September 2008 \\|title\=Live and Let Fly \\|url\=https://www.airspacemag.com/history\-of\-flight/live\-and\-let\-fly\-442427/ \\|website\=\[\[Air \& Space/Smithsonian\\|Air \& Space]] \\|location\=Washington \\|url\-status\=live \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411020255/https://www.airspacemag.com/history\-of\-flight/live\-and\-let\-fly\-442427/ \\|archive\-date\=11 April 2019 \\|access\-date\=9 April 2020}}{{cite web \\|last\=Maskel \\|first\=Rebecca \\|date\=13 July 2008 \\|title\=The Airplanes of James Bond \\|url\=https://www.airspacemag.com/history\-of\-flight/the\-airplanes\-of\-james\-bond\-349657/ \\|website\=Air \& Space \\|location\=Washington \\|access\-date\=9 April 2020 \\|archive\-date\=24 October 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024082909/https://www.airspacemag.com/history\-of\-flight/the\-airplanes\-of\-james\-bond\-349657/ \\|url\-status\=live }} supplied by a British company and flown by stunt pilots Tony "Taff" Smith and Mark (son of [Ray](/wiki/Ray_Hanna "Ray Hanna")) Hanna.{{cite web \\|title\=Real Aeroplane Company \\|url\=https://www.realaero.com/company.htm \\|website\=Breighton Aerodrome \\|url\-status\=live \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222234503/https://www.realaero.com/company.htm \\|archive\-date\=22 February 2019 \\|access\-date\=10 April 2020}} After completing work in France, the second unit moved on to [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth "Portsmouth") to film the scenes where the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") prepares to engage the Chinese, with {{HMS\\|Westminster\\|F237}} standing in for the various fictional [Type 23 Frigates](/wiki/Type_23_Frigate "Type 23 Frigate") in the story. The main unit began filming on 1 April. They were unable to use [Leavesden Studios](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios%2C_Leavesden "Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden"), which they had constructed from an abandoned [Rolls\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited "Rolls-Royce Limited") factory for GoldenEye, as [George Lucas](/wiki/George_Lucas "George Lucas") was using it for [Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace](/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace "Episode I – The Phantom Menace"), so instead they constructed [sound stages](/wiki/Sound_stage "Sound stage") in another derelict industrial site nearby. They also used the [007 Stage](/wiki/007_Stage "007 Stage") at [Pinewood Studios](/wiki/Pinewood_Studios "Pinewood Studios"), the usual site for the Bond films since its inception, making it the first Bond film since [The Living Daylights](/wiki/The_Living_Daylights "The Living Daylights") that was filmed there, as well as [Elstree Studios](/wiki/Elstree_Studios "Elstree Studios"). The scene at the "U.S. Air Base in the South China Sea" where Bond hands over the GPS encoder was actually filmed in the area known as Blue Section at [RAF Lakenheath](/wiki/RAF_Lakenheath "RAF Lakenheath"). The sea landing used the vast tank built for [Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 "Titanic (1997 film)") in [Rosarito](/wiki/Rosarito_Beach "Rosarito Beach"), [Baja California](/wiki/Baja_California "Baja California"). The [MH\-53J](/wiki/MH-53J "MH-53J") in the film was from the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force "US Air Force")'s [352d Special Operations Group](/wiki/352d_Special_Operations_Group "352d Special Operations Group") at [RAF Mildenhall](/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall "RAF Mildenhall"). Some scenes were planned to be filmed on location in [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City "Ho Chi Minh City"), and the production had been granted a visa. It would have been the first major film to be shot in Vietnam since the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). However, the visa was later rescinded by Vietnamese Prime Minister [Võ Văn Kiệt](/wiki/V%C3%B5_V%C4%83n_Ki%E1%BB%87t "Võ Văn Kiệt") two months after planning had begun, forcing filming to move to [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok").{{sfn\\|Field\\|Chowdhury\\|2015\\|pp\=508–509}} Bond spokesman Gordon Arnell claimed the Vietnamese were unhappy with crew and equipment needed for [pyrotechnics](/wiki/Pyrotechnics "Pyrotechnics"), with a Vietnamese official saying it was due to "many complicated reasons".{{cite news \\|author\=Rush and Molloy \\|title\=China Resists Western Efforts to Bond \\|url\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\.html\#yeoh \\|work\=\[\[Daily News (New York)\\|Daily News]] \\|date\=10 March 1997 \\|access\-date\=6 January 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210445/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\.html\#yeoh \\|archive\-date\=9 October 2006 }} [Anthony Waye](/wiki/Anthony_Waye "Anthony Waye") says he believed the decision was caused after Vietnam's [Communist](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam "Communist Party of Vietnam") government had viewed the opening credits of GoldenEye, which featured "semi\-naked ladies smashing up [hammer\-and\-sickle](/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle "Hammer and sickle") emblems with sledgehammers, illustrating the [fall of communism](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989 "Revolutions of 1989")."{{sfn\\|Field\\|Chowdhury\\|2015\\|pp\=508–509}} Two locations from previous Bond films were used: Brosnan and Hatcher's love scene was filmed at [Stoke Park](/wiki/Stoke_Park%2C_Buckinghamshire "Stoke Park, Buckinghamshire"), which had been featured in [Goldfinger](/wiki/Goldfinger_%28film%29 "Goldfinger (film)"), and the bay where they search for Carver's stealth boat is [Phang Nga Bay](/wiki/Phang_Nga_Bay "Phang Nga Bay"), previously used for [The Man with the Golden Gun](/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_%28film%29 "The Man with the Golden Gun (film)"). The exterior of Elliot Carver's CMGN Hamburg HQ was filmed at the IBM Building in [Bedfont Lakes](/wiki/Bedfont_Lakes_Country_Park "Bedfont Lakes Country Park"), Feltham, whilst Harmsworth Quays Printers Ltd in Surrey Quays, Rotherhithe, doubled for the interior of the Hamburg print facility.{{cn\\|date\=July 2024}} Spottiswoode tried to innovate in the action scenes. Since the director felt that after the tank chase in GoldenEye he could not use a bigger vehicle, a scene with Bond and Wai Lin on a [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") motorcycle was created. Another innovation was the remote\-controlled car, which had no visible driver – an effect achieved by adapting a [BMW 750i](/wiki/BMW_7_Series_%28E38%29 "BMW 7 Series (E38)") to put the steering wheel on the back seat.{{cite AV media \\|title\=Highly Classified: The World of 007 \\|type\=Documentary bonus feature \\|location\=''Tomorrow Never Dies'': Ultimate Edition \\|at\=Disk 2 \\|publisher\=MGM Home Entertainment}} The [car chase](/wiki/Car_chase "Car chase") sequence with the 750i took three weeks to film, with [Brent Cross](/wiki/Brent_Cross "Brent Cross") car park being used to simulate [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), although the final leap was filmed on location.{{cite web \\|title\=Tomorrow Never Dies filming locations \\|url\=http://www.movie\-locations.com/movies/t/tomorrownever.html \\|publisher\=movielocations.com \\|access\-date\=7 January 2007 \\|archive\-date\=17 August 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817032752/http://movie\-locations.com/movies/t/tomorrownever.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} A stunt involving setting fire to three vehicles produced more smoke than anticipated, causing a member of the public to call the [fire brigade](/wiki/Fire_brigade "Fire brigade").{{cite news \\|first\=Judith \\|last\=Keeling \\|title\=Bond Goes Down A Bomb in Brent Cross \\|url\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\.html\#yeoh \\|publisher\=\[\[Evening Standard]] \\|date\=17 June 1997 \\|access\-date\=7 January 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210445/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\.html\#yeoh \\|archive\-date\=9 October 2006}} The upwards camera angle filming the [HALO jump](/wiki/HALO_jump "HALO jump") created the illusion of having the stuntman opening its parachute close to the water.{{cite AV media \\|section\=Double\-O Stuntmen \\|title\=''The Man with the Golden Gun'' Ultimate Edition \\|at\=Disk 2 \\|publisher\=MGM Home Entertainment \\|medium\=DVD}} Spottiswoode did not return to direct the next film; he said the producers asked him, but he was too tired. Brosnan and Hatcher were reported to have feuded briefly during filming due to her arriving late onto the set one day. The matter was quickly resolved, though, and Brosnan apologised to Hatcher after realising she was pregnant and was late for that reason. Tomorrow Never Dies marked the first appearance of the [Walther P99](/wiki/Walther_P99 "Walther P99") as Bond's pistol. It replaced the [Walther PPK](/wiki/Walther_PPK "Walther PPK") that the character had carried in every Eon Bond film since [Dr. No](/wiki/Dr._No_%28film%29 "Dr. No (film)") in 1962, with the exception of [Moonraker](/wiki/Moonraker_%28film%29 "Moonraker (film)") in which Bond was not seen with a pistol. Walther wanted to debut its new firearm in a Bond film, which had been one of its most visible endorsers. Previously, the [P5](/wiki/Walther_P5 "Walther P5") was introduced in [Octopussy](/wiki/Octopussy_%28film%29 "Octopussy (film)"). Bond would use the P99 until [Daniel Craig](/wiki/Daniel_Craig "Daniel Craig") reverted to the PPK as 007 in [Quantum of Solace](/wiki/Quantum_of_Solace_%28film%29 "Quantum of Solace (film)") in 2008\. ### Music {{main\\|Tomorrow Never Dies (soundtrack)}} Prolific composer [John Barry](/wiki/John_Barry_%28composer%29 "John Barry (composer)") was in talks to return to the James Bond films for the first time in a decade but could not reach an agreement over his salary, according to his then\-agent Richard Kraft.{{Cite web \\|url\=https://perspectiveforum.net/2016/05/22/the\-beyondness\-of\-things\-my\-bittersweet\-relationship\-with\-barry\-john\-barry/ \\|title\=The Beyondness of Things: My Bittersweet Relationship with Barry. John Barry \\|last\=Kraft \\|first\=Richard \\|date\=22 May 2016 \\|website\=Perspective Forum \\|language\=en\-GB \\|access\-date\=10 January 2020 \\|archive\-date\=26 December 2019 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226143131/https://perspectiveforum.net/2016/05/22/the\-beyondness\-of\-things\-my\-bittersweet\-relationship\-with\-barry\-john\-barry/ \\|url\-status\=live }} Barbara Broccoli subsequently chose [David Arnold](/wiki/David_Arnold "David Arnold") to score Tomorrow Never Dies on a recommendation from Barry.{{cite AV media \\|people\=Macnee, Patrick (Narrator) \\|title\=The Bond Sound: The Music of 007 \\|type\=Documentary \\|publisher\=MGM Home Entertainment \\|year\=2000}} Arnold had come to Barry's attention through his successful cover interpretations in [Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project](/wiki/Shaken_and_Stirred:The_David_Arnold_James_Bond_Project "The David Arnold James Bond Project"), which featured major artists performing the former James Bond title songs in new arrangements. Arnold said that his score aimed for "a classic sound but \[with] a modern approach", combining [techno music](/wiki/Techno_music "Techno music") with a recognisably Barry\-inspired "classic Bond" sound—notably Arnold borrowed from Barry's score for [From Russia with Love](/wiki/From_Russia_with_Love_%28film%29 "From Russia with Love (film)"). The score was done across a period of six months, with Arnold writing music and revising previous pieces as he received edited footage of the film.{{cite news \\|first\=Jon \\|last\=Burlingame \\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1997\-dec\-18\-ca\-65184\-story.html \\|title\=Bonding With the Score \\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|date\=18 December 1997 \\|access\-date\=27 August 2011 \\|url\-access\=limited \\|archive\-date\=8 May 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508140829/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1997\-dec\-18\-ca\-65184\-story.html \\|url\-status\=live }} The music for the indoor car chase sequence was co\-written with the band [Propellerheads](/wiki/Propellerheads "Propellerheads"), who had worked with Arnold on Shaken and Stirred. The soundtrack was well\-received by critics with Christian Clemmensen of [Filmtracks](/wiki/Filmtracks.com "Filmtracks.com") describing it as "an excellent tribute to the entire series of Bond score".{{cite web \\|last\=Clemmensen \\|first\=Christian \\|url\=http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/tomorrow\_never.html \\|title\=Review of Original Album \\|website\=Filmtracks \\|access\-date\=16 January 2007 \\|archive\-date\=18 August 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818135843/http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/tomorrow\_never.html \\|url\-status\=live }} At first, the theme song was to be written by Arnold himself, with the help of lyricist [Don Black](/wiki/Don_Black_%28lyricist%29 "Don Black (lyricist)") and singer\-songwriter [David McAlmont](/wiki/David_McAlmont "David McAlmont"), who recorded the demo. However, MGM wanted a more popular artist, and invited various singers to write songs before one was picked through a competitive process.{{cite book\\|author\=Burlingame, Jon\\|title\=The Music of James Bond\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/musicjamesbond00burl\\|url\-access\=registration\\|chapter\=5: Casino Royale (1967\)\\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/musicjamesbond00burl/page/n220 211]–213\\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\\|year\=2012\\|isbn\=978\-0\-199\-98676\-7\\|via\=Internet Archive}} There were around twelve submissions, including songs from [Swan Lee](/wiki/Swan_Lee "Swan Lee"), [Pulp](/wiki/Pulp_%28band%29 "Pulp (band)"), [Saint Etienne](/wiki/Saint_Etienne_%28band%29 "Saint Etienne (band)"), [Marc Almond](/wiki/Marc_Almond "Marc Almond"), and [Sheryl Crow](/wiki/Sheryl_Crow "Sheryl Crow").{{cite AV media \\|year\=2006 \\|title\=James Bond's Greatest Hits \\|medium\=Television \\|location\=United Kingdom \\|publisher\=North One Television}} [Crow's song](/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies_%28song%29 "Tomorrow Never Dies (song)") was chosen for the main titles. Arnold's composition, "Surrender", performed by [k.d. lang](/wiki/K.d._lang "K.d. lang"), was still used for the end titles, and features the same prominent melodic motif as the film's score. This was the fourth Bond film to have different opening and closing songs. Pulp's effort was re\-titled as "Tomorrow Never Lies" and appeared as a b\-side on their 1997 single "[Help The Aged](/wiki/Help_the_Aged_%28song%29 "Help the Aged (song)")". The original "Tomorrow Never Dies" rough mix of the song was eventually released on the bonus disc of the [This Is Hardcore](/wiki/This_Is_Hardcore "This Is Hardcore") deluxe edition in 2006\. [Moby](/wiki/Moby "Moby") created a remake of the "[James Bond Theme](/wiki/James_Bond_Theme "James Bond Theme")" to be used for the movie. Two different versions of the soundtrack album were released, the first featuring only music from the first half of the film, and the second rectifying this but cutting several tracks, including the songs, to make room for the missing score tracks. In 2022 La La Land Records releases a two\-disc expanded and limited edition of the complete score by Arnold.	[ "Production\n----------", "Bond 18 was greenlit after the positive public reception to the [teaser trailer](/wiki/Teaser_trailer \"Teaser trailer\") for GoldenEye in May 1995\\.{{sfn\\\|Field\\\|Chowdhury\\\|2015\\\|p\\=498}} Following [GoldenEye](/wiki/GoldenEye \"GoldenEye\")'s success in reviving the Bond series, there was pressure to recreate that success in the next production. This pressure came from [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") which, along with its new owner, billionaire [Kirk Kerkorian](/wiki/Kirk_Kerkorian \"Kirk Kerkorian\"), wanted the film's release to coincide with their public stock offering.{{cite web \\\|first\\=Richard \\\|last\\=Ashton \\\|title\\=Tomorrow Never Dies \\\|url\\=http://www.hmss.com/films/mgw/mgw97\\.html \\\|publisher\\=hmss.com \\\|year\\=1997 \\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2007 \\\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524142027/http://www.hmss.com/films/mgw/mgw97\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Co\\-producer [Michael G. Wilson](/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson \"Michael G. Wilson\") commented: \"You realize that there's a huge audience and I guess you don't want to come out with a film that's going to somehow disappoint them.\"", "It was the first Bond film made after the death of [Albert R. Broccoli](/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli \"Albert R. Broccoli\"), who was involved with the series' production since its inception; the film is dedicated to his memory. The rush to complete the film drove the budget to $110 million. The producers were unable to persuade GoldenEye director [Martin Campbell](/wiki/Martin_Campbell \"Martin Campbell\") to return, as he had chosen to direct [The Mask of Zorro](/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro \"The Mask of Zorro\") instead;{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://fictionmachine.com/2018/05/13/it\\-comes\\-from\\-not\\-growing\\-up\\-at\\-all\\-tomorrow\\-never\\-dies\\-1997/ \\\| title\\=\"It comes from not growing up at all\" \\\| Tomorrow Never Dies (1997\\) \\\| date\\=13 May 2018 \\\| access\\-date\\=10 May 2022 \\\| archive\\-date\\=24 May 2022 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524053150/https://fictionmachine.com/2018/05/13/it\\-comes\\-from\\-not\\-growing\\-up\\-at\\-all\\-tomorrow\\-never\\-dies\\-1997/ \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\|last\\=Hickman \\\|first\\=Luke \\\|url\\=https://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Fun\\_Stuff/Luke\\_Hickman/Martin\\_Campbell/5\\_Films\\_You\\_Might\\_Not\\_Realize\\_Were\\_Directed\\_by\\_Martin\\_Campbell/7112 \\\|title\\=5 Films You Might Not Realize Were Directed by Martin Campbell \\\|website\\=High\\-Def Digest \\\|date\\=16 June 2011 \\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2022 \\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2022 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817033504/https://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Fun\\_Stuff/Luke\\_Hickman/Martin\\_Campbell/5\\_Films\\_You\\_Might\\_Not\\_Realize\\_Were\\_Directed\\_by\\_Martin\\_Campbell/7112 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} his agent said, \"Martin just didn't want to do two Bond films in a row.\" [Roger Spottiswoode](/wiki/Roger_Spottiswoode \"Roger Spottiswoode\") was chosen to direct in September 1996; he had offered to direct GoldenEye when [Timothy Dalton](/wiki/Timothy_Dalton \"Timothy Dalton\") was still cast as Bond.{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Jones \\\|first\\=Alan \\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Cinefantastique]] \\\|title\\=Tomorrow Never Dies: Pierce Brosnan returns as James Bond, battling British baddie Jonathan Pryce \\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cinefantastique\\_1970\\-2002/Cinefantastique%20Vol%2029%20No%208%20%28Dec%201997%29/page/n7/mode/2up \\\|date\\=December 1997 \\\|pages\\=8–9 \\\|quote\\=Director Roger Spottiswoode said, \"I'd met the Broccoli family years before about the possibility of making one of the \\[prior Bond] Timothy Dalton episodes \\\|via\\=\\[\\[Internet Archive]]}}{{sfn\\\|Field\\\|Chowdhury\\\|2015\\\|p\\=500}}", "### Writing", "Initial writers included [John Cork](/wiki/John_Cork \"John Cork\"), Richard Smith, and novelist [Donald E. Westlake](/wiki/Donald_E._Westlake \"Donald E. Westlake\"). In 1995, Westlake wrote two story treatments in collaboration with Wilson, both of which featured a villain who planned to destroy Hong Kong with explosives on the eve of the city's July 1997 [transfer of sovereignty to China](/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong \"Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong\").{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Poggiali \\\|first\\=Philip \\\|title\\=Fall of the City: Bond 18 and Westlake \\\|magazine\\=MI6 Confidential \\\|issue\\=32 \\\|year\\=2015 \\\|pages\\=22–26}} Westlake used some of his ideas for a novel he completed the next year, though it was not published until 2017 under the title Forever and a Death. Director Spottiswoode said that, in January 1997, MGM had a script also focused on the Hong Kong handover; however, it could not be used for a film opening at the end of the year, so they had to start \"almost from scratch at T\\-minus zero!\"{{cite news \\\|first\\=Kevin \\\|last\\=Collette \\\|title\\=Yesterday's 'Tomorrow': Spottiswoode Interview \\\|url\\=http://www.ianfleming.org/mt\\_content/000180\\.html \\\| website\\=ianfleming.org \\\|date\\=10 April 2004\\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2007\\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20061115091611/http://www.ianfleming.org/mt\\_content/000180\\.html \\\|archive\\-date \\= 15 November 2006}}", "[Bruce Feirstein](/wiki/Bruce_Feirstein \"Bruce Feirstein\"), who worked on GoldenEye, wrote the initial script. He claimed that his inspiration was his own experience working with journalism and viewing both [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News \"Sky News\") and [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")'s [24\\-hour news](/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle \"24-hour news cycle\") coverage of the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"), stating that he aimed to \"write something that was grounded in a nightmare of reality.\"{{cite news \\\|first\\=Anthony C. \\\|last\\=Ferrante \\\|title\\=The Man with the Golden Pen \\\|url\\=http://www.eonmag.com/archive/9910/FEATURES/big\\_picture/bond\\_screenwriter\\_1/default\\-body.htm \\\|publisher\\=Eon Magazine \\\|date\\=October 1999 \\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2007 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000711140644/http://www.eonmag.com/archive/9910/features/big\\_picture/bond\\_screenwriter\\_1/features\\_frameset.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2000}}{{sfn\\\|Field\\\|Chowdhury\\\|2015\\\|p\\=499}} The script was handed to Spottiswoode, who then gathered seven Hollywood screenwriters in London to brainstorm, eventually choosing [Nicholas Meyer](/wiki/Nicholas_Meyer \"Nicholas Meyer\") to do rewrites. The script was also worked on by Dan Petrie Jr. and David Campbell Wilson before Feirstein was brought back for a final polish. Although Feirstein retained sole writing credit in the film and publicity materials, Meyer, Petrie and Wilson were given credit with Feirstein on the title page of the film's novelization by [Raymond Benson](/wiki/Raymond_Benson \"Raymond Benson\"). While many reviewers compared Elliot Carver to [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch \"Rupert Murdoch\"), Feirstein based the character on [Robert Maxwell](/wiki/Robert_Maxwell \"Robert Maxwell\"), with Carver's reported death bearing similarities to that of [Maxwell's](/wiki/Robert_Maxwell%23Death \"Robert Maxwell#Death\"); that is, \"Missing, presumed drowned, while on a cruise aboard his luxury yacht,\" as stated by M at the end of the film.{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Feirstein \\\|first\\=Bruce \\\|title\\=Bruce Feirstein: The Tao of Bond\\-Film Naming \\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Vanity Fair (magazine)\\\|Vanity Fair]] \\\|date\\=29 January 2008 \\\|url\\=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/01/bruce\\-feirste\\-2 \\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2016 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413170221/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/01/bruce\\-feirste\\-2 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, Spottiswoode himself said in a 2004 interview that \"Carver is Rupert Murdoch\".", "In the original script when Bond is set to parachute into Vietnam he is told by a CIA agent that “You know what will happen. It will be war. And maybe this time, maybe we’ll win”. [The Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") was embarrassed by this line and it was subsequently removed.{{cite book \\\|title\\=Hollywood and the CIA Cinema, Defense and Subversion \\\|date\\=2011 \\\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis \\\|page\\=12}}", "Wilson said, \"We didn't have a script that was ready to shoot on the first day of filming\", while Pierce Brosnan said, \"We had a script that was not functioning in certain areas.\"", "The title was inspired by [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\")' song \"[Tomorrow Never Knows](/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows \"Tomorrow Never Knows\")\". The eventual title came about by accident. One of the potential titles was Tomorrow Never Lies (referring to the Tomorrow newspaper in the plot), and this was [faxed](/wiki/Fax \"Fax\") to MGM. However, due to a misunderstanding by the fax recipient, it became Tomorrow Never Dies, a title MGM found so attractive that they insisted on using it. The title was the first not to have any relation to Fleming's life or work.", "### Casting", "[Teri Hatcher](/wiki/Teri_Hatcher \"Teri Hatcher\") was three months pregnant when shooting started, although her publicist stated the pregnancy did not affect the production schedule.{{cite news \\\|first\\=Elizabeth \\\|last\\=Johns \\\|title\\=Teri Hatcher Pregnant \\\|url\\=http://www.eonline.com/news/teri\\_hatcher\\_pregnant/34466 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[E!]] \\\|date\\=2 May 1997 \\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2007 \\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030008/http://www.eonline.com/news/Teri\\_Hatcher\\_Pregnant/34466 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} Hatcher later regretted playing Paris Carver, saying, \"It's such an artificial kind of character to be playing that you don't get any special satisfaction from it.\"{{cite news \\\|title\\=Live and let lie? \\\|url\\=http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/28112006/5/live\\-lie\\-0\\.html \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! News]] \\\|date\\=28 November 2008 \\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708025516/http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/28112006/5/live\\-lie\\-0\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2012 }} Actress [Sela Ward](/wiki/Sela_Ward \"Sela Ward\") auditioned for the role; the producers reportedly said they wanted her \"but ten years younger\".{{cite news \\\| url\\=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/csi\\_sela\\_juCROhLFbUv3MlblsBMk7H \\\| work\\=New York Post \\\| first\\=Robert \\\| last\\=Rorke \\\| title\\=CSI: Sela \\\| date\\=8 May 2011 \\\| access\\-date\\=18 October 2011 \\\| archive\\-date\\=10 August 2011 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810092850/http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/csi\\_sela\\_juCROhLFbUv3MlblsBMk7H \\\| url\\-status\\=live }} Hatcher, at 32, was seven years Ward's junior, and playing [Lois Lane](/wiki/Lois_Lane \"Lois Lane\") on the television show [Lois \\& Clark: The New Adventures of Superman](/wiki/Lois_%26_Clark:The_New_Adventures_of_Superman \"The New Adventures of Superman\"), where she was voted the \"Sexiest Woman on Television\" by readers of [TV Guide](/wiki/TV_Guide \"TV Guide\") the previous year.{{cite journal\\\|title\\=Playboy Interview: Pierce Brosnan\\\|volume\\=52\\\|issue\\=12\\\|pages\\=61–62\\+65–68\\+70\\\|first\\=Stephen\\\|last\\=Rebello\\\|url\\=http://commanderbond.net/2994/brosnan\\-bares\\-all\\-for\\-playboy.html\\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Playboy]]\\\|date\\=December 2005\\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2012\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806001249/http://commanderbond.net/2994/brosnan\\-bares\\-all\\-for\\-playboy.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Brosnan also [screen\\-tested](/wiki/Screen_test \"Screen test\") with Italian [Monica Bellucci](/wiki/Monica_Bellucci \"Monica Bellucci\"), but the studio maintained that the role could be given only to an American actress.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Larman \\\|first\\=Alexander \\\|author\\-link\\=Alexander Larman \\\|date\\=15 July 2017 \\\|title\\=James Bond's China conflict: is Tomorrow Never Dies the most chaotic, prophetic 007 film so far? \\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/why\\-tomorrow\\-never\\-dies\\-chaotic\\-prophetic\\-bond\\-film\\-ever\\-made/ \\\|url\\-status\\=live \\\|language\\=en\\-GB \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20221209193817/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/why\\-tomorrow\\-never\\-dies\\-chaotic\\-prophetic\\-bond\\-film\\-ever\\-made/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2022 \\\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2023 \\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} Brosnan remarked: \"The fools said no.\" [Daphne Deckers](/wiki/Daphne_Deckers \"Daphne Deckers\"), who portrays the PR woman, also confirms that she saw Bellucci the same day she herself auditioned.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/486410/daphne\\-deckers\\-ik\\-at\\-sateetjes\\-met\\-james\\-bond\\\|title\\=Daphne Deckers: 'Ik at sateetjes met James Bond'\\\|date\\=27 October 2015\\\|website\\=Telegraaf\\\|language\\=nl\\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2020\\\|archive\\-date\\=21 May 2021\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521100918/https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/486410/daphne\\-deckers\\-ik\\-at\\-sateetjes\\-met\\-james\\-bond\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Bellucci subsequently had a role in the 24th Bond film, [Spectre](/wiki/Spectre_%282015_film%29 \"Spectre (2015 film)\").", "The role of Elliot Carver was initially offered to [Anthony Hopkins](/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins \"Anthony Hopkins\") (who was also offered a role in GoldenEye), but he declined in favor of The Mask of Zorro.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Weiner\\\|first1\\=Rex\\\|last2\\=Dawtrey\\\|first2\\=Adam\\\|title\\=MGM's Completion Bond\\\|url\\=https://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/mgm\\-s\\-completion\\-bond\\-1117436166/\\\|work\\=Variety\\\|date\\=30 December 1996\\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2016\\\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2016\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427203455/http://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/mgm\\-s\\-completion\\-bond\\-1117436166/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Production Notes – Tomorrow Never Dies\\\|url\\=http://www.mi6\\-hq.com/sections/movies/tnd\\_production.php3?t\\=tnd\\&s\\=tnd\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[MI6\\-HQ.com]]\\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2007\\\|archive\\-date\\=18 December 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218151252/http://www.mi6\\-hq.com/sections/movies/tnd\\_production.php3?t\\=tnd\\&s\\=tnd\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[Natasha Henstridge](/wiki/Natasha_Henstridge \"Natasha Henstridge\") was rumoured as cast in the lead Bond Girl role,{{cite news \\\|first\\=Amy \\\|last\\=Ferguson \\\|title\\=Back in Action \\\|url\\=http://www.tribute.ca/tribute/0901/cover\\_story.htm \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718210831/http://www.tribute.ca/tribute/0901/cover\\_story.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2006\\\|publisher\\=Tribute \\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2007}} but eventually, Yeoh was confirmed. Brosnan was impressed, describing her as a \"wonderful actress\" who was \"serious and committed about her work\".{{cite news \\\|first\\=David \\\|last\\=Cohen \\\|title\\=Bond girl Yeoh gets licence to thrill 007 \\\|url\\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\\.html\\#yeoh \\\|work\\=\\[\\[South China Morning Post]] \\\|date\\=11 February 1997 \\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210445/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\\.html\\#yeoh \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2006 }} She reportedly wanted to perform her own stunts, but was prevented because director Spottiswoode ruled it too dangerous and prohibited by insurance restrictions.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Bond Leading Lady Won't Do Stunts \\\|url\\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\\.html\\#yeoh \\\|agency\\=Associated Press \\\|date\\=21 May 1997 \\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210445/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\\.html\\#yeoh \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2006 }}{{cite news\\\|title\\=Much More Than Just A Bond Girl\\\|url\\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews2\\.html\\#starburst\\\|work\\=\\[\\[South China Morning Post]]\\\|date\\=30 May 1997\\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2007\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215060635/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews2\\.html\\#starburst\\\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2012}}", "When [Götz Otto](/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Otto \"Götz Otto\") was called in for casting, his hair had been cropped short for a television role. He was given 20 seconds to introduce himself, but did it in five: \"I'm big, I'm bad, and I'm German.\"{{cite news\\\|title\\=Promi\\-Porträt: Götz Otto \\\|url\\=http://www.kwick.de/magazin/promi\\_portraet\\_goetz\\_otto\\_.9014\\.html \\\|publisher\\=kwick! \\\|date\\=20 October 2007 \\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022072341/http://www.kwick.de/magazin/promi\\_portraet\\_goetz\\_otto\\_.9014\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2007 }} {{Better source needed\\\|reason\\=Cited article notes (in German) that this \"a rumor that went around\", so possibly just a myth.\\\|date\\=June 2021}}", "### Filming", "[230px\\\|thumb\\\|A modified [BMW 7 Series](/wiki/BMW_7_Series_%28E38%29 \"BMW 7 Series (E38)\") car with a steering wheel on the back seat, seen at an exhibition at Museum Industriekultur, Nuremberg.](/wiki/File:Tomorrow_Never_Dies_-_BMW_750iL.jpg \"Tomorrow Never Dies - BMW 750iL.jpg\")", "With [Vic Armstrong](/wiki/Vic_Armstrong \"Vic Armstrong\") directing the [second unit](/wiki/Second_unit \"Second unit\"), filming of the $11 million{{cite episode \\\|title\\=L\\-39 Albatros \\\|series\\=Warbird Workshop \\\|network\\=UK TV \\\|station\\=Yesterday \\\|date\\=9 April 2020 \\\|series\\-no\\=1 \\\|number\\=6}} 4\\-minute pre\\-title sequence began on 18 January 1997 at [Peyresourde\\-Balatestas Airport](/wiki/Altiport_de_Peyresourde-Balestas \"Altiport de Peyresourde-Balestas\"), [Peyragudes](/wiki/Peyragudes \"Peyragudes\") in the [French Pyrenees](/wiki/French_Pyrenees \"French Pyrenees\"). The plane Bond is seen to purloin in the movie was a [Czech](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\")\\-built [Aero Vodochody](/wiki/Aero_Vodochody \"Aero Vodochody\") [L\\-39ZO Albatros](/wiki/Aero_L-39_Albatros \"Aero L-39 Albatros\") weapons [jet trainer](/wiki/Jet_trainer \"Jet trainer\"),{{cite web \\\|last\\=Lande \\\|first\\=David \\\|date\\=September 2008 \\\|title\\=Live and Let Fly \\\|url\\=https://www.airspacemag.com/history\\-of\\-flight/live\\-and\\-let\\-fly\\-442427/ \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Air \\& Space/Smithsonian\\\|Air \\& Space]] \\\|location\\=Washington \\\|url\\-status\\=live \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411020255/https://www.airspacemag.com/history\\-of\\-flight/live\\-and\\-let\\-fly\\-442427/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2019 \\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2020}}{{cite web \\\|last\\=Maskel \\\|first\\=Rebecca \\\|date\\=13 July 2008 \\\|title\\=The Airplanes of James Bond \\\|url\\=https://www.airspacemag.com/history\\-of\\-flight/the\\-airplanes\\-of\\-james\\-bond\\-349657/ \\\|website\\=Air \\& Space \\\|location\\=Washington \\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2020 \\\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024082909/https://www.airspacemag.com/history\\-of\\-flight/the\\-airplanes\\-of\\-james\\-bond\\-349657/ \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} supplied by a British company and flown by stunt pilots Tony \"Taff\" Smith and Mark (son of [Ray](/wiki/Ray_Hanna \"Ray Hanna\")) Hanna.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Real Aeroplane Company \\\|url\\=https://www.realaero.com/company.htm \\\|website\\=Breighton Aerodrome \\\|url\\-status\\=live \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222234503/https://www.realaero.com/company.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2019 \\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2020}} After completing work in France, the second unit moved on to [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth \"Portsmouth\") to film the scenes where the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") prepares to engage the Chinese, with {{HMS\\\|Westminster\\\|F237}} standing in for the various fictional [Type 23 Frigates](/wiki/Type_23_Frigate \"Type 23 Frigate\") in the story. The main unit began filming on 1 April. They were unable to use [Leavesden Studios](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios%2C_Leavesden \"Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden\"), which they had constructed from an abandoned [Rolls\\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited \"Rolls-Royce Limited\") factory for GoldenEye, as [George Lucas](/wiki/George_Lucas \"George Lucas\") was using it for [Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace](/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace \"Episode I – The Phantom Menace\"), so instead they constructed [sound stages](/wiki/Sound_stage \"Sound stage\") in another derelict industrial site nearby. They also used the [007 Stage](/wiki/007_Stage \"007 Stage\") at [Pinewood Studios](/wiki/Pinewood_Studios \"Pinewood Studios\"), the usual site for the Bond films since its inception, making it the first Bond film since [The Living Daylights](/wiki/The_Living_Daylights \"The Living Daylights\") that was filmed there, as well as [Elstree Studios](/wiki/Elstree_Studios \"Elstree Studios\"). The scene at the \"U.S. Air Base in the South China Sea\" where Bond hands over the GPS encoder was actually filmed in the area known as Blue Section at [RAF Lakenheath](/wiki/RAF_Lakenheath \"RAF Lakenheath\"). The sea landing used the vast tank built for [Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 \"Titanic (1997 film)\") in [Rosarito](/wiki/Rosarito_Beach \"Rosarito Beach\"), [Baja California](/wiki/Baja_California \"Baja California\"). The [MH\\-53J](/wiki/MH-53J \"MH-53J\") in the film was from the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force \"US Air Force\")'s [352d Special Operations Group](/wiki/352d_Special_Operations_Group \"352d Special Operations Group\") at [RAF Mildenhall](/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall \"RAF Mildenhall\").", "Some scenes were planned to be filmed on location in [Ho Chi Minh City](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City \"Ho Chi Minh City\"), and the production had been granted a visa. It would have been the first major film to be shot in Vietnam since the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). However, the visa was later rescinded by Vietnamese Prime Minister [Võ Văn Kiệt](/wiki/V%C3%B5_V%C4%83n_Ki%E1%BB%87t \"Võ Văn Kiệt\") two months after planning had begun, forcing filming to move to [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok \"Bangkok\").{{sfn\\\|Field\\\|Chowdhury\\\|2015\\\|pp\\=508–509}} Bond spokesman Gordon Arnell claimed the Vietnamese were unhappy with crew and equipment needed for [pyrotechnics](/wiki/Pyrotechnics \"Pyrotechnics\"), with a Vietnamese official saying it was due to \"many complicated reasons\".{{cite news \\\|author\\=Rush and Molloy \\\|title\\=China Resists Western Efforts to Bond \\\|url\\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\\.html\\#yeoh \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily News (New York)\\\|Daily News]] \\\|date\\=10 March 1997 \\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210445/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\\.html\\#yeoh \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2006 }} [Anthony Waye](/wiki/Anthony_Waye \"Anthony Waye\") says he believed the decision was caused after Vietnam's [Communist](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam \"Communist Party of Vietnam\") government had viewed the opening credits of GoldenEye, which featured \"semi\\-naked ladies smashing up [hammer\\-and\\-sickle](/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle \"Hammer and sickle\") emblems with sledgehammers, illustrating the [fall of communism](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989 \"Revolutions of 1989\").\"{{sfn\\\|Field\\\|Chowdhury\\\|2015\\\|pp\\=508–509}} Two locations from previous Bond films were used: Brosnan and Hatcher's love scene was filmed at [Stoke Park](/wiki/Stoke_Park%2C_Buckinghamshire \"Stoke Park, Buckinghamshire\"), which had been featured in [Goldfinger](/wiki/Goldfinger_%28film%29 \"Goldfinger (film)\"), and the bay where they search for Carver's stealth boat is [Phang Nga Bay](/wiki/Phang_Nga_Bay \"Phang Nga Bay\"), previously used for [The Man with the Golden Gun](/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_%28film%29 \"The Man with the Golden Gun (film)\").", "The exterior of Elliot Carver's CMGN Hamburg HQ was filmed at the IBM Building in [Bedfont Lakes](/wiki/Bedfont_Lakes_Country_Park \"Bedfont Lakes Country Park\"), Feltham, whilst Harmsworth Quays Printers Ltd in Surrey Quays, Rotherhithe, doubled for the interior of the Hamburg print facility.{{cn\\\|date\\=July 2024}}", "Spottiswoode tried to innovate in the action scenes. Since the director felt that after the tank chase in GoldenEye he could not use a bigger vehicle, a scene with Bond and Wai Lin on a [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") motorcycle was created. Another innovation was the remote\\-controlled car, which had no visible driver – an effect achieved by adapting a [BMW 750i](/wiki/BMW_7_Series_%28E38%29 \"BMW 7 Series (E38)\") to put the steering wheel on the back seat.{{cite AV media \\\|title\\=Highly Classified: The World of 007 \\\|type\\=Documentary bonus feature \\\|location\\=''Tomorrow Never Dies'': Ultimate Edition \\\|at\\=Disk 2 \\\|publisher\\=MGM Home Entertainment}} The [car chase](/wiki/Car_chase \"Car chase\") sequence with the 750i took three weeks to film, with [Brent Cross](/wiki/Brent_Cross \"Brent Cross\") car park being used to simulate [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"), although the final leap was filmed on location.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Tomorrow Never Dies filming locations \\\|url\\=http://www.movie\\-locations.com/movies/t/tomorrownever.html \\\|publisher\\=movielocations.com \\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2007 \\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817032752/http://movie\\-locations.com/movies/t/tomorrownever.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} A stunt involving setting fire to three vehicles produced more smoke than anticipated, causing a member of the public to call the [fire brigade](/wiki/Fire_brigade \"Fire brigade\").{{cite news \\\|first\\=Judith \\\|last\\=Keeling \\\|title\\=Bond Goes Down A Bomb in Brent Cross \\\|url\\=http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\\.html\\#yeoh \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Evening Standard]] \\\|date\\=17 June 1997 \\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210445/http://www.klast.net/bond/tndnews1\\.html\\#yeoh \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2006}} The upwards camera angle filming the [HALO jump](/wiki/HALO_jump \"HALO jump\") created the illusion of having the stuntman opening its parachute close to the water.{{cite AV media \\\|section\\=Double\\-O Stuntmen \\\|title\\=''The Man with the Golden Gun'' Ultimate Edition \\\|at\\=Disk 2 \\\|publisher\\=MGM Home Entertainment \\\|medium\\=DVD}}", "Spottiswoode did not return to direct the next film; he said the producers asked him, but he was too tired. Brosnan and Hatcher were reported to have feuded briefly during filming due to her arriving late onto the set one day. The matter was quickly resolved, though, and Brosnan apologised to Hatcher after realising she was pregnant and was late for that reason.", "Tomorrow Never Dies marked the first appearance of the [Walther P99](/wiki/Walther_P99 \"Walther P99\") as Bond's pistol. It replaced the [Walther PPK](/wiki/Walther_PPK \"Walther PPK\") that the character had carried in every Eon Bond film since [Dr. No](/wiki/Dr._No_%28film%29 \"Dr. No (film)\") in 1962, with the exception of [Moonraker](/wiki/Moonraker_%28film%29 \"Moonraker (film)\") in which Bond was not seen with a pistol. Walther wanted to debut its new firearm in a Bond film, which had been one of its most visible endorsers. Previously, the [P5](/wiki/Walther_P5 \"Walther P5\") was introduced in [Octopussy](/wiki/Octopussy_%28film%29 \"Octopussy (film)\"). Bond would use the P99 until [Daniel Craig](/wiki/Daniel_Craig \"Daniel Craig\") reverted to the PPK as 007 in [Quantum of Solace](/wiki/Quantum_of_Solace_%28film%29 \"Quantum of Solace (film)\") in 2008\\.", "### Music", "{{main\\\|Tomorrow Never Dies (soundtrack)}}", "Prolific composer [John Barry](/wiki/John_Barry_%28composer%29 \"John Barry (composer)\") was in talks to return to the James Bond films for the first time in a decade but could not reach an agreement over his salary, according to his then\\-agent Richard Kraft.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://perspectiveforum.net/2016/05/22/the\\-beyondness\\-of\\-things\\-my\\-bittersweet\\-relationship\\-with\\-barry\\-john\\-barry/ \\\|title\\=The Beyondness of Things: My Bittersweet Relationship with Barry. John Barry \\\|last\\=Kraft \\\|first\\=Richard \\\|date\\=22 May 2016 \\\|website\\=Perspective Forum \\\|language\\=en\\-GB \\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2020 \\\|archive\\-date\\=26 December 2019 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226143131/https://perspectiveforum.net/2016/05/22/the\\-beyondness\\-of\\-things\\-my\\-bittersweet\\-relationship\\-with\\-barry\\-john\\-barry/ \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} Barbara Broccoli subsequently chose [David Arnold](/wiki/David_Arnold \"David Arnold\") to score Tomorrow Never Dies on a recommendation from Barry.{{cite AV media \\\|people\\=Macnee, Patrick (Narrator) \\\|title\\=The Bond Sound: The Music of 007 \\\|type\\=Documentary \\\|publisher\\=MGM Home Entertainment \\\|year\\=2000}} Arnold had come to Barry's attention through his successful cover interpretations in [Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project](/wiki/Shaken_and_Stirred:The_David_Arnold_James_Bond_Project \"The David Arnold James Bond Project\"), which featured major artists performing the former James Bond title songs in new arrangements. Arnold said that his score aimed for \"a classic sound but \\[with] a modern approach\", combining [techno music](/wiki/Techno_music \"Techno music\") with a recognisably Barry\\-inspired \"classic Bond\" sound—notably Arnold borrowed from Barry's score for [From Russia with Love](/wiki/From_Russia_with_Love_%28film%29 \"From Russia with Love (film)\"). The score was done across a period of six months, with Arnold writing music and revising previous pieces as he received edited footage of the film.{{cite news \\\|first\\=Jon \\\|last\\=Burlingame \\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1997\\-dec\\-18\\-ca\\-65184\\-story.html \\\|title\\=Bonding With the Score \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\\|date\\=18 December 1997 \\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2011 \\\|url\\-access\\=limited \\\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508140829/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1997\\-dec\\-18\\-ca\\-65184\\-story.html \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} The music for the indoor car chase sequence was co\\-written with the band [Propellerheads](/wiki/Propellerheads \"Propellerheads\"), who had worked with Arnold on Shaken and Stirred. The soundtrack was well\\-received by critics with Christian Clemmensen of [Filmtracks](/wiki/Filmtracks.com \"Filmtracks.com\") describing it as \"an excellent tribute to the entire series of Bond score\".{{cite web \\\|last\\=Clemmensen \\\|first\\=Christian \\\|url\\=http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/tomorrow\\_never.html \\\|title\\=Review of Original Album \\\|website\\=Filmtracks \\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2007 \\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818135843/http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/tomorrow\\_never.html \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "At first, the theme song was to be written by Arnold himself, with the help of lyricist [Don Black](/wiki/Don_Black_%28lyricist%29 \"Don Black (lyricist)\") and singer\\-songwriter [David McAlmont](/wiki/David_McAlmont \"David McAlmont\"), who recorded the demo. However, MGM wanted a more popular artist, and invited various singers to write songs before one was picked through a competitive process.{{cite book\\\|author\\=Burlingame, Jon\\\|title\\=The Music of James Bond\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/musicjamesbond00burl\\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\\|chapter\\=5: Casino Royale (1967\\)\\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/musicjamesbond00burl/page/n220 211]–213\\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\\|year\\=2012\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-199\\-98676\\-7\\\|via\\=Internet Archive}} There were around twelve submissions, including songs from [Swan Lee](/wiki/Swan_Lee \"Swan Lee\"), [Pulp](/wiki/Pulp_%28band%29 \"Pulp (band)\"), [Saint Etienne](/wiki/Saint_Etienne_%28band%29 \"Saint Etienne (band)\"), [Marc Almond](/wiki/Marc_Almond \"Marc Almond\"), and [Sheryl Crow](/wiki/Sheryl_Crow \"Sheryl Crow\").{{cite AV media \\\|year\\=2006 \\\|title\\=James Bond's Greatest Hits \\\|medium\\=Television \\\|location\\=United Kingdom \\\|publisher\\=North One Television}} [Crow's song](/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies_%28song%29 \"Tomorrow Never Dies (song)\") was chosen for the main titles. Arnold's composition, \"Surrender\", performed by [k.d. lang](/wiki/K.d._lang \"K.d. lang\"), was still used for the end titles, and features the same prominent melodic motif as the film's score. This was the fourth Bond film to have different opening and closing songs. Pulp's effort was re\\-titled as \"Tomorrow Never Lies\" and appeared as a b\\-side on their 1997 single \"[Help The Aged](/wiki/Help_the_Aged_%28song%29 \"Help the Aged (song)\")\". The original \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" rough mix of the song was eventually released on the bonus disc of the [This Is Hardcore](/wiki/This_Is_Hardcore \"This Is Hardcore\") deluxe edition in 2006\\. [Moby](/wiki/Moby \"Moby\") created a remake of the \"[James Bond Theme](/wiki/James_Bond_Theme \"James Bond Theme\")\" to be used for the movie. Two different versions of the soundtrack album were released, the first featuring only music from the first half of the film, and the second rectifying this but cutting several tracks, including the songs, to make room for the missing score tracks. In 2022 La La Land Records releases a two\\-disc expanded and limited edition of the complete score by Arnold.", "" ]
Section 2 \- Evasion of liability by deception ---------------------------------------------- This section created the offence of [evasion of liability by deception](/wiki/Evasion_of_liability_by_deception "Evasion of liability by deception"). It was repealed on 15 January 2007 by Schedule 3 to the [Fraud Act 2006](/wiki/Fraud_Act_2006 "Fraud Act 2006"). It read: (1\) Subject to subsection (2\) below, where a person by any deception (a) dishonestly secures the remission of the whole or part of any existing liability to make a payment, whether his own liability or another's; or (b) with intent to make permanent default in whole or in part on any existing liability to make a payment, or with intent to let another do so, dishonestly induces the creditor or any person claiming payment on behalf of the creditor to wait for payment (whether or not the due date for payment is deferred) or to forgo payment; or (c) dishonestly obtains any exemption from or abatement of liability to make a payment; he shall be guilty of an offence. (2\) For the purposes of this section 'liability' means legally enforceable liability; and subsection (1\) shall not apply in relation to a liability that has not been accepted or established to pay compensation for a wrongful act or omission." (3\) For purposes of subsection (1\)(b) a person induced to take in payment a cheque or other security for money by way of conditional satisfaction of a pre\-existing liability is to be treated not as being paid but as being induced to wait for payment. (4\) For purposes of subsection (1\)(c) "obtains" includes obtaining for another or enabling another to obtain. Section 2(1\) is divided into three parts, all of which require that both a deception caused the obtaining, which may be for oneself or for another, and that there is a legally enforceable liability. All three also require proof that the creditor is deceived into releasing the defendant from the obligation to pay in some way. (Contrast the previous law represented by Director of Public Prosecutions v RayDirector of Public Prosecutions v Ray \[1974] AC 370, \[1973] 3 WLR 359, \[1973] 3 All ER 131, 117 SJ 663, 58 Cr App R 130, [sub nom](/wiki/Sub_nom "Sub nom") Ray v Sempers \[1974] Crim LR 181, HL, reversing sub nom Ray v Sempers \[1973] 1 WLR 317 which, for policy reasons, held that merely running out of a restaurant without positively deceiving someone was nevertheless an offence. As to the meaning of the words "with intent to make permanent default in whole or in part of any existing liability to make a payment" in section 2(1\)(b), see R v Attewell\-Hughes \[1991] 1 WLR 955, \[1991] 4 All ER 810, 93 Cr App R 132, \[1991] Crim LR 437, CA. See also R v Andrews and Hedges \[1981] Crim LR 106\. Liability for offences by corporations Section 18 of the [Theft Act 1968](/wiki/Theft_Act_1968 "Theft Act 1968") applied in relation to this section as it applied in relation to section 15 of the Theft Act 1968\.The Theft Act 1978, section 5(1\) ### Remission of a debt Section 2(1\)(a) covers the deception that dishonestly secures the remission of the whole or part of an existing liability to make a payment. Unlike the other two subsections, this requires that the victim knows a liability exists, and knows how much they are remitting. It does not cover situations where the defendant tricks the victim into believing that no money is owed (sections 2(1\)(b) and (c) do cover this situation). If A borrows £50 from B and, when repayment is due, claims that a change of circumstances makes it impossible for him to repay some or all of the money; this deception persuades B to forgive the loan, or to accept £10 in full satisfaction.CLRC 1977, para. 13 In R v Jackson,\[1983] Crim LR 617, 147 JP 715, CA Jackson tendered a stolen credit card to pay for petrol and other goods, and it was accepted by a trader, who then looked to the issuing credit card company for payment and not to the person tendering the card. This was held to dishonestly secure the remission of an existing liability and Jackson was convicted. For these purposes, the existing liability to make a payment may be the defendant's own liability or another's. The provisions of section 2(2\) clarify that section 2(1\) does not apply where the liability has not been "accepted or established to pay compensation for a wrongful act or omission". This avoids the criminal law being a default liability for civil proceedings. Thus, if X lies about an accident to avoid a claim of [negligence](/wiki/Negligence "Negligence"), no offence is committed. The claimant can commence civil proceedings once the deception is discovered.CLRC 1977, para. 16 ### Delaying payment of a debt Like section 2(1\)(a), this requires an existing liability to make payment but, unlike (a), it does not require that the creditor knows they are "letting the defendant off". In R v Holt and Lee,R v Holt and Lee \[1981] 1 WLR 1000, \[1981] 2 All ER 854, 125 SJ 373, 73 Cr App R 96, \[1981] Crim LR 499, CA the defendants ate a meal in a restaurant that cost £3\.65\. When presented with the bill, they claimed another waitress had already taken a £5 note from the table. Unfortunately, an off\-duty policeman had overheard their planning. They were both convicted of an attempt by deception to induce the creditor to forego payment with intent to make permanent default. Their appeal against conviction was dismissed. The section is also concerned with dishonestly inducing a creditor to wait for payment. In many circumstances, this means that sections 2(1\)(a) and (b) will overlap, but there are also situations in which they do not. Thus, creditors who remit will also forgo. A particular instance of "wait for payment" is provided by section 2(3\), which was a necessary amendment because of the general principle that accepting a cheque (even a worthless cheque) as the means of payment, means that, until the creditor receives notice that the cheque has been dishonoured, they stop seeking payment: see R v Hammond.R v Hammond \[1982] Crim LR 611, CA Section 2(3\) provides that a person induced to take a cheque or other security for money by way of conditional satisfaction of an existing liability is to be treated not as being paid but as being induced to wait for payment. As mens rea, the defendant must make the deception with intent to make permanent default in whole or in part on any existing liability to make a payment of his own, or with intent to let another do so. ### Avoiding incurring a debt For there to be an offence under section 2(1\)(c) there must be dishonesty and a deception that obtains some exemption from or abatement of liability to make a payment. Because both sections 2(1\)(a) and (b) require an "existing" liability to pay, they do not cover situations where the point of the deception is to prevent a liability from arising in the future. Section 2(1\)(c) would apply when a person flags down a taxi and claims only to have £5\. The driver agrees to carry the passenger to the destination for this amount. The contract is made for a reduced amount, which is an "abatement" for these purposes. If the driver agreed to carry for no charge, this would be an "exemption". The [Criminal Law Revision Committee](/wiki/Criminal_Law_Revision_Committee "Criminal Law Revision Committee") (CLRC) gave examples where the defendant dishonestly obtained a rate rebate or a reduction in rent for the future. Another example would be waving a credit card at a ticket collector at a railway station to avoid having to pay to board the train. In roader than previous two offences as not limited to existing liabilities. In R v Firth,R v Firth, 91 Cr App R 217, \[1990] Crim LR 326, CA the defendant failed to tell the NHS that patients using NHS facilities were in fact private patients thereby obtaining facilities without payment (an example of an [omission](/wiki/Omission_%28criminal_law%29 "Omission (criminal law)") or silence constituting the deception). In R v Sibartie \[1983] Crim LR 470, CA, the defendant was convicted of attempting section 2(1\)(c) when he deceived a ticket collector on the underground into believing that he had paid for the whole of his journey. In fact, he had only purchased tickets for the first few and last few stations in his journey. The court of first instance said that that was a dishonest attempt to obtain an exemption from the liability to pay the excess. On appeal, it was argued that this was an attempt to induce the creditor to forgo payment of part under section 2(1\)(b). The Court of Appeal held that although this illustrated the overlap between section 2(1\)(b) and section 2(1\)(c), it did not make liability under section 2(1\)(c) wrong. ### Mode of trial and sentence This offence was triable [either way](/wiki/Hybrid_offence "Hybrid offence").The Theft Act 1978, section 4(1\) A person guilty of this offence was liable, on [conviction](/wiki/Conviction "Conviction") on [indictment](/wiki/Indictment "Indictment") to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years,The Theft Act 1978, section 4(2\)(a) or, on [summary conviction](/wiki/Summary_conviction "Summary conviction"), to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a fine not exceeding the [prescribed sum](/wiki/Prescribed_sum "Prescribed sum"), or to both.The Theft Act 1978, section 4(3\)	[ "Section 2 \\- Evasion of liability by deception\n----------------------------------------------", "This section created the offence of [evasion of liability by deception](/wiki/Evasion_of_liability_by_deception \"Evasion of liability by deception\"). It was repealed on 15 January 2007 by Schedule 3 to the [Fraud Act 2006](/wiki/Fraud_Act_2006 \"Fraud Act 2006\"). It read:\n(1\\) Subject to subsection (2\\) below, where a person by any deception\n(a) dishonestly secures the remission of the whole or part of any existing liability to make a payment, whether his own liability or another's; or\n(b) with intent to make permanent default in whole or in part on any existing liability to make a payment, or with intent to let another do so, dishonestly induces the creditor or any person claiming payment on behalf of the creditor to wait for payment (whether or not the due date for payment is deferred) or to forgo payment; or\n(c) dishonestly obtains any exemption from or abatement of liability to make a payment;\nhe shall be guilty of an offence.\n(2\\) For the purposes of this section 'liability' means legally enforceable liability; and subsection (1\\) shall not apply in relation to a liability that has not been accepted or established to pay compensation for a wrongful act or omission.\"\n(3\\) For purposes of subsection (1\\)(b) a person induced to take in payment a cheque or other security for money by way of conditional satisfaction of a pre\\-existing liability is to be treated not as being paid but as being induced to wait for payment.\n(4\\) For purposes of subsection (1\\)(c) \"obtains\" includes obtaining for another or enabling another to obtain.", "Section 2(1\\) is divided into three parts, all of which require that both a deception caused the obtaining, which may be for oneself or for another, and that there is a legally enforceable liability. All three also require proof that the creditor is deceived into releasing the defendant from the obligation to pay in some way. (Contrast the previous law represented by Director of Public Prosecutions v RayDirector of Public Prosecutions v Ray \\[1974] AC 370, \\[1973] 3 WLR 359, \\[1973] 3 All ER 131, 117 SJ 663, 58 Cr App R 130, [sub nom](/wiki/Sub_nom \"Sub nom\") Ray v Sempers \\[1974] Crim LR 181, HL, reversing sub nom Ray v Sempers \\[1973] 1 WLR 317 which, for policy reasons, held that merely running out of a restaurant without positively deceiving someone was nevertheless an offence.", "As to the meaning of the words \"with intent to make permanent default in whole or in part of any existing liability to make a payment\" in section 2(1\\)(b), see R v Attewell\\-Hughes \\[1991] 1 WLR 955, \\[1991] 4 All ER 810, 93 Cr App R 132, \\[1991] Crim LR 437, CA.", "See also R v Andrews and Hedges \\[1981] Crim LR 106\\.", "Liability for offences by corporations", "Section 18 of the [Theft Act 1968](/wiki/Theft_Act_1968 \"Theft Act 1968\") applied in relation to this section as it applied in relation to section 15 of the Theft Act 1968\\.The Theft Act 1978, section 5(1\\)", "### Remission of a debt", "Section 2(1\\)(a) covers the deception that dishonestly secures the remission of the whole or part of an existing liability to make a payment. Unlike the other two subsections, this requires that the victim knows a liability exists, and knows how much they are remitting. It does not cover situations where the defendant tricks the victim into believing that no money is owed (sections 2(1\\)(b) and (c) do cover this situation). If A borrows £50 from B and, when repayment is due, claims that a change of circumstances makes it impossible for him to repay some or all of the money; this deception persuades B to forgive the loan, or to accept £10 in full satisfaction.CLRC 1977, para. 13 In R v Jackson,\\[1983] Crim LR 617, 147 JP 715, CA Jackson tendered a stolen credit card to pay for petrol and other goods, and it was accepted by a trader, who then looked to the issuing credit card company for payment and not to the person tendering the card. This was held to dishonestly secure the remission of an existing liability and Jackson was convicted. For these purposes, the existing liability to make a payment may be the defendant's own liability or another's.", "The provisions of section 2(2\\) clarify that section 2(1\\) does not apply where the liability has not been \"accepted or established to pay compensation for a wrongful act or omission\". This avoids the criminal law being a default liability for civil proceedings. Thus, if X lies about an accident to avoid a claim of [negligence](/wiki/Negligence \"Negligence\"), no offence is committed. The claimant can commence civil proceedings once the deception is discovered.CLRC 1977, para. 16", "### Delaying payment of a debt", "Like section 2(1\\)(a), this requires an existing liability to make payment but, unlike (a), it does not require that the creditor knows they are \"letting the defendant off\". In R v Holt and Lee,R v Holt and Lee \\[1981] 1 WLR 1000, \\[1981] 2 All ER 854, 125 SJ 373, 73 Cr App R 96, \\[1981] Crim LR 499, CA the defendants ate a meal in a restaurant that cost £3\\.65\\. When presented with the bill, they claimed another waitress had already taken a £5 note from the table. Unfortunately, an off\\-duty policeman had overheard their planning. They were both convicted of an attempt by deception to induce the creditor to forego payment with intent to make permanent default. Their appeal against conviction was dismissed. The section is also concerned with dishonestly inducing a creditor to wait for payment. In many circumstances, this means that sections 2(1\\)(a) and (b) will overlap, but there are also situations in which they do not. Thus, creditors who remit will also forgo.", "A particular instance of \"wait for payment\" is provided by section 2(3\\), which was a necessary amendment because of the general principle that accepting a cheque (even a worthless cheque) as the means of payment, means that, until the creditor receives notice that the cheque has been dishonoured, they stop seeking payment: see R v Hammond.R v Hammond \\[1982] Crim LR 611, CA Section 2(3\\) provides that a person induced to take a cheque or other security for money by way of conditional satisfaction of an existing liability is to be treated not as being paid but as being induced to wait for payment. As mens rea, the defendant must make the deception with intent to make permanent default in whole or in part on any existing liability to make a payment of his own, or with intent to let another do so.", "### Avoiding incurring a debt", "For there to be an offence under section 2(1\\)(c) there must be dishonesty and a deception that obtains some exemption from or abatement of liability to make a payment. Because both sections 2(1\\)(a) and (b) require an \"existing\" liability to pay, they do not cover situations where the point of the deception is to prevent a liability from arising in the future. Section 2(1\\)(c) would apply when a person flags down a taxi and claims only to have £5\\. The driver agrees to carry the passenger to the destination for this amount. The contract is made for a reduced amount, which is an \"abatement\" for these purposes. If the driver agreed to carry for no charge, this would be an \"exemption\". The [Criminal Law Revision Committee](/wiki/Criminal_Law_Revision_Committee \"Criminal Law Revision Committee\") (CLRC) gave examples where the defendant dishonestly obtained a rate rebate or a reduction in rent for the future. Another example would be waving a credit card at a ticket collector at a railway station to avoid having to pay to board the train. In roader than previous two offences as not limited to existing liabilities. In R v Firth,R v Firth, 91 Cr App R 217, \\[1990] Crim LR 326, CA the defendant failed to tell the NHS that patients using NHS facilities were in fact private patients thereby obtaining facilities without payment (an example of an [omission](/wiki/Omission_%28criminal_law%29 \"Omission (criminal law)\") or silence constituting the deception). In R v Sibartie \\[1983] Crim LR 470, CA, the defendant was convicted of attempting section 2(1\\)(c) when he deceived a ticket collector on the underground into believing that he had paid for the whole of his journey. In fact, he had only purchased tickets for the first few and last few stations in his journey. The court of first instance said that that was a dishonest attempt to obtain an exemption from the liability to pay the excess. On appeal, it was argued that this was an attempt to induce the creditor to forgo payment of part under section 2(1\\)(b). The Court of Appeal held that although this illustrated the overlap between section 2(1\\)(b) and section 2(1\\)(c), it did not make liability under section 2(1\\)(c) wrong.", "### Mode of trial and sentence", "This offence was triable [either way](/wiki/Hybrid_offence \"Hybrid offence\").The Theft Act 1978, section 4(1\\) A person guilty of this offence was liable, on [conviction](/wiki/Conviction \"Conviction\") on [indictment](/wiki/Indictment \"Indictment\") to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years,The Theft Act 1978, section 4(2\\)(a) or, on [summary conviction](/wiki/Summary_conviction \"Summary conviction\"), to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a fine not exceeding the [prescribed sum](/wiki/Prescribed_sum \"Prescribed sum\"), or to both.The Theft Act 1978, section 4(3\\)", "" ]
Plot ---- ### Thrimurthy Mahadevayya is a businessman who has lost his wealth by gambling, where he approaches his old friend, Rajaram, on the day of his only daughter Prema's birthday celebration to ask for a sum of {{INRConvert\\|2\\|l}}. When the latter refuses, Mahadevayya threatens him of dire consequences. On the same day, Rajaram's nephew, Shrikanth threatens to destroy his life if he doesn't conduct his marriage with Prema in a week's time. After the party ends, a dispirited Rajaram receives a phone call from an anonymous caller, who threatens to provide {{INRConvert\\|2\\|l}} within a week's time in exchange for Prema's life. While discussing about these incidents, the family receives a surprise in the form of [CID](/wiki/Crime_investigation_Department "Crime investigation Department") [Inspector](/wiki/Inspector_of_Police "Inspector of Police") Vijay, who claims to have been sent to solve the mystery and volunteers to stay in the home with a different identity to catch the culprit, where he develops a liking for Prema and soon they fall in love with each other. When Rajaram receives a few more such threatening phone calls, Vijay reveals that the prime suspects are Mahadevayya, Shrikanth and Rajaram's servant (who was caught handing over money to a notorious thug). On the night when Rajaram is to give the ransom, Vijay asks the family to lock themselves in a bedroom and only come out the next morning. The next morning they come out to see the servant tied up. They find a notice from Vijay, who reveals that he was responsible for the confusion and that he has fled with some important documents. ### Undoo Hoda Kondoo Hoda A successful businessman from [Mercara town](/wiki/Mercara "Mercara"), Seetharamaiah, is blackmailed by Shekhar, a [hippie](/wiki/Hippie "Hippie"), and brother of Shakuntala, a young girl who was molested and impregnated by the former. Shekhar coerces him to grant a monthly salary of {{INRConvert\\|2500\\|r}} in addition to a comfortable stay in his house as his multi\-millionaire friend's son. Seetharamaiah's wife is impressed by Shekhar, who in turn decides to choose him as a groom for her only daughter Bhaama, who however loves a professor from [Mysore](/wiki/Mysore "Mysore"). Shekhar, who learns this fact asks her to consider him as his older brother and vows to conduct her marriage with her lover. He further persuades her to take him to Mysore the next day itself. The next day, Bhaama picks up Shekhar, whose behaviour changes on the way. Learning from a previous incident that Bhaama has developed an immense fear for knives, he uses one to make her unconscious and kidnaps her. ### Aalaagaballava Arasaagaballa Sridhar, the elder son of a widowed landlord, runs away from his native after being harshly punished by his father causing the landlord to remarry to ensure maternal affection for his younger son, Giridhar. Years later, Sridhar returns from [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi "Delhi") as an arrogant and spoilt young man who has no respect for fellow human beings and considers his step\-mother, Savitri, as his nemesis much to the anger of Giridhar who loves her. Sridhar wishes to get his share of property which ends in minor disputes between the brothers. During one such dispute, Sridhar is stabbed to death and Giridhar is arrested since the knife had his fingerprints. Despite his pleas, the court refuses to believe him and awards him death sentence. Deeply affected by the turn of events Savitri relocates to the house of her husband's friend in [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore") where she runs across its caretaker, Seshgiri, who happens to be an old servant of her husband. After receiving a [trunk call](/wiki/Trunk_call "Trunk call") from her lawyer, they travel to the nearby private hospital and gets to know that Giridhar got a mild [stroke](/wiki/Heart_attack "Heart attack") the day before. She explains the things to Seshgiri. The next day they receive a letter from a woman named Rani who addresses herself as the wife of Sridhar who is unaware of her husband's death. After revealing the news of her husband's death, Savitri decides to transfer the wealth to her name. However, when they go for a walk the next day a man from Mercara recognises Rani as Shakuntala. Despite her claims of it being a case of mistaken identity, Seshgiri smells something fishy and asks her to bring her elder brother who resides in Mercara to prove her identity. Savitri's brother happens to be Seetharam who is upset over his daughter's disappearance. He is surprised to know that the woman claiming to be Rani is indeed Shakuntala, whom he had molested a few years back but doesn't reveal the truth after she secretly informs Seetharam that his daughter, Bhaama is under her custody. The next day, after collecting the address of Bhaama's residence, Seetharam travels to that house only to meet Shekhar. Suddenly, Bhaama appears from a room refusing to go with him since she believes he has some role in the death of Sridhar. In a flashback it is revealed that someone threw a knife at Sridhar thereby killing him which was supervised by Seetharam from a safe distance. The entire incidents were witnessed by Bhaama causing her to develop fear for knives. Coming to the present, Shekhar sends him back after mentioning about how he also knows about Seetharam's elder brother's involvement in the murder. Upon returning to his house he finds that Seshgiri has similarity to Shekhar and suspects his identity. He immediately phones his elder brother and asks him to come to sort out the confusion. The elder brother who arrives the next day itself happens to be Rajaram, who is shocked at the similarity that Seshgiri has to Vijay. He decides to bring Prema to crack the identity of Seshgiri. When the plan fails, the brothers decide to hire a group of goons to kidnap Rani only for them to wrongly kidnap Prema. Rajaram soon receives an anonymous phone call informing him of his daughter's location and goes there with Shrikant and a few goons. There they are greeted by Vijay, who subdues the goons while Prema bursts out to her father for his involvement in Sridhar's murder. Vijay reveals that he is in charge of Sridhar's case and threatens to expose his identity before everyone. Returning to his house, Rajaram asks Seetharam to raid Seshgiri's room from which they get cementing proofs to confirm that Vijay, Shekhar and Seshgiri are just three roles played by a single person. They assign Shrikant to murder him. The next day when Seshgiri escorts Savitri to the temple they are attacked. Seshgiri manages to subdue them and takes her to the house where Rani, Bhaama and Prema secretly resides and in their presence he reveals that he is the real Sridhar. In a flashback it is revealed that while in Delhi, Sridhar came across a newspaper article about the arrest of Giridhar and Sridhar's murder forcing him to return to Bangalore where he unsuccessfully convinces Giridhar of the reality. Feeling suspicious about Rajaram, Sridhar poses as Vijay and raids his house from where he receives a letter mentioning about the fake Sridhar/Kamalakar. Further investigation takes him to Kamalakar's sister's house in Mercara. Shakuntala, who happens to be the sister of Kamalakar reveals that her brother was paid to act like a millionaire. She also recognises Seetharam as the person who molested her from a photo which Sridhar shows her. A further slip of the tongue by Seetharam in a later incident confirmed Sridhar's suspicion. Back to the present, Sridhar vows to bring the culprits before law so as to save his brother. He catches and subdues Shrikant, who reveals to the police about how they (Rajaram, Seetharam and Shrikant) had plotted to bring a person as Sridhar, murder him and frame Giridhar so as to usurp the entire wealth. The court punishes the criminals while Giridhar is released and unites with his family.	[ "Plot\n----", "### Thrimurthy", "Mahadevayya is a businessman who has lost his wealth by gambling, where he approaches his old friend, Rajaram, on the day of his only daughter Prema's birthday celebration to ask for a sum of {{INRConvert\\\|2\\\|l}}. When the latter refuses, Mahadevayya threatens him of dire consequences. On the same day, Rajaram's nephew, Shrikanth threatens to destroy his life if he doesn't conduct his marriage with Prema in a week's time. After the party ends, a dispirited Rajaram receives a phone call from an anonymous caller, who threatens to provide {{INRConvert\\\|2\\\|l}} within a week's time in exchange for Prema's life. While discussing about these incidents, the family receives a surprise in the form of [CID](/wiki/Crime_investigation_Department \"Crime investigation Department\") [Inspector](/wiki/Inspector_of_Police \"Inspector of Police\") Vijay, who claims to have been sent to solve the mystery and volunteers to stay in the home with a different identity to catch the culprit, where he develops a liking for Prema and soon they fall in love with each other. When Rajaram receives a few more such threatening phone calls, Vijay reveals that the prime suspects are Mahadevayya, Shrikanth and Rajaram's servant (who was caught handing over money to a notorious thug). On the night when Rajaram is to give the ransom, Vijay asks the family to lock themselves in a bedroom and only come out the next morning. The next morning they come out to see the servant tied up. They find a notice from Vijay, who reveals that he was responsible for the confusion and that he has fled with some important documents.", "### Undoo Hoda Kondoo Hoda", "A successful businessman from [Mercara town](/wiki/Mercara \"Mercara\"), Seetharamaiah, is blackmailed by Shekhar, a [hippie](/wiki/Hippie \"Hippie\"), and brother of Shakuntala, a young girl who was molested and impregnated by the former. Shekhar coerces him to grant a monthly salary of {{INRConvert\\\|2500\\\|r}} in addition to a comfortable stay in his house as his multi\\-millionaire friend's son. Seetharamaiah's wife is impressed by Shekhar, who in turn decides to choose him as a groom for her only daughter Bhaama, who however loves a professor from [Mysore](/wiki/Mysore \"Mysore\"). Shekhar, who learns this fact asks her to consider him as his older brother and vows to conduct her marriage with her lover. He further persuades her to take him to Mysore the next day itself. The next day, Bhaama picks up Shekhar, whose behaviour changes on the way. Learning from a previous incident that Bhaama has developed an immense fear for knives, he uses one to make her unconscious and kidnaps her.", "### Aalaagaballava Arasaagaballa", "Sridhar, the elder son of a widowed landlord, runs away from his native after being harshly punished by his father causing the landlord to remarry to ensure maternal affection for his younger son, Giridhar. Years later, Sridhar returns from [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") as an arrogant and spoilt young man who has no respect for fellow human beings and considers his step\\-mother, Savitri, as his nemesis much to the anger of Giridhar who loves her. Sridhar wishes to get his share of property which ends in minor disputes between the brothers. During one such dispute, Sridhar is stabbed to death and Giridhar is arrested since the knife had his fingerprints. Despite his pleas, the court refuses to believe him and awards him death sentence. Deeply affected by the turn of events Savitri relocates to the house of her husband's friend in [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore \"Bangalore\") where she runs across its caretaker, Seshgiri, who happens to be an old servant of her husband. After receiving a [trunk call](/wiki/Trunk_call \"Trunk call\") from her lawyer, they travel to the nearby private hospital and gets to know that Giridhar got a mild [stroke](/wiki/Heart_attack \"Heart attack\") the day before. She explains the things to Seshgiri. The next day they receive a letter from a woman named Rani who addresses herself as the wife of Sridhar who is unaware of her husband's death. After revealing the news of her husband's death, Savitri decides to transfer the wealth to her name. However, when they go for a walk the next day a man from Mercara recognises Rani as Shakuntala.", "Despite her claims of it being a case of mistaken identity, Seshgiri smells something fishy and asks her to bring her elder brother who resides in Mercara to prove her identity. Savitri's brother happens to be Seetharam who is upset over his daughter's disappearance. He is surprised to know that the woman claiming to be Rani is indeed Shakuntala, whom he had molested a few years back but doesn't reveal the truth after she secretly informs Seetharam that his daughter, Bhaama is under her custody. The next day, after collecting the address of Bhaama's residence, Seetharam travels to that house only to meet Shekhar. Suddenly, Bhaama appears from a room refusing to go with him since she believes he has some role in the death of Sridhar. In a flashback it is revealed that someone threw a knife at Sridhar thereby killing him which was supervised by Seetharam from a safe distance. The entire incidents were witnessed by Bhaama causing her to develop fear for knives. Coming to the present, Shekhar sends him back after mentioning about how he also knows about Seetharam's elder brother's involvement in the murder. Upon returning to his house he finds that Seshgiri has similarity to Shekhar and suspects his identity. He immediately phones his elder brother and asks him to come to sort out the confusion. The elder brother who arrives the next day itself happens to be Rajaram, who is shocked at the similarity that Seshgiri has to Vijay. He decides to bring Prema to crack the identity of Seshgiri.", "When the plan fails, the brothers decide to hire a group of goons to kidnap Rani only for them to wrongly kidnap Prema. Rajaram soon receives an anonymous phone call informing him of his daughter's location and goes there with Shrikant and a few goons. There they are greeted by Vijay, who subdues the goons while Prema bursts out to her father for his involvement in Sridhar's murder. Vijay reveals that he is in charge of Sridhar's case and threatens to expose his identity before everyone. Returning to his house, Rajaram asks Seetharam to raid Seshgiri's room from which they get cementing proofs to confirm that Vijay, Shekhar and Seshgiri are just three roles played by a single person. They assign Shrikant to murder him. The next day when Seshgiri escorts Savitri to the temple they are attacked. Seshgiri manages to subdue them and takes her to the house where Rani, Bhaama and Prema secretly resides and in their presence he reveals that he is the real Sridhar. In a flashback it is revealed that while in Delhi, Sridhar came across a newspaper article about the arrest of Giridhar and Sridhar's murder forcing him to return to Bangalore where he unsuccessfully convinces Giridhar of the reality.\nFeeling suspicious about Rajaram, Sridhar poses as Vijay and raids his house from where he receives a letter mentioning about the fake Sridhar/Kamalakar.", "Further investigation takes him to Kamalakar's sister's house in Mercara. Shakuntala, who happens to be the sister of Kamalakar reveals that her brother was paid to act like a millionaire. She also recognises Seetharam as the person who molested her from a photo which Sridhar shows her. A further slip of the tongue by Seetharam in a later incident confirmed Sridhar's suspicion. Back to the present, Sridhar vows to bring the culprits before law so as to save his brother. He catches and subdues Shrikant, who reveals to the police about how they (Rajaram, Seetharam and Shrikant) had plotted to bring a person as Sridhar, murder him and frame Giridhar so as to usurp the entire wealth. The court punishes the criminals while Giridhar is released and unites with his family.", "" ]
The standoff ------------ Early on December 8, 2003, a highway worker contacted police accusing Arthur and Steven Bixby of making threatening statements and again disrupting the laying out of [survey stakes](/wiki/Survey_stakes "Survey stakes") along Highway 72\. Abbeville County Sheriff's Deputy Sgt. Daniel "Danny Boy" Wilson responded to this complaint, arriving at the Bixbys' home around 9:15 AM, only to be shot by Steven Bixby at point\-blank range with a 7mm Magnum rifle.{{Cite web \\|title\=Deadly Domains: Standoffs with Extremists \\|url\=http://www.adl.org/learn/safety/deadly\_domains.asp \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206153435/http://www.adl.org/Learn/safety/deadly\_domains.asp \\|archive\-date\=2007\-02\-06 \\|access\-date\=2007\-02\-20 \\|website\=\[\[Anti\-Defamation League]] \\|series\=ADL Officer Safety Bulletin \\|department\=Law Enforcement Agency Research Network}} At both Steven Bixby's trial and at Rita Bixby's trial, the prosecution presented evidence that Steven Bixby dragged Wilson into the house, used Wilson's handcuffs to cuff his hands behind his back, made a "citizen’s arrest" of Wilson for trespassing and read him his [Miranda rights](/wiki/Miranda_rights "Miranda rights").{{Cite news \\|date\=2007\-10\-25 \\|title\=Rita Bixby's fate in jury's hands \\|url\=http://www.indexjournal.com/articles/2007/10/25/news/news02\.txt}} {{dead link\\|date\=June 2016\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}} Wilson was then held [hostage](/wiki/Hostage "Hostage") for the next fourteen hours, sometime during which he died from his wound. Additional evidence showed that Steven Bixby was inside the Bixby home when he fired the hunting rifle through a window and struck Danny Wilson underneath his armpit. After making vain attempts to contact Wilson, authorities sent State Constable Donnie Ouzts to investigate. Within minutes, Ouzts was fatally shot as well. The bullet that struck Ouzts did so in the back near his spine and right shoulder blade, traveling across the body at an angle — from right to left — hitting his liver and passing through his heart. Death was nearly instantaneous. Wilson was hit just inside his protective vest, on his left side near his left armpit and left [pectoral muscle](/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle "Pectoralis major muscle"). "It was a rather large, irregular wound," Woodard said. The bullet traveled through Wilson, striking his [aorta](/wiki/Aorta "Aorta") artery and breaking his backbone. According to testimony, following the gunshot, Wilson would have immediately lost all feeling below the wound and died shortly after that from trauma to the aorta and severe blood loss. He would have lost consciousness almost immediately after the gunshot wound was inflicted. Woodard also testified that Wilson’s left arm was raised when he was shot. This evidence suggested Wilson could have been knocking on the door when the bullet hit him. At this point, the [South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Service](/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Probation%2C_Parole%2C_and_Pardon_Services "South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services") office in Abbeville County received a phone call indicating that an officer had been shot. All probation agents in the state of South Carolina are fully certified law enforcement officers, with the same training and arrest powers as all other certified law enforcement officers. Probation Agent Phillip Sears and Agent\-In\-Charge Ed Strickland responded immediately to the scene, not knowing what had transpired on the property. As first responders to the Bixby home, Strickland and Sears canvassed the property and quickly located the body of Constable Ouzts lying on the front lawn. The agents summoned reinforcements and established a perimeter around the residence before other law enforcement officers arrived. In the meantime, Rita Bixby was at Steven's the Abbeville Arms apartment. She phoned the [South Carolina Attorney General's](/wiki/List_of_Attorneys_General_of_South_Carolina "List of Attorneys General of South Carolina") office, leaving the following message with a secretary: "...this is Rita Bixby, and I live at 4 Union Church Road...I've talked to you before, and they have; the state has decided they were going to come in and take our property. My husband and my son are there and there is a shootout going on because they're not going to take our land. No one has approached us and asked us if they could negotiate or anything. They just simply came onto our land and started taking it and there is a shootout there." Rita then effectively took the entire apartment complex and its surroundings hostage, threatening to randomly shoot bystanders if the police harmed either her husband or her son. Rita's son Dennis was with her as the apartment. Throughout the late morning and into the afternoon, members of various law enforcement agencies and Abbeville residents who had befriended the Bixbys attempted to negotiate with the family, to no avail. A [SWAT](/wiki/SWAT "SWAT") unit came from [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia%2C_South_Carolina "Columbia, South Carolina") by helicopter, followed by a [South Carolina Law Enforcement Division](/wiki/South_Carolina_Law_Enforcement_Division "South Carolina Law Enforcement Division") (SLED) armored vehicle. At one point, nearly 200 law enforcement agents surrounded the Bixby residence. A constant barrage of gunfire, up to a thousand rounds of ammunition in five minutes, emanated from the small house, thwarting attempts by police to rescue Officer Wilson or capture the residence. So heavy was the gunfire that the police had to be resupplied several times with ammunition. Media estimates have pegged the number of rounds fired in the tens of thousands. According to SLED Chief Robert Stewart, the level of gunfire from the Bixbys was worse than anything he had encountered in his 30\-year career. Indeed, many Abbeville residents living over a mile from the standoff site reported hearing the continuous gunfire. By late afternoon, SWAT officers negotiated Rita Bixby's surrender, though she refused to assist in negotiations with Arthur and Steven. Upon searching Steven's apartment and Rita's vehicle, authorities discovered numerous high\-powered firearms and a large quantity of what was described as "anti\-government" literature. Around 7:15 PM, two hours after Rita's surrender, police breached the Bixbys' front door with a 10\-foot steel [battering ram](/wiki/Battering_ram "Battering ram") attached to a vehicle, breaking a [propane](/wiki/Propane "Propane") line and starting a fire, which several officers extinguished. A surveillance robot, armed with [tear gas](/wiki/Tear_gas "Tear gas") and 5X intensity [pepper spray](/wiki/Pepper_spray "Pepper spray"), was dispatched to the house but was unable to enter due to the large quantity of debris blocking the front door. The robot was, however, able to return video of Danny Boy Wilson's handcuffed, lifeless body lying in a pool of blood. In an attempt to recover Wilson's body, a SWAT unit stormed the house; surprised by the earlier blaze, the Bixbys were caught off\-guard for a moment, as they ceased firing long enough for the officers to drag the body from the house. By 10:00 PM, after hours of constant firing from both sides and releasing over twenty canisters of tear gas and pepper spray into the nearly destroyed Bixby home, Steven Bixby surrendered to police. About an hour later, a critically wounded Arthur Bixby also surrendered and was flown to a [Greenville, SC](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina "Greenville, South Carolina") hospital, where he recovered. Upon entering the house for the first time, officers found nine firearms, including Wilson's, and an extensive library of legal texts and articles related to [militia](/wiki/Militia "Militia") uprisings. They also found several different [wills](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 "Will (law)") made out by the Bixbys, and numerous [suicide notes](/wiki/Suicide_note "Suicide note").	[ "The standoff\n------------", "Early on December 8, 2003, a highway worker contacted police accusing Arthur and Steven Bixby of making threatening statements and again disrupting the laying out of [survey stakes](/wiki/Survey_stakes \"Survey stakes\") along Highway 72\\. Abbeville County Sheriff's Deputy Sgt. Daniel \"Danny Boy\" Wilson responded to this complaint, arriving at the Bixbys' home around 9:15 AM, only to be shot by Steven Bixby at point\\-blank range with a 7mm Magnum rifle.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Deadly Domains: Standoffs with Extremists \\\|url\\=http://www.adl.org/learn/safety/deadly\\_domains.asp \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206153435/http://www.adl.org/Learn/safety/deadly\\_domains.asp \\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-06 \\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-20 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Anti\\-Defamation League]] \\\|series\\=ADL Officer Safety Bulletin \\\|department\\=Law Enforcement Agency Research Network}} At both Steven Bixby's trial and at Rita Bixby's trial, the prosecution presented evidence that Steven Bixby dragged Wilson into the house, used Wilson's handcuffs to cuff his hands behind his back, made a \"citizen’s arrest\" of Wilson for trespassing and read him his [Miranda rights](/wiki/Miranda_rights \"Miranda rights\").{{Cite news \\\|date\\=2007\\-10\\-25 \\\|title\\=Rita Bixby's fate in jury's hands \\\|url\\=http://www.indexjournal.com/articles/2007/10/25/news/news02\\.txt}} {{dead link\\\|date\\=June 2016\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}} Wilson was then held [hostage](/wiki/Hostage \"Hostage\") for the next fourteen hours, sometime during which he died from his wound. Additional evidence showed that Steven Bixby was inside the Bixby home when he fired the hunting rifle through a window and struck Danny Wilson underneath his armpit. After making vain attempts to contact Wilson, authorities sent State Constable Donnie Ouzts to investigate. Within minutes, Ouzts was fatally shot as well.", "The bullet that struck Ouzts did so in the back near his spine and right shoulder blade, traveling across the body at an angle — from right to left — hitting his liver and passing through his heart. Death was nearly instantaneous. Wilson was hit just inside his protective vest, on his left side near his left armpit and left [pectoral muscle](/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle \"Pectoralis major muscle\"). \"It was a rather large, irregular wound,\" Woodard said. The bullet traveled through Wilson, striking his [aorta](/wiki/Aorta \"Aorta\") artery and breaking his backbone. According to testimony, following the gunshot, Wilson would have immediately lost all feeling below the wound and died shortly after that from trauma to the aorta and severe blood loss. He would have lost consciousness almost immediately after the gunshot wound was inflicted. Woodard also testified that Wilson’s left arm was raised when he was shot. This evidence suggested Wilson could have been knocking on the door when the bullet hit him.", "At this point, the [South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Service](/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Probation%2C_Parole%2C_and_Pardon_Services \"South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services\") office in Abbeville County received a phone call indicating that an officer had been shot. All probation agents in the state of South Carolina are fully certified law enforcement officers, with the same training and arrest powers as all other certified law enforcement officers. Probation Agent Phillip Sears and Agent\\-In\\-Charge Ed Strickland responded immediately to the scene, not knowing what had transpired on the property. As first responders to the Bixby home, Strickland and Sears canvassed the property and quickly located the body of Constable Ouzts lying on the front lawn. The agents summoned reinforcements and established a perimeter around the residence before other law enforcement officers arrived.", "In the meantime, Rita Bixby was at Steven's the Abbeville Arms apartment. She phoned the [South Carolina Attorney General's](/wiki/List_of_Attorneys_General_of_South_Carolina \"List of Attorneys General of South Carolina\") office, leaving the following message with a secretary: \"...this is Rita Bixby, and I live at 4 Union Church Road...I've talked to you before, and they have; the state has decided they were going to come in and take our property. My husband and my son are there and there is a shootout going on because they're not going to take our land. No one has approached us and asked us if they could negotiate or anything. They just simply came onto our land and started taking it and there is a shootout there.\" Rita then effectively took the entire apartment complex and its surroundings hostage, threatening to randomly shoot bystanders if the police harmed either her husband or her son. Rita's son Dennis was with her as the apartment.", "Throughout the late morning and into the afternoon, members of various law enforcement agencies and Abbeville residents who had befriended the Bixbys attempted to negotiate with the family, to no avail. A [SWAT](/wiki/SWAT \"SWAT\") unit came from [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia%2C_South_Carolina \"Columbia, South Carolina\") by helicopter, followed by a [South Carolina Law Enforcement Division](/wiki/South_Carolina_Law_Enforcement_Division \"South Carolina Law Enforcement Division\") (SLED) armored vehicle. At one point, nearly 200 law enforcement agents surrounded the Bixby residence. A constant barrage of gunfire, up to a thousand rounds of ammunition in five minutes, emanated from the small house, thwarting attempts by police to rescue Officer Wilson or capture the residence. So heavy was the gunfire that the police had to be resupplied several times with ammunition. Media estimates have pegged the number of rounds fired in the tens of thousands. According to SLED Chief Robert Stewart, the level of gunfire from the Bixbys was worse than anything he had encountered in his 30\\-year career. Indeed, many Abbeville residents living over a mile from the standoff site reported hearing the continuous gunfire.", "By late afternoon, SWAT officers negotiated Rita Bixby's surrender, though she refused to assist in negotiations with Arthur and Steven. Upon searching Steven's apartment and Rita's vehicle, authorities discovered numerous high\\-powered firearms and a large quantity of what was described as \"anti\\-government\" literature.", "Around 7:15 PM, two hours after Rita's surrender, police breached the Bixbys' front door with a 10\\-foot steel [battering ram](/wiki/Battering_ram \"Battering ram\") attached to a vehicle, breaking a [propane](/wiki/Propane \"Propane\") line and starting a fire, which several officers extinguished. A surveillance robot, armed with [tear gas](/wiki/Tear_gas \"Tear gas\") and 5X intensity [pepper spray](/wiki/Pepper_spray \"Pepper spray\"), was dispatched to the house but was unable to enter due to the large quantity of debris blocking the front door. The robot was, however, able to return video of Danny Boy Wilson's handcuffed, lifeless body lying in a pool of blood. In an attempt to recover Wilson's body, a SWAT unit stormed the house; surprised by the earlier blaze, the Bixbys were caught off\\-guard for a moment, as they ceased firing long enough for the officers to drag the body from the house.", "By 10:00 PM, after hours of constant firing from both sides and releasing over twenty canisters of tear gas and pepper spray into the nearly destroyed Bixby home, Steven Bixby surrendered to police. About an hour later, a critically wounded Arthur Bixby also surrendered and was flown to a [Greenville, SC](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina \"Greenville, South Carolina\") hospital, where he recovered.", "Upon entering the house for the first time, officers found nine firearms, including Wilson's, and an extensive library of legal texts and articles related to [militia](/wiki/Militia \"Militia\") uprisings. They also found several different [wills](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 \"Will (law)\") made out by the Bixbys, and numerous [suicide notes](/wiki/Suicide_note \"Suicide note\").", "" ]
The aftermath ------------- On December 9, 2003, Steven and Rita Bixby were arraigned in Abbeville County on various charges related to the deaths of Wilson and Ouzts. Steven was charged with two counts of murder and one count of [criminal conspiracy](/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy "Criminal conspiracy"), while Rita was charged with [accessory](/wiki/Accessory_%28legal_term%29 "Accessory (legal term)") before the fact to murder, criminal conspiracy, and [misprision](/wiki/Misprision_of_felony "Misprision of felony") of a [felony](/wiki/Felony "Felony"). At [arraignment](/wiki/Arraignment "Arraignment"), Steven said he was acting in self\-defense and cited the New Hampshire motto, parts of the [Constitution of New Hampshire](/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Hampshire "Constitution of New Hampshire"), and some Federal law. There, he said, "I love this country. I just can't stand the bastards in it."{{Cite news \\|last\=Collins \\|first\=Jeffrey \\|date\=2003\-12\-11 \\|title\=Former N.H. man claims self defense in killing two cops \\|url\=https://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20031211/News/312119978 \\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-14 \\|work\=\[\[The Portsmouth Herald]] \\|agency\=Associated Press}} Arthur Bixby was later arraigned on charges similar to those against Steven. Prosecutors originally planned to seek the [death penalty](/wiki/Death_penalty "Death penalty") for all three Bixbys, but on August 23, 2006, Circuit Judge Alexander Macaulay ruled that the death penalty was not an option in Rita's case, a ruling that prosecutors appealed to have overturned by the [South Carolina Supreme Court](/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court "South Carolina Supreme Court"). In State v. Bixby, 373 S.C. 74, 644 S.E.2d 54 (2007\), the South Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's decision that Rita Bixby was ineligible for execution under South Carolina law since she was only charged with accessory before the fact of murder. Following arraignment, Steven Bixby likened the standoff to the events at [Waco](/wiki/Waco_Siege "Waco Siege") and [Ruby Ridge](/wiki/Ruby_Ridge "Ruby Ridge"). All three Bixbys were initially held in the Abbeville County jail, awaiting trial. For a brief period in 2005, Steven Bixby was moved to the [Anderson County](/wiki/Anderson_County%2C_South_Carolina "Anderson County, South Carolina") jail; in early 2006, he was moved again to the [Lexington County](/wiki/Lexington_County%2C_South_Carolina "Lexington County, South Carolina") jail, where he remained as of late August 2006, due to a breach of confidentiality regarding his meetings with [expert witnesses](/wiki/Expert_witness "Expert witness") in the case. Trial dates in the case were pushed back several times from their originally scheduled starts in mid\-2004\. One reason for the delays was the sudden death of Circuit Judge Marc Westbrook in a September 2005 traffic accident;{{Cite news \\|date\=September 15, 2005 \\|title\=Circuit judge killed in crash \\|url\=https://www.goupstate.com/article/NC/20050915/News/605178549/SJ \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309074402/https://www.goupstate.com/article/NC/20050915/News/605178549/SJ \\|archive\-date\=2021\-03\-09 \\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-04 \\|work\=\[\[Spartanburg Herald\-Journal]] \\|agency\=Associated Press}} another reason was the contest between the defense and prosecution over both the venue of the trial and the county from which a jury pool would be selected. In early 2006, Macaulay agreed with Steven Bixby's defense that it would be nearly impossible to seat a truly impartial jury of Abbeville County citizens; in July 2006, Macaulay ruled that potential jurors would come from [Chesterfield County](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_South_Carolina "Chesterfield County, South Carolina"). Steven Bixby is currently on South Carolina's death row at the [Broad River Correctional Institution](/wiki/Broad_River_Correctional_Institution "Broad River Correctional Institution"), in [Columbia, South Carolina](/wiki/Columbia%2C_South_Carolina "Columbia, South Carolina"). On February 19, 2007, a Chesterfield County jury found Steven Bixby guilty on 17 counts, including both murders and several lesser charges of kidnapping and conspiracy. On February 21, 2007, this same jury recommended that Steven Bixby receive two death sentences for the murders and 125 years in prison for the lesser charges. Bixby was scheduled to be executed on April 22, 2007; however, the appeals process has not been exhausted. On August 16, 2010, the South Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the conviction of Steven Bixby and the death sentence (State v. Bixby, Opinion No. 26871, August 16, 2010\). While in jail, Steven Bixby wrote over 1,500 pages of letters to his girlfriend. Some of the letters, signed "chaotic patriot Steve", were admitted during his trial.{{Cite news \\|date\=February 20, 2007 \\|title\=Letters Show Convicted Killer's Demons \\|url\=https://oklahoman.com/article/3015418/letters\-show\-convicted\-killers\-demons \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113171825/https://oklahoman.com/article/3015418/letters\-show\-convicted\-killers\-demons \\|archive\-date\=2020\-01\-13 \\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-13 \\|work\=\[\[The Oklahoman]] \\|agency\=Associated Press}} Despite initial concerns over security at the 100\-year\-old [Abbeville County Courthouse](/wiki/Abbeville_County_Courthouse "Abbeville County Courthouse"), Eighth Circuit Judicial Solicitor Jerry Peace determined on August 29, 2006, that the trial would be held in Abbeville County. The trial began on February 14, 2007, with a jury brought in from 160 miles away.{{Cite news \\|last\=Nossiter \\|first\=Adam \\|date\=February 15, 2007 \\|title\=An Outsider's Murder Trial Shakes a Southern Town \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/15/us/15property.html \\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-14 \\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]}} On October 26, 2007, Rita Bixby was found guilty in Abbeville County [Court of General Sessions](/wiki/Court_of_General_Sessions_%28South_Carolina%29 "Court of General Sessions (South Carolina)"). Judge Alexander Macauley presided over the week\-long trial. Rita Bixby was found guilty by a jury of one count of [conspiracy](/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29 "Conspiracy (crime)") to commit [murder](/wiki/Murder "Murder"), 1 count of [accessory before the fact](/wiki/Accessory_before_the_fact "Accessory before the fact") in the murder of Danny Wilson, and 1 count of accessory before the fact in the murder of Donnie Ouzts. The maximum penalty that could be imposed on the conspiracy count was 5 years. The accessory charge carried a minimum sentence of 30 years to life without parole. Judge Alexander Macauley sentenced Rita Bixby to 5 years in the custody of the [Department of Corrections](/wiki/Department_of_Corrections "Department of Corrections") for the charge of conspiracy to commit murder. He sentenced her to life without parole on each accessory conviction. Rita Bixby made no statement to the court, only asking her attorney to advise Judge Macauley that she "is not guilty of these charges". Tearful family members of the deceased who were present for the trial embraced each other in relief at the ruling of Judge Macauley. On the date of her sentence, Rita Bixby was 75 years old. Because Arthur Bixby had developed [dementia](/wiki/Dementia "Dementia"), he was found not capable of standing trial. In July 2008, prosecutors dropped the murder charges and requested the [probate court](/wiki/Probate_court "Probate court") commit him indefinitely.{{Cite news \\|date\=July 22, 2008 \\|title\=Murder charges dropped in S.C. cop deaths \\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25801094 \\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-13 \\|work\=\[\[NBC]] \\|agency\=Associated Press}} On February 22, 2008, South Carolina state transportation officials agreed to name a stretch of state Highway 72 in Abbeville County for Abbeville County Deputy Sheriff Danny Wilson and Abbeville County Magistrate's Constable Donnie Ouzts. On August 17, 2010, the South Carolina Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for Steven Bixby.{{Cite news \\|title\=SC High Court Upholds Bixby's Death Sentence 8\-17\-2010 \\|url\=http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/14756701/sc\-high\-court\-upholds\-bixbys\-death\-sentence\-8\-17\-2010 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929074051/http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/14756701/sc\-high\-court\-upholds\-bixbys\-death\-sentence\-8\-17\-2010 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-09\-29 \\|access\-date\=2011\-06\-16 \\|work\=\[\[WHNS\-TV]]}} In September 2011, Arthur and Rita Bixby died of natural causes a week apart. On September 5th, Arthur died at the age of 82\. On September 12th, Rita died of cancer at the [Graham Correctional Institution](/wiki/Camille_Griffin_Graham_Correctional_Institution "Camille Griffin Graham Correctional Institution"). She was 79\.{{Cite news \\|last\=Adcox \\|first\=Seanna \\|date\=September 12, 2011 \\|title\=Convicted mom of death row inmate dies in prison \\|url\=https://www.postandcourier.com/convicted\-mom\-of\-death\-row\-inmate\-dies\-in\-prison/article\_c0f3f2fd\-9206\-5940\-94d1\-21bba4f49321\.html \\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-03 \\|work\=\[\[The Post and Courier]] \\|agency\=Associated Press}} The house was demolished in 2018\.{{Cite news \\|last\=Edwards \\|first\=Patricia M. \\|date\=July 18, 2018 \\|title\=Bixby house is no more \\|url\=http://www.indexjournal.com/news/breaking/bixby\-house\-is\-no\-more/article\_e4d75e18\-2bdb\-5c7a\-b41d\-0754021a7350\.html \\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-09 \\|work\=Index\-Journal \\|location\=Greenwood, SC}} Steven Bixby remained on death row because the drugs used for [lethal injection](/wiki/Lethal_injection "Lethal injection") were unavailable at the time. Following change in state to allow the use of punishment by electrocution or firing squad, the state resumed executions in September 2024, meaning that Bixby may be scheduled for execution again.	[ "The aftermath\n-------------", "On December 9, 2003, Steven and Rita Bixby were arraigned in Abbeville County on various charges related to the deaths of Wilson and Ouzts. Steven was charged with two counts of murder and one count of [criminal conspiracy](/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy \"Criminal conspiracy\"), while Rita was charged with [accessory](/wiki/Accessory_%28legal_term%29 \"Accessory (legal term)\") before the fact to murder, criminal conspiracy, and [misprision](/wiki/Misprision_of_felony \"Misprision of felony\") of a [felony](/wiki/Felony \"Felony\"). At [arraignment](/wiki/Arraignment \"Arraignment\"), Steven said he was acting in self\\-defense and cited the New Hampshire motto, parts of the [Constitution of New Hampshire](/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Hampshire \"Constitution of New Hampshire\"), and some Federal law. There, he said, \"I love this country. I just can't stand the bastards in it.\"{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Collins \\\|first\\=Jeffrey \\\|date\\=2003\\-12\\-11 \\\|title\\=Former N.H. man claims self defense in killing two cops \\\|url\\=https://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20031211/News/312119978 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-14 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Portsmouth Herald]] \\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} Arthur Bixby was later arraigned on charges similar to those against Steven. Prosecutors originally planned to seek the [death penalty](/wiki/Death_penalty \"Death penalty\") for all three Bixbys, but on August 23, 2006, Circuit Judge Alexander Macaulay ruled that the death penalty was not an option in Rita's case, a ruling that prosecutors appealed to have overturned by the [South Carolina Supreme Court](/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court \"South Carolina Supreme Court\"). In State v. Bixby, 373 S.C. 74, 644 S.E.2d 54 (2007\\), the South Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's decision that Rita Bixby was ineligible for execution under South Carolina law since she was only charged with accessory before the fact of murder.", "Following arraignment, Steven Bixby likened the standoff to the events at [Waco](/wiki/Waco_Siege \"Waco Siege\") and [Ruby Ridge](/wiki/Ruby_Ridge \"Ruby Ridge\").", "All three Bixbys were initially held in the Abbeville County jail, awaiting trial. For a brief period in 2005, Steven Bixby was moved to the [Anderson County](/wiki/Anderson_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Anderson County, South Carolina\") jail; in early 2006, he was moved again to the [Lexington County](/wiki/Lexington_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Lexington County, South Carolina\") jail, where he remained as of late August 2006, due to a breach of confidentiality regarding his meetings with [expert witnesses](/wiki/Expert_witness \"Expert witness\") in the case. Trial dates in the case were pushed back several times from their originally scheduled starts in mid\\-2004\\. One reason for the delays was the sudden death of Circuit Judge Marc Westbrook in a September 2005 traffic accident;{{Cite news \\\|date\\=September 15, 2005 \\\|title\\=Circuit judge killed in crash \\\|url\\=https://www.goupstate.com/article/NC/20050915/News/605178549/SJ \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309074402/https://www.goupstate.com/article/NC/20050915/News/605178549/SJ \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-04 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Spartanburg Herald\\-Journal]] \\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} another reason was the contest between the defense and prosecution over both the venue of the trial and the county from which a jury pool would be selected. In early 2006, Macaulay agreed with Steven Bixby's defense that it would be nearly impossible to seat a truly impartial jury of Abbeville County citizens; in July 2006, Macaulay ruled that potential jurors would come from [Chesterfield County](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Chesterfield County, South Carolina\").", "Steven Bixby is currently on South Carolina's death row at the [Broad River Correctional Institution](/wiki/Broad_River_Correctional_Institution \"Broad River Correctional Institution\"), in [Columbia, South Carolina](/wiki/Columbia%2C_South_Carolina \"Columbia, South Carolina\"). On February 19, 2007, a Chesterfield County jury found Steven Bixby guilty on 17 counts, including both murders and several lesser charges of kidnapping and conspiracy. On February 21, 2007, this same jury recommended that Steven Bixby receive two death sentences for the murders and 125 years in prison for the lesser charges. Bixby was scheduled to be executed on April 22, 2007; however, the appeals process has not been exhausted. On August 16, 2010, the South Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the conviction of Steven Bixby and the death sentence (State v. Bixby, Opinion No. 26871, August 16, 2010\\).", "While in jail, Steven Bixby wrote over 1,500 pages of letters to his girlfriend. Some of the letters, signed \"chaotic patriot Steve\", were admitted during his trial.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=February 20, 2007 \\\|title\\=Letters Show Convicted Killer's Demons \\\|url\\=https://oklahoman.com/article/3015418/letters\\-show\\-convicted\\-killers\\-demons \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113171825/https://oklahoman.com/article/3015418/letters\\-show\\-convicted\\-killers\\-demons \\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-13 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-13 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Oklahoman]] \\\|agency\\=Associated Press}}", "Despite initial concerns over security at the 100\\-year\\-old [Abbeville County Courthouse](/wiki/Abbeville_County_Courthouse \"Abbeville County Courthouse\"), Eighth Circuit Judicial Solicitor Jerry Peace determined on August 29, 2006, that the trial would be held in Abbeville County. The trial began on February 14, 2007, with a jury brought in from 160 miles away.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Nossiter \\\|first\\=Adam \\\|date\\=February 15, 2007 \\\|title\\=An Outsider's Murder Trial Shakes a Southern Town \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/15/us/15property.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-14 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]}}", "On October 26, 2007, Rita Bixby was found guilty in Abbeville County [Court of General Sessions](/wiki/Court_of_General_Sessions_%28South_Carolina%29 \"Court of General Sessions (South Carolina)\"). Judge Alexander Macauley presided over the week\\-long trial. Rita Bixby was found guilty by a jury of one count of [conspiracy](/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29 \"Conspiracy (crime)\") to commit [murder](/wiki/Murder \"Murder\"), 1 count of [accessory before the fact](/wiki/Accessory_before_the_fact \"Accessory before the fact\") in the murder of Danny Wilson, and 1 count of accessory before the fact in the murder of Donnie Ouzts. The maximum penalty that could be imposed on the conspiracy count was 5 years. The accessory charge carried a minimum sentence of 30 years to life without parole. Judge Alexander Macauley sentenced Rita Bixby to 5 years in the custody of the [Department of Corrections](/wiki/Department_of_Corrections \"Department of Corrections\") for the charge of conspiracy to commit murder. He sentenced her to life without parole on each accessory conviction. Rita Bixby made no statement to the court, only asking her attorney to advise Judge Macauley that she \"is not guilty of these charges\". Tearful family members of the deceased who were present for the trial embraced each other in relief at the ruling of Judge Macauley. On the date of her sentence, Rita Bixby was 75 years old.", "Because Arthur Bixby had developed [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\"), he was found not capable of standing trial. In July 2008, prosecutors dropped the murder charges and requested the [probate court](/wiki/Probate_court \"Probate court\") commit him indefinitely.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=July 22, 2008 \\\|title\\=Murder charges dropped in S.C. cop deaths \\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25801094 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-13 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[NBC]] \\\|agency\\=Associated Press}}", "On February 22, 2008, South Carolina state transportation officials agreed to name a stretch of state Highway 72 in Abbeville County for Abbeville County Deputy Sheriff Danny Wilson and Abbeville County Magistrate's Constable Donnie Ouzts.", "On August 17, 2010, the South Carolina Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for Steven Bixby.{{Cite news \\\|title\\=SC High Court Upholds Bixby's Death Sentence 8\\-17\\-2010 \\\|url\\=http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/14756701/sc\\-high\\-court\\-upholds\\-bixbys\\-death\\-sentence\\-8\\-17\\-2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929074051/http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/14756701/sc\\-high\\-court\\-upholds\\-bixbys\\-death\\-sentence\\-8\\-17\\-2010 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-29 \\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-16 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[WHNS\\-TV]]}}", "In September 2011, Arthur and Rita Bixby died of natural causes a week apart. On September 5th, Arthur died at the age of 82\\. On September 12th, Rita died of cancer at the [Graham Correctional Institution](/wiki/Camille_Griffin_Graham_Correctional_Institution \"Camille Griffin Graham Correctional Institution\"). She was 79\\.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Adcox \\\|first\\=Seanna \\\|date\\=September 12, 2011 \\\|title\\=Convicted mom of death row inmate dies in prison \\\|url\\=https://www.postandcourier.com/convicted\\-mom\\-of\\-death\\-row\\-inmate\\-dies\\-in\\-prison/article\\_c0f3f2fd\\-9206\\-5940\\-94d1\\-21bba4f49321\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-03 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Post and Courier]] \\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} The house was demolished in 2018\\.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Edwards \\\|first\\=Patricia M. \\\|date\\=July 18, 2018 \\\|title\\=Bixby house is no more \\\|url\\=http://www.indexjournal.com/news/breaking/bixby\\-house\\-is\\-no\\-more/article\\_e4d75e18\\-2bdb\\-5c7a\\-b41d\\-0754021a7350\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-09 \\\|work\\=Index\\-Journal \\\|location\\=Greenwood, SC}} Steven Bixby remained on death row because the drugs used for [lethal injection](/wiki/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\") were unavailable at the time. Following change in state to allow the use of punishment by electrocution or firing squad, the state resumed executions in September 2024, meaning that Bixby may be scheduled for execution again.", "" ]
Choral organizations -------------------- Note \- this section does not discuss particular scholastic / university or church ensembles unless they are independently notable. ### Symphonic choruses Unlike many American cities, Washington, D.C., features several independent (i.e., non\-orchestra\-controlled) symphonic choruses, including three major organizations with annual budgets exceeding $1 million.Anne Midgette, [New groups like National Master Chorale signal key change in D.C. choral scene](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/18/AR2009121802677.html), Washington Post, Dec. 19, 2009 (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) The [Choral Arts Society of Washington](/wiki/Choral_Arts_Society_of_Washington "Choral Arts Society of Washington") presents an annual concert series at the [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center "Kennedy Center"), performs frequently with the [National Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra "National Symphony Orchestra") (NSO), and in recent years has performed with prominent symphony orchestras from [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra "Philadelphia Orchestra"), [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore_Symphony_Orchestra "Baltimore Symphony Orchestra"), [London](/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra "London Symphony Orchestra"), Russia ([Mariinsky](/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre_Orchestra "Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra")), and China ([Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao_Symphony_Orchestra "Qingdao Symphony Orchestra")). It regularly participates in nationally televised events such as the [Kennedy Center Honors](/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors "Kennedy Center Honors") and [A Capitol Fourth](/wiki/A_Capitol_Fourth "A Capitol Fourth"). It also tours internationally every 3–4 years, including a landmark tour to Russia in 1993 with [Mstislav Rostropovich](/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich "Mstislav Rostropovich") and the NSO, two trips to the [Festival dei Due Mondi](/wiki/Festival_dei_Due_Mondi "Festival dei Due Mondi") in [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto "Spoleto"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") in 1993 and 2001, opening the [BBC Proms](/wiki/BBC_Proms "BBC Proms") in London in 2002, performing with [Valery Gergiev](/wiki/Valery_Gergiev "Valery Gergiev") and the [London Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra "London Symphony Orchestra") in 2008, and a visit to China with the [Qingdao Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Qingdao_Symphony_Orchestra "Qingdao Symphony Orchestra") in 2015\. The Choral Arts Society is the largest choral organization by budget in the Washington area, and is among the largest in the United States. The organization also includes a vocal chamber ensemble and a youth choir. [The Washington Chorus](/wiki/The_Washington_Chorus "The Washington Chorus"), previously known as the Oratorio Society of Washington, is directed by Eugene Rogers and has a similar performing profile, with regular Kennedy Center performances, NSO guest appearances, and several international tours to Europe, most recently in 2004\.The Washington Chorus, [Tours and Festivals](http://thewashingtonchorus.org/world_tours) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414022735/http://thewashingtonchorus.org/world\_tours \\|date\=2015\-04\-14 }}, visited Apr. 5, 2015 In 2000, the chorus (then led by [Robert Shafer](/wiki/Robert_Shafer_%28conductor%29 "Robert Shafer (conductor)")) received the [Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Choral_Performance "Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance") for its live recording of [Benjamin Britten](/wiki/Benjamin_Britten "Benjamin Britten")'s [War Requiem](/wiki/War_Requiem "War Requiem"). The [Cathedral Choral Society](/wiki/Cathedral_Choral_Society "Cathedral Choral Society") is the oldest symphonic chorus in Washington, founded in 1941 by [Paul Callaway](/wiki/Paul_Callaway "Paul Callaway") and directed by [J. Reilly Lewis](/wiki/J._Reilly_Lewis "J. Reilly Lewis") from 1985 to 2016\. It performs primarily at the [Washington National Cathedral](/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral "Washington National Cathedral") but also appears regularly at the Kennedy Center and other local venues. Finally, the [City Choir of Washington](/wiki/City_Choir_of_Washington "City Choir of Washington") was established under the direction of Robert Shafer in 2007Tim Page, [A Musical Reprise for Robert Shafer](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/31/AR2007083101864.html), Washington Post, Sep. 1, 2007 (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) in the wake of his departure from the Washington Chorus.Tim Page, [Robert Shafer of Washington Chorus to Step Down in '07](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/05/AR2006090501294.html), Washington Post, Sep. 6, 2006 (visited Apr. 5, 2015\). Coincidentally, Shafer's departure from the Washington Chorus and eventual formation of the City Choir occurred 100 years after an earlier Washington Oratorio Society split away from the city's original Choral Society in 1907\. Elsewhere in the Washington metropolitan area, the 200\-voice National Philharmonic Chorale performs regularly at [Strathmore](/wiki/Strathmore_%28Maryland%29 "Strathmore (Maryland)") in [Bethesda, MD](/wiki/Bethesda%2C_MD "Bethesda, MD").The National Philharmonic, [National Philharmonic Chorale](http://www.nationalphilharmonic.org/Content.aspx?ModuleID=44) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414010055/http://www.nationalphilharmonic.org/Content.aspx?ModuleID\=44 \\|date\=2015\-04\-14 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\). The Chorale was established in 2003 when the Masterworks Chorus (founded in 1975\) merged with the National Chamber Orchestra to create the [National Philharmonic](/wiki/National_Philharmonic_at_Strathmore "National Philharmonic at Strathmore").The National Philharmonic, [History](http://www.nationalphilharmonic.org/Content.aspx?ModuleID=28) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526170147/http://www.nationalphilharmonic.org/Content.aspx?ModuleID\=28 \\|date\=2010\-05\-26 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\). In Virginia, the 120\-voice Fairfax Choral Society has been a community institution since 1962\.Fairfax Choral Society, [Who We Are](http://www.fairfaxchoralsociety.org/about/) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) The Choralis Foundation, founded in 2000 in [Falls Church](/wiki/Falls_Church "Falls Church"), supports a symphonic chorus and four other auditioned choirs of various typesChoralis, [About Choralis](http://www.choralis.org/about) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) The 200\-voice New Dominion Chorale (founded in 1991\) performs symphonic repertoire, but is structured as a "singers' cooperative" and does not require auditions to participate.New Dominion Chorale, [Our History](http://www.newdominion.wildapricot.org/page-1519171) (visited Apr. 8, 2015\) ### Mid\-size choruses There are a large number of mid\-size choruses in the Washington, D.C., area, including the Washington Master ChoraleMidgette, Anne, ["New groups like National Master Chorale signal key change in D.C. choral scene"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/18/AR2009121802677.html), Staff Writer, Washington Post, December 19, 2009\. Retrieved: September 2, 2011\. which was formed in 2009 by former singers from the [Master Chorale of Washington](/wiki/Master_Chorale_of_Washington "Master Chorale of Washington"). Many ensembles have a particular focus on specific geographic, demographic, or ethnic communities of interest. These include the 100\-voice [Capitol Hill Chorale](/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Chorale "Capitol Hill Chorale") (founded in 1993\) based in the city's [Capitol Hill](/wiki/Capitol_Hill "Capitol Hill") neighborhood, which occasionally performs symphonic repertoire and has a tradition of performing works of the [Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") liturgy.The Capitol Hill Chorale, [About](http://www.capitolhillchorale.org/about) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) The [Congressional Chorus](/wiki/Congressional_Chorus "Congressional Chorus"), founded in 1987,{{cite web \\|last1\=Chorus \\|first1\=Congressional \\|title\=Executive Director \\|url\=https://www.congressionalchorus.org/about\-us \\|website\=Congressional Chorus \\|access\-date\=4 December 2023}} is a multigenerational performance\-based community chorus that promotes American choral music and concerts involving dance, poetry, and spoken word artists. It incorporates a senior\-focused program, NorthEast Senior Singers (NESS), an auditioned adult SATB chorus, an a cappella chamber ensemble, and an American Youth Chorus (AYC) for students in grades 3\-8\.[Congressional Chorus](http://congressionalchorus.org) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717203812/https://www.rollersportscan.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/2012\-03\-pag\-athlete.docx%26ei%3DwZ1OUKWpJbSA0AGEnYCIDw%26usg%3DAFQjCNEiEPuaKazywJFi8snVJica0208oQ%26sig2%3Dr0UHNQl26sh7\_P8L\_\-hIIg \\|date\=2020\-07\-17 }} The 50\-voice [18th Street Singers](/wiki/The_18th_Street_Singers "The 18th Street Singers") (formed in 2005\) is composed of young professionals,18th Street Singers, [About the 18th Street Singers](http://www.18thstreetsingers.com/about/) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201204440/http://18thstreetsingers.com/about/ \\|date\=2015\-02\-01 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) Zemer Chai: The Jewish Chorale of the Nation's Capital," founded by conductor Eleanor Epstein in 1976, is one of the nation’s leading Jewish choirs. The choir sings the full range of Jewish choral repertoire, from classical and liturgical pieces to world Jewish folk music in multiple languages, and new works composed especially for the choir. The choir frequently collaborates with other D.C area choirs, such as Chorale Contigas and the Heritage Signature Chorale, and performs at Interfaith and community events. Zemer Chai has performed at the White House, the Library of Congress, Strathmore, and the Kennedy Center, as well as concert halls in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia Zemer Chai, [About Us](http://www.zemerchai.org/#!about-us/ciaa) (visited June 27, 2015\) Kolot HaLev (Voices of the Heart), founded by Hazzan Dr. Ramon Tasat in 2008, is the only independent Jewish community choir in the DC area that does not require singers to audition. Kolot HaLev is the choir\-in\-residence at Shirat HaNefesh (Song of the Soul) Congregation, and also offers annual concerts exploring the vast treasury of Jewish music, from Italy to Russia. In the Maryland suburbs, the 40\-voice Maryland Choral Society (formed in 1971\) is a community choral group based in [Prince George's County, Maryland](/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County%2C_Maryland "Prince George's County, Maryland").Maryland Choral Society, [History of the Maryland Choral Society](http://www.marylandchoralsociety.org/about-mcs/) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) In Virginia, the 90\-voice teaching choir {{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/articles/do\-you\-hear\-the\-sounds\-of\-the\-season/article\_391e595e\-ffac\-11e8\-a2c0\-b7e40a3821ad.html\\|title\=Do you hear the ‘Sounds of the Season’?\\|last\=Times\\|first\=Hanan Daqqa / Fairfax County\\|website\=Fairfax County Times\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13}}Vienna Choral Society (founded in 1986\) draws audiences from the DC\-metro region,{{Cite web\\|url\=https://viennachoralsociety.org/\\|title\=Vienna Choral Society {{!}} Vienna, Virginia\\|website\=viennachoralsociety.org\\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13}} and the 80\-voice Reston Chorale (founded in 1967\) serves western Fairfax County.The Reston Chorale, [About the Chorale](http://www.restonchorale.org/about_reston_chorale.html) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) The 45\-voice Alexandria Choral Society (established in 1970\) focuses on choral repertoireAlexandria Choral Society, [About Alexandria Choral Society](http://www.alexandriachoralsociety.org/#!acs-history/cta0) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) while the Alexandria Singers (founded in 1975\) focus on American popular music.Alexandria Singers, [Group History](http://www.alexandriasingers.com/about.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204436/http://www.alexandriasingers.com/about.htm \\|date\=2015\-05\-30 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) ### Men's choruses The 60\-voice [Washington Men's Camerata](/wiki/Washington_Men%27s_Camerata "Washington Men's Camerata") (founded in 1984\) has been directed by [Frank Albinder](/wiki/Frank_Albinder "Frank Albinder") since 1999 and performs annually at the Kennedy Center. The Camerata has released critically acclaimed recordings,Washington Men's Camerata, [General Information](http://www.camerata.com/general_information.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328054315/http://camerata.com/general\_information.php \\|date\=2015\-03\-28 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) and maintains a National Library of Men's Choral Music.Washington Men's Camerata, [Library](http://www.camerata.com/library.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328021811/http://www.camerata.com/library.php \\|date\=2015\-03\-28 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) The [Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Chorus_of_Washington%2C_D.C. "Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C.") (founded in 1981\) has more than 250 singing members, performs music across a range of styles, and regularly conducts outreach performances, with a dual mission that includes "champion\[ing] gay equality."Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C., [History](http://gmcw.org/about/history/) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\). The National Men's Chorus was founded in 1999 by Thomas Beveridge,National Men's Chorus, [About](http://www.nationalmenschorus.org/about.htm) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) soon after his departure as director of the Men's Camerata.Letter to the Editor, [In Defense of the Men's Camerata](https://www.proquest.com/docview/408532787) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) The [Suspicious Cheese Lords](/wiki/Suspicious_Cheese_Lords "Suspicious Cheese Lords") (founded in 1996\) is a men's early music ensemble that focuses on the rediscovery of unknown Renaissance polyphony. Founded by a group of friends with a shared interest in the music of [Thomas Tallis](/wiki/Thomas_Tallis "Thomas Tallis") and currently comprising about a dozen members, the group's mission is to promote early music throughout the greater Washington area.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.washingtonian.com/blogs/afterhours/music/a\-night\-with\-the\-suspicious\-cheese\-lords.php \\|last\=Downey \\|first\=Charles T. \\|title\=A Night With the Suspicious Cheese Lords \\|work\=\[\[Washingtonian (magazine)\\|Washingtonian]] \\|date\=2011\-07\-18 \\|accessdate\=2015\-04\-08}} ### Women's choruses * IlluminareReinthaler, Joan, ["Carmina and Illuminare sing as one"](https://archive.today/20130630143149/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-classical-beat/2010/06/in_performance_washington_earl_1.html), Washington Post, "The Classical Beat" blog by Anne Midgette), June 14, 2010\. Retrieved: May 31, 2013\. – women's ensemble specializing in early music * Capital Accord ChorusThornton, Laura L, [5 "Things to Know Today: Sept. 1"](http://chevychase.patch.com/articles/5-things-to-know-today-sept-1) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004031702/http://chevychase.patch.com/articles/5\-things\-to\-know\-today\-sept\-1 \\|date\=2012\-10\-04 }}, Chevy Chase Patch (Maryland), September 1, 2011\. Retrieved: September 2, 2011\. – women's chorus in Silver Spring, MD, singing four\-part a cappella harmony * Capital Harmonia – women's chorus focused on arrangements by women composers and performances promoting women's issues. * Washington Women's Chorus – 35\-member chorus performs works ranging from 11th\-century chants, to compositions by Vivaldi and Brahms, and new works by American and international composers * Voix de Femmes ### Gospel and African\-American heritage choruses The 130\-voice Washington Performing Arts (WPA) Men and Women of the Gospel Choir, founded in 1991 and directed by Stanley Thurston, performs regularly at the Kennedy Center and other local venues.Washington Performing Arts, [About the Washington Performing Arts Men and Women of the Gospel Choir](http://www.washingtonperformingarts.org/aboutchoir/index.aspx) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312133735/http://www.washingtonperformingarts.org/aboutchoir/index.aspx \\|date\=2015\-03\-12 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\). Thurston is also the founder and director of the Heritage Signature Chorale, which focuses on African\-American spirituals as well as classical repertoire.Heritage Signature Chorale, [Mission \& History](http://www.heritagesignaturechorale.org/) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\)Tucker, Neely, "Slavery's Unchained Melodies", Washington Post, Sunday, February 20, 2005\. Other area ensembles include Mosaic Harmony in Fairfax County, Virginia,Mosaic Harmony, [Meet Our Choir](http://mosaicharmony.org/meetourChoir.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414174005/http://mosaicharmony.org/meetourChoir.htm \\|date\=2015\-04\-14 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\) as well as [Patrick Lundy and the Ministers of Music](/wiki/Patrick_Lundy "Patrick Lundy") based in Maryland.Patrick Lundy and the Ministers of Music, [Biographical Statement](http://plundymom.com/history/bio_statement.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315113552/http://plundymom.com/history/bio\_statement.htm \\|date\=2015\-03\-15 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\) ### Chamber choirs The Washington area has a large number of chamber vocal ensembles. The [Washington Bach Consort](/wiki/Washington_Bach_Consort "Washington Bach Consort"), founded in 1977, presents concerts using a professional chorus and orchestra using period instruments.Washington Bach Consort, [About the Consort](http://www.bachconsort.org/about/) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\) The Bach Consort is noted for performing the music of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") and his contemporaries, and performs a monthly series of weekday noontime cantatas in downtown Washington in addition to regular concert performances.Washington Bach Consort, [Noontime Cantatas](http://www.bachconsort.org/category/cantatas/) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409075510/http://www.bachconsort.org/category/cantatas/ \\|date\=2015\-04\-09 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\) The [Thomas Circle Singers](/wiki/Thomas_Circle_Singers "Thomas Circle Singers") (founded in 1976\) have a dual mission that includes donating ticket proceeds to area non\-profit organizations, and have been recognized for both community involvement as well as musicianship.Thomas Circle Singers, [About Us](http://thomascirclesingers.org/about-us/) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415041138/http://thomascirclesingers.org/about\-us/ \\|date\=2015\-04\-15 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\)Music: [The Thomas Circle Singers 35th Anniversary Concert](http://www.washingtonian.com/events/9528.html), Washingtonian, Events Calendar, May 14, 2011\. Retrieved: September 2, 2011\. [Lux](http://www.choirlux.com) (founded in 2014\) is a professional chamber choir of 16\-22 voices founded and run by college\-aged musicians, based in Hyattsville, MD and specializing in contemporary choral music.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.choirlux.com\\|title\=Lux Choir — Home\\|website\=LUX\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-05}} Founded by member [Robby Napoli](http://www.robbynapoli.com), Lux has been met with some of the highest compliments from professors of local conservatories, the world's most loved composers, professional musicians, and casual audience members.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.choirlux.com/our\-story.html\\|title\=Lux Choir — About\\|website\=LUX\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-05}} Garnering praise from high\-profile composers Eric Whitacre and Paul Mealor, they are dedicated to "excellence, innovation, and accessibility in choral performance."{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.choirlux.com/press\-kit.html\\|title\=Press Kit\\|website\=LUX\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-05}}{{Dead link\\|date\=July 2020 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The Cantate Chamber Singers (founded in 1984\) perform concerts in Maryland and D.C. featuring a broad range of repertoire from the past five centuries, and have released several recordings on national labels.Cantate Chamber Singers, [About Us](http://cantate.org/about-us/) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413170124/http://cantate.org/about\-us/ \\|date\=2015\-04\-13 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\) Cantigas focuses on music from the Latino tradition,Cantigas, [Mission, Vision, and Core Principles](http://cantigas.org/mission) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511141239/http://cantigas.org/mission \\|date\=2015\-05\-11 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\) while Voices 21, also based in Maryland, focuses on music of the 15th, 16th, 20th, and 21st centuries including rarely performed works.Voices 21, [About Voices 21](http://voicesxxi.org/?page_id=45) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\) Carmina (founded in 2004\), based in Falls Church, Virginia, focuses on early music from the Middle Ages through the early Baroque period.Carmina, [About Carmina](http://www.carmina.org/aboutcarmina.php) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\> The Voce Chamber Singers (founded in 1989\) are based in RestonVoce Chamber Singers, [History](http://voce.org/history.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413233004/http://voce.org/history.php \\|date\=2015\-04\-13 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\) while the Master Singers of Virginia are based in Loudoun County.["Best Bets: Master Singers in Concert"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/17/AR2009021703629.html), Local Living section, Thursday, February 19, 2009\.Master Singers of Virginia, [Ensemble](http://www.msva.org/ensemble/) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\) [Polyhymnia](http://www.polyhymniasings.org/) (founded in 1991\), a 20\-25\-voice a capella chamber chorus directed by Steve Beck, performs good music from all periods (Renaissance to modern) and many cultures, frequently including less\-well\-known pieces that should be heard more often. Polyhymnia is based in Bethesda Md and gives concerts in Md, DC and Va. Polyhymnia follows a "pay what you will" policy: performances are free but donations are accepted. ### Children's choirs * [Maryland State Boychoir](/wiki/Maryland_State_Boychoir "Maryland State Boychoir"){{cite web \\|url\=http://www.marylandstateboychoir.org/ \\|title\=Maryland State Boychoir\\|accessdate\=2007\-05\-12 \\|format\= \\|work\= }} – 150 singer choral ensemble, with young men ages 6\-20\. Based in Maryland, regularly performs in Washington D.C. * American Youth Chorus, affiliate of the Congressional Chorus, for youth 8 to 14 from all over the Washington metropolitan area. * [Cantate Children's and Youth Choir of Central Virginia](http://www.cantatechoir.net) – brings classical choral music to the children and youth of Central Virginia * Strathmore Children's Chorus * Children's Chorus of Washington{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.childrenschorus.com/ \\|title\=Children's Chorus of Washington \- Your voice. Our Sound. An Unforgettable Experience \\|publisher\=Childrenschorus.com \\|date\=2013\-01\-18 \\|accessdate\=2014\-03\-19}} – 150 singer children’s choral ensemble * [World Children's Choir](/wiki/World_Children%27s_Choir "World Children's Choir") – Offers rehearsals and performance training for children and teens ages 4 – 18 from the Washington, D.C., area * D.C. Boys Choir["Russian celebration in Washington DC"](http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idarticle=12127), Spero News, Nov 13, 2007\. – Offers membership, by audition, to boys ages 9–13 who are enrolled in the D.C. public schools * Washington Youth Choir – free after school music education and college preparatory program for students ages 13 to 19 ### Barbershop choruses Men's * Alexandria Harmonizers * [Harmony Express Men's Chorus](/wiki/Harmony_Express_Men%27s_Chorus "Harmony Express Men's Chorus") * Singing Capital Chorus – Washington chapter of the Barbershop Harmony Society Women's * Potomac Harmony Chorus * Vienna\-Falls Chorus of Sweet Adelines International * Heart of Maryland Chorus\-Sweet Adelines ### A cappella ensembles Washington, D.C., has a very vibrant [a cappella](/wiki/A_cappella "A cappella") scene. [Sweet Honey in the Rock](/wiki/Sweet_Honey_in_the_Rock "Sweet Honey in the Rock"), which formed in 1973 and focuses on music rooted in African American culture, has shared a Grammy Award and received multiple Grammy nominations for its children's albums. [Afro Blue](/wiki/Afro_Blue "Afro Blue"), an a cappella vocal jazz ensemble based at [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University "Howard University"), received significant national attention when it placed fourth on [season three](/wiki/The_Sing-Off_%28season_3%29 "The Sing-Off (season 3)") of the television show [The Sing Off](/wiki/The_Sing_Off "The Sing Off") in 2011\. There are several ″vocal bands″ in the area, while [The Capital Hearings](/wiki/The_Capital_Hearings "The Capital Hearings") bridge the lines between the choral tradition, vocal jazz, and contemporary a cappella.	[ "Choral organizations\n--------------------", "Note \\- this section does not discuss particular scholastic / university or church ensembles unless they are independently notable.", "### Symphonic choruses", "Unlike many American cities, Washington, D.C., features several independent (i.e., non\\-orchestra\\-controlled) symphonic choruses, including three major organizations with annual budgets exceeding $1 million.Anne Midgette, [New groups like National Master Chorale signal key change in D.C. choral scene](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/18/AR2009121802677.html), Washington Post, Dec. 19, 2009 (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\)", "The [Choral Arts Society of Washington](/wiki/Choral_Arts_Society_of_Washington \"Choral Arts Society of Washington\") presents an annual concert series at the [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center \"Kennedy Center\"), performs frequently with the [National Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra \"National Symphony Orchestra\") (NSO), and in recent years has performed with prominent symphony orchestras from [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra \"Philadelphia Orchestra\"), [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore_Symphony_Orchestra \"Baltimore Symphony Orchestra\"), [London](/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra \"London Symphony Orchestra\"), Russia ([Mariinsky](/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre_Orchestra \"Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra\")), and China ([Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao_Symphony_Orchestra \"Qingdao Symphony Orchestra\")). It regularly participates in nationally televised events such as the [Kennedy Center Honors](/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors \"Kennedy Center Honors\") and [A Capitol Fourth](/wiki/A_Capitol_Fourth \"A Capitol Fourth\"). It also tours internationally every 3–4 years, including a landmark tour to Russia in 1993 with [Mstislav Rostropovich](/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich \"Mstislav Rostropovich\") and the NSO, two trips to the [Festival dei Due Mondi](/wiki/Festival_dei_Due_Mondi \"Festival dei Due Mondi\") in [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto \"Spoleto\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") in 1993 and 2001, opening the [BBC Proms](/wiki/BBC_Proms \"BBC Proms\") in London in 2002, performing with [Valery Gergiev](/wiki/Valery_Gergiev \"Valery Gergiev\") and the [London Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra \"London Symphony Orchestra\") in 2008, and a visit to China with the [Qingdao Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Qingdao_Symphony_Orchestra \"Qingdao Symphony Orchestra\") in 2015\\. The Choral Arts Society is the largest choral organization by budget in the Washington area, and is among the largest in the United States. The organization also includes a vocal chamber ensemble and a youth choir.", "[The Washington Chorus](/wiki/The_Washington_Chorus \"The Washington Chorus\"), previously known as the Oratorio Society of Washington, is directed by Eugene Rogers and has a similar performing profile, with regular Kennedy Center performances, NSO guest appearances, and several international tours to Europe, most recently in 2004\\.The Washington Chorus, [Tours and Festivals](http://thewashingtonchorus.org/world_tours) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414022735/http://thewashingtonchorus.org/world\\_tours \\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-14 }}, visited Apr. 5, 2015 In 2000, the chorus (then led by [Robert Shafer](/wiki/Robert_Shafer_%28conductor%29 \"Robert Shafer (conductor)\")) received the [Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Choral_Performance \"Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance\") for its live recording of [Benjamin Britten](/wiki/Benjamin_Britten \"Benjamin Britten\")'s [War Requiem](/wiki/War_Requiem \"War Requiem\").", "The [Cathedral Choral Society](/wiki/Cathedral_Choral_Society \"Cathedral Choral Society\") is the oldest symphonic chorus in Washington, founded in 1941 by [Paul Callaway](/wiki/Paul_Callaway \"Paul Callaway\") and directed by [J. Reilly Lewis](/wiki/J._Reilly_Lewis \"J. Reilly Lewis\") from 1985 to 2016\\. It performs primarily at the [Washington National Cathedral](/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral \"Washington National Cathedral\") but also appears regularly at the Kennedy Center and other local venues.", "Finally, the [City Choir of Washington](/wiki/City_Choir_of_Washington \"City Choir of Washington\") was established under the direction of Robert Shafer in 2007Tim Page, [A Musical Reprise for Robert Shafer](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/31/AR2007083101864.html), Washington Post, Sep. 1, 2007 (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) in the wake of his departure from the Washington Chorus.Tim Page, [Robert Shafer of Washington Chorus to Step Down in '07](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/05/AR2006090501294.html), Washington Post, Sep. 6, 2006 (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\). Coincidentally, Shafer's departure from the Washington Chorus and eventual formation of the City Choir occurred 100 years after an earlier Washington Oratorio Society split away from the city's original Choral Society in 1907\\.", "Elsewhere in the Washington metropolitan area, the 200\\-voice National Philharmonic Chorale performs regularly at [Strathmore](/wiki/Strathmore_%28Maryland%29 \"Strathmore (Maryland)\") in [Bethesda, MD](/wiki/Bethesda%2C_MD \"Bethesda, MD\").The National Philharmonic, [National Philharmonic Chorale](http://www.nationalphilharmonic.org/Content.aspx?ModuleID=44) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414010055/http://www.nationalphilharmonic.org/Content.aspx?ModuleID\\=44 \\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-14 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\). The Chorale was established in 2003 when the Masterworks Chorus (founded in 1975\\) merged with the National Chamber Orchestra to create the [National Philharmonic](/wiki/National_Philharmonic_at_Strathmore \"National Philharmonic at Strathmore\").The National Philharmonic, [History](http://www.nationalphilharmonic.org/Content.aspx?ModuleID=28) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526170147/http://www.nationalphilharmonic.org/Content.aspx?ModuleID\\=28 \\\|date\\=2010\\-05\\-26 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\). In Virginia, the 120\\-voice Fairfax Choral Society has been a community institution since 1962\\.Fairfax Choral Society, [Who We Are](http://www.fairfaxchoralsociety.org/about/) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) The Choralis Foundation, founded in 2000 in [Falls Church](/wiki/Falls_Church \"Falls Church\"), supports a symphonic chorus and four other auditioned choirs of various typesChoralis, [About Choralis](http://www.choralis.org/about) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) The 200\\-voice New Dominion Chorale (founded in 1991\\) performs symphonic repertoire, but is structured as a \"singers' cooperative\" and does not require auditions to participate.New Dominion Chorale, [Our History](http://www.newdominion.wildapricot.org/page-1519171) (visited Apr. 8, 2015\\)", "### Mid\\-size choruses", "There are a large number of mid\\-size choruses in the Washington, D.C., area, including the Washington Master ChoraleMidgette, Anne, [\"New groups like National Master Chorale signal key change in D.C. choral scene\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/18/AR2009121802677.html), Staff Writer, Washington Post, December 19, 2009\\. Retrieved: September 2, 2011\\. which was formed in 2009 by former singers from the [Master Chorale of Washington](/wiki/Master_Chorale_of_Washington \"Master Chorale of Washington\").", "Many ensembles have a particular focus on specific geographic, demographic, or ethnic communities of interest. These include the 100\\-voice [Capitol Hill Chorale](/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Chorale \"Capitol Hill Chorale\") (founded in 1993\\) based in the city's [Capitol Hill](/wiki/Capitol_Hill \"Capitol Hill\") neighborhood, which occasionally performs symphonic repertoire and has a tradition of performing works of the [Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") liturgy.The Capitol Hill Chorale, [About](http://www.capitolhillchorale.org/about) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) The [Congressional Chorus](/wiki/Congressional_Chorus \"Congressional Chorus\"), founded in 1987,{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Chorus \\\|first1\\=Congressional \\\|title\\=Executive Director \\\|url\\=https://www.congressionalchorus.org/about\\-us \\\|website\\=Congressional Chorus \\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2023}} is a multigenerational performance\\-based community chorus that promotes American choral music and concerts involving dance, poetry, and spoken word artists. It incorporates a senior\\-focused program, NorthEast Senior Singers (NESS), an auditioned adult SATB chorus, an a cappella chamber ensemble, and an American Youth Chorus (AYC) for students in grades 3\\-8\\.[Congressional Chorus](http://congressionalchorus.org) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717203812/https://www.rollersportscan.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/2012\\-03\\-pag\\-athlete.docx%26ei%3DwZ1OUKWpJbSA0AGEnYCIDw%26usg%3DAFQjCNEiEPuaKazywJFi8snVJica0208oQ%26sig2%3Dr0UHNQl26sh7\\_P8L\\_\\-hIIg \\\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-17 }}", "The 50\\-voice [18th Street Singers](/wiki/The_18th_Street_Singers \"The 18th Street Singers\") (formed in 2005\\) is composed of young professionals,18th Street Singers, [About the 18th Street Singers](http://www.18thstreetsingers.com/about/) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201204440/http://18thstreetsingers.com/about/ \\\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-01 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) Zemer Chai: The Jewish Chorale of the Nation's Capital,\" founded by conductor Eleanor Epstein in 1976, is one of the nation’s leading Jewish choirs. The choir sings the full range of Jewish choral repertoire, from classical and liturgical pieces to world Jewish folk music in multiple languages, and new works composed especially for the choir. The choir frequently collaborates with other D.C area choirs, such as Chorale Contigas and the Heritage Signature Chorale, and performs at Interfaith and community events. Zemer Chai has performed at the White House, the Library of Congress, Strathmore, and the Kennedy Center, as well as concert halls in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia Zemer Chai, [About Us](http://www.zemerchai.org/#!about-us/ciaa) (visited June 27, 2015\\) Kolot HaLev (Voices of the Heart), founded by Hazzan Dr. Ramon Tasat in 2008, is the only independent Jewish community choir in the DC area that does not require singers to audition. Kolot HaLev is the choir\\-in\\-residence at Shirat HaNefesh (Song of the Soul) Congregation, and also offers annual concerts exploring the vast treasury of Jewish music, from Italy to Russia.", "In the Maryland suburbs, the 40\\-voice Maryland Choral Society (formed in 1971\\) is a community choral group based in [Prince George's County, Maryland](/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County%2C_Maryland \"Prince George's County, Maryland\").Maryland Choral Society, [History of the Maryland Choral Society](http://www.marylandchoralsociety.org/about-mcs/) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) In Virginia, the 90\\-voice teaching choir {{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/articles/do\\-you\\-hear\\-the\\-sounds\\-of\\-the\\-season/article\\_391e595e\\-ffac\\-11e8\\-a2c0\\-b7e40a3821ad.html\\\|title\\=Do you hear the ‘Sounds of the Season’?\\\|last\\=Times\\\|first\\=Hanan Daqqa / Fairfax County\\\|website\\=Fairfax County Times\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13}}Vienna Choral Society (founded in 1986\\) draws audiences from the DC\\-metro region,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://viennachoralsociety.org/\\\|title\\=Vienna Choral Society {{!}} Vienna, Virginia\\\|website\\=viennachoralsociety.org\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13}} and the 80\\-voice Reston Chorale (founded in 1967\\) serves western Fairfax County.The Reston Chorale, [About the Chorale](http://www.restonchorale.org/about_reston_chorale.html) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) The 45\\-voice Alexandria Choral Society (established in 1970\\) focuses on choral repertoireAlexandria Choral Society, [About Alexandria Choral Society](http://www.alexandriachoralsociety.org/#!acs-history/cta0) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) while the Alexandria Singers (founded in 1975\\) focus on American popular music.Alexandria Singers, [Group History](http://www.alexandriasingers.com/about.htm) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204436/http://www.alexandriasingers.com/about.htm \\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-30 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\)", "### Men's choruses", "The 60\\-voice [Washington Men's Camerata](/wiki/Washington_Men%27s_Camerata \"Washington Men's Camerata\") (founded in 1984\\) has been directed by [Frank Albinder](/wiki/Frank_Albinder \"Frank Albinder\") since 1999 and performs annually at the Kennedy Center. The Camerata has released critically acclaimed recordings,Washington Men's Camerata, [General Information](http://www.camerata.com/general_information.php) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328054315/http://camerata.com/general\\_information.php \\\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-28 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) and maintains a National Library of Men's Choral Music.Washington Men's Camerata, [Library](http://www.camerata.com/library.php) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328021811/http://www.camerata.com/library.php \\\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-28 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\)", "The [Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Chorus_of_Washington%2C_D.C. \"Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C.\") (founded in 1981\\) has more than 250 singing members, performs music across a range of styles, and regularly conducts outreach performances, with a dual mission that includes \"champion\\[ing] gay equality.\"Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C., [History](http://gmcw.org/about/history/) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\). The National Men's Chorus was founded in 1999 by Thomas Beveridge,National Men's Chorus, [About](http://www.nationalmenschorus.org/about.htm) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) soon after his departure as director of the Men's Camerata.Letter to the Editor, [In Defense of the Men's Camerata](https://www.proquest.com/docview/408532787) (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\)", "The [Suspicious Cheese Lords](/wiki/Suspicious_Cheese_Lords \"Suspicious Cheese Lords\") (founded in 1996\\) is a men's early music ensemble that focuses on the rediscovery of unknown Renaissance polyphony. Founded by a group of friends with a shared interest in the music of [Thomas Tallis](/wiki/Thomas_Tallis \"Thomas Tallis\") and currently comprising about a dozen members, the group's mission is to promote early music throughout the greater Washington area.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.washingtonian.com/blogs/afterhours/music/a\\-night\\-with\\-the\\-suspicious\\-cheese\\-lords.php \\\|last\\=Downey \\\|first\\=Charles T. \\\|title\\=A Night With the Suspicious Cheese Lords \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Washingtonian (magazine)\\\|Washingtonian]] \\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-18 \\\|accessdate\\=2015\\-04\\-08}}", "### Women's choruses", "* IlluminareReinthaler, Joan, [\"Carmina and Illuminare sing as one\"](https://archive.today/20130630143149/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-classical-beat/2010/06/in_performance_washington_earl_1.html), Washington Post, \"The Classical Beat\" blog by Anne Midgette), June 14, 2010\\. Retrieved: May 31, 2013\\. – women's ensemble specializing in early music\n* Capital Accord ChorusThornton, Laura L, [5 \"Things to Know Today: Sept. 1\"](http://chevychase.patch.com/articles/5-things-to-know-today-sept-1) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004031702/http://chevychase.patch.com/articles/5\\-things\\-to\\-know\\-today\\-sept\\-1 \\\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-04 }}, Chevy Chase Patch (Maryland), September 1, 2011\\. Retrieved: September 2, 2011\\. – women's chorus in Silver Spring, MD, singing four\\-part a cappella harmony\n* Capital Harmonia – women's chorus focused on arrangements by women composers and performances promoting women's issues.\n* Washington Women's Chorus – 35\\-member chorus performs works ranging from 11th\\-century chants, to compositions by Vivaldi and Brahms, and new works by American and international composers\n* Voix de Femmes", "### Gospel and African\\-American heritage choruses", "The 130\\-voice Washington Performing Arts (WPA) Men and Women of the Gospel Choir, founded in 1991 and directed by Stanley Thurston, performs regularly at the Kennedy Center and other local venues.Washington Performing Arts, [About the Washington Performing Arts Men and Women of the Gospel Choir](http://www.washingtonperformingarts.org/aboutchoir/index.aspx) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312133735/http://www.washingtonperformingarts.org/aboutchoir/index.aspx \\\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-12 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\). Thurston is also the founder and director of the Heritage Signature Chorale, which focuses on African\\-American spirituals as well as classical repertoire.Heritage Signature Chorale, [Mission \\& History](http://www.heritagesignaturechorale.org/) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\)Tucker, Neely, \"Slavery's Unchained Melodies\", Washington Post, Sunday, February 20, 2005\\.", "Other area ensembles include Mosaic Harmony in Fairfax County, Virginia,Mosaic Harmony, [Meet Our Choir](http://mosaicharmony.org/meetourChoir.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414174005/http://mosaicharmony.org/meetourChoir.htm \\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-14 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\) as well as [Patrick Lundy and the Ministers of Music](/wiki/Patrick_Lundy \"Patrick Lundy\") based in Maryland.Patrick Lundy and the Ministers of Music, [Biographical Statement](http://plundymom.com/history/bio_statement.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315113552/http://plundymom.com/history/bio\\_statement.htm \\\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-15 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\)", "### Chamber choirs", "The Washington area has a large number of chamber vocal ensembles. The [Washington Bach Consort](/wiki/Washington_Bach_Consort \"Washington Bach Consort\"), founded in 1977, presents concerts using a professional chorus and orchestra using period instruments.Washington Bach Consort, [About the Consort](http://www.bachconsort.org/about/) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\) The Bach Consort is noted for performing the music of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") and his contemporaries, and performs a monthly series of weekday noontime cantatas in downtown Washington in addition to regular concert performances.Washington Bach Consort, [Noontime Cantatas](http://www.bachconsort.org/category/cantatas/) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409075510/http://www.bachconsort.org/category/cantatas/ \\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-09 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\) The [Thomas Circle Singers](/wiki/Thomas_Circle_Singers \"Thomas Circle Singers\") (founded in 1976\\) have a dual mission that includes donating ticket proceeds to area non\\-profit organizations, and have been recognized for both community involvement as well as musicianship.Thomas Circle Singers, [About Us](http://thomascirclesingers.org/about-us/) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415041138/http://thomascirclesingers.org/about\\-us/ \\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-15 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\)Music: [The Thomas Circle Singers 35th Anniversary Concert](http://www.washingtonian.com/events/9528.html), Washingtonian, Events Calendar, May 14, 2011\\. Retrieved: September 2, 2011\\.", "[Lux](http://www.choirlux.com) (founded in 2014\\) is a professional chamber choir of 16\\-22 voices founded and run by college\\-aged musicians, based in Hyattsville, MD and specializing in contemporary choral music.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.choirlux.com\\\|title\\=Lux Choir — Home\\\|website\\=LUX\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-05}} Founded by member [Robby Napoli](http://www.robbynapoli.com), Lux has been met with some of the highest compliments from professors of local conservatories, the world's most loved composers, professional musicians, and casual audience members.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.choirlux.com/our\\-story.html\\\|title\\=Lux Choir — About\\\|website\\=LUX\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-05}} Garnering praise from high\\-profile composers Eric Whitacre and Paul Mealor, they are dedicated to \"excellence, innovation, and accessibility in choral performance.\"{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.choirlux.com/press\\-kit.html\\\|title\\=Press Kit\\\|website\\=LUX\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-05}}{{Dead link\\\|date\\=July 2020 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "The Cantate Chamber Singers (founded in 1984\\) perform concerts in Maryland and D.C. featuring a broad range of repertoire from the past five centuries, and have released several recordings on national labels.Cantate Chamber Singers, [About Us](http://cantate.org/about-us/) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413170124/http://cantate.org/about\\-us/ \\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-13 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\) Cantigas focuses on music from the Latino tradition,Cantigas, [Mission, Vision, and Core Principles](http://cantigas.org/mission) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511141239/http://cantigas.org/mission \\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-11 }} (visited Apr. 5, 2015\\) while Voices 21, also based in Maryland, focuses on music of the 15th, 16th, 20th, and 21st centuries including rarely performed works.Voices 21, [About Voices 21](http://voicesxxi.org/?page_id=45) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\)", "Carmina (founded in 2004\\), based in Falls Church, Virginia, focuses on early music from the Middle Ages through the early Baroque period.Carmina, [About Carmina](http://www.carmina.org/aboutcarmina.php) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\> The Voce Chamber Singers (founded in 1989\\) are based in RestonVoce Chamber Singers, [History](http://voce.org/history.php) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413233004/http://voce.org/history.php \\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-13 }} (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\) while the Master Singers of Virginia are based in Loudoun County.[\"Best Bets: Master Singers in Concert\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/17/AR2009021703629.html), Local Living section, Thursday, February 19, 2009\\.Master Singers of Virginia, [Ensemble](http://www.msva.org/ensemble/) (visited Apr. 7, 2015\\)", "[Polyhymnia](http://www.polyhymniasings.org/) (founded in 1991\\), a 20\\-25\\-voice a capella chamber chorus directed by Steve Beck, performs good music from all periods (Renaissance to modern) and many cultures, frequently including less\\-well\\-known pieces that should be heard more often. Polyhymnia is based in Bethesda Md and gives concerts in Md, DC and Va. Polyhymnia follows a \"pay what you will\" policy: performances are free but donations are accepted.", "### Children's choirs", "* [Maryland State Boychoir](/wiki/Maryland_State_Boychoir \"Maryland State Boychoir\"){{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.marylandstateboychoir.org/ \\\|title\\=Maryland State Boychoir\\\|accessdate\\=2007\\-05\\-12 \\\|format\\= \\\|work\\= }} – 150 singer choral ensemble, with young men ages 6\\-20\\. Based in Maryland, regularly performs in Washington D.C.\n* American Youth Chorus, affiliate of the Congressional Chorus, for youth 8 to 14 from all over the Washington metropolitan area.\n* [Cantate Children's and Youth Choir of Central Virginia](http://www.cantatechoir.net) – brings classical choral music to the children and youth of Central Virginia\n* Strathmore Children's Chorus\n* Children's Chorus of Washington{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.childrenschorus.com/ \\\|title\\=Children's Chorus of Washington \\- Your voice. Our Sound. An Unforgettable Experience \\\|publisher\\=Childrenschorus.com \\\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-18 \\\|accessdate\\=2014\\-03\\-19}} – 150 singer children’s choral ensemble\n* [World Children's Choir](/wiki/World_Children%27s_Choir \"World Children's Choir\") – Offers rehearsals and performance training for children and teens ages 4 – 18 from the Washington, D.C., area\n* D.C. Boys Choir[\"Russian celebration in Washington DC\"](http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idarticle=12127), Spero News, Nov 13, 2007\\. – Offers membership, by audition, to boys ages 9–13 who are enrolled in the D.C. public schools\n* Washington Youth Choir – free after school music education and college preparatory program for students ages 13 to 19", "### Barbershop choruses", "Men's\n* Alexandria Harmonizers\n* [Harmony Express Men's Chorus](/wiki/Harmony_Express_Men%27s_Chorus \"Harmony Express Men's Chorus\")\n* Singing Capital Chorus – Washington chapter of the Barbershop Harmony Society\nWomen's\n* Potomac Harmony Chorus\n* Vienna\\-Falls Chorus of Sweet Adelines International\n* Heart of Maryland Chorus\\-Sweet Adelines", "### A cappella ensembles", "Washington, D.C., has a very vibrant [a cappella](/wiki/A_cappella \"A cappella\") scene. [Sweet Honey in the Rock](/wiki/Sweet_Honey_in_the_Rock \"Sweet Honey in the Rock\"), which formed in 1973 and focuses on music rooted in African American culture, has shared a Grammy Award and received multiple Grammy nominations for its children's albums. [Afro Blue](/wiki/Afro_Blue \"Afro Blue\"), an a cappella vocal jazz ensemble based at [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University \"Howard University\"), received significant national attention when it placed fourth on [season three](/wiki/The_Sing-Off_%28season_3%29 \"The Sing-Off (season 3)\") of the television show [The Sing Off](/wiki/The_Sing_Off \"The Sing Off\") in 2011\\. There are several ″vocal bands″ in the area, while [The Capital Hearings](/wiki/The_Capital_Hearings \"The Capital Hearings\") bridge the lines between the choral tradition, vocal jazz, and contemporary a cappella.", "" ]
War with the Polish\-Lithuanian Commonwealth -------------------------------------------- ### Preparation On ascending the throne (October 1648\), his first thought was to realize his father's ambitions in [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"). With this object in view, he allied himself, in the beginning of 1649, with the [Cossack](/wiki/Cossack "Cossack") [hetman](/wiki/Hetman "Hetman") [Bohdan Khmelnytsky](/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky "Bohdan Khmelnytsky"), and the [hospodars](/wiki/Hospodar "Hospodar") of [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia") and [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia"), ([Vasile Lupu](/wiki/Vasile_Lupu "Vasile Lupu") and [Matei Basarab](/wiki/Matei_Basarab "Matei Basarab")),{{sfn\\|Bain\\|1911}} but took no action for several years. On 6 December 1656, by the [Treaty of Radnot](/wiki/Treaty_of_Radnot "Treaty of Radnot"), he also allied with King [Charles X Gustav of Sweden](/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden "Charles X Gustav of Sweden") against King [John II Casimir of Poland](/wiki/John_II_Casimir_of_Poland "John II Casimir of Poland"). Rákóczi was to seize the provinces of [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland") and [Mazovia](/wiki/Mazovia "Mazovia"), together with rich salt deposits in [Wieliczka](/wiki/Wieliczka "Wieliczka") and [Bochnia](/wiki/Bochnia "Bochnia"). ### 1657 In 1657, he invaded the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth") in the third part of the [Second Northern War](/wiki/Second_Northern_War "Second Northern War") (1655–1660\), also known as [the Deluge](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 "Deluge (history)"). #### Spring In late January 1657, Rákóczi's 25,000\-strong army crossed the [Carpathian Mountains](/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains "Carpathian Mountains") near [Krosno](/wiki/Krosno "Krosno"). The Transylvanians headed towards [Medyka](/wiki/Medyka "Medyka"), where 10,000 [Zaporozhian Cossacks](/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks "Zaporozhian Cossacks") under [Anton Zdanovich](/wiki/Anton_Zdanovich "Anton Zdanovich") joined them. The Transylvanian\-Cossack army approached [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv"), but failed to capture the fortified city. Then it headed westwards, to [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"). The army's march was marked by atrocities, destruction, and looting. Rákóczi captured and destroyed [Dukla](/wiki/Dukla "Dukla"), [Lesko](/wiki/Lesko "Lesko"), and [Sanok](/wiki/Sanok "Sanok"), but failed to seize [Przemyśl](/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl "Przemyśl"), [Krosno](/wiki/Krosno "Krosno"), and [Łańcut](/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut "Łańcut"). On 21 March 1657, Rákóczi entered [Tarnów](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w "Tarnów"), and seven days later reached Kraków, which was already under Swedish control. Kraków's Swedish garrison was reinforced by 2,500 Transylvanians under [János Bethlen](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bethlen "János Bethlen"), while the rest under Rákóczi headed northwards. #### April The Swedish garrison of Kraków was reinforced by 2,500 Transylvanians under [János Bethlen](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bethlen "János Bethlen"), while Rákóczi headed northwards. On 12 April, near [Ćmielów](/wiki/%C4%86miel%C3%B3w "Ćmielów"), the Transylvanians joined the Swedish army under [Charles X Gustav](/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden "Charles X Gustav of Sweden"). The combined forces crossed the [Vistula](/wiki/Vistula "Vistula") at [Zawichost](/wiki/Zawichost "Zawichost"), on 19 April capturing [Lublin](/wiki/Lublin "Lublin"). #### May On 8 May the Swedish\-Transylvanian army besieged [Brest Litovsk](/wiki/Brest%2C_Belarus "Brest, Belarus"), capturing it two days later. After the siege, Rákóczi's soldiers plundered and looted intensely. The Transylvanians burned [Biała Podlaska](/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska "Biała Podlaska") and [Brańsk](/wiki/Bra%C5%84sk "Brańsk") to the ground among other towns. On 20 May, news of the [Dano\-Swedish War](/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_%281657%E2%80%9358%29 "Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)") reached Charles X Gustav and the king decided to march towards [Swedish Pomerania](/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania "Swedish Pomerania"), leaving [Gustaf Otto Stenbock](/wiki/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock "Gustaf Otto Stenbock") in charge. #### June The army then marched towards [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), burning the towns of [Mielnik](/wiki/Mielnik "Mielnik"), [Drohiczyn](/wiki/Drohiczyn "Drohiczyn"), [Nur](/wiki/Nur%2C_Poland "Nur, Poland"), [Brok](/wiki/Brok%2C_Masovian_Voivodeship "Brok, Masovian Voivodeship"), and [Pniewo](/wiki/Pniewo%2C_Podlaskie_Voivodeship "Pniewo, Podlaskie Voivodeship"). On 17 June, after a three\-day siege, Rákóczi and Stenbock captured Warsaw. Swedish forces remained in Warsaw only for a few days, as on 22 June they left the city for [Stettin](/wiki/Szczecin "Szczecin"), to join the war against Denmark. Since Rákóczi was well aware of the real quality of his army, he decided to abandon Warsaw as well, and head southeast. #### July Following an order of the Polish King [John II Casimir Vasa](/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa "John II Casimir Vasa"), the Transylvanians were followed by a 10,000\-strong [Stefan Czarniecki](/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki "Stefan Czarniecki")'s mounted army, supported by {{Interlanguage link multi\\|Aleksander Hilary Połubiński\\|pl}}'s Lithuanians and Austrian allies. Simultaneously, [Jerzy Lubomirski](/wiki/Jerzy_Sebastian_Lubomirski "Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski")'s forces organized a revenge invasion of Transylvania, with widespread looting and destruction of Rákóczi's realm. On 8 July 1657 in Lancut, Polish leaders decided to split their forces. Stefan Czarniecki was to follow Rákóczi, while Jerzy Lubomirski and [Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%22Rewera%22_Potocki "Stanisław ") were to cut the Transylvanians and Cossacks from crossing the border and escaping Poland. On 11 July Czarniecki partly destroyed the Transylvanian army in the [Battle of Magierów](/wiki/Battle_of_Magier%C3%B3w "Battle of Magierów"). On 16 July, the Polish armies united and on 20 July Rákóczi was defeated in the [Battle of Czarny Ostrów](/wiki/Battle_of_Czarny_Ostr%C3%B3w "Battle of Czarny Ostrów"). ##### Rákóczi capitulates After the defeat and subsequent retreat of his Cossack allies, Rákóczi withdrew towards the [Podolian](/wiki/Podolia "Podolia") town of Miedzyboz, where he capitulated to Jerzy Lubomirski (23 July), promising to break his alliance with Sweden, abandon the cities of Kraków and Brest Litovsk, and pay a contribution in the total amount of over 4 million [złotys](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty "Polish złoty"). ##### Final blow by the Crimean Tartars Polish commanders allowed his forces to march towards Transylvania, but on 26 July, Rákóczi was attacked by the [Crimean Tatars](/wiki/Crimean_Tatars "Crimean Tatars"), who at that time were Poland–Lithuania's allies. Rákóczi abandoned his army, leaving it in the hands of [János Kemény](/wiki/John_Kem%C3%A9ny_%28prince%29 "John Kemény (prince)"). The Transylvanian camp, located near [Trembowla](/wiki/Trembowla "Trembowla"), was captured by the Tatars on 31 July. Some 500 were killed, and about 11,000 Transylvanians were captured and taken to the Crimea. As a result, Rákóczi's army ceased to exist.[thumb\\|[Thaler](/wiki/Thaler "Thaler") of George II Rákóczi showing his portrait and coat of arms (1660\)](/wiki/File:Transylvanian_Thaler_of_George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_1660.jpg "Transylvanian Thaler of George II Rákóczi 1660.jpg")	[ "War with the Polish\\-Lithuanian Commonwealth\n--------------------------------------------", "### Preparation", "On ascending the throne (October 1648\\), his first thought was to realize his father's ambitions in [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"). With this object in view, he allied himself, in the beginning of 1649, with the [Cossack](/wiki/Cossack \"Cossack\") [hetman](/wiki/Hetman \"Hetman\") [Bohdan Khmelnytsky](/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky \"Bohdan Khmelnytsky\"), and the [hospodars](/wiki/Hospodar \"Hospodar\") of [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia \"Moldavia\") and [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia \"Wallachia\"), ([Vasile Lupu](/wiki/Vasile_Lupu \"Vasile Lupu\") and [Matei Basarab](/wiki/Matei_Basarab \"Matei Basarab\")),{{sfn\\\|Bain\\\|1911}} but took no action for several years. On 6 December 1656, by the [Treaty of Radnot](/wiki/Treaty_of_Radnot \"Treaty of Radnot\"), he also allied with King [Charles X Gustav of Sweden](/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden \"Charles X Gustav of Sweden\") against King [John II Casimir of Poland](/wiki/John_II_Casimir_of_Poland \"John II Casimir of Poland\"). Rákóczi was to seize the provinces of [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland \"Lesser Poland\") and [Mazovia](/wiki/Mazovia \"Mazovia\"), together with rich salt deposits in [Wieliczka](/wiki/Wieliczka \"Wieliczka\") and [Bochnia](/wiki/Bochnia \"Bochnia\").", "### 1657", "In 1657, he invaded the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\") in the third part of the [Second Northern War](/wiki/Second_Northern_War \"Second Northern War\") (1655–1660\\), also known as [the Deluge](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 \"Deluge (history)\").", "#### Spring", "In late January 1657, Rákóczi's 25,000\\-strong army crossed the [Carpathian Mountains](/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains \"Carpathian Mountains\") near [Krosno](/wiki/Krosno \"Krosno\"). The Transylvanians headed towards [Medyka](/wiki/Medyka \"Medyka\"), where 10,000 [Zaporozhian Cossacks](/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks \"Zaporozhian Cossacks\") under [Anton Zdanovich](/wiki/Anton_Zdanovich \"Anton Zdanovich\") joined them. The Transylvanian\\-Cossack army approached [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\"), but failed to capture the fortified city. Then it headed westwards, to [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\"). The army's march was marked by atrocities, destruction, and looting. Rákóczi captured and destroyed [Dukla](/wiki/Dukla \"Dukla\"), [Lesko](/wiki/Lesko \"Lesko\"), and [Sanok](/wiki/Sanok \"Sanok\"), but failed to seize [Przemyśl](/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl \"Przemyśl\"), [Krosno](/wiki/Krosno \"Krosno\"), and [Łańcut](/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut \"Łańcut\"). On 21 March 1657, Rákóczi entered [Tarnów](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w \"Tarnów\"), and seven days later reached Kraków, which was already under Swedish control. Kraków's Swedish garrison was reinforced by 2,500 Transylvanians under [János Bethlen](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bethlen \"János Bethlen\"), while the rest under Rákóczi headed northwards.", "#### April", "The Swedish garrison of Kraków was reinforced by 2,500 Transylvanians under [János Bethlen](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bethlen \"János Bethlen\"), while Rákóczi headed northwards. On 12 April, near [Ćmielów](/wiki/%C4%86miel%C3%B3w \"Ćmielów\"), the Transylvanians joined the Swedish army under [Charles X Gustav](/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden \"Charles X Gustav of Sweden\"). The combined forces crossed the [Vistula](/wiki/Vistula \"Vistula\") at [Zawichost](/wiki/Zawichost \"Zawichost\"), on 19 April capturing [Lublin](/wiki/Lublin \"Lublin\").", "#### May", "On 8 May the Swedish\\-Transylvanian army besieged [Brest Litovsk](/wiki/Brest%2C_Belarus \"Brest, Belarus\"), capturing it two days later. After the siege, Rákóczi's soldiers plundered and looted intensely. The Transylvanians burned [Biała Podlaska](/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska \"Biała Podlaska\") and [Brańsk](/wiki/Bra%C5%84sk \"Brańsk\") to the ground among other towns. On 20 May, news of the [Dano\\-Swedish War](/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_%281657%E2%80%9358%29 \"Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)\") reached Charles X Gustav and the king decided to march towards [Swedish Pomerania](/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania \"Swedish Pomerania\"), leaving [Gustaf Otto Stenbock](/wiki/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock \"Gustaf Otto Stenbock\") in charge.", "#### June", "The army then marched towards [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"), burning the towns of [Mielnik](/wiki/Mielnik \"Mielnik\"), [Drohiczyn](/wiki/Drohiczyn \"Drohiczyn\"), [Nur](/wiki/Nur%2C_Poland \"Nur, Poland\"), [Brok](/wiki/Brok%2C_Masovian_Voivodeship \"Brok, Masovian Voivodeship\"), and [Pniewo](/wiki/Pniewo%2C_Podlaskie_Voivodeship \"Pniewo, Podlaskie Voivodeship\"). On 17 June, after a three\\-day siege, Rákóczi and Stenbock captured Warsaw. Swedish forces remained in Warsaw only for a few days, as on 22 June they left the city for [Stettin](/wiki/Szczecin \"Szczecin\"), to join the war against Denmark. Since Rákóczi was well aware of the real quality of his army, he decided to abandon Warsaw as well, and head southeast.", "#### July", "Following an order of the Polish King [John II Casimir Vasa](/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa \"John II Casimir Vasa\"), the Transylvanians were followed by a 10,000\\-strong [Stefan Czarniecki](/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki \"Stefan Czarniecki\")'s mounted army, supported by {{Interlanguage link multi\\\|Aleksander Hilary Połubiński\\\|pl}}'s Lithuanians and Austrian allies. Simultaneously, [Jerzy Lubomirski](/wiki/Jerzy_Sebastian_Lubomirski \"Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski\")'s forces organized a revenge invasion of Transylvania, with widespread looting and destruction of Rákóczi's realm. On 8 July 1657 in Lancut, Polish leaders decided to split their forces. Stefan Czarniecki was to follow Rákóczi, while Jerzy Lubomirski and [Stanisław \"Rewera\" Potocki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%22Rewera%22_Potocki \"Stanisław \") were to cut the Transylvanians and Cossacks from crossing the border and escaping Poland. On 11 July Czarniecki partly destroyed the Transylvanian army in the [Battle of Magierów](/wiki/Battle_of_Magier%C3%B3w \"Battle of Magierów\"). On 16 July, the Polish armies united and on 20 July Rákóczi was defeated in the [Battle of Czarny Ostrów](/wiki/Battle_of_Czarny_Ostr%C3%B3w \"Battle of Czarny Ostrów\").", "##### Rákóczi capitulates", "After the defeat and subsequent retreat of his Cossack allies, Rákóczi withdrew towards the [Podolian](/wiki/Podolia \"Podolia\") town of Miedzyboz, where he capitulated to Jerzy Lubomirski (23 July), promising to break his alliance with Sweden, abandon the cities of Kraków and Brest Litovsk, and pay a contribution in the total amount of over 4 million [złotys](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty \"Polish złoty\").", "##### Final blow by the Crimean Tartars", "Polish commanders allowed his forces to march towards Transylvania, but on 26 July, Rákóczi was attacked by the [Crimean Tatars](/wiki/Crimean_Tatars \"Crimean Tatars\"), who at that time were Poland–Lithuania's allies. Rákóczi abandoned his army, leaving it in the hands of [János Kemény](/wiki/John_Kem%C3%A9ny_%28prince%29 \"John Kemény (prince)\"). The Transylvanian camp, located near [Trembowla](/wiki/Trembowla \"Trembowla\"), was captured by the Tatars on 31 July. Some 500 were killed, and about 11,000 Transylvanians were captured and taken to the Crimea. As a result, Rákóczi's army ceased to exist.[thumb\\\|[Thaler](/wiki/Thaler \"Thaler\") of George II Rákóczi showing his portrait and coat of arms (1660\\)](/wiki/File:Transylvanian_Thaler_of_George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_1660.jpg \"Transylvanian Thaler of George II Rákóczi 1660.jpg\")", "" ]
### 1657 In 1657, he invaded the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth") in the third part of the [Second Northern War](/wiki/Second_Northern_War "Second Northern War") (1655–1660\), also known as [the Deluge](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 "Deluge (history)"). #### Spring In late January 1657, Rákóczi's 25,000\-strong army crossed the [Carpathian Mountains](/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains "Carpathian Mountains") near [Krosno](/wiki/Krosno "Krosno"). The Transylvanians headed towards [Medyka](/wiki/Medyka "Medyka"), where 10,000 [Zaporozhian Cossacks](/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks "Zaporozhian Cossacks") under [Anton Zdanovich](/wiki/Anton_Zdanovich "Anton Zdanovich") joined them. The Transylvanian\-Cossack army approached [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv"), but failed to capture the fortified city. Then it headed westwards, to [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"). The army's march was marked by atrocities, destruction, and looting. Rákóczi captured and destroyed [Dukla](/wiki/Dukla "Dukla"), [Lesko](/wiki/Lesko "Lesko"), and [Sanok](/wiki/Sanok "Sanok"), but failed to seize [Przemyśl](/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl "Przemyśl"), [Krosno](/wiki/Krosno "Krosno"), and [Łańcut](/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut "Łańcut"). On 21 March 1657, Rákóczi entered [Tarnów](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w "Tarnów"), and seven days later reached Kraków, which was already under Swedish control. Kraków's Swedish garrison was reinforced by 2,500 Transylvanians under [János Bethlen](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bethlen "János Bethlen"), while the rest under Rákóczi headed northwards. #### April The Swedish garrison of Kraków was reinforced by 2,500 Transylvanians under [János Bethlen](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bethlen "János Bethlen"), while Rákóczi headed northwards. On 12 April, near [Ćmielów](/wiki/%C4%86miel%C3%B3w "Ćmielów"), the Transylvanians joined the Swedish army under [Charles X Gustav](/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden "Charles X Gustav of Sweden"). The combined forces crossed the [Vistula](/wiki/Vistula "Vistula") at [Zawichost](/wiki/Zawichost "Zawichost"), on 19 April capturing [Lublin](/wiki/Lublin "Lublin"). #### May On 8 May the Swedish\-Transylvanian army besieged [Brest Litovsk](/wiki/Brest%2C_Belarus "Brest, Belarus"), capturing it two days later. After the siege, Rákóczi's soldiers plundered and looted intensely. The Transylvanians burned [Biała Podlaska](/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska "Biała Podlaska") and [Brańsk](/wiki/Bra%C5%84sk "Brańsk") to the ground among other towns. On 20 May, news of the [Dano\-Swedish War](/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_%281657%E2%80%9358%29 "Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)") reached Charles X Gustav and the king decided to march towards [Swedish Pomerania](/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania "Swedish Pomerania"), leaving [Gustaf Otto Stenbock](/wiki/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock "Gustaf Otto Stenbock") in charge. #### June The army then marched towards [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), burning the towns of [Mielnik](/wiki/Mielnik "Mielnik"), [Drohiczyn](/wiki/Drohiczyn "Drohiczyn"), [Nur](/wiki/Nur%2C_Poland "Nur, Poland"), [Brok](/wiki/Brok%2C_Masovian_Voivodeship "Brok, Masovian Voivodeship"), and [Pniewo](/wiki/Pniewo%2C_Podlaskie_Voivodeship "Pniewo, Podlaskie Voivodeship"). On 17 June, after a three\-day siege, Rákóczi and Stenbock captured Warsaw. Swedish forces remained in Warsaw only for a few days, as on 22 June they left the city for [Stettin](/wiki/Szczecin "Szczecin"), to join the war against Denmark. Since Rákóczi was well aware of the real quality of his army, he decided to abandon Warsaw as well, and head southeast. #### July Following an order of the Polish King [John II Casimir Vasa](/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa "John II Casimir Vasa"), the Transylvanians were followed by a 10,000\-strong [Stefan Czarniecki](/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki "Stefan Czarniecki")'s mounted army, supported by {{Interlanguage link multi\\|Aleksander Hilary Połubiński\\|pl}}'s Lithuanians and Austrian allies. Simultaneously, [Jerzy Lubomirski](/wiki/Jerzy_Sebastian_Lubomirski "Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski")'s forces organized a revenge invasion of Transylvania, with widespread looting and destruction of Rákóczi's realm. On 8 July 1657 in Lancut, Polish leaders decided to split their forces. Stefan Czarniecki was to follow Rákóczi, while Jerzy Lubomirski and [Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%22Rewera%22_Potocki "Stanisław ") were to cut the Transylvanians and Cossacks from crossing the border and escaping Poland. On 11 July Czarniecki partly destroyed the Transylvanian army in the [Battle of Magierów](/wiki/Battle_of_Magier%C3%B3w "Battle of Magierów"). On 16 July, the Polish armies united and on 20 July Rákóczi was defeated in the [Battle of Czarny Ostrów](/wiki/Battle_of_Czarny_Ostr%C3%B3w "Battle of Czarny Ostrów"). ##### Rákóczi capitulates After the defeat and subsequent retreat of his Cossack allies, Rákóczi withdrew towards the [Podolian](/wiki/Podolia "Podolia") town of Miedzyboz, where he capitulated to Jerzy Lubomirski (23 July), promising to break his alliance with Sweden, abandon the cities of Kraków and Brest Litovsk, and pay a contribution in the total amount of over 4 million [złotys](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty "Polish złoty"). ##### Final blow by the Crimean Tartars Polish commanders allowed his forces to march towards Transylvania, but on 26 July, Rákóczi was attacked by the [Crimean Tatars](/wiki/Crimean_Tatars "Crimean Tatars"), who at that time were Poland–Lithuania's allies. Rákóczi abandoned his army, leaving it in the hands of [János Kemény](/wiki/John_Kem%C3%A9ny_%28prince%29 "John Kemény (prince)"). The Transylvanian camp, located near [Trembowla](/wiki/Trembowla "Trembowla"), was captured by the Tatars on 31 July. Some 500 were killed, and about 11,000 Transylvanians were captured and taken to the Crimea. As a result, Rákóczi's army ceased to exist.[thumb\\|[Thaler](/wiki/Thaler "Thaler") of George II Rákóczi showing his portrait and coat of arms (1660\)](/wiki/File:Transylvanian_Thaler_of_George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_1660.jpg "Transylvanian Thaler of George II Rákóczi 1660.jpg")	[ "### 1657", "In 1657, he invaded the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\") in the third part of the [Second Northern War](/wiki/Second_Northern_War \"Second Northern War\") (1655–1660\\), also known as [the Deluge](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 \"Deluge (history)\").", "#### Spring", "In late January 1657, Rákóczi's 25,000\\-strong army crossed the [Carpathian Mountains](/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains \"Carpathian Mountains\") near [Krosno](/wiki/Krosno \"Krosno\"). The Transylvanians headed towards [Medyka](/wiki/Medyka \"Medyka\"), where 10,000 [Zaporozhian Cossacks](/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks \"Zaporozhian Cossacks\") under [Anton Zdanovich](/wiki/Anton_Zdanovich \"Anton Zdanovich\") joined them. The Transylvanian\\-Cossack army approached [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\"), but failed to capture the fortified city. Then it headed westwards, to [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\"). The army's march was marked by atrocities, destruction, and looting. Rákóczi captured and destroyed [Dukla](/wiki/Dukla \"Dukla\"), [Lesko](/wiki/Lesko \"Lesko\"), and [Sanok](/wiki/Sanok \"Sanok\"), but failed to seize [Przemyśl](/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl \"Przemyśl\"), [Krosno](/wiki/Krosno \"Krosno\"), and [Łańcut](/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut \"Łańcut\"). On 21 March 1657, Rákóczi entered [Tarnów](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w \"Tarnów\"), and seven days later reached Kraków, which was already under Swedish control. Kraków's Swedish garrison was reinforced by 2,500 Transylvanians under [János Bethlen](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bethlen \"János Bethlen\"), while the rest under Rákóczi headed northwards.", "#### April", "The Swedish garrison of Kraków was reinforced by 2,500 Transylvanians under [János Bethlen](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bethlen \"János Bethlen\"), while Rákóczi headed northwards. On 12 April, near [Ćmielów](/wiki/%C4%86miel%C3%B3w \"Ćmielów\"), the Transylvanians joined the Swedish army under [Charles X Gustav](/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden \"Charles X Gustav of Sweden\"). The combined forces crossed the [Vistula](/wiki/Vistula \"Vistula\") at [Zawichost](/wiki/Zawichost \"Zawichost\"), on 19 April capturing [Lublin](/wiki/Lublin \"Lublin\").", "#### May", "On 8 May the Swedish\\-Transylvanian army besieged [Brest Litovsk](/wiki/Brest%2C_Belarus \"Brest, Belarus\"), capturing it two days later. After the siege, Rákóczi's soldiers plundered and looted intensely. The Transylvanians burned [Biała Podlaska](/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska \"Biała Podlaska\") and [Brańsk](/wiki/Bra%C5%84sk \"Brańsk\") to the ground among other towns. On 20 May, news of the [Dano\\-Swedish War](/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_%281657%E2%80%9358%29 \"Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)\") reached Charles X Gustav and the king decided to march towards [Swedish Pomerania](/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania \"Swedish Pomerania\"), leaving [Gustaf Otto Stenbock](/wiki/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock \"Gustaf Otto Stenbock\") in charge.", "#### June", "The army then marched towards [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"), burning the towns of [Mielnik](/wiki/Mielnik \"Mielnik\"), [Drohiczyn](/wiki/Drohiczyn \"Drohiczyn\"), [Nur](/wiki/Nur%2C_Poland \"Nur, Poland\"), [Brok](/wiki/Brok%2C_Masovian_Voivodeship \"Brok, Masovian Voivodeship\"), and [Pniewo](/wiki/Pniewo%2C_Podlaskie_Voivodeship \"Pniewo, Podlaskie Voivodeship\"). On 17 June, after a three\\-day siege, Rákóczi and Stenbock captured Warsaw. Swedish forces remained in Warsaw only for a few days, as on 22 June they left the city for [Stettin](/wiki/Szczecin \"Szczecin\"), to join the war against Denmark. Since Rákóczi was well aware of the real quality of his army, he decided to abandon Warsaw as well, and head southeast.", "#### July", "Following an order of the Polish King [John II Casimir Vasa](/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa \"John II Casimir Vasa\"), the Transylvanians were followed by a 10,000\\-strong [Stefan Czarniecki](/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki \"Stefan Czarniecki\")'s mounted army, supported by {{Interlanguage link multi\\\|Aleksander Hilary Połubiński\\\|pl}}'s Lithuanians and Austrian allies. Simultaneously, [Jerzy Lubomirski](/wiki/Jerzy_Sebastian_Lubomirski \"Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski\")'s forces organized a revenge invasion of Transylvania, with widespread looting and destruction of Rákóczi's realm. On 8 July 1657 in Lancut, Polish leaders decided to split their forces. Stefan Czarniecki was to follow Rákóczi, while Jerzy Lubomirski and [Stanisław \"Rewera\" Potocki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%22Rewera%22_Potocki \"Stanisław \") were to cut the Transylvanians and Cossacks from crossing the border and escaping Poland. On 11 July Czarniecki partly destroyed the Transylvanian army in the [Battle of Magierów](/wiki/Battle_of_Magier%C3%B3w \"Battle of Magierów\"). On 16 July, the Polish armies united and on 20 July Rákóczi was defeated in the [Battle of Czarny Ostrów](/wiki/Battle_of_Czarny_Ostr%C3%B3w \"Battle of Czarny Ostrów\").", "##### Rákóczi capitulates", "After the defeat and subsequent retreat of his Cossack allies, Rákóczi withdrew towards the [Podolian](/wiki/Podolia \"Podolia\") town of Miedzyboz, where he capitulated to Jerzy Lubomirski (23 July), promising to break his alliance with Sweden, abandon the cities of Kraków and Brest Litovsk, and pay a contribution in the total amount of over 4 million [złotys](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty \"Polish złoty\").", "##### Final blow by the Crimean Tartars", "Polish commanders allowed his forces to march towards Transylvania, but on 26 July, Rákóczi was attacked by the [Crimean Tatars](/wiki/Crimean_Tatars \"Crimean Tatars\"), who at that time were Poland–Lithuania's allies. Rákóczi abandoned his army, leaving it in the hands of [János Kemény](/wiki/John_Kem%C3%A9ny_%28prince%29 \"John Kemény (prince)\"). The Transylvanian camp, located near [Trembowla](/wiki/Trembowla \"Trembowla\"), was captured by the Tatars on 31 July. Some 500 were killed, and about 11,000 Transylvanians were captured and taken to the Crimea. As a result, Rákóczi's army ceased to exist.[thumb\\\|[Thaler](/wiki/Thaler \"Thaler\") of George II Rákóczi showing his portrait and coat of arms (1660\\)](/wiki/File:Transylvanian_Thaler_of_George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_1660.jpg \"Transylvanian Thaler of George II Rákóczi 1660.jpg\")", "" ]
History ------- As part of a major works plan to reduce unemployment in the Paris region, the extension of the metro line from Porte de Saint\-Ouen to Carrefour Pleyel was decided on 20 November 1940\. The work began in February 1941\. The sites progressed rapidly at first before the German occupation authorities slowed them down before stopping them completely in 1943\. After the [Liberation of France](/wiki/Liberation_of_France "Liberation of France"), work resumed when materials required were gradually restored. In 1948, the infrastructure was built and the station equipped at the beginning of 1950\. The post\-war period was a period of low investment for RATP, so much so that the station was only opened on 30 June 1952\. It was the northern terminus of the northern branch of the line until 26 May 1976, when the line was extended to [Basilique de Saint\-Denis](/wiki/Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%28Paris_M%C3%A9tro%29 "Basilique de Saint-Denis (Paris Métro)"). It is named after Carrefour Pleyel ("Pleyel crossroads"), which is named after the Austrian composer [Ignaz Pleyel](/wiki/Ignaz_Pleyel "Ignaz Pleyel") (1757\-1831\) who founded a musical publishing house in Paris. In 1807, he created near the future Carrefour Pleyel the famous [Pleyel et Cie](/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie "Pleyel et Cie") piano factory, which ceased production in 2013\. The factory gave its name to the Rue des Pianos ("street of the pianos") near the station. Because it was opened as a terminal station, it includes two tracks for trains going to Paris and several sidings, one of which gives access to an underground workshop for train maintenance, called the Atelier de Pleyel. The station was decorated on the theme of "music" for the centenary of the Paris metro. An interactive lighting system was also implemented, especially in the basement of the station, which was the former terminus had therefore had facilities for metro employees that are now unused. But, following complaints by drivers and the Line 13 users association, the interactive system was closed down after two weeks of operation. Blue [LEDs](/wiki/LED "LED") and elements of the inactive lighting facility still exist in the station. Its name comes from the Pleyel crossroads, where two major road axes historically intersect: the RN 14 and the Route de la Révolte, and, more recently, access ramps to the A86 motorway. The Austrian piano maker and composer Ignace Joseph Pleyel (1757\-1831\) founded a musical publishing house in Paris and, in 1807, his famous piano factory on the site of this crossroads. The Pleyel brand is still active, but the manufacture has left Saint\-Denis. In order to perpetuate this history, the city of Saint\-Denis has named a place located nearby the Place des Pianos. In 2019, 2,473,446 travellers entered this station, which places it in 210th position among metro stations for its use out of 302\.{{Cite web\\|title\=Trafic annuel entrant par station du réseau ferré 2019\\|url\=https://dataratp2\.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/trafic\-annuel\-entrant\-par\-station\-du\-reseau\-ferre\-2019/table/?sort\=\-rang\&q\=carrefour\\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-23\\|website\=dataratp2\.opendatasoft.com\\|language\=fr}}	[ "History\n-------", "As part of a major works plan to reduce unemployment in the Paris region, the extension of the metro line from Porte de Saint\\-Ouen to Carrefour Pleyel was decided on 20 November 1940\\. The work began in February 1941\\. The sites progressed rapidly at first before the German occupation authorities slowed them down before stopping them completely in 1943\\. After the [Liberation of France](/wiki/Liberation_of_France \"Liberation of France\"), work resumed when materials required were gradually restored. In 1948, the infrastructure was built and the station equipped at the beginning of 1950\\. The post\\-war period was a period of low investment for RATP, so much so that the station was only opened on 30 June 1952\\.", "It was the northern terminus of the northern branch of the line until 26 May 1976, when the line was extended to [Basilique de Saint\\-Denis](/wiki/Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%28Paris_M%C3%A9tro%29 \"Basilique de Saint-Denis (Paris Métro)\"). It is named after Carrefour Pleyel (\"Pleyel crossroads\"), which is named after the Austrian composer [Ignaz Pleyel](/wiki/Ignaz_Pleyel \"Ignaz Pleyel\") (1757\\-1831\\) who founded a musical publishing house in Paris. In 1807, he created near the future Carrefour Pleyel the famous [Pleyel et Cie](/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie \"Pleyel et Cie\") piano factory, which ceased production in 2013\\. The factory gave its name to the Rue des Pianos (\"street of the pianos\") near the station.", "Because it was opened as a terminal station, it includes two tracks for trains going to Paris and several sidings, one of which gives access to an underground workshop for train maintenance, called the Atelier de Pleyel.", "The station was decorated on the theme of \"music\" for the centenary of the Paris metro. An interactive lighting system was also implemented, especially in the basement of the station, which was the former terminus had therefore had facilities for metro employees that are now unused. But, following complaints by drivers and the Line 13 users association, the interactive system was closed down after two weeks of operation. Blue [LEDs](/wiki/LED \"LED\") and elements of the inactive lighting facility still exist in the station.", "Its name comes from the Pleyel crossroads, where two major road axes historically intersect: the RN 14 and the Route de la Révolte, and, more recently, access ramps to the A86 motorway. The Austrian piano maker and composer Ignace Joseph Pleyel (1757\\-1831\\) founded a musical publishing house in Paris and, in 1807, his famous piano factory on the site of this crossroads. The Pleyel brand is still active, but the manufacture has left Saint\\-Denis. In order to perpetuate this history, the city of Saint\\-Denis has named a place located nearby the Place des Pianos.", "In 2019, 2,473,446 travellers entered this station, which places it in 210th position among metro stations for its use out of 302\\.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Trafic annuel entrant par station du réseau ferré 2019\\\|url\\=https://dataratp2\\.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/trafic\\-annuel\\-entrant\\-par\\-station\\-du\\-reseau\\-ferre\\-2019/table/?sort\\=\\-rang\\&q\\=carrefour\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-23\\\|website\\=dataratp2\\.opendatasoft.com\\\|language\\=fr}}", "" ]
Motorcycles ----------- Selling re\-badged Werners in 1909, the company went on to produce their first motorcycle in 1911, a [single\-cylinder](/wiki/Single-cylinder "Single-cylinder") [F\-head](/wiki/IOE_engine "IOE engine") {{convert\\|500\\|cc\\|abbr\=on\\|lk\=on}} bike. In 1915, a {{convert\\|1000\\|cc\\|abbr\=on}} bike, using a Jardine four\-speed [gearbox](/wiki/Gearbox "Gearbox"), was released, followed by a 1000 cc Multigear. In 1923, the company introduced an in\-house manufactured 4\-speed gearbox to replace the Jardine, and Multigear production ended. ### Rudge Multigear [thumb\\|Rudge 500 cc TV 1927](/wiki/File:Rudge_500_cc_TV_1927.jpg "Rudge 500 cc TV 1927.jpg") In 1912, the [belt\-driven](/wiki/Belt_%28mechanical%29 "Belt (mechanical)") {{convert\\|499\\|cc\\|abbr\=on}} Multigear was released, using variable groove\-depth pulleys to provide 21 forward [gear ratios](/wiki/Gear_ratio "Gear ratio"), with top gear as high as 2\.75:1\. (The Zenith Gradua and 1907 [FN](/wiki/FN_%28motorcycle%29 "FN (motorcycle)") 244 cc single used a similar system.) In 1913, a {{convert\\|750\\|cc\\|abbr\=on}} Multigear was released. In 1914, [Cyril Pullin](/wiki/Cyril_Pullin "Cyril Pullin") won the [Isle of Man TT](/wiki/1914_Isle_of_Man_TT "1914 Isle of Man TT") on a Rudge Multigear. Together with the Zenith\-Gradua this was one of the first [continuously variable transmissions](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission "Continuously variable transmission") (CVT). In 1923, Multigear production ended. ### Rudge Four [thumb\\|Rudge](/wiki/File:Rudge_19XX_2.jpg "Rudge 19XX 2.jpg") The single\-cylinder {{convert\\|350\\|cc\\|abbr\=on}} Rudge Four, named for having four speeds and four valves, showed markedly superior performance to the competition on release, having more power than its {{convert\\|500\\|cc\\|abbr\=on}} predecessor. Rudge engineer George Hack is said to have taken his design idea from the four\-valve [Triumph Ricardo](/wiki/Triumph_Ricardo "Triumph Ricardo") (produced from 1921 to 1928\). He designed a four\-valve head for Rudge,[http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/Article\_Page.aspx?ArticleID\=3715\&Page\=1](http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/Article_Page.aspx?ArticleID=3715&Page=1) George Hack (retrieved 11 October 2006\) and in 1924 they produced their first four\-valve cylinder head on a 350 cc engine. The valves were arranged in parallel, and were not radial. In 1925, a 500 cc version with linked front and rear brakes appeared, and the big end bearings were now fed oil through the crankshaft pin. The old 350 cc was dropped in 1926\. For 1928 Rudge motorcycles were fitted with saddle tanks, and 8\-inch internal expanding [drum brakes](/wiki/Drum_brakes "Drum brakes"). Stanley Glanfield designed a Rudge for dirt racing, marketed from 1928 as the Glanfield Rudge.The early strutted Rudges did not enjoy much success. However, as the dirt track surfaces became slicker, the Rudge came into its own, and by the end of 1930 it ruled the roost. Its success was short\-lived; it would be ousted, in turn, by the speedway JAP.<http://www.sponend.org.uk/hist/hhrudge.htm> Local Sponend History (retrieved 11 October 2006\) ### Racing #### Ulster Grand Prix [thumb\\|[Rudge Ulster](/wiki/Rudge_Ulster "Rudge Ulster") 500 cc Racer 1936](/wiki/File:Rudge_Ulster_500_ccRacer_1936.jpg "Rudge Ulster 500 ccRacer 1936.jpg") In 1928 [Graham Walker](/wiki/Graham_Walker_%28motorcycle_racer%29 "Graham Walker (motorcycle racer)") won the [Ulster Grand Prix](/wiki/Ulster_Grand_Prix "Ulster Grand Prix") averaging over 80 mph. This prompted the release of the [Rudge Ulster](/wiki/Rudge_Ulster "Rudge Ulster"), as well as a JAP\-engined 250 cc and parallel 4\-valve 350 cc. The Ulster was one of their most famous models. #### 1930s Isle of Man TT victories Rudge bikes finished first, second and third at the [1930 Junior TT](/wiki/1930_Isle_of_Man_TT "1930 Isle of Man TT") using prototype radial 350 cc 4\-valve engines. They also took first and second in the Senior TT. The road bike engines were changed to dry sump lubrication. The JAP 250 and the parallel four\-valve 350 cc ended production in this year. In 1931 Rudge released its first 250 cc and 350 cc road machines with the radial\-valve layout. TT Replicas were available in 350 cc and 500 cc. The parallel\-valve 50 cc was also available in Special and Ulster models, the Ulster now having a 100 mph guarantee. First and second were taken in the [1931 Lightweight TT](/wiki/1931_Isle_of_Man_TT "1931 Isle of Man TT"), and in [1932](/wiki/1932_Isle_of_Man_TT "1932 Isle of Man TT"), second and third. A radial\-head 500 cc was produced for 1932 only. A 250 cc TT Replica was built, and the road bikes were fitted with proper oil bath primary chains, and a stand that could be operated "with just one finger".[http://www.rudge.co.uk/index.php?module\=ContentExpress\&func\=display\&ceid\=2\&bid\=18\&btitle\=Welcome...\&meid\=5](http://www.rudge.co.uk/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=2&bid=18&btitle=Welcome...&meid=5) The Rudge Enthusiasts Club (retrieved 11 October 2006\) #### Motorcycle speedway During the 1920s and early 1930s, Rudge motorcycles were also popular in [motorcycle speedway](/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway "Motorcycle speedway"). Those who rode them during their career included [1938 World Champion](/wiki/1938_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship "1938 Individual Speedway World Championship") [Bluey Wilkinson](/wiki/Bluey_Wilkinson "Bluey Wilkinson") of [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), who started his speedway career in 1928 on a battered old belt\-driven Rudge.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.speedway.net.au/release.asp?NewsId\=28243\\|title\=Speedway Net Australia's Number 1 Speedway Web Site \- Powered by Eagle Chassis}}	[ "Motorcycles\n-----------", "Selling re\\-badged Werners in 1909, the company went on to produce their first motorcycle in 1911, a [single\\-cylinder](/wiki/Single-cylinder \"Single-cylinder\") [F\\-head](/wiki/IOE_engine \"IOE engine\") {{convert\\\|500\\\|cc\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|lk\\=on}} bike.", "In 1915, a {{convert\\\|1000\\\|cc\\\|abbr\\=on}} bike, using a Jardine four\\-speed [gearbox](/wiki/Gearbox \"Gearbox\"), was released, followed by a 1000 cc Multigear. In 1923, the company introduced an in\\-house manufactured 4\\-speed gearbox to replace the Jardine, and Multigear production ended.", "### Rudge Multigear", "[thumb\\\|Rudge 500 cc TV 1927](/wiki/File:Rudge_500_cc_TV_1927.jpg \"Rudge 500 cc TV 1927.jpg\")", "In 1912, the [belt\\-driven](/wiki/Belt_%28mechanical%29 \"Belt (mechanical)\") {{convert\\\|499\\\|cc\\\|abbr\\=on}} Multigear was released, using variable groove\\-depth pulleys to provide 21 forward [gear ratios](/wiki/Gear_ratio \"Gear ratio\"), with top gear as high as 2\\.75:1\\. (The Zenith Gradua and 1907 [FN](/wiki/FN_%28motorcycle%29 \"FN (motorcycle)\") 244 cc single used a similar system.) In 1913, a {{convert\\\|750\\\|cc\\\|abbr\\=on}} Multigear was released. In 1914, [Cyril Pullin](/wiki/Cyril_Pullin \"Cyril Pullin\") won the [Isle of Man TT](/wiki/1914_Isle_of_Man_TT \"1914 Isle of Man TT\") on a Rudge Multigear. Together with the Zenith\\-Gradua this was one of the first [continuously variable transmissions](/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission \"Continuously variable transmission\") (CVT).", "In 1923, Multigear production ended.", "### Rudge Four", "[thumb\\\|Rudge](/wiki/File:Rudge_19XX_2.jpg \"Rudge 19XX 2.jpg\")\nThe single\\-cylinder {{convert\\\|350\\\|cc\\\|abbr\\=on}} Rudge Four, named for having four speeds and four valves, showed markedly superior performance to the competition on release, having more power than its {{convert\\\|500\\\|cc\\\|abbr\\=on}} predecessor. Rudge engineer George Hack is said to have taken his design idea from the four\\-valve [Triumph Ricardo](/wiki/Triumph_Ricardo \"Triumph Ricardo\") (produced from 1921 to 1928\\). He designed a four\\-valve head for Rudge,[http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/Article\\_Page.aspx?ArticleID\\=3715\\&Page\\=1](http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/Article_Page.aspx?ArticleID=3715&Page=1) George Hack (retrieved 11 October 2006\\) and in 1924 they produced their first four\\-valve cylinder head on a 350 cc engine. The valves were arranged in parallel, and were not radial.", "In 1925, a 500 cc version with linked front and rear brakes appeared, and the big end bearings were now fed oil through the crankshaft pin. The old 350 cc was dropped in 1926\\. For 1928 Rudge motorcycles were fitted with saddle tanks, and 8\\-inch internal expanding [drum brakes](/wiki/Drum_brakes \"Drum brakes\"). Stanley Glanfield designed a Rudge for dirt racing, marketed from 1928 as the Glanfield Rudge.The early strutted Rudges did not enjoy much success. However, as the dirt track surfaces became slicker, the Rudge came into its own, and by the end of 1930 it ruled the roost. Its success was short\\-lived; it would be ousted, in turn, by the speedway JAP.<http://www.sponend.org.uk/hist/hhrudge.htm> Local Sponend History (retrieved 11 October 2006\\)", "### Racing", "#### Ulster Grand Prix", "[thumb\\\|[Rudge Ulster](/wiki/Rudge_Ulster \"Rudge Ulster\") 500 cc Racer 1936](/wiki/File:Rudge_Ulster_500_ccRacer_1936.jpg \"Rudge Ulster 500 ccRacer 1936.jpg\")\nIn 1928 [Graham Walker](/wiki/Graham_Walker_%28motorcycle_racer%29 \"Graham Walker (motorcycle racer)\") won the [Ulster Grand Prix](/wiki/Ulster_Grand_Prix \"Ulster Grand Prix\") averaging over 80 mph. This prompted the release of the [Rudge Ulster](/wiki/Rudge_Ulster \"Rudge Ulster\"), as well as a JAP\\-engined 250 cc and parallel 4\\-valve 350 cc. The Ulster was one of their most famous models.", "#### 1930s Isle of Man TT victories", "Rudge bikes finished first, second and third at the [1930 Junior TT](/wiki/1930_Isle_of_Man_TT \"1930 Isle of Man TT\") using prototype radial 350 cc 4\\-valve engines. They also took first and second in the Senior TT. The road bike engines were changed to dry sump lubrication. The JAP 250 and the parallel four\\-valve 350 cc ended production in this year.", "In 1931 Rudge released its first 250 cc and 350 cc road machines with the radial\\-valve layout. TT Replicas were available in 350 cc and 500 cc. The parallel\\-valve 50 cc was also available in Special and Ulster models, the Ulster now having a 100 mph guarantee. First and second were taken in the [1931 Lightweight TT](/wiki/1931_Isle_of_Man_TT \"1931 Isle of Man TT\"), and in [1932](/wiki/1932_Isle_of_Man_TT \"1932 Isle of Man TT\"), second and third.", "A radial\\-head 500 cc was produced for 1932 only. A 250 cc TT Replica was built, and the road bikes were fitted with proper oil bath primary chains, and a stand that could be operated \"with just one finger\".[http://www.rudge.co.uk/index.php?module\\=ContentExpress\\&func\\=display\\&ceid\\=2\\&bid\\=18\\&btitle\\=Welcome...\\&meid\\=5](http://www.rudge.co.uk/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=2&bid=18&btitle=Welcome...&meid=5) The Rudge Enthusiasts Club (retrieved 11 October 2006\\)", "#### Motorcycle speedway", "During the 1920s and early 1930s, Rudge motorcycles were also popular in [motorcycle speedway](/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway \"Motorcycle speedway\"). Those who rode them during their career included [1938 World Champion](/wiki/1938_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship \"1938 Individual Speedway World Championship\") [Bluey Wilkinson](/wiki/Bluey_Wilkinson \"Bluey Wilkinson\") of [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), who started his speedway career in 1928 on a battered old belt\\-driven Rudge.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.speedway.net.au/release.asp?NewsId\\=28243\\\|title\\=Speedway Net Australia's Number 1 Speedway Web Site \\- Powered by Eagle Chassis}}", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Green Bay Packers After going undrafted in the [2012 NFL draft](/wiki/2012_NFL_draft "2012 NFL draft"), Draheim signed with the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers "Green Bay Packers") on May 11, 2012\.{{Cite web \\|date\=May 11, 2012 \\|title\=Packers sign 14 non\-drafted free agents \\|url\=http://www.packers.com/news\-and\-events/article\-1/packers\-sign\-14\-non\-drafted\-free\-agents/d7c3f148\-5e02\-43af\-87d8\-b631bd8978a7 \\|access\-date\=October 6, 2016 \\|website\=Packers.com \\|archive\-date\=November 16, 2017 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116022056/http://www.packers.com/news\-and\-events/article\-1/Packers\-sign\-14\-non\-drafted\-free\-agents/d7c3f148\-5e02\-43af\-87d8\-b631bd8978a7 \\|url\-status\=dead }} On August 31, 2012, he was released by the Packers. ### Seattle Seahawks Draheim was signed to the [Seattle Seahawks](/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks "Seattle Seahawks") on September 6, 2012, but was released on September 11\. ### New England Patriots Draheim was signed to the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots") practice squad on December 4, 2012, but was released on December 11\. ### Jacksonville Jaguars Draheim was signed to the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars "Jacksonville Jaguars") practice squad on December 18, 2012\. ### Kansas City Chiefs Draheim signed with the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs") on April 3, 2013\. He was released from the practice squad on September 10\. ### Arizona Cardinals Draheim was signed to the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals "Arizona Cardinals") practice squad on November 7, 2013\. The Cardinals released Draheim on August 25, 2014\.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.azcardinals.com/news\-and\-events/article\-2/Cardinals\-Pick\-Catanzaro\-To\-Kick\-Cut\-Feely/3814dd8f\-77b0\-407d\-997b\-5f2d894e3d4f \\|title\=Cardinals Pick Catanzaro To Kick, Cut Feely \\|access\-date\=August 25, 2014 \\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030017/http://www.azcardinals.com/news\-and\-events/article\-2/Cardinals\-Pick\-Catanzaro\-To\-Kick\-Cut\-Feely/3814dd8f\-77b0\-407d\-997b\-5f2d894e3d4f \\|url\-status\=dead }} ### BC Lions Draheim signed with the BC Lions on May 5, 2015\.{{Cite web \\|date\=May 5, 2015 \\|title\=LIONS SIGN INTERNATIONAL OFFENSIVE LINEMEN \\|url\=http://www.bclions.com/2015/05/05/lions\-sign\-international\-offensive\-linemen/ \\|url\-status\=unfit \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614230057/http://www.bclions.com/2015/05/05/lions\-sign\-international\-offensive\-linemen/ \\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2016 \\|access\-date\=June 14, 2016 \\|publisher\=bclions.com}} He was released by the team on May 5, 2016\.{{Cite web \\|title\=BC LIONS TRANSACTIONS \\|url\=http://www.bclions.com/transactions/ \\|url\-status\=unfit \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614230135/http://www.bclions.com/transactions/ \\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2016 \\|access\-date\=June 14, 2016 \\|publisher\=bclions.com}} ### Ottawa RedBlacks Draheim was signed by the Ottawa RedBlacks on May 6, 2016\.{{Cite web \\|date\=May 6, 2016 \\|title\=RedBlacks Sign Pair \\|url\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/redblacks\-sign\-pair/n\-5138245 \\|url\-status\=unfit \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614230254/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/redblacks\-sign\-pair/n\-5138245 \\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2016 \\|access\-date\=June 14, 2016 \\|publisher\=oursportscentral.com}} ### Edmonton Eskimos Draheim signed a contract extension with the [Edmonton Football Team](/wiki/Edmonton_Football_Team "Edmonton Football Team") on December 30, 2020\.{{Cite news \\|date\=December 30, 2020 \\|title\=EE Football Team extends five, signs three \\|work\=Esks.com \\|url\=https://www.esks.com/2020/12/30/ee\-football\-team\-extends\-five\-sign\-three/ \\|access\-date\=December 30, 2020}} He retired from football on July 9, 2021\.{{Cite news \\|date\=July 9, 2021 \\|title\=Elks make several roster moves \\|url\=https://www.goelks.com/2021/07/09/elks\-make\-several\-roster\-moves/ \\|access\-date\=July 10, 2021}}	[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Green Bay Packers", "After going undrafted in the [2012 NFL draft](/wiki/2012_NFL_draft \"2012 NFL draft\"), Draheim signed with the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers \"Green Bay Packers\") on May 11, 2012\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=May 11, 2012 \\\|title\\=Packers sign 14 non\\-drafted free agents \\\|url\\=http://www.packers.com/news\\-and\\-events/article\\-1/packers\\-sign\\-14\\-non\\-drafted\\-free\\-agents/d7c3f148\\-5e02\\-43af\\-87d8\\-b631bd8978a7 \\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2016 \\\|website\\=Packers.com \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2017 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116022056/http://www.packers.com/news\\-and\\-events/article\\-1/Packers\\-sign\\-14\\-non\\-drafted\\-free\\-agents/d7c3f148\\-5e02\\-43af\\-87d8\\-b631bd8978a7 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On August 31, 2012, he was released by the Packers.", "### Seattle Seahawks", "Draheim was signed to the [Seattle Seahawks](/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks \"Seattle Seahawks\") on September 6, 2012, but was released on September 11\\.", "### New England Patriots", "Draheim was signed to the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\") practice squad on December 4, 2012, but was released on December 11\\.", "### Jacksonville Jaguars", "Draheim was signed to the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars \"Jacksonville Jaguars\") practice squad on December 18, 2012\\.", "### Kansas City Chiefs", "Draheim signed with the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\") on April 3, 2013\\. He was released from the practice squad on September 10\\.", "### Arizona Cardinals", "Draheim was signed to the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") practice squad on November 7, 2013\\. The Cardinals released Draheim on August 25, 2014\\.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.azcardinals.com/news\\-and\\-events/article\\-2/Cardinals\\-Pick\\-Catanzaro\\-To\\-Kick\\-Cut\\-Feely/3814dd8f\\-77b0\\-407d\\-997b\\-5f2d894e3d4f \\\|title\\=Cardinals Pick Catanzaro To Kick, Cut Feely \\\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2014 \\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030017/http://www.azcardinals.com/news\\-and\\-events/article\\-2/Cardinals\\-Pick\\-Catanzaro\\-To\\-Kick\\-Cut\\-Feely/3814dd8f\\-77b0\\-407d\\-997b\\-5f2d894e3d4f \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### BC Lions", "Draheim signed with the BC Lions on May 5, 2015\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=May 5, 2015 \\\|title\\=LIONS SIGN INTERNATIONAL OFFENSIVE LINEMEN \\\|url\\=http://www.bclions.com/2015/05/05/lions\\-sign\\-international\\-offensive\\-linemen/ \\\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614230057/http://www.bclions.com/2015/05/05/lions\\-sign\\-international\\-offensive\\-linemen/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2016 \\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2016 \\\|publisher\\=bclions.com}} He was released by the team on May 5, 2016\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=BC LIONS TRANSACTIONS \\\|url\\=http://www.bclions.com/transactions/ \\\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614230135/http://www.bclions.com/transactions/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2016 \\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2016 \\\|publisher\\=bclions.com}}", "### Ottawa RedBlacks", "Draheim was signed by the Ottawa RedBlacks on May 6, 2016\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=May 6, 2016 \\\|title\\=RedBlacks Sign Pair \\\|url\\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/redblacks\\-sign\\-pair/n\\-5138245 \\\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614230254/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/redblacks\\-sign\\-pair/n\\-5138245 \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2016 \\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2016 \\\|publisher\\=oursportscentral.com}}", "### Edmonton Eskimos", "Draheim signed a contract extension with the [Edmonton Football Team](/wiki/Edmonton_Football_Team \"Edmonton Football Team\") on December 30, 2020\\.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=December 30, 2020 \\\|title\\=EE Football Team extends five, signs three \\\|work\\=Esks.com \\\|url\\=https://www.esks.com/2020/12/30/ee\\-football\\-team\\-extends\\-five\\-sign\\-three/ \\\|access\\-date\\=December 30, 2020}} He retired from football on July 9, 2021\\.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=July 9, 2021 \\\|title\\=Elks make several roster moves \\\|url\\=https://www.goelks.com/2021/07/09/elks\\-make\\-several\\-roster\\-moves/ \\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2021}}", "" ]
Indenture --------- Following the abolition of slavery in Saint Croix in the [Danish West Indies](/wiki/Danish_West_Indies "Danish West Indies") in 1848, [plantation](/wiki/Plantation "Plantation") owners on the island sought to find an alternative to [African slave labour](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade "Atlantic slave trade"). Danish Ambassador M. de Bille sent an official request to import Indian indentured laborers, under similar conditions as the [French](/wiki/French_colonial_empire "French colonial empire"), to the British Government in November 1861\. However, the request was denied. British [Secretary of State for India](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India "Secretary of State for India") Sir [Charles Wood](/wiki/Charles_Wood%2C_1st_Viscount_Halifax "Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax") stated that "more convincing legislation" was required from Saint Croix. Historian Lomarsh Roopnarine notes that the British were generally reluctant to send Indian indentured workers to non\-British colonies, particularly towards the start of the indenture system. Roopnarine suggests that this might have been because the British saw the workers as an economic advantage for the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"). However, the British permitted immigration of Indian indentured laborers to the [French West Indies](/wiki/French_West_Indies "French West Indies") in 1860, believing that the French would hire laborers from [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa") if they did not receive Indian workers. The British permitted immigration in 1863 following two years of negotiations with the Colonial Council of Saint Croix. The [British Parliament](/wiki/British_Parliament "British Parliament") enacted Act VII of 1863 permitting [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") to transport indentured workers to Saint Croix.{{cite journal\\|date\=2012\\|title\=A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO FAILED INDENTURE EXPERIENCES IN POST\-EMANCIPATION CARIBBEAN: BRITISH GUIANA (1838\- 1843\) AND DANISH ST. CROIX (1863–1868\)\\|url\=http://www.lai.su.se/polopoly\_fs/1\.249219\.1443019363!/menu/standard/file/14%20\-Lomarsh%20Roopnarine%20formaterad.pdf\\|journal\=Iberoamericana. Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies\\|volume\=XLII: 1\- 2 2012\\|pages\=203–230\\|last1\=Roopnarine\\|first1\=Lomarsh\\|access\-date\=27 April 2017}} Unlike in other Caribbean colonies such as [British Guyana](/wiki/British_Guiana "British Guiana"), Danish plantation owners were not permitted to directly hire Indian indentured labor. Under new guidelines introduced by the [British Indian government](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj") in the early 1860s, Danish plantation owners had to negotiate the hiring of indentured workers directly with the British and the British Indian governments. This was intended to curb abuse of workers particularly because these workers would not be in a British colony, and therefore not under British jurisdiction. Among the rules imposed, was the requirement that Indian workers be transported safely, and that a British Agent or a British Consular and a British Protector be appointed to inspect the departure site as well the Saint Croix plantations. The British also reserved the right to halt immigration at any time they deemed necessary. Despite these guidelines, in practice, plantation owners in Saint Croix exploited Indian indentured laborers. This was due to several factors. The contracts offered to workers were complex. Roopnarine states, "The contracts consisted of laws and ordinances not easily comprehensible to modern researchers, much less to the nineteenth century Indian peasantry." High\-levels of illiteracy among the workers meant that many were unable to comprehend the contracts they were agreeing to. The British Government did not monitor the day\-to\-day operation of the indenture system, delegating it to the British Indian government which was unconcerned with enforcing the guidelines. Danish plantation owners also took advantage of the system, taking steps to ensure that the Protector of Immigrants who inspected plantations provided a positive report regardless of actual conditions of the workers. Racism was also a factor in the indifference of colonial administrators towards Indian indentured workers. The only ship that carried indentured workers from India to the Danish West Indies, a [steamship](/wiki/Steamship "Steamship") named Mars, departed from [Calcutta](/wiki/Kolkata "Kolkata") and arrived in Saint Croix on 15 June 1863\. The voyage took about 3 months. The Coolie Journal, a British colonial record from 1863 states that there were 321 Indians on board the Mars \- 244 men, 60 women, and 17 children. The Journal also notes that 3 Indians died during the voyage. However, other sources provide differing figures. An estimated 318\-326 Indian indentured workers were on board the ship.{{cite web\\|url\=ftp://ftp.uwc.ac.za/users/DMS/Delete/M4ry\-J4n3%27S%20d0cS/my%20e\-books/history/indo%20caribbean%20genealogy.pdf\\|title\=Indo\-Caribbean Genealogy\\|website\=University of Western Cape\\|access\-date\=28 April 2017}}{{Dead link\\|date\=January 2023 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The majority of the Indians that went to Saint Croix came from the provinces of [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar_Province "Bihar Province") and [Bengal](/wiki/Bengal_Presidency "Bengal Presidency"). At the time, both regions suffered from famines, lack of employment, civil unrest and high rate of poverty. These conditions encouraged some Indians to migrate to Saint Croix as indentured workers in hopes of escaping adverse conditions at home. Among the colonies that employed indentured labor, Saint Croix received the second smallest number of Indian workers after the island of [Nevis](/wiki/Nevis "Nevis") which received 315 Indian workers. If the island of [Saint Kitts](/wiki/Saint_Kitts "Saint Kitts") which received 337 Indian workers is included with Nevis, as part of the modern\-day [Saint Kitts and Nevis](/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Saint Kitts and Nevis"), then Saint Croix received the smallest number of Indian laborers.{{cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ERR6DQAAQBAJ\\|title\=The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora\\|last2\=Roopnarine\\|first2\=Lomarsh\\|last3\=Ramsoedh\\|first3\=Hans\\|date\=10 November 2016\\|publisher\=Routledge\\|isbn\=9781351986830\\|language\=en\\|chapter\=3\\|last1\=Hassankhan\\|first1\=Maurits S.\\|access\-date\=27 April 2017}} Upon arriving in Saint Croix, the indentured workers were put straight to work at 12 plantations across the island \- [Lower Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem_Old_Work%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Bethlehem Old Work, U.S. Virgin Islands") (64 immigrants), River (56\), [Mount Pleasant](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant%2C_Saint_Croix%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Mount Pleasant, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands") (50\), Estate Diamond (25\), [Goodhope](/wiki/Good_Hope%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Good Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands") (25\), [Diamond](/wiki/Diamond%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Diamond, U.S. Virgin Islands") (19\), [Golden Grove](/wiki/Golden_Grove%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Golden Grove, U.S. Virgin Islands") (16\), [Fountain](/wiki/Fountain%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Fountain, U.S. Virgin Islands") (15\), [Upper Love](/wiki/Upper_Love%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Upper Love, U.S. Virgin Islands") (15\), [Lower Love](/wiki/Lower_Love%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Lower Love, U.S. Virgin Islands") (11\), [La Grande Princesse](/wiki/La_Grande_Princesse%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "La Grande Princesse, U.S. Virgin Islands") (10\), and [Rattan](/wiki/Rattan_and_Belvedere%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands "Rattan and Belvedere, U.S. Virgin Islands") (10\). The Indian workers were not provided any time to acclimatize to their new surroundings. Per the terms of their contracts, the indenture period was 5 years, or would expire in 1868\. Plantation owners were required to provide free housing, basic medical care, minimum wage, and basic rations to all workers during the indenture period. Breach of contract by either party was punishable by fines. However, in practice, plantation owners rarely provided these services to workers and were rarely punished except in a few cases of severe working conditions. Instead of adequate housing, Indian workers were placed in abandoned dwellings previously occupied by African slave laborers. Each one\-room dwelling accommodated between 7 and 11 Indian workers. The houses lacked indoor plumbing, which accelerated the spread of diseases such as [chigoes](/wiki/Tungiasis "Tungiasis"), [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera"), and [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery "Dysentery") among the workers. Meanwhile, Indian workers were often fined and docked wages for alleged breaches of contract. Workers were required to work nine hours a day and six days a week. They were involved in all aspects of sugar cane plantation from weeding to transporting the harvested product to sugar factories. Plantation owners often punished workers for alleged breaches of contract by fines or physical punishment such as [flogging](/wiki/Flagellation "Flagellation"). While many Indians submitted to the harsh conditions, others engaged in strikes, riots, and some forms of violent protest. Plantation owners also failed to provide basic medical care to the workers. Several colonial records describe the condition of the "sick\-houses" were workers were treated as "heart\-rending and frightful". The British Consul sent a dispatch to the British [Colonial Office](/wiki/Colonial_Office "Colonial Office") reporting that Indian workers in Saint Croix suffered from poor health caused by inadequate diet, overwork, ill\-treatment, neglect, and diseases. More than 6% of the Indians who arrived on board the Mars died within their first year on Saint Croix. The mortality rate of Indians was higher than the 5% recorded among local laborers despite the locals experiencing a fever epidemic at the time. Around 40% of Indian workers died on the Rattan plantation alone. ### Abolition The mistreatment of Indian workers on the island eventually led the British and British Indian governments to ban immigration to Saint Croix at the end of the first indenture period in 1868\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/csis/blackatlantic/BARD\-Essay\-1\-1\.pdf\\|title\=The Brown Atlantic: Re\-thinking Post\-Slavery\\|date\=1 July 2012\\|website\=University of Liverpool\\|page\=11\\|last1\=Hardeen\\|first1\=Devi\\|access\-date\=27 April 2017}} Unlike a similar ban on immigration to British Guyana which was lifted in 1845, the ban on Saint Croix remained and the immigration of Indian indentured workers to the island never resumed. The decision was backed by a negative report filed by the British Consul in Saint Croix, whose job was to oversee the conditions of Indian workers. According to the Consul, although indentured workers repeatedly expressed a desire to be free, most did not condemn the system after their indenture periods ended. Instead, they were disappointed that they were unable to make much money from their contracts. When the indenture period expired in 1868, nearly two\-thirds of the Indian workers chose to return to India. The [Dorothea Melchior](/wiki/Moses_%26_S%C3%B8n_G._Melchior "Moses & Søn G. Melchior") departed Saint Croix on 16 July 1868, with around 250 Indians on board, and arrived in Calcutta on 16 December 1868\. According to the Protector of Immigrants at Calcutta, 4 adult males and 1 woman died during the voyage. Four births also took place, however, three of the newborns died on board. The Protector also claimed that the workers "expressed themselves perfectly satisfied with their treatment during the voyage and spoke highly of the kindness of commanders and officers." The Indian indenture system was expensive for the Danish colonial government. Between 1859 and 1878, the Danish spent an estimated $138,000 to facilitate the immigration of workers of all ethnicities to Saint Croix. Between 1863 and 1865, the immigration of Indian indentured workers alone cost the government $57,786 (42% of $138,000\). The Danish colonial government spent $34,214 to bring Indian workers to Saint Croix in 1863, and $15,283 for their return voyage. This cost place a large financial strain on the government, as well as plantation owners who financed the acquisition of workers though loans. Combined with the lower cost of acquiring workers from neighboring Caribbean islands the large expense contributed to collapse of the Indian indentured system in Saint Croix. The 1863 Coolie Journal shows that Indian workers who returned to India in 1868 had a total savings of US$12,000 or £2,500\. The average savings per worker is much lower than that among Indian workers in other Caribbean colonies. Historians believe that this amount does not reflect the true savings of Indian workers in Saint Croix. It is believed that Indian workers in Saint Croix did not use the banking system nor disclose their savings to colonial authorities due to distrust. Instead, Indian workers in Saint Croix hid most of their savings in mattresses, holes in trees, or buried underground. During their return voyage to India, many hid their money on their person and did not disclose it to port authorities. Others used their savings to purchase gold, which was not recorded in the official records even if disclosed. However, other historians dispute this argument. They argue that savings among Indian in Saint Croix were low because they had less freedom and rights in Saint Croix compared to colonies such as British Guyana, where they could engage in trade and business after completing indenture and earn higher incomes. Another reason cited for the lower savings are heavier fines imposed on Indian workers in Saint Croix, and the higher charges they were required to pay for basic commodities. For instance, Indian workers were charged 40 cents for the food supplied to them which was much higher than the 25 cents local workers were charged for the same quantity of food. Indian historian Kumar Sircar states that of 245 Indians who returned home, only 149 had any savings while 96 were penniless. Upon arriving in Calcutta, some of these workers were declared insane and delusional. Many refused to return to their native villages, fearing that they would be ostracized for abandoning their community and moving to the Caribbean, and instead chose to settle in Calcutta. ### Emigration Only 30 Indians chose to re\-indenture after the first indenture period expired in 1868\. They accepted the Danish government's offer of a one\-time payment of US$40 in exchange for re\-indenturing for an additional 5 years and forfeiting their right of free return to India. All 30 of these Indians emigrated to Trinidad, some time after their second indenture period expired in 1873\. Some sought employment in the country and settled in Trinidad, while others returned to India. According to historian Kumar Sircar, 65 Indians from Saint Kitts migrated to Saint Croix in the 1870s after completing their indenture period in the former. Some of these Indians are recorded in the 1880 and 1890 Censuses of Saint Croix as "coolies". This group of Kittitian Indians is sometimes mistaken for the Indians that arrived in Saint Croix aboard the Mars in 1863\.	[ "Indenture\n---------", "Following the abolition of slavery in Saint Croix in the [Danish West Indies](/wiki/Danish_West_Indies \"Danish West Indies\") in 1848, [plantation](/wiki/Plantation \"Plantation\") owners on the island sought to find an alternative to [African slave labour](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\"). Danish Ambassador M. de Bille sent an official request to import Indian indentured laborers, under similar conditions as the [French](/wiki/French_colonial_empire \"French colonial empire\"), to the British Government in November 1861\\. However, the request was denied. British [Secretary of State for India](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India \"Secretary of State for India\") Sir [Charles Wood](/wiki/Charles_Wood%2C_1st_Viscount_Halifax \"Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax\") stated that \"more convincing legislation\" was required from Saint Croix. Historian Lomarsh Roopnarine notes that the British were generally reluctant to send Indian indentured workers to non\\-British colonies, particularly towards the start of the indenture system. Roopnarine suggests that this might have been because the British saw the workers as an economic advantage for the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\"). However, the British permitted immigration of Indian indentured laborers to the [French West Indies](/wiki/French_West_Indies \"French West Indies\") in 1860, believing that the French would hire laborers from [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") if they did not receive Indian workers. The British permitted immigration in 1863 following two years of negotiations with the Colonial Council of Saint Croix. The [British Parliament](/wiki/British_Parliament \"British Parliament\") enacted Act VII of 1863 permitting [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\") to transport indentured workers to Saint Croix.{{cite journal\\\|date\\=2012\\\|title\\=A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO FAILED INDENTURE EXPERIENCES IN POST\\-EMANCIPATION CARIBBEAN: BRITISH GUIANA (1838\\- 1843\\) AND DANISH ST. CROIX (1863–1868\\)\\\|url\\=http://www.lai.su.se/polopoly\\_fs/1\\.249219\\.1443019363!/menu/standard/file/14%20\\-Lomarsh%20Roopnarine%20formaterad.pdf\\\|journal\\=Iberoamericana. Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies\\\|volume\\=XLII: 1\\- 2 2012\\\|pages\\=203–230\\\|last1\\=Roopnarine\\\|first1\\=Lomarsh\\\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2017}}", "Unlike in other Caribbean colonies such as [British Guyana](/wiki/British_Guiana \"British Guiana\"), Danish plantation owners were not permitted to directly hire Indian indentured labor. Under new guidelines introduced by the [British Indian government](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") in the early 1860s, Danish plantation owners had to negotiate the hiring of indentured workers directly with the British and the British Indian governments. This was intended to curb abuse of workers particularly because these workers would not be in a British colony, and therefore not under British jurisdiction. Among the rules imposed, was the requirement that Indian workers be transported safely, and that a British Agent or a British Consular and a British Protector be appointed to inspect the departure site as well the Saint Croix plantations. The British also reserved the right to halt immigration at any time they deemed necessary. Despite these guidelines, in practice, plantation owners in Saint Croix exploited Indian indentured laborers. This was due to several factors. The contracts offered to workers were complex. Roopnarine states, \"The contracts consisted of laws and ordinances not easily comprehensible to modern researchers, much less to the nineteenth century Indian peasantry.\" High\\-levels of illiteracy among the workers meant that many were unable to comprehend the contracts they were agreeing to. The British Government did not monitor the day\\-to\\-day operation of the indenture system, delegating it to the British Indian government which was unconcerned with enforcing the guidelines. Danish plantation owners also took advantage of the system, taking steps to ensure that the Protector of Immigrants who inspected plantations provided a positive report regardless of actual conditions of the workers. Racism was also a factor in the indifference of colonial administrators towards Indian indentured workers.", "The only ship that carried indentured workers from India to the Danish West Indies, a [steamship](/wiki/Steamship \"Steamship\") named Mars, departed from [Calcutta](/wiki/Kolkata \"Kolkata\") and arrived in Saint Croix on 15 June 1863\\. The voyage took about 3 months. The Coolie Journal, a British colonial record from 1863 states that there were 321 Indians on board the Mars \\- 244 men, 60 women, and 17 children. The Journal also notes that 3 Indians died during the voyage. However, other sources provide differing figures. An estimated 318\\-326 Indian indentured workers were on board the ship.{{cite web\\\|url\\=ftp://ftp.uwc.ac.za/users/DMS/Delete/M4ry\\-J4n3%27S%20d0cS/my%20e\\-books/history/indo%20caribbean%20genealogy.pdf\\\|title\\=Indo\\-Caribbean Genealogy\\\|website\\=University of Western Cape\\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2017}}{{Dead link\\\|date\\=January 2023 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The majority of the Indians that went to Saint Croix came from the provinces of [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar_Province \"Bihar Province\") and [Bengal](/wiki/Bengal_Presidency \"Bengal Presidency\"). At the time, both regions suffered from famines, lack of employment, civil unrest and high rate of poverty. These conditions encouraged some Indians to migrate to Saint Croix as indentured workers in hopes of escaping adverse conditions at home. Among the colonies that employed indentured labor, Saint Croix received the second smallest number of Indian workers after the island of [Nevis](/wiki/Nevis \"Nevis\") which received 315 Indian workers. If the island of [Saint Kitts](/wiki/Saint_Kitts \"Saint Kitts\") which received 337 Indian workers is included with Nevis, as part of the modern\\-day [Saint Kitts and Nevis](/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis \"Saint Kitts and Nevis\"), then Saint Croix received the smallest number of Indian laborers.{{cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ERR6DQAAQBAJ\\\|title\\=The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora\\\|last2\\=Roopnarine\\\|first2\\=Lomarsh\\\|last3\\=Ramsoedh\\\|first3\\=Hans\\\|date\\=10 November 2016\\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\\|isbn\\=9781351986830\\\|language\\=en\\\|chapter\\=3\\\|last1\\=Hassankhan\\\|first1\\=Maurits S.\\\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2017}}", "Upon arriving in Saint Croix, the indentured workers were put straight to work at 12 plantations across the island \\- [Lower Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem_Old_Work%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Bethlehem Old Work, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (64 immigrants), River (56\\), [Mount Pleasant](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant%2C_Saint_Croix%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Mount Pleasant, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (50\\), Estate Diamond (25\\), [Goodhope](/wiki/Good_Hope%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Good Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (25\\), [Diamond](/wiki/Diamond%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Diamond, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (19\\), [Golden Grove](/wiki/Golden_Grove%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Golden Grove, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (16\\), [Fountain](/wiki/Fountain%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Fountain, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (15\\), [Upper Love](/wiki/Upper_Love%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Upper Love, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (15\\), [Lower Love](/wiki/Lower_Love%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Lower Love, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (11\\), [La Grande Princesse](/wiki/La_Grande_Princesse%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"La Grande Princesse, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (10\\), and [Rattan](/wiki/Rattan_and_Belvedere%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands \"Rattan and Belvedere, U.S. Virgin Islands\") (10\\). The Indian workers were not provided any time to acclimatize to their new surroundings. Per the terms of their contracts, the indenture period was 5 years, or would expire in 1868\\. Plantation owners were required to provide free housing, basic medical care, minimum wage, and basic rations to all workers during the indenture period. Breach of contract by either party was punishable by fines. However, in practice, plantation owners rarely provided these services to workers and were rarely punished except in a few cases of severe working conditions. Instead of adequate housing, Indian workers were placed in abandoned dwellings previously occupied by African slave laborers. Each one\\-room dwelling accommodated between 7 and 11 Indian workers. The houses lacked indoor plumbing, which accelerated the spread of diseases such as [chigoes](/wiki/Tungiasis \"Tungiasis\"), [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\"), and [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery \"Dysentery\") among the workers. Meanwhile, Indian workers were often fined and docked wages for alleged breaches of contract.", "Workers were required to work nine hours a day and six days a week. They were involved in all aspects of sugar cane plantation from weeding to transporting the harvested product to sugar factories. Plantation owners often punished workers for alleged breaches of contract by fines or physical punishment such as [flogging](/wiki/Flagellation \"Flagellation\"). While many Indians submitted to the harsh conditions, others engaged in strikes, riots, and some forms of violent protest. Plantation owners also failed to provide basic medical care to the workers. Several colonial records describe the condition of the \"sick\\-houses\" were workers were treated as \"heart\\-rending and frightful\". The British Consul sent a dispatch to the British [Colonial Office](/wiki/Colonial_Office \"Colonial Office\") reporting that Indian workers in Saint Croix suffered from poor health caused by inadequate diet, overwork, ill\\-treatment, neglect, and diseases. More than 6% of the Indians who arrived on board the Mars died within their first year on Saint Croix. The mortality rate of Indians was higher than the 5% recorded among local laborers despite the locals experiencing a fever epidemic at the time. Around 40% of Indian workers died on the Rattan plantation alone.", "### Abolition", "The mistreatment of Indian workers on the island eventually led the British and British Indian governments to ban immigration to Saint Croix at the end of the first indenture period in 1868\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/csis/blackatlantic/BARD\\-Essay\\-1\\-1\\.pdf\\\|title\\=The Brown Atlantic: Re\\-thinking Post\\-Slavery\\\|date\\=1 July 2012\\\|website\\=University of Liverpool\\\|page\\=11\\\|last1\\=Hardeen\\\|first1\\=Devi\\\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2017}} Unlike a similar ban on immigration to British Guyana which was lifted in 1845, the ban on Saint Croix remained and the immigration of Indian indentured workers to the island never resumed. The decision was backed by a negative report filed by the British Consul in Saint Croix, whose job was to oversee the conditions of Indian workers. According to the Consul, although indentured workers repeatedly expressed a desire to be free, most did not condemn the system after their indenture periods ended. Instead, they were disappointed that they were unable to make much money from their contracts. When the indenture period expired in 1868, nearly two\\-thirds of the Indian workers chose to return to India. The [Dorothea Melchior](/wiki/Moses_%26_S%C3%B8n_G._Melchior \"Moses & Søn G. Melchior\") departed Saint Croix on 16 July 1868, with around 250 Indians on board, and arrived in Calcutta on 16 December 1868\\. According to the Protector of Immigrants at Calcutta, 4 adult males and 1 woman died during the voyage. Four births also took place, however, three of the newborns died on board. The Protector also claimed that the workers \"expressed themselves perfectly satisfied with their treatment during the voyage and spoke highly of the kindness of commanders and officers.\"", "The Indian indenture system was expensive for the Danish colonial government. Between 1859 and 1878, the Danish spent an estimated $138,000 to facilitate the immigration of workers of all ethnicities to Saint Croix. Between 1863 and 1865, the immigration of Indian indentured workers alone cost the government $57,786 (42% of $138,000\\). The Danish colonial government spent $34,214 to bring Indian workers to Saint Croix in 1863, and $15,283 for their return voyage. This cost place a large financial strain on the government, as well as plantation owners who financed the acquisition of workers though loans. Combined with the lower cost of acquiring workers from neighboring Caribbean islands the large expense contributed to collapse of the Indian indentured system in Saint Croix.", "The 1863 Coolie Journal shows that Indian workers who returned to India in 1868 had a total savings of US$12,000 or £2,500\\. The average savings per worker is much lower than that among Indian workers in other Caribbean colonies. Historians believe that this amount does not reflect the true savings of Indian workers in Saint Croix. It is believed that Indian workers in Saint Croix did not use the banking system nor disclose their savings to colonial authorities due to distrust. Instead, Indian workers in Saint Croix hid most of their savings in mattresses, holes in trees, or buried underground. During their return voyage to India, many hid their money on their person and did not disclose it to port authorities. Others used their savings to purchase gold, which was not recorded in the official records even if disclosed. However, other historians dispute this argument. They argue that savings among Indian in Saint Croix were low because they had less freedom and rights in Saint Croix compared to colonies such as British Guyana, where they could engage in trade and business after completing indenture and earn higher incomes. Another reason cited for the lower savings are heavier fines imposed on Indian workers in Saint Croix, and the higher charges they were required to pay for basic commodities. For instance, Indian workers were charged 40 cents for the food supplied to them which was much higher than the 25 cents local workers were charged for the same quantity of food. Indian historian Kumar Sircar states that of 245 Indians who returned home, only 149 had any savings while 96 were penniless. Upon arriving in Calcutta, some of these workers were declared insane and delusional. Many refused to return to their native villages, fearing that they would be ostracized for abandoning their community and moving to the Caribbean, and instead chose to settle in Calcutta.", "### Emigration", "Only 30 Indians chose to re\\-indenture after the first indenture period expired in 1868\\. They accepted the Danish government's offer of a one\\-time payment of US$40 in exchange for re\\-indenturing for an additional 5 years and forfeiting their right of free return to India. All 30 of these Indians emigrated to Trinidad, some time after their second indenture period expired in 1873\\. Some sought employment in the country and settled in Trinidad, while others returned to India.", "According to historian Kumar Sircar, 65 Indians from Saint Kitts migrated to Saint Croix in the 1870s after completing their indenture period in the former. Some of these Indians are recorded in the 1880 and 1890 Censuses of Saint Croix as \"coolies\". This group of Kittitian Indians is sometimes mistaken for the Indians that arrived in Saint Croix aboard the Mars in 1863\\.", "" ]
Career ------ In 1947, Scholz attended a boxing school in Berlin. On 8 October 1948, he was a last\-minute replacement for a professional match against Werner Eichler, though he had not previously competed as an amateur, and he won the fight.{{cite magazine\\|last\=Mulliken\\|first\=John\\|title\=The Bubi of Berlin\\|url\=http://www.cnnsi.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1002984/index.htm\\|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]]\\|accessdate\=2 May 2014\\|date\=20 October 1958\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502134352/http://www.cnnsi.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1002984/index.htm\\|archive\-date\=2 May 2014\\|url\-status\=dead}} Eicher was injured so badly that he had to postpone his wedding which was scheduled to be held the next day.{{cite web\\|last\=Müller\\|first\=Von Felix\\|title\=Sportler\-Tragödien : Auch Bubi Scholz erschoss seine Frau durch die Tür \- Nachrichten Geschichte \- DIE WELT\\|trans\-title\=Athlete tragedies: Even Bubi Scholz shot his wife through the door\\|url\=https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article114163258/Auch\-Bubi\-Scholz\-erschoss\-seine\-Frau\-durch\-die\-Tuer.html\\|work\=Die Welt\\|accessdate\=14 May 2014\\|location\=Germany\\|language\=German\\|date\=6 March 2013}} Scholz logged his first defeat on 10 March 1958 against Charles Humez. On 19 May 1951, Scholz won a points victory against defending champion Walter Schneider and became the German champion in the welterweight category for the first time. He defended his title successfully against Charles Oechsle and Leo Starosch in 1952\. At the end of 1952, Scholz put his championship title in the welterweight division and stepped down from the middleweight category. In 1954 he appeared in [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden") in his first U.S. match, defeating American boxer [Al Andrews](/wiki/Al_Andrews "Al Andrews"). In 1955 he was diagnosed with [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"), which forced him to take a one and a half year sabbatical. After recovering from his illness, he won a knockout match against defending champion [Peter Müller](/wiki/Peter_M%C3%BCller_%28boxer%29 "Peter Müller (boxer)") in a 29 June 1957 German middleweight championship. He defended the title with another knockout victory in May 1958 against Max Resch. On 4 October 1958, he defeated Charles Humez in Berlin's [Olympiastadion](/wiki/Olympiastadion_%28Berlin%29 "Olympiastadion (Berlin)") by technical knockout in the 12th round, and thus won the European Championship in the middleweight division. Humez announced his retirement on 18 January 1989\.{{cite web\\|title\=Gustav Scholz \- Boxer\\|url\=http://boxrec.com/list\_bouts.php?human\_id\=28407\&cat\=boxer\\|publisher\=boxrec.com\\|accessdate\=3 May 2014}} Scholz successfully defended both titles against Hans Werner Wohlers (by point victory in July 1959\) and against Peter Müller (by technical knockout in the first round in November 1959\). He successfully defended his European title against Andre Drille in December 1959\. In the same year, he published the book Ring Free with memories of the beginnings of his career. In 1961 Scholz put down his two middleweight title and moved to the light heavyweight division. In this class, he lost a fight against [Harold Johnson](/wiki/Harold_Johnson_%28boxer%29 "Harold Johnson (boxer)") for the championship on 23 June 1962,{{cite web\\|title\=Bubi Scholz ist tot: Eine Nation lag ihm zu Füßen \\|trans\-title\=Bubi Scholz is Dead: A nation lay at his feet\\|url\=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/bubi\-scholz\-ist\-tot\-eine\-nation\-lag\-ihm\-zu\-fuessen/160812\.html\\|work\=\[\[Der Tagesspiegel]]\\|accessdate\=30 April 2014\\|language\=German\\|date\=21 August 2000}} but on 4 April 1964, he won the European light heavyweight championship against defending champion [Giulio Rinaldi](/wiki/Giulio_Rinaldi "Giulio Rinaldi").{{cite web\\|last\=Ehrenberg\\|first\=Von Peter\\|title\=Siege, Tränen, Tod: Die Tragödie des Bubi Scholz \\|trans\-title\=Victory, Tears, Death: The Tragedy of Bubi Scholz\\|language\=German\\|url\=https://www.welt.de/print\-welt/article529563/Siege\-Traenen\-Tod\-Die\-Tragoedie\-des\-Bubi\-Scholz.html\\|work\=\[\[Die Welt]]\\|accessdate\=2 May 2014\\|date\=22 August 2010}} After that, Scholz finished his boxing career. Between 1948 and 1964 Scholz had a total of 96 fights, of which he won 88, including 46 by knockout; only two times he lost, both on points. His success as a boxer earned him great popularity in Germany, especially in the 1950s and 1960s when he was compared to [Max Schmeling](/wiki/Max_Schmeling "Max Schmeling"), the most prominent boxing star of Germany. His success in boxing brought him a short\-lived career in the entertainment industry. He appeared in 1960 as Boxer Breitenbach in the television production The Champion Boxer. That same year, he played the role of Ralf Moebius in Paul Martin's musical comedy Marina. In the Music Film Hit Parade 1961 by Franz Marischka, he was known as Ralf Hegener. In 1959 and 1962 he collaborated with the Werner Müller orchestra and the vocal group The 3 Travellers at [Telefunken](/wiki/Telefunken "Telefunken") and Metronomes, and released three music singles.	[ "Career\n------", "In 1947, Scholz attended a boxing school in Berlin. On 8 October 1948, he was a last\\-minute replacement for a professional match against Werner Eichler, though he had not previously competed as an amateur, and he won the fight.{{cite magazine\\\|last\\=Mulliken\\\|first\\=John\\\|title\\=The Bubi of Berlin\\\|url\\=http://www.cnnsi.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1002984/index.htm\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]]\\\|accessdate\\=2 May 2014\\\|date\\=20 October 1958\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502134352/http://www.cnnsi.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1002984/index.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2014\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Eicher was injured so badly that he had to postpone his wedding which was scheduled to be held the next day.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Müller\\\|first\\=Von Felix\\\|title\\=Sportler\\-Tragödien : Auch Bubi Scholz erschoss seine Frau durch die Tür \\- Nachrichten Geschichte \\- DIE WELT\\\|trans\\-title\\=Athlete tragedies: Even Bubi Scholz shot his wife through the door\\\|url\\=https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article114163258/Auch\\-Bubi\\-Scholz\\-erschoss\\-seine\\-Frau\\-durch\\-die\\-Tuer.html\\\|work\\=Die Welt\\\|accessdate\\=14 May 2014\\\|location\\=Germany\\\|language\\=German\\\|date\\=6 March 2013}} Scholz logged his first defeat on 10 March 1958 against Charles Humez.", "On 19 May 1951, Scholz won a points victory against defending champion Walter Schneider and became the German champion in the welterweight category for the first time. He defended his title successfully against Charles Oechsle and Leo Starosch in 1952\\. At the end of 1952, Scholz put his championship title in the welterweight division and stepped down from the middleweight category. In 1954 he appeared in [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\") in his first U.S. match, defeating American boxer [Al Andrews](/wiki/Al_Andrews \"Al Andrews\"). In 1955 he was diagnosed with [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"), which forced him to take a one and a half year sabbatical.", "After recovering from his illness, he won a knockout match against defending champion [Peter Müller](/wiki/Peter_M%C3%BCller_%28boxer%29 \"Peter Müller (boxer)\") in a 29 June 1957 German middleweight championship. He defended the title with another knockout victory in May 1958 against Max Resch. On 4 October 1958, he defeated Charles Humez in Berlin's [Olympiastadion](/wiki/Olympiastadion_%28Berlin%29 \"Olympiastadion (Berlin)\") by technical knockout in the 12th round, and thus won the European Championship in the middleweight division. Humez announced his retirement on 18 January 1989\\.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Gustav Scholz \\- Boxer\\\|url\\=http://boxrec.com/list\\_bouts.php?human\\_id\\=28407\\&cat\\=boxer\\\|publisher\\=boxrec.com\\\|accessdate\\=3 May 2014}} Scholz successfully defended both titles against Hans Werner Wohlers (by point victory in July 1959\\) and against Peter Müller (by technical knockout in the first round in November 1959\\). He successfully defended his European title against Andre Drille in December 1959\\. In the same year, he published the book Ring Free with memories of the beginnings of his career.", "In 1961 Scholz put down his two middleweight title and moved to the light heavyweight division. In this class, he lost a fight against [Harold Johnson](/wiki/Harold_Johnson_%28boxer%29 \"Harold Johnson (boxer)\") for the championship on 23 June 1962,{{cite web\\\|title\\=Bubi Scholz ist tot: Eine Nation lag ihm zu Füßen \\\|trans\\-title\\=Bubi Scholz is Dead: A nation lay at his feet\\\|url\\=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/bubi\\-scholz\\-ist\\-tot\\-eine\\-nation\\-lag\\-ihm\\-zu\\-fuessen/160812\\.html\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Der Tagesspiegel]]\\\|accessdate\\=30 April 2014\\\|language\\=German\\\|date\\=21 August 2000}} but on 4 April 1964, he won the European light heavyweight championship against defending champion [Giulio Rinaldi](/wiki/Giulio_Rinaldi \"Giulio Rinaldi\").{{cite web\\\|last\\=Ehrenberg\\\|first\\=Von Peter\\\|title\\=Siege, Tränen, Tod: Die Tragödie des Bubi Scholz \\\|trans\\-title\\=Victory, Tears, Death: The Tragedy of Bubi Scholz\\\|language\\=German\\\|url\\=https://www.welt.de/print\\-welt/article529563/Siege\\-Traenen\\-Tod\\-Die\\-Tragoedie\\-des\\-Bubi\\-Scholz.html\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Die Welt]]\\\|accessdate\\=2 May 2014\\\|date\\=22 August 2010}} After that, Scholz finished his boxing career.", "Between 1948 and 1964 Scholz had a total of 96 fights, of which he won 88, including 46 by knockout; only two times he lost, both on points. His success as a boxer earned him great popularity in Germany, especially in the 1950s and 1960s when he was compared to [Max Schmeling](/wiki/Max_Schmeling \"Max Schmeling\"), the most prominent boxing star of Germany.", "His success in boxing brought him a short\\-lived career in the entertainment industry. He appeared in 1960 as Boxer Breitenbach in the television production The Champion Boxer. That same year, he played the role of Ralf Moebius in Paul Martin's musical comedy Marina. In the Music Film Hit Parade 1961 by Franz Marischka, he was known as Ralf Hegener. In 1959 and 1962 he collaborated with the Werner Müller orchestra and the vocal group The 3 Travellers at [Telefunken](/wiki/Telefunken \"Telefunken\") and Metronomes, and released three music singles.", "" ]
History ------- ### Name’s origins The name Schornsheim (in 782 Scoronishaim, in 815 Scornesheim, about 836 Scoranesheim, about 1230 Schornesheym, about 1520 Schornsheim) is formed with the placename ending —heim (cognate with [English](/wiki/English_language "English language") home), as are most Rhenish\-Hessian placenames. The other root in the name, however, is something of a peculiarity. It is not a traditional [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_languages "Germanic languages") personal name, nor a word for a natural feature, but rather a title, and only became a personal name through transference. Scoran (cognate with English shorn, and with much the same meaning, referring to a [tonsure](/wiki/Tonsure "Tonsure")) was a word used for priests and monks and was given boys as a name who were destined for the clergy, for whom the tonsure had long stood as a defining mark. It could well be that a clergyman of this time gave Schornsheim its name. It is assumed that one or more [Frankish](/wiki/Franks "Franks") settlements had already arisen in the area of what later became Schornsheim, and the unknown priest or monk only later gave the village his name, after he himself had settled there and founded a church and perhaps also a monastery. In one of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne")’s documents from 28 July 782, the king named Schornsheim’s church and estate as his property. The “estate” at that time meant the whole of the kingly holdings or a part thereof. How the ruler acquired it is unknown. Whatever it was that happened, it is known that the successor to the estate was the Scoran who had once founded the church. ### Saint Leoba [thumb\\|Fountain memorial for Saint Leoba](/wiki/File:Schornsheim-Lioba.JPG "Schornsheim-Lioba.JPG") Charlemagne gave the church of the “estate” of Schornsheim with its appurtenances (along with real estate) first as a benefice – in effect, a fief, to be used free of charge – to [Leoba of Tauberbischofsheim](/wiki/Saint_Leoba "Saint Leoba"), who is still venerated today as Saint Leoba. Leoba, whose [Anglo\-Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxons "Anglo-Saxons") name was Leofgyth, was brought up in the convents at [Minster](/wiki/Minster%2C_Thanet "Minster, Thanet") in [Kent](/wiki/Kent "Kent") and [Wimborne Minster](/wiki/Wimborne_Minster "Wimborne Minster") in [Dorset](/wiki/Dorset "Dorset"). As a woman, she had, after Anglo\-Saxon custom, training in languages and theology, which fully equalled a man's. She was related to [Saint Boniface](/wiki/Saint_Boniface "Saint Boniface"), who always had a particular fondness for her. Boniface was critical of the [Frankish](/wiki/Franks "Franks") clergy's crudeness and unlearnedness, which he saw as holdovers from heathen superstition. He tried to remedy these shortcomings with better training at the monasteries. Leoba was best suited to such a programme. She built a convent on an estate in [Tauberbischofsheim](/wiki/Tauberbischofsheim "Tauberbischofsheim"), which soon became a kind of college for nuns. Leoba did not live exclusively at the convent on the [Tauber](/wiki/Tauber "Tauber"), though, but rather she regularly undertook [visitational](/wiki/Visitor "Visitor") journeys to other convents under her authority. Only when she was elderly did she withdraw to the convent that she had chosen as a retirement home. She died there on 28 September 782\. Saint Leoba is still venerated today in Schornsheim. The [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism") church bears her name, and in the village square, a fountain has been built that has Saint Leoba standing in the middle. ### History of the Schornsheim Ganerbschaft Before the turmoil in the late 18th century and the new territorial order in the early 19th, the countryside between the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine"), the [Nahe](/wiki/Nahe_%28Rhine%29 "Nahe (Rhine)") and the [Donnersberg](/wiki/Donnersberg "Donnersberg") – what is today called [Rhenish Hesse](/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse "Rhenish Hesse") – was not in any way a political unit. The [Palatinate](/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate "Electorate of the Palatinate"), [Mainz](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz "Archbishopric of Mainz"), [Waldgrave](/wiki/Waldgrave "Waldgrave"), [Rhinegrave](/wiki/Rhinegrave "Rhinegrave"), [Nassau](/wiki/Nassau_%28state%29 "Nassau (state)") and knightly landholding rights all overlapped each other in this area. If the [Electorate of the Palatinate](/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate "Electorate of the Palatinate") wanted to assert itself as the foremost power in this region, then it had about as much success at forging an exclusive territorial zone as Mainz. Very often local lords varied from one place to the next, and there were more than a few cases in which several lordships held ownership rights at the same time. The four jointly owned estates ([Ganerbschaften](/wiki/Ganerbschaften "Ganerbschaften")) that were incorporated into the Knightly Canton of Oberrhein, namely [Bechtolsheim](/wiki/Bechtolsheim "Bechtolsheim"), [Mommenheim](/wiki/Mommenheim%2C_Germany "Mommenheim, Germany"), Nieder[saulheim](/wiki/Saulheim "Saulheim") and Schornsheim, formed in view of their geographical location the backbone of the [Imperial](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire")\-Knightly holdings in the [buffer zone](/wiki/Buffer_zone "Buffer zone") between the two rival territories of the Palatinate and Mainz. ### Schornsheim and the tailors Schornsheim is a village that, in terms of its dwellers’ wealth and level of employment, is comparable to many other villages. This was not always so. A hundred years ago, Schornsheim was known as a “tailoring village”. There were more than 130 tailors and whole families made their livelihood at tailoring, sewing for factories in [Mainz](/wiki/Mainz "Mainz"), [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany "Worms, Germany") and [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"). Each tailor worked at his or her speciality, with some producing only trousers, and still others making only jackets. Once a week, the finished garments were then delivered to the factory. The tailors mostly lived in little, single\-story loam houses with two or three windows facing onto the street, or sometimes only one, for a [window tax](/wiki/Window_tax "Window tax") was levied in those days. The tailors’ livingroom became their workshop in which several [sewing machines](/wiki/Sewing_machine "Sewing machine") would be set up along with a great tailor's table. Father, mother, daughters and sons worked on into the night so that they could earn enough to feed themselves, for these tailors earned very little money. A great many skirts, trousers and vests had to make their way out of the workshop before a Schornsheim home worker could enjoy the pleasures of owning his own house and property. Many tailors also had a field plot, in which they planted potatoes and grain. At home, they had a pig in the stable that would be slaughtered when it got big enough, or a goat – the so\-called “tailor’s cow” – for its milk. However, as factories streamlined their production, making themselves cheaper to run, less and less work came the tailors’ way, eventually forcing them to seek other work. Many sought it in the industrial works in Mainz or in the [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") Works in [Rüsselsheim](/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim "Rüsselsheim"), where they earned much more and came to know a kind of luxury, at least compared to what they had known before. Today there is not even one tailor in the municipality; the profession has died out. However, when one walks through the streets, especially on Karl\-Marx\-Straße, one still finds the odd typical tailor's house. ### 18th century #### Poor money From 1715 comes the story that accountant Lorenz Tautphäus was taking in “cloth money” (Tuchgeld). Certain fields in the municipal area had this so\-called Tuchgeld imposed on them, which was used to buy the local poor some clothing. #### Jews in Schornsheim Between 1713 and 1738, nine [Jewish](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism") families lived in the village. Each family had to pay 3 guilders in “Jew protection money” (Judenschutzgeld), after which they were entitled to live in the village and go about their business unhindered. Some Jews were merchants and others were butchers. #### Night watchman In earlier years, the night watchman's job was an important one. His service was laid out as follows in 1712: “They have to blow 1. towards the [Schultheiß](/wiki/Schulthei%C3%9F "Schultheiß")’s house, 1. at the Schmitt Bridge, 1. at Nikolaus Kneip’s house, 1. at Jakob’s board house, 1. at the rectory, 1. at the Pfaffenwald well. While doing this the night watchmen should at each post where they blow, whenever the hour rings, call out what hour has struck.” #### Day watchman Such a man took up this work in 1725\. Of this, it was written: “By the whole municipality it was deemed advisable that a day watchman, who would go about the village the whole day long bearing a spear, and whatever strange beggars come in, he should forthwith turn them out, such would happen in the surrounding places. The day watchman should receive from each man in the municipality a loaf of bread and from the municipality a pair of shoes as wages.” #### Swineherd In 1713, Nikolaus Lademann was hired as the swineherd. He received as wages “7 Malter of corn and from each one who drives swine, a loaf of bread, and the said one should drive the swine if the weather is good.” In 1722, the new swineherd received for each pig “thus driven” one fourth of a loaf of bread. He had to watch the swine as long as people “drove” them to him. #### “Firewalkers” In 1722, six men were hired as “firewalkers” (Feuerläufer), although this did not mean, as both the [German](/wiki/German_language "German language") and [English](/wiki/English_language "English language") words do nowadays, people who walk barefoot across hot coals. These were firefighters of a kind, but of course without modern equipment. One among them was the fire captain. Whenever a fire broke out anywhere, they had to walk for up to three hours to reach the fire to help put it out. However, they could not leave the scene until they had been given a certificate witnessing their efforts. Each also had to take along his leather pail on the job. When they came back, they were to get from the municipality two Maß of wine and each was to get [white bread](/wiki/White_bread "White bread") for one Albus. In 1731, it was written: “They should go after the fire as far as the Rhine or four hours’ walk away and then bring back a certificate, then they should have from the municipality 1 quarter of wine and for an alb. white bread and Volpert Sandmann should be the fire captain.” ### 19th century In 1840 the [Evangelical](/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany "Evangelical Church in Germany") clergyman Pfeiffer declared that his parish had wished “for the longest time and most longingly” a separation of churches from the [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism") parish and for a new Evangelical church to be built. There was also more payment for the extermination of mice, hamsters and wasps. In 1848, Ludwig H., born and living in Schornsheim, had himself registered as a local citizen and paid the “fire pail money”. Owing to his intended marriage, however, the council raised an objection, because the said man had no kind of estate, neither practising a business nor being “busy” in agriculture, and about the woman's assets, nothing was known. “One can assume that the said man cannot feed this female person with her two illegitimate children, much less should this family grow yet bigger.” In 1850, to build the Evangelical church, the church did not want to use any stone from the Flonheim quarries because for these stones, a road improvement tax would have had to be paid. Instead, the church wanted to draw stone from the Oppenheim quarries, as those stones were free of this tax. In 1856, chickens and geese were once again tended by Ludwig Höhler with his sister for a wage of 30 guilders. He further received, as was customary, one pound of bread from each owner of one of those geese. The vineyard marksmen now had to go to work every day. A day's wages for each was 24 [Kreuzer](/wiki/Kreuzer "Kreuzer"). In 1857, Philipp Geogi wanted to travel to his son in [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich") as there were better food and care there than in Schornsheim. The municipality was ready to give him money for clothing for the trip, but as security, they wanted to pay the fare only at the [railway station](/wiki/Railway_station "Railway station") from which he was to begin his trip. His son was a tinsmith in Zürich. The council decided that on 23 June, the meadows would be opened. The grass was to be mown and taken away forthwith. The council objected to local citizen Mathias Z.’s marriage to Maria Chatharina J. from Wörrstadt. “Z. enjoys evil repute and has with a person from the [Duchy of Nassau](/wiki/Nassau_%28state%29 "Nassau (state)") undergone an immoral change and has had children with the same. He is a blasphemer and given to drink. His fiancée also possesses a frivolous character and is said already to have had two children out of wedlock with another person.” In 1858, a gift was to be given the Grand Duke for his silver wedding anniversary. A council member agreed. All the other members, though, refused any gift. They declared that the municipality was so beleaguered by roadbuilding, the acquisition of two fire sprayers and other outlays that it had to be mindful of even the smallest savings. In November, however, deliberated once again the gift for the Grand Duke. “It would be unworthy if the municipality of Schornsheim wanted to exclude itself from the grand festival.” A collection gathered up 25 guilders for the gift. In 1859 the council refused Carl. L. Bißmann, at the time living in [Neuchâtel](/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel "Neuchâtel"), an early marriage. “Even if the petitioner (applicant) at the moment has good earnings but the marriage dies before he is 25 years of age, the foreign\-born woman and any possible children would become a burden to the municipality of Schornsheim. He may wait until he is of the legally prescribed age.” In 1860, stones for improving roads were to be bought in the quantity of 9 fathoms. The stones were to be knocked asunder by debtors who were being punished as such. Their wages were to be deducted from their debt. “The ‘convicts’ recognized as being unable to pay have, however, hitherto through petitions for deadlines and assorted evasions, sought to get out of doing this work.” J.L.H. asked for support from the municipal coffers. The council’s opinion was as follows: “Applicant is a sturdy man of 37 years, who from youth onwards adapted himself to begging. He calls himself a day labourer, but will work for nobody and busies himself merely with gathering horse dung in the streets, where he can be an idler. He could have work the year round in fieldwork and in winter in threshing. This year he was offered work in caring for geese, for which he could have earned from May to November 40 guilders and for each goose a pound of bread, but which he also did not take on. His wife, 36 years old, strong and healthy, is just as shy of work; even in the harvest these two highly lazy people take on no harvesting work. About this, the whole municipality is angered and gives nothing further. The policeman has the duty of disrupting begging. Were it further allowed the couple, they would have been able to live continually without fending for food. Such people are unworthy of being supported.” In Undenheim a postal station was to be built. Schornsheim, however, held that the location near Wörrstadt was more advantageous given the Justice of the Peace and the tax commission's office there. The municipality dismissed Ph. M. from his job as gooseherd “because he does not busy himself at all with herding geese, his wife only seldom. The geese would be driven out of the village to the field only seldom, and given over to his children, who are supposed to go to school, who let the geese run around in the fields at will. Now, to guard the fields against further damage, he is discharged as gooseherd.” In 1861, after the Grand\-Ducal government's agreement with the [Thurn und Taxis](/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis "Thurn und Taxis") postal administration, the council declared: “The municipality wants to forgo a six\-time errand and only pay the bringer’s wages for the governmental paper”. The municipality did not need to procure any post boxes. Also, as two fruit dealers were already resident in Schornsheim, the council held that a further one was unneeded. In 1862, because [sparrows](/wiki/Old_World_sparrow "Old World sparrow") had grown so greatly in number and were doing such great harm in the fields, every citizen at his own expense had to deliver 2 to 6 sparrows. Also, because the plague of [rabbits](/wiki/Rabbit "Rabbit") in the municipal area was getting out of hand, a man from [Bechtheim](/wiki/Bechtheim "Bechtheim") who owned a [ferret](/wiki/Ferret "Ferret") was to come to help. The proceeds from the rabbits were to flow into the municipality's coffers. In 1863, the rabbit problem had still not been overcome, and anyone who killed or presented a rabbit was to get 6 [Kreuzer](/wiki/Kreuzer "Kreuzer") for each one from the municipality's coffers. The council also decided that the corn [hamster](/wiki/Hamster "Hamster"), which had also got out of hand, had to be exterminated. For each killed or delivered hamster, 3 Kreuzer would be paid out. (Even by the years 1950–1960, hamsters were still being caught and would earn the catcher 1\.80 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark "Deutsche Mark") each). In 1870, the well in the Pfaffenwald (forest) was not supplying enough water to those who dwelt there or their livestock. At that time, there was a great need for water in Schornsheim. The council stated in August of that year that it was needless to build a new well before the Heyertor (gate), as it had rained long and persistently. On 30 July that same year, Jakob Tautphäus delivered a horse and a waggon to send to [war](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War") in [France](/wiki/France "France"). Philipp Ebling gave a second horse. Both also gave a second man. On 28 September, though, one of the men came back with the war waggon and a strange horse. According to him, his fellow warrior and his horse had both been killed in France. On 8 October, the municipal council was complaining about the policeman. He was apparently much given to drink and had already been negligent in doing his duty for years. Also, some nighttime disturbances of the peace were not coming to his attention as he did his nightly rounds. Furthermore, he had failed to appoint other citizens each evening in addition to the serving security watches for the nighttime criminality that was getting out of hand. The policeman was to be dismissed, the more so as he had thrown his sabre and duty book into the mayor's livingroom. Five persons sought the fired policeman's job. The wages amounted to 40 guilders. The policeman also had to act as a court official and a field marksman for the nearby surrounding area. The municipality had to borrow capital amounting to 1,500 guilders to be able to indemnify those from Schornsheim who had gone to war in France. On 18 October came a report of a [typhus](/wiki/Typhus "Typhus") outbreak. In 1871, the municipal council believed that “The investigation of wellwater with regard to the illness, which led to no result, could have been saved, as nothing could be confirmed.” In 1880, the policeman was dismissed, as on some days he was not to be seen in the village, as a result of which “with begging getting out of hand, the vagabonds can go about begging undisturbed. His other functions he has also badly neglected.” In 1881 a new [knacker](/wiki/Knacker "Knacker") was hired. He received 1\.50 to 2\.00 Marks for each cattle or horse carcass that he skinned and buried. For foals, calves or swine he got 50 Pfennigs. Horses and cattle had to be delivered to the knacker's yard; other livestock had to be fetched by the knacker. In 1897, a day's wages (not hourly) were set out in Schornsheim. The rates were as follows: for grown workmen 1 Mark 80 Pfennigs for grown workwomen 1 Mark 20 Pfennigs for youthful workmen 1 Mark 20 Pfennigs for youthful workwomen 80 Pfennigs Also, the municipality wanted to forbid free ranging of geese on Sundays and holidays. ### 20th century In 1903, by the district office's decree, the council decided to put the old elmtree – the so\-called Heyerbaum – under monumental protection. Source for foregoing:Ausschnitte aus der Chronik von Schornsheim, 1200 Jahre Schornsheim, 782–1982	[ "History\n-------", "### Name’s origins", "The name Schornsheim (in 782 Scoronishaim, in 815 Scornesheim, about 836 Scoranesheim, about 1230 Schornesheym, about 1520 Schornsheim) is formed with the placename ending —heim (cognate with [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") home), as are most Rhenish\\-Hessian placenames. The other root in the name, however, is something of a peculiarity. It is not a traditional [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_languages \"Germanic languages\") personal name, nor a word for a natural feature, but rather a title, and only became a personal name through transference. Scoran (cognate with English shorn, and with much the same meaning, referring to a [tonsure](/wiki/Tonsure \"Tonsure\")) was a word used for priests and monks and was given boys as a name who were destined for the clergy, for whom the tonsure had long stood as a defining mark. It could well be that a clergyman of this time gave Schornsheim its name. It is assumed that one or more [Frankish](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\") settlements had already arisen in the area of what later became Schornsheim, and the unknown priest or monk only later gave the village his name, after he himself had settled there and founded a church and perhaps also a monastery.", "In one of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\")’s documents from 28 July 782, the king named Schornsheim’s church and estate as his property. The “estate” at that time meant the whole of the kingly holdings or a part thereof. How the ruler acquired it is unknown. Whatever it was that happened, it is known that the successor to the estate was the Scoran who had once founded the church.", "### Saint Leoba", "[thumb\\\|Fountain memorial for Saint Leoba](/wiki/File:Schornsheim-Lioba.JPG \"Schornsheim-Lioba.JPG\")\nCharlemagne gave the church of the “estate” of Schornsheim with its appurtenances (along with real estate) first as a benefice – in effect, a fief, to be used free of charge – to [Leoba of Tauberbischofsheim](/wiki/Saint_Leoba \"Saint Leoba\"), who is still venerated today as Saint Leoba.", "Leoba, whose [Anglo\\-Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxons \"Anglo-Saxons\") name was Leofgyth, was brought up in the convents at [Minster](/wiki/Minster%2C_Thanet \"Minster, Thanet\") in [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\") and [Wimborne Minster](/wiki/Wimborne_Minster \"Wimborne Minster\") in [Dorset](/wiki/Dorset \"Dorset\"). As a woman, she had, after Anglo\\-Saxon custom, training in languages and theology, which fully equalled a man's. She was related to [Saint Boniface](/wiki/Saint_Boniface \"Saint Boniface\"), who always had a particular fondness for her. Boniface was critical of the [Frankish](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\") clergy's crudeness and unlearnedness, which he saw as holdovers from heathen superstition. He tried to remedy these shortcomings with better training at the monasteries. Leoba was best suited to such a programme. She built a convent on an estate in [Tauberbischofsheim](/wiki/Tauberbischofsheim \"Tauberbischofsheim\"), which soon became a kind of college for nuns. Leoba did not live exclusively at the convent on the [Tauber](/wiki/Tauber \"Tauber\"), though, but rather she regularly undertook [visitational](/wiki/Visitor \"Visitor\") journeys to other convents under her authority. Only when she was elderly did she withdraw to the convent that she had chosen as a retirement home. She died there on 28 September 782\\.", "Saint Leoba is still venerated today in Schornsheim. The [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism \"Roman Catholicism\") church bears her name, and in the village square, a fountain has been built that has Saint Leoba standing in the middle.", "### History of the Schornsheim Ganerbschaft", "Before the turmoil in the late 18th century and the new territorial order in the early 19th, the countryside between the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\"), the [Nahe](/wiki/Nahe_%28Rhine%29 \"Nahe (Rhine)\") and the [Donnersberg](/wiki/Donnersberg \"Donnersberg\") – what is today called [Rhenish Hesse](/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse \"Rhenish Hesse\") – was not in any way a political unit. The [Palatinate](/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate \"Electorate of the Palatinate\"), [Mainz](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz \"Archbishopric of Mainz\"), [Waldgrave](/wiki/Waldgrave \"Waldgrave\"), [Rhinegrave](/wiki/Rhinegrave \"Rhinegrave\"), [Nassau](/wiki/Nassau_%28state%29 \"Nassau (state)\") and knightly landholding rights all overlapped each other in this area.", "If the [Electorate of the Palatinate](/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate \"Electorate of the Palatinate\") wanted to assert itself as the foremost power in this region, then it had about as much success at forging an exclusive territorial zone as Mainz. Very often local lords varied from one place to the next, and there were more than a few cases in which several lordships held ownership rights at the same time. The four jointly owned estates ([Ganerbschaften](/wiki/Ganerbschaften \"Ganerbschaften\")) that were incorporated into the Knightly Canton of Oberrhein, namely [Bechtolsheim](/wiki/Bechtolsheim \"Bechtolsheim\"), [Mommenheim](/wiki/Mommenheim%2C_Germany \"Mommenheim, Germany\"), Nieder[saulheim](/wiki/Saulheim \"Saulheim\") and Schornsheim, formed in view of their geographical location the backbone of the [Imperial](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\")\\-Knightly holdings in the [buffer zone](/wiki/Buffer_zone \"Buffer zone\") between the two rival territories of the Palatinate and Mainz.", "### Schornsheim and the tailors", "Schornsheim is a village that, in terms of its dwellers’ wealth and level of employment, is comparable to many other villages. This was not always so.", "A hundred years ago, Schornsheim was known as a “tailoring village”. There were more than 130 tailors and whole families made their livelihood at tailoring, sewing for factories in [Mainz](/wiki/Mainz \"Mainz\"), [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany \"Worms, Germany\") and [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\").", "Each tailor worked at his or her speciality, with some producing only trousers, and still others making only jackets. Once a week, the finished garments were then delivered to the factory. The tailors mostly lived in little, single\\-story loam houses with two or three windows facing onto the street, or sometimes only one, for a [window tax](/wiki/Window_tax \"Window tax\") was levied in those days. The tailors’ livingroom became their workshop in which several [sewing machines](/wiki/Sewing_machine \"Sewing machine\") would be set up along with a great tailor's table.", "Father, mother, daughters and sons worked on into the night so that they could earn enough to feed themselves, for these tailors earned very little money. A great many skirts, trousers and vests had to make their way out of the workshop before a Schornsheim home worker could enjoy the pleasures of owning his own house and property.", "Many tailors also had a field plot, in which they planted potatoes and grain. At home, they had a pig in the stable that would be slaughtered when it got big enough, or a goat – the so\\-called “tailor’s cow” – for its milk. However, as factories streamlined their production, making themselves cheaper to run, less and less work came the tailors’ way, eventually forcing them to seek other work.", "Many sought it in the industrial works in Mainz or in the [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") Works in [Rüsselsheim](/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim \"Rüsselsheim\"), where they earned much more and came to know a kind of luxury, at least compared to what they had known before. Today there is not even one tailor in the municipality; the profession has died out.", "However, when one walks through the streets, especially on Karl\\-Marx\\-Straße, one still finds the odd typical tailor's house.", "### 18th century", "#### Poor money", "From 1715 comes the story that accountant Lorenz Tautphäus was taking in “cloth money” (Tuchgeld). Certain fields in the municipal area had this so\\-called Tuchgeld imposed on them, which was used to buy the local poor some clothing.", "#### Jews in Schornsheim", "Between 1713 and 1738, nine [Jewish](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") families lived in the village. Each family had to pay 3 guilders in “Jew protection money” (Judenschutzgeld), after which they were entitled to live in the village and go about their business unhindered. Some Jews were merchants and others were butchers.", "#### Night watchman", "In earlier years, the night watchman's job was an important one. His service was laid out as follows in 1712:\n“They have to blow\n1. towards the [Schultheiß](/wiki/Schulthei%C3%9F \"Schultheiß\")’s house,\n1. at the Schmitt Bridge,\n1. at Nikolaus Kneip’s house,\n1. at Jakob’s board house,\n1. at the rectory,\n1. at the Pfaffenwald well.\nWhile doing this the night watchmen should at each post where they blow, whenever the hour rings, call out what hour has struck.”", "#### Day watchman", "Such a man took up this work in 1725\\. Of this, it was written: “By the whole municipality it was deemed advisable that a day watchman, who would go about the village the whole day long bearing a spear, and whatever strange beggars come in, he should forthwith turn them out, such would happen in the surrounding places. The day watchman should receive from each man in the municipality a loaf of bread and from the municipality a pair of shoes as wages.”", "#### Swineherd", "In 1713, Nikolaus Lademann was hired as the swineherd. He received as wages “7 Malter of corn and from each one who drives swine, a loaf of bread, and the said one should drive the swine if the weather is good.” In 1722, the new swineherd received for each pig “thus driven” one fourth of a loaf of bread. He had to watch the swine as long as people “drove” them to him.", "#### “Firewalkers”", "In 1722, six men were hired as “firewalkers” (Feuerläufer), although this did not mean, as both the [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\") and [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") words do nowadays, people who walk barefoot across hot coals. These were firefighters of a kind, but of course without modern equipment. One among them was the fire captain. Whenever a fire broke out anywhere, they had to walk for up to three hours to reach the fire to help put it out. However, they could not leave the scene until they had been given a certificate witnessing their efforts. Each also had to take along his leather pail on the job. When they came back, they were to get from the municipality two Maß of wine and each was to get [white bread](/wiki/White_bread \"White bread\") for one Albus.", "In 1731, it was written: “They should go after the fire as far as the Rhine or four hours’ walk away and then bring back a certificate, then they should have from the municipality 1 quarter of wine and for an alb. white bread and Volpert Sandmann should be the fire captain.”", "### 19th century", "In 1840 the [Evangelical](/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany \"Evangelical Church in Germany\") clergyman Pfeiffer declared that his parish had wished “for the longest time and most longingly” a separation of churches from the [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism \"Roman Catholicism\") parish and for a new Evangelical church to be built. There was also more payment for the extermination of mice, hamsters and wasps.", "In 1848, Ludwig H., born and living in Schornsheim, had himself registered as a local citizen and paid the “fire pail money”. Owing to his intended marriage, however, the council raised an objection, because the said man had no kind of estate, neither practising a business nor being “busy” in agriculture, and about the woman's assets, nothing was known. “One can assume that the said man cannot feed this female person with her two illegitimate children, much less should this family grow yet bigger.”", "In 1850, to build the Evangelical church, the church did not want to use any stone from the Flonheim quarries because for these stones, a road improvement tax would have had to be paid. Instead, the church wanted to draw stone from the Oppenheim quarries, as those stones were free of this tax.", "In 1856, chickens and geese were once again tended by Ludwig Höhler with his sister for a wage of 30 guilders. He further received, as was customary, one pound of bread from each owner of one of those geese. The vineyard marksmen now had to go to work every day. A day's wages for each was 24 [Kreuzer](/wiki/Kreuzer \"Kreuzer\").", "In 1857, Philipp Geogi wanted to travel to his son in [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zürich\") as there were better food and care there than in Schornsheim. The municipality was ready to give him money for clothing for the trip, but as security, they wanted to pay the fare only at the [railway station](/wiki/Railway_station \"Railway station\") from which he was to begin his trip. His son was a tinsmith in Zürich. The council decided that on 23 June, the meadows would be opened. The grass was to be mown and taken away forthwith. The council objected to local citizen Mathias Z.’s marriage to Maria Chatharina J. from Wörrstadt. “Z. enjoys evil repute and has with a person from the [Duchy of Nassau](/wiki/Nassau_%28state%29 \"Nassau (state)\") undergone an immoral change and has had children with the same. He is a blasphemer and given to drink. His fiancée also possesses a frivolous character and is said already to have had two children out of wedlock with another person.”", "In 1858, a gift was to be given the Grand Duke for his silver wedding anniversary. A council member agreed. All the other members, though, refused any gift. They declared that the municipality was so beleaguered by roadbuilding, the acquisition of two fire sprayers and other outlays that it had to be mindful of even the smallest savings. In November, however, deliberated once again the gift for the Grand Duke. “It would be unworthy if the municipality of Schornsheim wanted to exclude itself from the grand festival.” A collection gathered up 25 guilders for the gift.", "In 1859 the council refused Carl. L. Bißmann, at the time living in [Neuchâtel](/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel \"Neuchâtel\"), an early marriage. “Even if the petitioner (applicant) at the moment has good earnings but the marriage dies before he is 25 years of age, the foreign\\-born woman and any possible children would become a burden to the municipality of Schornsheim. He may wait until he is of the legally prescribed age.”", "In 1860, stones for improving roads were to be bought in the quantity of 9 fathoms. The stones were to be knocked asunder by debtors who were being punished as such. Their wages were to be deducted from their debt. “The ‘convicts’ recognized as being unable to pay have, however, hitherto through petitions for deadlines and assorted evasions, sought to get out of doing this work.”", "J.L.H. asked for support from the municipal coffers. The council’s opinion was as follows: “Applicant is a sturdy man of 37 years, who from youth onwards adapted himself to begging. He calls himself a day labourer, but will work for nobody and busies himself merely with gathering horse dung in the streets, where he can be an idler. He could have work the year round in fieldwork and in winter in threshing. This year he was offered work in caring for geese, for which he could have earned from May to November 40 guilders and for each goose a pound of bread, but which he also did not take on. His wife, 36 years old, strong and healthy, is just as shy of work; even in the harvest these two highly lazy people take on no harvesting work. About this, the whole municipality is angered and gives nothing further. The policeman has the duty of disrupting begging. Were it further allowed the couple, they would have been able to live continually without fending for food. Such people are unworthy of being supported.”", "In Undenheim a postal station was to be built. Schornsheim, however, held that the location near Wörrstadt was more advantageous given the Justice of the Peace and the tax commission's office there. The municipality dismissed Ph. M. from his job as gooseherd “because he does not busy himself at all with herding geese, his wife only seldom. The geese would be driven out of the village to the field only seldom, and given over to his children, who are supposed to go to school, who let the geese run around in the fields at will. Now, to guard the fields against further damage, he is discharged as gooseherd.”", "In 1861, after the Grand\\-Ducal government's agreement with the [Thurn und Taxis](/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis \"Thurn und Taxis\") postal administration, the council declared: “The municipality wants to forgo a six\\-time errand and only pay the bringer’s wages for the governmental paper”. The municipality did not need to procure any post boxes. Also, as two fruit dealers were already resident in Schornsheim, the council held that a further one was unneeded.", "In 1862, because [sparrows](/wiki/Old_World_sparrow \"Old World sparrow\") had grown so greatly in number and were doing such great harm in the fields, every citizen at his own expense had to deliver 2 to 6 sparrows. Also, because the plague of [rabbits](/wiki/Rabbit \"Rabbit\") in the municipal area was getting out of hand, a man from [Bechtheim](/wiki/Bechtheim \"Bechtheim\") who owned a [ferret](/wiki/Ferret \"Ferret\") was to come to help. The proceeds from the rabbits were to flow into the municipality's coffers.", "In 1863, the rabbit problem had still not been overcome, and anyone who killed or presented a rabbit was to get 6 [Kreuzer](/wiki/Kreuzer \"Kreuzer\") for each one from the municipality's coffers. The council also decided that the corn [hamster](/wiki/Hamster \"Hamster\"), which had also got out of hand, had to be exterminated. For each killed or delivered hamster, 3 Kreuzer would be paid out.", "(Even by the years 1950–1960, hamsters were still being caught and would earn the catcher 1\\.80 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\") each).", "In 1870, the well in the Pfaffenwald (forest) was not supplying enough water to those who dwelt there or their livestock. At that time, there was a great need for water in Schornsheim. The council stated in August of that year that it was needless to build a new well before the Heyertor (gate), as it had rained long and persistently.", "On 30 July that same year, Jakob Tautphäus delivered a horse and a waggon to send to [war](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\") in [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). Philipp Ebling gave a second horse. Both also gave a second man.", "On 28 September, though, one of the men came back with the war waggon and a strange horse. According to him, his fellow warrior and his horse had both been killed in France.", "On 8 October, the municipal council was complaining about the policeman. He was apparently much given to drink and had already been negligent in doing his duty for years. Also, some nighttime disturbances of the peace were not coming to his attention as he did his nightly rounds. Furthermore, he had failed to appoint other citizens each evening in addition to the serving security watches for the nighttime criminality that was getting out of hand. The policeman was to be dismissed, the more so as he had thrown his sabre and duty book into the mayor's livingroom. Five persons sought the fired policeman's job. The wages amounted to 40 guilders. The policeman also had to act as a court official and a field marksman for the nearby surrounding area. The municipality had to borrow capital amounting to 1,500 guilders to be able to indemnify those from Schornsheim who had gone to war in France.", "On 18 October came a report of a [typhus](/wiki/Typhus \"Typhus\") outbreak.", "In 1871, the municipal council believed that “The investigation of wellwater with regard to the illness, which led to no result, could have been saved, as nothing could be confirmed.”", "In 1880, the policeman was dismissed, as on some days he was not to be seen in the village, as a result of which “with begging getting out of hand, the vagabonds can go about begging undisturbed. His other functions he has also badly neglected.”", "In 1881 a new [knacker](/wiki/Knacker \"Knacker\") was hired. He received 1\\.50 to 2\\.00 Marks for each cattle or horse carcass that he skinned and buried. For foals, calves or swine he got 50 Pfennigs. Horses and cattle had to be delivered to the knacker's yard; other livestock had to be fetched by the knacker.", "In 1897, a day's wages (not hourly) were set out in Schornsheim. The rates were as follows:\nfor grown workmen 1 Mark 80 Pfennigs\nfor grown workwomen 1 Mark 20 Pfennigs\nfor youthful workmen 1 Mark 20 Pfennigs\nfor youthful workwomen 80 Pfennigs", "Also, the municipality wanted to forbid free ranging of geese on Sundays and holidays.", "### 20th century", "In 1903, by the district office's decree, the council decided to put the old elmtree – the so\\-called Heyerbaum – under monumental protection.", "Source for foregoing:Ausschnitte aus der Chronik von Schornsheim, 1200 Jahre Schornsheim, 782–1982" ]
### Schornsheim and the tailors Schornsheim is a village that, in terms of its dwellers’ wealth and level of employment, is comparable to many other villages. This was not always so. A hundred years ago, Schornsheim was known as a “tailoring village”. There were more than 130 tailors and whole families made their livelihood at tailoring, sewing for factories in [Mainz](/wiki/Mainz "Mainz"), [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany "Worms, Germany") and [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"). Each tailor worked at his or her speciality, with some producing only trousers, and still others making only jackets. Once a week, the finished garments were then delivered to the factory. The tailors mostly lived in little, single\-story loam houses with two or three windows facing onto the street, or sometimes only one, for a [window tax](/wiki/Window_tax "Window tax") was levied in those days. The tailors’ livingroom became their workshop in which several [sewing machines](/wiki/Sewing_machine "Sewing machine") would be set up along with a great tailor's table. Father, mother, daughters and sons worked on into the night so that they could earn enough to feed themselves, for these tailors earned very little money. A great many skirts, trousers and vests had to make their way out of the workshop before a Schornsheim home worker could enjoy the pleasures of owning his own house and property. Many tailors also had a field plot, in which they planted potatoes and grain. At home, they had a pig in the stable that would be slaughtered when it got big enough, or a goat – the so\-called “tailor’s cow” – for its milk. However, as factories streamlined their production, making themselves cheaper to run, less and less work came the tailors’ way, eventually forcing them to seek other work. Many sought it in the industrial works in Mainz or in the [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") Works in [Rüsselsheim](/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim "Rüsselsheim"), where they earned much more and came to know a kind of luxury, at least compared to what they had known before. Today there is not even one tailor in the municipality; the profession has died out. However, when one walks through the streets, especially on Karl\-Marx\-Straße, one still finds the odd typical tailor's house.	[ "### Schornsheim and the tailors", "Schornsheim is a village that, in terms of its dwellers’ wealth and level of employment, is comparable to many other villages. This was not always so.", "A hundred years ago, Schornsheim was known as a “tailoring village”. There were more than 130 tailors and whole families made their livelihood at tailoring, sewing for factories in [Mainz](/wiki/Mainz \"Mainz\"), [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany \"Worms, Germany\") and [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\").", "Each tailor worked at his or her speciality, with some producing only trousers, and still others making only jackets. Once a week, the finished garments were then delivered to the factory. The tailors mostly lived in little, single\\-story loam houses with two or three windows facing onto the street, or sometimes only one, for a [window tax](/wiki/Window_tax \"Window tax\") was levied in those days. The tailors’ livingroom became their workshop in which several [sewing machines](/wiki/Sewing_machine \"Sewing machine\") would be set up along with a great tailor's table.", "Father, mother, daughters and sons worked on into the night so that they could earn enough to feed themselves, for these tailors earned very little money. A great many skirts, trousers and vests had to make their way out of the workshop before a Schornsheim home worker could enjoy the pleasures of owning his own house and property.", "Many tailors also had a field plot, in which they planted potatoes and grain. At home, they had a pig in the stable that would be slaughtered when it got big enough, or a goat – the so\\-called “tailor’s cow” – for its milk. However, as factories streamlined their production, making themselves cheaper to run, less and less work came the tailors’ way, eventually forcing them to seek other work.", "Many sought it in the industrial works in Mainz or in the [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") Works in [Rüsselsheim](/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim \"Rüsselsheim\"), where they earned much more and came to know a kind of luxury, at least compared to what they had known before. Today there is not even one tailor in the municipality; the profession has died out.", "However, when one walks through the streets, especially on Karl\\-Marx\\-Straße, one still finds the odd typical tailor's house.", "" ]
### 19th century In 1840 the [Evangelical](/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany "Evangelical Church in Germany") clergyman Pfeiffer declared that his parish had wished “for the longest time and most longingly” a separation of churches from the [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism") parish and for a new Evangelical church to be built. There was also more payment for the extermination of mice, hamsters and wasps. In 1848, Ludwig H., born and living in Schornsheim, had himself registered as a local citizen and paid the “fire pail money”. Owing to his intended marriage, however, the council raised an objection, because the said man had no kind of estate, neither practising a business nor being “busy” in agriculture, and about the woman's assets, nothing was known. “One can assume that the said man cannot feed this female person with her two illegitimate children, much less should this family grow yet bigger.” In 1850, to build the Evangelical church, the church did not want to use any stone from the Flonheim quarries because for these stones, a road improvement tax would have had to be paid. Instead, the church wanted to draw stone from the Oppenheim quarries, as those stones were free of this tax. In 1856, chickens and geese were once again tended by Ludwig Höhler with his sister for a wage of 30 guilders. He further received, as was customary, one pound of bread from each owner of one of those geese. The vineyard marksmen now had to go to work every day. A day's wages for each was 24 [Kreuzer](/wiki/Kreuzer "Kreuzer"). In 1857, Philipp Geogi wanted to travel to his son in [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich") as there were better food and care there than in Schornsheim. The municipality was ready to give him money for clothing for the trip, but as security, they wanted to pay the fare only at the [railway station](/wiki/Railway_station "Railway station") from which he was to begin his trip. His son was a tinsmith in Zürich. The council decided that on 23 June, the meadows would be opened. The grass was to be mown and taken away forthwith. The council objected to local citizen Mathias Z.’s marriage to Maria Chatharina J. from Wörrstadt. “Z. enjoys evil repute and has with a person from the [Duchy of Nassau](/wiki/Nassau_%28state%29 "Nassau (state)") undergone an immoral change and has had children with the same. He is a blasphemer and given to drink. His fiancée also possesses a frivolous character and is said already to have had two children out of wedlock with another person.” In 1858, a gift was to be given the Grand Duke for his silver wedding anniversary. A council member agreed. All the other members, though, refused any gift. They declared that the municipality was so beleaguered by roadbuilding, the acquisition of two fire sprayers and other outlays that it had to be mindful of even the smallest savings. In November, however, deliberated once again the gift for the Grand Duke. “It would be unworthy if the municipality of Schornsheim wanted to exclude itself from the grand festival.” A collection gathered up 25 guilders for the gift. In 1859 the council refused Carl. L. Bißmann, at the time living in [Neuchâtel](/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel "Neuchâtel"), an early marriage. “Even if the petitioner (applicant) at the moment has good earnings but the marriage dies before he is 25 years of age, the foreign\-born woman and any possible children would become a burden to the municipality of Schornsheim. He may wait until he is of the legally prescribed age.” In 1860, stones for improving roads were to be bought in the quantity of 9 fathoms. The stones were to be knocked asunder by debtors who were being punished as such. Their wages were to be deducted from their debt. “The ‘convicts’ recognized as being unable to pay have, however, hitherto through petitions for deadlines and assorted evasions, sought to get out of doing this work.” J.L.H. asked for support from the municipal coffers. The council’s opinion was as follows: “Applicant is a sturdy man of 37 years, who from youth onwards adapted himself to begging. He calls himself a day labourer, but will work for nobody and busies himself merely with gathering horse dung in the streets, where he can be an idler. He could have work the year round in fieldwork and in winter in threshing. This year he was offered work in caring for geese, for which he could have earned from May to November 40 guilders and for each goose a pound of bread, but which he also did not take on. His wife, 36 years old, strong and healthy, is just as shy of work; even in the harvest these two highly lazy people take on no harvesting work. About this, the whole municipality is angered and gives nothing further. The policeman has the duty of disrupting begging. Were it further allowed the couple, they would have been able to live continually without fending for food. Such people are unworthy of being supported.” In Undenheim a postal station was to be built. Schornsheim, however, held that the location near Wörrstadt was more advantageous given the Justice of the Peace and the tax commission's office there. The municipality dismissed Ph. M. from his job as gooseherd “because he does not busy himself at all with herding geese, his wife only seldom. The geese would be driven out of the village to the field only seldom, and given over to his children, who are supposed to go to school, who let the geese run around in the fields at will. Now, to guard the fields against further damage, he is discharged as gooseherd.” In 1861, after the Grand\-Ducal government's agreement with the [Thurn und Taxis](/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis "Thurn und Taxis") postal administration, the council declared: “The municipality wants to forgo a six\-time errand and only pay the bringer’s wages for the governmental paper”. The municipality did not need to procure any post boxes. Also, as two fruit dealers were already resident in Schornsheim, the council held that a further one was unneeded. In 1862, because [sparrows](/wiki/Old_World_sparrow "Old World sparrow") had grown so greatly in number and were doing such great harm in the fields, every citizen at his own expense had to deliver 2 to 6 sparrows. Also, because the plague of [rabbits](/wiki/Rabbit "Rabbit") in the municipal area was getting out of hand, a man from [Bechtheim](/wiki/Bechtheim "Bechtheim") who owned a [ferret](/wiki/Ferret "Ferret") was to come to help. The proceeds from the rabbits were to flow into the municipality's coffers. In 1863, the rabbit problem had still not been overcome, and anyone who killed or presented a rabbit was to get 6 [Kreuzer](/wiki/Kreuzer "Kreuzer") for each one from the municipality's coffers. The council also decided that the corn [hamster](/wiki/Hamster "Hamster"), which had also got out of hand, had to be exterminated. For each killed or delivered hamster, 3 Kreuzer would be paid out. (Even by the years 1950–1960, hamsters were still being caught and would earn the catcher 1\.80 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark "Deutsche Mark") each). In 1870, the well in the Pfaffenwald (forest) was not supplying enough water to those who dwelt there or their livestock. At that time, there was a great need for water in Schornsheim. The council stated in August of that year that it was needless to build a new well before the Heyertor (gate), as it had rained long and persistently. On 30 July that same year, Jakob Tautphäus delivered a horse and a waggon to send to [war](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War") in [France](/wiki/France "France"). Philipp Ebling gave a second horse. Both also gave a second man. On 28 September, though, one of the men came back with the war waggon and a strange horse. According to him, his fellow warrior and his horse had both been killed in France. On 8 October, the municipal council was complaining about the policeman. He was apparently much given to drink and had already been negligent in doing his duty for years. Also, some nighttime disturbances of the peace were not coming to his attention as he did his nightly rounds. Furthermore, he had failed to appoint other citizens each evening in addition to the serving security watches for the nighttime criminality that was getting out of hand. The policeman was to be dismissed, the more so as he had thrown his sabre and duty book into the mayor's livingroom. Five persons sought the fired policeman's job. The wages amounted to 40 guilders. The policeman also had to act as a court official and a field marksman for the nearby surrounding area. The municipality had to borrow capital amounting to 1,500 guilders to be able to indemnify those from Schornsheim who had gone to war in France. On 18 October came a report of a [typhus](/wiki/Typhus "Typhus") outbreak. In 1871, the municipal council believed that “The investigation of wellwater with regard to the illness, which led to no result, could have been saved, as nothing could be confirmed.” In 1880, the policeman was dismissed, as on some days he was not to be seen in the village, as a result of which “with begging getting out of hand, the vagabonds can go about begging undisturbed. His other functions he has also badly neglected.” In 1881 a new [knacker](/wiki/Knacker "Knacker") was hired. He received 1\.50 to 2\.00 Marks for each cattle or horse carcass that he skinned and buried. For foals, calves or swine he got 50 Pfennigs. Horses and cattle had to be delivered to the knacker's yard; other livestock had to be fetched by the knacker. In 1897, a day's wages (not hourly) were set out in Schornsheim. The rates were as follows: for grown workmen 1 Mark 80 Pfennigs for grown workwomen 1 Mark 20 Pfennigs for youthful workmen 1 Mark 20 Pfennigs for youthful workwomen 80 Pfennigs Also, the municipality wanted to forbid free ranging of geese on Sundays and holidays.	[ "### 19th century", "In 1840 the [Evangelical](/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany \"Evangelical Church in Germany\") clergyman Pfeiffer declared that his parish had wished “for the longest time and most longingly” a separation of churches from the [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism \"Roman Catholicism\") parish and for a new Evangelical church to be built. There was also more payment for the extermination of mice, hamsters and wasps.", "In 1848, Ludwig H., born and living in Schornsheim, had himself registered as a local citizen and paid the “fire pail money”. Owing to his intended marriage, however, the council raised an objection, because the said man had no kind of estate, neither practising a business nor being “busy” in agriculture, and about the woman's assets, nothing was known. “One can assume that the said man cannot feed this female person with her two illegitimate children, much less should this family grow yet bigger.”", "In 1850, to build the Evangelical church, the church did not want to use any stone from the Flonheim quarries because for these stones, a road improvement tax would have had to be paid. Instead, the church wanted to draw stone from the Oppenheim quarries, as those stones were free of this tax.", "In 1856, chickens and geese were once again tended by Ludwig Höhler with his sister for a wage of 30 guilders. He further received, as was customary, one pound of bread from each owner of one of those geese. The vineyard marksmen now had to go to work every day. A day's wages for each was 24 [Kreuzer](/wiki/Kreuzer \"Kreuzer\").", "In 1857, Philipp Geogi wanted to travel to his son in [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zürich\") as there were better food and care there than in Schornsheim. The municipality was ready to give him money for clothing for the trip, but as security, they wanted to pay the fare only at the [railway station](/wiki/Railway_station \"Railway station\") from which he was to begin his trip. His son was a tinsmith in Zürich. The council decided that on 23 June, the meadows would be opened. The grass was to be mown and taken away forthwith. The council objected to local citizen Mathias Z.’s marriage to Maria Chatharina J. from Wörrstadt. “Z. enjoys evil repute and has with a person from the [Duchy of Nassau](/wiki/Nassau_%28state%29 \"Nassau (state)\") undergone an immoral change and has had children with the same. He is a blasphemer and given to drink. His fiancée also possesses a frivolous character and is said already to have had two children out of wedlock with another person.”", "In 1858, a gift was to be given the Grand Duke for his silver wedding anniversary. A council member agreed. All the other members, though, refused any gift. They declared that the municipality was so beleaguered by roadbuilding, the acquisition of two fire sprayers and other outlays that it had to be mindful of even the smallest savings. In November, however, deliberated once again the gift for the Grand Duke. “It would be unworthy if the municipality of Schornsheim wanted to exclude itself from the grand festival.” A collection gathered up 25 guilders for the gift.", "In 1859 the council refused Carl. L. Bißmann, at the time living in [Neuchâtel](/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel \"Neuchâtel\"), an early marriage. “Even if the petitioner (applicant) at the moment has good earnings but the marriage dies before he is 25 years of age, the foreign\\-born woman and any possible children would become a burden to the municipality of Schornsheim. He may wait until he is of the legally prescribed age.”", "In 1860, stones for improving roads were to be bought in the quantity of 9 fathoms. The stones were to be knocked asunder by debtors who were being punished as such. Their wages were to be deducted from their debt. “The ‘convicts’ recognized as being unable to pay have, however, hitherto through petitions for deadlines and assorted evasions, sought to get out of doing this work.”", "J.L.H. asked for support from the municipal coffers. The council’s opinion was as follows: “Applicant is a sturdy man of 37 years, who from youth onwards adapted himself to begging. He calls himself a day labourer, but will work for nobody and busies himself merely with gathering horse dung in the streets, where he can be an idler. He could have work the year round in fieldwork and in winter in threshing. This year he was offered work in caring for geese, for which he could have earned from May to November 40 guilders and for each goose a pound of bread, but which he also did not take on. His wife, 36 years old, strong and healthy, is just as shy of work; even in the harvest these two highly lazy people take on no harvesting work. About this, the whole municipality is angered and gives nothing further. The policeman has the duty of disrupting begging. Were it further allowed the couple, they would have been able to live continually without fending for food. Such people are unworthy of being supported.”", "In Undenheim a postal station was to be built. Schornsheim, however, held that the location near Wörrstadt was more advantageous given the Justice of the Peace and the tax commission's office there. The municipality dismissed Ph. M. from his job as gooseherd “because he does not busy himself at all with herding geese, his wife only seldom. The geese would be driven out of the village to the field only seldom, and given over to his children, who are supposed to go to school, who let the geese run around in the fields at will. Now, to guard the fields against further damage, he is discharged as gooseherd.”", "In 1861, after the Grand\\-Ducal government's agreement with the [Thurn und Taxis](/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis \"Thurn und Taxis\") postal administration, the council declared: “The municipality wants to forgo a six\\-time errand and only pay the bringer’s wages for the governmental paper”. The municipality did not need to procure any post boxes. Also, as two fruit dealers were already resident in Schornsheim, the council held that a further one was unneeded.", "In 1862, because [sparrows](/wiki/Old_World_sparrow \"Old World sparrow\") had grown so greatly in number and were doing such great harm in the fields, every citizen at his own expense had to deliver 2 to 6 sparrows. Also, because the plague of [rabbits](/wiki/Rabbit \"Rabbit\") in the municipal area was getting out of hand, a man from [Bechtheim](/wiki/Bechtheim \"Bechtheim\") who owned a [ferret](/wiki/Ferret \"Ferret\") was to come to help. The proceeds from the rabbits were to flow into the municipality's coffers.", "In 1863, the rabbit problem had still not been overcome, and anyone who killed or presented a rabbit was to get 6 [Kreuzer](/wiki/Kreuzer \"Kreuzer\") for each one from the municipality's coffers. The council also decided that the corn [hamster](/wiki/Hamster \"Hamster\"), which had also got out of hand, had to be exterminated. For each killed or delivered hamster, 3 Kreuzer would be paid out.", "(Even by the years 1950–1960, hamsters were still being caught and would earn the catcher 1\\.80 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\") each).", "In 1870, the well in the Pfaffenwald (forest) was not supplying enough water to those who dwelt there or their livestock. At that time, there was a great need for water in Schornsheim. The council stated in August of that year that it was needless to build a new well before the Heyertor (gate), as it had rained long and persistently.", "On 30 July that same year, Jakob Tautphäus delivered a horse and a waggon to send to [war](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\") in [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). Philipp Ebling gave a second horse. Both also gave a second man.", "On 28 September, though, one of the men came back with the war waggon and a strange horse. According to him, his fellow warrior and his horse had both been killed in France.", "On 8 October, the municipal council was complaining about the policeman. He was apparently much given to drink and had already been negligent in doing his duty for years. Also, some nighttime disturbances of the peace were not coming to his attention as he did his nightly rounds. Furthermore, he had failed to appoint other citizens each evening in addition to the serving security watches for the nighttime criminality that was getting out of hand. The policeman was to be dismissed, the more so as he had thrown his sabre and duty book into the mayor's livingroom. Five persons sought the fired policeman's job. The wages amounted to 40 guilders. The policeman also had to act as a court official and a field marksman for the nearby surrounding area. The municipality had to borrow capital amounting to 1,500 guilders to be able to indemnify those from Schornsheim who had gone to war in France.", "On 18 October came a report of a [typhus](/wiki/Typhus \"Typhus\") outbreak.", "In 1871, the municipal council believed that “The investigation of wellwater with regard to the illness, which led to no result, could have been saved, as nothing could be confirmed.”", "In 1880, the policeman was dismissed, as on some days he was not to be seen in the village, as a result of which “with begging getting out of hand, the vagabonds can go about begging undisturbed. His other functions he has also badly neglected.”", "In 1881 a new [knacker](/wiki/Knacker \"Knacker\") was hired. He received 1\\.50 to 2\\.00 Marks for each cattle or horse carcass that he skinned and buried. For foals, calves or swine he got 50 Pfennigs. Horses and cattle had to be delivered to the knacker's yard; other livestock had to be fetched by the knacker.", "In 1897, a day's wages (not hourly) were set out in Schornsheim. The rates were as follows:\nfor grown workmen 1 Mark 80 Pfennigs\nfor grown workwomen 1 Mark 20 Pfennigs\nfor youthful workmen 1 Mark 20 Pfennigs\nfor youthful workwomen 80 Pfennigs", "Also, the municipality wanted to forbid free ranging of geese on Sundays and holidays.", "" ]
Process ------- ### Model A Family Group Conference is a structured decision\-making meeting made up of 'family' members. 'Family' is determined broadly, to include the children, [parents](/wiki/Parent "Parent"), [extended family](/wiki/Extended_family "Extended family"), and even significant friends and [neighbours](/wiki/Neighbourhood "Neighbourhood") to the family who may not actually be blood\-related.{{Cite web\\|title\=Family Group Conference\\|url\=https://windwoodfamilyservices.org/family\-engagement\-services/\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=Windwood Family Services}} This group of people are given 'private' time to reach a plan to facilitate the safe care and protection of a [child](/wiki/Child "Child") or children in need. The professional is involved in information given at the beginning of the process and in the assessment of the plan, following a decision. All professionals are excluded from the private time, which is attended by family members only.{{Cite web\\|title\=Child Protection Conferences\\|url\=https://www.proceduresonline.com/swcpp/cornwall\_scilly/p\_ch\_protection\_conf.html\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=proceduresonline.com}} Family Group Conferences are used to make plans for children in a number of different contexts: [Child Welfare](/wiki/Child_welfare "Child welfare"), [Youth Offending](/wiki/Youth_Offending_Team "Youth Offending Team"), [Education Welfare](/wiki/Education "Education"), [Domestic Violence](/wiki/Domestic_violence "Domestic violence"), Children as Young Carers, [Foster](/wiki/Foster_care "Foster care") Breakdown, [adoption](/wiki/Adoption "Adoption"), etc. There would appear to be no particular area of work where this process is unsuitable. Some areas such as [Child Protection](/wiki/Child_protection "Child protection") and Youth Offending have used the process extensively, whilst others such as Education Welfare, adoption and adult services are still at the exploration stage.{{Cite web\\|date\=2020\-05\-11\\|title\=Mapping of online articles on Covid\-19 and Gender\\|url\=https://en.unesco.org/news/mapping\-online\-articles\-covid\-19\-and\-gender\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=UNESCO}} Note, that if the child/children are subject to a plan, either child in need (CIN) or child protection (CP), the family plan made at a Family Group Conference would replace the current plan and become the core of the child protection process (this does not end the child protection process). This empowers families to make their own decisions for their children. Statistically families are more likely to stick to a plan made by themselves than a plan that has been made for them.{{Cite web\\|title\=Child in Need Plans and Reviews\\|url\=https://www.proceduresonline.com/lancashirecsc/p\_cin\_plans\_rev.html\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=proceduresonline.com}} ### Principles The principles that underpin the Family Group Conference process are: * The child's interests are paramount. * The child should have the resources made available for his or her voice to be heard. * The child's views, feelings, and solutions are as valid as the adults participating in the process. * Children are generally best looked after within their families. Services should seek to promote this wherever possible. * Working in partnership with families is beneficial for children. * Families have the ability to make rational and sound decisions about their future and the future of the children involved. * Given the right environment and the correct information, families instinctively know what is best for the children. The Children Act 1989 strongly reflects these principles and provides the impetus for using Family Group Conferences in practice.{{Cite web\\|title\=Family Group Conference\\|url\=https://wirralchildcare.proceduresonline.com/p\_fgc.html\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=wirralchildcare.proceduresonline.com}} ### Key elements There are five defining features of the Family Group Conference process: 1. The FGC is the primary decision making forum for the child. 2. The FGC is made up of as wide a network of family members as possible (including [grandparents](/wiki/Grandparent "Grandparent"), [siblings](/wiki/Sibling "Sibling"), [uncles](/wiki/Uncle "Uncle"), [aunts](/wiki/Aunt "Aunt"), [parents](/wiki/Parent "Parent"), child, family friends who may know the child but are not blood relations). 3. An independent co\-ordinator facilitates the involvement of the child, family network and professionals in the Family Group Conference process. 4. The family should always have private time at the Family Group Conference to produce their plans for the child or young person. 5. The Family Group Conference plan should be agreed and resourced unless it places the child at risk of significant harm.{{Cite journal\\|last1\=Frost\\|first1\=Nick\\|last2\=Abram\\|first2\=Fiona\\|last3\=Burgess\\|first3\=Hannah\\|date\=2012\-12\-11\\|title\=Family group conferences: context, process and ways forward\\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1111/cfs.12047\\|journal\=Child \& Family Social Work\\|volume\=19\\|issue\=4\\|pages\=480–490\\|doi\=10\.1111/cfs.12047\\|issn\=1356\-7500}} ### Process There are four stages to a Family Group Conference; each stage of the process has equal importance. No stage should be ignored or treated with less validity than another. * Stage 1: Information and advice. * Stage 2: Presentation, where the [police](/wiki/Police "Police") make their case, and the [victim](/wiki/wikt:Victim "Victim") has to agree to what has been stated. * Stage 3: Discussion and [negotiation](/wiki/Negotiation "Negotiation"), where everyone gets involved and has their say as to what the outcome should be. * Stage 4: Decision and [resolution](/wiki/Dispute_resolution "Dispute resolution"), which is finalising and formalising stage three. All parties have to agree on the outcome of the conference, and the FGC then makes recommendations to the youth court which the youth court usually accepts and imposes.{{Cite web\\|title\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\|url\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\-hostos\-child\-development\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\-stages\-of\-moral\-development/\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=courses.lumenlearning.com}} ### Referral The professional or the child and family can request a conference. When speaking to the family about the process it is important that the principles and elements are conveyed fully. The referrer is vital to the success of the Family Group Conference process and they must think about their role in the Family Group Conference and be willing to invest positive time and energy into the process. A referral meeting may be beneficial to clarify: * Reasons for referral. * Expectations and [anxieties](/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety"). * Roles and responsibilities. * If the referral agency is willing to accept a Family Group Conference plan, (unless it places the child at risk of harm). * How the co\-ordinator and referrer will work together, communicate and resolve difficulties that may arise during the Family Group Conference. * Where the Family Group Conference will occur in relation to other processes (e.g., Child Protection Conferences, legal proceedings, school suspension). * Whether there are any issues of danger for the coordinator or family members.{{Cite web\\|title\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\|url\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\-hostos\-child\-development\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\-stages\-of\-moral\-development/\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=courses.lumenlearning.com}} #### First contact A decision will be taken as to how the first contact with the family will take place. When contact is made, the coordinator in consultation with the child and their immediate carer identify the family members who they would wish to attend the meeting. Contact is then made with all the identified members of the conference and a time, date and venue convenient to the family is agreed. The co\-ordinator then makes contact with the referrer. The family at this stage need to understand the: * Reasons for the FGC, including who requested it. * Importance and value of their involvement and contribution. * That the process (within the five defining features) will run in a way that suits them. * What the key stages of the FGC will be.{{Cite web\\|title\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\|url\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\-hostos\-child\-development\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\-stages\-of\-moral\-development/\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=courses.lumenlearning.com}} The Conference #### Stage one – Information sharing The coordinator welcomes the family members ensuring that the physical requirements have been dealt with adequately before commencement. The co\-ordinator has the right to exclude individuals if absolutely necessary. The grounds for doing so should be explicitly stated (proven likelihood of violence or too drunk to contribute, etc.). Once people are ready it is then time to: * introduce individual group members, coordinator and professionals. * Clarify the process. * Discuss the ground rules, i.e. confidentiality, respect for self and others' views, etc. * Reinforce that this is the family's meeting and that the process is flexible so that it suits the family. Having welcomed the family and made the introductions it is important to share information next. This is done by: * The professional – information is shared in a clear, jargon\-free manner. All relevant information must be provided to the family, without this they cannot make an informed decision. The professional will need to voice his or her: + Concerns. + Family strengths. + What the family needs to think about. + Resources available to the family. + What cannot be agreed (e.g., a child cannot live with someone who may place them at risk).{{Citation\\|last1\=Reinhard\\|first1\=Susan C.\\|title\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\|date\=2008\\|url\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\|work\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\|editor\-last\=Hughes\\|editor\-first\=Ronda G.\\|series\=Advances in Patient Safety\\|place\=Rockville (MD)\\|publisher\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\|pmid\=21328765\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|last2\=Given\\|first2\=Barbara\\|last3\=Petlick\\|first3\=Nirvana Huhtala\\|last4\=Bemis\\|first4\=Ann}} #### Stage Two – Private family time At this stage, the co\-ordinator and the professionals withdraw leaving the family to discuss and plan in private. There are three basic tasks, which the family need to complete: * To agree a plan that meets the needs of the child or /young person. * To agree a contingency plan. * To agree how to monitor and review the plan. The co\-ordinator should be available during this time if the family need any clarification or additional information. The family should be aware that: * They have as long as they need. * They can come out at any time. * Food and drink can be provided by the coordinator. * Once they agree, a plan the coordinator can help them write it out.{{Citation\\|last1\=Reinhard\\|first1\=Susan C.\\|title\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\|date\=2008\\|url\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\|work\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\|editor\-last\=Hughes\\|editor\-first\=Ronda G.\\|series\=Advances in Patient Safety\\|place\=Rockville (MD)\\|publisher\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\|pmid\=21328765\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|last2\=Given\\|first2\=Barbara\\|last3\=Petlick\\|first3\=Nirvana Huhtala\\|last4\=Bemis\\|first4\=Ann}} #### Stage Three – Agreeing and recording the family decision This final stage is vitally important both to the family and to the agency. It defines the outcome of the Family Group Conference for the child. The co\-ordinator invites the family to relay their plan helping to clarify and understand each point. She or he will then: * Write each point on a flip chart in front of the family using their own terminology, language and phrases. * Check that all members agree to the plan or that there is a majority consensus. * Identify parts of the plan that will need agency agreement and resources. * Establish who will monitor the plan to make sure it is working. * Record the plans for review, and the contingency plan. * Having completed this task the co\-ordinator will then invite the professional to comment on the plan and if it is acceptable to the agency. NB: The Family Group Conference model, as developed in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), states that the family's plan should be agreed providing it does not place a child at risk of significant harm.{{Citation\\|last1\=Reinhard\\|first1\=Susan C.\\|title\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\|date\=2008\\|url\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\|work\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\|editor\-last\=Hughes\\|editor\-first\=Ronda G.\\|series\=Advances in Patient Safety\\|place\=Rockville (MD)\\|publisher\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\|pmid\=21328765\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|last2\=Given\\|first2\=Barbara\\|last3\=Petlick\\|first3\=Nirvana Huhtala\\|last4\=Bemis\\|first4\=Ann}} ### Monitoring and review The model states that responsibility for monitoring the plan lies with the family group, the referrer will continue to work with the family and will monitor the family plan also but the lead must remain with the family. This is important because in order for the family to feel a sense of ownership they must also feel that they have some responsibility. There will, of course, be professional monitoring and in the instance where there is child protection proceedings this monitoring will be done at the monthly core group meetings. The level of this monitoring will depend upon the nature of the original referral.{{Cite book\\|last\=Treatment\\|first\=Center for Substance Abuse\\|url\=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64101/\\|title\=Chapter 7\. Clinical Issues, Challenges, and Strategies in Intensive Outpatient Treatment\\|date\=2006\\|publisher\=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)}} There will be differences between the level of monitoring in a child protection case and in a request for family support services. Making decisions about this will be part of casework planning and supervision. Within the Family Group Conference there is an automatic review procedure usually within a three\-month period. It should be possible for all those involved (family members and professionals) to call a review if the plan is not working, requires updating, or if anyone has new concerns to highlight. This should be made clear at the outset.{{Cite web\\|title\=Implications for Policy and Practice – Child Welfare Information Gateway\\|url\=https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/otherpubs/children/implications/\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=childwelfare.gov}} Note, that whilst during monthly core group meetings, the professionals will go through the family plan discussing what is going well and what they may be struggling with, Professionals cannot amend or ask the family to amend the family plan outside of the Family Group Conference arena. This is for two reasons, firstly not all members of the family will be present at a core group meeting, and secondly there can not be any professionals in the room with you when you are making your amendments as this may influence your decision making. If you (the family) or the professionals feel that changes are needed then the Family Group Conference coordinator will need to be contacted so that he/she can arrange a review.{{Cite web\\|title\=Good Practice in Core Groups\\|url\=https://nottinghamshirescb.proceduresonline.com/p\_good\_pract\_core\_gps.html\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=nottinghamshirescb.proceduresonline.com}}	[ "Process\n-------", "### Model", "A Family Group Conference is a structured decision\\-making meeting made up of 'family' members. 'Family' is determined broadly, to include the children, [parents](/wiki/Parent \"Parent\"), [extended family](/wiki/Extended_family \"Extended family\"), and even significant friends and [neighbours](/wiki/Neighbourhood \"Neighbourhood\") to the family who may not actually be blood\\-related.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Family Group Conference\\\|url\\=https://windwoodfamilyservices.org/family\\-engagement\\-services/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=Windwood Family Services}} This group of people are given 'private' time to reach a plan to facilitate the safe care and protection of a [child](/wiki/Child \"Child\") or children in need. The professional is involved in information given at the beginning of the process and in the assessment of the plan, following a decision. All professionals are excluded from the private time, which is attended by family members only.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Child Protection Conferences\\\|url\\=https://www.proceduresonline.com/swcpp/cornwall\\_scilly/p\\_ch\\_protection\\_conf.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=proceduresonline.com}} Family Group Conferences are used to make plans for children in a number of different contexts: [Child Welfare](/wiki/Child_welfare \"Child welfare\"), [Youth Offending](/wiki/Youth_Offending_Team \"Youth Offending Team\"), [Education Welfare](/wiki/Education \"Education\"), [Domestic Violence](/wiki/Domestic_violence \"Domestic violence\"), Children as Young Carers, [Foster](/wiki/Foster_care \"Foster care\") Breakdown, [adoption](/wiki/Adoption \"Adoption\"), etc. There would appear to be no particular area of work where this process is unsuitable. Some areas such as [Child Protection](/wiki/Child_protection \"Child protection\") and Youth Offending have used the process extensively, whilst others such as Education Welfare, adoption and adult services are still at the exploration stage.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-11\\\|title\\=Mapping of online articles on Covid\\-19 and Gender\\\|url\\=https://en.unesco.org/news/mapping\\-online\\-articles\\-covid\\-19\\-and\\-gender\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=UNESCO}}", "Note, that if the child/children are subject to a plan, either child in need (CIN) or child protection (CP), the family plan made at a Family Group Conference would replace the current plan and become the core of the child protection process (this does not end the child protection process). This empowers families to make their own decisions for their children. Statistically families are more likely to stick to a plan made by themselves than a plan that has been made for them.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Child in Need Plans and Reviews\\\|url\\=https://www.proceduresonline.com/lancashirecsc/p\\_cin\\_plans\\_rev.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=proceduresonline.com}}", "### Principles", "The principles that underpin the Family Group Conference process are:\n* The child's interests are paramount.\n* The child should have the resources made available for his or her voice to be heard.\n* The child's views, feelings, and solutions are as valid as the adults participating in the process.\n* Children are generally best looked after within their families. Services should seek to promote this wherever possible.\n* Working in partnership with families is beneficial for children.\n* Families have the ability to make rational and sound decisions about their future and the future of the children involved.\n* Given the right environment and the correct information, families instinctively know what is best for the children.", "The Children Act 1989 strongly reflects these principles and provides the impetus for using Family Group Conferences in practice.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Family Group Conference\\\|url\\=https://wirralchildcare.proceduresonline.com/p\\_fgc.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=wirralchildcare.proceduresonline.com}}", "### Key elements", "There are five defining features of the Family Group Conference process:\n1. The FGC is the primary decision making forum for the child.\n2. The FGC is made up of as wide a network of family members as possible (including [grandparents](/wiki/Grandparent \"Grandparent\"), [siblings](/wiki/Sibling \"Sibling\"), [uncles](/wiki/Uncle \"Uncle\"), [aunts](/wiki/Aunt \"Aunt\"), [parents](/wiki/Parent \"Parent\"), child, family friends who may know the child but are not blood relations).\n3. An independent co\\-ordinator facilitates the involvement of the child, family network and professionals in the Family Group Conference process.\n4. The family should always have private time at the Family Group Conference to produce their plans for the child or young person.\n5. The Family Group Conference plan should be agreed and resourced unless it places the child at risk of significant harm.{{Cite journal\\\|last1\\=Frost\\\|first1\\=Nick\\\|last2\\=Abram\\\|first2\\=Fiona\\\|last3\\=Burgess\\\|first3\\=Hannah\\\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-11\\\|title\\=Family group conferences: context, process and ways forward\\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1111/cfs.12047\\\|journal\\=Child \\& Family Social Work\\\|volume\\=19\\\|issue\\=4\\\|pages\\=480–490\\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/cfs.12047\\\|issn\\=1356\\-7500}}", "### Process", "There are four stages to a Family Group Conference; each stage of the process has equal importance. No stage should be ignored or treated with less validity than another.\n* Stage 1: Information and advice.\n* Stage 2: Presentation, where the [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\") make their case, and the [victim](/wiki/wikt:Victim \"Victim\") has to agree to what has been stated.\n* Stage 3: Discussion and [negotiation](/wiki/Negotiation \"Negotiation\"), where everyone gets involved and has their say as to what the outcome should be.\n* Stage 4: Decision and [resolution](/wiki/Dispute_resolution \"Dispute resolution\"), which is finalising and formalising stage three.", "All parties have to agree on the outcome of the conference, and the FGC then makes recommendations to the youth court which the youth court usually accepts and imposes.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\\|url\\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\\-hostos\\-child\\-development\\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\\-stages\\-of\\-moral\\-development/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=courses.lumenlearning.com}}", "### Referral", "The professional or the child and family can request a conference. When speaking to the family about the process it is important that the principles and elements are conveyed fully.", "The referrer is vital to the success of the Family Group Conference process and they must think about their role in the Family Group Conference and be willing to invest positive time and energy into the process.", "A referral meeting may be beneficial to clarify:\n* Reasons for referral.\n* Expectations and [anxieties](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\").\n* Roles and responsibilities.\n* If the referral agency is willing to accept a Family Group Conference plan, (unless it places the child at risk of harm).\n* How the co\\-ordinator and referrer will work together, communicate and resolve difficulties that may arise during the Family Group Conference.\n* Where the Family Group Conference will occur in relation to other processes (e.g., Child Protection Conferences, legal proceedings, school suspension).\n* Whether there are any issues of danger for the coordinator or family members.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\\|url\\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\\-hostos\\-child\\-development\\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\\-stages\\-of\\-moral\\-development/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=courses.lumenlearning.com}}", "#### First contact", "A decision will be taken as to how the first contact with the family will take place.\nWhen contact is made, the coordinator in consultation with the child and their immediate carer identify the family members who they would wish to attend the meeting.\nContact is then made with all the identified members of the conference and a time, date and venue convenient to the family is agreed.\nThe co\\-ordinator then makes contact with the referrer.", "The family at this stage need to understand the:\n* Reasons for the FGC, including who requested it.\n* Importance and value of their involvement and contribution.\n* That the process (within the five defining features) will run in a way that suits them.\n* What the key stages of the FGC will be.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\\|url\\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\\-hostos\\-child\\-development\\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\\-stages\\-of\\-moral\\-development/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=courses.lumenlearning.com}}", "The Conference", "#### Stage one – Information sharing", "The coordinator welcomes the family members ensuring that the physical requirements have been dealt with adequately before commencement.\nThe co\\-ordinator has the right to exclude individuals if absolutely necessary. The grounds for doing so should be explicitly stated (proven likelihood of violence or too drunk to contribute, etc.).", "Once people are ready it is then time to:\n* introduce individual group members, coordinator and professionals.\n* Clarify the process.\n* Discuss the ground rules, i.e. confidentiality, respect for self and others' views, etc.\n* Reinforce that this is the family's meeting and that the process is flexible so that it suits the family.", "Having welcomed the family and made the introductions it is important to share information next. This is done by:\n* The professional – information is shared in a clear, jargon\\-free manner. All relevant information must be provided to the family, without this they cannot make an informed decision. The professional will need to voice his or her:\n\t+ Concerns.\n\t+ Family strengths.\n\t+ What the family needs to think about.\n\t+ Resources available to the family.\n\t+ What cannot be agreed (e.g., a child cannot live with someone who may place them at risk).{{Citation\\\|last1\\=Reinhard\\\|first1\\=Susan C.\\\|title\\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\\|date\\=2008\\\|url\\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\\|work\\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\\|editor\\-last\\=Hughes\\\|editor\\-first\\=Ronda G.\\\|series\\=Advances in Patient Safety\\\|place\\=Rockville (MD)\\\|publisher\\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\\|pmid\\=21328765\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|last2\\=Given\\\|first2\\=Barbara\\\|last3\\=Petlick\\\|first3\\=Nirvana Huhtala\\\|last4\\=Bemis\\\|first4\\=Ann}}", "#### Stage Two – Private family time", "At this stage, the co\\-ordinator and the professionals withdraw leaving the family to discuss and plan in private. There are three basic tasks, which the family need to complete:\n* To agree a plan that meets the needs of the child or /young person.\n* To agree a contingency plan.\n* To agree how to monitor and review the plan.", "The co\\-ordinator should be available during this time if the family need any clarification or additional information.", "The family should be aware that:\n* They have as long as they need.\n* They can come out at any time.\n* Food and drink can be provided by the coordinator.\n* Once they agree, a plan the coordinator can help them write it out.{{Citation\\\|last1\\=Reinhard\\\|first1\\=Susan C.\\\|title\\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\\|date\\=2008\\\|url\\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\\|work\\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\\|editor\\-last\\=Hughes\\\|editor\\-first\\=Ronda G.\\\|series\\=Advances in Patient Safety\\\|place\\=Rockville (MD)\\\|publisher\\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\\|pmid\\=21328765\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|last2\\=Given\\\|first2\\=Barbara\\\|last3\\=Petlick\\\|first3\\=Nirvana Huhtala\\\|last4\\=Bemis\\\|first4\\=Ann}}", "#### Stage Three – Agreeing and recording the family decision", "This final stage is vitally important both to the family and to the agency. It defines the outcome of the Family Group Conference for the child.\nThe co\\-ordinator invites the family to relay their plan helping to clarify and understand each point. She or he will then:\n* Write each point on a flip chart in front of the family using their own terminology, language and phrases.\n* Check that all members agree to the plan or that there is a majority consensus.\n* Identify parts of the plan that will need agency agreement and resources.\n* Establish who will monitor the plan to make sure it is working.\n* Record the plans for review, and the contingency plan.\n* Having completed this task the co\\-ordinator will then invite the professional to comment on the plan and if it is acceptable to the agency.", "NB: The Family Group Conference model, as developed in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), states that the family's plan should be agreed providing it does not place a child at risk of significant harm.{{Citation\\\|last1\\=Reinhard\\\|first1\\=Susan C.\\\|title\\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\\|date\\=2008\\\|url\\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\\|work\\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\\|editor\\-last\\=Hughes\\\|editor\\-first\\=Ronda G.\\\|series\\=Advances in Patient Safety\\\|place\\=Rockville (MD)\\\|publisher\\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\\|pmid\\=21328765\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|last2\\=Given\\\|first2\\=Barbara\\\|last3\\=Petlick\\\|first3\\=Nirvana Huhtala\\\|last4\\=Bemis\\\|first4\\=Ann}}", "### Monitoring and review", "The model states that responsibility for monitoring the plan lies with the family group, the referrer will continue to work with the family and will monitor the family plan also but the lead must remain with the family. This is important because in order for the family to feel a sense of ownership they must also feel that they have some responsibility. There will, of course, be professional monitoring and in the instance where there is child protection proceedings this monitoring will be done at the monthly core group meetings. The level of this monitoring will depend upon the nature of the original referral.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Treatment\\\|first\\=Center for Substance Abuse\\\|url\\=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64101/\\\|title\\=Chapter 7\\. Clinical Issues, Challenges, and Strategies in Intensive Outpatient Treatment\\\|date\\=2006\\\|publisher\\=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)}} There will be differences between the level of monitoring in a child protection case and in a request for family support services. Making decisions about this will be part of casework planning and supervision.", "Within the Family Group Conference there is an automatic review procedure usually within a three\\-month period. It should be possible for all those involved (family members and professionals) to call a review if the plan is not working, requires updating, or if anyone has new concerns to highlight. This should be made clear at the outset.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Implications for Policy and Practice – Child Welfare Information Gateway\\\|url\\=https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/otherpubs/children/implications/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=childwelfare.gov}}", "Note, that whilst during monthly core group meetings, the professionals will go through the family plan discussing what is going well and what they may be struggling with, Professionals cannot amend or ask the family to amend the family plan outside of the Family Group Conference arena. This is for two reasons, firstly not all members of the family will be present at a core group meeting, and secondly there can not be any professionals in the room with you when you are making your amendments as this may influence your decision making. If you (the family) or the professionals feel that changes are needed then the Family Group Conference coordinator will need to be contacted so that he/she can arrange a review.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Good Practice in Core Groups\\\|url\\=https://nottinghamshirescb.proceduresonline.com/p\\_good\\_pract\\_core\\_gps.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=nottinghamshirescb.proceduresonline.com}}", "" ]
### Referral The professional or the child and family can request a conference. When speaking to the family about the process it is important that the principles and elements are conveyed fully. The referrer is vital to the success of the Family Group Conference process and they must think about their role in the Family Group Conference and be willing to invest positive time and energy into the process. A referral meeting may be beneficial to clarify: * Reasons for referral. * Expectations and [anxieties](/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety"). * Roles and responsibilities. * If the referral agency is willing to accept a Family Group Conference plan, (unless it places the child at risk of harm). * How the co\-ordinator and referrer will work together, communicate and resolve difficulties that may arise during the Family Group Conference. * Where the Family Group Conference will occur in relation to other processes (e.g., Child Protection Conferences, legal proceedings, school suspension). * Whether there are any issues of danger for the coordinator or family members.{{Cite web\\|title\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\|url\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\-hostos\-child\-development\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\-stages\-of\-moral\-development/\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=courses.lumenlearning.com}} #### First contact A decision will be taken as to how the first contact with the family will take place. When contact is made, the coordinator in consultation with the child and their immediate carer identify the family members who they would wish to attend the meeting. Contact is then made with all the identified members of the conference and a time, date and venue convenient to the family is agreed. The co\-ordinator then makes contact with the referrer. The family at this stage need to understand the: * Reasons for the FGC, including who requested it. * Importance and value of their involvement and contribution. * That the process (within the five defining features) will run in a way that suits them. * What the key stages of the FGC will be.{{Cite web\\|title\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\|url\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\-hostos\-child\-development\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\-stages\-of\-moral\-development/\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|website\=courses.lumenlearning.com}} The Conference #### Stage one – Information sharing The coordinator welcomes the family members ensuring that the physical requirements have been dealt with adequately before commencement. The co\-ordinator has the right to exclude individuals if absolutely necessary. The grounds for doing so should be explicitly stated (proven likelihood of violence or too drunk to contribute, etc.). Once people are ready it is then time to: * introduce individual group members, coordinator and professionals. * Clarify the process. * Discuss the ground rules, i.e. confidentiality, respect for self and others' views, etc. * Reinforce that this is the family's meeting and that the process is flexible so that it suits the family. Having welcomed the family and made the introductions it is important to share information next. This is done by: * The professional – information is shared in a clear, jargon\-free manner. All relevant information must be provided to the family, without this they cannot make an informed decision. The professional will need to voice his or her: + Concerns. + Family strengths. + What the family needs to think about. + Resources available to the family. + What cannot be agreed (e.g., a child cannot live with someone who may place them at risk).{{Citation\\|last1\=Reinhard\\|first1\=Susan C.\\|title\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\|date\=2008\\|url\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\|work\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\|editor\-last\=Hughes\\|editor\-first\=Ronda G.\\|series\=Advances in Patient Safety\\|place\=Rockville (MD)\\|publisher\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\|pmid\=21328765\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|last2\=Given\\|first2\=Barbara\\|last3\=Petlick\\|first3\=Nirvana Huhtala\\|last4\=Bemis\\|first4\=Ann}} #### Stage Two – Private family time At this stage, the co\-ordinator and the professionals withdraw leaving the family to discuss and plan in private. There are three basic tasks, which the family need to complete: * To agree a plan that meets the needs of the child or /young person. * To agree a contingency plan. * To agree how to monitor and review the plan. The co\-ordinator should be available during this time if the family need any clarification or additional information. The family should be aware that: * They have as long as they need. * They can come out at any time. * Food and drink can be provided by the coordinator. * Once they agree, a plan the coordinator can help them write it out.{{Citation\\|last1\=Reinhard\\|first1\=Susan C.\\|title\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\|date\=2008\\|url\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\|work\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\|editor\-last\=Hughes\\|editor\-first\=Ronda G.\\|series\=Advances in Patient Safety\\|place\=Rockville (MD)\\|publisher\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\|pmid\=21328765\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|last2\=Given\\|first2\=Barbara\\|last3\=Petlick\\|first3\=Nirvana Huhtala\\|last4\=Bemis\\|first4\=Ann}} #### Stage Three – Agreeing and recording the family decision This final stage is vitally important both to the family and to the agency. It defines the outcome of the Family Group Conference for the child. The co\-ordinator invites the family to relay their plan helping to clarify and understand each point. She or he will then: * Write each point on a flip chart in front of the family using their own terminology, language and phrases. * Check that all members agree to the plan or that there is a majority consensus. * Identify parts of the plan that will need agency agreement and resources. * Establish who will monitor the plan to make sure it is working. * Record the plans for review, and the contingency plan. * Having completed this task the co\-ordinator will then invite the professional to comment on the plan and if it is acceptable to the agency. NB: The Family Group Conference model, as developed in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), states that the family's plan should be agreed providing it does not place a child at risk of significant harm.{{Citation\\|last1\=Reinhard\\|first1\=Susan C.\\|title\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\|date\=2008\\|url\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\|work\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\|editor\-last\=Hughes\\|editor\-first\=Ronda G.\\|series\=Advances in Patient Safety\\|place\=Rockville (MD)\\|publisher\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\|pmid\=21328765\\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-11\\|last2\=Given\\|first2\=Barbara\\|last3\=Petlick\\|first3\=Nirvana Huhtala\\|last4\=Bemis\\|first4\=Ann}}	[ "### Referral", "The professional or the child and family can request a conference. When speaking to the family about the process it is important that the principles and elements are conveyed fully.", "The referrer is vital to the success of the Family Group Conference process and they must think about their role in the Family Group Conference and be willing to invest positive time and energy into the process.", "A referral meeting may be beneficial to clarify:\n* Reasons for referral.\n* Expectations and [anxieties](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\").\n* Roles and responsibilities.\n* If the referral agency is willing to accept a Family Group Conference plan, (unless it places the child at risk of harm).\n* How the co\\-ordinator and referrer will work together, communicate and resolve difficulties that may arise during the Family Group Conference.\n* Where the Family Group Conference will occur in relation to other processes (e.g., Child Protection Conferences, legal proceedings, school suspension).\n* Whether there are any issues of danger for the coordinator or family members.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\\|url\\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\\-hostos\\-child\\-development\\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\\-stages\\-of\\-moral\\-development/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=courses.lumenlearning.com}}", "#### First contact", "A decision will be taken as to how the first contact with the family will take place.\nWhen contact is made, the coordinator in consultation with the child and their immediate carer identify the family members who they would wish to attend the meeting.\nContact is then made with all the identified members of the conference and a time, date and venue convenient to the family is agreed.\nThe co\\-ordinator then makes contact with the referrer.", "The family at this stage need to understand the:\n* Reasons for the FGC, including who requested it.\n* Importance and value of their involvement and contribution.\n* That the process (within the five defining features) will run in a way that suits them.\n* What the key stages of the FGC will be.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development {{!}} Child Development\\\|url\\=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd\\-hostos\\-child\\-development\\-education/chapter/kohlbergs\\-stages\\-of\\-moral\\-development/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|website\\=courses.lumenlearning.com}}", "The Conference", "#### Stage one – Information sharing", "The coordinator welcomes the family members ensuring that the physical requirements have been dealt with adequately before commencement.\nThe co\\-ordinator has the right to exclude individuals if absolutely necessary. The grounds for doing so should be explicitly stated (proven likelihood of violence or too drunk to contribute, etc.).", "Once people are ready it is then time to:\n* introduce individual group members, coordinator and professionals.\n* Clarify the process.\n* Discuss the ground rules, i.e. confidentiality, respect for self and others' views, etc.\n* Reinforce that this is the family's meeting and that the process is flexible so that it suits the family.", "Having welcomed the family and made the introductions it is important to share information next. This is done by:\n* The professional – information is shared in a clear, jargon\\-free manner. All relevant information must be provided to the family, without this they cannot make an informed decision. The professional will need to voice his or her:\n\t+ Concerns.\n\t+ Family strengths.\n\t+ What the family needs to think about.\n\t+ Resources available to the family.\n\t+ What cannot be agreed (e.g., a child cannot live with someone who may place them at risk).{{Citation\\\|last1\\=Reinhard\\\|first1\\=Susan C.\\\|title\\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\\|date\\=2008\\\|url\\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\\|work\\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\\|editor\\-last\\=Hughes\\\|editor\\-first\\=Ronda G.\\\|series\\=Advances in Patient Safety\\\|place\\=Rockville (MD)\\\|publisher\\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\\|pmid\\=21328765\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|last2\\=Given\\\|first2\\=Barbara\\\|last3\\=Petlick\\\|first3\\=Nirvana Huhtala\\\|last4\\=Bemis\\\|first4\\=Ann}}", "#### Stage Two – Private family time", "At this stage, the co\\-ordinator and the professionals withdraw leaving the family to discuss and plan in private. There are three basic tasks, which the family need to complete:\n* To agree a plan that meets the needs of the child or /young person.\n* To agree a contingency plan.\n* To agree how to monitor and review the plan.", "The co\\-ordinator should be available during this time if the family need any clarification or additional information.", "The family should be aware that:\n* They have as long as they need.\n* They can come out at any time.\n* Food and drink can be provided by the coordinator.\n* Once they agree, a plan the coordinator can help them write it out.{{Citation\\\|last1\\=Reinhard\\\|first1\\=Susan C.\\\|title\\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\\|date\\=2008\\\|url\\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\\|work\\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\\|editor\\-last\\=Hughes\\\|editor\\-first\\=Ronda G.\\\|series\\=Advances in Patient Safety\\\|place\\=Rockville (MD)\\\|publisher\\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\\|pmid\\=21328765\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|last2\\=Given\\\|first2\\=Barbara\\\|last3\\=Petlick\\\|first3\\=Nirvana Huhtala\\\|last4\\=Bemis\\\|first4\\=Ann}}", "#### Stage Three – Agreeing and recording the family decision", "This final stage is vitally important both to the family and to the agency. It defines the outcome of the Family Group Conference for the child.\nThe co\\-ordinator invites the family to relay their plan helping to clarify and understand each point. She or he will then:\n* Write each point on a flip chart in front of the family using their own terminology, language and phrases.\n* Check that all members agree to the plan or that there is a majority consensus.\n* Identify parts of the plan that will need agency agreement and resources.\n* Establish who will monitor the plan to make sure it is working.\n* Record the plans for review, and the contingency plan.\n* Having completed this task the co\\-ordinator will then invite the professional to comment on the plan and if it is acceptable to the agency.", "NB: The Family Group Conference model, as developed in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), states that the family's plan should be agreed providing it does not place a child at risk of significant harm.{{Citation\\\|last1\\=Reinhard\\\|first1\\=Susan C.\\\|title\\=Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care\\\|date\\=2008\\\|url\\=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2665/\\\|work\\=Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence\\-Based Handbook for Nurses\\\|editor\\-last\\=Hughes\\\|editor\\-first\\=Ronda G.\\\|series\\=Advances in Patient Safety\\\|place\\=Rockville (MD)\\\|publisher\\=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)\\\|pmid\\=21328765\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-11\\\|last2\\=Given\\\|first2\\=Barbara\\\|last3\\=Petlick\\\|first3\\=Nirvana Huhtala\\\|last4\\=Bemis\\\|first4\\=Ann}}", "" ]
Hallucinogenic use ------------------ In Papua, the bark and leaves of the tree, together with the leaves of a species of [Homalomena](/wiki/Homalomena "Homalomena") ([Araceae](/wiki/Araceae "Araceae")),[Entheology.org \- Preserving Ancient Knowledge](http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=50) are boiled together to prepare a tea, the drinking of which is said to cause violent intoxication, followed by a deep sleep characterised by vivid dreams and visions. Barrau, Jacques, Nouvelles observations au sujet des plantes hallucinogènes d’usage autochtone en Nouvelle\-Guinée (translation: "Some new observations concerning hallucinogenic plants used by the indigenous peoples of New Guinea"), J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 5: pps. 377\-8, 1958\.Schultes, Richard Evans, The botanical and chemical distribution of hallucinogens, Ann. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 21 pps. 571\-594, 1970\.The plant kingdom and hallucinogens, Bull. Narcotics, 21, No. 3: pps. 3\-16, No. 4: pps. 15\-27, 1969; 22, No. 1: pps. 25\-53, 1970\.Schultes, Richard Evans and Hofmann, Albert, The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens, pub. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Illinois, revised and enlarged second edition 1980 ISBN 0\-398\-03863\-5, pps. 333\-4\. William Emboden gives a somewhat different account both of the use and of the effects of the Galbulimima/Homalomena mixture, observing that, on occasion, the plant parts involved may simply be chewed together (rather than always being brewed into a hallucinogenic tea) and placing the sequence of effects in a different order, in which "fits of violent intoxication accompanied by spectacular visions and dream\-like states" (in a waking state) terminate eventually in "a deep somnolence" (rather than the vivid visions occurring in/ being confined to the deep sleep following the violent intoxication).Emboden, William, Narcotic Plants: Hallucinogens, stimulants, inebrients and hypnotics, their origins and uses, second edition, revised and enlarged, pub. Macmillan 1979, ISBN 02\-535480\-9\. pps. 67\-68\. ### The experiment of Ogia and Lucy Hamilton Reid The most important primary source in the history of the study of the hallucinogenic use of G. belgraveana is the account of a “bioassay” undertaken by a local inhabitant of Okapa named Ogia, at the suggestion of nutritionist Lucy Hamilton Reid, a pioneer in the study of the mystery disease [kuru](/wiki/Kuru_%28disease%29 "Kuru (disease)") (a [prion](/wiki/Prion "Prion") encephalopathy closely related to [Creutzfeldt\-Jakob disease](/wiki/Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease")). In the year 1957, the Australian dietician Lucy Hamilton (a.k.a. Mrs. J. Reid and Lucy M. Hamilton Reid) conducted an experiment at [Okapa](/wiki/Okapa_District "Okapa District") in the [Eastern Highlands](/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_Province "Eastern Highlands Province") of Papua New Guinea to observe the effects upon local resident Ogia of chewing (in combination) two local plant drugs: a substance called “agara” bark, identified as the species Galbulimima belgraveana (F. Muell.) Sprague and a (to this day unidentified) species belonging to the [Araceous](/wiki/Araceae "Araceae") genus HomalomenaHamilton, Lucy,1960\. "An experiment to observe the effect of eating substances called ereriba leaves and agara bark". Transactions of the Papua and New Guinea Scientific Society 1: 16\-18\. French [ethnobotanist](/wiki/Ethnobotany "Ethnobotany") Jacques Barrau was also present as an observer while this experiment was taking place. The experiment was not a strictly\-controlled one involving Galbulimima bark alone, but rather a demonstration by Ogia of his simultaneous use of no fewer than four local psychoactive drugs: he chewed and swallowed about eight pieces of agara (G. belgraveana) bark “about the size of a penny”. While he was doing this, he also ate the dried leaves of ereriba (Homalomena sp.), chewed some ginger ([Zingiber](/wiki/Zingiber "Zingiber") sp. or possibly the rhizome of some other [Zingiberaceous](/wiki/Zingiberaceae "Zingiberaceae") plant \- unstated whether fresh or dry) and smoked some tobacco (probably derived from Nicotiana tabacum, but Nicotiana species involved unstated). The effects of the chewing and smoking manifested themselves soon afterward: Ogia’s arms and upper body (but not his legs) began to [tremble](/wiki/Tremor "Tremor") “like (those of) a kuru meri” (\= sufferer from the [endocannibalism](/wiki/Endocannibalism "Endocannibalism")\-influenced disease kuru). A few minutes later he suddenly became agitated, knocking everything from a table top to the floor and having to be restrained (by a policeman in attendance) from doing further damage to his surroundings: despite having been placed in [handcuffs](/wiki/Handcuffs "Handcuffs") he threatened various people with a stick and (more worryingly) tried to appropriate a workman’s knife. So concerned were those trying to restrain him that they urged the women of the settlement to keep their children indoors in case he should harm them. Hamilton was struck by the profound change wrought (temporarily) in Ogia by his simultaneous use of the four drugs: “from a pleasant mild little man, he had suddenly become a [crazed](/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation "Psychomotor agitation") being”. She noted that, while intoxicated, “the pupils of his eyes were mere pinpoints”, without, however drawing the possible inference that the cocktail of drugs taken by Ogia could have exerted [acetylcholinesterase inhibition](/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor"). [Miosis](/wiki/Miosis "Miosis") (pinpoint pupils) can also be symptomatic of (among other conditions) intoxication by [nicotine](/wiki/Nicotine "Nicotine") (Ogia had undoubtedly absorbed a certain amount of nicotine by smoking tobacco) and intoxication by [opioids](/wiki/Opioids "Opioids"). Polydrug use, as described in this instance, also opens up the possibility of [drug synergy](/wiki/Synergy "Synergy") involving aspects including [potentiation](/wiki/Potentiator%23pharmacology "Potentiator#pharmacology") and [bioavailability](/wiki/Bioavailability "Bioavailability").	[ "Hallucinogenic use\n------------------", "In Papua, the bark and leaves of the tree, together with the leaves of a species of [Homalomena](/wiki/Homalomena \"Homalomena\") ([Araceae](/wiki/Araceae \"Araceae\")),[Entheology.org \\- Preserving Ancient Knowledge](http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=50) are boiled together to prepare a tea, the drinking of which is said to cause violent intoxication, followed by a deep sleep characterised by vivid dreams and visions. Barrau, Jacques, Nouvelles observations au sujet des plantes hallucinogènes d’usage autochtone en Nouvelle\\-Guinée (translation: \"Some new observations concerning hallucinogenic plants used by the indigenous peoples of New Guinea\"), J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 5: pps. 377\\-8, 1958\\.Schultes, Richard Evans, The botanical and chemical distribution of hallucinogens, Ann. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 21 pps. 571\\-594, 1970\\.The plant kingdom and hallucinogens, Bull. Narcotics, 21, No. 3: pps. 3\\-16, No. 4: pps. 15\\-27, 1969; 22, No. 1: pps. 25\\-53, 1970\\.Schultes, Richard Evans and Hofmann, Albert, The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens, pub. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Illinois, revised and enlarged second edition 1980 ISBN 0\\-398\\-03863\\-5, pps. 333\\-4\\.", "William Emboden gives a somewhat different account both of the use and of the effects of the Galbulimima/Homalomena mixture, observing that, on occasion, the plant parts involved may simply be chewed together (rather than always being brewed into a hallucinogenic tea) and placing the sequence of effects in a different order, in which \"fits of violent intoxication accompanied by spectacular visions and dream\\-like states\" (in a waking state) terminate eventually in \"a deep somnolence\" (rather than the vivid visions occurring in/ being confined to the deep sleep following the violent intoxication).Emboden, William, Narcotic Plants: Hallucinogens, stimulants, inebrients and hypnotics, their origins and uses, second edition, revised and enlarged, pub. Macmillan 1979, ISBN 02\\-535480\\-9\\. pps. 67\\-68\\.", "### The experiment of Ogia and Lucy Hamilton Reid", "The most important primary source in the history of the study of the hallucinogenic use of G. belgraveana is the account of a “bioassay” undertaken by a local inhabitant of Okapa named Ogia, at the suggestion of nutritionist Lucy Hamilton Reid, a pioneer in the study of the mystery disease [kuru](/wiki/Kuru_%28disease%29 \"Kuru (disease)\") (a [prion](/wiki/Prion \"Prion\") encephalopathy closely related to [Creutzfeldt\\-Jakob disease](/wiki/Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease \"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease\")). In the year 1957, the Australian dietician Lucy Hamilton (a.k.a. Mrs. J. Reid and Lucy M. Hamilton Reid) conducted an experiment at [Okapa](/wiki/Okapa_District \"Okapa District\") in the [Eastern Highlands](/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_Province \"Eastern Highlands Province\") of Papua New Guinea to observe the effects upon local resident Ogia of chewing (in combination) two local plant drugs: a substance called “agara” bark, identified as the species Galbulimima belgraveana (F. Muell.) Sprague and a (to this day unidentified) species belonging to the [Araceous](/wiki/Araceae \"Araceae\") genus HomalomenaHamilton, Lucy,1960\\. \"An experiment to observe the effect of eating substances called ereriba leaves and agara bark\". Transactions of the Papua and New Guinea Scientific Society 1: 16\\-18\\. French [ethnobotanist](/wiki/Ethnobotany \"Ethnobotany\") Jacques Barrau was also present as an observer while this experiment was taking place.", "The experiment was not a strictly\\-controlled one involving Galbulimima bark alone, but rather a demonstration by Ogia of his simultaneous use of no fewer than four local psychoactive drugs: he chewed and swallowed about eight pieces of agara (G. belgraveana) bark “about the size of a penny”. While he was doing this, he also ate the dried leaves of ereriba (Homalomena sp.), chewed some ginger ([Zingiber](/wiki/Zingiber \"Zingiber\") sp. or possibly the rhizome of some other [Zingiberaceous](/wiki/Zingiberaceae \"Zingiberaceae\") plant \\- unstated whether fresh or dry) and smoked some tobacco (probably derived from Nicotiana tabacum, but Nicotiana species involved unstated).", "The effects of the chewing and smoking manifested themselves soon afterward: Ogia’s arms and upper body (but not his legs) began to [tremble](/wiki/Tremor \"Tremor\") “like (those of) a kuru meri” (\\= sufferer from the [endocannibalism](/wiki/Endocannibalism \"Endocannibalism\")\\-influenced disease kuru). A few minutes later he suddenly became agitated, knocking everything from a table top to the floor and having to be restrained (by a policeman in attendance) from doing further damage to his surroundings: despite having been placed in [handcuffs](/wiki/Handcuffs \"Handcuffs\") he threatened various people with a stick and (more worryingly) tried to appropriate a workman’s knife. So concerned were those trying to restrain him that they urged the women of the settlement to keep their children indoors in case he should harm them.", "Hamilton was struck by the profound change wrought (temporarily) in Ogia by his simultaneous use of the four drugs: “from a pleasant mild little man, he had suddenly become a [crazed](/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation \"Psychomotor agitation\") being”. She noted that, while intoxicated, “the pupils of his eyes were mere pinpoints”, without, however drawing the possible inference that the cocktail of drugs taken by Ogia could have exerted [acetylcholinesterase inhibition](/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor \"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor\"). [Miosis](/wiki/Miosis \"Miosis\") (pinpoint pupils) can also be symptomatic of (among other conditions) intoxication by [nicotine](/wiki/Nicotine \"Nicotine\") (Ogia had undoubtedly absorbed a certain amount of nicotine by smoking tobacco) and intoxication by [opioids](/wiki/Opioids \"Opioids\"). Polydrug use, as described in this instance, also opens up the possibility of [drug synergy](/wiki/Synergy \"Synergy\") involving aspects including [potentiation](/wiki/Potentiator%23pharmacology \"Potentiator#pharmacology\") and [bioavailability](/wiki/Bioavailability \"Bioavailability\").", "" ]
Flanders -------- The five provincial councils were up for election, as well as the municipal councils of all 308 municipalities along with the district councils in the city of Antwerp and the OCMW councils in seven municipalities with language facilities for French speakers. ### Background and general trends The nationalist party [N\-VA](/wiki/N-VA "N-VA") became the largest party in the [2010 federal election](/wiki/2010_Belgian_federal_election "2010 Belgian federal election"). It was expected that the party would now achieve a number of seats in many Flemish municipalities, which was indeed the case. Local lists include cartels between two parties and independents, varying from one municipality to another, e.g. SP.A and CD\&V in the city of Antwerp, but SP.A and Groen! in the [districts of Antwerp](/wiki/Districts_of_Antwerp "Districts of Antwerp") and in Ghent, Open VLD and Groen! (and a splinter group from the CD\&V) in Mechelen. Parties on the right, CD\&V, Open VLD and Vlaams Belang, generally lose votes in previous elections whereas N\-VA has grown a lot. The socialist party SP.A is especially successful in large cities, but has slightly been losing votes in previous elections too. The green party Groen remains stable with a relatively low percentage of votes. Results are available via <http://vlaanderenkiest.be/verkiezingen2012/> Voting being mandatory but unenforced, turnout was lowest in Antwerp city (85\.56%), specifically the [city centre district](/wiki/Antwerp_%28district%29 "Antwerp (district)") (82\.98%), as well as Oostende (85\.98%), followed mostly by the linguistically sensitive municipalities in the [Brussels Periphery](/wiki/Brussels_Periphery "Brussels Periphery"). ### Provincial elections The provincial councils of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp_Province "Antwerp Province"), [Flemish Brabant](/wiki/Flemish_Brabant "Flemish Brabant"), [East Flanders](/wiki/East_Flanders "East Flanders"), [West Flanders](/wiki/West_Flanders "West Flanders") and [Limburg](/wiki/Limburg_%28Belgium%29 "Limburg (Belgium)") were elected. The number of councillors has been reduced. In East Flanders, Flemish Brabant and especially Antwerp, N\-VA became the largest party in the province, followed by CD\&V. In Limburg and West Flanders, CD\&V remained the biggest party followed by N\-VA. \| Province Total seats CD\&V Vlaams Belang Groen N\-VA Open VLD PVDA\+ SP.A UF \| \| \| {{flag\\|Antwerp}} \| 72 ({{decrease}} 12\) \| 16\.8 (13\) \| 10\.8 (7\) \| 9\.3 (6\) \| 35\.9 (27\) \| 10\.1 (7\) \| 3\.4 (2\) \| 12\.8 (10\) \| — \| \| {{flag\\|East Flanders}} \| 72 ({{decrease}} 12\) \| 19\.8 (15\) \| 9\.3 (6\) \| 9 (6\) \| 26\.1 (21\) \| 19\.3 (15\) \| 1\.7 (0\) \| 12\.7 (9\) \| — \| \| {{flag\\|Flemish Brabant}} \| 72 ({{decrease}} 12\) \| 19\.5 (15\) \| 6\.7 (5\) \| 9\.6 (7\) \| 25\.8 (19\) \| 16\.8 (13\) \| 1\.2 (0\) \| 12\.1 (8\) \| 7\.1 (5\) \| \| {{flag\\|Limburg (Belgium)\\|name\=Limburg}} \| 63 ({{decrease}} 12\) \| 27\.5 (18\) \| 9\.1 (6\) \| † \| 26\.1 (17\) \| 14\.1 (9\) \| 2\.2 (0\) \| 20\.1 (13\)† \| — \| \| {{flag\\|West Flanders}} \| 72 ({{decrease}} 12\) \| 27\.6 (21\) \| 7\.7 (5\) \| 7\.5 (4\) \| 25\.3 (20\) \| 13\.4 (10\) \| 1\.3 (0\) \| 15\.8 (12\) \| — \| \| Total \| 351 ({{decrease}} 60\) \| \|Party Votes % \+/– (2006\) Seats \+/– (2006\) \| \| \| {{party color cell\\|New Flemish Alliance}} \| [New Flemish Alliance](/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance "New Flemish Alliance") (N\-VA) \| 1,165,938 \| 28\.5 \| \* \| 104 \| \* \| \| {{party color cell\\|Christian Democratic and Flemish}} \| [Christian Democratic and Flemish](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish "Christian Democratic and Flemish") (CD\&V) \| 877,019 \| 21\.5 \| \* \| 82 \| \* \| \| {{party color cell\\|Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten}} \| [Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats](/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten "Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten") (Open VLD) \| 595,932 \| 14\.6 \| {{decrease}} 4\.4 \| 54 \| \| \| {{party color cell\\|Socialistische Partij Anders}} \| [Socialist Party–Different](/wiki/Socialist_Party_-_Different "Socialist Party - Different") (SP.A) \| 580,078 \| 11\.5 \| {{decrease}} 7\.7 \| 51† \| \| \| {{party color cell\\|Vlaams Belang}} \| [Flemish Interest](/wiki/Vlaams_Belang "Vlaams Belang") (VB) \| 365,439 \| 8\.9 \| {{decrease}} 12\.6 \| 29 \| \| \| {{party color cell\\|Groen (political party)}} \| [Green](/wiki/Groen_%28political_party%29 "Groen (political party)") \| 314,538 \| 7\.7 \| {{increase}} 0\.1 \| 24† \| \| \| {{party color cell\\|Union des Francophones}} \| [Union des Francophones](/wiki/Union_des_Francophones "Union des Francophones") (UF) \| 48,920 \| 1\.2 \| \| 5 \| {{decrease}} 1 \| \| [Workers' Party of Belgium](/wiki/Partij_van_de_Arbeid_%28Belgium%29 "Partij van de Arbeid (Belgium)") (PVDA\+) \| 84,037 \| 2\.1 \| {{increase}} 2\.1 \| 2 \| {{increase}} 2 \| \| \| Other parties \| 55,284 \| 1\.4 \| \| — \| \| \| Valid votes \| \| 4,087,185 \| \| \| \| \| \| Invalid votes \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Blanco votes \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Total \| \| \| \| \| 351 \| \| \| † In Limburg: coalition SP.A \- Groen. Only one of the 13 elected candidates (Hassan Amaghlaou) is a member of Groen. ### Municipal elections Below are the results for the municipal council elections of the eight most populous cities, which include the five provincial capitals. #### Aalst After the election, [Christoph D'Haese](/wiki/Christoph_D%27Haese "Christoph D'Haese") became mayor of Aalst (in East Flanders), succeeding [Ilse Uyttersprot](/wiki/Ilse_Uyttersprot "Ilse Uyttersprot"). {{Election box begin \\| \\|title\=\[\[Aalst, Belgium\\|Aalst]] City Council election, 2012 \\|candidatetitle\=\[\[Lijsttrekker\\|Main candidate]] }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= New Flemish Alliance \\|candidate \= \[\[Christoph D'Haese]] (15 seats won) \\|votes \= 17,312 \\|percentage \= 31\.1% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Christian Democratic and Flemish \\|candidate \= \[\[Ilse Uyttersprot]] (8 seats won) \\|votes \= 9,618 \\|percentage \= 17\.3% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats \\|candidate \= \[\[Jean\-Jacques De Gucht]] (7 seats won) \\|votes \= 9,616 \\|percentage \= 17\.3% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Socialist Party Differently \\|candidate \= Ann Van de Steen (7 seats won) \\|votes \= 9,114 \\|percentage \= 16\.4% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Flemish Interest \\|candidate \= Michel Van Brempt (4 seats won) \\|votes \= 6,003 \\|percentage \= 10\.8% \\|change \= –12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Green (political party) \\|candidate \= Andreas Verleysen (2 seats won) \\|votes \= 3,268 \\|percentage \= 5\.9% \\|change \= \+1\.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Workers' Party of Belgium \\|candidate \= Romain Dierickx (no seats won) \\|votes \= 661 \\|percentage \= 1\.2% \\|change \= \+0\.5 }} {{Election box end}} #### Antwerp A lot of attention goes to the city of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp"), where [Bart De Wever](/wiki/Bart_De_Wever "Bart De Wever"), the president of N\-VA, wants to become mayor and put an end to decades of socialist mayors, the current one being [Patrick Janssens](/wiki/Patrick_Janssens "Patrick Janssens") ([sp.a](/wiki/Sp.a "Sp.a")). Christian\-democrat [CD\&V](/wiki/CD%26V "CD&V") and socialist sp.a will form one list. Also [Wouter Van Besien](/wiki/Wouter_Van_Besien "Wouter Van Besien") (president of [Groen](/wiki/Groen_%28political_party%29 "Groen (political party)")) is contending for the position of mayor, and [Filip Dewinter](/wiki/Filip_Dewinter "Filip Dewinter") of extreme\-right [Vlaams Belang](/wiki/Vlaams_Belang "Vlaams Belang") is campaigning in Antwerp. According to a poll, N\-VA would get 42,9% of the votes, giving 26 out of 55 seats in the municipal party, and 46,5% would like to see De Wever become the new mayor.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.deredactie.be/permalink/1\.1292287 \\|title\=Antwerpenaars kiezen massaal voor De Wever in peiling \\|publisher\= deredactie.be \\|language\=nl}} {{Election box begin \\| \\|title\=\[\[Antwerp]] City Council election, 2012 \\|candidatetitle\=\[\[Lijsttrekker\\|Main candidate]] }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= New Flemish Alliance \\|candidate \= \[\[Bart De Wever]] (23 seats won) \\|votes \= 102,795 \\|percentage \= 37\.7% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= \[\[sp.a]]\-\[\[CD\&V]] joint list \\|candidate \= \[\[Patrick Janssens]] (17 seats won) \\|votes \= 77,867 \\|percentage \= 28\.6% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Flemish Interest \\|candidate \= \[\[Filip Dewinter]] (5 seats won) \\|votes \= 27,824 \\|percentage \= 10\.2% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Workers' Party of Belgium \\|candidate \= \[\[Peter Mertens]] (4 seats won) \\|votes \= 21,720 \\|percentage \= 8\.0% \\|change \= \+6\.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Green (political party) \\|candidate \= \[\[Meyrem Almaci]] (4 seats won) \\|votes \= 21,658 \\|percentage \= 7\.9% \\|change \= \+3\.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats \\|candidate \= \[\[Annemie Turtelboom]] (2 seats won) \\|votes \= 15,098 \\|percentage \= 5\.5% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= ''Others'' \\|candidate \= (no seats won) \\|votes \= 5,473 \\|percentage \= 2\.0% \\|change \= }} {{Election box end}} #### Bruges In [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges "Bruges") (capital of West Flanders), the incumbent mayor [Patrick Moenaert](/wiki/Patrick_Moenaert "Patrick Moenaert") (CD\&V), who led a coalition of CD\&V/N\-VA, SP.A and VLD (which were all represented parties except Groen and VB), quit so all possibilities remained open. Polls gave CD\&V, SP.A and N\-VA as major parties.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.deredactie.be/permalink/1\.1448091 \\|title\=Nek\-aan\-nekrace tussen CD\&V en SP.A in Brugge \\|publisher\=Deredactie.be \\|language\=nl}} {{Election box begin \\| \\|title\=\[\[Bruges]] City Council election, 2012 \\|candidatetitle\=\[\[Lijsttrekker\\|Main candidate]] }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Socialist Party Differently \\|candidate \= \[\[Renaat Landuyt]] (14 seats won) \\|votes \= 21,567 \\|percentage \= 26\.8% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Christian Democratic and Flemish \\|candidate \= \[\[Dirk De fauw]] (13 seats won) \\|votes \= 21,404 \\|percentage \= 26\.6% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= New Flemish Alliance \\|candidate \= \[\[Anne Minne\-Soete]] (10 seats won) \\|votes \= 15,948 \\|percentage \= 19\.8% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats \\|candidate \= \[\[Mercedes Van Volcem]] (5 seats won) \\|votes \= 8,859 \\|percentage \= 11\.0% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Green (political party) \\|candidate \= Sammy Roelant (3 seats won) \\|votes \= 7,123 \\|percentage \= 8\.8% \\|change \= \+2\.3 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Flemish Interest \\|candidate \= Alain Quataert (2 seats won) \\|votes \= 4,350 \\|percentage \= 5\.4% \\|change \= –10\.8 }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= ''Others'' \\|candidate \= (no seats won) \\|votes \= 1,327 \\|percentage \= 1\.7% \\|change \= }} {{Election box end}} #### Gent In [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent "Ghent") (capital of East Flanders), the incumbent mayor [Daniël Termont](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Termont "Daniël Termont") is very popular. SP.A, his party, now formed a cartel with [Groen](/wiki/Groen_%28political_party%29 "Groen (political party)"). Polls predict the cartel will get about 43% of the votes. The parties Open VLD of [Mathias De Clercq](/wiki/Mathias_De_Clercq "Mathias De Clercq") and N\-VA of [Siegfried Bracke](/wiki/Siegfried_Bracke "Siegfried Bracke") follow after a gap.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.deredactie.be/permalink/1\.1448043 \\|title\=Kartel van Termont blaast tegenstand weg in Gent \\|publisher\=Deredactie.be \\|language\=nl}} {{Election box begin \\| \\|title\=\[\[Ghent]] City Council election, 2012 \\|candidatetitle\=\[\[Lijsttrekker\\|Main candidate]] }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= \[\[sp.a]]\-\[\[Groen (political party)\\|Groen]] \\|candidate \= \[\[Daniël Termont]] (25 seats won) \\|votes \= 69,356 \\|percentage \= 45\.5% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= New Flemish Alliance \\|candidate \= \[\[Siegfried Bracke]] (9 seats won) \\|votes \= 26,064 \\|percentage \= 17\.1% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats \\|candidate \= \[\[Mathias De Clercq]] (9 seats won) \\|votes \= 25,167 \\|percentage \= 16\.5% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Christian Democratic and Flemish \\|candidate \= \[\[Veli Yüksel]] (4 seats won) \\|votes \= 13,834 \\|percentage \= 9\.1% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Flemish Interest \\|candidate \= Johan Deckmyn (3 seats won) \\|votes \= 9,966 \\|percentage \= 6\.5% \\|change \= –11\.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Workers' Party of Belgium \\|candidate \= Tom De Meester (no seats won) \\|votes \= 4,431 \\|percentage \= 2\.9% \\|change \= \+1\.9 }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= ''Others'' \\|candidate \= (no seats won) \\|votes \= 3,694 \\|percentage \= 2\.4% \\|change \= }} {{Election box end}} #### Hasselt {{Election box begin \\| \\|title\=\[\[Hasselt]] City Council election, 2012 \\|candidatetitle\=\[\[Lijsttrekker\\|Main candidate]] }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= Helemaal Hasselt \\|candidate \= \[\[Hilde Claes]] (15 seats won) \\|votes \= 16,987 \\|percentage \= 33\.0% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= New Flemish Alliance \\|candidate \= \[\[Steven Vandeput]] (11 seats won) \\|votes \= 13,130 \\|percentage \= 25\.5% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Christian Democratic and Flemish \\|candidate \= \[\[Ivo Belet]] (10 seats won) \\|votes \= 21,404 \\|percentage \= 26\.6% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= Groei met \[\[Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats\\|Open Vld]] \\|candidate \= Laurence Libert (4 seats won) \\|votes \= 5,096 \\|percentage \= 9\.9% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Flemish Interest \\|candidate \= Katleen Martens (1 seat won) \\|votes \= 2\.845 \\|percentage \= 5,5% \\|change \= –8\.4 }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= Leefbaar Hasselt \\|candidate \= Jan Marechal (no seats won) \\|votes \= 1\.677 \\|percentage \= 3,3% \\|change \= }} {{Election box end}} #### Kortrijk [Vincent Van Quickenborne](/wiki/Vincent_Van_Quickenborne "Vincent Van Quickenborne") became mayor of [Kortrijk](/wiki/Kortrijk "Kortrijk") (in West Flanders), with a coalition of Open Vld, N\-VA and sp.a, defeating incumbent mayor [Stefaan De Clerck](/wiki/Stefaan_De_Clerck "Stefaan De Clerck") and his CD\&V, thereby ending a 150\-year period of Catholic and Christian democratic mayors in the city. {{Election box begin \\| \\|title\=\[\[Kortrijk]] City Council election, 2012 \\|candidatetitle\=\[\[Lijsttrekker\\|Main candidate]] }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Christian Democratic and Flemish \\|candidate \= \[\[Stefaan De Clerck]] (15 seats won) \\|votes \= 16,666 \\|percentage \= 33% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats \\|candidate \= \[\[Vincent Van Quickenborne]] (9 seats won) \\|votes \= 10,771 \\|percentage \= 21\.3% \\|change \= –0\.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= New Flemish Alliance \\|candidate \= \[\[Rudolf Scherpereel]] (7 seats won) \\|votes \= 8,247 \\|percentage \= 16\.3% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Socialist Party Differently \\|candidate \= \[\[Philippe De Coene]] (6 seats won) \\|votes \= 7,222 \\|percentage \= 14\.3% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Green (political party) \\|candidate \= \[\[Bart Caron]] (2 seats won) \\|votes \= 3,715 \\|percentage \= 7\.4% \\|change \= \+1\.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Flemish Interest \\|candidate \= Maarten Seynaeve (2 seats won) \\|votes \= 3,072 \\|percentage \= 6\.1% \\|change \= –8\.3 }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= ''Others'' \\|candidate \= (no seats won) \\|votes \= 841 \\|percentage \= 1\.7% \\|change \= }} {{Election box end}} #### Leuven In [Leuven](/wiki/Leuven "Leuven") (capital of [Flemish Brabant](/wiki/Flemish_Brabant "Flemish Brabant")), polls indicated that SP.A, the party of incumbent mayor [Louis Tobback](/wiki/Louis_Tobback "Louis Tobback"), would still be the largest. N\-VA, CD\&V and Groen follow after a gap.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.deredactie.be/permalink/1\.1448045 \\|title\=Tobback blijft stevig in het zadel in Leuven \\|publisher\=Deredactie.be \\|language\=nl}} {{Election box begin \\| \\|title\=\[\[Leuven]] City Council election, 2012 \\|candidatetitle\=\[\[Lijsttrekker\\|Main candidate]] }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Socialist Party Differently \\|candidate \= \[\[Louis Tobback]] (16 seats won) \\|votes \= 18,300 \\|percentage \= 31\.4% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= New Flemish Alliance \\|candidate \= \[\[Danny Pieters]] (9 seats won) \\|votes \= 11,091 \\|percentage \= 19\.0% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Christian Democratic and Flemish \\|candidate \= \[\[Carl Devlies]] (9 seats won) \\|votes \= 10,780 \\|percentage \= 18\.5% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Green (political party) \\|candidate \= Fatiha Dahmani (7 seats won) \\|votes \= 9,008 \\|percentage \= 15\.5% \\|change \= \+4\.2 }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= \[\[Open Vld]] / LEUVEN\+ \\|candidate \= \[\[Rik Daems]] (3 seats won) \\|votes \= 4,561 \\|percentage \= 7\.8% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Flemish Interest \\|candidate \= Hagen Goyvaerts (1 seat won) \\|votes \= 2,173 \\|percentage \= 3\.7% \\|change \= –7\.9 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Workers' Party of Belgium \\|candidate \= Tine Van Rompuy (no seats won) \\|votes \= 1,656 \\|percentage \= 2\.8% \\|change \= \+1\.7 }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= ''Others'' \\|candidate \= (no seats won) \\|votes \= 674 \\|percentage \= 1\.1% \\|change \= }} {{Election box end}} #### Mechelen [Bart Somers](/wiki/Bart_Somers "Bart Somers") (Open Vld), mayor since 2001, continued after the elections with his "vld\-Groen\-m\+ city list", but with N\-VA and CD\&V as coalition partners instead of sp.a. Sp.a became opposition, along with a significantly reduced Vlaams Belang. {{Election box begin \\| \\|title\=\[\[Mechelen]] City Council election, 2012 \\|candidatetitle\=\[\[Lijsttrekker\\|Main candidate]] }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= \[\[Open Vld\\|vld]]\-\[\[Groen (political party)\\|Groen]]\-m\+ \\|candidate \= \[\[Bart Somers]] (16 seats won) \\|votes \= 17,900 \\|percentage \= 33\.9% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= New Flemish Alliance \\|candidate \= \[\[Marc Hendrickx]] (11 seats won) \\|votes \= 12,244 \\|percentage \= 23\.2% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Socialist Party Differently \\|candidate \= \[\[Caroline Gennez]] (8 seats won) \\|votes \= 9,610 \\|percentage \= 18\.2% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Christian Democratic and Flemish \\|candidate \= Walter Schroons (5 seats won) \\|votes \= 6,524 \\|percentage \= 12\.4% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Flemish Interest \\|candidate \= \[\[Frank Creyelman]] (3 seats won) \\|votes \= 4,589 \\|percentage \= 8\.7% \\|change \= –17\.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Workers' Party of Belgium \\|candidate \= \[\[Dirk Tuypens]] (no seats won) \\|votes \= 1,610 \\|percentage \= 3\.0% \\|change \= \+2\.4 }} {{Election box candidate\\| \\|party \= Bewoners Partij \\|candidate \= Jan Mussin (no seats won) \\|votes \= 328 \\|percentage \= 0\.6% \\|change \= }} {{Election box end}}	[ "Flanders\n--------", "The five provincial councils were up for election, as well as the municipal councils of all 308 municipalities along with the district councils in the city of Antwerp and the OCMW councils in seven municipalities with language facilities for French speakers.", "### Background and general trends", "The nationalist party [N\\-VA](/wiki/N-VA \"N-VA\") became the largest party in the [2010 federal election](/wiki/2010_Belgian_federal_election \"2010 Belgian federal election\"). It was expected that the party would now achieve a number of seats in many Flemish municipalities, which was indeed the case. Local lists include cartels between two parties and independents, varying from one municipality to another, e.g. SP.A and CD\\&V in the city of Antwerp, but SP.A and Groen! in the [districts of Antwerp](/wiki/Districts_of_Antwerp \"Districts of Antwerp\") and in Ghent, Open VLD and Groen! (and a splinter group from the CD\\&V) in Mechelen.", "Parties on the right, CD\\&V, Open VLD and Vlaams Belang, generally lose votes in previous elections whereas N\\-VA has grown a lot.", "The socialist party SP.A is especially successful in large cities, but has slightly been losing votes in previous elections too.", "The green party Groen remains stable with a relatively low percentage of votes.", "Results are available via <http://vlaanderenkiest.be/verkiezingen2012/>", "Voting being mandatory but unenforced, turnout was lowest in Antwerp city (85\\.56%), specifically the [city centre district](/wiki/Antwerp_%28district%29 \"Antwerp (district)\") (82\\.98%), as well as Oostende (85\\.98%), followed mostly by the linguistically sensitive municipalities in the [Brussels Periphery](/wiki/Brussels_Periphery \"Brussels Periphery\").", "### Provincial elections", "The provincial councils of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp_Province \"Antwerp Province\"), [Flemish Brabant](/wiki/Flemish_Brabant \"Flemish Brabant\"), [East Flanders](/wiki/East_Flanders \"East Flanders\"), [West Flanders](/wiki/West_Flanders \"West Flanders\") and [Limburg](/wiki/Limburg_%28Belgium%29 \"Limburg (Belgium)\") were elected. The number of councillors has been reduced.", "In East Flanders, Flemish Brabant and especially Antwerp, N\\-VA became the largest party in the province, followed by CD\\&V. In Limburg and West Flanders, CD\\&V remained the biggest party followed by N\\-VA.", "", "\| Province", "Total seats", "CD\\&V", "Vlaams Belang", "Groen", "N\\-VA", "Open VLD", "PVDA\\+", "SP.A", "UF", "\| \|\n\| {{flag\\\|Antwerp}} \| 72 ({{decrease}} 12\\) \| 16\\.8 (13\\) \| 10\\.8 (7\\) \| 9\\.3 (6\\) \| 35\\.9 (27\\) \| 10\\.1 (7\\) \| 3\\.4 (2\\) \| 12\\.8 (10\\) \| — \|\n\| {{flag\\\|East Flanders}} \| 72 ({{decrease}} 12\\) \| 19\\.8 (15\\) \| 9\\.3 (6\\) \| 9 (6\\) \| 26\\.1 (21\\) \| 19\\.3 (15\\) \| 1\\.7 (0\\) \| 12\\.7 (9\\) \| — \|\n\| {{flag\\\|Flemish Brabant}} \| 72 ({{decrease}} 12\\) \| 19\\.5 (15\\) \| 6\\.7 (5\\) \| 9\\.6 (7\\) \| 25\\.8 (19\\) \| 16\\.8 (13\\) \| 1\\.2 (0\\) \| 12\\.1 (8\\) \| 7\\.1 (5\\) \|\n\| {{flag\\\|Limburg (Belgium)\\\|name\\=Limburg}} \| 63 ({{decrease}} 12\\) \| 27\\.5 (18\\) \| 9\\.1 (6\\) \| † \| 26\\.1 (17\\) \| 14\\.1 (9\\) \| 2\\.2 (0\\) \| 20\\.1 (13\\)† \| — \|\n\| {{flag\\\|West Flanders}} \| 72 ({{decrease}} 12\\) \| 27\\.6 (21\\) \| 7\\.7 (5\\) \| 7\\.5 (4\\) \| 25\\.3 (20\\) \| 13\\.4 (10\\) \| 1\\.3 (0\\) \| 15\\.8 (12\\) \| — \|\n\| Total \| 351 ({{decrease}} 60\\) \|", "", "\|Party", "Votes", "%", "\\+/– (2006\\)", "Seats", "\\+/– (2006\\)", "\| \|\n\| {{party color cell\\\|New Flemish Alliance}} \| [New Flemish Alliance](/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance \"New Flemish Alliance\") (N\\-VA) \| 1,165,938 \| 28\\.5 \| \\* \| 104 \| \\* \|\n\| {{party color cell\\\|Christian Democratic and Flemish}} \| [Christian Democratic and Flemish](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish \"Christian Democratic and Flemish\") (CD\\&V) \| 877,019 \| 21\\.5 \| \\* \| 82 \| \\* \|\n\| {{party color cell\\\|Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten}} \| [Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats](/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten \"Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten\") (Open VLD) \| 595,932 \| 14\\.6 \| {{decrease}} 4\\.4 \| 54 \| \|\n\| {{party color cell\\\|Socialistische Partij Anders}} \| [Socialist Party–Different](/wiki/Socialist_Party_-_Different \"Socialist Party - Different\") (SP.A) \| 580,078 \| 11\\.5 \| {{decrease}} 7\\.7 \| 51† \| \|\n\| {{party color cell\\\|Vlaams Belang}} \| [Flemish Interest](/wiki/Vlaams_Belang \"Vlaams Belang\") (VB) \| 365,439 \| 8\\.9 \| {{decrease}} 12\\.6 \| 29 \| \|\n\| {{party color cell\\\|Groen (political party)}} \| [Green](/wiki/Groen_%28political_party%29 \"Groen (political party)\") \| 314,538 \| 7\\.7 \| {{increase}} 0\\.1 \| 24† \| \|\n\| {{party color cell\\\|Union des Francophones}} \| [Union des Francophones](/wiki/Union_des_Francophones \"Union des Francophones\") (UF) \| 48,920 \| 1\\.2 \| \| 5 \| {{decrease}} 1 \|\n\|", "[Workers' Party of Belgium](/wiki/Partij_van_de_Arbeid_%28Belgium%29 \"Partij van de Arbeid (Belgium)\") (PVDA\\+) \| 84,037 \| 2\\.1 \| {{increase}} 2\\.1 \| 2 \| {{increase}} 2 \|\n\| \| Other parties \| 55,284 \| 1\\.4 \| \| — \| \|\n\| Valid votes \| \| 4,087,185 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| Invalid votes \| \| \| \| \| \| \|\n\| Blanco votes \| \| \| \| \| \| \|\n\| Total \| \| \| \| \| 351 \| \|\n\|", "† In Limburg: coalition SP.A \\- Groen. Only one of the 13 elected candidates (Hassan Amaghlaou) is a member of Groen.", "### Municipal elections", "Below are the results for the municipal council elections of the eight most populous cities, which include the five provincial capitals.", "#### Aalst", "After the election, [Christoph D'Haese](/wiki/Christoph_D%27Haese \"Christoph D'Haese\") became mayor of Aalst (in East Flanders), succeeding [Ilse Uyttersprot](/wiki/Ilse_Uyttersprot \"Ilse Uyttersprot\").", "{{Election box begin \\\|\n \\\|title\\=\\[\\[Aalst, Belgium\\\|Aalst]] City Council election, 2012\n \\\|candidatetitle\\=\\[\\[Lijsttrekker\\\|Main candidate]]\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= New Flemish Alliance\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Christoph D'Haese]] (15 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 17,312\n \\\|percentage \\= 31\\.1%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Christian Democratic and Flemish\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Ilse Uyttersprot]] (8 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 9,618\n \\\|percentage \\= 17\\.3%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Jean\\-Jacques De Gucht]] (7 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 9,616\n \\\|percentage \\= 17\\.3%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Socialist Party Differently\n \\\|candidate \\= Ann Van de Steen (7 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 9,114\n \\\|percentage \\= 16\\.4%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Flemish Interest\n \\\|candidate \\= Michel Van Brempt (4 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 6,003\n \\\|percentage \\= 10\\.8%\n \\\|change \\= –12\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Green (political party)\n \\\|candidate \\= Andreas Verleysen (2 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 3,268\n \\\|percentage \\= 5\\.9%\n \\\|change \\= \\+1\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Workers' Party of Belgium\n \\\|candidate \\= Romain Dierickx (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 661\n \\\|percentage \\= 1\\.2%\n \\\|change \\= \\+0\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Antwerp", "A lot of attention goes to the city of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\"), where [Bart De Wever](/wiki/Bart_De_Wever \"Bart De Wever\"), the president of N\\-VA, wants to become mayor and put an end to decades of socialist mayors, the current one being [Patrick Janssens](/wiki/Patrick_Janssens \"Patrick Janssens\") ([sp.a](/wiki/Sp.a \"Sp.a\")). Christian\\-democrat [CD\\&V](/wiki/CD%26V \"CD&V\") and socialist sp.a will form one list. Also [Wouter Van Besien](/wiki/Wouter_Van_Besien \"Wouter Van Besien\") (president of [Groen](/wiki/Groen_%28political_party%29 \"Groen (political party)\")) is contending for the position of mayor, and [Filip Dewinter](/wiki/Filip_Dewinter \"Filip Dewinter\") of extreme\\-right [Vlaams Belang](/wiki/Vlaams_Belang \"Vlaams Belang\") is campaigning in Antwerp. According to a poll, N\\-VA would get 42,9% of the votes, giving 26 out of 55 seats in the municipal party, and 46,5% would like to see De Wever become the new mayor.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.deredactie.be/permalink/1\\.1292287 \\\|title\\=Antwerpenaars kiezen massaal voor De Wever in peiling \\\|publisher\\= deredactie.be \\\|language\\=nl}}", "{{Election box begin \\\|\n \\\|title\\=\\[\\[Antwerp]] City Council election, 2012\n \\\|candidatetitle\\=\\[\\[Lijsttrekker\\\|Main candidate]]\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= New Flemish Alliance\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Bart De Wever]] (23 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 102,795\n \\\|percentage \\= 37\\.7%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= \\[\\[sp.a]]\\-\\[\\[CD\\&V]] joint list\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Patrick Janssens]] (17 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 77,867\n \\\|percentage \\= 28\\.6%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Flemish Interest\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Filip Dewinter]] (5 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 27,824\n \\\|percentage \\= 10\\.2%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Workers' Party of Belgium\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Peter Mertens]] (4 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 21,720\n \\\|percentage \\= 8\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \\+6\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Green (political party)\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Meyrem Almaci]] (4 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 21,658\n \\\|percentage \\= 7\\.9%\n \\\|change \\= \\+3\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Annemie Turtelboom]] (2 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 15,098\n \\\|percentage \\= 5\\.5%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= ''Others''\n \\\|candidate \\= (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 5,473\n \\\|percentage \\= 2\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Bruges", "In [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges \"Bruges\") (capital of West Flanders), the incumbent mayor [Patrick Moenaert](/wiki/Patrick_Moenaert \"Patrick Moenaert\") (CD\\&V), who led a coalition of CD\\&V/N\\-VA, SP.A and VLD (which were all represented parties except Groen and VB), quit so all possibilities remained open. Polls gave CD\\&V, SP.A and N\\-VA as major parties.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.deredactie.be/permalink/1\\.1448091 \\\|title\\=Nek\\-aan\\-nekrace tussen CD\\&V en SP.A in Brugge \\\|publisher\\=Deredactie.be \\\|language\\=nl}}", "{{Election box begin \\\|\n \\\|title\\=\\[\\[Bruges]] City Council election, 2012\n \\\|candidatetitle\\=\\[\\[Lijsttrekker\\\|Main candidate]]\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Socialist Party Differently\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Renaat Landuyt]] (14 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 21,567\n \\\|percentage \\= 26\\.8%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Christian Democratic and Flemish\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Dirk De fauw]] (13 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 21,404\n \\\|percentage \\= 26\\.6%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= New Flemish Alliance\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Anne Minne\\-Soete]] (10 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 15,948\n \\\|percentage \\= 19\\.8%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Mercedes Van Volcem]] (5 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 8,859\n \\\|percentage \\= 11\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Green (political party)\n \\\|candidate \\= Sammy Roelant (3 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 7,123\n \\\|percentage \\= 8\\.8%\n \\\|change \\= \\+2\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Flemish Interest\n \\\|candidate \\= Alain Quataert (2 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 4,350\n \\\|percentage \\= 5\\.4%\n \\\|change \\= –10\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= ''Others''\n \\\|candidate \\= (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 1,327\n \\\|percentage \\= 1\\.7%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Gent", "In [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent \"Ghent\") (capital of East Flanders), the incumbent mayor [Daniël Termont](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Termont \"Daniël Termont\") is very popular. SP.A, his party, now formed a cartel with [Groen](/wiki/Groen_%28political_party%29 \"Groen (political party)\"). Polls predict the cartel will get about 43% of the votes. The parties Open VLD of [Mathias De Clercq](/wiki/Mathias_De_Clercq \"Mathias De Clercq\") and N\\-VA of [Siegfried Bracke](/wiki/Siegfried_Bracke \"Siegfried Bracke\") follow after a gap.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.deredactie.be/permalink/1\\.1448043 \\\|title\\=Kartel van Termont blaast tegenstand weg in Gent \\\|publisher\\=Deredactie.be \\\|language\\=nl}}", "{{Election box begin \\\|\n \\\|title\\=\\[\\[Ghent]] City Council election, 2012\n \\\|candidatetitle\\=\\[\\[Lijsttrekker\\\|Main candidate]]\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= \\[\\[sp.a]]\\-\\[\\[Groen (political party)\\\|Groen]]\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Daniël Termont]] (25 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 69,356\n \\\|percentage \\= 45\\.5%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= New Flemish Alliance\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Siegfried Bracke]] (9 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 26,064\n \\\|percentage \\= 17\\.1%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Mathias De Clercq]] (9 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 25,167\n \\\|percentage \\= 16\\.5%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Christian Democratic and Flemish\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Veli Yüksel]] (4 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 13,834\n \\\|percentage \\= 9\\.1%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Flemish Interest\n \\\|candidate \\= Johan Deckmyn (3 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 9,966\n \\\|percentage \\= 6\\.5%\n \\\|change \\= –11\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Workers' Party of Belgium\n \\\|candidate \\= Tom De Meester (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 4,431\n \\\|percentage \\= 2\\.9%\n \\\|change \\= \\+1\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= ''Others''\n \\\|candidate \\= (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 3,694\n \\\|percentage \\= 2\\.4%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Hasselt", "{{Election box begin \\\|\n \\\|title\\=\\[\\[Hasselt]] City Council election, 2012\n \\\|candidatetitle\\=\\[\\[Lijsttrekker\\\|Main candidate]]\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Helemaal Hasselt\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Hilde Claes]] (15 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 16,987\n \\\|percentage \\= 33\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= New Flemish Alliance\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Steven Vandeput]] (11 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 13,130\n \\\|percentage \\= 25\\.5%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Christian Democratic and Flemish\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Ivo Belet]] (10 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 21,404\n \\\|percentage \\= 26\\.6%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Groei met \\[\\[Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats\\\|Open Vld]]\n \\\|candidate \\= Laurence Libert (4 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 5,096\n \\\|percentage \\= 9\\.9%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Flemish Interest\n \\\|candidate \\= Katleen Martens (1 seat won)\n \\\|votes \\= 2\\.845\n \\\|percentage \\= 5,5%\n \\\|change \\= –8\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Leefbaar Hasselt\n \\\|candidate \\= Jan Marechal (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 1\\.677\n \\\|percentage \\= 3,3%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Kortrijk", "[Vincent Van Quickenborne](/wiki/Vincent_Van_Quickenborne \"Vincent Van Quickenborne\") became mayor of [Kortrijk](/wiki/Kortrijk \"Kortrijk\") (in West Flanders), with a coalition of Open Vld, N\\-VA and sp.a, defeating incumbent mayor [Stefaan De Clerck](/wiki/Stefaan_De_Clerck \"Stefaan De Clerck\") and his CD\\&V, thereby ending a 150\\-year period of Catholic and Christian democratic mayors in the city.", "{{Election box begin \\\|\n \\\|title\\=\\[\\[Kortrijk]] City Council election, 2012\n \\\|candidatetitle\\=\\[\\[Lijsttrekker\\\|Main candidate]]\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Christian Democratic and Flemish\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Stefaan De Clerck]] (15 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 16,666\n \\\|percentage \\= 33%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Vincent Van Quickenborne]] (9 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 10,771\n \\\|percentage \\= 21\\.3%\n \\\|change \\= –0\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= New Flemish Alliance\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Rudolf Scherpereel]] (7 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 8,247\n \\\|percentage \\= 16\\.3%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Socialist Party Differently\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Philippe De Coene]] (6 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 7,222\n \\\|percentage \\= 14\\.3%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Green (political party)\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Bart Caron]] (2 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 3,715\n \\\|percentage \\= 7\\.4%\n \\\|change \\= \\+1\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Flemish Interest\n \\\|candidate \\= Maarten Seynaeve (2 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 3,072\n \\\|percentage \\= 6\\.1%\n \\\|change \\= –8\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= ''Others''\n \\\|candidate \\= (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 841\n \\\|percentage \\= 1\\.7%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Leuven", "In [Leuven](/wiki/Leuven \"Leuven\") (capital of [Flemish Brabant](/wiki/Flemish_Brabant \"Flemish Brabant\")), polls indicated that SP.A, the party of incumbent mayor [Louis Tobback](/wiki/Louis_Tobback \"Louis Tobback\"), would still be the largest. N\\-VA, CD\\&V and Groen follow after a gap.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.deredactie.be/permalink/1\\.1448045 \\\|title\\=Tobback blijft stevig in het zadel in Leuven \\\|publisher\\=Deredactie.be \\\|language\\=nl}}", "{{Election box begin \\\|\n \\\|title\\=\\[\\[Leuven]] City Council election, 2012\n \\\|candidatetitle\\=\\[\\[Lijsttrekker\\\|Main candidate]]\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Socialist Party Differently\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Louis Tobback]] (16 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 18,300\n \\\|percentage \\= 31\\.4%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= New Flemish Alliance\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Danny Pieters]] (9 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 11,091\n \\\|percentage \\= 19\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Christian Democratic and Flemish\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Carl Devlies]] (9 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 10,780\n \\\|percentage \\= 18\\.5%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Green (political party)\n \\\|candidate \\= Fatiha Dahmani (7 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 9,008\n \\\|percentage \\= 15\\.5%\n \\\|change \\= \\+4\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= \\[\\[Open Vld]] / LEUVEN\\+\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Rik Daems]] (3 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 4,561\n \\\|percentage \\= 7\\.8%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Flemish Interest\n \\\|candidate \\= Hagen Goyvaerts (1 seat won)\n \\\|votes \\= 2,173\n \\\|percentage \\= 3\\.7%\n \\\|change \\= –7\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Workers' Party of Belgium\n \\\|candidate \\= Tine Van Rompuy (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 1,656\n \\\|percentage \\= 2\\.8%\n \\\|change \\= \\+1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= ''Others''\n \\\|candidate \\= (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 674\n \\\|percentage \\= 1\\.1%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Mechelen", "[Bart Somers](/wiki/Bart_Somers \"Bart Somers\") (Open Vld), mayor since 2001, continued after the elections with his \"vld\\-Groen\\-m\\+ city list\", but with N\\-VA and CD\\&V as coalition partners instead of sp.a. Sp.a became opposition, along with a significantly reduced Vlaams Belang.\n{{Election box begin \\\|\n \\\|title\\=\\[\\[Mechelen]] City Council election, 2012\n \\\|candidatetitle\\=\\[\\[Lijsttrekker\\\|Main candidate]]\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= \\[\\[Open Vld\\\|vld]]\\-\\[\\[Groen (political party)\\\|Groen]]\\-m\\+\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Bart Somers]] (16 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 17,900\n \\\|percentage \\= 33\\.9%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= New Flemish Alliance\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Marc Hendrickx]] (11 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 12,244\n \\\|percentage \\= 23\\.2%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Socialist Party Differently\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Caroline Gennez]] (8 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 9,610\n \\\|percentage \\= 18\\.2%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Christian Democratic and Flemish\n \\\|candidate \\= Walter Schroons (5 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 6,524\n \\\|percentage \\= 12\\.4%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Flemish Interest\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Frank Creyelman]] (3 seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 4,589\n \\\|percentage \\= 8\\.7%\n \\\|change \\= –17\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Workers' Party of Belgium\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Dirk Tuypens]] (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 1,610\n \\\|percentage \\= 3\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \\+2\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Bewoners Partij\n \\\|candidate \\= Jan Mussin (no seats won)\n \\\|votes \\= 328\n \\\|percentage \\= 0\\.6%\n \\\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "" ]
Henslowe years -------------- It was during the later 1580s that the company established its long\-term relationship with [Philip Henslowe](/wiki/Philip_Henslowe "Philip Henslowe"), theatre builder, producer, impresario. Henslowe's [Rose Theatre](/wiki/The_Rose_%28theatre%29 "The Rose (theatre)") was home to the Admiral's Men for a number of years, and Henslowe played a key role as a blend of manager and financier. After the major disruption of the 1592–94 era, when the public theatres endured a long closure due to [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague "Bubonic plague"), the Admiral's Men entered another lush period in 1594 and after. The re\-constituted company resumed performances on 14 May 1594, with [The Jew of Malta](/wiki/The_Jew_of_Malta "The Jew of Malta") and two anonymous and lost plays, The Ranger's Comedy and Cutlack.Halliday, p. 24\. The Admiral's Men had Edward Alleyn as their leading man; other personnel included George Attewell, Thomas Downton, and James Tunstall, all veterans of the earlier pre\-1592 version of the Admiral's, and Richard Jones, a former mate of Alleyn's and Tunstall's in [Worcester's Men](/wiki/Worcester%27s_Men "Worcester's Men") in the 1580s. (Jones and Downton would defect to [Pembroke's Men](/wiki/Pembroke%27s_Men "Pembroke's Men") in early 1597, only to be caught up in their disastrous performance of [The Isle of Dogs](/wiki/The_Isle_of_Dogs_%28play%29 "The Isle of Dogs (play)"), and return to the Admiral's by the end of that year.) Attewell was a "jigging" clown, known for his dancing; when [Richard Tarlton](/wiki/Richard_Tarlton "Richard Tarlton") had died in 1588, Attewell had taken over the job of dancing a jig at the end of each performance of the [Queen Elizabeth's Men](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Men "Queen Elizabeth's Men"). John Singer, another clown with the Queen Elizabeth's company, also joined the Admiral's in 1594; other members included Edward Juby, Martin Slater, and Thomas Towne. The company's repertory came to feature plays by [George Chapman](/wiki/George_Chapman "George Chapman"), [William Haughton](/wiki/William_Haughton_%28playwright%29 "William Haughton (playwright)"), and [Anthony Munday](/wiki/Anthony_Munday "Anthony Munday"), among many other poets. The survival of Henslowe's so\-called [Diary](/wiki/Philip_Henslowe%23Henslowe.27s_diary "Philip Henslowe#Henslowe.27s diary") (actually an account book kept by Henslowe and others in his organization) provides scholars with more detailed information about the Admiral's Men in this era than is available for any contemporaneous acting troupe. Among other points, the Diary illustrates the enormous demands the Elizabethan repertory system placed upon the actors. In the 1594–95 season, the Admiral's Men generally performed six days a week, and staged a total of 38 plays; 21 of these were new plays, introduced at a rate of approximately one every two weeks – but only eight were acted again in subsequent seasons. The next season, 1595–96, demanded 37 plays, including 19 new ones; and the following year, 1596–97, 34 plays, 14 new. The company consistently played the works of Marlowe throughout this era. Tamburlaine Part 1 was acted 14 times in the 1594–95 season, followed by [Doctor Faustus](/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_%28play%29 "Doctor Faustus (play)") (12 performances), [The Massacre at Paris](/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Paris "The Massacre at Paris") (10\), [The Jew of Malta](/wiki/The_Jew_of_Malta "The Jew of Malta") (9\), and Tamburlaine Part 2 (6\).Gurr, pp. 103–4\. Taken altogether, the most popular play over this 1594–97 period was the anonymous The Wise Man of Westchester, which has not survived yet was acted 32 times over the three years, debuting on 3 December 1594 and last played on 18 July 1597\. Earlier scholars speculated that it might be an alternative title for Anthony Munday's [John a Kent and John a Cumber](/wiki/John_a_Kent_and_John_a_Cumber "John a Kent and John a Cumber"), though no firm evidence supports this idea.Chambers, Vol. 3, p. 446\. Henslowe had interests in other theatres, including the [Fortune Theatre](/wiki/Fortune_Playhouse "Fortune Playhouse") (built in 1600\); the Admiral's Men moved into the new venue, and when the lease ran out on The Rose in 1605 it was abandoned. The company prospered, at least moderately, in its new location: in 1600 a share in the Admiral's Men (one out of a total of ten) was worth £50, while in 1613 a share (one of twelve) was valued at £70\.Gurr, p. 68\. Sometime in the winter of 1603–4, after the [House of Stuart](/wiki/House_of_Stuart "House of Stuart") succeeded to the throne of England, the Admiral's Men acquired a new patron, [Prince Henry](/wiki/Henry_Frederick%2C_Prince_of_Wales "Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales") (1594–1612\), later the Prince of Wales (1610–12\). Edward Alleyn retired from the stage in 1604, though he was involved with the company as their Fortune Theatre landlord. During this period their core cohort of players consisted of William Bird, Thomas Towne, [Samuel Rowley](/wiki/Samuel_Rowley "Samuel Rowley"), Charles Massey, [Humphrey and Anthony Jeffes](/wiki/King%27s_Men_personnel "King's Men personnel"), Edward Juby, and Thomas Downton (who had been part of the 1597 production of [The Isle of Dogs](/wiki/The_Isle_of_Dogs_%28play%29 "The Isle of Dogs (play)")). Edward Juby was the company's payee for Court performances, which suggests that he had significant responsibility for the troupe's finances. The company was known as Prince Henry's Men until the Henry's early death (6 November 1612\), after which they came under the patronage of his new brother\-in\-law, [Frederick V, Elector Palatine](/wiki/Frederick_V%2C_Elector_Palatine "Frederick V, Elector Palatine"). Their new patent of 11 January 1613 lists six of the actors of the previous decade, Juby, Bird, Rowley, Massey, Downton, and Humphrey Jeffes, plus six new sharers,Chambers, Vol. 2, pp. 186–92\. who included [John Shank](/wiki/John_Shank "John Shank"), later a long\-time member of the King's Men, and [Richard Gunnell](/wiki/Richard_Gunnell "Richard Gunnell"), who would become a theatre manager and impresario by building the [Salisbury Court Theatre](/wiki/Salisbury_Court_Theatre "Salisbury Court Theatre") with William Blagrave in 1629\.	[ "Henslowe years\n--------------", "It was during the later 1580s that the company established its long\\-term relationship with [Philip Henslowe](/wiki/Philip_Henslowe \"Philip Henslowe\"), theatre builder, producer, impresario. Henslowe's [Rose Theatre](/wiki/The_Rose_%28theatre%29 \"The Rose (theatre)\") was home to the Admiral's Men for a number of years, and Henslowe played a key role as a blend of manager and financier. After the major disruption of the 1592–94 era, when the public theatres endured a long closure due to [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague \"Bubonic plague\"), the Admiral's Men entered another lush period in 1594 and after.", "The re\\-constituted company resumed performances on 14 May 1594, with [The Jew of Malta](/wiki/The_Jew_of_Malta \"The Jew of Malta\") and two anonymous and lost plays, The Ranger's Comedy and Cutlack.Halliday, p. 24\\. The Admiral's Men had Edward Alleyn as their leading man; other personnel included George Attewell, Thomas Downton, and James Tunstall, all veterans of the earlier pre\\-1592 version of the Admiral's, and Richard Jones, a former mate of Alleyn's and Tunstall's in [Worcester's Men](/wiki/Worcester%27s_Men \"Worcester's Men\") in the 1580s. (Jones and Downton would defect to [Pembroke's Men](/wiki/Pembroke%27s_Men \"Pembroke's Men\") in early 1597, only to be caught up in their disastrous performance of [The Isle of Dogs](/wiki/The_Isle_of_Dogs_%28play%29 \"The Isle of Dogs (play)\"), and return to the Admiral's by the end of that year.) Attewell was a \"jigging\" clown, known for his dancing; when [Richard Tarlton](/wiki/Richard_Tarlton \"Richard Tarlton\") had died in 1588, Attewell had taken over the job of dancing a jig at the end of each performance of the [Queen Elizabeth's Men](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Men \"Queen Elizabeth's Men\"). John Singer, another clown with the Queen Elizabeth's company, also joined the Admiral's in 1594; other members included Edward Juby, Martin Slater, and Thomas Towne. The company's repertory came to feature plays by [George Chapman](/wiki/George_Chapman \"George Chapman\"), [William Haughton](/wiki/William_Haughton_%28playwright%29 \"William Haughton (playwright)\"), and [Anthony Munday](/wiki/Anthony_Munday \"Anthony Munday\"), among many other poets.", "The survival of Henslowe's so\\-called [Diary](/wiki/Philip_Henslowe%23Henslowe.27s_diary \"Philip Henslowe#Henslowe.27s diary\") (actually an account book kept by Henslowe and others in his organization) provides scholars with more detailed information about the Admiral's Men in this era than is available for any contemporaneous acting troupe. Among other points, the Diary illustrates the enormous demands the Elizabethan repertory system placed upon the actors. In the 1594–95 season, the Admiral's Men generally performed six days a week, and staged a total of 38 plays; 21 of these were new plays, introduced at a rate of approximately one every two weeks – but only eight were acted again in subsequent seasons. The next season, 1595–96, demanded 37 plays, including 19 new ones; and the following year, 1596–97, 34 plays, 14 new. The company consistently played the works of Marlowe throughout this era. Tamburlaine Part 1 was acted 14 times in the 1594–95 season, followed by [Doctor Faustus](/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_%28play%29 \"Doctor Faustus (play)\") (12 performances), [The Massacre at Paris](/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Paris \"The Massacre at Paris\") (10\\), [The Jew of Malta](/wiki/The_Jew_of_Malta \"The Jew of Malta\") (9\\), and Tamburlaine Part 2 (6\\).Gurr, pp. 103–4\\. Taken altogether, the most popular play over this 1594–97 period was the anonymous The Wise Man of Westchester, which has not survived yet was acted 32 times over the three years, debuting on 3 December 1594 and last played on 18 July 1597\\. Earlier scholars speculated that it might be an alternative title for Anthony Munday's [John a Kent and John a Cumber](/wiki/John_a_Kent_and_John_a_Cumber \"John a Kent and John a Cumber\"), though no firm evidence supports this idea.Chambers, Vol. 3, p. 446\\.", "Henslowe had interests in other theatres, including the [Fortune Theatre](/wiki/Fortune_Playhouse \"Fortune Playhouse\") (built in 1600\\); the Admiral's Men moved into the new venue, and when the lease ran out on The Rose in 1605 it was abandoned. The company prospered, at least moderately, in its new location: in 1600 a share in the Admiral's Men (one out of a total of ten) was worth £50, while in 1613 a share (one of twelve) was valued at £70\\.Gurr, p. 68\\.", "Sometime in the winter of 1603–4, after the [House of Stuart](/wiki/House_of_Stuart \"House of Stuart\") succeeded to the throne of England, the Admiral's Men acquired a new patron, [Prince Henry](/wiki/Henry_Frederick%2C_Prince_of_Wales \"Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales\") (1594–1612\\), later the Prince of Wales (1610–12\\). Edward Alleyn retired from the stage in 1604, though he was involved with the company as their Fortune Theatre landlord. During this period their core cohort of players consisted of William Bird, Thomas Towne, [Samuel Rowley](/wiki/Samuel_Rowley \"Samuel Rowley\"), Charles Massey, [Humphrey and Anthony Jeffes](/wiki/King%27s_Men_personnel \"King's Men personnel\"), Edward Juby, and Thomas Downton (who had been part of the 1597 production of [The Isle of Dogs](/wiki/The_Isle_of_Dogs_%28play%29 \"The Isle of Dogs (play)\")). Edward Juby was the company's payee for Court performances, which suggests that he had significant responsibility for the troupe's finances.", "The company was known as Prince Henry's Men until the Henry's early death (6 November 1612\\), after which they came under the patronage of his new brother\\-in\\-law, [Frederick V, Elector Palatine](/wiki/Frederick_V%2C_Elector_Palatine \"Frederick V, Elector Palatine\"). Their new patent of 11 January 1613 lists six of the actors of the previous decade, Juby, Bird, Rowley, Massey, Downton, and Humphrey Jeffes, plus six new sharers,Chambers, Vol. 2, pp. 186–92\\. who included [John Shank](/wiki/John_Shank \"John Shank\"), later a long\\-time member of the King's Men, and [Richard Gunnell](/wiki/Richard_Gunnell \"Richard Gunnell\"), who would become a theatre manager and impresario by building the [Salisbury Court Theatre](/wiki/Salisbury_Court_Theatre \"Salisbury Court Theatre\") with William Blagrave in 1629\\.", "" ]
Playing career -------------- A Lara Junior, Allan was drafted to the [Geelong Football Club](/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club "Geelong Football Club") with pick 21 in the 2004 Rookie draft which formed part of the [2003 AFL Draft](/wiki/2003_AFL_Draft "2003 AFL Draft"). After one season, he was delisted and found himself with the [Werribee Football Club](/wiki/Werribee_Football_Club "Werribee Football Club") where he played two seasons while the club were aligned to the [Western Bulldogs](/wiki/Western_Bulldogs "Western Bulldogs") which included the 2005 Grand Final defeat. Seeking a change, Allan moved to South Australia with the [North Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/North_Adelaide_Football_Club "North Adelaide Football Club"). Allan was recruited to the Roosters for the 2007 season and became an instant star for the club. After making his league debut against [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_Bulldogs "Central District Bulldogs") in round 1 of the 2007 season Allan went on to win the first of his three Magarey Medals. He dominated the media awards for the season winning [The Advertiser](/wiki/The_Advertiser_%28Adelaide%29 "The Advertiser (Adelaide)") and [Football Budget](/wiki/South_Australian_Football_Budget "South Australian Football Budget") Player of the Year and won selection in The Advertiser{{'}}s Team of the Year. He also won North Adelaide's [best and fairest](/wiki/Best_and_fairest "Best and fairest") award for the first of five consecutive times. North's form for 2007 rose with the arrival of Allan and they played in [their first Grand Final](/wiki/2007_SANFL_Grand_Final "2007 SANFL Grand Final") since their [1991 premiership](/wiki/1991_SANFL_Grand_Final "1991 SANFL Grand Final"). Central District were too good for the Roosters, North going down by 65 points, 5\.12 (42\) to 16\.11 (107\). Allan continued to take the SANFL by storm, further dominating league, media and club awards. He added the 2010 and 2011 Magarey Medals to his 2007 win and would be selected to every Advertiser Team of the Year since his debut as well as five consecutive Football Budget Player of the Year awards from 2007–2011\. As of the end of the 2011 season, Allan is second only to [Barrie Robran](/wiki/Barrie_Robran "Barrie Robran") in both Magarey Medal wins and North Adelaide best and fairest awards. Allan has won five best and fairest awards for the Roosters (2007–11\) while Robran won eight during his stellar career (1967–73 and 1976\).{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p3552\.aspx \\|title\=James Allen 100 games \\|website\=nafc.com.au \\|publisher\=North Adelaide Football Club \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20120907185710/http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p3552\.aspx \\|archivedate\=7 September 2012 \\|df\=dmy\-all }} On 5 September 2012, it was announced that Allan would end his career with North Adelaide at the end of the season and return to his native Victoria in 2013\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p3678\.aspx \\|title\=Our Captain calls it a day... \\|website\=nafc.com.au \\|publisher\=North Adelaide Football Club \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20121230155921/http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p3678\.aspx \\|archivedate\=30 December 2012 \\|df\=dmy\-all }} In mid\-November 2013, the North Adelaide Football Club announced that Allan was returning to take up a teaching position in Adelaide and would rejoin the club as a player for the 2014 season.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p5136\.aspx \\|title\=2014 Recruits \\|website\=nafc.com.au \\|publisher\=North Adelaide Football Club \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20131123030055/http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p5136\.aspx \\|archivedate\=23 November 2013 \\|df\=dmy\-all }} Unfortunately for North Adelaide fans, Allan did not play for the club in 2014\. Due to salary cap issues he could not come to terms with the club and announced he would play for rival club [Norwood](/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club "Norwood Football Club"). He was included in Norwood's [2014 Grand Final](/wiki/2014_SANFL_Grand_Final "2014 SANFL Grand Final") team after missing the previous six weeks with a broken arm. He finished with 23 disposals, five clearances and five tackles and most importantly, a premiership medallion.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.nafc.com.au/news/p5143\.aspx \\|title\=James Allan \\|website\=nafc.com.au \\|publisher\=\[\[North Adelaide Football Club]] \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20131202000511/https://www.nafc.com.au/news/p5143\.aspx \\|archivedate\=2 December 2013 \\|df\=dmy\-all }}{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/james\-allan\-makes\-switch\-to\-norwood\-redlegs/news\-story/16b24454ffe8e1398dd6beef9f6812e6 \\|title\=James Allan makes switch to Norwood Redlegs \\|work\=The Advertiser \\|first\=Kym \\|last\=Morgan \\|date\=December 8, 2013}}{{Cite web \\|last\=Cialini \\|first\=R \\|date\=2016\-10\-01 \\|title\=REDLEGS MUSEUM {{!}} PLAYERS \- ALLAN, James \\|url\=http://www.redlegsmuseum.com.au/ON\_FIELD/PLAYERS/ALLANJames.aspx \\|access\-date\=2023\-10\-10 \\|website\=www.redlegsmuseum.com.au}} ### Representative career Allan has represented [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia_Australian_rules_football_team "South Australia Australian rules football team") twice in [interstate football](/wiki/Interstate_matches_in_Australian_rules_football "Interstate matches in Australian rules football").	[ "Playing career\n--------------", "A Lara Junior, Allan was drafted to the [Geelong Football Club](/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club \"Geelong Football Club\") with pick 21 in the 2004 Rookie draft which formed part of the [2003 AFL Draft](/wiki/2003_AFL_Draft \"2003 AFL Draft\"). After one season, he was delisted and found himself with the [Werribee Football Club](/wiki/Werribee_Football_Club \"Werribee Football Club\") where he played two seasons while the club were aligned to the [Western Bulldogs](/wiki/Western_Bulldogs \"Western Bulldogs\") which included the 2005 Grand Final defeat. Seeking a change, Allan moved to South Australia with the [North Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/North_Adelaide_Football_Club \"North Adelaide Football Club\").", "Allan was recruited to the Roosters for the 2007 season and became an instant star for the club. After making his league debut against [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_Bulldogs \"Central District Bulldogs\") in round 1 of the 2007 season Allan went on to win the first of his three Magarey Medals. He dominated the media awards for the season winning [The Advertiser](/wiki/The_Advertiser_%28Adelaide%29 \"The Advertiser (Adelaide)\") and [Football Budget](/wiki/South_Australian_Football_Budget \"South Australian Football Budget\") Player of the Year and won selection in The Advertiser{{'}}s Team of the Year. He also won North Adelaide's [best and fairest](/wiki/Best_and_fairest \"Best and fairest\") award for the first of five consecutive times.", "North's form for 2007 rose with the arrival of Allan and they played in [their first Grand Final](/wiki/2007_SANFL_Grand_Final \"2007 SANFL Grand Final\") since their [1991 premiership](/wiki/1991_SANFL_Grand_Final \"1991 SANFL Grand Final\"). Central District were too good for the Roosters, North going down by 65 points, 5\\.12 (42\\) to 16\\.11 (107\\).", "Allan continued to take the SANFL by storm, further dominating league, media and club awards. He added the 2010 and 2011 Magarey Medals to his 2007 win and would be selected to every Advertiser Team of the Year since his debut as well as five consecutive Football Budget Player of the Year awards from 2007–2011\\.", "As of the end of the 2011 season, Allan is second only to [Barrie Robran](/wiki/Barrie_Robran \"Barrie Robran\") in both Magarey Medal wins and North Adelaide best and fairest awards. Allan has won five best and fairest awards for the Roosters (2007–11\\) while Robran won eight during his stellar career (1967–73 and 1976\\).{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p3552\\.aspx \\\|title\\=James Allen 100 games \\\|website\\=nafc.com.au \\\|publisher\\=North Adelaide Football Club \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20120907185710/http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p3552\\.aspx \\\|archivedate\\=7 September 2012 \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "On 5 September 2012, it was announced that Allan would end his career with North Adelaide at the end of the season and return to his native Victoria in 2013\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p3678\\.aspx \\\|title\\=Our Captain calls it a day... \\\|website\\=nafc.com.au \\\|publisher\\=North Adelaide Football Club \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20121230155921/http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p3678\\.aspx \\\|archivedate\\=30 December 2012 \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "In mid\\-November 2013, the North Adelaide Football Club announced that Allan was returning to take up a teaching position in Adelaide and would rejoin the club as a player for the 2014 season.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p5136\\.aspx \\\|title\\=2014 Recruits \\\|website\\=nafc.com.au \\\|publisher\\=North Adelaide Football Club \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20131123030055/http://www.nafc.com.au/news/p5136\\.aspx \\\|archivedate\\=23 November 2013 \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}\nUnfortunately for North Adelaide fans, Allan did not play for the club in 2014\\. Due to salary cap issues he could not come to terms with the club and announced he would play for rival club [Norwood](/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club \"Norwood Football Club\"). He was included in Norwood's [2014 Grand Final](/wiki/2014_SANFL_Grand_Final \"2014 SANFL Grand Final\") team after missing the previous six weeks with a broken arm. He finished with 23 disposals, five clearances and five tackles and most importantly, a premiership medallion.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.nafc.com.au/news/p5143\\.aspx \\\|title\\=James Allan \\\|website\\=nafc.com.au \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[North Adelaide Football Club]] \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20131202000511/https://www.nafc.com.au/news/p5143\\.aspx \\\|archivedate\\=2 December 2013 \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/james\\-allan\\-makes\\-switch\\-to\\-norwood\\-redlegs/news\\-story/16b24454ffe8e1398dd6beef9f6812e6 \\\|title\\=James Allan makes switch to Norwood Redlegs \\\|work\\=The Advertiser \\\|first\\=Kym \\\|last\\=Morgan \\\|date\\=December 8, 2013}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Cialini \\\|first\\=R \\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-01 \\\|title\\=REDLEGS MUSEUM {{!}} PLAYERS \\- ALLAN, James \\\|url\\=http://www.redlegsmuseum.com.au/ON\\_FIELD/PLAYERS/ALLANJames.aspx \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-10 \\\|website\\=www.redlegsmuseum.com.au}}", "### Representative career", "Allan has represented [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia_Australian_rules_football_team \"South Australia Australian rules football team\") twice in [interstate football](/wiki/Interstate_matches_in_Australian_rules_football \"Interstate matches in Australian rules football\").", "" ]
History ------- The Assonet River is a major river of southeastern Massachusetts, along with the [Taunton River](/wiki/Taunton_River "Taunton River"). Throughout the history of [colonial and early America](/wiki/Colonial_America "Colonial America"), the river and its tributaries provided the power to run grist mills and saw mills, and later the Crystal Springs Bleachery. It provided for a minor port, and is also a prime location for herring runs. During the 18th century, the river played a part in the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"). British ships travelled both it and the Taunton River when fighting in the colonies. Such attacks led to the [Battle of Freetown](/wiki/Battle_of_Freetown "Battle of Freetown"), as well as the burning of river\-centered rural settlement. During the 19th century, fishing and cargo ships regularly used the Assonet River to reach their home port of [Assonet, Massachusetts](/wiki/Assonet%2C_Massachusetts "Assonet, Massachusetts"). From these ports on Water Street and South Main Street were delivered products such as [food](/wiki/Food "Food"), [dairy](/wiki/Dairy "Dairy"), [lobster](/wiki/American_lobster "American lobster"), [fish](/wiki/Fish "Fish"), [lumber](/wiki/Lumber "Lumber"), and for a span of time [guns](/wiki/Gun "Gun"). The N. R. Davis Gun Factory, located on Water Street adjacent to the river, supplied many weapons to forces in the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). In the 20th century, the river continued to see its share of action, but only briefly. The last ship to sail from Assonet set out in 1902\. Small [bootlegging](/wiki/Rum-running "Rum-running") operations used the river sporadically. The Green Dragon Tavern was torn down in the 1930s, and the [Town of Freetown](/wiki/Freetown%2C_Massachusetts "Freetown, Massachusetts") constructed its bandstand on the riverside site, providing a wonderful greenspace. The gun factory burned in 1925, and the bleachery followed suit in 1955, essentially bringing the commercial life of the river to a close. Assonet Bay Shores, a former summer community, is a peninsula formed by Assonet Bay, Payne Cove, and Shepherd's Cove. It was first settled early in Assonet's history, with this major development following in the early 1960s. Across Shepherd's Cove is an abundance of higher\-end homes, proving that the river has found new life as a beautiful backdrop for rural life.	[ "History\n-------", "The Assonet River is a major river of southeastern Massachusetts, along with the [Taunton River](/wiki/Taunton_River \"Taunton River\"). Throughout the history of [colonial and early America](/wiki/Colonial_America \"Colonial America\"), the river and its tributaries provided the power to run grist mills and saw mills, and later the Crystal Springs Bleachery. It provided for a minor port, and is also a prime location for herring runs.", "During the 18th century, the river played a part in the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"). British ships travelled both it and the Taunton River when fighting in the colonies. Such attacks led to the [Battle of Freetown](/wiki/Battle_of_Freetown \"Battle of Freetown\"), as well as the burning of river\\-centered rural settlement.", "During the 19th century, fishing and cargo ships regularly used the Assonet River to reach their home port of [Assonet, Massachusetts](/wiki/Assonet%2C_Massachusetts \"Assonet, Massachusetts\"). From these ports on Water Street and South Main Street were delivered products such as [food](/wiki/Food \"Food\"), [dairy](/wiki/Dairy \"Dairy\"), [lobster](/wiki/American_lobster \"American lobster\"), [fish](/wiki/Fish \"Fish\"), [lumber](/wiki/Lumber \"Lumber\"), and for a span of time [guns](/wiki/Gun \"Gun\"). The N. R. Davis Gun Factory, located on Water Street adjacent to the river, supplied many weapons to forces in the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\").", "In the 20th century, the river continued to see its share of action, but only briefly. The last ship to sail from Assonet set out in 1902\\. Small [bootlegging](/wiki/Rum-running \"Rum-running\") operations used the river sporadically. The Green Dragon Tavern was torn down in the 1930s, and the [Town of Freetown](/wiki/Freetown%2C_Massachusetts \"Freetown, Massachusetts\") constructed its bandstand on the riverside site, providing a wonderful greenspace. The gun factory burned in 1925, and the bleachery followed suit in 1955, essentially bringing the commercial life of the river to a close.", "Assonet Bay Shores, a former summer community, is a peninsula formed by Assonet Bay, Payne Cove, and Shepherd's Cove. It was first settled early in Assonet's history, with this major development following in the early 1960s. Across Shepherd's Cove is an abundance of higher\\-end homes, proving that the river has found new life as a beautiful backdrop for rural life.", "" ]
Biography --------- After working as a selector on the Sound of Silence Keystone [sound system](/wiki/Sound_system_%28Jamaican%29 "Sound system (Jamaican)"), and then his own Gathering of Youth system, he began his singing career as part of [The African Brothers](/wiki/The_African_Brothers "The African Brothers") in 1969, along with [Tony Tuff](/wiki/Tony_Tuff "Tony Tuff") and Derrick Howard. The group released several singles in the first half of the 1970s on labels such as Micron and their own Ital label, and were an early example of the [Rastafari movement](/wiki/Rastafari_movement "Rastafari movement")'s influence on the [Jamaican music](/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica "Music of Jamaica") scene, taking a clear lead from [The Abyssinians](/wiki/The_Abyssinians "The Abyssinians"). After recording "Mysterious Nature" for producer [Rupie Edwards](/wiki/Rupie_Edwards "Rupie Edwards"), the group recorded 1974's "No Cup No Broke" for [Studio One](/wiki/Studio_One_%28record_label%29 "Studio One (record label)"), breaking up shortly after. Minott then teamed up with the producer [Clement "Coxsone" Dodd](/wiki/Coxsone_Dodd "Coxsone Dodd"), as studio apprentice at Dodd's Studio One, working as a singer, guitarist and percussionist, and soon began recording his own singles.Larkin, Colin: "The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae", Virgin Books, 1998, {{ISBN\\|0\-7535\-0242\-9}} Minott developed a talent for writing new songs to fit over existing rhythms (which at the time was common when singers performed live, but rare in the studio), often proving more popular than the original songs, pioneering an approach that would be central to the emerging [dancehall](/wiki/Dancehall "Dancehall") style.{{cite web\\|last1\=Black\\|first1\=Roy\\|title\=Sugar Minott A Dancehall Pioneer\\|url\=http://jamaica\-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20180527/music\-diaries\-sugar\-minott\-dancehall\-pioneer\\|website\=Jamaica Gleaner\\|accessdate\=30 May 2018\\|date\=28 May 2018}} After a number of moderately successful hits for Studio One, such as "Vanity", "Hang On Natty", "Mr. DC", and "Jah Jah Children", his debut LP Live Loving made his name and increased his popularity, and is regarded as pioneering the dancehall style that would dominate the early 1980s. It was followed in 1979 with a second album, Showcase, which included his singles that had been omitted from the first album. The Bittersweet album followed, and then the third album of 1979, Ghetto\-ology, which saw a return to [roots reggae](/wiki/Roots_reggae "Roots reggae"). Roots Lovers (1980\) saw a move towards [lovers rock](/wiki/Lovers_rock "Lovers rock"), which was a UK hit. He became a bigger star in the UK than in Jamaica, his self\-produced "Hard Time Pressure" being a major UK reggae hit in 1980, leading Minott to relocate to the UK, where he became a focus for UK reggae. Singles such as "Run Come", "Not for Sale", "African Girl", "Lovers Rock", "In a Dis Ya Time", "Africa" and "Make It with You" (with [Carroll Thompson](/wiki/Carroll_Thompson "Carroll Thompson")) were hits in the years that followed. "[Good Thing Going](/wiki/We%27ve_Got_a_Good_Thing_Going "We've Got a Good Thing Going")" (a [cover](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") of a song originally recorded by [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson") in 1971\) was picked up for distribution by [RCA](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records") and reached Number 4 in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart") in March 1981, leading to an album of the same name. The Herbman Hustling album saw a return to dancehall and [roots reggae](/wiki/Roots_reggae "Roots reggae"). He released an album of recordings from [Channel One Studios](/wiki/Channel_One_Studios "Channel One Studios"), With Lots Of Extra in 1983, collecting several hits from his time working with [Winston Holness](/wiki/Winston_Holness "Winston Holness"). Returning to Jamaica, his Youth Promotion sound system performed regularly in Kingston's Maxfield Park, featuring [Jah Stitch](/wiki/Jah_Stitch "Jah Stitch") and newcomers who had been nurtured by his organization such as [Ranking Joe](/wiki/Ranking_Joe "Ranking Joe"), [Captain Sinbad](/wiki/Captain_Sinbad "Captain Sinbad"), and [Ranking Dread](/wiki/Ranking_Dread "Ranking Dread"). His Black Roots label featured his productions of these artists plus others such as [Barry Brown](/wiki/Barry_Brown_%28singer%29 "Barry Brown (singer)"), [Tenor Saw](/wiki/Tenor_Saw "Tenor Saw"), [Little John](/wiki/Little_John_%28musician%29 "Little John (musician)"), [Tony Tuff](/wiki/Tony_Tuff "Tony Tuff"), [Barrington Levy](/wiki/Barrington_Levy "Barrington Levy"), [Horace Andy](/wiki/Horace_Andy "Horace Andy"), and one of his discoveries from England, [Trevor Hartley](/wiki/Trevor_Hartley "Trevor Hartley"). Minott also produced early works by [Nitty Gritty](/wiki/Nitty_Gritty "Nitty Gritty"), [Junior Reid](/wiki/Junior_Reid "Junior Reid"), [Yami Bolo](/wiki/Yami_Bolo "Yami Bolo"), Colourman, [Daddy Freddy](/wiki/Daddy_Freddy "Daddy Freddy") and [Garnett Silk](/wiki/Garnett_Silk "Garnett Silk"). In 1980s he was working with producers in Jamaica including, [Mikey Dread](/wiki/Mikey_Dread "Mikey Dread"), [George Phang](/wiki/George_Phang "George Phang"), [Sly and Robbie](/wiki/Sly_and_Robbie "Sly and Robbie"), [Philip "Fatis" Burrell](/wiki/Philip_%22Fatis%22_Burrell "Philip "), Channel One, [Prince Jammy](/wiki/Prince_Jammy "Prince Jammy"), and [Donovan Germain](/wiki/Donovan_Germain "Donovan Germain"), as well as recording for United States–based Lloyd "Bullwackie" Barnes (the Wicked A Go feel It album from 1984\). His biggest hits included "Herbman Hustling", "No Vacancy", "Jamming in the Street", "Rub A Dub Sound", "Buy Off The Bar", "Rydim", and "Devil's Pickney". He linked up with Sly and Robbie for 1984's "Rub a Dub Sound Style" single, which is regarded as a prototype for the [ragga](/wiki/Ragga "Ragga") style that developed in the mid\-1980s. Sugar Minott continued to record on his Black Roots label, Youth Promotion Label and for Major and Independent labels. His albums receive increasingly exciting reviews. He released over 60 albums and hundreds of singles. He is one of the artists who appeared on the (2006\) record, [Radiodread](/wiki/Radiodread "Radiodread"), released by the [Easy Star](/wiki/Easy_Star "Easy Star") label, providing the guest vocals on the song "Exit Music (For a Film)". Minott's desire for independence led him to leave Studio One in 1978 and form his own Black Roots Records{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.blackrootsrecords.com \\|title\=Black Roots Records \\|publisher\=Blackrootsrecords.com \\|accessdate\=18 December 2012}} label and Youth Promotion organization, the latter with the aim of helping young singers from the same ghetto background as himself. Minott also ran the Youthman Promotion sound\-system, giving young performers their first public exposure. Youthman Promotion has new selectors working alongside the veterans of Major Stitch, Ragga Steve and Drifter, Daddy Ants, Mr Shorty and Jimmy Knuckles. The selectors most recently{{When\\|date\=January 2021}} added to the sound are DiGeneral Starry B in 2007, alongside Poochiny and Jr War, who were added in 2012\. Ragga Steve has taken full control of the sound with Earl Minott in the UK.{{Cn\\|date\=January 2021}} Minott married music executive Maxine Stowe, niece of Clement Coxsone Dodd in 1993, she was then working at [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records"). They met At Coxsone’s Music City in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), New York in 1978, where they collaborated and produced the album Roots Lovers. They have four children, Rachiim, Jahson, Candice and Osunya. Sugar has 13 children with one, Alton, predeceasing him. The other children are Tamar, Lincoln Jr., Daniel, Debbie, Andrew, Tamar Elaine, Kelly \& Linval.{{cn\\|date\=May 2024}}	[ "Biography\n---------", "After working as a selector on the Sound of Silence Keystone [sound system](/wiki/Sound_system_%28Jamaican%29 \"Sound system (Jamaican)\"), and then his own Gathering of Youth system, he began his singing career as part of [The African Brothers](/wiki/The_African_Brothers \"The African Brothers\") in 1969, along with [Tony Tuff](/wiki/Tony_Tuff \"Tony Tuff\") and Derrick Howard. The group released several singles in the first half of the 1970s on labels such as Micron and their own Ital label, and were an early example of the [Rastafari movement](/wiki/Rastafari_movement \"Rastafari movement\")'s influence on the [Jamaican music](/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica \"Music of Jamaica\") scene, taking a clear lead from [The Abyssinians](/wiki/The_Abyssinians \"The Abyssinians\"). After recording \"Mysterious Nature\" for producer [Rupie Edwards](/wiki/Rupie_Edwards \"Rupie Edwards\"), the group recorded 1974's \"No Cup No Broke\" for [Studio One](/wiki/Studio_One_%28record_label%29 \"Studio One (record label)\"), breaking up shortly after.\nMinott then teamed up with the producer [Clement \"Coxsone\" Dodd](/wiki/Coxsone_Dodd \"Coxsone Dodd\"), as studio apprentice at Dodd's Studio One, working as a singer, guitarist and percussionist, and soon began recording his own singles.Larkin, Colin: \"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae\", Virgin Books, 1998, {{ISBN\\\|0\\-7535\\-0242\\-9}} Minott developed a talent for writing new songs to fit over existing rhythms (which at the time was common when singers performed live, but rare in the studio), often proving more popular than the original songs, pioneering an approach that would be central to the emerging [dancehall](/wiki/Dancehall \"Dancehall\") style.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Black\\\|first1\\=Roy\\\|title\\=Sugar Minott A Dancehall Pioneer\\\|url\\=http://jamaica\\-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20180527/music\\-diaries\\-sugar\\-minott\\-dancehall\\-pioneer\\\|website\\=Jamaica Gleaner\\\|accessdate\\=30 May 2018\\\|date\\=28 May 2018}}", "After a number of moderately successful hits for Studio One, such as \"Vanity\", \"Hang On Natty\", \"Mr. DC\", and \"Jah Jah Children\", his debut LP Live Loving made his name and increased his popularity, and is regarded as pioneering the dancehall style that would dominate the early 1980s. It was followed in 1979 with a second album, Showcase, which included his singles that had been omitted from the first album.", "The Bittersweet album followed, and then the third album of 1979, Ghetto\\-ology, which saw a return to [roots reggae](/wiki/Roots_reggae \"Roots reggae\"). Roots Lovers (1980\\) saw a move towards [lovers rock](/wiki/Lovers_rock \"Lovers rock\"), which was a UK hit. He became a bigger star in the UK than in Jamaica, his self\\-produced \"Hard Time Pressure\" being a major UK reggae hit in 1980, leading Minott to relocate to the UK, where he became a focus for UK reggae.", "Singles such as \"Run Come\", \"Not for Sale\", \"African Girl\", \"Lovers Rock\", \"In a Dis Ya Time\", \"Africa\" and \"Make It with You\" (with [Carroll Thompson](/wiki/Carroll_Thompson \"Carroll Thompson\")) were hits in the years that followed. \"[Good Thing Going](/wiki/We%27ve_Got_a_Good_Thing_Going \"We've Got a Good Thing Going\")\" (a [cover](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of a song originally recorded by [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\") in 1971\\) was picked up for distribution by [RCA](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\") and reached Number 4 in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\") in March 1981, leading to an album of the same name. The Herbman Hustling album saw a return to dancehall and [roots reggae](/wiki/Roots_reggae \"Roots reggae\").", "He released an album of recordings from [Channel One Studios](/wiki/Channel_One_Studios \"Channel One Studios\"), With Lots Of Extra in 1983, collecting several hits from his time working with [Winston Holness](/wiki/Winston_Holness \"Winston Holness\").", "Returning to Jamaica, his Youth Promotion sound system performed regularly in Kingston's Maxfield Park, featuring [Jah Stitch](/wiki/Jah_Stitch \"Jah Stitch\") and newcomers who had been nurtured by his organization such as [Ranking Joe](/wiki/Ranking_Joe \"Ranking Joe\"), [Captain Sinbad](/wiki/Captain_Sinbad \"Captain Sinbad\"), and [Ranking Dread](/wiki/Ranking_Dread \"Ranking Dread\"). His Black Roots label featured his productions of these artists plus others such as [Barry Brown](/wiki/Barry_Brown_%28singer%29 \"Barry Brown (singer)\"), [Tenor Saw](/wiki/Tenor_Saw \"Tenor Saw\"), [Little John](/wiki/Little_John_%28musician%29 \"Little John (musician)\"), [Tony Tuff](/wiki/Tony_Tuff \"Tony Tuff\"), [Barrington Levy](/wiki/Barrington_Levy \"Barrington Levy\"), [Horace Andy](/wiki/Horace_Andy \"Horace Andy\"), and one of his discoveries from England, [Trevor Hartley](/wiki/Trevor_Hartley \"Trevor Hartley\"). Minott also produced early works by [Nitty Gritty](/wiki/Nitty_Gritty \"Nitty Gritty\"), [Junior Reid](/wiki/Junior_Reid \"Junior Reid\"), [Yami Bolo](/wiki/Yami_Bolo \"Yami Bolo\"), Colourman, [Daddy Freddy](/wiki/Daddy_Freddy \"Daddy Freddy\") and [Garnett Silk](/wiki/Garnett_Silk \"Garnett Silk\").", "In 1980s he was working with producers in Jamaica including, [Mikey Dread](/wiki/Mikey_Dread \"Mikey Dread\"), [George Phang](/wiki/George_Phang \"George Phang\"), [Sly and Robbie](/wiki/Sly_and_Robbie \"Sly and Robbie\"), [Philip \"Fatis\" Burrell](/wiki/Philip_%22Fatis%22_Burrell \"Philip \"), Channel One, [Prince Jammy](/wiki/Prince_Jammy \"Prince Jammy\"), and [Donovan Germain](/wiki/Donovan_Germain \"Donovan Germain\"), as well as recording for United States–based Lloyd \"Bullwackie\" Barnes (the Wicked A Go feel It album from 1984\\). His biggest hits included \"Herbman Hustling\", \"No Vacancy\", \"Jamming in the Street\", \"Rub A Dub Sound\", \"Buy Off The Bar\", \"Rydim\", and \"Devil's Pickney\".", "He linked up with Sly and Robbie for 1984's \"Rub a Dub Sound Style\" single, which is regarded as a prototype for the [ragga](/wiki/Ragga \"Ragga\") style that developed in the mid\\-1980s. Sugar Minott continued to record on his Black Roots label, Youth Promotion Label and for Major and Independent labels. His albums receive increasingly exciting reviews. He released over 60 albums and hundreds of singles. He is one of the artists who appeared on the (2006\\) record, [Radiodread](/wiki/Radiodread \"Radiodread\"), released by the [Easy Star](/wiki/Easy_Star \"Easy Star\") label, providing the guest vocals on the song \"Exit Music (For a Film)\".", "Minott's desire for independence led him to leave Studio One in 1978 and form his own Black Roots Records{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.blackrootsrecords.com \\\|title\\=Black Roots Records \\\|publisher\\=Blackrootsrecords.com \\\|accessdate\\=18 December 2012}} label and Youth Promotion organization, the latter with the aim of helping young singers from the same ghetto background as himself. Minott also ran the Youthman Promotion sound\\-system, giving young performers their first public exposure. Youthman Promotion has new selectors working alongside the veterans of Major Stitch, Ragga Steve and Drifter, Daddy Ants, Mr Shorty and Jimmy Knuckles. The selectors most recently{{When\\\|date\\=January 2021}} added to the sound are DiGeneral Starry B in 2007, alongside Poochiny and Jr War, who were added in 2012\\. Ragga Steve has taken full control of the sound with Earl Minott in the UK.{{Cn\\\|date\\=January 2021}}", "Minott married music executive Maxine Stowe, niece of Clement Coxsone Dodd in 1993, she was then working at [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\"). They met At Coxsone’s Music City in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"), New York in 1978, where they collaborated and produced the album Roots Lovers. They have four children, Rachiim, Jahson, Candice and Osunya. Sugar has 13 children with one, Alton, predeceasing him. The other children are Tamar, Lincoln Jr., Daniel, Debbie, Andrew, Tamar Elaine, Kelly \\& Linval.{{cn\\\|date\\=May 2024}}", "" ]
German invasion --------------- Lelyushenko enjoyed rapid promotion in this phase of his career. Such advancement was certainly partly due to the previous Soviet army purges, which had created a climate of opportunity, but also to the reputation he gained in Finland, where he had developed successful infantry cooperation tactics. Whatever the reason, by spring 1941 Lelyushenko held the rank of major general and was designated commander of [21st Mechanized Corps](/wiki/21st_Mechanized_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 "21st Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)"), based within the Moscow military district with which he was obviously familiar. This early war Soviet formation consisted, at the time, of 2 tank divisions and 1 motorized rifle division. Tanks on strength were all [BT7](/wiki/BT7 "BT7") and [T26](/wiki/T-26_tank "T-26 tank") models; the new [T34](/wiki/T-34 "T-34") and [KV\-1](/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank "Kliment Voroshilov tank") models which were later to cause German forces so much trouble were not yet available in quantity. On 23 June 1941, the day after Germany launched [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa "Operation Barbarossa"), Lelyushenko set about reorganising his command to combat the specific threats of the German invasion. Casualties began to mount as German aircraft raided his dispersal areas. Lelyushenko began his war with an offensive at [Daugavpils](/wiki/Daugavpils "Daugavpils") on 28 June, when his Corps put in a strong attack on the 56 Panzer Corps. This was noted by General [von Manstein](/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein "Erich von Manstein"), in his book ‘[Lost Victories](/wiki/Verlorene_Siege "Verlorene Siege")’, where he describes the resulting German position as repeatedly becoming “quite critical” before they were able to regain control. Overall, however, the Soviet armies were struggling. It would seem that Lelyushenko's strong character was an asset in this environment, responsible for his retaining poise and energy as the battlefield position altered constantly. Attached to the Northwestern Front Lelyushenko earned himself the Order of the Red Star for his stubborn defence as Soviet forces nonetheless fell back 450 km in 18 days. In August Lelyushenko was summoned by [Stalin](/wiki/Stalin "Stalin") and charged with forming 22 tank brigades – a new type of formation – which were to be armed with T34 and KV1 tanks. In this capacity he had command over numerous future Soviet ‘leading lights’ of the armoured forces, such as Rotmistrov, Katukov, Solomatin, all of whom were brigade commanders under Lelyushenko.	[ "German invasion\n---------------", "Lelyushenko enjoyed rapid promotion in this phase of his career. Such advancement was certainly partly due to the previous Soviet army purges, which had created a climate of opportunity, but also to the reputation he gained in Finland, where he had developed successful infantry cooperation tactics. Whatever the reason, by spring 1941 Lelyushenko held the rank of major general and was designated commander of [21st Mechanized Corps](/wiki/21st_Mechanized_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"21st Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\"), based within the Moscow military district with which he was obviously familiar. This early war Soviet formation consisted, at the time, of 2 tank divisions and 1 motorized rifle division. Tanks on strength were all [BT7](/wiki/BT7 \"BT7\") and [T26](/wiki/T-26_tank \"T-26 tank\") models; the new [T34](/wiki/T-34 \"T-34\") and [KV\\-1](/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank \"Kliment Voroshilov tank\") models which were later to cause German forces so much trouble were not yet available in quantity.", "On 23 June 1941, the day after Germany launched [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa \"Operation Barbarossa\"), Lelyushenko set about reorganising his command to combat the specific threats of the German invasion. Casualties began to mount as German aircraft raided his dispersal areas.", "Lelyushenko began his war with an offensive at [Daugavpils](/wiki/Daugavpils \"Daugavpils\") on 28 June, when his Corps put in a strong attack on the 56 Panzer Corps. This was noted by General [von Manstein](/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein \"Erich von Manstein\"), in his book ‘[Lost Victories](/wiki/Verlorene_Siege \"Verlorene Siege\")’, where he describes the resulting German position as repeatedly becoming “quite critical” before they were able to regain control.", "Overall, however, the Soviet armies were struggling. It would seem that Lelyushenko's strong character was an asset in this environment, responsible for his retaining poise and energy as the battlefield position altered constantly. Attached to the Northwestern Front Lelyushenko earned himself the Order of the Red Star for his stubborn defence as Soviet forces nonetheless fell back 450 km in 18 days.", "In August Lelyushenko was summoned by [Stalin](/wiki/Stalin \"Stalin\") and charged with forming 22 tank brigades – a new type of formation – which were to be armed with T34 and KV1 tanks. In this capacity he had command over numerous future Soviet ‘leading lights’ of the armoured forces, such as Rotmistrov, Katukov, Solomatin, all of whom were brigade commanders under Lelyushenko.", "" ]
Characters ---------- ### Messy Messy ([Adam Buxton](/wiki/Adam_Buxton "Adam Buxton")) is a blue monster, excitable and curious. He lives underneath a bed and ventures out often to discover new things and learn. Whilst Messy means well his excitement can often land him in trouble, he can't control his urge to push buttons and can never get enough of eating socks (green socks are his preferred snack) and sandwiches. Whenever Messy finds something new that he's curious about, he travels to OKIDO to meet his friends and discover the answer. ### Zoe Zoe ([Kate Harbour](/wiki/Kate_Harbour "Kate Harbour")) is one of Messy's best friends who lives in OKIDO with her brother Felix. Zoe is very smart and sensible, she hates being late and getting lost but has a passion for gadgets and gizmos, her favourite is her communications watch which she can use to call Zim, Zam \& Zoom. ### Felix Felix ([Shelley Longworth](/wiki/Shelley_Longworth "Shelley Longworth")) is one of Messy's best friends who lives in OKIDO with his sister Zoe. Felix loves using his imagination, being inventive and being prepared. He always packs a rucksack with useful things to help on their adventures. ### Zim Zim ([Rob Rackstraw](/wiki/Rob_Rackstraw "Rob Rackstraw")) is a yellow talking computer with a white screen who knows a lot about science. He works in the ZZZ Tower with Zam and Zoom. Zim is not very good at practical things like reading maps and this often leads to disagreements with Zam. Whenever Zim gets confused his screen starts buffering. ### Zam Zam ([Kate Harbour](/wiki/Kate_Harbour "Kate Harbour")) is a triangle\-shaped engineer who is brilliant at fixing things; she also works in the ZZZ Tower. She is quite bossy and sometimes tells Zim off if he is getting in the way. Zam uses her tools to make all kinds of gadgets and vehicles. Zam also loves doing experiments, particularly when they blow up. ### Zoom Zoom is Zim and Zam's lab assistant. Zoom can morph into any shape he wants as long as it is not bigger than his body. This is very useful when the OKIDO gang are on an adventure. He doesn't speak but can make noises. Zoom is the only character, aside from Messy, to appear in every episode. ### Other characters Mayor Oki is the Mayor of OKIDO, has his own TV show called OKIDO Today and a private jet 'Mayor\-Force\-One'. Lolly runs the ice\-cream van and beach cafe. She is very friendly and chilled out. Geoffrey owns the OKIDO cafe. He used to be an actor but one day forgot his lines and has never acted again. Snowden is a friendly, fun\-loving monster that lives in the snowy mountains. Fluff is a big white cloud from the mountains, she is very calm, sweet and kind. Stan Tall, also known as Stan, is OKIDO's biggest, strongest robot.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=soUB44KgqtQ \\| title\=Messy Goes to OKIDO \\| Stand Tall \\| Akili Kids! \\| website\=\[\[YouTube]]\\| date\=10 April 2021 }}	[ "Characters\n----------", "### Messy", "Messy ([Adam Buxton](/wiki/Adam_Buxton \"Adam Buxton\")) is a blue monster, excitable and curious. He lives underneath a bed and ventures out often to discover new things and learn. Whilst Messy means well his excitement can often land him in trouble, he can't control his urge to push buttons and can never get enough of eating socks (green socks are his preferred snack) and sandwiches. Whenever Messy finds something new that he's curious about, he travels to OKIDO to meet his friends and discover the answer.", "### Zoe", "Zoe ([Kate Harbour](/wiki/Kate_Harbour \"Kate Harbour\")) is one of Messy's best friends who lives in OKIDO with her brother Felix. Zoe is very smart and sensible, she hates being late and getting lost but has a passion for gadgets and gizmos, her favourite is her communications watch which she can use to call Zim, Zam \\& Zoom.", "### Felix", "Felix ([Shelley Longworth](/wiki/Shelley_Longworth \"Shelley Longworth\")) is one of Messy's best friends who lives in OKIDO with his sister Zoe. Felix loves using his imagination, being inventive and being prepared. He always packs a rucksack with useful things to help on their adventures.", "### Zim", "Zim ([Rob Rackstraw](/wiki/Rob_Rackstraw \"Rob Rackstraw\")) is a yellow talking computer with a white screen who knows a lot about science. He works in the ZZZ Tower with Zam and Zoom. Zim is not very good at practical things like reading maps and this often leads to disagreements with Zam. Whenever Zim gets confused his screen starts buffering.", "### Zam", "Zam ([Kate Harbour](/wiki/Kate_Harbour \"Kate Harbour\")) is a triangle\\-shaped engineer who is brilliant at fixing things; she also works in the ZZZ Tower. She is quite bossy and sometimes tells Zim off if he is getting in the way. Zam uses her tools to make all kinds of gadgets and vehicles. Zam also loves doing experiments, particularly when they blow up.", "### Zoom", "Zoom is Zim and Zam's lab assistant. Zoom can morph into any shape he wants as long as it is not bigger than his body. This is very useful when the OKIDO gang are on an adventure. He doesn't speak but can make noises. Zoom is the only character, aside from Messy, to appear in every episode.", "### Other characters", "Mayor Oki is the Mayor of OKIDO, has his own TV show called OKIDO Today and a private jet 'Mayor\\-Force\\-One'.", "Lolly runs the ice\\-cream van and beach cafe. She is very friendly and chilled out.", "Geoffrey owns the OKIDO cafe. He used to be an actor but one day forgot his lines and has never acted again.", "Snowden is a friendly, fun\\-loving monster that lives in the snowy mountains.", "Fluff is a big white cloud from the mountains, she is very calm, sweet and kind.", "Stan Tall, also known as Stan, is OKIDO's biggest, strongest robot.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=soUB44KgqtQ \\\| title\\=Messy Goes to OKIDO \\\| Stand Tall \\\| Akili Kids! \\\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\\| date\\=10 April 2021 }}", "" ]
Edgeworth model --------------- Edgeworth's model follows Bertrand's hypothesis, where each seller assumes that the price of its competitor, not its output, remains constant. Suppose there are two sellers, A and B, facing the same demand curve in the market. To explain Edgeworth's model, let us first assume that A is the only seller in the market. Follow the [profit maximization](/wiki/Profit_maximization "Profit maximization") rules of the monopolistic seller, and then let B enter the market. B assumes that A will not change its price because he is making the most profit. B sets the price slightly lower than A's price and can sell its total output. At this price, B occupies a large part of the A market. On the other hand, the sales of Seller A have fallen. To regain the market, A sets the price slightly lower than B's price. And leads to price wars between sellers. A price war takes the form of a price reduction and continues until the price reaches a specific price. At this price, both A and B can sell all their products. Therefore, this price can be expected to stable. However, according to Edgeworth, prices should be unstable. The reason is simple. Once a specific price set in the market, the seller will discover an interesting fact. This means that every seller is aware that their competitors are selling all of their products and will not change the price. Every seller believes that price can be increased and a net profit can be obtained. This understanding forms the basis of their actions and reactions. For example, let seller A take the initiative to increase its price by two times. Assuming that A maintains his price, B will find that if he raises the price to a level slightly less than two times, B can sell all his products at a higher price and obtain greater profits. Therefore, B increased the price according to the plan. Now it's A's turn to understand the situation and react. A finds that his price is higher than that of B, and his total sales have fallen. Therefore, assuming B retains its price, A reduces its price slightly lower than B's price. Therefore, the price war between A and B starts again. This process will continue indefinitely, and the price will continue to move up and down between 1 and 2 times. Obviously, according to Edgeworth's duopoly model, since price and output are never determined, the equilibrium is unstable and uncertain. {{cite web \\|last1\=Kumar \\|first1\=Manoj \\|title\=4 Types of Duopoly Models (With Diagram) \\|url\=https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/duopoly/4\-types\-of\-duopoly\-models\-with\-diagram/7364 \\|website\=Economics Discussion \\|date\=8 May 2015}} The Edgeworth model shows that the oligopoly price fluctuates between the [perfect competition](/wiki/Perfect_competition "Perfect competition") market and the perfect [monopoly](/wiki/Monopoly "Monopoly"), and there is no stable equilibrium.{{cite journal \\|last1\=Xavier \\|first1\=Vives \\|title\=Edgeworth and modern oligopoly theory \\|journal\=European Economic Review \\|date\=1 April 1993 \\|volume\=37 \\|issue\=2–3 \\|pages\=463–476 \\|doi\=10\.1016/0014\-2921(93\)90035\-9}} Unlike the Bertrand paradox, the situation of both companies charging zero\-profit prices is not an equilibrium, since either company can raise its price and generate profits. Nor is the situation where one company charges less than the other an equilibrium, since the lower price company can profitably raise its price towards the higher price company's price. Nor is the situation where both companies charge the same positive\-profit price, since either company can then lower its price marginally and profitably capture more of the market.{{cite book\\|title\=Public Finance \\|author\= Carl Sumner Shoup\\|year\=2005\\|publisher\=Aldine Transaction\\|isbn\=0\-202\-30785\-9\\|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=N\_JHg2A2uw0C\&dq\=%22Edgeworth\+paradox%22\&pg\=PA155}}	[ "Edgeworth model\n---------------", "Edgeworth's model follows Bertrand's hypothesis, where each seller assumes that the price of its competitor, not its output, remains constant. Suppose there are two sellers, A and B, facing the same demand curve in the market. To explain Edgeworth's model, let us first assume that A is the only seller in the market. Follow the [profit maximization](/wiki/Profit_maximization \"Profit maximization\") rules of the monopolistic seller, and then let B enter the market. B assumes that A will not change its price because he is making the most profit. B sets the price slightly lower than A's price and can sell its total output. At this price, B occupies a large part of the A market.", "On the other hand, the sales of Seller A have fallen. To regain the market, A sets the price slightly lower than B's price. And leads to price wars between sellers.", "A price war takes the form of a price reduction and continues until the price reaches a specific price. At this price, both A and B can sell all their products. Therefore, this price can be expected to stable. However, according to Edgeworth, prices should be unstable.\nThe reason is simple. Once a specific price set in the market, the seller will discover an interesting fact. This means that every seller is aware that their competitors are selling all of their products and will not change the price. Every seller believes that price can be increased and a net profit can be obtained.", "This understanding forms the basis of their actions and reactions. For example, let seller A take the initiative to increase its price by two times. Assuming that A maintains his price, B will find that if he raises the price to a level slightly less than two times, B can sell all his products at a higher price and obtain greater profits. Therefore, B increased the price according to the plan.", "Now it's A's turn to understand the situation and react. A finds that his price is higher than that of B, and his total sales have fallen. Therefore, assuming B retains its price, A reduces its price slightly lower than B's price.", "Therefore, the price war between A and B starts again. This process will continue indefinitely, and the price will continue to move up and down between 1 and 2 times. Obviously, according to Edgeworth's duopoly model, since price and output are never determined, the equilibrium is unstable and uncertain. \n{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Kumar \\\|first1\\=Manoj \\\|title\\=4 Types of Duopoly Models (With Diagram) \\\|url\\=https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/duopoly/4\\-types\\-of\\-duopoly\\-models\\-with\\-diagram/7364 \\\|website\\=Economics Discussion \\\|date\\=8 May 2015}}", "The Edgeworth model shows that the oligopoly price fluctuates between the [perfect competition](/wiki/Perfect_competition \"Perfect competition\") market and the perfect [monopoly](/wiki/Monopoly \"Monopoly\"), and there is no stable equilibrium.{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Xavier \\\|first1\\=Vives \\\|title\\=Edgeworth and modern oligopoly theory \\\|journal\\=European Economic Review \\\|date\\=1 April 1993 \\\|volume\\=37 \\\|issue\\=2–3 \\\|pages\\=463–476 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0014\\-2921(93\\)90035\\-9}}", "Unlike the Bertrand paradox, the situation of both companies charging zero\\-profit prices is not an equilibrium, since either company can raise its price and generate profits. Nor is the situation where one company charges less than the other an equilibrium, since the lower price company can profitably raise its price towards the higher price company's price. Nor is the situation where both companies charge the same positive\\-profit price, since either company can then lower its price marginally and profitably capture more of the market.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Public Finance \\\|author\\= Carl Sumner Shoup\\\|year\\=2005\\\|publisher\\=Aldine Transaction\\\|isbn\\=0\\-202\\-30785\\-9\\\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N\\_JHg2A2uw0C\\&dq\\=%22Edgeworth\\+paradox%22\\&pg\\=PA155}}", "" ]
History ------- The IGN is the successor to the [Geographical Service of the Army](/wiki/Service_g%C3%A9ographique_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e "Service géographique de l'armée") (Service Géographique de L’Armée or SGA), which was founded in 1887 and disbanded in 1940, itself a successor to the [Dépôt de la Guerre](/wiki/D%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_de_la_Guerre "Dépôt de la Guerre"). The old maps produced by the SGA were divided into two batches: one which remained at the Institute and one which joined the military files of [Vincennes](/wiki/Vincennes "Vincennes"). The general Louis Hurault, who was at the origin of these modifications, was the first director of the IGN. He tried, in vain, to recover the material shared by the Germans. A law in ten articles is signed the 14 in order to define the functions of the IGN. The statutes had been signed the 8\. This established the national School of geographical sciences in order to train Cartographical engineers. During the Second World War, the IGN became famous for its counterfeiters. The cartographers are indeed experts in penmanship and the material necessary to the production of fake identity papers was available to the institute. Certain engineers of the IGN were in contact with the services of allied information based in London. In secret, they brought a complete set of maps to London covering France and North Africa in order to replace maps destroyed in a bombardment. The agents of the IGN took an active part in armed resistance in 1943\. Several agents were shot by the Germans or died in action. Between September 1944 and on 8 May 1945, the IGN was under the control of the "provisional government" and most of its personnel and of his services are transformed into "military geographical Service". At the end of the war, the IGN received the thanks of Generals Bradley and Eisenhower. Between 1945 and 1946, the debate is intense concerning the future of the IGN, last creation of the Third Republic. A law is finally signed the 8\. It confirms the membership of the IGN to the Ministry of works and create the "geographical Section of staff of the Army", new section in charge of the military map. In 1947, the IGN receives the mission of covering the whole France, but also all the dependents' territories, like North Africa, Western Africa, Madagascar, the countries associated with Indochina and the departments and overseas territories. The task is considerable with more than 12 million km ² being covered. The independence of these countries will have as a consequence the creation of national services in each country (examples: DTGC in Senegal, IGN\-N in Niger). To carry out the aerial survey task, the IGN was equipped in 1948 with several ex [USAAF](/wiki/USAAF "USAAF") [Boeing B\-17](/wiki/Boeing_B-17 "Boeing B-17") Flying Fortresses, specially modified for the task. They were based at Creil airfield to the north of Paris. The aircraft were replaced by French\-built [Hurel\-Dubois HD.34](/wiki/Hurel-Dubois_HD.34 "Hurel-Dubois HD.34") twin engined survey aircraft in the late 1950s. The IGN then initiates a period of active co\-operation with the majority of these organizations by providing some engineers of the IGN and also receive the students of the ENSG who intended to become the executives of the cartographic services of new independent countries. The activity of the IGN apart from the French territory also develops by the control geodesic project(Ecuador 1975, Libya 1979, Saudi Arabia 1981\), of cartography (Saudi Arabia, Burundi, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin...). [thumb\\|right\\|[Boeing B\-17](/wiki/Boeing_B-17 "Boeing B-17") survey aircraft of the IGN at Creil airfield in 1957](/wiki/Image:Boeing_B-17G_F-BGSH_IGN_Creil_26.05.57_edited-2.jpg "Boeing B-17G F-BGSH IGN Creil 26.05.57 edited-2.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|[Hurel\-Dubois HD.34](/wiki/Hurel-Dubois_HD.34 "Hurel-Dubois HD.34") survey aircraft of the IGN at Creil in 1967](/wiki/Image:Hurel_Dubois_HD.34_F-BICP_IGN_Creil_02.06.67_edited-2.jpg "Hurel Dubois HD.34 F-BICP IGN Creil 02.06.67 edited-2.jpg") 1982 to 1988, the control of a large topometric project and numerical cartography in Riyadh is the occasion to massively introduce digital techniques into the processing production; in parallel, the idea of a topoland data base emerges at meetings of the "national Commission of the geographical information" chaired by Guy Lengagne; this commission returns his report in 1983 and outlines numerical geographical information then in agreement with the period of the basic map with 1:25 000\.Publicly owned establishment related to administration since 1 January 1967, it is placed under the supervision of the ministry for Transport, the equipment, tourism and the sea. In 1971, the IGN and the CNES form the "Group of research of geodesic space". This collaboration between the IGN and the CNES continues with the launching of the program SPOT the 5\. The launching of satellite SPOT\-1 takes place the 22\.Six days after take SPOT\-1 in orbit, the IGN create its programme of "data bases launches", the "data bases". The data base of the cities, the data base of leveling distribution, the data base of geodesic distribution, the aerial missions data base and the toponyms data base were progressively established . The "Topo data base", bases of topographic data digitized, covers from now on the whole of France and includes nearly two million toponyms. Its activities abroad begin into 1986 within a new subsidiary private company IGN France International. From 2000, the IGN develops the concept of Reference frame on a Large Scale (référentiel à grande échelle \= RGE); it is a question of completing within a deadline short digitalization the cartography of the French territory with a meter scale and according to four components: topography, land registry and address. This RGE is entirely completed at the end of 2008\. Then it enter in a cycle of maintenance in June 2006, the IGN opened the service [Géoportail](/wiki/G%C3%A9oportail "Géoportail") allowing the cartographic visualization of the French territory on a Web navigator and using on one hand funds of air photographs and on the other hand the digitized maps to the 1/25 000\. "Phase 2" of Géoportail was put on line one year later, with a new ergonomics. At the end of 2006, the IGN was involved in the production of a receiver [GPS](/wiki/Global_Positioning_System "Global Positioning System"), for the excursion and automobile navigation, called Evadeo. The software of [navigation](/wiki/Navigation "Navigation") was provided by [BCI](/wiki/BCI_SA "BCI SA") navigation (replaced in 2008 by [CompeGPS](http://www.compegps.com)), the road data are of [Navteq](/wiki/Navteq "Navteq") and it [puce](/wiki/Circuit_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9 "Circuit intégré") GPS of [SiRF](/wiki/SiRF "SiRF"), and the IGN provides a part with extracts of its maps at various scales. In June 2007, the IGN started offering a service whereby it is possible to have a map printed centred on any location in France. This is similar to the service offered in Great Britain by the [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey "Ordnance Survey"). In July 2007, Géportail – an online map service – began offering 3D movable views in a similar style to GoogleEarth. To use this function, it is necessary to install the plugin [TerraExplorer](/wiki/TerraExplorer "TerraExplorer"). From 1 January 2012, the {{Lang\\|fr\\|Institut Géographique National}} merged with the Inventaire forestier national to form the {{Lang\\|fr\\|Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière}}, keeping the same IGN acronym.[IGN website](http://www.ign.fr)	[ "History\n-------", "The IGN is the successor to the [Geographical Service of the Army](/wiki/Service_g%C3%A9ographique_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e \"Service géographique de l'armée\") (Service Géographique de L’Armée or SGA), which was founded in 1887 and disbanded in 1940, itself a successor to the [Dépôt de la Guerre](/wiki/D%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_de_la_Guerre \"Dépôt de la Guerre\"). The old maps produced by the SGA were divided into two batches: one which remained at the Institute and one which joined the military files of [Vincennes](/wiki/Vincennes \"Vincennes\"). The general Louis Hurault, who was at the origin of these modifications, was the first director of the IGN. He tried, in vain, to recover the material shared by the Germans. A law in ten articles is signed the 14 in order to define the functions of the IGN. The statutes had been signed the 8\\. This established the national School of geographical sciences in order to train Cartographical engineers.", "During the Second World War, the IGN became famous for its counterfeiters. The cartographers are indeed experts in penmanship and the material necessary to the production of fake identity papers was available to the institute. Certain engineers of the IGN were in contact with the services of allied information based in London. In secret, they brought a complete set of maps to London covering France and North Africa in order to replace maps destroyed in a bombardment.", "The agents of the IGN took an active part in armed resistance in 1943\\. Several agents were shot by the Germans or died in action. Between September 1944 and on 8 May 1945, the IGN was under the control of the \"provisional government\" and most of its personnel and of his services are transformed into \"military geographical Service\". At the end of the war, the IGN received the thanks of Generals Bradley and Eisenhower.", "Between 1945 and 1946, the debate is intense concerning the future of the IGN, last creation of the Third Republic. A law is finally signed the 8\\. It confirms the membership of the IGN to the Ministry of works and create the \"geographical Section of staff of the Army\", new section in charge of the military map.", "In 1947, the IGN receives the mission of covering the whole France, but also all the dependents' territories, like North Africa, Western Africa, Madagascar, the countries associated with Indochina and the departments and overseas territories. The task is considerable with more than 12 million km ² being covered. The independence of these countries will have as a consequence the creation of national services in each country (examples: DTGC in Senegal, IGN\\-N in Niger).", "To carry out the aerial survey task, the IGN was equipped in 1948 with several ex [USAAF](/wiki/USAAF \"USAAF\") [Boeing B\\-17](/wiki/Boeing_B-17 \"Boeing B-17\") Flying Fortresses, specially modified for the task. They were based at Creil airfield to the north of Paris. The aircraft were replaced by French\\-built [Hurel\\-Dubois HD.34](/wiki/Hurel-Dubois_HD.34 \"Hurel-Dubois HD.34\") twin engined survey aircraft in the late 1950s.", "The IGN then initiates a period of active co\\-operation with the majority of these organizations by providing some engineers of the IGN and also receive the students of the ENSG who intended to become the executives of the cartographic services of new independent countries. The activity of the IGN apart from the French territory also develops by the control geodesic project(Ecuador 1975, Libya 1979, Saudi Arabia 1981\\), of cartography (Saudi Arabia, Burundi, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin...).\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Boeing B\\-17](/wiki/Boeing_B-17 \"Boeing B-17\") survey aircraft of the IGN at Creil airfield in 1957](/wiki/Image:Boeing_B-17G_F-BGSH_IGN_Creil_26.05.57_edited-2.jpg \"Boeing B-17G F-BGSH IGN Creil 26.05.57 edited-2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Hurel\\-Dubois HD.34](/wiki/Hurel-Dubois_HD.34 \"Hurel-Dubois HD.34\") survey aircraft of the IGN at Creil in 1967](/wiki/Image:Hurel_Dubois_HD.34_F-BICP_IGN_Creil_02.06.67_edited-2.jpg \"Hurel Dubois HD.34 F-BICP IGN Creil 02.06.67 edited-2.jpg\")\n1982 to 1988, the control of a large topometric project and numerical cartography in Riyadh is the occasion to massively introduce digital techniques into the processing production; in parallel, the idea of a topoland data base emerges at meetings of the \"national Commission of the geographical information\" chaired by Guy Lengagne; this commission returns his report in 1983 and outlines numerical geographical information then in agreement with the period of the basic map with 1:25 000\\.Publicly owned establishment related to administration since 1 January 1967, it is placed under the supervision of the ministry for Transport, the equipment, tourism and the sea.", "In 1971, the IGN and the CNES form the \"Group of research of geodesic space\". This collaboration between the IGN and the CNES continues with the launching of the program SPOT the 5\\. The launching of satellite SPOT\\-1 takes place the 22\\.Six days after take SPOT\\-1 in orbit, the IGN create its programme of \"data bases launches\", the \"data bases\". The data base of the cities, the data base of leveling distribution, the data base of geodesic distribution, the aerial missions data base and the toponyms data base were progressively established . The \"Topo data base\", bases of topographic data digitized, covers from now on the whole of France and includes nearly two million toponyms.", "Its activities abroad begin into 1986 within a new subsidiary private company IGN France International.", "From 2000, the IGN develops the concept of Reference frame on a Large Scale (référentiel à grande échelle \\= RGE); it is a question of completing within a deadline short digitalization the cartography of the French territory with a meter scale and according to four components: topography, land registry and address. This RGE is entirely completed at the end of 2008\\. Then it enter in a cycle of maintenance in June 2006, the IGN opened the service [Géoportail](/wiki/G%C3%A9oportail \"Géoportail\") allowing the cartographic visualization of the French territory on a Web navigator and using on one hand funds of air photographs and on the other hand the digitized maps to the 1/25 000\\. \"Phase 2\" of Géoportail was put on line one year later, with a new ergonomics.", "At the end of 2006, the IGN was involved in the production of a receiver [GPS](/wiki/Global_Positioning_System \"Global Positioning System\"), for the excursion and automobile navigation, called Evadeo. The software of [navigation](/wiki/Navigation \"Navigation\") was provided by [BCI](/wiki/BCI_SA \"BCI SA\") navigation (replaced in 2008 by [CompeGPS](http://www.compegps.com)), the road data are of [Navteq](/wiki/Navteq \"Navteq\") and it [puce](/wiki/Circuit_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9 \"Circuit intégré\") GPS of [SiRF](/wiki/SiRF \"SiRF\"), and the IGN provides a part with extracts of its maps at various scales.", "In June 2007, the IGN started offering a service whereby it is possible to have a map printed centred on any location in France. This is similar to the service offered in Great Britain by the [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey \"Ordnance Survey\").", "In July 2007, Géportail – an online map service – began offering 3D movable views in a similar style to GoogleEarth. To use this function, it is necessary to install the plugin [TerraExplorer](/wiki/TerraExplorer \"TerraExplorer\").", "From 1 January 2012, the {{Lang\\\|fr\\\|Institut Géographique National}} merged with the Inventaire forestier national to form the {{Lang\\\|fr\\\|Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière}}, keeping the same IGN acronym.[IGN website](http://www.ign.fr)", "" ]
Plot ---- Professor Owl, who rushes to the schoolhouse full of his fine feathered students as a drum roll, is played on a snare. A brief musical section introduces "the subject for today": the study of musical instruments. Professor Owl explains to the class (and the viewer) that all music originates from four core sounds: toot ([brass](/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument")), whistle ([woodwind](/wiki/Woodwind_instrument "Woodwind instrument")), plunk ([strings](/wiki/String_instrument "String instrument")) and boom ([percussion](/wiki/Percussion_instrument "Percussion instrument")). ### Toot The film jumps to a group of four [cavemen](/wiki/Caveman "Caveman"), each of whom have discovered the nuclear form of one of the above sounds. A portly Caveman Toot discovered that blowing through an old cow's horn produces a pleasing "toot". The short advances to ancient [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") in 2000 BC, where Caveman Toot discovers that metal horns produce even better sounds. He celebrates by breaking into a two\-note [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") solo as Egyptian characters painted on the walls boogie down. Professor Owl explains that making a trumpet longer made its tone lower. The scene switches to a [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") trumpeter who crashes into a column and bends his horn into a grotesque shape, but soon discovers that despite this change in form, the trumpet does not sound any different: it is possible to change the horn's shape without changing the pitch. However, as Professor Owl explains, this horn can only produce certain notes; in order to get all of the notes required for even a simple tune, they would need four horns of different lengths. If there is a horn with valves, then there are four horns in one, and this fact is celebrated with another solo. ### Whistle Caveman Whistle is trying to impress his "cave girl" by blowing through a tube of grass; he further discovers that adding holes to the tube allows him to modify the "whistle" in interesting ways—the more holes Whistle adds the longer the grass tube gets and he invents the first flute. The cave girl is impressed, but then a rival caveman appears, bonks the cave girl on the head with his club, and drags her off by the hair—which makes Caveman Whistle angry. Professor Owl explains that this system of holes is the basis for every woodwind instrument, including the [clarinet](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet") played by [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") and the [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone "Saxophone") played by a jazz musician. ### Plunk Caveman Plunk has discovered that plucking on the string of his bow produces a pleasant "plunk" sound. An off\-screen choir explains–as the animation shows–how to create a simple harp from "taller" Caveman Plunk's bow by adding a jar to make a [resonator](/wiki/Resonator "Resonator"), adding some extra strings, changing the jar to a box of wood, sliding it down and adding tuning pegs, and rearranging it all. Plunk invents the first harp. Professor Owl mentions that the musician can either [pluck](/wiki/Pizzicato "Pizzicato") the harp, which is played by a taller Caveman Plunk, or play it with a [bow](/wiki/Bow_%28music%29 "Bow (music)"), which is played by a shorter Caveman Plunk. The short briefly visits several periods in history, where there are several stringed instruments being played in similar fashion, and finishes with a [string quartet](/wiki/String_quartet "String quartet"), and all of them ending with the strings being broken. ### Boom Caveman Boom hits his stomach to produce a "boom", and hits other things with his hand and his club to make other sounds. Professor Owl explains how a variety of percussion instruments emerged from this basic theory, ranging from rattles to complex drum kits and even the bass drums of marching bands. ### Conclusion The chorus recaps that all music, from the [trombone](/wiki/Trombone "Trombone") to the [calliope](/wiki/Calliope_%28music%29 "Calliope (music)") to the [banjo](/wiki/Banjo "Banjo") to [Latin percussion](/wiki/Latin_percussion "Latin percussion") to "music oriental" to an [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra") in a concert hall, emerge from the four core sounds with Caveman Toot in the brass section, Caveman Whistle in the woodwind section, Caveman Plunk in the string section and Caveman Boom in the percussion section, all wearing [top hats](/wiki/Top_hats "Top hats").	[ "Plot\n----", "Professor Owl, who rushes to the schoolhouse full of his fine feathered students as a drum roll, is played on a snare.", "A brief musical section introduces \"the subject for today\": the study of musical instruments. Professor Owl explains to the class (and the viewer) that all music originates from four core sounds: toot ([brass](/wiki/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\")), whistle ([woodwind](/wiki/Woodwind_instrument \"Woodwind instrument\")), plunk ([strings](/wiki/String_instrument \"String instrument\")) and boom ([percussion](/wiki/Percussion_instrument \"Percussion instrument\")).", "### Toot", "The film jumps to a group of four [cavemen](/wiki/Caveman \"Caveman\"), each of whom have discovered the nuclear form of one of the above sounds. A portly Caveman Toot discovered that blowing through an old cow's horn produces a pleasing \"toot\". The short advances to ancient [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") in 2000 BC, where Caveman Toot discovers that metal horns produce even better sounds. He celebrates by breaking into a two\\-note [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") solo as Egyptian characters painted on the walls boogie down.", "Professor Owl explains that making a trumpet longer made its tone lower. The scene switches to a [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") trumpeter who crashes into a column and bends his horn into a grotesque shape, but soon discovers that despite this change in form, the trumpet does not sound any different: it is possible to change the horn's shape without changing the pitch. However, as Professor Owl explains, this horn can only produce certain notes; in order to get all of the notes required for even a simple tune, they would need four horns of different lengths. If there is a horn with valves, then there are four horns in one, and this fact is celebrated with another solo.", "### Whistle", "Caveman Whistle is trying to impress his \"cave girl\" by blowing through a tube of grass; he further discovers that adding holes to the tube allows him to modify the \"whistle\" in interesting ways—the more holes Whistle adds the longer the grass tube gets and he invents the first flute. The cave girl is impressed, but then a rival caveman appears, bonks the cave girl on the head with his club, and drags her off by the hair—which makes Caveman Whistle angry.", "Professor Owl explains that this system of holes is the basis for every woodwind instrument, including the [clarinet](/wiki/Clarinet \"Clarinet\") played by [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") and the [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone \"Saxophone\") played by a jazz musician.", "### Plunk", "Caveman Plunk has discovered that plucking on the string of his bow produces a pleasant \"plunk\" sound. An off\\-screen choir explains–as the animation shows–how to create a simple harp from \"taller\" Caveman Plunk's bow by adding a jar to make a [resonator](/wiki/Resonator \"Resonator\"), adding some extra strings, changing the jar to a box of wood, sliding it down and adding tuning pegs, and rearranging it all. Plunk invents the first harp.", "Professor Owl mentions that the musician can either [pluck](/wiki/Pizzicato \"Pizzicato\") the harp, which is played by a taller Caveman Plunk, or play it with a [bow](/wiki/Bow_%28music%29 \"Bow (music)\"), which is played by a shorter Caveman Plunk. The short briefly visits several periods in history, where there are several stringed instruments being played in similar fashion, and finishes with a [string quartet](/wiki/String_quartet \"String quartet\"), and all of them ending with the strings being broken.", "### Boom", "Caveman Boom hits his stomach to produce a \"boom\", and hits other things with his hand and his club to make other sounds. Professor Owl explains how a variety of percussion instruments emerged from this basic theory, ranging from rattles to complex drum kits and even the bass drums of marching bands.", "### Conclusion", "The chorus recaps that all music, from the [trombone](/wiki/Trombone \"Trombone\") to the [calliope](/wiki/Calliope_%28music%29 \"Calliope (music)\") to the [banjo](/wiki/Banjo \"Banjo\") to [Latin percussion](/wiki/Latin_percussion \"Latin percussion\") to \"music oriental\" to an [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra \"Orchestra\") in a concert hall, emerge from the four core sounds with Caveman Toot in the brass section, Caveman Whistle in the woodwind section, Caveman Plunk in the string section and Caveman Boom in the percussion section, all wearing [top hats](/wiki/Top_hats \"Top hats\").", "" ]
Biography --------- Born in [Melville, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Melville%2C_Saskatchewan "Melville, Saskatchewan"), he received a [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts") degree from the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba "University of Manitoba") in 1929 and a [Bachelor of Law](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Law "Bachelor of Law") degree from the [University of Saskatchewan](/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan "University of Saskatchewan") in 1932\. He was called to Bar of Saskatchewan in 1933\. From 1933 to 1940, he practised law in Melville, Saskatchewan with the law firm Kanee \& Deroche. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), he served with the [Canadian Army](/wiki/Canadian_Army "Canadian Army") in Europe and the South Pacific. He was discharged with the rank of Major. He and his wife Florence had one son, Stephen, now resident in Minneapolis. After the war, he practised law in [Winnipeg, Manitoba](/wiki/Winnipeg%2C_Manitoba "Winnipeg, Manitoba") with the law firm, Shinbane, Dorfman \& Kanee, until 1965\. He was the owner and President of Soo Line Mills, which he took over after his father's death, and several other businesses in Winnipeg. Under his supervision, in 1955, the Soo Line Milling Company switched from conveyor belt operation to a pneumatic drive; this was the first flour mill to make this switch in the Western hemisphere. In addition to his national and international contributions, Sol Kanee worked hard to improve his city, [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg "Winnipeg"). There, he chaired the Community Welfare Planning Council, and worked tirelessly for a variety of organisations, including the Society for Crippled Children and Adults, the United Way, the [Royal Winnipeg Ballet](/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Ballet "Royal Winnipeg Ballet") (which he helped lift from obscurity), the board of governors of the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba "University of Manitoba") (of which he was chair) and the Sharon Home. Sol Kanee devoted much of his energy toward improving the status of Jews around the world. He rose through the ranks to become president of the [Canadian Jewish Congress](/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Congress "Canadian Jewish Congress") from 1971 to 1974, and worked on the executive of the [World Jewish Congress](/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress "World Jewish Congress"). He passionately supported and advocated on behalf of the state of [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), and using his connections in Canadian politics, he convinced [C.D. Howe](/wiki/C.D._Howe "C.D. Howe") not only to sell arms to Israel, but to do so at discounted rates; he later procured planes and cargo to supply relief to the young country. His other, international humanitarian projects included fighting to secure reparations from Germany and persuading the Russian government to ease its restriction on Russian Jews emigrating to Israel. Sol Kanee's immense contributions to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and the world earned him several important distinctions, including the Centennial of Canada Medal in 1967, an Honorary Doctor of Laws from the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba "University of Manitoba") in 1974, the Canadian Jewish Congress Samuel Bronfman Medal in 1978, the International [B'nai Brith](/wiki/B%27nai_Brith "B'nai Brith") Humanitarian Award in 1979 and the [Nahum Goldmann](/wiki/Nahum_Goldmann "Nahum Goldmann") Medal in 1995\. The Winnipeg Jewish Community Council created the Sol Kanee Distinguished Service Medal in 1994, his long\-time friend [Arthur Mauro](/wiki/Arthur_Mauro "Arthur Mauro") founded the Sol Kanee Lecture on International Peace and Justice in 2002, and the [Jewish Heritage Centre](/wiki/Jewish_Heritage_Centre "Jewish Heritage Centre") of Western Canada created the Sol \& Florence Kanee Distinguished Lecture Series in 2004\. He was made an Officer of the [Order of Canada](/wiki/Order_of_Canada "Order of Canada") in 1977 and was awarded the [Order of Manitoba](/wiki/Order_of_Manitoba "Order of Manitoba") for his "unparalleled record of service to Winnipeg and Canada’s Jewish community" in 2000\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.manitobalg.ca/order\-registar.php \\|title\=Awards \- Order of Manitoba \\|work\=Manitobalg.ca \\|date\=July 15, 2013 \\|accessdate\=2014\-02\-05 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306092338/http://www.manitobalg.ca/order\-registar.php \\|archivedate\=March 6, 2014 }} His sister, Dr. [Ricky Kanee Schachter](/wiki/Ricky_Kanee_Schachter "Ricky Kanee Schachter") has also received the [Order of Canada](/wiki/Order_of_Canada "Order of Canada").	[ "Biography\n---------", "Born in [Melville, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Melville%2C_Saskatchewan \"Melville, Saskatchewan\"), he received a [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts \"Bachelor of Arts\") degree from the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") in 1929 and a [Bachelor of Law](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Law \"Bachelor of Law\") degree from the [University of Saskatchewan](/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan \"University of Saskatchewan\") in 1932\\. He was called to Bar of Saskatchewan in 1933\\. From 1933 to 1940, he practised law in Melville, Saskatchewan with the law firm Kanee \\& Deroche. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), he served with the [Canadian Army](/wiki/Canadian_Army \"Canadian Army\") in Europe and the South Pacific. He was discharged with the rank of Major. He and his wife Florence had one son, Stephen, now resident in Minneapolis.", "After the war, he practised law in [Winnipeg, Manitoba](/wiki/Winnipeg%2C_Manitoba \"Winnipeg, Manitoba\") with the law firm, Shinbane, Dorfman \\& Kanee, until 1965\\. He was the owner and President of Soo Line Mills, which he took over after his father's death, and several other businesses in Winnipeg. Under his supervision, in 1955, the Soo Line Milling Company switched from conveyor belt operation to a pneumatic drive; this was the first flour mill to make this switch in the Western hemisphere.", "In addition to his national and international contributions, Sol Kanee worked hard to improve his city, [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\"). There, he chaired the Community Welfare Planning Council, and worked tirelessly for a variety of organisations, including the Society for Crippled Children and Adults, the United Way, the [Royal Winnipeg Ballet](/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Ballet \"Royal Winnipeg Ballet\") (which he helped lift from obscurity), the board of governors of the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") (of which he was chair) and the Sharon Home.", "Sol Kanee devoted much of his energy toward improving the status of Jews around the world. He rose through the ranks to become president of the [Canadian Jewish Congress](/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Congress \"Canadian Jewish Congress\") from 1971 to 1974, and worked on the executive of the [World Jewish Congress](/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress \"World Jewish Congress\"). He passionately supported and advocated on behalf of the state of [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), and using his connections in Canadian politics, he convinced [C.D. Howe](/wiki/C.D._Howe \"C.D. Howe\") not only to sell arms to Israel, but to do so at discounted rates; he later procured planes and cargo to supply relief to the young country. His other, international humanitarian projects included fighting to secure reparations from Germany and persuading the Russian government to ease its restriction on Russian Jews emigrating to Israel.", "Sol Kanee's immense contributions to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and the world earned him several important distinctions, including the Centennial of Canada Medal in 1967, an Honorary Doctor of Laws from the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") in 1974, the Canadian Jewish Congress Samuel Bronfman Medal in 1978, the International [B'nai Brith](/wiki/B%27nai_Brith \"B'nai Brith\") Humanitarian Award in 1979 and the [Nahum Goldmann](/wiki/Nahum_Goldmann \"Nahum Goldmann\") Medal in 1995\\. The Winnipeg Jewish Community Council created the Sol Kanee Distinguished Service Medal in 1994, his long\\-time friend [Arthur Mauro](/wiki/Arthur_Mauro \"Arthur Mauro\") founded the Sol Kanee Lecture on International Peace and Justice in 2002, and the [Jewish Heritage Centre](/wiki/Jewish_Heritage_Centre \"Jewish Heritage Centre\") of Western Canada created the Sol \\& Florence Kanee Distinguished Lecture Series in 2004\\.", "He was made an Officer of the [Order of Canada](/wiki/Order_of_Canada \"Order of Canada\") in 1977 and was awarded the [Order of Manitoba](/wiki/Order_of_Manitoba \"Order of Manitoba\") for his \"unparalleled record of service to Winnipeg and Canada’s Jewish community\" in 2000\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.manitobalg.ca/order\\-registar.php \\\|title\\=Awards \\- Order of Manitoba \\\|work\\=Manitobalg.ca \\\|date\\=July 15, 2013 \\\|accessdate\\=2014\\-02\\-05 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306092338/http://www.manitobalg.ca/order\\-registar.php \\\|archivedate\\=March 6, 2014 }} His sister, Dr. [Ricky Kanee Schachter](/wiki/Ricky_Kanee_Schachter \"Ricky Kanee Schachter\") has also received the [Order of Canada](/wiki/Order_of_Canada \"Order of Canada\").", "" ]
History ------- Edgewater was a suburb of Chicago, relatively rural until John Lewis Cochran developed land for lakefront homes in 1885\. Four years later, the town was annexed by Chicago. Cochran prohibited the construction of apartment buildings along [Sheridan Road](/wiki/Sheridan_Road "Sheridan Road"), and this plan was continued until the 1940s. The two houses in Berger Park were part of Cochran's Second Addition to Edgewater.{{citation\\|last\=Whims\\|first\=Christine M.\\|title\=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Berger Park\\|url\=http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/137504\.pdf\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129055727/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/137504\.pdf\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=November 29, 2014\\|publisher\=\[\[National Park Service]]\\|date\=January 12, 2010\\|access\-date\=November 19, 2014}} ### Downey House The Downey House, now known as the South Mansion, was built for Joseph Downey. Downey was an Irish immigrant who was a partner in a contracting firm. He became a prominent businessman, serving as the chairman of the Buildings and Grounds Commission, on behalf of the [Chicago Board of Education](/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Education "Chicago Board of Education"), and as a member of the Chicago Association of Commerce. During [George Bell Swift](/wiki/George_Bell_Swift "George Bell Swift")'s mayorship from 1895 to 1897, Downey was the Commissioner of Buildings and of Public Works. Swift's successor, [Carter Harrison, Jr.](/wiki/Carter_Harrison%2C_Jr. "Carter Harrison, Jr."), named him to the Board of Education. He married Lena Kleine in 1885 and the pair commissioned [William Carbys Zimmerman](/wiki/William_Carbys_Zimmerman "William Carbys Zimmerman") to design a house in 1906 for $20,000\. Downey retired in 1911, and by 1920, they had left the house. ### Gunder House [thumb\\|left\\|Samuel Gunder house](/wiki/File:Samuel_Gunder_House_%2810102369834%29.jpg "Samuel Gunder House (10102369834).jpg") The Gunder House, officially the North Lakeside Cultural Center, was built for Samuel Gunder. Gunder was the president of the Pozzinni Pharmaceutical Company. He married Nettie E. Weaver in 1884 and commissioned this building in 1909\. Myron Henry Church designed the house, which was completed the following year.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/ehs/local/myron\-church\-edgewater\-architect \\|title\=Myron Church, Edgewater Architect \\|last\=Blommaert \\|first\=LeRoy \\|date\= \\|website\=edgewaterhistory.org \\|publisher\=Edge Water History \\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-25 \\|quote\=In Edgewater his most well\-known, and probably most noteworthy as well, is the large single family he designed in December 1909 for Samuel Gunder at 6221 N. Sheridan Road.}} The Gunders sold the house in 1919 and moved to [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California"). During the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), the [Chicago Bureau of Parks and Recreation](/wiki/Chicago_Park_District "Chicago Park District") sought to add beachfront land on the north side of the city. Edgewater residents were interested in beach activities, but lived too far from [Lincoln Park](/wiki/Lincoln_Park "Lincoln Park"). The bureau acquired the properties and named it Granville Beach and Park after nearby Granville Avenue. Residents still lived in the two houses until the Viatorian Fathers acquired them in the 1940s. The Clerics of St. Viator used the buildings to house student priests. In 1945, they converted the two coach houses into additional residences. The order sold the rights to the beachfront land to the Chicago Park District in 1965 and moved out in 1979\. The park district built a small playground along Granville Avenue in 1976\. When the clerics moved out in 1979, developers sought to purchase the houses and demolish them for high\-rise apartments, which now dominated the Edgewater lakefront. The Edgewater Community Council opposed this type of sale and convinced the park district to purchase the houses. The clerics agreed on the condition that the buildings be used for non\-profit purposes. The sale was completed for $2\.3 million, far less than the $6 million developers offered. Following the acquisition, the park was renamed Berger park after Albert E. Berger, a proponent of the bureau's plan to acquire beachfront property. In 1982, the park district determined that the Gunder House was dilapidated beyond repair. The district agreed to delay demolition to give local residents to opportunity to raise funds for its rehabilitation. By 1987, enough money had been raised to save the structure, thanks in large part to a $216,000 contribution from the Community Development Block Grant. Ronald Berger, the son of Albert, made a matching donation. The grounds were recognized by the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service") with a listing on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") on January 12, 2010\.	[ "History\n-------", "Edgewater was a suburb of Chicago, relatively rural until John Lewis Cochran developed land for lakefront homes in 1885\\. Four years later, the town was annexed by Chicago. Cochran prohibited the construction of apartment buildings along [Sheridan Road](/wiki/Sheridan_Road \"Sheridan Road\"), and this plan was continued until the 1940s. The two houses in Berger Park were part of Cochran's Second Addition to Edgewater.{{citation\\\|last\\=Whims\\\|first\\=Christine M.\\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Berger Park\\\|url\\=http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/137504\\.pdf\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129055727/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/137504\\.pdf\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2014\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Park Service]]\\\|date\\=January 12, 2010\\\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2014}}", "### Downey House", "The Downey House, now known as the South Mansion, was built for Joseph Downey. Downey was an Irish immigrant who was a partner in a contracting firm. He became a prominent businessman, serving as the chairman of the Buildings and Grounds Commission, on behalf of the [Chicago Board of Education](/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Education \"Chicago Board of Education\"), and as a member of the Chicago Association of Commerce. During [George Bell Swift](/wiki/George_Bell_Swift \"George Bell Swift\")'s mayorship from 1895 to 1897, Downey was the Commissioner of Buildings and of Public Works. Swift's successor, [Carter Harrison, Jr.](/wiki/Carter_Harrison%2C_Jr. \"Carter Harrison, Jr.\"), named him to the Board of Education. He married Lena Kleine in 1885 and the pair commissioned [William Carbys Zimmerman](/wiki/William_Carbys_Zimmerman \"William Carbys Zimmerman\") to design a house in 1906 for $20,000\\. Downey retired in 1911, and by 1920, they had left the house.", "### Gunder House", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Samuel Gunder house](/wiki/File:Samuel_Gunder_House_%2810102369834%29.jpg \"Samuel Gunder House (10102369834).jpg\")\nThe Gunder House, officially the North Lakeside Cultural Center, was built for Samuel Gunder. Gunder was the president of the Pozzinni Pharmaceutical Company. He married Nettie E. Weaver in 1884 and commissioned this building in 1909\\. Myron Henry Church designed the house, which was completed the following year.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/ehs/local/myron\\-church\\-edgewater\\-architect \\\|title\\=Myron Church, Edgewater Architect \\\|last\\=Blommaert \\\|first\\=LeRoy \\\|date\\= \\\|website\\=edgewaterhistory.org \\\|publisher\\=Edge Water History \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-25 \\\|quote\\=In Edgewater his most well\\-known, and probably most noteworthy as well, is the large single family he designed in December 1909 for Samuel Gunder at 6221 N. Sheridan Road.}} The Gunders sold the house in 1919 and moved to [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\").", "During the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), the [Chicago Bureau of Parks and Recreation](/wiki/Chicago_Park_District \"Chicago Park District\") sought to add beachfront land on the north side of the city. Edgewater residents were interested in beach activities, but lived too far from [Lincoln Park](/wiki/Lincoln_Park \"Lincoln Park\"). The bureau acquired the properties and named it Granville Beach and Park after nearby Granville Avenue. Residents still lived in the two houses until the Viatorian Fathers acquired them in the 1940s.", "The Clerics of St. Viator used the buildings to house student priests. In 1945, they converted the two coach houses into additional residences. The order sold the rights to the beachfront land to the Chicago Park District in 1965 and moved out in 1979\\. The park district built a small playground along Granville Avenue in 1976\\. When the clerics moved out in 1979, developers sought to purchase the houses and demolish them for high\\-rise apartments, which now dominated the Edgewater lakefront. The Edgewater Community Council opposed this type of sale and convinced the park district to purchase the houses. The clerics agreed on the condition that the buildings be used for non\\-profit purposes. The sale was completed for $2\\.3 million, far less than the $6 million developers offered.", "Following the acquisition, the park was renamed Berger park after Albert E. Berger, a proponent of the bureau's plan to acquire beachfront property. In 1982, the park district determined that the Gunder House was dilapidated beyond repair. The district agreed to delay demolition to give local residents to opportunity to raise funds for its rehabilitation. By 1987, enough money had been raised to save the structure, thanks in large part to a $216,000 contribution from the Community Development Block Grant. Ronald Berger, the son of Albert, made a matching donation.", "The grounds were recognized by the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service \"National Park Service\") with a listing on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") on January 12, 2010\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Imperial era In the [Nizhny Novgorod Governorate](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate "Nizhny Novgorod Governorate"), the post of governor appeared on {{OldStyleDate\\|6 February\\|1714\\|January 26}}.{{Cite web \\|title\=Андрей Петрович Измайлов – первый нижегородский губернатор (к 300\-летию Нижегородской губернии) \\|url\=https://www.archive\-nnov.ru/?id\=6384 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-19 \\|website\=www.archive\-nnov.ru \\|language\=ru}} Then [Tsar](/wiki/Sovereign%2C_Tsar_and_Grand_Prince_of_all_Russia "Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia") [Peter I](/wiki/Peter_the_Great "Peter the Great") appointed Andrei Izmailov, a close [Pantler](/wiki/Pantler_%28Eastern_Europe%29 "Pantler (Eastern Europe)") of Tsar [Ivan V](/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia "Ivan V of Russia") and ambassador to [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), who arrived at his residence in the [Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin "Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin") on {{OldStyleDate\\|April 5\\|1714\\|March 25}}, to this position. The staff of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate office was formed. At this time, [Russia](/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia "Tsardom of Russia") was waging the [Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War "Great Northern War") with [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), so the Nizhny Novgorod garrison came under the control of the governor. In 1714, after the death of Izmailov, Stepan Putyagin was appointed governor. During his reign, on {{OldStyleDate\\|July 6\\|1715\\|June 25}}, a great fire broke out in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod "Nizhny Novgorod"). The governor's house, the provincial office and hundreds of private houses burned down.{{Cite web \\|title\=Нижегородские губернаторы XVIII в. Краткий Био\-библиографический словарь. \\|url\=https://opentextnn.ru/old/history/rushist/dorevigu/gubnn/adm/index.html@id\=517 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-19 \\|website\=opentextnn.ru}} On {{OldStyleDate\\|30\\|1717\\|March 19}}, he died and his duties were transferred to the [Kazan governor](/wiki/Kazan_Governorate "Kazan Governorate"). In 1719, Peter I carried out an administrative reform, and on {{OldStyleDate\\|June 9\\|1719\\|May 29}}, according to his decree “On the organization of Governorates”, the position of vice\-governor was formed. In the newly formed Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, it was occupied by Yuri Rzhevsky. Under his rule, in 1722, the Nizhny Novgorod shipyard was launched and the St. Alexis Church was completed. From 1764 to 1770, Yakov Arshenevsky held the post of governor. During his governorship, [Empress](/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia "Emperor of Russia") [Catherine II](/wiki/Catherine_the_Great "Catherine the Great") came to Nizhny Novgorod. Then she remained dissatisfied with the development of Nizhny Novgorod: {{Text and translation\\|Сей город ситуациею прекрасен, а строением мерзок ... всё или на боку лежит, или близко того.\\|This city is a beautiful location, but the buildings is ugly ... everything either lies on its side, or it will soon fall.}} On {{OldStyleDate\\|24\\|1768\\|April 13}}, a decree was issued to draw up a project for a new development of the city. Arshenevsky traveled to [St. Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg") in 1770 to participate in its development. The project was approved by Catherine II in [Tsarskoye Selo](/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo "Tsarskoye Selo") on {{OldStyleDate\\|24\\|1770\\|April 13}}. It provided for the construction of straight wide streets radiating from the [Dmitrievskaya Tower](/wiki/Dmitrievskaya_Tower "Dmitrievskaya Tower") of the [Kremlin](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin "Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin"). However, Arshenevsky died in 1771 before the plan was implemented. [left\\|thumb\\|116x116px\\|Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate.svg "Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.svg") On {{OldStyleDate\\|20\\|1856\\|December 8}}, the provinces had their own coats of arms. In the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, it was a scarlet deer on a silver shield, bordered by oak leaves with ribbon of [Order of St. Andrew](/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew "Order of St. Andrew") and the [Great Imperial Crown](/wiki/Imperial_crown_of_Russia "Imperial crown of Russia"). During this period, from September 10 (22\), 1856, Alexander Muravyov held the post of governor. He stood at the origins of the Decembrist movement and prepared the peasant reform in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.{{Cite web \\|title\=Губернаторы Нижегородской губернии. Аннотированный указатель (1714\-1917\). \\|url\=https://opentextnn.ru/old/history/rushist/dorevigu/gubnn/adm/index.html@id\=167 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-19 \\|website\=opentextnn.ru}} On {{OldStyleDate\\|28\\|1861\\|September 16}}, he was replaced by Alexei Odintsov, who was awarded the title of honorary resident of Nizhny Novgorod and established a scholarship named after him at the Nizhny Novgorod Men's Gymnasium (now the second building of the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University). [thumb\\|Alexei Fedorovich Giers](/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81.jpg "Алексей Фёдорович Гирс.jpg") The last governor of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, before the restoration of this post, was Alexei Giers. He was appointed to this post in 1915, after the end of the governorship in the [Minsk Governorate](/wiki/Minsk_Governorate "Minsk Governorate"). At that time, the [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") with [Germany](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") was going on in [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"). Nizhny Novgorod was a deep rear city, so refugees from all western provinces came here. Giers obliged Nizhny Novgorod merchants to allocate funds to help those in need and organized a fund. The governor himself also donated personal jewels. He organized the evacuation of factories from the western provinces: [Felser](/wiki/RUMO_Plant "RUMO Plant") and Etna, as well as the construction of the Siemens and Halske factories (now [Nitel plant](/wiki/NITEL_%28Russian_company%29 "NITEL (Russian company)")). He exercised control over the partial mobilization of Nizhny Novgorod residents and in the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod garrison before being sent to the front. On {{OldStyleDate\\|31\\|1916\\|January 17}}, Giers opened the first [Nizhny Novgorod People's University](/wiki/N._I._Lobachevsky_State_University_of_Nizhny_Novgorod "N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod"). The situation in the city and province was complicated by mass strikes of workers and revolutionary movements. After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution "February Revolution") on {{OldStyleDate\\|15\\|1917\\|March 2}} , he was arrested and sent to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"). ### Soviet era In the [Soviet era](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), the leading role in the leadership of the region was occupied by the Gorky Regional Committee of the [CPSU](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Communist Party of the Soviet Union"). June 1988 to November 1991, the first secretary of the Gorky Regional Committee of the CPSU was [Gennady Khodyrev](/wiki/Gennady_Khodyrev "Gennady Khodyrev"). In 1990, there was a sharp decline in the influence of party committees in connection with the abolition on March 14, 1990 of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, which determined the "leading and guiding role" of the CPSU. Russian regions actually began to develop according to the model of a “parliamentary republic”. As a result, the first person in the region was the chairman of the regional council of people's deputies. Most of the leaders of the regional party committees sought to be elected as the chairman of the regional council and combine both positions \- the Constitution and legislation did not prohibit this. This happened in the Gorky region \- in April 1990, Gennady Khodyrev became chairman of the Gorky regional council, while remaining the first secretary of the regional committee. However, on June 20, 1990, the First Congress of People's Deputies of the [RSFSR](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic") adopted the Decree “On the Mechanism of Democracy in the RSFSR”, which said: “The position of the head of a state authority or government with any other position, including political or public, is not allowed in the RSFSR political organizations.” Thus, the first secretaries who combined the posts of the party and Soviet leaders of the region were presented with a choice: first, between subordination and disobedience to the Russian Congress; secondly, in case of consent to submit, between two posts. Gennady Khodyrev, like some other first secretaries of the regional committees, decided not to obey and remained in both posts. On October 22, 1990, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the Gorky Region was renamed the Nizhny Novgorod Region. On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved the renaming of the region by amending Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, which entered into force May 16, 1992 from the date of publication in the “[Rossiyskaya Gazeta](/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta "Rossiyskaya Gazeta")”. On August 19, 1991, during the August coup, Gennady Khodyrev was on vacation near [Foros](/wiki/Foros%2C_Crimea "Foros, Crimea"). Having returned after the [GKChP](/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency "State Committee on the State of Emergency") defeat, he had to make a choice: whether to remain at the head of the regional committee of the CPSU\-KP of the RSFSR or strengthen his position as chairman of the Regional Council of People's Deputies. Khodyrev chose to remain the head of the regional committee (however, on November 6, the CPSU was banned for supporting the putsch). He was replaced by the chairman of the regional Council of People’s Deputies was elected Evgeny Krestyaninov.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.polit.nnov.ru/2004/07/06/hodyrev/\\|title\=Геннадий Ходырев\\|website\=www.polit.nnov.ru\\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-23}} Since the end of 1991, the main mechanism for the legitimization of regional government bodies has been associated with the popularity of the [President of Russia](/wiki/President_of_Russia "President of Russia"), [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin "Boris Yeltsin"), who received legitimacy in a popular vote. At the beginning of the cardinal changes, the President of Russia had virtually unlimited powers to form the executive branch in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It was assumed that the election of regional leaders would be introduced in all regions. In August 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin promised that elections would be held as soon as possible, but a new institution was created for the transitional period — the head of the regional administration appointed by the president (administration refers to a regional executive body). On November 30, 1991, 32\-year\-old [Boris Nemtsov](/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov "Boris Nemtsov") was appointed head of the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod Region by [presidential decree](/wiki/Decree "Decree"). At the suggestion of Nemtsov, the Regional Council approved a new job title \- the governor.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://memorialnemtsov.wordpress.com/2015/12/22/sekretnoye\_resheniye\_kak\_ya\_stal\_gubernatorom/\\|title\=Секретное решение / Как я стал губернатором\\|date\=2015\-12\-22\\|website\=Мемориал Немцова в НН\\|language\=ru\-RU\\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-23}} December 17, 1995 in the Nizhny Novgorod region held the first election of the governor. The largest number of votes (58\.37%) was gained by the current governor Boris Nemtsov. The [Kommersant](/wiki/Kommersant "Kommersant") newspaper wrote that in 1995 Boris Nemtsov “earned the notoriety of a reformer”, whose experience in the restructuring of the economy of a particular region was recommended by the government everywhere.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/235389\\|title\=Регионы выполняют указы президента\\|date\=1996\-06\-28\\|website\=www.kommersant.ru\\|language\=ru\\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-23}} Nemtsov’s term of office was 4 years. However, only 2 years later, on March 17, 1997, the politician was appointed First Deputy [Prime Minister of the Russian Government](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia "Prime Minister of Russia") in the second government of [Viktor Chernomyrdin](/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin "Viktor Chernomyrdin"). Acting Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Region became Vice Governor Yuri Lebedev. Early elections were held on June 29, 1997\. None of the candidates gained more than 50% of the vote, and the [mayor of Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Mayor_of_Nizhny_Novgorod "Mayor of Nizhny Novgorod") Ivan Sklyarov (40\.95%) and the State Duma deputy from the Communist Party Gennady Khodyrev (37\.84%) got into the second round. In the second round on July 13, [Ivan Sklyarov](/wiki/Ivan_Sklyarov "Ivan Sklyarov") won with 52% of the vote.	[ "History\n-------", "### Imperial era", "In the [Nizhny Novgorod Governorate](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate \"Nizhny Novgorod Governorate\"), the post of governor appeared on {{OldStyleDate\\\|6 February\\\|1714\\\|January 26}}.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Андрей Петрович Измайлов – первый нижегородский губернатор (к 300\\-летию Нижегородской губернии) \\\|url\\=https://www.archive\\-nnov.ru/?id\\=6384 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-19 \\\|website\\=www.archive\\-nnov.ru \\\|language\\=ru}} Then [Tsar](/wiki/Sovereign%2C_Tsar_and_Grand_Prince_of_all_Russia \"Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia\") [Peter I](/wiki/Peter_the_Great \"Peter the Great\") appointed Andrei Izmailov, a close [Pantler](/wiki/Pantler_%28Eastern_Europe%29 \"Pantler (Eastern Europe)\") of Tsar [Ivan V](/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia \"Ivan V of Russia\") and ambassador to [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), who arrived at his residence in the [Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin \"Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin\") on {{OldStyleDate\\\|April 5\\\|1714\\\|March 25}}, to this position. The staff of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate office was formed.", "At this time, [Russia](/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia \"Tsardom of Russia\") was waging the [Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War \"Great Northern War\") with [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), so the Nizhny Novgorod garrison came under the control of the governor.", "In 1714, after the death of Izmailov, Stepan Putyagin was appointed governor. During his reign, on {{OldStyleDate\\\|July 6\\\|1715\\\|June 25}}, a great fire broke out in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod \"Nizhny Novgorod\"). The governor's house, the provincial office and hundreds of private houses burned down.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Нижегородские губернаторы XVIII в. Краткий Био\\-библиографический словарь. \\\|url\\=https://opentextnn.ru/old/history/rushist/dorevigu/gubnn/adm/index.html@id\\=517 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-19 \\\|website\\=opentextnn.ru}} On {{OldStyleDate\\\|30\\\|1717\\\|March 19}}, he died and his duties were transferred to the [Kazan governor](/wiki/Kazan_Governorate \"Kazan Governorate\").", "In 1719, Peter I carried out an administrative reform, and on {{OldStyleDate\\\|June 9\\\|1719\\\|May 29}}, according to his decree “On the organization of Governorates”, the position of vice\\-governor was formed. In the newly formed Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, it was occupied by Yuri Rzhevsky. Under his rule, in 1722, the Nizhny Novgorod shipyard was launched and the St. Alexis Church was completed.", "From 1764 to 1770, Yakov Arshenevsky held the post of governor. During his governorship, [Empress](/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia \"Emperor of Russia\") [Catherine II](/wiki/Catherine_the_Great \"Catherine the Great\") came to Nizhny Novgorod. Then she remained dissatisfied with the development of Nizhny Novgorod:\n{{Text and translation\\\|Сей город ситуациею прекрасен, а строением мерзок ... всё или на боку лежит, или близко того.\\\|This city is a beautiful location, but the buildings is ugly ... everything either lies on its side, or it will soon fall.}}\nOn {{OldStyleDate\\\|24\\\|1768\\\|April 13}}, a decree was issued to draw up a project for a new development of the city. Arshenevsky traveled to [St. Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") in 1770 to participate in its development. The project was approved by Catherine II in [Tsarskoye Selo](/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo \"Tsarskoye Selo\") on {{OldStyleDate\\\|24\\\|1770\\\|April 13}}. It provided for the construction of straight wide streets radiating from the [Dmitrievskaya Tower](/wiki/Dmitrievskaya_Tower \"Dmitrievskaya Tower\") of the [Kremlin](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin \"Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin\"). However, Arshenevsky died in 1771 before the plan was implemented.\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|116x116px\\\|Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate.svg \"Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.svg\")\nOn {{OldStyleDate\\\|20\\\|1856\\\|December 8}}, the provinces had their own coats of arms. In the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, it was a scarlet deer on a silver shield, bordered by oak leaves with ribbon of [Order of St. Andrew](/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew \"Order of St. Andrew\") and the [Great Imperial Crown](/wiki/Imperial_crown_of_Russia \"Imperial crown of Russia\"). During this period, from September 10 (22\\), 1856, Alexander Muravyov held the post of governor. He stood at the origins of the Decembrist movement and prepared the peasant reform in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Губернаторы Нижегородской губернии. Аннотированный указатель (1714\\-1917\\). \\\|url\\=https://opentextnn.ru/old/history/rushist/dorevigu/gubnn/adm/index.html@id\\=167 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-19 \\\|website\\=opentextnn.ru}} On {{OldStyleDate\\\|28\\\|1861\\\|September 16}}, he was replaced by Alexei Odintsov, who was awarded the title of honorary resident of Nizhny Novgorod and established a scholarship named after him at the Nizhny Novgorod Men's Gymnasium (now the second building of the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University).\n[thumb\\\|Alexei Fedorovich Giers](/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81.jpg \"Алексей Фёдорович Гирс.jpg\")\nThe last governor of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, before the restoration of this post, was Alexei Giers. He was appointed to this post in 1915, after the end of the governorship in the [Minsk Governorate](/wiki/Minsk_Governorate \"Minsk Governorate\"). At that time, the [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") with [Germany](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") was going on in [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"). Nizhny Novgorod was a deep rear city, so refugees from all western provinces came here. Giers obliged Nizhny Novgorod merchants to allocate funds to help those in need and organized a fund. The governor himself also donated personal jewels. He organized the evacuation of factories from the western provinces: [Felser](/wiki/RUMO_Plant \"RUMO Plant\") and Etna, as well as the construction of the Siemens and Halske factories (now [Nitel plant](/wiki/NITEL_%28Russian_company%29 \"NITEL (Russian company)\")). He exercised control over the partial mobilization of Nizhny Novgorod residents and in the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod garrison before being sent to the front. On {{OldStyleDate\\\|31\\\|1916\\\|January 17}}, Giers opened the first [Nizhny Novgorod People's University](/wiki/N._I._Lobachevsky_State_University_of_Nizhny_Novgorod \"N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod\"). The situation in the city and province was complicated by mass strikes of workers and revolutionary movements. After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution \"February Revolution\") on {{OldStyleDate\\\|15\\\|1917\\\|March 2}} , he was arrested and sent to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\").", "### Soviet era", "In the [Soviet era](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), the leading role in the leadership of the region was occupied by the Gorky Regional Committee of the [CPSU](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"). June 1988 to November 1991, the first secretary of the Gorky Regional Committee of the CPSU was [Gennady Khodyrev](/wiki/Gennady_Khodyrev \"Gennady Khodyrev\").", "In 1990, there was a sharp decline in the influence of party committees in connection with the abolition on March 14, 1990 of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, which determined the \"leading and guiding role\" of the CPSU. Russian regions actually began to develop according to the model of a “parliamentary republic”. As a result, the first person in the region was the chairman of the regional council of people's deputies. Most of the leaders of the regional party committees sought to be elected as the chairman of the regional council and combine both positions \\- the Constitution and legislation did not prohibit this. This happened in the Gorky region \\- in April 1990, Gennady Khodyrev became chairman of the Gorky regional council, while remaining the first secretary of the regional committee. However, on June 20, 1990, the First Congress of People's Deputies of the [RSFSR](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic \"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\") adopted the Decree “On the Mechanism of Democracy in the RSFSR”, which said: “The position of the head of a state authority or government with any other position, including political or public, is not allowed in the RSFSR political organizations.” Thus, the first secretaries who combined the posts of the party and Soviet leaders of the region were presented with a choice: first, between subordination and disobedience to the Russian Congress; secondly, in case of consent to submit, between two posts. Gennady Khodyrev, like some other first secretaries of the regional committees, decided not to obey and remained in both posts.", "On October 22, 1990, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the Gorky Region was renamed the Nizhny Novgorod Region. On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved the renaming of the region by amending Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, which entered into force May 16, 1992 from the date of publication in the “[Rossiyskaya Gazeta](/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta \"Rossiyskaya Gazeta\")”.", "On August 19, 1991, during the August coup, Gennady Khodyrev was on vacation near [Foros](/wiki/Foros%2C_Crimea \"Foros, Crimea\"). Having returned after the [GKChP](/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency \"State Committee on the State of Emergency\") defeat, he had to make a choice: whether to remain at the head of the regional committee of the CPSU\\-KP of the RSFSR or strengthen his position as chairman of the Regional Council of People's Deputies. Khodyrev chose to remain the head of the regional committee (however, on November 6, the CPSU was banned for supporting the putsch). He was replaced by the chairman of the regional Council of People’s Deputies was elected Evgeny Krestyaninov.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.polit.nnov.ru/2004/07/06/hodyrev/\\\|title\\=Геннадий Ходырев\\\|website\\=www.polit.nnov.ru\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-23}}", "Since the end of 1991, the main mechanism for the legitimization of regional government bodies has been associated with the popularity of the [President of Russia](/wiki/President_of_Russia \"President of Russia\"), [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\"), who received legitimacy in a popular vote. At the beginning of the cardinal changes, the President of Russia had virtually unlimited powers to form the executive branch in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It was assumed that the election of regional leaders would be introduced in all regions. In August 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin promised that elections would be held as soon as possible, but a new institution was created for the transitional period — the head of the regional administration appointed by the president (administration refers to a regional executive body). On November 30, 1991, 32\\-year\\-old [Boris Nemtsov](/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov \"Boris Nemtsov\") was appointed head of the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod Region by [presidential decree](/wiki/Decree \"Decree\").", "At the suggestion of Nemtsov, the Regional Council approved a new job title \\- the governor.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://memorialnemtsov.wordpress.com/2015/12/22/sekretnoye\\_resheniye\\_kak\\_ya\\_stal\\_gubernatorom/\\\|title\\=Секретное решение / Как я стал губернатором\\\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-22\\\|website\\=Мемориал Немцова в НН\\\|language\\=ru\\-RU\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-23}}", "December 17, 1995 in the Nizhny Novgorod region held the first election of the governor. The largest number of votes (58\\.37%) was gained by the current governor Boris Nemtsov. The [Kommersant](/wiki/Kommersant \"Kommersant\") newspaper wrote that in 1995 Boris Nemtsov “earned the notoriety of a reformer”, whose experience in the restructuring of the economy of a particular region was recommended by the government everywhere.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/235389\\\|title\\=Регионы выполняют указы президента\\\|date\\=1996\\-06\\-28\\\|website\\=www.kommersant.ru\\\|language\\=ru\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-23}}", "Nemtsov’s term of office was 4 years. However, only 2 years later, on March 17, 1997, the politician was appointed First Deputy [Prime Minister of the Russian Government](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia \"Prime Minister of Russia\") in the second government of [Viktor Chernomyrdin](/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin \"Viktor Chernomyrdin\"). Acting Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Region became Vice Governor Yuri Lebedev.", "Early elections were held on June 29, 1997\\. None of the candidates gained more than 50% of the vote, and the [mayor of Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Mayor_of_Nizhny_Novgorod \"Mayor of Nizhny Novgorod\") Ivan Sklyarov (40\\.95%) and the State Duma deputy from the Communist Party Gennady Khodyrev (37\\.84%) got into the second round. In the second round on July 13, [Ivan Sklyarov](/wiki/Ivan_Sklyarov \"Ivan Sklyarov\") won with 52% of the vote.", "" ]
### Imperial era In the [Nizhny Novgorod Governorate](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate "Nizhny Novgorod Governorate"), the post of governor appeared on {{OldStyleDate\\|6 February\\|1714\\|January 26}}.{{Cite web \\|title\=Андрей Петрович Измайлов – первый нижегородский губернатор (к 300\-летию Нижегородской губернии) \\|url\=https://www.archive\-nnov.ru/?id\=6384 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-19 \\|website\=www.archive\-nnov.ru \\|language\=ru}} Then [Tsar](/wiki/Sovereign%2C_Tsar_and_Grand_Prince_of_all_Russia "Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia") [Peter I](/wiki/Peter_the_Great "Peter the Great") appointed Andrei Izmailov, a close [Pantler](/wiki/Pantler_%28Eastern_Europe%29 "Pantler (Eastern Europe)") of Tsar [Ivan V](/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia "Ivan V of Russia") and ambassador to [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), who arrived at his residence in the [Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin "Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin") on {{OldStyleDate\\|April 5\\|1714\\|March 25}}, to this position. The staff of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate office was formed. At this time, [Russia](/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia "Tsardom of Russia") was waging the [Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War "Great Northern War") with [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), so the Nizhny Novgorod garrison came under the control of the governor. In 1714, after the death of Izmailov, Stepan Putyagin was appointed governor. During his reign, on {{OldStyleDate\\|July 6\\|1715\\|June 25}}, a great fire broke out in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod "Nizhny Novgorod"). The governor's house, the provincial office and hundreds of private houses burned down.{{Cite web \\|title\=Нижегородские губернаторы XVIII в. Краткий Био\-библиографический словарь. \\|url\=https://opentextnn.ru/old/history/rushist/dorevigu/gubnn/adm/index.html@id\=517 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-19 \\|website\=opentextnn.ru}} On {{OldStyleDate\\|30\\|1717\\|March 19}}, he died and his duties were transferred to the [Kazan governor](/wiki/Kazan_Governorate "Kazan Governorate"). In 1719, Peter I carried out an administrative reform, and on {{OldStyleDate\\|June 9\\|1719\\|May 29}}, according to his decree “On the organization of Governorates”, the position of vice\-governor was formed. In the newly formed Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, it was occupied by Yuri Rzhevsky. Under his rule, in 1722, the Nizhny Novgorod shipyard was launched and the St. Alexis Church was completed. From 1764 to 1770, Yakov Arshenevsky held the post of governor. During his governorship, [Empress](/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia "Emperor of Russia") [Catherine II](/wiki/Catherine_the_Great "Catherine the Great") came to Nizhny Novgorod. Then she remained dissatisfied with the development of Nizhny Novgorod: {{Text and translation\\|Сей город ситуациею прекрасен, а строением мерзок ... всё или на боку лежит, или близко того.\\|This city is a beautiful location, but the buildings is ugly ... everything either lies on its side, or it will soon fall.}} On {{OldStyleDate\\|24\\|1768\\|April 13}}, a decree was issued to draw up a project for a new development of the city. Arshenevsky traveled to [St. Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg") in 1770 to participate in its development. The project was approved by Catherine II in [Tsarskoye Selo](/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo "Tsarskoye Selo") on {{OldStyleDate\\|24\\|1770\\|April 13}}. It provided for the construction of straight wide streets radiating from the [Dmitrievskaya Tower](/wiki/Dmitrievskaya_Tower "Dmitrievskaya Tower") of the [Kremlin](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin "Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin"). However, Arshenevsky died in 1771 before the plan was implemented. [left\\|thumb\\|116x116px\\|Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate.svg "Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.svg") On {{OldStyleDate\\|20\\|1856\\|December 8}}, the provinces had their own coats of arms. In the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, it was a scarlet deer on a silver shield, bordered by oak leaves with ribbon of [Order of St. Andrew](/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew "Order of St. Andrew") and the [Great Imperial Crown](/wiki/Imperial_crown_of_Russia "Imperial crown of Russia"). During this period, from September 10 (22\), 1856, Alexander Muravyov held the post of governor. He stood at the origins of the Decembrist movement and prepared the peasant reform in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.{{Cite web \\|title\=Губернаторы Нижегородской губернии. Аннотированный указатель (1714\-1917\). \\|url\=https://opentextnn.ru/old/history/rushist/dorevigu/gubnn/adm/index.html@id\=167 \\|access\-date\=2023\-07\-19 \\|website\=opentextnn.ru}} On {{OldStyleDate\\|28\\|1861\\|September 16}}, he was replaced by Alexei Odintsov, who was awarded the title of honorary resident of Nizhny Novgorod and established a scholarship named after him at the Nizhny Novgorod Men's Gymnasium (now the second building of the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University). [thumb\\|Alexei Fedorovich Giers](/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81.jpg "Алексей Фёдорович Гирс.jpg") The last governor of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, before the restoration of this post, was Alexei Giers. He was appointed to this post in 1915, after the end of the governorship in the [Minsk Governorate](/wiki/Minsk_Governorate "Minsk Governorate"). At that time, the [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") with [Germany](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") was going on in [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"). Nizhny Novgorod was a deep rear city, so refugees from all western provinces came here. Giers obliged Nizhny Novgorod merchants to allocate funds to help those in need and organized a fund. The governor himself also donated personal jewels. He organized the evacuation of factories from the western provinces: [Felser](/wiki/RUMO_Plant "RUMO Plant") and Etna, as well as the construction of the Siemens and Halske factories (now [Nitel plant](/wiki/NITEL_%28Russian_company%29 "NITEL (Russian company)")). He exercised control over the partial mobilization of Nizhny Novgorod residents and in the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod garrison before being sent to the front. On {{OldStyleDate\\|31\\|1916\\|January 17}}, Giers opened the first [Nizhny Novgorod People's University](/wiki/N._I._Lobachevsky_State_University_of_Nizhny_Novgorod "N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod"). The situation in the city and province was complicated by mass strikes of workers and revolutionary movements. After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution "February Revolution") on {{OldStyleDate\\|15\\|1917\\|March 2}} , he was arrested and sent to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow").	[ "### Imperial era", "In the [Nizhny Novgorod Governorate](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate \"Nizhny Novgorod Governorate\"), the post of governor appeared on {{OldStyleDate\\\|6 February\\\|1714\\\|January 26}}.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Андрей Петрович Измайлов – первый нижегородский губернатор (к 300\\-летию Нижегородской губернии) \\\|url\\=https://www.archive\\-nnov.ru/?id\\=6384 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-19 \\\|website\\=www.archive\\-nnov.ru \\\|language\\=ru}} Then [Tsar](/wiki/Sovereign%2C_Tsar_and_Grand_Prince_of_all_Russia \"Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia\") [Peter I](/wiki/Peter_the_Great \"Peter the Great\") appointed Andrei Izmailov, a close [Pantler](/wiki/Pantler_%28Eastern_Europe%29 \"Pantler (Eastern Europe)\") of Tsar [Ivan V](/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia \"Ivan V of Russia\") and ambassador to [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), who arrived at his residence in the [Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin \"Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin\") on {{OldStyleDate\\\|April 5\\\|1714\\\|March 25}}, to this position. The staff of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate office was formed.", "At this time, [Russia](/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia \"Tsardom of Russia\") was waging the [Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War \"Great Northern War\") with [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), so the Nizhny Novgorod garrison came under the control of the governor.", "In 1714, after the death of Izmailov, Stepan Putyagin was appointed governor. During his reign, on {{OldStyleDate\\\|July 6\\\|1715\\\|June 25}}, a great fire broke out in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod \"Nizhny Novgorod\"). The governor's house, the provincial office and hundreds of private houses burned down.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Нижегородские губернаторы XVIII в. Краткий Био\\-библиографический словарь. \\\|url\\=https://opentextnn.ru/old/history/rushist/dorevigu/gubnn/adm/index.html@id\\=517 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-19 \\\|website\\=opentextnn.ru}} On {{OldStyleDate\\\|30\\\|1717\\\|March 19}}, he died and his duties were transferred to the [Kazan governor](/wiki/Kazan_Governorate \"Kazan Governorate\").", "In 1719, Peter I carried out an administrative reform, and on {{OldStyleDate\\\|June 9\\\|1719\\\|May 29}}, according to his decree “On the organization of Governorates”, the position of vice\\-governor was formed. In the newly formed Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, it was occupied by Yuri Rzhevsky. Under his rule, in 1722, the Nizhny Novgorod shipyard was launched and the St. Alexis Church was completed.", "From 1764 to 1770, Yakov Arshenevsky held the post of governor. During his governorship, [Empress](/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia \"Emperor of Russia\") [Catherine II](/wiki/Catherine_the_Great \"Catherine the Great\") came to Nizhny Novgorod. Then she remained dissatisfied with the development of Nizhny Novgorod:\n{{Text and translation\\\|Сей город ситуациею прекрасен, а строением мерзок ... всё или на боку лежит, или близко того.\\\|This city is a beautiful location, but the buildings is ugly ... everything either lies on its side, or it will soon fall.}}\nOn {{OldStyleDate\\\|24\\\|1768\\\|April 13}}, a decree was issued to draw up a project for a new development of the city. Arshenevsky traveled to [St. Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") in 1770 to participate in its development. The project was approved by Catherine II in [Tsarskoye Selo](/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo \"Tsarskoye Selo\") on {{OldStyleDate\\\|24\\\|1770\\\|April 13}}. It provided for the construction of straight wide streets radiating from the [Dmitrievskaya Tower](/wiki/Dmitrievskaya_Tower \"Dmitrievskaya Tower\") of the [Kremlin](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin \"Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin\"). However, Arshenevsky died in 1771 before the plan was implemented.\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|116x116px\\\|Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate.svg \"Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.svg\")\nOn {{OldStyleDate\\\|20\\\|1856\\\|December 8}}, the provinces had their own coats of arms. In the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, it was a scarlet deer on a silver shield, bordered by oak leaves with ribbon of [Order of St. Andrew](/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew \"Order of St. Andrew\") and the [Great Imperial Crown](/wiki/Imperial_crown_of_Russia \"Imperial crown of Russia\"). During this period, from September 10 (22\\), 1856, Alexander Muravyov held the post of governor. He stood at the origins of the Decembrist movement and prepared the peasant reform in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Губернаторы Нижегородской губернии. Аннотированный указатель (1714\\-1917\\). \\\|url\\=https://opentextnn.ru/old/history/rushist/dorevigu/gubnn/adm/index.html@id\\=167 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-19 \\\|website\\=opentextnn.ru}} On {{OldStyleDate\\\|28\\\|1861\\\|September 16}}, he was replaced by Alexei Odintsov, who was awarded the title of honorary resident of Nizhny Novgorod and established a scholarship named after him at the Nizhny Novgorod Men's Gymnasium (now the second building of the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University).\n[thumb\\\|Alexei Fedorovich Giers](/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81.jpg \"Алексей Фёдорович Гирс.jpg\")\nThe last governor of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, before the restoration of this post, was Alexei Giers. He was appointed to this post in 1915, after the end of the governorship in the [Minsk Governorate](/wiki/Minsk_Governorate \"Minsk Governorate\"). At that time, the [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") with [Germany](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") was going on in [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"). Nizhny Novgorod was a deep rear city, so refugees from all western provinces came here. Giers obliged Nizhny Novgorod merchants to allocate funds to help those in need and organized a fund. The governor himself also donated personal jewels. He organized the evacuation of factories from the western provinces: [Felser](/wiki/RUMO_Plant \"RUMO Plant\") and Etna, as well as the construction of the Siemens and Halske factories (now [Nitel plant](/wiki/NITEL_%28Russian_company%29 \"NITEL (Russian company)\")). He exercised control over the partial mobilization of Nizhny Novgorod residents and in the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod garrison before being sent to the front. On {{OldStyleDate\\\|31\\\|1916\\\|January 17}}, Giers opened the first [Nizhny Novgorod People's University](/wiki/N._I._Lobachevsky_State_University_of_Nizhny_Novgorod \"N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod\"). The situation in the city and province was complicated by mass strikes of workers and revolutionary movements. After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution \"February Revolution\") on {{OldStyleDate\\\|15\\\|1917\\\|March 2}} , he was arrested and sent to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\").", "" ]