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History
-------
### 2001–2007
The company was founded in September 2001 and its headquarters is in Hsinchu, Taiwan. The company also operates an advanced [R\&D](/wiki/R%26D "R&D") center based out of [Irvine](/wiki/Irvine%2C_California "Irvine, California"), [California](/wiki/California "California"), United States.
In 2002, the company began development of their [USB 2\.0](/wiki/USB_2.0 "USB 2.0") to [SATA](/wiki/SATA "SATA") bridge controller technology.[JMicron Technology Corp](http://www.moneydj.com/KMDJ/Wiki/wikiViewer.aspx?keyid=5fc7dcd2-95c3-4e26-88e9-3fce1a48b42a)
JMicron began developing SSD technology in 2006, launching their first generation SSD controller, the JMF601A/602A, towards the end of 2007\. JMicron's [SSD](/wiki/Solid-state_drive "Solid-state drive") [controller](/wiki/Flash_memory_controller "Flash memory controller") was widely adopted by many SSD manufacturers such [ASUS](/wiki/ASUS "ASUS"), [Corsair](/wiki/Corsair_Gaming "Corsair Gaming"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/news/4585\|title \= News About iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus\|date \= 22 September 2016}} [OCZ](/wiki/OCZ "OCZ"), and [Transcend](/wiki/Transcend_Information "Transcend Information"). JMicron was one of the first[JMicron SSD Testing With A19, L85A \& L85C Memory](http://www.thessdreview.com/our-reviews/sata-3/jmicron-jmf667h-reference-testing-a19-l85a-l85c-nand-flash-memory/) companies to provide an SSD controller chip to these companies, allowing them to produce reasonably priced SSDs. Unfortunately the SSD controller did not have any support for DRAM cache, and with the NAND technology available at the time this made random writes very slow (the JMF602B improved this only slightly). <https://www.anandtech.com/show/2738/17>
### 2008 to present
Also in 2008, JMicron showcased a number of peripheral products. This includes the JMB353, a hi\-speed USB \& [IEEE 1394a](/wiki/IEEE_1394a "IEEE 1394a") to SATA II external HDD controller chip; this device was the first to feature an integrated IEEE 1394a [PHY](/wiki/PHY "PHY") chip. Also included in the showcase is the JMB38x series, a [PCIe](/wiki/PCIe "PCIe") to [card reader](/wiki/Card_reader "Card reader") \& 1394 controller chip, the JMB211, a [Gigabit Ethernet](/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet "Gigabit Ethernet") PHY controller chip, the JMB352, a high\-speed USB \& [eSATA](/wiki/ESATA "ESATA") to 2\-port SATA II external HDD controller chip, and the JMB325, a 1\- to 5\-port SATA II [port multiplier](/wiki/Port_multiplier "Port multiplier") with hardware [RAID](/wiki/RAID "RAID").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.berich.com.tw/AG/Cnyes2/TalkTalk/Talk\_Detail.asp?ii\=21018\&CNpg\=1 \|title\=JMicron new series of high\-speed interface solutions will be coming Computex \|access\-date\=2015\-01\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230228/http://www.berich.com.tw/AG/Cnyes2/TalkTalk/Talk\_Detail.asp?ii\=21018\&CNpg\=1 \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-03 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 2009, the JMF612 was released. It saw popularity throughout 2010 in its use in a number of industry SSDs.[JMicron JMF612 Solid State Drive Processor](http://archive.benchmarkreviews.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=481&Itemid=60) In particular, 2009 was a landmark year for JMicron, in that the company achieved the top ranking as a supplier for external HDD and SATA\-PATA bridge controllers, shipping roughly 35 million and 15 million units, respectively.
In October 2010, JMicron was scheduled to list on the Taiwanese [Gre Tai Securities Market](/wiki/Gre_Tai_Securities_Market "Gre Tai Securities Market") (GTSM). Also in 2010, a [Gartner](/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") tandem research report reveals JMicron to be first in interface controller chip market share.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?Cnlid\=13\&id\=0000380438\_VGL3GF5M49EDXT7LGZWRY\&ct\=1 \|title\=JMicron Technology showcase a variety of storage controller chip in International Computer Show \|access\-date\=2015\-01\-16 \|archive\-date\=2015\-03\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315092918/http://digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?Cnlid\=13\&id\=0000380438\_VGL3GF5M49EDXT7LGZWRY\&ct\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }} In 2010 stolen private keys certificates were used to digitally sign rootkit drivers in [Stuxnet](/wiki/Stuxnet "Stuxnet") virus.{{cite web \|url\=http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white\-papers/Stuxnet\_Under\_the\_Microscope.pdf \|title\=Stuxnet Under the Microscope \|author1\=Aleksandr Matrosov \|author2\=Eugene Rodionov \|author3\=David Harley \|author4\=Juraj Malcho \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|accessdate\=24 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011095238/http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white\-papers/Stuxnet\_Under\_the\_Microscope.pdf \|archive\-date\=11 October 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news\|author\=Kim Zetter \|title\=Blockbuster Worm Aimed for Infrastructure, But No Proof Iran Nukes Were Target\|url\=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/stuxnet\-2/\|publisher\=\[\[Wired (magazine)\|Wired]]\|date\=23 September 2010 \|access\-date\=4 November 2016}}
After developing its own physical layer and high speed technology over the preceding years because of flat growth in the long term, JMicron diversifies from the base notebook and motherboard controller business. 2011 is characterized by JMicron winning orders from [Western Digital](/wiki/Western_Digital "Western Digital") and [Samsung Electronics](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics "Samsung Electronics") for JMicron's [USB 3\.0](/wiki/USB_3.0 "USB 3.0") HDD controller, with net sales projected to grow 10%.{{Cite web\|url\=http://weisun4\.pixnet.net/blog/post/28624300\-%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87\_%E6%99%BA%E5%BE%AE\-(4925\)\-\_ic%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88\|title \= 論壇\_智微 (4925\) \_IC設計\_USB / JMicron @ 魏尚世講股 \- (螃蟹收藏、玉石、股票投資、旅遊、美食、電影、手足球、作品...) :: 痞客邦 ::}}
In late 2011, the JMF661 was released as a third generation JMicron SSD controller, and it was shown to be an effective entry\-level product. Shortly thereafter, in 2013, the JMF667 series was released as a 256 GB capacity, 512 MB [DDR3](/wiki/DDR3 "DDR3") external cache SSD controller.[当今SSD主控里的非主流，JMicron历代主控回顾](http://www.expreview.com/24408.html) Analysis in 2013 reveals that SSD controller technology and high\-speed transmission interface IC accounts for 29% and 67% of JMicron's sales, respectively.
In June 2014, JMicron announced the JMF670 and JMF670H. Both are 4\-channel SATA SSD controllers capable of supporting up to 512 GB of storage capacity. Production was to begin in July 2014\. In the same announcement, they showcased the JMF810, a PCIe Gen II 2\-lane controller, and the JMF811, a PCIe Gen II 4\-lane SSD controller. These controllers are designed for speeds of up to 1\.5 GB/s in sequential read and 1\.2 GB/s in sequential write. Another announcement was the JMS577, which is a USB 3\.0 to SATA VI Gb/s bridge controller. The company also showcased their [USB 3\.1](/wiki/USB_3.1 "USB 3.1") technology, which is expected to achieve data transmission speeds of 10 Gbit/s—doubling the speed of the previous USB Gen III controller.[JMicron introduces at Computex Taipei 2014 a series of PCIe and SATA SSD Controllers, new features for the USB 3\.0 Storage Products, and the USB3\.1 Storage Controller Solutions](http://www.jmicron.com/PDF/news/2014computex.pdf) Among these announcements included a single\-chip, dual\-port SATA III RAID/CLONE program within the JMS561/562/561U product line.
Throughout 2014, JMicron's JMF667H was reviewed by a number of online review sites like [Tom's Hardware](/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware "Tom's Hardware"), [AnandTech](/wiki/AnandTech "AnandTech"), and [TweakTown](/wiki/TweakTown "TweakTown").
In June 2016, JMicron spun off its SSD division to [Maxiotek Corporation](/wiki/Maxiotek_Corporation "Maxiotek Corporation"), a Taiwan\-based company which designs and markets SSD controller products. Meanwhile, JMicron released the JMS576, its first [USB\-C](/wiki/USB-C "USB-C") [USB 3\.1 Gen 1](/wiki/USB_3.1_Gen_1 "USB 3.1 Gen 1") to SATA 6 Gbit/s bridge controller.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 2001–2007",
"The company was founded in September 2001 and its headquarters is in Hsinchu, Taiwan. The company also operates an advanced [R\\&D](/wiki/R%26D \"R&D\") center based out of [Irvine](/wiki/Irvine%2C_California \"Irvine, California\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), United States.",
"In 2002, the company began development of their [USB 2\\.0](/wiki/USB_2.0 \"USB 2.0\") to [SATA](/wiki/SATA \"SATA\") bridge controller technology.[JMicron Technology Corp](http://www.moneydj.com/KMDJ/Wiki/wikiViewer.aspx?keyid=5fc7dcd2-95c3-4e26-88e9-3fce1a48b42a)",
"JMicron began developing SSD technology in 2006, launching their first generation SSD controller, the JMF601A/602A, towards the end of 2007\\. JMicron's [SSD](/wiki/Solid-state_drive \"Solid-state drive\") [controller](/wiki/Flash_memory_controller \"Flash memory controller\") was widely adopted by many SSD manufacturers such [ASUS](/wiki/ASUS \"ASUS\"), [Corsair](/wiki/Corsair_Gaming \"Corsair Gaming\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/news/4585\\|title \\= News About iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus\\|date \\= 22 September 2016}} [OCZ](/wiki/OCZ \"OCZ\"), and [Transcend](/wiki/Transcend_Information \"Transcend Information\"). JMicron was one of the first[JMicron SSD Testing With A19, L85A \\& L85C Memory](http://www.thessdreview.com/our-reviews/sata-3/jmicron-jmf667h-reference-testing-a19-l85a-l85c-nand-flash-memory/) companies to provide an SSD controller chip to these companies, allowing them to produce reasonably priced SSDs. Unfortunately the SSD controller did not have any support for DRAM cache, and with the NAND technology available at the time this made random writes very slow (the JMF602B improved this only slightly). <https://www.anandtech.com/show/2738/17>",
"### 2008 to present",
"Also in 2008, JMicron showcased a number of peripheral products. This includes the JMB353, a hi\\-speed USB \\& [IEEE 1394a](/wiki/IEEE_1394a \"IEEE 1394a\") to SATA II external HDD controller chip; this device was the first to feature an integrated IEEE 1394a [PHY](/wiki/PHY \"PHY\") chip. Also included in the showcase is the JMB38x series, a [PCIe](/wiki/PCIe \"PCIe\") to [card reader](/wiki/Card_reader \"Card reader\") \\& 1394 controller chip, the JMB211, a [Gigabit Ethernet](/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet \"Gigabit Ethernet\") PHY controller chip, the JMB352, a high\\-speed USB \\& [eSATA](/wiki/ESATA \"ESATA\") to 2\\-port SATA II external HDD controller chip, and the JMB325, a 1\\- to 5\\-port SATA II [port multiplier](/wiki/Port_multiplier \"Port multiplier\") with hardware [RAID](/wiki/RAID \"RAID\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.berich.com.tw/AG/Cnyes2/TalkTalk/Talk\\_Detail.asp?ii\\=21018\\&CNpg\\=1 \\|title\\=JMicron new series of high\\-speed interface solutions will be coming Computex \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230228/http://www.berich.com.tw/AG/Cnyes2/TalkTalk/Talk\\_Detail.asp?ii\\=21018\\&CNpg\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 2009, the JMF612 was released. It saw popularity throughout 2010 in its use in a number of industry SSDs.[JMicron JMF612 Solid State Drive Processor](http://archive.benchmarkreviews.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=481&Itemid=60) In particular, 2009 was a landmark year for JMicron, in that the company achieved the top ranking as a supplier for external HDD and SATA\\-PATA bridge controllers, shipping roughly 35 million and 15 million units, respectively.",
"In October 2010, JMicron was scheduled to list on the Taiwanese [Gre Tai Securities Market](/wiki/Gre_Tai_Securities_Market \"Gre Tai Securities Market\") (GTSM). Also in 2010, a [Gartner](/wiki/Gartner \"Gartner\") tandem research report reveals JMicron to be first in interface controller chip market share.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?Cnlid\\=13\\&id\\=0000380438\\_VGL3GF5M49EDXT7LGZWRY\\&ct\\=1 \\|title\\=JMicron Technology showcase a variety of storage controller chip in International Computer Show \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-16 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315092918/http://digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?Cnlid\\=13\\&id\\=0000380438\\_VGL3GF5M49EDXT7LGZWRY\\&ct\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In 2010 stolen private keys certificates were used to digitally sign rootkit drivers in [Stuxnet](/wiki/Stuxnet \"Stuxnet\") virus.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white\\-papers/Stuxnet\\_Under\\_the\\_Microscope.pdf \\|title\\=Stuxnet Under the Microscope \\|author1\\=Aleksandr Matrosov \\|author2\\=Eugene Rodionov \\|author3\\=David Harley \\|author4\\=Juraj Malcho \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|accessdate\\=24 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011095238/http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white\\-papers/Stuxnet\\_Under\\_the\\_Microscope.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news\\|author\\=Kim Zetter \\|title\\=Blockbuster Worm Aimed for Infrastructure, But No Proof Iran Nukes Were Target\\|url\\=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/stuxnet\\-2/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Wired (magazine)\\|Wired]]\\|date\\=23 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2016}}",
"After developing its own physical layer and high speed technology over the preceding years because of flat growth in the long term, JMicron diversifies from the base notebook and motherboard controller business. 2011 is characterized by JMicron winning orders from [Western Digital](/wiki/Western_Digital \"Western Digital\") and [Samsung Electronics](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics \"Samsung Electronics\") for JMicron's [USB 3\\.0](/wiki/USB_3.0 \"USB 3.0\") HDD controller, with net sales projected to grow 10%.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://weisun4\\.pixnet.net/blog/post/28624300\\-%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87\\_%E6%99%BA%E5%BE%AE\\-(4925\\)\\-\\_ic%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88\\|title \\= 論壇\\_智微 (4925\\) \\_IC設計\\_USB / JMicron @ 魏尚世講股 \\- (螃蟹收藏、玉石、股票投資、旅遊、美食、電影、手足球、作品...) :: 痞客邦 ::}}",
"In late 2011, the JMF661 was released as a third generation JMicron SSD controller, and it was shown to be an effective entry\\-level product. Shortly thereafter, in 2013, the JMF667 series was released as a 256 GB capacity, 512 MB [DDR3](/wiki/DDR3 \"DDR3\") external cache SSD controller.[当今SSD主控里的非主流，JMicron历代主控回顾](http://www.expreview.com/24408.html) Analysis in 2013 reveals that SSD controller technology and high\\-speed transmission interface IC accounts for 29% and 67% of JMicron's sales, respectively.",
"In June 2014, JMicron announced the JMF670 and JMF670H. Both are 4\\-channel SATA SSD controllers capable of supporting up to 512 GB of storage capacity. Production was to begin in July 2014\\. In the same announcement, they showcased the JMF810, a PCIe Gen II 2\\-lane controller, and the JMF811, a PCIe Gen II 4\\-lane SSD controller. These controllers are designed for speeds of up to 1\\.5 GB/s in sequential read and 1\\.2 GB/s in sequential write. Another announcement was the JMS577, which is a USB 3\\.0 to SATA VI Gb/s bridge controller. The company also showcased their [USB 3\\.1](/wiki/USB_3.1 \"USB 3.1\") technology, which is expected to achieve data transmission speeds of 10 Gbit/s—doubling the speed of the previous USB Gen III controller.[JMicron introduces at Computex Taipei 2014 a series of PCIe and SATA SSD Controllers, new features for the USB 3\\.0 Storage Products, and the USB3\\.1 Storage Controller Solutions](http://www.jmicron.com/PDF/news/2014computex.pdf) Among these announcements included a single\\-chip, dual\\-port SATA III RAID/CLONE program within the JMS561/562/561U product line.",
"Throughout 2014, JMicron's JMF667H was reviewed by a number of online review sites like [Tom's Hardware](/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware \"Tom's Hardware\"), [AnandTech](/wiki/AnandTech \"AnandTech\"), and [TweakTown](/wiki/TweakTown \"TweakTown\").",
"In June 2016, JMicron spun off its SSD division to [Maxiotek Corporation](/wiki/Maxiotek_Corporation \"Maxiotek Corporation\"), a Taiwan\\-based company which designs and markets SSD controller products. Meanwhile, JMicron released the JMS576, its first [USB\\-C](/wiki/USB-C \"USB-C\") [USB 3\\.1 Gen 1](/wiki/USB_3.1_Gen_1 \"USB 3.1 Gen 1\") to SATA 6 Gbit/s bridge controller.",
""
] |
### 2008 to present
Also in 2008, JMicron showcased a number of peripheral products. This includes the JMB353, a hi\-speed USB \& [IEEE 1394a](/wiki/IEEE_1394a "IEEE 1394a") to SATA II external HDD controller chip; this device was the first to feature an integrated IEEE 1394a [PHY](/wiki/PHY "PHY") chip. Also included in the showcase is the JMB38x series, a [PCIe](/wiki/PCIe "PCIe") to [card reader](/wiki/Card_reader "Card reader") \& 1394 controller chip, the JMB211, a [Gigabit Ethernet](/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet "Gigabit Ethernet") PHY controller chip, the JMB352, a high\-speed USB \& [eSATA](/wiki/ESATA "ESATA") to 2\-port SATA II external HDD controller chip, and the JMB325, a 1\- to 5\-port SATA II [port multiplier](/wiki/Port_multiplier "Port multiplier") with hardware [RAID](/wiki/RAID "RAID").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.berich.com.tw/AG/Cnyes2/TalkTalk/Talk\_Detail.asp?ii\=21018\&CNpg\=1 \|title\=JMicron new series of high\-speed interface solutions will be coming Computex \|access\-date\=2015\-01\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230228/http://www.berich.com.tw/AG/Cnyes2/TalkTalk/Talk\_Detail.asp?ii\=21018\&CNpg\=1 \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-03 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 2009, the JMF612 was released. It saw popularity throughout 2010 in its use in a number of industry SSDs.[JMicron JMF612 Solid State Drive Processor](http://archive.benchmarkreviews.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=481&Itemid=60) In particular, 2009 was a landmark year for JMicron, in that the company achieved the top ranking as a supplier for external HDD and SATA\-PATA bridge controllers, shipping roughly 35 million and 15 million units, respectively.
In October 2010, JMicron was scheduled to list on the Taiwanese [Gre Tai Securities Market](/wiki/Gre_Tai_Securities_Market "Gre Tai Securities Market") (GTSM). Also in 2010, a [Gartner](/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") tandem research report reveals JMicron to be first in interface controller chip market share.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?Cnlid\=13\&id\=0000380438\_VGL3GF5M49EDXT7LGZWRY\&ct\=1 \|title\=JMicron Technology showcase a variety of storage controller chip in International Computer Show \|access\-date\=2015\-01\-16 \|archive\-date\=2015\-03\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315092918/http://digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?Cnlid\=13\&id\=0000380438\_VGL3GF5M49EDXT7LGZWRY\&ct\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }} In 2010 stolen private keys certificates were used to digitally sign rootkit drivers in [Stuxnet](/wiki/Stuxnet "Stuxnet") virus.{{cite web \|url\=http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white\-papers/Stuxnet\_Under\_the\_Microscope.pdf \|title\=Stuxnet Under the Microscope \|author1\=Aleksandr Matrosov \|author2\=Eugene Rodionov \|author3\=David Harley \|author4\=Juraj Malcho \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|accessdate\=24 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011095238/http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white\-papers/Stuxnet\_Under\_the\_Microscope.pdf \|archive\-date\=11 October 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news\|author\=Kim Zetter \|title\=Blockbuster Worm Aimed for Infrastructure, But No Proof Iran Nukes Were Target\|url\=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/stuxnet\-2/\|publisher\=\[\[Wired (magazine)\|Wired]]\|date\=23 September 2010 \|access\-date\=4 November 2016}}
After developing its own physical layer and high speed technology over the preceding years because of flat growth in the long term, JMicron diversifies from the base notebook and motherboard controller business. 2011 is characterized by JMicron winning orders from [Western Digital](/wiki/Western_Digital "Western Digital") and [Samsung Electronics](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics "Samsung Electronics") for JMicron's [USB 3\.0](/wiki/USB_3.0 "USB 3.0") HDD controller, with net sales projected to grow 10%.{{Cite web\|url\=http://weisun4\.pixnet.net/blog/post/28624300\-%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87\_%E6%99%BA%E5%BE%AE\-(4925\)\-\_ic%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88\|title \= 論壇\_智微 (4925\) \_IC設計\_USB / JMicron @ 魏尚世講股 \- (螃蟹收藏、玉石、股票投資、旅遊、美食、電影、手足球、作品...) :: 痞客邦 ::}}
In late 2011, the JMF661 was released as a third generation JMicron SSD controller, and it was shown to be an effective entry\-level product. Shortly thereafter, in 2013, the JMF667 series was released as a 256 GB capacity, 512 MB [DDR3](/wiki/DDR3 "DDR3") external cache SSD controller.[当今SSD主控里的非主流，JMicron历代主控回顾](http://www.expreview.com/24408.html) Analysis in 2013 reveals that SSD controller technology and high\-speed transmission interface IC accounts for 29% and 67% of JMicron's sales, respectively.
In June 2014, JMicron announced the JMF670 and JMF670H. Both are 4\-channel SATA SSD controllers capable of supporting up to 512 GB of storage capacity. Production was to begin in July 2014\. In the same announcement, they showcased the JMF810, a PCIe Gen II 2\-lane controller, and the JMF811, a PCIe Gen II 4\-lane SSD controller. These controllers are designed for speeds of up to 1\.5 GB/s in sequential read and 1\.2 GB/s in sequential write. Another announcement was the JMS577, which is a USB 3\.0 to SATA VI Gb/s bridge controller. The company also showcased their [USB 3\.1](/wiki/USB_3.1 "USB 3.1") technology, which is expected to achieve data transmission speeds of 10 Gbit/s—doubling the speed of the previous USB Gen III controller.[JMicron introduces at Computex Taipei 2014 a series of PCIe and SATA SSD Controllers, new features for the USB 3\.0 Storage Products, and the USB3\.1 Storage Controller Solutions](http://www.jmicron.com/PDF/news/2014computex.pdf) Among these announcements included a single\-chip, dual\-port SATA III RAID/CLONE program within the JMS561/562/561U product line.
Throughout 2014, JMicron's JMF667H was reviewed by a number of online review sites like [Tom's Hardware](/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware "Tom's Hardware"), [AnandTech](/wiki/AnandTech "AnandTech"), and [TweakTown](/wiki/TweakTown "TweakTown").
In June 2016, JMicron spun off its SSD division to [Maxiotek Corporation](/wiki/Maxiotek_Corporation "Maxiotek Corporation"), a Taiwan\-based company which designs and markets SSD controller products. Meanwhile, JMicron released the JMS576, its first [USB\-C](/wiki/USB-C "USB-C") [USB 3\.1 Gen 1](/wiki/USB_3.1_Gen_1 "USB 3.1 Gen 1") to SATA 6 Gbit/s bridge controller.
|
[
"### 2008 to present",
"Also in 2008, JMicron showcased a number of peripheral products. This includes the JMB353, a hi\\-speed USB \\& [IEEE 1394a](/wiki/IEEE_1394a \"IEEE 1394a\") to SATA II external HDD controller chip; this device was the first to feature an integrated IEEE 1394a [PHY](/wiki/PHY \"PHY\") chip. Also included in the showcase is the JMB38x series, a [PCIe](/wiki/PCIe \"PCIe\") to [card reader](/wiki/Card_reader \"Card reader\") \\& 1394 controller chip, the JMB211, a [Gigabit Ethernet](/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet \"Gigabit Ethernet\") PHY controller chip, the JMB352, a high\\-speed USB \\& [eSATA](/wiki/ESATA \"ESATA\") to 2\\-port SATA II external HDD controller chip, and the JMB325, a 1\\- to 5\\-port SATA II [port multiplier](/wiki/Port_multiplier \"Port multiplier\") with hardware [RAID](/wiki/RAID \"RAID\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.berich.com.tw/AG/Cnyes2/TalkTalk/Talk\\_Detail.asp?ii\\=21018\\&CNpg\\=1 \\|title\\=JMicron new series of high\\-speed interface solutions will be coming Computex \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230228/http://www.berich.com.tw/AG/Cnyes2/TalkTalk/Talk\\_Detail.asp?ii\\=21018\\&CNpg\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 2009, the JMF612 was released. It saw popularity throughout 2010 in its use in a number of industry SSDs.[JMicron JMF612 Solid State Drive Processor](http://archive.benchmarkreviews.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=481&Itemid=60) In particular, 2009 was a landmark year for JMicron, in that the company achieved the top ranking as a supplier for external HDD and SATA\\-PATA bridge controllers, shipping roughly 35 million and 15 million units, respectively.",
"In October 2010, JMicron was scheduled to list on the Taiwanese [Gre Tai Securities Market](/wiki/Gre_Tai_Securities_Market \"Gre Tai Securities Market\") (GTSM). Also in 2010, a [Gartner](/wiki/Gartner \"Gartner\") tandem research report reveals JMicron to be first in interface controller chip market share.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?Cnlid\\=13\\&id\\=0000380438\\_VGL3GF5M49EDXT7LGZWRY\\&ct\\=1 \\|title\\=JMicron Technology showcase a variety of storage controller chip in International Computer Show \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-16 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315092918/http://digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?Cnlid\\=13\\&id\\=0000380438\\_VGL3GF5M49EDXT7LGZWRY\\&ct\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In 2010 stolen private keys certificates were used to digitally sign rootkit drivers in [Stuxnet](/wiki/Stuxnet \"Stuxnet\") virus.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white\\-papers/Stuxnet\\_Under\\_the\\_Microscope.pdf \\|title\\=Stuxnet Under the Microscope \\|author1\\=Aleksandr Matrosov \\|author2\\=Eugene Rodionov \\|author3\\=David Harley \\|author4\\=Juraj Malcho \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|accessdate\\=24 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011095238/http://go.eset.com/us/resources/white\\-papers/Stuxnet\\_Under\\_the\\_Microscope.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news\\|author\\=Kim Zetter \\|title\\=Blockbuster Worm Aimed for Infrastructure, But No Proof Iran Nukes Were Target\\|url\\=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/stuxnet\\-2/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Wired (magazine)\\|Wired]]\\|date\\=23 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2016}}",
"After developing its own physical layer and high speed technology over the preceding years because of flat growth in the long term, JMicron diversifies from the base notebook and motherboard controller business. 2011 is characterized by JMicron winning orders from [Western Digital](/wiki/Western_Digital \"Western Digital\") and [Samsung Electronics](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics \"Samsung Electronics\") for JMicron's [USB 3\\.0](/wiki/USB_3.0 \"USB 3.0\") HDD controller, with net sales projected to grow 10%.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://weisun4\\.pixnet.net/blog/post/28624300\\-%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87\\_%E6%99%BA%E5%BE%AE\\-(4925\\)\\-\\_ic%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88\\|title \\= 論壇\\_智微 (4925\\) \\_IC設計\\_USB / JMicron @ 魏尚世講股 \\- (螃蟹收藏、玉石、股票投資、旅遊、美食、電影、手足球、作品...) :: 痞客邦 ::}}",
"In late 2011, the JMF661 was released as a third generation JMicron SSD controller, and it was shown to be an effective entry\\-level product. Shortly thereafter, in 2013, the JMF667 series was released as a 256 GB capacity, 512 MB [DDR3](/wiki/DDR3 \"DDR3\") external cache SSD controller.[当今SSD主控里的非主流，JMicron历代主控回顾](http://www.expreview.com/24408.html) Analysis in 2013 reveals that SSD controller technology and high\\-speed transmission interface IC accounts for 29% and 67% of JMicron's sales, respectively.",
"In June 2014, JMicron announced the JMF670 and JMF670H. Both are 4\\-channel SATA SSD controllers capable of supporting up to 512 GB of storage capacity. Production was to begin in July 2014\\. In the same announcement, they showcased the JMF810, a PCIe Gen II 2\\-lane controller, and the JMF811, a PCIe Gen II 4\\-lane SSD controller. These controllers are designed for speeds of up to 1\\.5 GB/s in sequential read and 1\\.2 GB/s in sequential write. Another announcement was the JMS577, which is a USB 3\\.0 to SATA VI Gb/s bridge controller. The company also showcased their [USB 3\\.1](/wiki/USB_3.1 \"USB 3.1\") technology, which is expected to achieve data transmission speeds of 10 Gbit/s—doubling the speed of the previous USB Gen III controller.[JMicron introduces at Computex Taipei 2014 a series of PCIe and SATA SSD Controllers, new features for the USB 3\\.0 Storage Products, and the USB3\\.1 Storage Controller Solutions](http://www.jmicron.com/PDF/news/2014computex.pdf) Among these announcements included a single\\-chip, dual\\-port SATA III RAID/CLONE program within the JMS561/562/561U product line.",
"Throughout 2014, JMicron's JMF667H was reviewed by a number of online review sites like [Tom's Hardware](/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware \"Tom's Hardware\"), [AnandTech](/wiki/AnandTech \"AnandTech\"), and [TweakTown](/wiki/TweakTown \"TweakTown\").",
"In June 2016, JMicron spun off its SSD division to [Maxiotek Corporation](/wiki/Maxiotek_Corporation \"Maxiotek Corporation\"), a Taiwan\\-based company which designs and markets SSD controller products. Meanwhile, JMicron released the JMS576, its first [USB\\-C](/wiki/USB-C \"USB-C\") [USB 3\\.1 Gen 1](/wiki/USB_3.1_Gen_1 \"USB 3.1 Gen 1\") to SATA 6 Gbit/s bridge controller.",
""
] |
History
-------
### The Kelvin machine
The first tide predicting machine (TPM) was built in 1872 by the Légé Engineering Company.[Parker (2011\)](/wiki/%23parker "#parker"), p. 37\. A model of it was exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1873See [*Proceedings* of the Inst.C.E. (1881\)](/wiki/%23refprocice "#refprocice"), at page 31\. (for computing 8 tidal components), followed in 1875\-76 by a machine on a slightly larger scale (for computing 10 tidal components), was designed by Sir William Thomson (who later became [Lord Kelvin](/wiki/Lord_Kelvin "Lord Kelvin")).see [W Thomson (1881\)](/wiki/%23refthom1881 "#refthom1881"), a paper of Thomson's presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers in January 1881\. Subsequent discussion at the same meeting of the Institution of Civil Engineers covered questions of history and priority about aspects of the design since 1872, see [Proceedings for January 1881](/wiki/%23refprocice "#refprocice") especially pages 30\-31\. The design had been described at the British Association Meeting of 1872 and a model for an 8\-component prototype shown at the British Association meeting of 1873\. The 10\-component machine and results obtained from it were shown at the Paris Exhibition in 1878\.
Thomson was also responsible for originating the method of harmonic tidal analysis, and for devising a harmonic analyzer machine, which partly mechanized the evaluation of the constants from the gauge readings.
### The Roberts machine
An enlarged and improved version of the machine, for computing 20 tidal components, was built for the Government of India in 1879, and then modified in 1881 to extend it to compute 24 harmonic components.The 20\-component instrument was described by [E Roberts (1879\)](/wiki/%23refrob1879 "#refrob1879"). British Tide Predictor No.2, after initial use to generate data for Indian ports, was used for tide prediction for the British empire beyond India, and transferred to the National Physical Laboratory in 1903\. British Tide Predictor No.3 was sold to the French Government in 1900 and used to generate French tide tables.
In these machines, the prediction was delivered in the form of a continuous graphical pen\-plot of tidal height against time. The plot was marked with hour\- and noon\-marks, and was made by the machine on a moving band of paper as the mechanism was turned. A year's tidal predictions for a given place, usually a chosen seaport, could be plotted by the 1876 and 1879 machines in about four hours (but the drives had to be rewound during that time).
### Ferrel machine, US Tide Predicting Machine No. 1
In 1881–82, another tide predicting machine, operating quite differently, was designed by [William Ferrel](/wiki/William_Ferrel "William Ferrel") and built in Washington under Ferrel's direction by E. G. Fischer (who later designed the successor machine described below, which was in operation at the US Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1912 until the 1960s).[W Ferrel (1883\)](/wiki/%23refferr1883 "#refferr1883"); also [E G Fischer (1912\)](/wiki/%23reffis-tpm2 "#reffis-tpm2"), at pages 273\-275; also [*Science* (1884\)](/wiki/%23refsci1884 "#refsci1884"). Ferrel's machine delivered predictions by telling the times and heights of successive high and low waters, shown by pointer\-readings on dials and scales. These were read by an operator who copied the readings on to forms, to be sent to the printer of the US tide\-tables.
These machines had to be set with local tidal constants special to the place for which predictions were to be made. Such numbers express the local tidal response to individual components of the global tide\-generating potential, at different frequencies. This local response, shown in the timing and the height of tidal contributions at different frequencies, is a result of local and regional features of the coasts and sea\-bed. The tidal constants are usually evaluated from local histories of tide\-gauge observations, by harmonic analysis based on the principal tide\-generating frequencies as shown by the global [theory of tides](/wiki/Theory_of_tides "Theory of tides") and the underlying [lunar theory](/wiki/Lunar_theory "Lunar theory").
Development and improvement based on the experience of these early machines continued through the first half of the 20th century.
[alt\=The face of Tide Predicting Machine No. 2\|thumb\|[Tide\-Predicting Machine No. 2](/wiki/Tide-Predicting_Machine_No._2 "Tide-Predicting Machine No. 2") ("Old Brass Brains"). The operator powered the machine by turning the crank at the left. The machine stopped when the simulation reached high and low tides, at which time the operator recorded the tide height and the day and time from the dials on the machine's face. The tide curve drawn on the paper above the dials was retained in case questions were raised later about the calculations.](/wiki/File:Tide_Predicting_Machine_No._2_%28%22Old_Brass_Brains%22%29.jpg "Tide Predicting Machine No. 2 (")
### US Tide Predicting Machine No. 2
[US Tide Predicting Machine No. 2](/wiki/Tide-Predicting_Machine_No._2 "Tide-Predicting Machine No. 2") ("Old Brass Brains")See [Ehret, 2008](/wiki/%23refobb "#refobb") for its later history, and for its construction [E G Fischer](/wiki/%23reffis-tpm2 "#reffis-tpm2"), and [(1915\) Description of the US Tide Predicting Machine No 2](/wiki/%23refustpm2 "#refustpm2"), see also [NOAA](/wiki/%23refNOAA "#refNOAA"). was designed in the 1890s by Rollin Harris, built in the [United States Coast and Geodetic Survey](/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey "United States Coast and Geodetic Survey"), completed and brought into service in 1912, used for several decades including during the second World War, and retired in 1965\.[Parker (2011\)](/wiki/%23parker "#parker"), p. 38\.{{cite web\|url\=https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/predhist.html\|title\=History of Tidal Analysis and Prediction\|publisher\=NOAA\|accessdate\=27 July 2023}}
### 20th century
Tide\-predicting machines were built in Germany during World War I, and again in the period 1935\-1938\.See [German Maritime Museum](/wiki/%23refdsm "#refdsm") online exhibit, and [Deutsches Museum](/wiki/%23reftpmde "#reftpmde") online exhibit.
Brass machines based on Thomson's original tide machine are credited for the accurate tide predictions in the build\-up to the 1944 "D\-Day" [Normandy landings](/wiki/Normandy_landings "Normandy landings") of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").[Parker (2011\)](/wiki/%23parker "#parker"), pp. 38\-40\.
Three of the last to be built were:
* a Tide Predicting Machine built in 1947 for the Norwegian Hydrographic Service by Chadburn of Liverpool, and designed to compute 30 tidal harmonic constituents; used until 1975 to compute official Norwegian Tide Tables, before being superseded by digital computing.[Norwegian Hydrographic Service \- history](http://vannstand.statkart.no/Engelsk/hist_tilbake.php).
* the [Doodson\-Légé TPM](/wiki/%23refpoltpm "#refpoltpm") built in 1949,
* an East German TPM built 1953\-5\.See [German Maritime Museum (online exhibit)](/wiki/%23refdsm "#refdsm").
Excluding small portable machines, a total of 33 tide\-predicting machines are known to have been built, of which 2 have been destroyed and 4 are presently lost.See [P. L. Woodworth (2016\)](http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/513660/): An inventory of tide prediction machines. National Oceanography Centre Research and Consultancy Report No. 56\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### The Kelvin machine",
"The first tide predicting machine (TPM) was built in 1872 by the Légé Engineering Company.[Parker (2011\\)](/wiki/%23parker \"#parker\"), p. 37\\. A model of it was exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1873See [*Proceedings* of the Inst.C.E. (1881\\)](/wiki/%23refprocice \"#refprocice\"), at page 31\\. (for computing 8 tidal components), followed in 1875\\-76 by a machine on a slightly larger scale (for computing 10 tidal components), was designed by Sir William Thomson (who later became [Lord Kelvin](/wiki/Lord_Kelvin \"Lord Kelvin\")).see [W Thomson (1881\\)](/wiki/%23refthom1881 \"#refthom1881\"), a paper of Thomson's presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers in January 1881\\. Subsequent discussion at the same meeting of the Institution of Civil Engineers covered questions of history and priority about aspects of the design since 1872, see [Proceedings for January 1881](/wiki/%23refprocice \"#refprocice\") especially pages 30\\-31\\. The design had been described at the British Association Meeting of 1872 and a model for an 8\\-component prototype shown at the British Association meeting of 1873\\. The 10\\-component machine and results obtained from it were shown at the Paris Exhibition in 1878\\.",
"Thomson was also responsible for originating the method of harmonic tidal analysis, and for devising a harmonic analyzer machine, which partly mechanized the evaluation of the constants from the gauge readings.",
"### The Roberts machine",
"An enlarged and improved version of the machine, for computing 20 tidal components, was built for the Government of India in 1879, and then modified in 1881 to extend it to compute 24 harmonic components.The 20\\-component instrument was described by [E Roberts (1879\\)](/wiki/%23refrob1879 \"#refrob1879\"). British Tide Predictor No.2, after initial use to generate data for Indian ports, was used for tide prediction for the British empire beyond India, and transferred to the National Physical Laboratory in 1903\\. British Tide Predictor No.3 was sold to the French Government in 1900 and used to generate French tide tables.",
"In these machines, the prediction was delivered in the form of a continuous graphical pen\\-plot of tidal height against time. The plot was marked with hour\\- and noon\\-marks, and was made by the machine on a moving band of paper as the mechanism was turned. A year's tidal predictions for a given place, usually a chosen seaport, could be plotted by the 1876 and 1879 machines in about four hours (but the drives had to be rewound during that time).",
"### Ferrel machine, US Tide Predicting Machine No. 1",
"In 1881–82, another tide predicting machine, operating quite differently, was designed by [William Ferrel](/wiki/William_Ferrel \"William Ferrel\") and built in Washington under Ferrel's direction by E. G. Fischer (who later designed the successor machine described below, which was in operation at the US Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1912 until the 1960s).[W Ferrel (1883\\)](/wiki/%23refferr1883 \"#refferr1883\"); also [E G Fischer (1912\\)](/wiki/%23reffis-tpm2 \"#reffis-tpm2\"), at pages 273\\-275; also [*Science* (1884\\)](/wiki/%23refsci1884 \"#refsci1884\"). Ferrel's machine delivered predictions by telling the times and heights of successive high and low waters, shown by pointer\\-readings on dials and scales. These were read by an operator who copied the readings on to forms, to be sent to the printer of the US tide\\-tables.",
"These machines had to be set with local tidal constants special to the place for which predictions were to be made. Such numbers express the local tidal response to individual components of the global tide\\-generating potential, at different frequencies. This local response, shown in the timing and the height of tidal contributions at different frequencies, is a result of local and regional features of the coasts and sea\\-bed. The tidal constants are usually evaluated from local histories of tide\\-gauge observations, by harmonic analysis based on the principal tide\\-generating frequencies as shown by the global [theory of tides](/wiki/Theory_of_tides \"Theory of tides\") and the underlying [lunar theory](/wiki/Lunar_theory \"Lunar theory\").",
"Development and improvement based on the experience of these early machines continued through the first half of the 20th century.",
"[alt\\=The face of Tide Predicting Machine No. 2\\|thumb\\|[Tide\\-Predicting Machine No. 2](/wiki/Tide-Predicting_Machine_No._2 \"Tide-Predicting Machine No. 2\") (\"Old Brass Brains\"). The operator powered the machine by turning the crank at the left. The machine stopped when the simulation reached high and low tides, at which time the operator recorded the tide height and the day and time from the dials on the machine's face. The tide curve drawn on the paper above the dials was retained in case questions were raised later about the calculations.](/wiki/File:Tide_Predicting_Machine_No._2_%28%22Old_Brass_Brains%22%29.jpg \"Tide Predicting Machine No. 2 (\")",
"### US Tide Predicting Machine No. 2",
"[US Tide Predicting Machine No. 2](/wiki/Tide-Predicting_Machine_No._2 \"Tide-Predicting Machine No. 2\") (\"Old Brass Brains\")See [Ehret, 2008](/wiki/%23refobb \"#refobb\") for its later history, and for its construction [E G Fischer](/wiki/%23reffis-tpm2 \"#reffis-tpm2\"), and [(1915\\) Description of the US Tide Predicting Machine No 2](/wiki/%23refustpm2 \"#refustpm2\"), see also [NOAA](/wiki/%23refNOAA \"#refNOAA\"). was designed in the 1890s by Rollin Harris, built in the [United States Coast and Geodetic Survey](/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey \"United States Coast and Geodetic Survey\"), completed and brought into service in 1912, used for several decades including during the second World War, and retired in 1965\\.[Parker (2011\\)](/wiki/%23parker \"#parker\"), p. 38\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/predhist.html\\|title\\=History of Tidal Analysis and Prediction\\|publisher\\=NOAA\\|accessdate\\=27 July 2023}}",
"### 20th century",
"Tide\\-predicting machines were built in Germany during World War I, and again in the period 1935\\-1938\\.See [German Maritime Museum](/wiki/%23refdsm \"#refdsm\") online exhibit, and [Deutsches Museum](/wiki/%23reftpmde \"#reftpmde\") online exhibit.",
"Brass machines based on Thomson's original tide machine are credited for the accurate tide predictions in the build\\-up to the 1944 \"D\\-Day\" [Normandy landings](/wiki/Normandy_landings \"Normandy landings\") of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").[Parker (2011\\)](/wiki/%23parker \"#parker\"), pp. 38\\-40\\.",
"Three of the last to be built were: \n* a Tide Predicting Machine built in 1947 for the Norwegian Hydrographic Service by Chadburn of Liverpool, and designed to compute 30 tidal harmonic constituents; used until 1975 to compute official Norwegian Tide Tables, before being superseded by digital computing.[Norwegian Hydrographic Service \\- history](http://vannstand.statkart.no/Engelsk/hist_tilbake.php).\n* the [Doodson\\-Légé TPM](/wiki/%23refpoltpm \"#refpoltpm\") built in 1949,\n* an East German TPM built 1953\\-5\\.See [German Maritime Museum (online exhibit)](/wiki/%23refdsm \"#refdsm\").\nExcluding small portable machines, a total of 33 tide\\-predicting machines are known to have been built, of which 2 have been destroyed and 4 are presently lost.See [P. L. Woodworth (2016\\)](http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/513660/): An inventory of tide prediction machines. National Oceanography Centre Research and Consultancy Report No. 56\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
Three years before the comic book was published in May 1969, Max Bunker, along with illustrator Magnus, had the idea to create a satire of [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond "James Bond") (they had previously created a serious spy character, [Dennis Cobb](/wiki/Dennis_Cobb "Dennis Cobb")). The initial script was written in August 1967 and the dialog revised in April 1968\. The script included six main characters (Alan Ford, Bob Rock, Sir Oliver, The Boss, Jeremiah and Grunf), but the creators decided to omit Sir Oliver in the ultimate revision (July 1968\), for fear of overwhelming readers with characters in the first issue. Raviola decided to base the drawing of Alan Ford on [Irish](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") actor [Peter O'Toole](/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole "Peter O'Toole").
According to Max Bunker, he wanted to create a comic book which did not fall into either of the then predefined categories of adventures and dark comics, like *[Satanik](/wiki/Satanik "Satanik")* or *[Kriminal](/wiki/Kriminal "Kriminal")* (both by Bunker and Raviola), or traditionally funny comics, like Mickey Mouse.{{cite web \| last \=Belgrade Alan Ford Page \| title \= Tekstovi \| url \=http://www.yurope.com/alanford/strip/maxb.htm \| language \= Serbian}}
The first issue of the comic book, entitled "Il Gruppo TNT" ("The Group TNT"), was received mildly by its audience. The second issue, entitled "The Hollow Tooth" appeared in June 1968, introduced the Sir Oliver character, and was overshadowed by the first issue's lack of success. The reputation of *Alan Ford* grew with subsequent issues.
The character of Number One was introduced later into the series, in the 11th issue named "Number One". Cirano first appeared in the 18th issue ("Million Dollar Dog"), when he was adopted by Bob Rock, albeit unwillingly.
Magnus drew the first 75 issues, after which he was replaced by [Paolo Piffarerio](/wiki/Paolo_Piffarerio "Paolo Piffarerio") in 1975\. In 1983, when the comic book moved to another publisher, Max Bunker Press, [Raffaele della Monica](/wiki/Raffaele_della_Monica "Raffaele della Monica") and [Giuliano Piccinnino](/wiki/Giuliano_Piccinnino "Giuliano Piccinnino") replaced Piffarerio.
Currently the comic book is drawn by [Dario Perucca](/wiki/Dario_Perucca "Dario Perucca") (who also draws covers) with inks by [Omar Pistolato](/wiki/Omar_Pistolato "Omar Pistolato"). In its entire story the drawing style has remained the same set by [Magnus](/wiki/Roberto_Raviola "Roberto Raviola").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Three years before the comic book was published in May 1969, Max Bunker, along with illustrator Magnus, had the idea to create a satire of [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond \"James Bond\") (they had previously created a serious spy character, [Dennis Cobb](/wiki/Dennis_Cobb \"Dennis Cobb\")). The initial script was written in August 1967 and the dialog revised in April 1968\\. The script included six main characters (Alan Ford, Bob Rock, Sir Oliver, The Boss, Jeremiah and Grunf), but the creators decided to omit Sir Oliver in the ultimate revision (July 1968\\), for fear of overwhelming readers with characters in the first issue. Raviola decided to base the drawing of Alan Ford on [Irish](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\") actor [Peter O'Toole](/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole \"Peter O'Toole\").",
"According to Max Bunker, he wanted to create a comic book which did not fall into either of the then predefined categories of adventures and dark comics, like *[Satanik](/wiki/Satanik \"Satanik\")* or *[Kriminal](/wiki/Kriminal \"Kriminal\")* (both by Bunker and Raviola), or traditionally funny comics, like Mickey Mouse.{{cite web \\| last \\=Belgrade Alan Ford Page \\| title \\= Tekstovi \\| url \\=http://www.yurope.com/alanford/strip/maxb.htm \\| language \\= Serbian}}",
"The first issue of the comic book, entitled \"Il Gruppo TNT\" (\"The Group TNT\"), was received mildly by its audience. The second issue, entitled \"The Hollow Tooth\" appeared in June 1968, introduced the Sir Oliver character, and was overshadowed by the first issue's lack of success. The reputation of *Alan Ford* grew with subsequent issues.",
"The character of Number One was introduced later into the series, in the 11th issue named \"Number One\". Cirano first appeared in the 18th issue (\"Million Dollar Dog\"), when he was adopted by Bob Rock, albeit unwillingly.",
"Magnus drew the first 75 issues, after which he was replaced by [Paolo Piffarerio](/wiki/Paolo_Piffarerio \"Paolo Piffarerio\") in 1975\\. In 1983, when the comic book moved to another publisher, Max Bunker Press, [Raffaele della Monica](/wiki/Raffaele_della_Monica \"Raffaele della Monica\") and [Giuliano Piccinnino](/wiki/Giuliano_Piccinnino \"Giuliano Piccinnino\") replaced Piffarerio.",
"Currently the comic book is drawn by [Dario Perucca](/wiki/Dario_Perucca \"Dario Perucca\") (who also draws covers) with inks by [Omar Pistolato](/wiki/Omar_Pistolato \"Omar Pistolato\"). In its entire story the drawing style has remained the same set by [Magnus](/wiki/Roberto_Raviola \"Roberto Raviola\").",
""
] |
Translations
------------
*Alan Ford* was translated into [French](/wiki/French_language "French language"), [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language "Croatian language"), [Danish](/wiki/Danish_language "Danish language"), [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language "Portuguese language") and in the 1990s subsequent [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language "Croatian language"), [Bosnian](/wiki/Bosnian_language "Bosnian language"), [Serbian](/wiki/Serbian_language "Serbian language"), [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language "Macedonian language") and [Slovenian](/wiki/Slovenian_language "Slovenian language") editions appeared. The French and Macedonian editions only saw twelve issues before they got dropped due to poor sales. The Portuguese edition only saw about three issues. It was also translated into [Albanian](/wiki/Albanian_language "Albanian language") in [Serbia](/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija "Kosovo and Metohija") which saw only five issues before getting dropped, also due to poor sales.
### Yugoslavia
[right\|thumb\|250px\|A scene from 13th issue "Golf", Vjesnik's translation. Grunf presents his transportation invention to Bob Rock.](/wiki/File:Alanford-sc.png "Alanford-sc.png")
*Alan Ford* achieved great success in [SFR Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") immediately after its 1972 introduction. It survived the dissolution of the country and in 2005 it was still one of the best selling comic books in the area.
The comic book's publishing was started in 1972 by the state\-owned company [Vjesnik](/wiki/Vjesnik "Vjesnik") from [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb"). This edition is still a popular collectors' item. First dozen issues didn't produce much success, however, the appearance in issue \#25 of antagonist Superciuk (translated as Superhik) 'who steals from the poor and gives it to the rich' proved a hit with Yugoslav readership.["Kaniš li pobijediti, ne smiješ izgubiti": 40 godina "Alana Forda" na Balkanu](http://www.blic.rs/Kultura/Vesti/327241/Kanis-li-pobijediti-ne-smijes-izgubiti-40-godina-Alana-Forda-na-Balkanu);*Blic*, 10 June 2012 Also, a lot of the comic book's success in Yugoslavia is due to [Nenad Brixy](/wiki/Nenad_Brixy "Nenad Brixy")'s (born 1924 in [Varaždinske Toplice](/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdinske_Toplice "Varaždinske Toplice")) distinctive translation, rich in obscure, baroque\-sounding [Croatisms](/wiki/Croatian_linguistic_purism "Croatian linguistic purism"). A writer himself who penned several [comedic novels](/wiki/Comic_novel "Comic novel") about the clumsy detective character called Timothy Tacher, Brixy approached the job of translating *Alan Ford* in a free form and the resulting witty adaptation and imaginative text soon won him many admirers across the country.
Some of Vjesnik's editions were occasionally censored by the publisher. For example, in issue \#16, "Don't vote for Notax", a line making fun of [American racism](/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States "Racism in the United States"), reading "Firstly, I promise that we will get rid of the Blacks. ... This is a country of the white race, and who doesn't think that way will get punished..." was changed to "Firstly, I promise that we will get rid of *our enemy*. This is *our* country and who doesn't think that way will..." Certain pictures from the book were removed or repainted in some editions, while in some other editions those very same pictures appeared in original version.
There is a fake comic in circulation which features Yugoslav lifetime president [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito "Josip Broz Tito") in a story line in one of the issues. Tito is portrayed as Number One's old acquaintance who often engaged in shady activities.[Tito in Alan Ford](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuB4x7-W0sI) The entire issue was allegedly banned from publishing in Yugoslavia. The fake issue was published decades later after the country disintegrated.[Tito in Alan Ford](http://zorinko.com/AF/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615145013/http://zorinko.com/AF/ \|date\=2012\-06\-15 }} However, apart from decent drawing of fake characters, and borrowed dialogue from various issues, giveaway is the issue number (\#39\), which in fact is a comic called Belle Epoque.
Brixy died in 1984, marking in many ways the end of an era for *Alan Ford* in Yugoslavia. Even the comic book's creator Max Bunker acknowledged Brixy's contributions to its popularity in Yugoslavia, praising him as "one of the rare translators who successfully depicted the black satire of the *Alan Ford*{{'s}} story and drawings". The edition continued after Brixy's death, eventually ending in 1992 with the outbreak of the [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars "Yugoslav Wars").
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Borgis picked up the publishing rights for the Croatian market, keeping the original series title *Alan Ford Superstrip*. Maverick from [Kraljevo](/wiki/Kraljevo "Kraljevo") initially started publishing for the Serbian market, and the comic was in 2003 picked up by [Color Press Group](/wiki/Color_Press_Group "Color Press Group") from [Novi Sad](/wiki/Novi_Sad "Novi Sad"). In the 2000s, the original episodes in Brixy's translation have been republished by Strip\-agent in Croatia, under the title *Alan Ford Klasik*, again with great success and high circulation. Strip\-agent is also publishing *Alan Ford Extra* (new Italian episodes), and *Priče broja 1* (Number One's Stories).
In 1994 a [play](/wiki/Play_%28theatre%29 "Play (theatre)") titled *Alan Ford* written by [Mirjana Lazić](/wiki/Mirjana_Lazi%C4%87 "Mirjana Lazić") and directed by [Kokan Mladenović](/wiki/Kokan_Mladenovi%C4%87 "Kokan Mladenović") was staged at [Teatar T](/wiki/Teatar_T "Teatar T") in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"). The play was an original story with most of the characters present, largely based on issue \#30 ("The Bearded Gang"), but with numerous references to other episodes and characters. The play was performed in Croatian, as used by Brixy. In 2002 [Radio Belgrade](/wiki/Radio_Belgrade "Radio Belgrade") produced a [radio drama](/wiki/Radio_drama "Radio drama") based on the play.
In 2014 in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo"), the [Italian Embassy](/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Italy "List of diplomatic missions of Italy") in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") organized the exhibition *“Alan Ford in Bosnia and Herzegovina: yesterday and today”,* as part of the *Month of Italian Culture in Bosnia Herzegovina* festival.{{cite web \|author1\=Andrea Oskari Rossini \|title\=Alan Ford, a Yugoslav hero \|url\=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Bosnia\-Herzegovina/Alan\-Ford\-a\-Yugoslav\-hero\-157680 \|website\=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso \|publisher\=OBC Transeuropa \|access\-date\=6 June 2023 \|date\=2014}}
### France
In France, the comic book debuted in 1975 published by *Sagédition* and lasted for only twelve issues. As Magnus became better known in France, this edition became a collectors' item.
In 2003, a small independent publisher, *Taupinambour*, started another edition with new issues.
[thumb\|250px\|A young version of Count Oliver. Cover for *Alan Ford* \#83, May 1976\. Art by Paolo Piffarerio.](/wiki/File:Alan_Ford_Conte_Oliber.jpg "Alan Ford Conte Oliber.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|Superciuk, the most popular villain of the series, portrayed on the cover of *Alan Ford* \#171 (September 1983\). Art by Raffaele Della Monica.](/wiki/File:Superciuk_cover.jpg "Superciuk cover.jpg")
### Brazil
In [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), the comic book also debuted in 1975, published by *Editora Vecchi*, and only lasted for about five issues.
### Denmark
In Denmark, Alan Ford was published in 1974 by [Interpresse](/wiki/Interpresse "Interpresse") under the name Oskar Mortensen, and only lasted for six issues.
|
[
"Translations\n------------",
"*Alan Ford* was translated into [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\"), [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language \"Croatian language\"), [Danish](/wiki/Danish_language \"Danish language\"), [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language \"Portuguese language\") and in the 1990s subsequent [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language \"Croatian language\"), [Bosnian](/wiki/Bosnian_language \"Bosnian language\"), [Serbian](/wiki/Serbian_language \"Serbian language\"), [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language \"Macedonian language\") and [Slovenian](/wiki/Slovenian_language \"Slovenian language\") editions appeared. The French and Macedonian editions only saw twelve issues before they got dropped due to poor sales. The Portuguese edition only saw about three issues. It was also translated into [Albanian](/wiki/Albanian_language \"Albanian language\") in [Serbia](/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija \"Kosovo and Metohija\") which saw only five issues before getting dropped, also due to poor sales.",
"### Yugoslavia",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|A scene from 13th issue \"Golf\", Vjesnik's translation. Grunf presents his transportation invention to Bob Rock.](/wiki/File:Alanford-sc.png \"Alanford-sc.png\")\n*Alan Ford* achieved great success in [SFR Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\") immediately after its 1972 introduction. It survived the dissolution of the country and in 2005 it was still one of the best selling comic books in the area.",
"The comic book's publishing was started in 1972 by the state\\-owned company [Vjesnik](/wiki/Vjesnik \"Vjesnik\") from [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\"). This edition is still a popular collectors' item. First dozen issues didn't produce much success, however, the appearance in issue \\#25 of antagonist Superciuk (translated as Superhik) 'who steals from the poor and gives it to the rich' proved a hit with Yugoslav readership.[\"Kaniš li pobijediti, ne smiješ izgubiti\": 40 godina \"Alana Forda\" na Balkanu](http://www.blic.rs/Kultura/Vesti/327241/Kanis-li-pobijediti-ne-smijes-izgubiti-40-godina-Alana-Forda-na-Balkanu);*Blic*, 10 June 2012 Also, a lot of the comic book's success in Yugoslavia is due to [Nenad Brixy](/wiki/Nenad_Brixy \"Nenad Brixy\")'s (born 1924 in [Varaždinske Toplice](/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdinske_Toplice \"Varaždinske Toplice\")) distinctive translation, rich in obscure, baroque\\-sounding [Croatisms](/wiki/Croatian_linguistic_purism \"Croatian linguistic purism\"). A writer himself who penned several [comedic novels](/wiki/Comic_novel \"Comic novel\") about the clumsy detective character called Timothy Tacher, Brixy approached the job of translating *Alan Ford* in a free form and the resulting witty adaptation and imaginative text soon won him many admirers across the country.",
"Some of Vjesnik's editions were occasionally censored by the publisher. For example, in issue \\#16, \"Don't vote for Notax\", a line making fun of [American racism](/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States \"Racism in the United States\"), reading \"Firstly, I promise that we will get rid of the Blacks. ... This is a country of the white race, and who doesn't think that way will get punished...\" was changed to \"Firstly, I promise that we will get rid of *our enemy*. This is *our* country and who doesn't think that way will...\" Certain pictures from the book were removed or repainted in some editions, while in some other editions those very same pictures appeared in original version.",
"There is a fake comic in circulation which features Yugoslav lifetime president [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito \"Josip Broz Tito\") in a story line in one of the issues. Tito is portrayed as Number One's old acquaintance who often engaged in shady activities.[Tito in Alan Ford](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuB4x7-W0sI) The entire issue was allegedly banned from publishing in Yugoslavia. The fake issue was published decades later after the country disintegrated.[Tito in Alan Ford](http://zorinko.com/AF/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615145013/http://zorinko.com/AF/ \\|date\\=2012\\-06\\-15 }} However, apart from decent drawing of fake characters, and borrowed dialogue from various issues, giveaway is the issue number (\\#39\\), which in fact is a comic called Belle Epoque.",
"Brixy died in 1984, marking in many ways the end of an era for *Alan Ford* in Yugoslavia. Even the comic book's creator Max Bunker acknowledged Brixy's contributions to its popularity in Yugoslavia, praising him as \"one of the rare translators who successfully depicted the black satire of the *Alan Ford*{{'s}} story and drawings\". The edition continued after Brixy's death, eventually ending in 1992 with the outbreak of the [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars \"Yugoslav Wars\").",
"After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Borgis picked up the publishing rights for the Croatian market, keeping the original series title *Alan Ford Superstrip*. Maverick from [Kraljevo](/wiki/Kraljevo \"Kraljevo\") initially started publishing for the Serbian market, and the comic was in 2003 picked up by [Color Press Group](/wiki/Color_Press_Group \"Color Press Group\") from [Novi Sad](/wiki/Novi_Sad \"Novi Sad\"). In the 2000s, the original episodes in Brixy's translation have been republished by Strip\\-agent in Croatia, under the title *Alan Ford Klasik*, again with great success and high circulation. Strip\\-agent is also publishing *Alan Ford Extra* (new Italian episodes), and *Priče broja 1* (Number One's Stories).",
"In 1994 a [play](/wiki/Play_%28theatre%29 \"Play (theatre)\") titled *Alan Ford* written by [Mirjana Lazić](/wiki/Mirjana_Lazi%C4%87 \"Mirjana Lazić\") and directed by [Kokan Mladenović](/wiki/Kokan_Mladenovi%C4%87 \"Kokan Mladenović\") was staged at [Teatar T](/wiki/Teatar_T \"Teatar T\") in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"). The play was an original story with most of the characters present, largely based on issue \\#30 (\"The Bearded Gang\"), but with numerous references to other episodes and characters. The play was performed in Croatian, as used by Brixy. In 2002 [Radio Belgrade](/wiki/Radio_Belgrade \"Radio Belgrade\") produced a [radio drama](/wiki/Radio_drama \"Radio drama\") based on the play.",
"In 2014 in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\"), the [Italian Embassy](/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Italy \"List of diplomatic missions of Italy\") in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\") organized the exhibition *“Alan Ford in Bosnia and Herzegovina: yesterday and today”,* as part of the *Month of Italian Culture in Bosnia Herzegovina* festival.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Andrea Oskari Rossini \\|title\\=Alan Ford, a Yugoslav hero \\|url\\=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Bosnia\\-Herzegovina/Alan\\-Ford\\-a\\-Yugoslav\\-hero\\-157680 \\|website\\=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso \\|publisher\\=OBC Transeuropa \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2023 \\|date\\=2014}}",
"### France",
"In France, the comic book debuted in 1975 published by *Sagédition* and lasted for only twelve issues. As Magnus became better known in France, this edition became a collectors' item.",
"In 2003, a small independent publisher, *Taupinambour*, started another edition with new issues.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|A young version of Count Oliver. Cover for *Alan Ford* \\#83, May 1976\\. Art by Paolo Piffarerio.](/wiki/File:Alan_Ford_Conte_Oliber.jpg \"Alan Ford Conte Oliber.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Superciuk, the most popular villain of the series, portrayed on the cover of *Alan Ford* \\#171 (September 1983\\). Art by Raffaele Della Monica.](/wiki/File:Superciuk_cover.jpg \"Superciuk cover.jpg\")",
"### Brazil",
"In [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), the comic book also debuted in 1975, published by *Editora Vecchi*, and only lasted for about five issues.",
"### Denmark",
"In Denmark, Alan Ford was published in 1974 by [Interpresse](/wiki/Interpresse \"Interpresse\") under the name Oskar Mortensen, and only lasted for six issues.",
""
] |
### Yugoslavia
[right\|thumb\|250px\|A scene from 13th issue "Golf", Vjesnik's translation. Grunf presents his transportation invention to Bob Rock.](/wiki/File:Alanford-sc.png "Alanford-sc.png")
*Alan Ford* achieved great success in [SFR Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") immediately after its 1972 introduction. It survived the dissolution of the country and in 2005 it was still one of the best selling comic books in the area.
The comic book's publishing was started in 1972 by the state\-owned company [Vjesnik](/wiki/Vjesnik "Vjesnik") from [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb"). This edition is still a popular collectors' item. First dozen issues didn't produce much success, however, the appearance in issue \#25 of antagonist Superciuk (translated as Superhik) 'who steals from the poor and gives it to the rich' proved a hit with Yugoslav readership.["Kaniš li pobijediti, ne smiješ izgubiti": 40 godina "Alana Forda" na Balkanu](http://www.blic.rs/Kultura/Vesti/327241/Kanis-li-pobijediti-ne-smijes-izgubiti-40-godina-Alana-Forda-na-Balkanu);*Blic*, 10 June 2012 Also, a lot of the comic book's success in Yugoslavia is due to [Nenad Brixy](/wiki/Nenad_Brixy "Nenad Brixy")'s (born 1924 in [Varaždinske Toplice](/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdinske_Toplice "Varaždinske Toplice")) distinctive translation, rich in obscure, baroque\-sounding [Croatisms](/wiki/Croatian_linguistic_purism "Croatian linguistic purism"). A writer himself who penned several [comedic novels](/wiki/Comic_novel "Comic novel") about the clumsy detective character called Timothy Tacher, Brixy approached the job of translating *Alan Ford* in a free form and the resulting witty adaptation and imaginative text soon won him many admirers across the country.
Some of Vjesnik's editions were occasionally censored by the publisher. For example, in issue \#16, "Don't vote for Notax", a line making fun of [American racism](/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States "Racism in the United States"), reading "Firstly, I promise that we will get rid of the Blacks. ... This is a country of the white race, and who doesn't think that way will get punished..." was changed to "Firstly, I promise that we will get rid of *our enemy*. This is *our* country and who doesn't think that way will..." Certain pictures from the book were removed or repainted in some editions, while in some other editions those very same pictures appeared in original version.
There is a fake comic in circulation which features Yugoslav lifetime president [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito "Josip Broz Tito") in a story line in one of the issues. Tito is portrayed as Number One's old acquaintance who often engaged in shady activities.[Tito in Alan Ford](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuB4x7-W0sI) The entire issue was allegedly banned from publishing in Yugoslavia. The fake issue was published decades later after the country disintegrated.[Tito in Alan Ford](http://zorinko.com/AF/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615145013/http://zorinko.com/AF/ \|date\=2012\-06\-15 }} However, apart from decent drawing of fake characters, and borrowed dialogue from various issues, giveaway is the issue number (\#39\), which in fact is a comic called Belle Epoque.
Brixy died in 1984, marking in many ways the end of an era for *Alan Ford* in Yugoslavia. Even the comic book's creator Max Bunker acknowledged Brixy's contributions to its popularity in Yugoslavia, praising him as "one of the rare translators who successfully depicted the black satire of the *Alan Ford*{{'s}} story and drawings". The edition continued after Brixy's death, eventually ending in 1992 with the outbreak of the [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars "Yugoslav Wars").
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Borgis picked up the publishing rights for the Croatian market, keeping the original series title *Alan Ford Superstrip*. Maverick from [Kraljevo](/wiki/Kraljevo "Kraljevo") initially started publishing for the Serbian market, and the comic was in 2003 picked up by [Color Press Group](/wiki/Color_Press_Group "Color Press Group") from [Novi Sad](/wiki/Novi_Sad "Novi Sad"). In the 2000s, the original episodes in Brixy's translation have been republished by Strip\-agent in Croatia, under the title *Alan Ford Klasik*, again with great success and high circulation. Strip\-agent is also publishing *Alan Ford Extra* (new Italian episodes), and *Priče broja 1* (Number One's Stories).
In 1994 a [play](/wiki/Play_%28theatre%29 "Play (theatre)") titled *Alan Ford* written by [Mirjana Lazić](/wiki/Mirjana_Lazi%C4%87 "Mirjana Lazić") and directed by [Kokan Mladenović](/wiki/Kokan_Mladenovi%C4%87 "Kokan Mladenović") was staged at [Teatar T](/wiki/Teatar_T "Teatar T") in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"). The play was an original story with most of the characters present, largely based on issue \#30 ("The Bearded Gang"), but with numerous references to other episodes and characters. The play was performed in Croatian, as used by Brixy. In 2002 [Radio Belgrade](/wiki/Radio_Belgrade "Radio Belgrade") produced a [radio drama](/wiki/Radio_drama "Radio drama") based on the play.
In 2014 in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo"), the [Italian Embassy](/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Italy "List of diplomatic missions of Italy") in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") organized the exhibition *“Alan Ford in Bosnia and Herzegovina: yesterday and today”,* as part of the *Month of Italian Culture in Bosnia Herzegovina* festival.{{cite web \|author1\=Andrea Oskari Rossini \|title\=Alan Ford, a Yugoslav hero \|url\=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Bosnia\-Herzegovina/Alan\-Ford\-a\-Yugoslav\-hero\-157680 \|website\=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso \|publisher\=OBC Transeuropa \|access\-date\=6 June 2023 \|date\=2014}}
|
[
"### Yugoslavia",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|A scene from 13th issue \"Golf\", Vjesnik's translation. Grunf presents his transportation invention to Bob Rock.](/wiki/File:Alanford-sc.png \"Alanford-sc.png\")\n*Alan Ford* achieved great success in [SFR Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\") immediately after its 1972 introduction. It survived the dissolution of the country and in 2005 it was still one of the best selling comic books in the area.",
"The comic book's publishing was started in 1972 by the state\\-owned company [Vjesnik](/wiki/Vjesnik \"Vjesnik\") from [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\"). This edition is still a popular collectors' item. First dozen issues didn't produce much success, however, the appearance in issue \\#25 of antagonist Superciuk (translated as Superhik) 'who steals from the poor and gives it to the rich' proved a hit with Yugoslav readership.[\"Kaniš li pobijediti, ne smiješ izgubiti\": 40 godina \"Alana Forda\" na Balkanu](http://www.blic.rs/Kultura/Vesti/327241/Kanis-li-pobijediti-ne-smijes-izgubiti-40-godina-Alana-Forda-na-Balkanu);*Blic*, 10 June 2012 Also, a lot of the comic book's success in Yugoslavia is due to [Nenad Brixy](/wiki/Nenad_Brixy \"Nenad Brixy\")'s (born 1924 in [Varaždinske Toplice](/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdinske_Toplice \"Varaždinske Toplice\")) distinctive translation, rich in obscure, baroque\\-sounding [Croatisms](/wiki/Croatian_linguistic_purism \"Croatian linguistic purism\"). A writer himself who penned several [comedic novels](/wiki/Comic_novel \"Comic novel\") about the clumsy detective character called Timothy Tacher, Brixy approached the job of translating *Alan Ford* in a free form and the resulting witty adaptation and imaginative text soon won him many admirers across the country.",
"Some of Vjesnik's editions were occasionally censored by the publisher. For example, in issue \\#16, \"Don't vote for Notax\", a line making fun of [American racism](/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States \"Racism in the United States\"), reading \"Firstly, I promise that we will get rid of the Blacks. ... This is a country of the white race, and who doesn't think that way will get punished...\" was changed to \"Firstly, I promise that we will get rid of *our enemy*. This is *our* country and who doesn't think that way will...\" Certain pictures from the book were removed or repainted in some editions, while in some other editions those very same pictures appeared in original version.",
"There is a fake comic in circulation which features Yugoslav lifetime president [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito \"Josip Broz Tito\") in a story line in one of the issues. Tito is portrayed as Number One's old acquaintance who often engaged in shady activities.[Tito in Alan Ford](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuB4x7-W0sI) The entire issue was allegedly banned from publishing in Yugoslavia. The fake issue was published decades later after the country disintegrated.[Tito in Alan Ford](http://zorinko.com/AF/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615145013/http://zorinko.com/AF/ \\|date\\=2012\\-06\\-15 }} However, apart from decent drawing of fake characters, and borrowed dialogue from various issues, giveaway is the issue number (\\#39\\), which in fact is a comic called Belle Epoque.",
"Brixy died in 1984, marking in many ways the end of an era for *Alan Ford* in Yugoslavia. Even the comic book's creator Max Bunker acknowledged Brixy's contributions to its popularity in Yugoslavia, praising him as \"one of the rare translators who successfully depicted the black satire of the *Alan Ford*{{'s}} story and drawings\". The edition continued after Brixy's death, eventually ending in 1992 with the outbreak of the [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars \"Yugoslav Wars\").",
"After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Borgis picked up the publishing rights for the Croatian market, keeping the original series title *Alan Ford Superstrip*. Maverick from [Kraljevo](/wiki/Kraljevo \"Kraljevo\") initially started publishing for the Serbian market, and the comic was in 2003 picked up by [Color Press Group](/wiki/Color_Press_Group \"Color Press Group\") from [Novi Sad](/wiki/Novi_Sad \"Novi Sad\"). In the 2000s, the original episodes in Brixy's translation have been republished by Strip\\-agent in Croatia, under the title *Alan Ford Klasik*, again with great success and high circulation. Strip\\-agent is also publishing *Alan Ford Extra* (new Italian episodes), and *Priče broja 1* (Number One's Stories).",
"In 1994 a [play](/wiki/Play_%28theatre%29 \"Play (theatre)\") titled *Alan Ford* written by [Mirjana Lazić](/wiki/Mirjana_Lazi%C4%87 \"Mirjana Lazić\") and directed by [Kokan Mladenović](/wiki/Kokan_Mladenovi%C4%87 \"Kokan Mladenović\") was staged at [Teatar T](/wiki/Teatar_T \"Teatar T\") in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"). The play was an original story with most of the characters present, largely based on issue \\#30 (\"The Bearded Gang\"), but with numerous references to other episodes and characters. The play was performed in Croatian, as used by Brixy. In 2002 [Radio Belgrade](/wiki/Radio_Belgrade \"Radio Belgrade\") produced a [radio drama](/wiki/Radio_drama \"Radio drama\") based on the play.",
"In 2014 in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\"), the [Italian Embassy](/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Italy \"List of diplomatic missions of Italy\") in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\") organized the exhibition *“Alan Ford in Bosnia and Herzegovina: yesterday and today”,* as part of the *Month of Italian Culture in Bosnia Herzegovina* festival.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Andrea Oskari Rossini \\|title\\=Alan Ford, a Yugoslav hero \\|url\\=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Bosnia\\-Herzegovina/Alan\\-Ford\\-a\\-Yugoslav\\-hero\\-157680 \\|website\\=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso \\|publisher\\=OBC Transeuropa \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2023 \\|date\\=2014}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### 2009–12: Beginnings and *Leap Year*
Hoodie Allen originally was the duo of Steve Markowitz and Obey City (Samuel Obey, a childhood friend) on vocals and production, respectively. The group's name is combination of Markowitz's childhood nickname of "Hoodie" and filmmaker [Woody Allen](/wiki/Woody_Allen "Woody Allen"); Markowitz later said he wanted a name which "would stick in peoples' minds and be a little bit funny and representative of who I am".[Meet the Artist: Hoodie Allen](http://thekollection.com/meet-the-artist-hoodie-allen/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030200818/http://thekollection.com/meet\-the\-artist\-hoodie\-allen/ \|date\=2011\-10\-30}}. *The Kollection*. March 14, 2011\. Steven and Obey's first two releases were the *Bagels \& Beats EP* and *Making Waves* mixtape. These earned Hoodie a nomination for [MTVU](/wiki/MTVU "MTVU")'s Best Music on Campus Award in 2009\.[Hoodie Allen nominated for MTVU's Best Music on Campus](http://trippingfranklins.com/2009/10/26/hoodie-allen-nominated-for-mtvus-best-music-on-campus/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104022/http://trippingfranklins.com/2009/10/26/hoodie\-allen\-nominated\-for\-mtvus\-best\-music\-on\-campus/ \|date\=2011\-07\-17}}. Tipping Franklins. The single "UPENN Girls" also received notable attention. However, in 2010 Obey City ceased to produce in Hoodie for unknown reasons, and Steven continued making music with RJ Ferguson (aka RJF), giving himself the name Hoodie Allen.[TGLR Interview with Hoodie Allen](http://www.thagoodlifereviews.com/2010/10/13/hoodie-allen-interview/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827123938/http://www.thagoodlifereviews.com/2010/10/13/hoodie\-allen\-interview/ \|date\=2011\-08\-27}}. *The Good Life*. October 13, 2010\.Djordje, Gasic. [Mixtape: Hoodie Allen "rio life"](http://www.complex.com/music/2011/07/mixtape-hoodie-allen-leap-year) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503111354/http://www.complex.com/music/2011/07/mixtape\-hoodie\-allen\-leap\-year \|date\=2012\-05\-03 }}. *Complex Magazine*. July 26, 2011\. In June 2010, he released "You Are Not a Robot," which sampled "I Am Not a Robot" by [Marina and the Diamonds](/wiki/Marina_and_the_Diamonds "Marina and the Diamonds") and which hit No. 1 on [Hype Machine](/wiki/Hype_Machine "Hype Machine"), an aggregator that collects the most\-blogged about music in the world. After seeing the response, he spent the summer working, and finished his mixtape *[Pep Rally](http://hoodieallen.com/album/pep-rally/)* by September. The album was largely produced by RJF, and sampled songs from [Death Cab for Cutie](/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie "Death Cab for Cutie"), [Flight Facilities](/wiki/Flight_Facilities "Flight Facilities"), [Marina and the Diamonds](/wiki/Marina_and_the_Diamonds "Marina and the Diamonds"), [Ellie Goulding](/wiki/Ellie_Goulding "Ellie Goulding"), and [Two Door Cinema Club](/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club "Two Door Cinema Club"). He picked the name "Pep Rally" because he said that it "captured the energy of the record" and something "new and exciting."Joseph, Matt. [Interview With Hoodie Allen](http://wegotthiscovered.com/music/interview-hoodie-allen/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008035912/http://wegotthiscovered.com/music/interview\-hoodie\-allen/ \|date\=2011\-10\-08 }}. February 27, 2011\. He self\-financed a video for the lead single "You Are Not A Robot," which helped the mixtape get downloaded over 200,000 times.Gamboa, Glenn. [Video: Hoodie Allen's ‘Not a Robot’](http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/backstage-pass-1.811987/video-hoodie-allen-s-not-a-robot-1.2690273) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014092139/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/backstage\-pass\-1\.811987/video\-hoodie\-allen\-s\-not\-a\-robot\-1\.2690273 \|date\=2012\-10\-14 }}. *Newsday*. February 16, 2011\.
In July 2011, Hoodie released his third mixtape, *Leap Year*. It reached 250,000 [SoundCloud](/wiki/SoundCloud "SoundCloud") plays in its first week of release.Blistein, Jon. [Uncharted Territory: Hoodie Allen Breaks Into The Top 5, Dionne Bromfield Holds Strong](http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/uncharted-territory/468133/uncharted-territory-hoodie-allen-breaks-into-the-top-5) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427104343/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/uncharted\-territory/468133/uncharted\-territory\-hoodie\-allen\-breaks\-into\-the\-top\-5 \|date\=2013\-04\-27 }}. *Billboard*. August 5, 2011\. In support of the album, Hoodie headlined a 15\-city tour across North America, including stops in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), and [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"), with supporting act Fortune Family opening on several venues.[\[FRESH!] Hoodie Allen \-\- The Chase Is On \+ Tour Dates](http://www.themusicninja.com/fresh-hoodie-allen-the-chase-is-on-tour-dates/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105321/http://www.themusicninja.com/fresh\-hoodie\-allen\-the\-chase\-is\-on\-tour\-dates/ \|date\=2011\-07\-23 }}. *The Music Ninja*. July 21, 2011\. Previously, he had toured with [The Cataracs](/wiki/The_Cataracs "The Cataracs"), [Das Racist](/wiki/Das_Racist "Das Racist"), [Chiddy Bang](/wiki/Chiddy_Bang "Chiddy Bang"), [Mike Posner](/wiki/Mike_Posner "Mike Posner"), and [RJD2](/wiki/RJD2 "RJD2").[Billboard Bits: Pusha T Ends Lil Wayne Beef, Chiddy Bang Rock Out At SXSW](http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472492/billboard-bits-pusha-t-ends-lil-wayne-beef-chiddy-bang-rock-out-at-sxsw) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121132337/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472492/billboard\-bits\-pusha\-t\-ends\-lil\-wayne\-beef\-chiddy\-bang\-rock\-out\-at\-sxsw \|date\=2015\-11\-21 }}. *Billboard*. March 16, 2011\.Offitzer, Adam. [Music for the Masses](http://www.diamondbackonline.com/diversions/music-for-the-masses-1.2165944) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415223032/http://www.diamondbackonline.com/diversions/music\-for\-the\-masses\-1\.2165944 \|date\=2011\-04\-15}}. Diamondback Online. April 14, 2011\.
### 2012: *All American*
{{Main\|All American (Hoodie Allen album)}}
On March 4, 2012, Hoodie announced via Twitter that he would be releasing his first EP, titled [*All American*](/wiki/All_American_%28Hoodie_Allen_album%29 "All American (Hoodie Allen album)").{{cite web\|last1\=Allen\|first1\=Hoodie\|url\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/176879961976733699\|website\=Twitter\|date\=March 5, 2012\|title\=Big announcement time! The title of my upcoming EP is "All American"...\|access\-date\=March 6, 2012\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102650/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/176879961976733699\|url\-status\=live}} He decided on this title because he credited his rise to the [American Dream](/wiki/American_Dream "American Dream"), because he felt the songs showcased his best music to date, and because of a hometown restaurant with the same title. Hoodie spent five months developing the album, building tracks from scratch with his producer, RJF, rather than using sampled beats.Cubarrubia, R.J. [Hoodie Allen Goes Pro With Debut EP, 'All American'](http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/496998/hoodie-allen-goes-pro-with-debut-ep-all-american) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226011430/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\-juice/496998/hoodie\-allen\-goes\-pro\-with\-debut\-ep\-all\-american \|date\=2021\-02\-26 }}. *Billboard*. April 10, 2012\. Regarding the writing process, Hoodie stated that, "I would describe it as liberating... It was like, 'Okay, I hear this idea in my head, I hear these original ideas, \[and] I'm putting them and piecing them together.'" On March 29, 2012, Hoodie released the first single from *All American* entitled "No Interruption," as well as its music video.[Hoodie Allen – "No Interruption" Video](http://smokingsection.uproxx.com/TSS/2012/03/new-music-hoodie-allen-no-interruption-single-x-music-video) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173953/http://smokingsection.uproxx.com/TSS/2012/03/new\-music\-hoodie\-allen\-no\-interruption\-single\-x\-music\-video \|date\=2013\-11\-12}}. *The Smoking Section*. March 29, 2012\.{{cite web\|last\=Allen\|first\=Hoodie\|title\=Hoodie Allen \- "No Interruption" (Official Video)\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\_t431MAUQlQ\|work\=wearehoodie\|publisher\=YouTube\|access\-date\=February 15, 2013\|date\=March 29, 2012\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102653/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\_t431MAUQlQ\|url\-status\=live}} The music video for his second single on *All American*, titled "No Faith In Brooklyn (feat. Jhameel)," was released on April 9\.{{cite web\|last\=Allen\|first\=Hoodie\|title\=Hoodie Allen \- "No Faith In Brooklyn (ft. Jhameel)" (Official Video)\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=IZKQUOApw1g\|work\=wearehoodie\|publisher\=YouTube\|access\-date\=February 15, 2013\|date\=April 9, 2012\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=IZKQUOApw1g\|url\-status\=live}} *All American* was released on April 10, 2012, and debuted as the No. 1 album on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") and at No. 10 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200").Gamboa, Glenn. [Hoodie Allen has iTunes No. 1 album](http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/backstage-pass-1.811987/hoodie-allen-has-itunes-no-1-album-1.3652365) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023152754/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/backstage\-pass\-1\.811987/hoodie\-allen\-has\-itunes\-no\-1\-album\-1\.3652365 \|date\=2014\-10\-23 }}. *Newsday*.{{cite magazine\|title\=Hoodie Allen \- Chart history\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/artist/303588/hoodie\-allen/chart\|magazine\=Billboard\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-30\|archive\-date\=2014\-10\-24\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024025732/http://www.billboard.com/artist/303588/hoodie\-allen/chart\|url\-status\=live}} Over the months of April and May, Hoodie made a 22\-stop tour across the US in support of *All American*, featuring rapper [Wax](/wiki/Wax_%28rapper%29 "Wax (rapper)"), [Jared Evan](/wiki/Jared_Evan "Jared Evan"), and others varied from show to show. The I Work Better In The UK Tour was his first time performing overseas. The Excellent Adventure Tour, which featured [G\-Eazy](/wiki/G-Eazy "G-Eazy"), began on September 7, 2012\.{{cite web\|title\=Hoodie Allen and G\-Eazy Excellent Adventure Tour Dates and "Plastic Dreams" (feat. Johanna Fay)\|url\=http://thissongissick.com/2012/hoodie\-allen\-g\-eazy\-excellent\-adventure\-tour\-dates\-plastic\-dreams\-feat\-johanna\-fay/\#sthash.PWC79O0F.dpbs\|website\=This Is So Sick\|date\=July 26, 2012\|access\-date\=August 30, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903125046/http://thissongissick.com/2012/hoodie\-allen\-g\-eazy\-excellent\-adventure\-tour\-dates\-plastic\-dreams\-feat\-johanna\-fay/\#sthash.PWC79O0F.dpbs\|archive\-date\=September 3, 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
### 2013: *Crew Cuts* and *Americoustic*
On February 11, 2013, [*XXL*](/wiki/XXL_%28magazine%29 "XXL (magazine)") premiered the music video for "Cake Boy," the first single off of Hoodie's upcoming mixtape.{{cite web\|last1\=Diep\|first1\=Eric\|title\=Watch the Exclusive Video Premiere of Hoodie Allen's "Cake Boy"\|url\=http://www.xxlmag.com/rap\-music/new\-music/2013/02/hoody\-allen\-cake\-boy\-video\-premiere/\|website\=XXL\|date\=February 13, 2013\|access\-date\=August 31, 2014\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183240/http://www.xxlmag.com/rap\-music/new\-music/2013/02/hoody\-allen\-cake\-boy\-video\-premiere/\|url\-status\=live}} The single was later released on iTunes for purchase.{{cite web\|title\=Cake Boy \- Single \- Hoodie Allen\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cake\-boy\-single/id601545765\|website\=iTunes\|date\=February 11, 2013\|access\-date\=August 31, 2014\|archive\-date\=January 31, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131172403/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cake\-boy\-single/id601545765\|url\-status\=live}} A week later, the music video for "Fame Is For Assholes" (abbreviated FIFA) premiered on YouTube which features rapper [Chiddy Bang](/wiki/Chiddy_Bang "Chiddy Bang").{{cite web\|last1\=Allen\|first1\=Hoodie\|title\=Hoodie Allen \- "Fame Is For A\*\*\*\*\*es" feat. Chiddy (Official Video)\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\-hTD6uEgTVw\|website\=Youtube\|date\=February 18, 2013\|access\-date\=November 12, 2013\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102652/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\-hTD6uEgTVw\|url\-status\=live}} Hoodie commented, "I wanted to write a track that mixed a classic doo\-wop vibe with the more upbeat hip\-hop style that my fans have come to love."{{cite web\|last1\=Yaselli\|first1\=Blas\|title\=Hoodie Allen – Fame Is For Assholes (feat. Chiddy)\|url\=http://www.themusicninja.com/hoodie\-allen\-fame\-is\-for\-assholes\-feat\-chiddy/\|website\=The Music Ninja\|date\=February 18, 2013\|access\-date\=August 31, 2014\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102655/http://www.themusicninja.com/hoodie\-allen\-fame\-is\-for\-assholes\-feat\-chiddy/\|url\-status\=live}}
Hoodie embarked on his Cruisin' USA Tour with Aer and [Jared Evan](/wiki/Jared_Evan "Jared Evan") which began on March 5, 2013\.{{cite web\|last1\=Allen\|first1\=Hoodie\|url\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/309154376612720641\|website\=Twitter\|date\=March 5, 2013\|title\=Pittsburgh! Thank you for an amazing first night of tour\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102655/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/309154376612720641\|url\-status\=live}} [G\-Eazy](/wiki/G-Eazy "G-Eazy"), instead of Aer, accompanied Hoodie on his Boston, Philly, and NYC shows. During the Cruisin' USA Tour, Hoodie directed the audience to chant that they wanted to see him on *[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon")*. Leading up to [Roseland Ballroom](/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom "Roseland Ballroom"), Hoodie started the hashtag "\#GetHoodieAllenOnFallon" on Twitter to rally his fans. After trending worldwide, Fallon asked to speak with Hoodie.{{cite web\|last1\=Teicher\|first1\=Jordan\|title\=Can Twitter Make Hoodie Allen a Star?\|url\=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/04/17/hoodie\_allen\_on\_jimmy\_fallon\_rapper\_uses\_twitter\_and\_youtube\_in\_bid\_for.html\|website\=Slate\|date\=April 17, 2013\|access\-date\=August 31, 2014\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925113541/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/04/17/hoodie\_allen\_on\_jimmy\_fallon\_rapper\_uses\_twitter\_and\_youtube\_in\_bid\_for.html\|url\-status\=live}}
Hoodie performed his new single "Make It Home" on [Fuse](/wiki/Fuse_TV "Fuse TV") alongside [Kina Grannis](/wiki/Kina_Grannis "Kina Grannis") which was released on April 30\. The studio version of the single was released onto iTunes on May 15, 2013, where it reached the top ten of the iTunes Hip\-Hop/Rap charts.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}
On July 30, 2013, Hoodie released the music video for "No Interruption (Acoustic)". His acoustic EP *Americoustic* was released on August 13, 2013, and reached No. 1 on the iTunes Hip\-Hop/Rap album chart and No. 4 on the iTunes overall albums chart.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} The EP's guitar work was composed, recorded and produced by [Our Last Night](/wiki/Our_Last_Night "Our Last Night") guitarist Matt Wentworth.
### 2014: *People Keep Talking*
{{Main\|People Keep Talking}}
The lead single off of Hoodie's debut studio album, *[People Keep Talking](/wiki/People_Keep_Talking "People Keep Talking")*, was released on May 7, 2014, titled "Show Me What You're Made Of." It premiered along with its music video, which parodied the film *[Happy Gilmore](/wiki/Happy_Gilmore "Happy Gilmore")*, and featured fellow rapper D\-WHY and [Tommy Lee](/wiki/Tommy_Lee "Tommy Lee") from [Mötley Crüe](/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe "Mötley Crüe"). The single was made available for purchase on iTunes and debuted as the No. 2 song overall.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} The commercial success of *People Keep Talking* is considered a development in the mainstreaming of [frat rap](/wiki/Frat_rap "Frat rap").{{cite news \|last1\=Love \|first1\=Tirhakah \|title\=How Frat Rap Became the Biggest Business—and the Biggest Diss—in Hip\-Hop \|url\=https://www.theringer.com/2018/10/22/18007958/frat\-rap\-post\-malone\-mgk\-g\-eazy\-eminem\-beastie\-boys \|access\-date\=3 June 2024 \|work\=\[\[The Ringer (website)\|The Ringer]] \|date\=2018\-10\-22 \|archive\-date\=2024\-01\-31 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131201927/https://www.theringer.com/2018/10/22/18007958/frat\-rap\-post\-malone\-mgk\-g\-eazy\-eminem\-beastie\-boys \|url\-status\=live }}
Hoodie then made his television debut on *[Good Day Philadelphia](/wiki/WTXF-TV "WTXF-TV")* playing an acoustic version of "Show Me What You're Made Of" after a short interview on May 15\.{{cite web\|title\=Hoodie Allen Brings His Acoustic Set To Good Day\|url\=http://www.myfoxphilly.com/story/25525123/hoodie\-allen\-brings\-his\-acoustic\-set\-to\-good\-day\|website\=My Fox Philly\|date\=May 15, 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041959/http://www.myfoxphilly.com/story/25525123/hoodie\-allen\-brings\-his\-acoustic\-set\-to\-good\-day\|archive\-date\=August 8, 2014}}
To promote the album, Hoodie went on a world tour titled *People Keeping Talking World Tour*, this included shows in the US, Europe, Canada, and Australia, featuring artists [Chiddy Bang](/wiki/Chiddy_Bang "Chiddy Bang") and [MAX](/wiki/Max_Schneider "Max Schneider"). The tour began on October 29, 2014, at the [Royal Oak Music Theater](/wiki/Royal_Oak_Music_Theater "Royal Oak Music Theater") in [Royal Oak, Michigan](/wiki/Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan "Royal Oak, Michigan"), and ran into June 2015\.
After tweeting to bassist [Pete Wentz](/wiki/Pete_Wentz "Pete Wentz") about touring together, it was announced that Hoodie would be a special guest on the [Boys of Zummer Tour](/wiki/American_Beauty/American_Psycho_Tour%23Tour_dates "American Beauty/American Psycho Tour#Tour dates") with co\-headliners [Fall Out Boy](/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy "Fall Out Boy") and [Wiz Khalifa](/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa "Wiz Khalifa").{{cite web\|last1\=Leight\|first1\=Elias\|title\=Fall Out Boy \& Wiz Khalifa Announce Co\-Headlining Summer Tour\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6443421/fall\-out\-boy\-wiz\-khalifa\-summer\-tour\-boys\-of\-zummer\|website\=Billboard.com\|publisher\=Billboard\|access\-date\=15 January 2015\|archive\-date\=19 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119214103/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6443421/fall\-out\-boy\-wiz\-khalifa\-summer\-tour\-boys\-of\-zummer\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2016–2017: *Happy Camper* and *The Hype*
On January 22, 2016, Hoodie released his second studio album, *Happy Camper*.{{cite web\|last1\=Allen\|first1\=Hoodie\|title\=My album \#HappyCamper is out now!\|url\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/690390589393780736\|website\=Twitter\|date\=January 21, 2016\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102700/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/690390589393780736\|url\-status\=live}} Leading up to its release, the eighth track, "Champagne and Pools" (featuring [blackbear](/wiki/Blackbear_%28musician%29 "Blackbear (musician)") and [KYLE](/wiki/Kyle_%28musician%29 "Kyle (musician)")), and the album's lead single, "Are U Having Any Fun?" (featuring Meghan Tonjes), were released.{{cite web\|last1\=Allen\|first1\=Hoodie\|title\=NEW MUSIC: "Champagne and Pools" (feat. @iamblackbear \& @SuperDuperKyle)\|url\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/667440473146007552\|website\=Twitter\|date\=November 19, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102652/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/667440473146007552\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last1\=Allen\|first1\=Hoodie\|title\=NEW MUSIC: "Are U Having Any Fun"\|url\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/689591536296787969\|website\=Twitter\|date\=January 19, 2016\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102653/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/689591536296787969\|url\-status\=live}} The lead single was also accompanied by its music video which followed the style of a video game similar to *[Grand Theft Auto V](/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V "Grand Theft Auto V")*. *Happy Camper* was also made available for download on iTunes peaking at No. 2 on the overall albums chart.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}
On September 29, 2017, he released his third studio album, *The Hype*.{{cite web\|title\=Hoodie Allen Announces New Album Out 9/29 \+ World Tour \+ Shares 1st Single\|url\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Hoodie\-Allen\-Announces\-New\-Album\-Out\-929\-World\-Tour\-Shares\-1st\-Single\-20170828\|website\=BroadwayWorld.com\|access\-date\=29 September 2017\|date\=28 August 2017\|archive\-date\=3 March 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102652/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Hoodie\-Allen\-Announces\-New\-Album\-Out\-929\-World\-Tour\-Shares\-1st\-Single\-20170828\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2019: *Whatever USA*
On August 16, 2019, Hoodie released his fourth studio album *Whatever USA*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://genius.com/albums/Hoodie\-allen/Whatever\-usa\|title\=Whatever USA by Hoodie Allen\|website\=Genius\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-09\|archive\-date\=2019\-10\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009183442/https://genius.com/albums/Hoodie\-allen/Whatever\-usa\|url\-status\=live}}
Leading up to its release, the ninth track "Never Going Back" was released on March 1, 2019\. He then released "Come Around“, the second single on the album, with [Christian French](/wiki/Christian_French_%28singer%29 "Christian French (singer)") on June 21, 2019\. The third track released before the album released was "Hell of a Time" which was released on August 2, 2019\.
### 2023: Return to music and *bub*
After a three year hiatus, Hoodie returned to music by releasing "Wouldn't That Be Nice"*,* on May 13, 2022\.{{Cite web \|last\=Virgil \|first\=Dom \|date\=13 May 2022 \|title\=Hoodie Allen Debuts New Sound on "Wouldn't That Be Nice" \|url\=https://preludepress.com/news/2022/05/13/hoodie\-allen\-wouldnt\-that\-be\-nice/ \|access\-date\=20 March 2023 \|website\=Prelude Press \|archive\-date\=20 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320002133/https://preludepress.com/news/2022/05/13/hoodie\-allen\-wouldnt\-that\-be\-nice/ \|url\-status\=live }} This would later be used as the lead single for his upcoming album named *bub.*
On March 17, 2023, Hoodie released his fifth album named *bub.*{{Cite web \|title\='bub' is yours \|url\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/1636583364554522626?ref\_src\=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet \|access\-date\=20 March 2023 \|website\=Twitter \|archive\-date\=20 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320002130/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/1636583364554522626?ref\_src\=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet \|url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 2009–12: Beginnings and *Leap Year*",
"Hoodie Allen originally was the duo of Steve Markowitz and Obey City (Samuel Obey, a childhood friend) on vocals and production, respectively. The group's name is combination of Markowitz's childhood nickname of \"Hoodie\" and filmmaker [Woody Allen](/wiki/Woody_Allen \"Woody Allen\"); Markowitz later said he wanted a name which \"would stick in peoples' minds and be a little bit funny and representative of who I am\".[Meet the Artist: Hoodie Allen](http://thekollection.com/meet-the-artist-hoodie-allen/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030200818/http://thekollection.com/meet\\-the\\-artist\\-hoodie\\-allen/ \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-30}}. *The Kollection*. March 14, 2011\\. Steven and Obey's first two releases were the *Bagels \\& Beats EP* and *Making Waves* mixtape. These earned Hoodie a nomination for [MTVU](/wiki/MTVU \"MTVU\")'s Best Music on Campus Award in 2009\\.[Hoodie Allen nominated for MTVU's Best Music on Campus](http://trippingfranklins.com/2009/10/26/hoodie-allen-nominated-for-mtvus-best-music-on-campus/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104022/http://trippingfranklins.com/2009/10/26/hoodie\\-allen\\-nominated\\-for\\-mtvus\\-best\\-music\\-on\\-campus/ \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-17}}. Tipping Franklins. The single \"UPENN Girls\" also received notable attention. However, in 2010 Obey City ceased to produce in Hoodie for unknown reasons, and Steven continued making music with RJ Ferguson (aka RJF), giving himself the name Hoodie Allen.[TGLR Interview with Hoodie Allen](http://www.thagoodlifereviews.com/2010/10/13/hoodie-allen-interview/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827123938/http://www.thagoodlifereviews.com/2010/10/13/hoodie\\-allen\\-interview/ \\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-27}}. *The Good Life*. October 13, 2010\\.Djordje, Gasic. [Mixtape: Hoodie Allen \"rio life\"](http://www.complex.com/music/2011/07/mixtape-hoodie-allen-leap-year) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503111354/http://www.complex.com/music/2011/07/mixtape\\-hoodie\\-allen\\-leap\\-year \\|date\\=2012\\-05\\-03 }}. *Complex Magazine*. July 26, 2011\\. In June 2010, he released \"You Are Not a Robot,\" which sampled \"I Am Not a Robot\" by [Marina and the Diamonds](/wiki/Marina_and_the_Diamonds \"Marina and the Diamonds\") and which hit No. 1 on [Hype Machine](/wiki/Hype_Machine \"Hype Machine\"), an aggregator that collects the most\\-blogged about music in the world. After seeing the response, he spent the summer working, and finished his mixtape *[Pep Rally](http://hoodieallen.com/album/pep-rally/)* by September. The album was largely produced by RJF, and sampled songs from [Death Cab for Cutie](/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie \"Death Cab for Cutie\"), [Flight Facilities](/wiki/Flight_Facilities \"Flight Facilities\"), [Marina and the Diamonds](/wiki/Marina_and_the_Diamonds \"Marina and the Diamonds\"), [Ellie Goulding](/wiki/Ellie_Goulding \"Ellie Goulding\"), and [Two Door Cinema Club](/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club \"Two Door Cinema Club\"). He picked the name \"Pep Rally\" because he said that it \"captured the energy of the record\" and something \"new and exciting.\"Joseph, Matt. [Interview With Hoodie Allen](http://wegotthiscovered.com/music/interview-hoodie-allen/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008035912/http://wegotthiscovered.com/music/interview\\-hoodie\\-allen/ \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-08 }}. February 27, 2011\\. He self\\-financed a video for the lead single \"You Are Not A Robot,\" which helped the mixtape get downloaded over 200,000 times.Gamboa, Glenn. [Video: Hoodie Allen's ‘Not a Robot’](http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/backstage-pass-1.811987/video-hoodie-allen-s-not-a-robot-1.2690273) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014092139/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/backstage\\-pass\\-1\\.811987/video\\-hoodie\\-allen\\-s\\-not\\-a\\-robot\\-1\\.2690273 \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-14 }}. *Newsday*. February 16, 2011\\.",
"In July 2011, Hoodie released his third mixtape, *Leap Year*. It reached 250,000 [SoundCloud](/wiki/SoundCloud \"SoundCloud\") plays in its first week of release.Blistein, Jon. [Uncharted Territory: Hoodie Allen Breaks Into The Top 5, Dionne Bromfield Holds Strong](http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/uncharted-territory/468133/uncharted-territory-hoodie-allen-breaks-into-the-top-5) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427104343/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/uncharted\\-territory/468133/uncharted\\-territory\\-hoodie\\-allen\\-breaks\\-into\\-the\\-top\\-5 \\|date\\=2013\\-04\\-27 }}. *Billboard*. August 5, 2011\\. In support of the album, Hoodie headlined a 15\\-city tour across North America, including stops in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), and [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), with supporting act Fortune Family opening on several venues.[\\[FRESH!] Hoodie Allen \\-\\- The Chase Is On \\+ Tour Dates](http://www.themusicninja.com/fresh-hoodie-allen-the-chase-is-on-tour-dates/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105321/http://www.themusicninja.com/fresh\\-hoodie\\-allen\\-the\\-chase\\-is\\-on\\-tour\\-dates/ \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-23 }}. *The Music Ninja*. July 21, 2011\\. Previously, he had toured with [The Cataracs](/wiki/The_Cataracs \"The Cataracs\"), [Das Racist](/wiki/Das_Racist \"Das Racist\"), [Chiddy Bang](/wiki/Chiddy_Bang \"Chiddy Bang\"), [Mike Posner](/wiki/Mike_Posner \"Mike Posner\"), and [RJD2](/wiki/RJD2 \"RJD2\").[Billboard Bits: Pusha T Ends Lil Wayne Beef, Chiddy Bang Rock Out At SXSW](http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472492/billboard-bits-pusha-t-ends-lil-wayne-beef-chiddy-bang-rock-out-at-sxsw) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121132337/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472492/billboard\\-bits\\-pusha\\-t\\-ends\\-lil\\-wayne\\-beef\\-chiddy\\-bang\\-rock\\-out\\-at\\-sxsw \\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-21 }}. *Billboard*. March 16, 2011\\.Offitzer, Adam. [Music for the Masses](http://www.diamondbackonline.com/diversions/music-for-the-masses-1.2165944) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415223032/http://www.diamondbackonline.com/diversions/music\\-for\\-the\\-masses\\-1\\.2165944 \\|date\\=2011\\-04\\-15}}. Diamondback Online. April 14, 2011\\.",
"### 2012: *All American*",
"{{Main\\|All American (Hoodie Allen album)}}\nOn March 4, 2012, Hoodie announced via Twitter that he would be releasing his first EP, titled [*All American*](/wiki/All_American_%28Hoodie_Allen_album%29 \"All American (Hoodie Allen album)\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Allen\\|first1\\=Hoodie\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/176879961976733699\\|website\\=Twitter\\|date\\=March 5, 2012\\|title\\=Big announcement time! The title of my upcoming EP is \"All American\"...\\|access\\-date\\=March 6, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102650/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/176879961976733699\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He decided on this title because he credited his rise to the [American Dream](/wiki/American_Dream \"American Dream\"), because he felt the songs showcased his best music to date, and because of a hometown restaurant with the same title. Hoodie spent five months developing the album, building tracks from scratch with his producer, RJF, rather than using sampled beats.Cubarrubia, R.J. [Hoodie Allen Goes Pro With Debut EP, 'All American'](http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/496998/hoodie-allen-goes-pro-with-debut-ep-all-american) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226011430/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\\-juice/496998/hoodie\\-allen\\-goes\\-pro\\-with\\-debut\\-ep\\-all\\-american \\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-26 }}. *Billboard*. April 10, 2012\\. Regarding the writing process, Hoodie stated that, \"I would describe it as liberating... It was like, 'Okay, I hear this idea in my head, I hear these original ideas, \\[and] I'm putting them and piecing them together.'\" On March 29, 2012, Hoodie released the first single from *All American* entitled \"No Interruption,\" as well as its music video.[Hoodie Allen – \"No Interruption\" Video](http://smokingsection.uproxx.com/TSS/2012/03/new-music-hoodie-allen-no-interruption-single-x-music-video) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173953/http://smokingsection.uproxx.com/TSS/2012/03/new\\-music\\-hoodie\\-allen\\-no\\-interruption\\-single\\-x\\-music\\-video \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-12}}. *The Smoking Section*. March 29, 2012\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Allen\\|first\\=Hoodie\\|title\\=Hoodie Allen \\- \"No Interruption\" (Official Video)\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\_t431MAUQlQ\\|work\\=wearehoodie\\|publisher\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=February 15, 2013\\|date\\=March 29, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102653/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\_t431MAUQlQ\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The music video for his second single on *All American*, titled \"No Faith In Brooklyn (feat. Jhameel),\" was released on April 9\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Allen\\|first\\=Hoodie\\|title\\=Hoodie Allen \\- \"No Faith In Brooklyn (ft. Jhameel)\" (Official Video)\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=IZKQUOApw1g\\|work\\=wearehoodie\\|publisher\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=February 15, 2013\\|date\\=April 9, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=IZKQUOApw1g\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *All American* was released on April 10, 2012, and debuted as the No. 1 album on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") and at No. 10 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\").Gamboa, Glenn. [Hoodie Allen has iTunes No. 1 album](http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/backstage-pass-1.811987/hoodie-allen-has-itunes-no-1-album-1.3652365) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023152754/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/backstage\\-pass\\-1\\.811987/hoodie\\-allen\\-has\\-itunes\\-no\\-1\\-album\\-1\\.3652365 \\|date\\=2014\\-10\\-23 }}. *Newsday*.{{cite magazine\\|title\\=Hoodie Allen \\- Chart history\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/artist/303588/hoodie\\-allen/chart\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-30\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-24\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024025732/http://www.billboard.com/artist/303588/hoodie\\-allen/chart\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Over the months of April and May, Hoodie made a 22\\-stop tour across the US in support of *All American*, featuring rapper [Wax](/wiki/Wax_%28rapper%29 \"Wax (rapper)\"), [Jared Evan](/wiki/Jared_Evan \"Jared Evan\"), and others varied from show to show. The I Work Better In The UK Tour was his first time performing overseas. The Excellent Adventure Tour, which featured [G\\-Eazy](/wiki/G-Eazy \"G-Eazy\"), began on September 7, 2012\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hoodie Allen and G\\-Eazy Excellent Adventure Tour Dates and \"Plastic Dreams\" (feat. Johanna Fay)\\|url\\=http://thissongissick.com/2012/hoodie\\-allen\\-g\\-eazy\\-excellent\\-adventure\\-tour\\-dates\\-plastic\\-dreams\\-feat\\-johanna\\-fay/\\#sthash.PWC79O0F.dpbs\\|website\\=This Is So Sick\\|date\\=July 26, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903125046/http://thissongissick.com/2012/hoodie\\-allen\\-g\\-eazy\\-excellent\\-adventure\\-tour\\-dates\\-plastic\\-dreams\\-feat\\-johanna\\-fay/\\#sthash.PWC79O0F.dpbs\\|archive\\-date\\=September 3, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### 2013: *Crew Cuts* and *Americoustic*",
"On February 11, 2013, [*XXL*](/wiki/XXL_%28magazine%29 \"XXL (magazine)\") premiered the music video for \"Cake Boy,\" the first single off of Hoodie's upcoming mixtape.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Diep\\|first1\\=Eric\\|title\\=Watch the Exclusive Video Premiere of Hoodie Allen's \"Cake Boy\"\\|url\\=http://www.xxlmag.com/rap\\-music/new\\-music/2013/02/hoody\\-allen\\-cake\\-boy\\-video\\-premiere/\\|website\\=XXL\\|date\\=February 13, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183240/http://www.xxlmag.com/rap\\-music/new\\-music/2013/02/hoody\\-allen\\-cake\\-boy\\-video\\-premiere/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The single was later released on iTunes for purchase.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cake Boy \\- Single \\- Hoodie Allen\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cake\\-boy\\-single/id601545765\\|website\\=iTunes\\|date\\=February 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131172403/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cake\\-boy\\-single/id601545765\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A week later, the music video for \"Fame Is For Assholes\" (abbreviated FIFA) premiered on YouTube which features rapper [Chiddy Bang](/wiki/Chiddy_Bang \"Chiddy Bang\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Allen\\|first1\\=Hoodie\\|title\\=Hoodie Allen \\- \"Fame Is For A\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*es\" feat. Chiddy (Official Video)\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\-hTD6uEgTVw\\|website\\=Youtube\\|date\\=February 18, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102652/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\-hTD6uEgTVw\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Hoodie commented, \"I wanted to write a track that mixed a classic doo\\-wop vibe with the more upbeat hip\\-hop style that my fans have come to love.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Yaselli\\|first1\\=Blas\\|title\\=Hoodie Allen – Fame Is For Assholes (feat. Chiddy)\\|url\\=http://www.themusicninja.com/hoodie\\-allen\\-fame\\-is\\-for\\-assholes\\-feat\\-chiddy/\\|website\\=The Music Ninja\\|date\\=February 18, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102655/http://www.themusicninja.com/hoodie\\-allen\\-fame\\-is\\-for\\-assholes\\-feat\\-chiddy/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Hoodie embarked on his Cruisin' USA Tour with Aer and [Jared Evan](/wiki/Jared_Evan \"Jared Evan\") which began on March 5, 2013\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Allen\\|first1\\=Hoodie\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/309154376612720641\\|website\\=Twitter\\|date\\=March 5, 2013\\|title\\=Pittsburgh! Thank you for an amazing first night of tour\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102655/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/309154376612720641\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [G\\-Eazy](/wiki/G-Eazy \"G-Eazy\"), instead of Aer, accompanied Hoodie on his Boston, Philly, and NYC shows. During the Cruisin' USA Tour, Hoodie directed the audience to chant that they wanted to see him on *[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon\")*. Leading up to [Roseland Ballroom](/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom \"Roseland Ballroom\"), Hoodie started the hashtag \"\\#GetHoodieAllenOnFallon\" on Twitter to rally his fans. After trending worldwide, Fallon asked to speak with Hoodie.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Teicher\\|first1\\=Jordan\\|title\\=Can Twitter Make Hoodie Allen a Star?\\|url\\=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/04/17/hoodie\\_allen\\_on\\_jimmy\\_fallon\\_rapper\\_uses\\_twitter\\_and\\_youtube\\_in\\_bid\\_for.html\\|website\\=Slate\\|date\\=April 17, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925113541/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/04/17/hoodie\\_allen\\_on\\_jimmy\\_fallon\\_rapper\\_uses\\_twitter\\_and\\_youtube\\_in\\_bid\\_for.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Hoodie performed his new single \"Make It Home\" on [Fuse](/wiki/Fuse_TV \"Fuse TV\") alongside [Kina Grannis](/wiki/Kina_Grannis \"Kina Grannis\") which was released on April 30\\. The studio version of the single was released onto iTunes on May 15, 2013, where it reached the top ten of the iTunes Hip\\-Hop/Rap charts.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}",
"On July 30, 2013, Hoodie released the music video for \"No Interruption (Acoustic)\". His acoustic EP *Americoustic* was released on August 13, 2013, and reached No. 1 on the iTunes Hip\\-Hop/Rap album chart and No. 4 on the iTunes overall albums chart.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}} The EP's guitar work was composed, recorded and produced by [Our Last Night](/wiki/Our_Last_Night \"Our Last Night\") guitarist Matt Wentworth.",
"### 2014: *People Keep Talking*",
"{{Main\\|People Keep Talking}}\nThe lead single off of Hoodie's debut studio album, *[People Keep Talking](/wiki/People_Keep_Talking \"People Keep Talking\")*, was released on May 7, 2014, titled \"Show Me What You're Made Of.\" It premiered along with its music video, which parodied the film *[Happy Gilmore](/wiki/Happy_Gilmore \"Happy Gilmore\")*, and featured fellow rapper D\\-WHY and [Tommy Lee](/wiki/Tommy_Lee \"Tommy Lee\") from [Mötley Crüe](/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe \"Mötley Crüe\"). The single was made available for purchase on iTunes and debuted as the No. 2 song overall.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}} The commercial success of *People Keep Talking* is considered a development in the mainstreaming of [frat rap](/wiki/Frat_rap \"Frat rap\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Love \\|first1\\=Tirhakah \\|title\\=How Frat Rap Became the Biggest Business—and the Biggest Diss—in Hip\\-Hop \\|url\\=https://www.theringer.com/2018/10/22/18007958/frat\\-rap\\-post\\-malone\\-mgk\\-g\\-eazy\\-eminem\\-beastie\\-boys \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Ringer (website)\\|The Ringer]] \\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-31 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131201927/https://www.theringer.com/2018/10/22/18007958/frat\\-rap\\-post\\-malone\\-mgk\\-g\\-eazy\\-eminem\\-beastie\\-boys \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Hoodie then made his television debut on *[Good Day Philadelphia](/wiki/WTXF-TV \"WTXF-TV\")* playing an acoustic version of \"Show Me What You're Made Of\" after a short interview on May 15\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hoodie Allen Brings His Acoustic Set To Good Day\\|url\\=http://www.myfoxphilly.com/story/25525123/hoodie\\-allen\\-brings\\-his\\-acoustic\\-set\\-to\\-good\\-day\\|website\\=My Fox Philly\\|date\\=May 15, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041959/http://www.myfoxphilly.com/story/25525123/hoodie\\-allen\\-brings\\-his\\-acoustic\\-set\\-to\\-good\\-day\\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2014}}",
"To promote the album, Hoodie went on a world tour titled *People Keeping Talking World Tour*, this included shows in the US, Europe, Canada, and Australia, featuring artists [Chiddy Bang](/wiki/Chiddy_Bang \"Chiddy Bang\") and [MAX](/wiki/Max_Schneider \"Max Schneider\"). The tour began on October 29, 2014, at the [Royal Oak Music Theater](/wiki/Royal_Oak_Music_Theater \"Royal Oak Music Theater\") in [Royal Oak, Michigan](/wiki/Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan \"Royal Oak, Michigan\"), and ran into June 2015\\.",
"After tweeting to bassist [Pete Wentz](/wiki/Pete_Wentz \"Pete Wentz\") about touring together, it was announced that Hoodie would be a special guest on the [Boys of Zummer Tour](/wiki/American_Beauty/American_Psycho_Tour%23Tour_dates \"American Beauty/American Psycho Tour#Tour dates\") with co\\-headliners [Fall Out Boy](/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy \"Fall Out Boy\") and [Wiz Khalifa](/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa \"Wiz Khalifa\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Leight\\|first1\\=Elias\\|title\\=Fall Out Boy \\& Wiz Khalifa Announce Co\\-Headlining Summer Tour\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6443421/fall\\-out\\-boy\\-wiz\\-khalifa\\-summer\\-tour\\-boys\\-of\\-zummer\\|website\\=Billboard.com\\|publisher\\=Billboard\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119214103/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6443421/fall\\-out\\-boy\\-wiz\\-khalifa\\-summer\\-tour\\-boys\\-of\\-zummer\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2016–2017: *Happy Camper* and *The Hype*",
"On January 22, 2016, Hoodie released his second studio album, *Happy Camper*.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Allen\\|first1\\=Hoodie\\|title\\=My album \\#HappyCamper is out now!\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/690390589393780736\\|website\\=Twitter\\|date\\=January 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102700/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/690390589393780736\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Leading up to its release, the eighth track, \"Champagne and Pools\" (featuring [blackbear](/wiki/Blackbear_%28musician%29 \"Blackbear (musician)\") and [KYLE](/wiki/Kyle_%28musician%29 \"Kyle (musician)\")), and the album's lead single, \"Are U Having Any Fun?\" (featuring Meghan Tonjes), were released.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Allen\\|first1\\=Hoodie\\|title\\=NEW MUSIC: \"Champagne and Pools\" (feat. @iamblackbear \\& @SuperDuperKyle)\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/667440473146007552\\|website\\=Twitter\\|date\\=November 19, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102652/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/667440473146007552\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Allen\\|first1\\=Hoodie\\|title\\=NEW MUSIC: \"Are U Having Any Fun\"\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/689591536296787969\\|website\\=Twitter\\|date\\=January 19, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102653/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/689591536296787969\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The lead single was also accompanied by its music video which followed the style of a video game similar to *[Grand Theft Auto V](/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V \"Grand Theft Auto V\")*. *Happy Camper* was also made available for download on iTunes peaking at No. 2 on the overall albums chart.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}",
"On September 29, 2017, he released his third studio album, *The Hype*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hoodie Allen Announces New Album Out 9/29 \\+ World Tour \\+ Shares 1st Single\\|url\\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Hoodie\\-Allen\\-Announces\\-New\\-Album\\-Out\\-929\\-World\\-Tour\\-Shares\\-1st\\-Single\\-20170828\\|website\\=BroadwayWorld.com\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2017\\|date\\=28 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102652/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Hoodie\\-Allen\\-Announces\\-New\\-Album\\-Out\\-929\\-World\\-Tour\\-Shares\\-1st\\-Single\\-20170828\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2019: *Whatever USA*",
"On August 16, 2019, Hoodie released his fourth studio album *Whatever USA*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://genius.com/albums/Hoodie\\-allen/Whatever\\-usa\\|title\\=Whatever USA by Hoodie Allen\\|website\\=Genius\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009183442/https://genius.com/albums/Hoodie\\-allen/Whatever\\-usa\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Leading up to its release, the ninth track \"Never Going Back\" was released on March 1, 2019\\. He then released \"Come Around“, the second single on the album, with [Christian French](/wiki/Christian_French_%28singer%29 \"Christian French (singer)\") on June 21, 2019\\. The third track released before the album released was \"Hell of a Time\" which was released on August 2, 2019\\.",
"### 2023: Return to music and *bub*",
"After a three year hiatus, Hoodie returned to music by releasing \"Wouldn't That Be Nice\"*,* on May 13, 2022\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Virgil \\|first\\=Dom \\|date\\=13 May 2022 \\|title\\=Hoodie Allen Debuts New Sound on \"Wouldn't That Be Nice\" \\|url\\=https://preludepress.com/news/2022/05/13/hoodie\\-allen\\-wouldnt\\-that\\-be\\-nice/ \\|access\\-date\\=20 March 2023 \\|website\\=Prelude Press \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320002133/https://preludepress.com/news/2022/05/13/hoodie\\-allen\\-wouldnt\\-that\\-be\\-nice/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This would later be used as the lead single for his upcoming album named *bub.*",
"On March 17, 2023, Hoodie released his fifth album named *bub.*{{Cite web \\|title\\='bub' is yours \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/1636583364554522626?ref\\_src\\=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet \\|access\\-date\\=20 March 2023 \\|website\\=Twitter \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320002130/https://twitter.com/HoodieAllen/status/1636583364554522626?ref\\_src\\=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
Peasant armament support march
------------------------------
{{Main\|Peasant armament support march}}
On December 21, 1913, Staaff relented and, against the background of increasing international tension, advocated in a speech the expansion of the navy and investments in the army. On the same day, there was a call for a peasant march in support of defense. The King's speech to the 30,000 farmers (The [Courtyard Speech](/wiki/Courtyard_Speech "Courtyard Speech"), *Borggårdstalet*, February 6, 1914\) was a rhetorical masterpiece in the spirit of the times, written by Sven Hedin with the support of General Staff Officer Carl Bennedich. The King more or less distanced himself from the Staaff government, while at the same time asserting the personal power of the King, and thus the right to act as supreme commander. Contemporaries suspected that the speech had been written by [Verner von Heidenstam](/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam "Verner von Heidenstam"), but this was not correct (see below).
The speech stated that the King demanded the right to dictate to the assembly what should be decided on matters of importance to him. He had spoken of "my army" and "my navy". Nor had he allowed the prime minister to read the speech in advance. The Social Democrats responded within a few days with a so\-called workers' rally, with some 50,000 participants, in support of the Liberal government, under the slogan "The will of the people alone shall decide in the land of Sweden!"
### Government crisis and aftermath
[thumb\|300px\|left\|Gustaf V's [speech](/wiki/Courtyard_Speech "Courtyard Speech") in the courtyard of [Stockholm Palace](/wiki/Stockholm_Palace "Stockholm Palace").](/wiki/File:Gustav_V_speaks_in_1914.jpg "Gustav V speaks in 1914.jpg")
The King's Courtyard Speech could constitute a restriction of the power given to the government, which prompted the Prime Minister to ask him a number of questions shortly afterwards:{{sfn\|Franzén\|1986\|p\=}}
* Did the King maintain what he had said in his speech, that the defense issue must be resolved in accordance with the military's "inescapable demands"? That is, against the government's proposals.
* Had the King in any way taken into account any issue in the expected defense bill before the government had had the opportunity to present the matter to him?
The answers were not satisfactory to the Government. Staaff then presented the King with a proposal for a royal statement that involved a retreat. In addition, Staaff demanded that in future the King should inform the Prime Minister or the minister responsible in advance when the King made statements on political issues. Finally, the government threatened to resign unless the King could "graciously grant these wishes". These exchanges of correspondence between the King and Staaff were of course not public. However, the King responded publicly, referring to Staaff's proposals, which he considered impertinent, and declaring that he could not agree to this arrangement "as I do not wish to relinquish the right to communicate freely with the people of Sweden" \- a response that brought the constitutional conflict to a head and showed that the King had no intention of giving in.
### Government resignation
[thumb\|[Queen Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_of_Baden "Victoria of Baden") of Sweden.](/wiki/File:Queenvictoriaofsweden.jpg "Queenvictoriaofsweden.jpg")
The Liberal government resigned as a consequence on February 10\.
The leaders of the Liberal Party in the *Riksdag* expressed their almost universal solidarity with the minister and issued a manifesto stating that the political struggle had now become about "one of the foundations of all democratic politics; it concerns the self\-government of the Swedish people". "The first main demand of the liberals: a parliamentary system of government, with the country's government based on the confidence of the people's representation, is thus jeopardized," they wrote.{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=648}}
The Conservative Party leadership, on the other hand, focused its manifesto primarily on the threatening foreign policy situation, which had led other peoples to "submit to the greatest personal and economic sacrifices in order to increase still further their defensive power". The manifesto continued: "Our people, faced with the gravity of the world situation, have no time to dwell on fruitless but grueling constitutional battles. The life of the realm demands that the question of our defense be settled now, without delay and in a coherent manner."{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=648}} As for the substance of the constitutional conflict itself, the Conservatives took the King's position: that he could not agree to the government's demands because it "would deprive him of a right that every Swedish citizen possesses".{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=648}}
In the manifesto of the Social Democratic Party, the constitutional conflict was described as "a struggle for or against the personal royal power in our country". "A court camarilla", it said, "which counts among its ranks notorious agitators against the power of the *Riksdag* over state life, has pushed the King to the unconstitutional step of proclaiming a personal policy on the question of armaments."{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=648}} This, according to the party, meant "a relapse into the position of royal autocracy" and was contrary to the deepest meaning of the advance of democracy in recent decades. On the question of defense, the Social Democrats advocated a reduction, rather than an increase, in defense costs and the training time of conscripts. Instead, the emphasis was on social reforms that promoted the material and cultural development of the whole people as "indispensable elements of a capable defense for our independence and our future prospects".{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=649}}
The King and his inner circle of advisers, including [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_of_Baden "Victoria of Baden"), Marshal [Ludvig Douglas](/wiki/Ludvig_Douglas "Ludvig Douglas"), [Ernst Trygger](/wiki/Ernst_Trygger "Ernst Trygger") and Sven Hedin, had temporarily won, but it turned out that they had gone too far, even for the right\-wing of the *Riksdag*. Preparations for a new government were inadequate. The right\-wing party under Arvid Lindman had not wanted to dismiss the government in this way, even though the right\-wing press eagerly supported the move.{{sfn\|Franzén\|1986\|p\=}} There were rumors of a [coup d'état](/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "Coup d'état"), and similar ideas were discussed between Hedin and Bennedich in their correspondence later in 1914\.{{sfn\|Stenkvist\|1982\|p\=98}}
### New Elections
[thumb\|[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld](/wiki/Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld "Hjalmar Hammarskjöld").](/wiki/File:Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld.jpg "Hjalmar Hammarskjöld.jpg")
After a week, the government was succeeded by a government of civil\-servants under the academic [Hjalmar Hammarskjöld](/wiki/Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld "Hjalmar Hammarskjöld"). This "courtyard government" decided to dissolve the second chamber immediately and call new elections so that the people could have their say on the question of defense.{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=649}} In the conference where these decisions were taken, the King finally declared: "I wish to take this opportunity to declare that any desire or aspiration towards a personal royal power has been, is and always will be alien to me. Following the commandments of the Constitution and in its spirit, I have, true to my motto, hitherto exercised my royal vocation. From my firm resolve to continue to do so, I will never waver."{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=649}}
In the elections that followed the resignation of the government, the electorate became polarized. The Liberals fell back while the Right and the Social Democrats made strong gains. A few years later, universal and equal suffrage had prevailed and parliamentarism was implemented.
The government's program included a continuous winter training for the infantry with 250 days of recruit school, plus four refresher exercises totaling 105 days. The navy was to be reinforced with seven additional [F\-type](/wiki/Sverige-class_coastal_defence_ship "Sverige-class coastal defence ship") armoured boats and more powerful destroyers and submarines.{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=649}} The Liberal program was now specified in terms of infantry training time to be increased by 40 days.{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=650}} The government's program received unexpectedly large support, but although the opponents lost several seats in parliament, they still had the majority at their disposal.{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=650}}
Then, at the end of July 1914, the [Great World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") broke out. It was now clear to all parties that the most important thing was to show the world that the entire Swedish people were united in the decision to defend themselves with all their might.{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=651}} Both the Liberal and the Social Democratic party leaders now contributed to a solution of the defense question, which they had previously felt they had to fight. Under the impression of the impending danger, they spoke exhorting words of national unity to their fellow citizens. As early as August 8, Staaff was able to inform Hammarskjöld that the government's proposal on infantry training time could now count on such support from the Liberal Party that it had the backing of a majority in the *Riksdag*. The government's proposal was also essentially approved on other points.{{sfn\|Grimberg\|1985\|p\=651}}
### Heidenstam and The Courtyard Crisis
[thumb\|[Verner von Heidenstam](/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam "Verner von Heidenstam").](/wiki/File:Verner_von_Heidenstam11.jpg "Verner von Heidenstam11.jpg")
The author of the King's speech to the peasants was a well\-kept secret for many years, and there was a persistent rumor that Verner von Heidenstam was behind the speech; this was repeated in newspapers and books well into the 1940s.
Hedin revealed in his book *Försvarsstriden* 1912\-14 ("The defense battle") (1951\) that he and Bennedich (who died in 1939\) were the authors, and this is considered to be true even if it is not directly confirmed by other sources. Hedin and Bennedich had a lively correspondence at this time, partly in a conspiratorial tone with cover names for people etc. In the same book, Hedin claims that Heidenstam wrote another, shorter speech that the King gave to courting students, also in the Palace courtyard, and that this speech would have been reviewed by Ernst Trygger, the King's strongest ally in the *Riksdag* and the one he was expected to offer to form a government.
The speech was delivered on February 11, the day after the Staaff government had resigned.{{sfn\|Stenkvist\|1982\|p\=102f}} This information has been noted by Jan Stenkvist and Leif Kihlberg. Hedin, as Stenkvist points out, is not always credible, but he stated that he had learned this not from Heidenstam, a good friend since 1911, but from the parliamentarian and historian Karl Hildebrand, who in turn would have received the information from Gustaf V himself. There are indications that both this chain of sources and the factual information itself are correct{{sfn\|Stenkvist\|1982\|p\=102f}} and in that case it is the only occasion we know of when Heidenstam directly cooperated with the royal couple and a leading person in the right\-wing radical group in the *Riksdag* on a political issue \- Hedin was not a parliamentary politician. The Borggård crisis and the whole year 1914 are also the time when Heidenstam came closest to making direct nationally conservative statements in practical politics and in constitutional matters; his public statements on political issues were otherwise rhetorically effective but lacking in concrete meaning.
|
[
"Peasant armament support march\n------------------------------",
"{{Main\\|Peasant armament support march}}",
"On December 21, 1913, Staaff relented and, against the background of increasing international tension, advocated in a speech the expansion of the navy and investments in the army. On the same day, there was a call for a peasant march in support of defense. The King's speech to the 30,000 farmers (The [Courtyard Speech](/wiki/Courtyard_Speech \"Courtyard Speech\"), *Borggårdstalet*, February 6, 1914\\) was a rhetorical masterpiece in the spirit of the times, written by Sven Hedin with the support of General Staff Officer Carl Bennedich. The King more or less distanced himself from the Staaff government, while at the same time asserting the personal power of the King, and thus the right to act as supreme commander. Contemporaries suspected that the speech had been written by [Verner von Heidenstam](/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam \"Verner von Heidenstam\"), but this was not correct (see below).",
"The speech stated that the King demanded the right to dictate to the assembly what should be decided on matters of importance to him. He had spoken of \"my army\" and \"my navy\". Nor had he allowed the prime minister to read the speech in advance. The Social Democrats responded within a few days with a so\\-called workers' rally, with some 50,000 participants, in support of the Liberal government, under the slogan \"The will of the people alone shall decide in the land of Sweden!\"",
"### Government crisis and aftermath",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|Gustaf V's [speech](/wiki/Courtyard_Speech \"Courtyard Speech\") in the courtyard of [Stockholm Palace](/wiki/Stockholm_Palace \"Stockholm Palace\").](/wiki/File:Gustav_V_speaks_in_1914.jpg \"Gustav V speaks in 1914.jpg\")\nThe King's Courtyard Speech could constitute a restriction of the power given to the government, which prompted the Prime Minister to ask him a number of questions shortly afterwards:{{sfn\\|Franzén\\|1986\\|p\\=}}",
"* Did the King maintain what he had said in his speech, that the defense issue must be resolved in accordance with the military's \"inescapable demands\"? That is, against the government's proposals.\n* Had the King in any way taken into account any issue in the expected defense bill before the government had had the opportunity to present the matter to him?",
"The answers were not satisfactory to the Government. Staaff then presented the King with a proposal for a royal statement that involved a retreat. In addition, Staaff demanded that in future the King should inform the Prime Minister or the minister responsible in advance when the King made statements on political issues. Finally, the government threatened to resign unless the King could \"graciously grant these wishes\". These exchanges of correspondence between the King and Staaff were of course not public. However, the King responded publicly, referring to Staaff's proposals, which he considered impertinent, and declaring that he could not agree to this arrangement \"as I do not wish to relinquish the right to communicate freely with the people of Sweden\" \\- a response that brought the constitutional conflict to a head and showed that the King had no intention of giving in.",
"### Government resignation",
"[thumb\\|[Queen Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_of_Baden \"Victoria of Baden\") of Sweden.](/wiki/File:Queenvictoriaofsweden.jpg \"Queenvictoriaofsweden.jpg\")\nThe Liberal government resigned as a consequence on February 10\\.",
"The leaders of the Liberal Party in the *Riksdag* expressed their almost universal solidarity with the minister and issued a manifesto stating that the political struggle had now become about \"one of the foundations of all democratic politics; it concerns the self\\-government of the Swedish people\". \"The first main demand of the liberals: a parliamentary system of government, with the country's government based on the confidence of the people's representation, is thus jeopardized,\" they wrote.{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=648}}",
"The Conservative Party leadership, on the other hand, focused its manifesto primarily on the threatening foreign policy situation, which had led other peoples to \"submit to the greatest personal and economic sacrifices in order to increase still further their defensive power\". The manifesto continued: \"Our people, faced with the gravity of the world situation, have no time to dwell on fruitless but grueling constitutional battles. The life of the realm demands that the question of our defense be settled now, without delay and in a coherent manner.\"{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=648}} As for the substance of the constitutional conflict itself, the Conservatives took the King's position: that he could not agree to the government's demands because it \"would deprive him of a right that every Swedish citizen possesses\".{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=648}}",
"In the manifesto of the Social Democratic Party, the constitutional conflict was described as \"a struggle for or against the personal royal power in our country\". \"A court camarilla\", it said, \"which counts among its ranks notorious agitators against the power of the *Riksdag* over state life, has pushed the King to the unconstitutional step of proclaiming a personal policy on the question of armaments.\"{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=648}} This, according to the party, meant \"a relapse into the position of royal autocracy\" and was contrary to the deepest meaning of the advance of democracy in recent decades. On the question of defense, the Social Democrats advocated a reduction, rather than an increase, in defense costs and the training time of conscripts. Instead, the emphasis was on social reforms that promoted the material and cultural development of the whole people as \"indispensable elements of a capable defense for our independence and our future prospects\".{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=649}}",
"The King and his inner circle of advisers, including [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_of_Baden \"Victoria of Baden\"), Marshal [Ludvig Douglas](/wiki/Ludvig_Douglas \"Ludvig Douglas\"), [Ernst Trygger](/wiki/Ernst_Trygger \"Ernst Trygger\") and Sven Hedin, had temporarily won, but it turned out that they had gone too far, even for the right\\-wing of the *Riksdag*. Preparations for a new government were inadequate. The right\\-wing party under Arvid Lindman had not wanted to dismiss the government in this way, even though the right\\-wing press eagerly supported the move.{{sfn\\|Franzén\\|1986\\|p\\=}} There were rumors of a [coup d'état](/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"Coup d'état\"), and similar ideas were discussed between Hedin and Bennedich in their correspondence later in 1914\\.{{sfn\\|Stenkvist\\|1982\\|p\\=98}}",
"### New Elections",
"[thumb\\|[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld](/wiki/Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld \"Hjalmar Hammarskjöld\").](/wiki/File:Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld.jpg \"Hjalmar Hammarskjöld.jpg\")\nAfter a week, the government was succeeded by a government of civil\\-servants under the academic [Hjalmar Hammarskjöld](/wiki/Hjalmar_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld \"Hjalmar Hammarskjöld\"). This \"courtyard government\" decided to dissolve the second chamber immediately and call new elections so that the people could have their say on the question of defense.{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=649}} In the conference where these decisions were taken, the King finally declared: \"I wish to take this opportunity to declare that any desire or aspiration towards a personal royal power has been, is and always will be alien to me. Following the commandments of the Constitution and in its spirit, I have, true to my motto, hitherto exercised my royal vocation. From my firm resolve to continue to do so, I will never waver.\"{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=649}}",
"In the elections that followed the resignation of the government, the electorate became polarized. The Liberals fell back while the Right and the Social Democrats made strong gains. A few years later, universal and equal suffrage had prevailed and parliamentarism was implemented.",
"The government's program included a continuous winter training for the infantry with 250 days of recruit school, plus four refresher exercises totaling 105 days. The navy was to be reinforced with seven additional [F\\-type](/wiki/Sverige-class_coastal_defence_ship \"Sverige-class coastal defence ship\") armoured boats and more powerful destroyers and submarines.{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=649}} The Liberal program was now specified in terms of infantry training time to be increased by 40 days.{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=650}} The government's program received unexpectedly large support, but although the opponents lost several seats in parliament, they still had the majority at their disposal.{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=650}}",
"Then, at the end of July 1914, the [Great World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") broke out. It was now clear to all parties that the most important thing was to show the world that the entire Swedish people were united in the decision to defend themselves with all their might.{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=651}} Both the Liberal and the Social Democratic party leaders now contributed to a solution of the defense question, which they had previously felt they had to fight. Under the impression of the impending danger, they spoke exhorting words of national unity to their fellow citizens. As early as August 8, Staaff was able to inform Hammarskjöld that the government's proposal on infantry training time could now count on such support from the Liberal Party that it had the backing of a majority in the *Riksdag*. The government's proposal was also essentially approved on other points.{{sfn\\|Grimberg\\|1985\\|p\\=651}}\n### Heidenstam and The Courtyard Crisis",
"[thumb\\|[Verner von Heidenstam](/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam \"Verner von Heidenstam\").](/wiki/File:Verner_von_Heidenstam11.jpg \"Verner von Heidenstam11.jpg\")\nThe author of the King's speech to the peasants was a well\\-kept secret for many years, and there was a persistent rumor that Verner von Heidenstam was behind the speech; this was repeated in newspapers and books well into the 1940s.",
"Hedin revealed in his book *Försvarsstriden* 1912\\-14 (\"The defense battle\") (1951\\) that he and Bennedich (who died in 1939\\) were the authors, and this is considered to be true even if it is not directly confirmed by other sources. Hedin and Bennedich had a lively correspondence at this time, partly in a conspiratorial tone with cover names for people etc. In the same book, Hedin claims that Heidenstam wrote another, shorter speech that the King gave to courting students, also in the Palace courtyard, and that this speech would have been reviewed by Ernst Trygger, the King's strongest ally in the *Riksdag* and the one he was expected to offer to form a government.",
"The speech was delivered on February 11, the day after the Staaff government had resigned.{{sfn\\|Stenkvist\\|1982\\|p\\=102f}} This information has been noted by Jan Stenkvist and Leif Kihlberg. Hedin, as Stenkvist points out, is not always credible, but he stated that he had learned this not from Heidenstam, a good friend since 1911, but from the parliamentarian and historian Karl Hildebrand, who in turn would have received the information from Gustaf V himself. There are indications that both this chain of sources and the factual information itself are correct{{sfn\\|Stenkvist\\|1982\\|p\\=102f}} and in that case it is the only occasion we know of when Heidenstam directly cooperated with the royal couple and a leading person in the right\\-wing radical group in the *Riksdag* on a political issue \\- Hedin was not a parliamentary politician. The Borggård crisis and the whole year 1914 are also the time when Heidenstam came closest to making direct nationally conservative statements in practical politics and in constitutional matters; his public statements on political issues were otherwise rhetorically effective but lacking in concrete meaning.",
""
] |
Conflicts
---------
### Conflicts in 1554–1555
In 1554, [Trịnh Kiểm](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ki%E1%BB%83m "Trịnh Kiểm"), the military regent of Lê dynasty, dispatched 25,000 men to the south and easily regained two provinces [Thuận Hóa](/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_H%C3%B3a "Thuận Hóa") and [Quảng Nam](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam "Quảng Nam") from the Mạc. Trịnh Kiểm also restored Cham principalities in [Ninh Thuận](/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn "Ninh Thuận") and [Bình Thuận](/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province "Bình Thuận Province").
In August 1555, Prince [Mạc Kính Điển](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_K%C3%ADnh_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n "Mạc Kính Điển") of the Northern dynasty, led 100 warships in an attack on [Thanh Hóa](/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a "Thanh Hóa") shores. When the Mạc fleet was advancing on [Mã River](/wiki/M%C3%A3_River "Mã River"), Lê forces under Trịnh Kiểm ambushed them with matchlock firearms and canoes led by general [Nguyễn Khải Khang](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_Khang "Nguyễn Khải Khang"), a Mạc defector. Mạc Kính Điển survived and fled back to Hanoi.
### Conflicts in 1557
In July 1557, Mạc Kính Điển launched another naval offensive to the south. Lê warships once again ambushed Mạc fleet on Mã river. Mạc Kính Điểm jumped down the river and fled to the nearby forest. He and Mạc remnants escaped back to the north after three days of hiding in a cave. With the winning triumph, Lê army pursued Mạc army to [Sơn Nam](/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Nam "Sơn Nam") ([Nam Định province](/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province "Nam Định province")). Mạc Kính Điển returned to his position and defeated the Southern army.
### Conflicts in 1559–1562
[250px\|thumb\|right\|Carved wood in Hue, shows the cannons were used by the Lê and Mạc forces](/wiki/File:DAI_PHAO.jpg "DAI PHAO.jpg")
September 1559, [Trịnh Kiểm](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ki%E1%BB%83m "Trịnh Kiểm") ordered a new northward offensive, and dispatched 60,000 soldiers and elephants, armed with Portuguese\-style matchlocks. By January 1560, the Lê\-Trịnh army had occupied all cities and territories beyond south of the [Red River](/wiki/Hong_River "Hong River"), leaving Mạc capital [Đông Kinh](/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh "Đông Kinh") under siege. Mạc emperor [Quang Bảo](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_Tuy%C3%AAn_T%C3%B4ng "Mạc Tuyên Tông") evacuated his government to [Quảng Ninh](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh "Quảng Ninh") province, near China, while reinforcing 50,000 men to defend Hanoi and [Hải Dương](/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng "Hải Dương"). After fighting for a year, the Lê\-Trịnh army was still unable to capture Hanoi and Hải Dương. In March 1561, [Mạc Kính Điển](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_K%C3%ADnh_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n "Mạc Kính Điển") launched a surprise naval attack in [Thanh Hóa](/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a "Thanh Hóa") and [Nghệ An](/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An "Nghệ An"), forcing the Lê\-Trịnh army to retreat back to Thanh Hóa to avoid Mạc's encirclement. Finally, the two sides grew very tired and withdrew their forces back to their original territories.
### Conflicts in 1570–1579
[250px\|thumb\|right\|Matchlock rifles used during 16th\-18th century in Vietnam, National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.](/wiki/File:VN_rifles.jpg "VN rifles.jpg")
In 1570, [Trịnh Kiểm](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ki%E1%BB%83m "Trịnh Kiểm") died and his son [Trịnh Cối](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%E1%BB%91i "Trịnh Cối") succeeded the military ruler of the Southern army. In August 1570, Mạc Kính Điển launched a large southward offensive, dispatched 100,000 men and 700 ships, and attacked the Southern court through Laos and sea. Trịnh Cối surrendered to the Mạc. Southern Emperor [Lê Chính Trị](/wiki/L%C3%AA_Anh_T%C3%B4ng "Lê Anh Tông") transferred the Military Commander to [Trịnh Tùng](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C3%B9ng "Trịnh Tùng") while evacuating his government to the south. While occupying and looting Tây Kinh, the Mac army committed atrocities against civilians and destroyed architecture. In 1571, Mạc forces advanced further south to [Cả River](/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3_River "Cả River"). In October 1572, Mạc forces retreated back to the north.
From 1573 to 1576, the Northern dynasty launched 4 southward offensives and raids, causing devastation for the Southern dynasty. The Lê\-Trịnh army then recruited [Cham people](/wiki/Chams "Chams") to fight against the Mạc.
In September 1577, Mạc Kính Điển saw the opportunity to annihilate the Southern dynasty, and reunify the country. Mạc Kính Điển and his general [Lại Thế Mỹ](/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1i_Th%E1%BA%BF_M%E1%BB%B9 "Lại Thế Mỹ") led 40,000 men to attack the Southern court in Thanh Hóa, but were defeated by Lê\-Trịnh forces in Khoái Lạc. Thế Mỹ was shot and killed while mounted on horseback.
From August 1578 to November 1579, Northern Mạc forces made three more raids into Southern dynasty territories, but all were repelled with outgunned Lê\-Trịnh matchlocks.
### Conflicts in 1580–1583
[200px\|thumb\|right\|[Wokou](/wiki/Wokou "Wokou") mercenary and his wife in [Hải Phòng](/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng "Hải Phòng"), Vietnam in 1590\. From manuscript [Boxer Codex](/wiki/Boxer_Codex "Boxer Codex")](/wiki/File:Viet2.jpg "Viet2.jpg")
From 1580 to 1583, Lê\-Trịnh and Mạc forces engaged in small to moderate\-size conflicts along the [Mã River](/wiki/M%C3%A3_River "Mã River"). In November 1580, [Mạc Kính Điển](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_K%C3%ADnh_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n "Mạc Kính Điển") died and his brother, prince [Mạc Đôn Nhượng](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%90%C3%B4n_Nh%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng "Mạc Đôn Nhượng") succeed the military ruler of the Northern dynasty. The Mạc regime began declining and these were the last of the Northern dynasty's southward offensives.
### Conflicts in 1584–1589
In 1584, the new Northern emperor [Mạc Mậu Hợp](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_M%E1%BA%ADu_H%E1%BB%A3p "Mạc Mậu Hợp") succeed the throne when he was a child. The monarchy and the government had become more unstable. Military lord [Trịnh Tùng](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C3%B9ng "Trịnh Tùng") commanded the Southern army, which launched five raids into Northern dynasty territories, causing severe damage to the economy and weakening the Mạc regime. Trịnh Tùng also hired the [Wokou](/wiki/Wokou "Wokou") pirates as mercenaries, raiding the coastal area and port cities in Northern territories.
### The last stand of Northern dynasty (1592–1593\)
In February 1592, the Southern dynasty launched a large northward offensive against the Northern Mạc. Trịnh Tùng and his general [Nguyễn Hữu Liêu](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_Li%C3%AAu "Nguyễn Hữu Liêu"), [Trịnh Ninh](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ninh "Trịnh Ninh"), [Hoàng Đình Ái](/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_%C3%81i "Hoàng Đình Ái"), [Trịnh Đồng](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng "Trịnh Đồng"), [Trịnh Đỗ](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%97 "Trịnh Đỗ"), [Hà Thọ Lộc](/wiki/H%C3%A0_Th%E1%BB%8D_L%E1%BB%99c "Hà Thọ Lộc") and [Ngô Cảnh Hựu](/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_C%E1%BA%A3nh_H%E1%BB%B1u "Ngô Cảnh Hựu") commanded 60,000 troops, captured towns and cities beyond south of the Red river. Mạc Mậu Hợp sent all of his troops to resist the Southern army, but was defeated.
On 14 November 1592, Lê\-Trịnh army captured three western province [Lào Cai](/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai "Lào Cai"), [Yên Bái](/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i "Yên Bái") and [Phú Thọ](/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D "Phú Thọ"). On 25 November, Trịnh Tùng's forces arrived [Hải Dương](/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng "Hải Dương"), where they arrested and executed Mạc Mậu Hợp and his son [Mạc Toàn](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_To%C3%A0n "Mạc Toàn"). The Mạc remnants fled to the mountainous [Bắc Cạn](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_C%E1%BA%A1n "Bắc Cạn"), [Cao Bằng](/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng "Cao Bằng") provinces, where they remained active. In April 1593, the southern emperor [Lê Thế Tông](/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%E1%BA%BF_T%C3%B4ng "Lê Thế Tông") was welcomed back to Đông Kinh (Hanoi).
|
[
"Conflicts\n---------",
"### Conflicts in 1554–1555",
"In 1554, [Trịnh Kiểm](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ki%E1%BB%83m \"Trịnh Kiểm\"), the military regent of Lê dynasty, dispatched 25,000 men to the south and easily regained two provinces [Thuận Hóa](/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_H%C3%B3a \"Thuận Hóa\") and [Quảng Nam](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam \"Quảng Nam\") from the Mạc. Trịnh Kiểm also restored Cham principalities in [Ninh Thuận](/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn \"Ninh Thuận\") and [Bình Thuận](/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province \"Bình Thuận Province\").",
"In August 1555, Prince [Mạc Kính Điển](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_K%C3%ADnh_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n \"Mạc Kính Điển\") of the Northern dynasty, led 100 warships in an attack on [Thanh Hóa](/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a \"Thanh Hóa\") shores. When the Mạc fleet was advancing on [Mã River](/wiki/M%C3%A3_River \"Mã River\"), Lê forces under Trịnh Kiểm ambushed them with matchlock firearms and canoes led by general [Nguyễn Khải Khang](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_Khang \"Nguyễn Khải Khang\"), a Mạc defector. Mạc Kính Điển survived and fled back to Hanoi.",
"### Conflicts in 1557",
"In July 1557, Mạc Kính Điển launched another naval offensive to the south. Lê warships once again ambushed Mạc fleet on Mã river. Mạc Kính Điểm jumped down the river and fled to the nearby forest. He and Mạc remnants escaped back to the north after three days of hiding in a cave. With the winning triumph, Lê army pursued Mạc army to [Sơn Nam](/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Nam \"Sơn Nam\") ([Nam Định province](/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province \"Nam Định province\")). Mạc Kính Điển returned to his position and defeated the Southern army.",
"### Conflicts in 1559–1562",
"[250px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Carved wood in Hue, shows the cannons were used by the Lê and Mạc forces](/wiki/File:DAI_PHAO.jpg \"DAI PHAO.jpg\")\nSeptember 1559, [Trịnh Kiểm](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ki%E1%BB%83m \"Trịnh Kiểm\") ordered a new northward offensive, and dispatched 60,000 soldiers and elephants, armed with Portuguese\\-style matchlocks. By January 1560, the Lê\\-Trịnh army had occupied all cities and territories beyond south of the [Red River](/wiki/Hong_River \"Hong River\"), leaving Mạc capital [Đông Kinh](/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh \"Đông Kinh\") under siege. Mạc emperor [Quang Bảo](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_Tuy%C3%AAn_T%C3%B4ng \"Mạc Tuyên Tông\") evacuated his government to [Quảng Ninh](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh \"Quảng Ninh\") province, near China, while reinforcing 50,000 men to defend Hanoi and [Hải Dương](/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng \"Hải Dương\"). After fighting for a year, the Lê\\-Trịnh army was still unable to capture Hanoi and Hải Dương. In March 1561, [Mạc Kính Điển](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_K%C3%ADnh_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n \"Mạc Kính Điển\") launched a surprise naval attack in [Thanh Hóa](/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a \"Thanh Hóa\") and [Nghệ An](/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An \"Nghệ An\"), forcing the Lê\\-Trịnh army to retreat back to Thanh Hóa to avoid Mạc's encirclement. Finally, the two sides grew very tired and withdrew their forces back to their original territories.",
"### Conflicts in 1570–1579",
"[250px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Matchlock rifles used during 16th\\-18th century in Vietnam, National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.](/wiki/File:VN_rifles.jpg \"VN rifles.jpg\")\nIn 1570, [Trịnh Kiểm](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ki%E1%BB%83m \"Trịnh Kiểm\") died and his son [Trịnh Cối](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%E1%BB%91i \"Trịnh Cối\") succeeded the military ruler of the Southern army. In August 1570, Mạc Kính Điển launched a large southward offensive, dispatched 100,000 men and 700 ships, and attacked the Southern court through Laos and sea. Trịnh Cối surrendered to the Mạc. Southern Emperor [Lê Chính Trị](/wiki/L%C3%AA_Anh_T%C3%B4ng \"Lê Anh Tông\") transferred the Military Commander to [Trịnh Tùng](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C3%B9ng \"Trịnh Tùng\") while evacuating his government to the south. While occupying and looting Tây Kinh, the Mac army committed atrocities against civilians and destroyed architecture. In 1571, Mạc forces advanced further south to [Cả River](/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3_River \"Cả River\"). In October 1572, Mạc forces retreated back to the north.",
"From 1573 to 1576, the Northern dynasty launched 4 southward offensives and raids, causing devastation for the Southern dynasty. The Lê\\-Trịnh army then recruited [Cham people](/wiki/Chams \"Chams\") to fight against the Mạc.",
"In September 1577, Mạc Kính Điển saw the opportunity to annihilate the Southern dynasty, and reunify the country. Mạc Kính Điển and his general [Lại Thế Mỹ](/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1i_Th%E1%BA%BF_M%E1%BB%B9 \"Lại Thế Mỹ\") led 40,000 men to attack the Southern court in Thanh Hóa, but were defeated by Lê\\-Trịnh forces in Khoái Lạc. Thế Mỹ was shot and killed while mounted on horseback.",
"From August 1578 to November 1579, Northern Mạc forces made three more raids into Southern dynasty territories, but all were repelled with outgunned Lê\\-Trịnh matchlocks.",
"### Conflicts in 1580–1583",
"[200px\\|thumb\\|right\\|[Wokou](/wiki/Wokou \"Wokou\") mercenary and his wife in [Hải Phòng](/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng \"Hải Phòng\"), Vietnam in 1590\\. From manuscript [Boxer Codex](/wiki/Boxer_Codex \"Boxer Codex\")](/wiki/File:Viet2.jpg \"Viet2.jpg\")\nFrom 1580 to 1583, Lê\\-Trịnh and Mạc forces engaged in small to moderate\\-size conflicts along the [Mã River](/wiki/M%C3%A3_River \"Mã River\"). In November 1580, [Mạc Kính Điển](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_K%C3%ADnh_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n \"Mạc Kính Điển\") died and his brother, prince [Mạc Đôn Nhượng](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%90%C3%B4n_Nh%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng \"Mạc Đôn Nhượng\") succeed the military ruler of the Northern dynasty. The Mạc regime began declining and these were the last of the Northern dynasty's southward offensives.",
"### Conflicts in 1584–1589",
"In 1584, the new Northern emperor [Mạc Mậu Hợp](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_M%E1%BA%ADu_H%E1%BB%A3p \"Mạc Mậu Hợp\") succeed the throne when he was a child. The monarchy and the government had become more unstable. Military lord [Trịnh Tùng](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C3%B9ng \"Trịnh Tùng\") commanded the Southern army, which launched five raids into Northern dynasty territories, causing severe damage to the economy and weakening the Mạc regime. Trịnh Tùng also hired the [Wokou](/wiki/Wokou \"Wokou\") pirates as mercenaries, raiding the coastal area and port cities in Northern territories.",
"### The last stand of Northern dynasty (1592–1593\\)",
"In February 1592, the Southern dynasty launched a large northward offensive against the Northern Mạc. Trịnh Tùng and his general [Nguyễn Hữu Liêu](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_Li%C3%AAu \"Nguyễn Hữu Liêu\"), [Trịnh Ninh](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ninh \"Trịnh Ninh\"), [Hoàng Đình Ái](/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_%C3%81i \"Hoàng Đình Ái\"), [Trịnh Đồng](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng \"Trịnh Đồng\"), [Trịnh Đỗ](/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%97 \"Trịnh Đỗ\"), [Hà Thọ Lộc](/wiki/H%C3%A0_Th%E1%BB%8D_L%E1%BB%99c \"Hà Thọ Lộc\") and [Ngô Cảnh Hựu](/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_C%E1%BA%A3nh_H%E1%BB%B1u \"Ngô Cảnh Hựu\") commanded 60,000 troops, captured towns and cities beyond south of the Red river. Mạc Mậu Hợp sent all of his troops to resist the Southern army, but was defeated.",
"On 14 November 1592, Lê\\-Trịnh army captured three western province [Lào Cai](/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai \"Lào Cai\"), [Yên Bái](/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i \"Yên Bái\") and [Phú Thọ](/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D \"Phú Thọ\"). On 25 November, Trịnh Tùng's forces arrived [Hải Dương](/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng \"Hải Dương\"), where they arrested and executed Mạc Mậu Hợp and his son [Mạc Toàn](/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_To%C3%A0n \"Mạc Toàn\"). The Mạc remnants fled to the mountainous [Bắc Cạn](/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_C%E1%BA%A1n \"Bắc Cạn\"), [Cao Bằng](/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng \"Cao Bằng\") provinces, where they remained active. In April 1593, the southern emperor [Lê Thế Tông](/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%E1%BA%BF_T%C3%B4ng \"Lê Thế Tông\") was welcomed back to Đông Kinh (Hanoi).",
""
] |
Formulation
-----------
### Basics
In [decimal](/wiki/Decimal "Decimal"), [unit fractions](/wiki/Unit_fraction "Unit fraction") \\tfrac {1}{2} and \\tfrac {1}{5} have no [repeating decimal](/wiki/Repeating_decimal "Repeating decimal"), while \\tfrac {1}{3} repeats 0\.3333\\dots indefinitely. The remainder of \\tfrac {1}{7}, on the other hand, repeats over six digits as,
0\.\\bold{1}42857\\bold{1}42857\\bold{1}\\dots
Consequently, multiples of one\-seventh exhibit [cyclic permutations](/wiki/Cyclic_permutation "Cyclic permutation") of these six digits:{{Cite book \|last\=Wells \|first\= D. \|title\=The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers \|url\=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000well\_f3y1/mode/2up \|url\-access\=registration \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books]] \|location\=London \|year\=1987 \|pages\=171–174 \|isbn\=0\-14\-008029\-5 \|oclc\=39262447 \|s2cid\=118329153 }}
\\begin{align}
1/7 \& \= 0\.1 4 2 8 5 7\\dots \\\\
2/7 \& \= 0\.2 8 5 7 1 4\\dots \\\\
3/7 \& \= 0\.4 2 8 5 7 1\\dots \\\\
4/7 \& \= 0\.5 7 1 4 2 8\\dots \\\\
5/7 \& \= 0\.7 1 4 2 8 5\\dots \\\\
6/7 \& \= 0\.8 5 7 1 4 2\\dots
\\end{align}
If the digits are laid out as a [square](/wiki/Square "Square"), each row and column sums to 1 \+ 4 \+ 2 \+ 8 \+ 5 \+ 7 \= 27\. This yields the smallest base\-10 non\-normal, prime reciprocal [magic square](/wiki/Magic_square "Magic square")
| 1 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 |
| 5 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 8 |
| 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 5 |
| 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
In contrast with its rows and columns, the *diagonals* of this square do not sum to 27; however, their [mean](/wiki/Arithmetic_mean "Arithmetic mean") is 27, as one diagonal adds to 23 while the other adds to 31\.
All prime reciprocals in any [base](/wiki/Radix "Radix") with a p \- 1 period will generate magic squares where all rows and columns produce a [magic constant](/wiki/Magic_constant "Magic constant"), and only a select few will be **full**, such that their diagonals, rows and columns collectively yield equal sums.
### Decimal expansions
In a full, or otherwise prime reciprocal magic square with p \- 1 period, the even number of k−th rows in the square are arranged by multiples of 1/p — not necessarily successively — where a magic constant can be obtained.
For instance, an [even](/wiki/Parity_%28mathematics%29 "Parity (mathematics)") repeating [cycle](/wiki/Cyclic_number "Cyclic number") from an odd, prime reciprocal of p that is divided into n−digit strings creates pairs of [complementary sequences](/wiki/Method_of_complements%23Numeric_complements "Method of complements#Numeric complements") of digits that yield strings of nines (9\) when added together:
\\begin{align}
1/7 \= \& \\text { } 0\.142\\;857\\dots \\\\
```
+ & \text { } 0.857\;142\ldots = 6/7\\
& ------------ \\
& \text { } 0.999\;999\ldots \\
```
\\\\
1/13 \= \& \\text { } 0\.076\\;923\\;076\\;923\\dots \\\\
```
+ & \text { } 0.923\;076\;923\;076\ldots = 12/13\\
& ------------ \\
& \text { } 0.999\;999\;999\;999\ldots \\
```
\\\\
1/19 \= \& \\text { } 0\.052631578\\;947368421\\dots \\\\
```
+ & \text { } 0.947368421\;052631578\ldots = 18/19\\
& ------------ \\
& \text { } 0.999999999\;999999999\dots \\
```
\\end{align}
This is a result of [Midy's theorem](/wiki/Midy%27s_theorem "Midy's theorem").{{Cite book \|last1\=Rademacher \|first1\=Hans \|author1\-link\=Hans Rademacher \|last2\=Toeplitz \|first2\=Otto \|author2\-link\=Otto Toeplitz \|title\=The Enjoyment of Mathematics: Selections from Mathematics for the Amateur. \|url\=https://archive.org/details/enjoymentofmathe0000rade/page/160/mode/2up\|url\-access\=registration \|publisher\=\[\[Princeton University Press]] \|edition\=2nd \|location\= Princeton, NJ \|year\=1957 \|pages\=158\-160 \|isbn\=9780486262420 \|oclc\=20827693 \|mr\=0081844 \|zbl\=0078\.00114 }}{{Cite journal \|last\=Leavitt \|first\=William G. \|title\=A Theorem on Repeating Decimals \|url\=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/mathfacpub/48/ \|journal\=\[\[The American Mathematical Monthly]] \|volume\=74 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=669–673 \|year\=1967 \|publisher\=\[\[Mathematical Association of America]] \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|doi\=10\.2307/2314251 \|jstor\=2314251 \|mr\=0211949 \|zbl\=0153\.06503 }} These complementary sequences are generated between multiples of [prime reciprocals](/wiki/Reciprocals_of_primes "Reciprocals of primes") that add to 1\.
More specifically, a factor n in the numerator of the reciprocal of a prime number p will shift the [decimal places](/wiki/Decimal_place "Decimal place") of its decimal expansion accordingly,
\\begin{align}
1/23 \& \= 0\.04347826\\;08695652\\;173913\\ldots \\\\
2/23 \& \= 0\.08695652\\;17391304\\;347826\\ldots \\\\
4/23 \& \= 0\.17391304\\;34782608\\;695652\\ldots \\\\
8/23 \& \= 0\.34782608\\;69565217\\;391304\\ldots \\\\
16/23 \& \= 0\.69565217\\;39130434\\;782608\\ldots \\\\
\\end{align}
In this case, a factor of 2 moves the repeating decimal of \\tfrac {1}{23} by eight places.
A uniform solution of a prime reciprocal magic square, whether full or not, will hold rows with successive multiples of 1/p. Other magic squares can be constructed whose rows do not represent consecutive multiples of 1/p, which nonetheless generate a magic sum.
|
[
"Formulation\n-----------",
"### Basics",
"In [decimal](/wiki/Decimal \"Decimal\"), [unit fractions](/wiki/Unit_fraction \"Unit fraction\") \\\\tfrac {1}{2} and \\\\tfrac {1}{5} have no [repeating decimal](/wiki/Repeating_decimal \"Repeating decimal\"), while \\\\tfrac {1}{3} repeats 0\\.3333\\\\dots indefinitely. The remainder of \\\\tfrac {1}{7}, on the other hand, repeats over six digits as,\n0\\.\\\\bold{1}42857\\\\bold{1}42857\\\\bold{1}\\\\dots",
"Consequently, multiples of one\\-seventh exhibit [cyclic permutations](/wiki/Cyclic_permutation \"Cyclic permutation\") of these six digits:{{Cite book \\|last\\=Wells \\|first\\= D. \\|title\\=The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000well\\_f3y1/mode/2up \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books]] \\|location\\=London \\|year\\=1987 \\|pages\\=171–174 \\|isbn\\=0\\-14\\-008029\\-5 \\|oclc\\=39262447 \\|s2cid\\=118329153 }}",
"",
"\\\\begin{align}\n1/7 \\& \\= 0\\.1 4 2 8 5 7\\\\dots \\\\\\\\\n2/7 \\& \\= 0\\.2 8 5 7 1 4\\\\dots \\\\\\\\\n3/7 \\& \\= 0\\.4 2 8 5 7 1\\\\dots \\\\\\\\\n4/7 \\& \\= 0\\.5 7 1 4 2 8\\\\dots \\\\\\\\\n5/7 \\& \\= 0\\.7 1 4 2 8 5\\\\dots \\\\\\\\\n6/7 \\& \\= 0\\.8 5 7 1 4 2\\\\dots\n\\\\end{align}",
"If the digits are laid out as a [square](/wiki/Square \"Square\"), each row and column sums to 1 \\+ 4 \\+ 2 \\+ 8 \\+ 5 \\+ 7 \\= 27\\. This yields the smallest base\\-10 non\\-normal, prime reciprocal [magic square](/wiki/Magic_square \"Magic square\")",
"",
"| 1 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 7 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 4 |\n| 4 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 |\n| 5 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 8 |\n| 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 5 |\n| 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 |",
"In contrast with its rows and columns, the *diagonals* of this square do not sum to 27; however, their [mean](/wiki/Arithmetic_mean \"Arithmetic mean\") is 27, as one diagonal adds to 23 while the other adds to 31\\.",
"All prime reciprocals in any [base](/wiki/Radix \"Radix\") with a p \\- 1 period will generate magic squares where all rows and columns produce a [magic constant](/wiki/Magic_constant \"Magic constant\"), and only a select few will be **full**, such that their diagonals, rows and columns collectively yield equal sums.",
"### Decimal expansions",
"In a full, or otherwise prime reciprocal magic square with p \\- 1 period, the even number of k−th rows in the square are arranged by multiples of 1/p — not necessarily successively — where a magic constant can be obtained.",
"For instance, an [even](/wiki/Parity_%28mathematics%29 \"Parity (mathematics)\") repeating [cycle](/wiki/Cyclic_number \"Cyclic number\") from an odd, prime reciprocal of p that is divided into n−digit strings creates pairs of [complementary sequences](/wiki/Method_of_complements%23Numeric_complements \"Method of complements#Numeric complements\") of digits that yield strings of nines (9\\) when added together:",
"",
"\\\\begin{align}\n1/7 \\= \\& \\\\text { } 0\\.142\\\\;857\\\\dots \\\\\\\\",
"```\n + & \\text { } 0.857\\;142\\ldots = 6/7\\\\\n & ------------ \\\\\n & \\text { } 0.999\\;999\\ldots \\\\",
"```\n\\\\\\\\\n1/13 \\= \\& \\\\text { } 0\\.076\\\\;923\\\\;076\\\\;923\\\\dots \\\\\\\\",
"```\n + & \\text { } 0.923\\;076\\;923\\;076\\ldots = 12/13\\\\\n & ------------ \\\\\n & \\text { } 0.999\\;999\\;999\\;999\\ldots \\\\",
"```\n\\\\\\\\\n1/19 \\= \\& \\\\text { } 0\\.052631578\\\\;947368421\\\\dots \\\\\\\\",
"```\n + & \\text { } 0.947368421\\;052631578\\ldots = 18/19\\\\\n & ------------ \\\\\n & \\text { } 0.999999999\\;999999999\\dots \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"This is a result of [Midy's theorem](/wiki/Midy%27s_theorem \"Midy's theorem\").{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Rademacher \\|first1\\=Hans \\|author1\\-link\\=Hans Rademacher \\|last2\\=Toeplitz \\|first2\\=Otto \\|author2\\-link\\=Otto Toeplitz \\|title\\=The Enjoyment of Mathematics: Selections from Mathematics for the Amateur. \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/enjoymentofmathe0000rade/page/160/mode/2up\\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Princeton University Press]] \\|edition\\=2nd \\|location\\= Princeton, NJ \\|year\\=1957 \\|pages\\=158\\-160 \\|isbn\\=9780486262420 \\|oclc\\=20827693 \\|mr\\=0081844 \\|zbl\\=0078\\.00114 }}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Leavitt \\|first\\=William G. \\|title\\=A Theorem on Repeating Decimals \\|url\\=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/mathfacpub/48/ \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The American Mathematical Monthly]] \\|volume\\=74 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=669–673 \\|year\\=1967 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Mathematical Association of America]] \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2314251 \\|jstor\\=2314251 \\|mr\\=0211949 \\|zbl\\=0153\\.06503 }} These complementary sequences are generated between multiples of [prime reciprocals](/wiki/Reciprocals_of_primes \"Reciprocals of primes\") that add to 1\\.",
"More specifically, a factor n in the numerator of the reciprocal of a prime number p will shift the [decimal places](/wiki/Decimal_place \"Decimal place\") of its decimal expansion accordingly,",
"",
"\\\\begin{align}\n1/23 \\& \\= 0\\.04347826\\\\;08695652\\\\;173913\\\\ldots \\\\\\\\\n2/23 \\& \\= 0\\.08695652\\\\;17391304\\\\;347826\\\\ldots \\\\\\\\\n4/23 \\& \\= 0\\.17391304\\\\;34782608\\\\;695652\\\\ldots \\\\\\\\\n8/23 \\& \\= 0\\.34782608\\\\;69565217\\\\;391304\\\\ldots \\\\\\\\\n16/23 \\& \\= 0\\.69565217\\\\;39130434\\\\;782608\\\\ldots \\\\\\\\ \n\\\\end{align}",
"In this case, a factor of 2 moves the repeating decimal of \\\\tfrac {1}{23} by eight places.",
"A uniform solution of a prime reciprocal magic square, whether full or not, will hold rows with successive multiples of 1/p. Other magic squares can be constructed whose rows do not represent consecutive multiples of 1/p, which nonetheless generate a magic sum.",
""
] |
Local life
----------
### Public service
Muret has a [subprefecture](/wiki/Subprefecture "Subprefecture"), {{Interlanguage link\|departmental fire and rescue service\|fr\|3\=Service départemental d'incendie et de secours}}, a [gendarmerie](/wiki/National_Gendarmerie "National Gendarmerie"), a [post office](/wiki/La_Poste_%28France%29 "La Poste (France)"), [tax](/wiki/Tax "Tax") office, a [retirement home](/wiki/Retirement_home "Retirement home"), a {{Interlanguage link\|Departmental Directorate of Equipment\|fr\|3\=Direction départementale de l'Équipement\|lt\=DDE}} centre assigned to the [A64 autoroute](/wiki/A64_autoroute "A64 autoroute") and a [tourist office](/wiki/Visitor_center "Visitor center").
### Health
The commune has a hospital{{cite web\|url\=http://etablissements.hopital.fr/annuaire\_structure.php?id\=730\|title\=Centre Hospitalier de Muret}} ([geriatrics](/wiki/Geriatrics "Geriatrics"), [disabled](/wiki/Disability "Disability")), a versatile [clinic](/wiki/Clinic "Clinic") with ([MRI](/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging "Magnetic resonance imaging") and medical radiology), a {{Interlanguage link\|Centre communal d'action sociale\|fr\|3\=Centre communal d'action sociale\|lt\=communal social action centre}}, a [retirement home](/wiki/Retirement_home "Retirement home"), a [day hospital](/wiki/Day_hospital "Day hospital"), laboratories for medical analyses, [ambulance](/wiki/Ambulance "Ambulance") services, [nurses](/wiki/Nursing "Nursing"), [midwives](/wiki/Midwife "Midwife"), [general practitioners](/wiki/General_practitioner "General practitioner"), rehabilitation professionals, [pedicurists](/wiki/Pedicure "Pedicure")\-[podiatrists](/wiki/Podiatry "Podiatry") and [dentists](/wiki/Dentist "Dentist").
### Education
Education is provided at the commune of Muret's [creche](/wiki/Day_care "Day care"), passing through {{Interlanguage link\|Nursery school in France\|fr\|3\=École maternelle en France\|lt\=nursery school}}, {{Interlanguage link\|Elementary school in France\|fr\|3\=École élémentaire en France\|lt\=elementary school}} and [collège](/wiki/Secondary_education_in_France "Secondary education in France") until the *lycée* [high school](/wiki/High_school "High school") and {{Interlanguage link\|Lycée technique\|fr\|3\=Lycée technique\|lt\=technical school}} all being complemented by the municipal [library](/wiki/Library "Library") and [outdoor centre](/wiki/Summer_camp "Summer camp"). The city is also home to a branch of the [National School of civil aviation](/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27aviation_civile "École nationale de l'aviation civile").
### Culture
Muret has multiple cultural facilities, including:
* François Mitterrand Media Library{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mairie\-muret.fr/vie\-culturelle\-animations\-et\-rayonnement\-de\-la\-ville/mediatheque\|title\=Médiathèque François Mitterrand\|access\-date\=2015\-05\-15\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109230113/http://www.mairie\-muret.fr/vie\-culturelle\-animations\-et\-rayonnement\-de\-la\-ville/mediatheque\|archive\-date\=2014\-11\-09\|url\-status\=dead}}
* Clément\-Ader Museum{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mairie\-muret.fr/vie\-culturelle\-animations\-et\-rayonnement\-de\-la\-ville/musee\|title\=Musée Clément Ader\|access\-date\=2015\-05\-15\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428013934/http://www.mairie\-muret.fr/vie\-culturelle\-animations\-et\-rayonnement\-de\-la\-ville/musee\|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-28\|url\-status\=dead}}
* Cinema{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mairie\-muret.fr/vie\-culturelle\-loisirs\-et\-rayonnement\-de\-la\-ville/cinema\|title\=Cinéma}}
* The Nicolas\-Daylarac municipal school of art teaching{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mairie\-muret.fr/vie\-culturelle\-loisirs\-et%20rayonnement\-de\-la\-ville/ecole\-municipale\-d\-enseignement\-artistique\|title\=L'école municipale d'enseignement artistique Nicolas\-Daylarac}}
* Contemporary art gallery Duniya The World Of{{cite web\|url\=http://www.duniyamuret.com/\|title\=Duniya The World Of}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2020/01/23/duniya\-deux\-ans\-deja\-la\-belle\-retro,8680162\.php\|title\=La Dépeche janv. 2020, Duniya Deux Ans Déjà\-La Belle Retro}}
Muret is home for the well\-known Francophone literary award Prix du jeune écrivain de langue française,{{cite web\|url\=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix\_du\_jeune\_%C3%A9crivain\_de\_langue\_fran%C3%A7aise\|title\=PJE French Wikipedia}}{{Circular reference\|date\=April 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pjef.net\|title\=Prix du Jeune Écrivain website}} founded in 1984\.
### Sports
Muret offers more than 100 sport and leisure events per year. Its facilities are many and varied: [Gymnasiums](/wiki/Gym "Gym"), [tennis](/wiki/Tennis "Tennis") courts, recreation area with a fitness trail, two landscaped lakes, international [karting](/wiki/Kart_racing "Kart racing"), an [aerodrome](/wiki/Aerodrome "Aerodrome"), a [canoeing](/wiki/Canoeing "Canoeing") facility, three bowling facilities, a [skate](/wiki/Skateboard "Skateboard") park, two [shooting ranges](/wiki/Shooting_range "Shooting range"), a [velodrome](/wiki/Velodrome "Velodrome"), a [riding](/wiki/Equestrianism "Equestrianism") club and the *Aqualudia*, the Muretain [swimming](/wiki/Human_swimming "Human swimming") centre with its six indoor and outdoor pools.
Muret has more than 50 sporting associations, including:{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mairie\-muret.fr/vie\-associative/sports\|title\=plus de 50 associations sportives}}
* Avenir Muretain XV, [Rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union "Rugby union") club which plays in [Fédérale 3](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_3 "Fédérale 3").
* {{Interlanguage link\|Amicale sportive Muret football\|fr\|3\=Amicale sportive Muret football\|lt\=AS Muret}}, [football](/wiki/Association_football "Association football") club which played in the [Championnat National](/wiki/Championnat_National "Championnat National") (3rd division) and the [AS Muret women's team](/wiki/Amicale_sportive_muretaine_%28f%C3%A9minines%29 "Amicale sportive muretaine (féminines)").
* Texman, [bridge](/wiki/Contract_bridge "Contract bridge") club with 120 members.
* The {{Interlanguage link\|2014 Fencing Championships of France\|fr\|3\=Championnats de France d'escrime 2014}} took place at Muret.
* The {{Interlanguage link\|Scorpions de Muret\|fr}} [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football") team.
Muret will also host the departure for Stage 13 of [cycling's](/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing "Road bicycle racing") [2015 Tour de France](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France "2015 Tour de France") on 17 July, with a {{convert\|198\.5\|km}} route to [Rodez](/wiki/Rodez "Rodez").
### Worship
#### Catholic
The town is part of the pastoral sector of Muret, which includes the parishes of Saint\-Jacques, Saint\-Jean, and the parishes of the villages: Estantens, {{Interlanguage link\|Ox, Haute\-Garonne\|fr\|3\=Ox (Haute\-Garonne)\|lt\=Ox}}, [Le Fauga](/wiki/Le_Fauga "Le Fauga"), [Eaunes](/wiki/Eaunes "Eaunes") and [Saint\-Hilaire](/wiki/Saint-Hilaire%2C_Haute-Garonne "Saint-Hilaire, Haute-Garonne"). Father Joseph Coltro is the senior priest of this pastoral area.{{cite web\|url\=http://toulouse.catholique.fr/rubriques/gauche/le\-diocese/les\-paroisses/doyenne\-de\-muret/muret\-et\-son\-secteur\-pastoral\|title\=Secteur pastoral de Muret sur le site officiel du diocèse de Toulouse\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218013324/http://toulouse.catholique.fr/rubriques/gauche/le\-diocese/les\-paroisses/doyenne\-de\-muret/muret\-et\-son\-secteur\-pastoral\|archive\-date\=2010\-12\-18}}
#### Protestant
The cultural association of the Evangelical Church in Muret{{cite web\|url\=http://www.temple\-muret.fr\|title\=Site officiel de l'association\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-10\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915001756/http://temple\-muret.fr/\|archive\-date\=2017\-09\-15\|url\-status\=dead}} occupies premises located at 12 *Chemin de la Pyramide*, inaugurated in November 2012{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2012/11/14/1488299\-muret\-happy\-day\-au\-temple\-protestant.html\|title\=Muret. "Happy day" au temple protestant}} after a year of work.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/11/24/1222868\-un\-temple\-de\-culte\-cheminde\-la\-pyramide.html\|title\=Muret. Un temple de culte chemin de la Pyramide}} The pastor is Bernard Gisquet.{{cite web\|url\=http://fpf\-midipyrenees.protestants.org/index.php?id\=33014\|title\=MEMBRES DU POLE}}
#### Muslim
The Association of Franco\-Muslim culture and worship of Muret (AFMCCM){{cite web\|url\=http://afmccm.fr\|title\=AFMCCM}} acquired the premises of a former locksmith,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.trouvetamosquee.fr/9mosquee\-muret\-de\-la\-serrurerie\-a\-la\-maison\-de\-dieu62\|title\=La mosquée de Muret, de la serrurerie à la maison de Dieu\|date\=2 February 2012 }} Rue Marclan, in an industrial area north of Muret, in 2000, for the founding of the [mosque](/wiki/Mosque "Mosque") of Muret.
### Ecology and recycling
Collection and treatment of household waste and assimilated waste as well as protection and the development of the environment are part of the {{Interlanguage link\|agglomeration community of the Muretain\|fr\|3\=Communauté d'agglomération du Muretain}}.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.agglo\-muretain.fr/fr/habiter\-vivre/environnement\-dechets/l\-actualite\-dechetteries.html\|title\=Les déchetteries}}
There is a [recycling centre](/wiki/Civic_amenity_site "Civic amenity site") in the commune.
|
[
"Local life\n----------",
"### Public service",
"Muret has a [subprefecture](/wiki/Subprefecture \"Subprefecture\"), {{Interlanguage link\\|departmental fire and rescue service\\|fr\\|3\\=Service départemental d'incendie et de secours}}, a [gendarmerie](/wiki/National_Gendarmerie \"National Gendarmerie\"), a [post office](/wiki/La_Poste_%28France%29 \"La Poste (France)\"), [tax](/wiki/Tax \"Tax\") office, a [retirement home](/wiki/Retirement_home \"Retirement home\"), a {{Interlanguage link\\|Departmental Directorate of Equipment\\|fr\\|3\\=Direction départementale de l'Équipement\\|lt\\=DDE}} centre assigned to the [A64 autoroute](/wiki/A64_autoroute \"A64 autoroute\") and a [tourist office](/wiki/Visitor_center \"Visitor center\").",
"### Health",
"The commune has a hospital{{cite web\\|url\\=http://etablissements.hopital.fr/annuaire\\_structure.php?id\\=730\\|title\\=Centre Hospitalier de Muret}} ([geriatrics](/wiki/Geriatrics \"Geriatrics\"), [disabled](/wiki/Disability \"Disability\")), a versatile [clinic](/wiki/Clinic \"Clinic\") with ([MRI](/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Magnetic resonance imaging\") and medical radiology), a {{Interlanguage link\\|Centre communal d'action sociale\\|fr\\|3\\=Centre communal d'action sociale\\|lt\\=communal social action centre}}, a [retirement home](/wiki/Retirement_home \"Retirement home\"), a [day hospital](/wiki/Day_hospital \"Day hospital\"), laboratories for medical analyses, [ambulance](/wiki/Ambulance \"Ambulance\") services, [nurses](/wiki/Nursing \"Nursing\"), [midwives](/wiki/Midwife \"Midwife\"), [general practitioners](/wiki/General_practitioner \"General practitioner\"), rehabilitation professionals, [pedicurists](/wiki/Pedicure \"Pedicure\")\\-[podiatrists](/wiki/Podiatry \"Podiatry\") and [dentists](/wiki/Dentist \"Dentist\").",
"### Education",
"Education is provided at the commune of Muret's [creche](/wiki/Day_care \"Day care\"), passing through {{Interlanguage link\\|Nursery school in France\\|fr\\|3\\=École maternelle en France\\|lt\\=nursery school}}, {{Interlanguage link\\|Elementary school in France\\|fr\\|3\\=École élémentaire en France\\|lt\\=elementary school}} and [collège](/wiki/Secondary_education_in_France \"Secondary education in France\") until the *lycée* [high school](/wiki/High_school \"High school\") and {{Interlanguage link\\|Lycée technique\\|fr\\|3\\=Lycée technique\\|lt\\=technical school}} all being complemented by the municipal [library](/wiki/Library \"Library\") and [outdoor centre](/wiki/Summer_camp \"Summer camp\"). The city is also home to a branch of the [National School of civil aviation](/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27aviation_civile \"École nationale de l'aviation civile\").",
"### Culture",
"Muret has multiple cultural facilities, including:",
"* François Mitterrand Media Library{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mairie\\-muret.fr/vie\\-culturelle\\-animations\\-et\\-rayonnement\\-de\\-la\\-ville/mediatheque\\|title\\=Médiathèque François Mitterrand\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-15\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109230113/http://www.mairie\\-muret.fr/vie\\-culturelle\\-animations\\-et\\-rayonnement\\-de\\-la\\-ville/mediatheque\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Clément\\-Ader Museum{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mairie\\-muret.fr/vie\\-culturelle\\-animations\\-et\\-rayonnement\\-de\\-la\\-ville/musee\\|title\\=Musée Clément Ader\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-15\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428013934/http://www.mairie\\-muret.fr/vie\\-culturelle\\-animations\\-et\\-rayonnement\\-de\\-la\\-ville/musee\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-28\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Cinema{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mairie\\-muret.fr/vie\\-culturelle\\-loisirs\\-et\\-rayonnement\\-de\\-la\\-ville/cinema\\|title\\=Cinéma}}\n* The Nicolas\\-Daylarac municipal school of art teaching{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mairie\\-muret.fr/vie\\-culturelle\\-loisirs\\-et%20rayonnement\\-de\\-la\\-ville/ecole\\-municipale\\-d\\-enseignement\\-artistique\\|title\\=L'école municipale d'enseignement artistique Nicolas\\-Daylarac}}\n* Contemporary art gallery Duniya The World Of{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.duniyamuret.com/\\|title\\=Duniya The World Of}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2020/01/23/duniya\\-deux\\-ans\\-deja\\-la\\-belle\\-retro,8680162\\.php\\|title\\=La Dépeche janv. 2020, Duniya Deux Ans Déjà\\-La Belle Retro}}",
"Muret is home for the well\\-known Francophone literary award Prix du jeune écrivain de langue française,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix\\_du\\_jeune\\_%C3%A9crivain\\_de\\_langue\\_fran%C3%A7aise\\|title\\=PJE French Wikipedia}}{{Circular reference\\|date\\=April 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pjef.net\\|title\\=Prix du Jeune Écrivain website}} founded in 1984\\.",
"### Sports",
"Muret offers more than 100 sport and leisure events per year. Its facilities are many and varied: [Gymnasiums](/wiki/Gym \"Gym\"), [tennis](/wiki/Tennis \"Tennis\") courts, recreation area with a fitness trail, two landscaped lakes, international [karting](/wiki/Kart_racing \"Kart racing\"), an [aerodrome](/wiki/Aerodrome \"Aerodrome\"), a [canoeing](/wiki/Canoeing \"Canoeing\") facility, three bowling facilities, a [skate](/wiki/Skateboard \"Skateboard\") park, two [shooting ranges](/wiki/Shooting_range \"Shooting range\"), a [velodrome](/wiki/Velodrome \"Velodrome\"), a [riding](/wiki/Equestrianism \"Equestrianism\") club and the *Aqualudia*, the Muretain [swimming](/wiki/Human_swimming \"Human swimming\") centre with its six indoor and outdoor pools.",
"Muret has more than 50 sporting associations, including:{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mairie\\-muret.fr/vie\\-associative/sports\\|title\\=plus de 50 associations sportives}}",
"* Avenir Muretain XV, [Rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") club which plays in [Fédérale 3](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_3 \"Fédérale 3\").\n* {{Interlanguage link\\|Amicale sportive Muret football\\|fr\\|3\\=Amicale sportive Muret football\\|lt\\=AS Muret}}, [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") club which played in the [Championnat National](/wiki/Championnat_National \"Championnat National\") (3rd division) and the [AS Muret women's team](/wiki/Amicale_sportive_muretaine_%28f%C3%A9minines%29 \"Amicale sportive muretaine (féminines)\").\n* Texman, [bridge](/wiki/Contract_bridge \"Contract bridge\") club with 120 members.\n* The {{Interlanguage link\\|2014 Fencing Championships of France\\|fr\\|3\\=Championnats de France d'escrime 2014}} took place at Muret.\n* The {{Interlanguage link\\|Scorpions de Muret\\|fr}} [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") team.",
"Muret will also host the departure for Stage 13 of [cycling's](/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing \"Road bicycle racing\") [2015 Tour de France](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France \"2015 Tour de France\") on 17 July, with a {{convert\\|198\\.5\\|km}} route to [Rodez](/wiki/Rodez \"Rodez\").",
"### Worship",
"#### Catholic",
"The town is part of the pastoral sector of Muret, which includes the parishes of Saint\\-Jacques, Saint\\-Jean, and the parishes of the villages: Estantens, {{Interlanguage link\\|Ox, Haute\\-Garonne\\|fr\\|3\\=Ox (Haute\\-Garonne)\\|lt\\=Ox}}, [Le Fauga](/wiki/Le_Fauga \"Le Fauga\"), [Eaunes](/wiki/Eaunes \"Eaunes\") and [Saint\\-Hilaire](/wiki/Saint-Hilaire%2C_Haute-Garonne \"Saint-Hilaire, Haute-Garonne\"). Father Joseph Coltro is the senior priest of this pastoral area.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://toulouse.catholique.fr/rubriques/gauche/le\\-diocese/les\\-paroisses/doyenne\\-de\\-muret/muret\\-et\\-son\\-secteur\\-pastoral\\|title\\=Secteur pastoral de Muret sur le site officiel du diocèse de Toulouse\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218013324/http://toulouse.catholique.fr/rubriques/gauche/le\\-diocese/les\\-paroisses/doyenne\\-de\\-muret/muret\\-et\\-son\\-secteur\\-pastoral\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-18}}",
"#### Protestant",
"The cultural association of the Evangelical Church in Muret{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.temple\\-muret.fr\\|title\\=Site officiel de l'association\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-10\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915001756/http://temple\\-muret.fr/\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} occupies premises located at 12 *Chemin de la Pyramide*, inaugurated in November 2012{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2012/11/14/1488299\\-muret\\-happy\\-day\\-au\\-temple\\-protestant.html\\|title\\=Muret. \"Happy day\" au temple protestant}} after a year of work.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/11/24/1222868\\-un\\-temple\\-de\\-culte\\-cheminde\\-la\\-pyramide.html\\|title\\=Muret. Un temple de culte chemin de la Pyramide}} The pastor is Bernard Gisquet.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fpf\\-midipyrenees.protestants.org/index.php?id\\=33014\\|title\\=MEMBRES DU POLE}}",
"#### Muslim",
"The Association of Franco\\-Muslim culture and worship of Muret (AFMCCM){{cite web\\|url\\=http://afmccm.fr\\|title\\=AFMCCM}} acquired the premises of a former locksmith,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.trouvetamosquee.fr/9mosquee\\-muret\\-de\\-la\\-serrurerie\\-a\\-la\\-maison\\-de\\-dieu62\\|title\\=La mosquée de Muret, de la serrurerie à la maison de Dieu\\|date\\=2 February 2012 }} Rue Marclan, in an industrial area north of Muret, in 2000, for the founding of the [mosque](/wiki/Mosque \"Mosque\") of Muret.",
"### Ecology and recycling",
"Collection and treatment of household waste and assimilated waste as well as protection and the development of the environment are part of the {{Interlanguage link\\|agglomeration community of the Muretain\\|fr\\|3\\=Communauté d'agglomération du Muretain}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.agglo\\-muretain.fr/fr/habiter\\-vivre/environnement\\-dechets/l\\-actualite\\-dechetteries.html\\|title\\=Les déchetteries}}",
"There is a [recycling centre](/wiki/Civic_amenity_site \"Civic amenity site\") in the commune.",
""
] |
First Kimball House
-------------------
[thumb\|right\|The first Kimball House was built of brick and painted yellow with brown trim.](/wiki/File:Kimball-house-1871.JPG "Kimball-house-1871.JPG")
### Design and construction
In 1870 on a recommendation of building contractor [John C. Peck](/wiki/John_C._Peck "John C. Peck"), [Hannibal Kimball](/wiki/Hannibal_Kimball "Hannibal Kimball") purchased a lot near the Union Depot where the [Atlanta Hotel](/wiki/Atlanta_Hotel "Atlanta Hotel") had been before being burned in 1864 during the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War").{{cite book \|last\=Shingleton \|first\=Royce \|url\=https://archive.org/details/richardpeterscha0000shin \|title\=Richard Peters:Champion of the New South \|publisher\=Mercer University Press \|year\=1985 \|isbn\=0\-86554\-126\-4 \|author\-link\=Royce Shingleton \|url\-access\=registration}} He gathered the financing for the endeavor through a confusing (and later a scandalous) combination of bonds, mortgages and subscriptions.{{cite book\|first\=Wilber W.\|last\=Caldwell\|year\=2001\|title\=The Courthouse and the Depot: The Architecture of Hope in an Age of Despair\|location\=Macon, Georgia\|isbn\=0\-86554\-748\-3\|page\=52\|publisher\=Mercer University Press}} The original estimate for the hotel was $250,000, though it eventually cost $650,000, 1/15th the total assessed value of Atlanta real estate at the time. The unusual funding scheme resulted in Kimball filing for [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy "Bankruptcy") and losing control of the building by the next year.
Kimball hired [William H. Parkins](/wiki/William_H._Parkins "William H. Parkins") as the architect while Peck served as the construction manager for the project., Construction began immediately on March 28, 1870, the day after Kimball received his lease from King. The lot, primarily owned by Joseph Thompson, was located on Pryor Street between Decatur and Wall. Thompson sold his portion of the land to Kimball through his real estate agent [George W. Adair](/wiki/George_W._Adair "George W. Adair"). The rest of the land was leased to Kimball by [Richard Peters](/wiki/Richard_Peters_%28Atlanta%29 "Richard Peters (Atlanta)") and [John P. King](/wiki/John_P._King "John P. King").
### Opening
Kimball began construction, promising to have the hotel complete by October 1870\. True to his word, Kimball hosted a dinner to celebrate the opening of the hotel on October 17 that year, although the structure was only two\-thirds complete, and parts of the interior work would take the better part of a decade to be finished.
The completed six\-story building was built of brick and painted yellow with brown trim. It had a four\-story open\-air lobby filed with plants, flowers, and a {{convert\|12\|ft\|m\|adj\=mid\|\-diameter}} fountain. The house also boasted gas\-light chandeliers, a central heating plant, a laundry, billiard hall, and 500 hotel rooms. It also had sixteen stores. It was the first building in Atlanta to have [elevators](/wiki/Elevator "Elevator") and [central heating](/wiki/Central_heating "Central heating").
### Role in post\-Civil War Atlanta
In many ways, the building was the public face of [Reconstruction era](/wiki/Reconstruction_Era "Reconstruction Era") Atlanta, housing presidents and railroad executives while hosting political meetings and business meetings. Many important citizens lived their adult bachelorhoods in its rooms. [Robert Toombs](/wiki/Robert_Toombs "Robert Toombs") made the Kimball house his second home in Atlanta. The hotel showcased famous entertainers of the day including [General Tom Thumb](/wiki/General_Tom_Thumb "General Tom Thumb") and [Edwin Booth](/wiki/Edwin_Booth "Edwin Booth"), brother of [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth "John Wilkes Booth").
In 1892, the Kimball House was the center of excitement surrounding the first [University of Georgia vs. Auburn](/wiki/Deep_South%27s_Oldest_Rivalry "Deep South's Oldest Rivalry") football game held on February 20, 1892\.{{cite book\|title\=The Ghosts of Herty Field:Early Days on a Southern Gridiron\|first\=John F.\|last\=Stegeman\|publisher\=University of Georgia Press\|location\=Athens, GA\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-0\-8203\-1959\-9\|pages\=8–10}} Both teams arrived in Atlanta via the railroad, the Georgia team riding on the *[Georgia Special](/wiki/Georgia_Special "Georgia Special")*, and they immediately headed to the Kimball House where tickets were being sold at 50 cents for adults and 25 cents for children.
### 1883 fire and destruction of the Kimball House
At 4:30 am on August 12, 1883, a careless cigar\-smoking lemon dealer began a [fire](/wiki/Structure_fire "Structure fire") in the southwest corner of the huge building. The fire spread through the elevator shafts and quickly got out of control. The [Atlanta Fire Department](/wiki/Atlanta_Fire_Department "Atlanta Fire Department") was unable to do much because of difficulty in reaching the site and poor [water pressure](/wiki/Water_pressure "Water pressure") from the city [cisterns](/wiki/Cistern "Cistern"). By 8:00 a.m., the building was destroyed; there were no deaths.
|
[
"First Kimball House\n-------------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The first Kimball House was built of brick and painted yellow with brown trim.](/wiki/File:Kimball-house-1871.JPG \"Kimball-house-1871.JPG\")",
"### Design and construction",
"In 1870 on a recommendation of building contractor [John C. Peck](/wiki/John_C._Peck \"John C. Peck\"), [Hannibal Kimball](/wiki/Hannibal_Kimball \"Hannibal Kimball\") purchased a lot near the Union Depot where the [Atlanta Hotel](/wiki/Atlanta_Hotel \"Atlanta Hotel\") had been before being burned in 1864 during the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Shingleton \\|first\\=Royce \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/richardpeterscha0000shin \\|title\\=Richard Peters:Champion of the New South \\|publisher\\=Mercer University Press \\|year\\=1985 \\|isbn\\=0\\-86554\\-126\\-4 \\|author\\-link\\=Royce Shingleton \\|url\\-access\\=registration}} He gathered the financing for the endeavor through a confusing (and later a scandalous) combination of bonds, mortgages and subscriptions.{{cite book\\|first\\=Wilber W.\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|year\\=2001\\|title\\=The Courthouse and the Depot: The Architecture of Hope in an Age of Despair\\|location\\=Macon, Georgia\\|isbn\\=0\\-86554\\-748\\-3\\|page\\=52\\|publisher\\=Mercer University Press}} The original estimate for the hotel was $250,000, though it eventually cost $650,000, 1/15th the total assessed value of Atlanta real estate at the time. The unusual funding scheme resulted in Kimball filing for [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy \"Bankruptcy\") and losing control of the building by the next year.",
"Kimball hired [William H. Parkins](/wiki/William_H._Parkins \"William H. Parkins\") as the architect while Peck served as the construction manager for the project., Construction began immediately on March 28, 1870, the day after Kimball received his lease from King. The lot, primarily owned by Joseph Thompson, was located on Pryor Street between Decatur and Wall. Thompson sold his portion of the land to Kimball through his real estate agent [George W. Adair](/wiki/George_W._Adair \"George W. Adair\"). The rest of the land was leased to Kimball by [Richard Peters](/wiki/Richard_Peters_%28Atlanta%29 \"Richard Peters (Atlanta)\") and [John P. King](/wiki/John_P._King \"John P. King\").",
"### Opening",
"Kimball began construction, promising to have the hotel complete by October 1870\\. True to his word, Kimball hosted a dinner to celebrate the opening of the hotel on October 17 that year, although the structure was only two\\-thirds complete, and parts of the interior work would take the better part of a decade to be finished.",
"The completed six\\-story building was built of brick and painted yellow with brown trim. It had a four\\-story open\\-air lobby filed with plants, flowers, and a {{convert\\|12\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-diameter}} fountain. The house also boasted gas\\-light chandeliers, a central heating plant, a laundry, billiard hall, and 500 hotel rooms. It also had sixteen stores. It was the first building in Atlanta to have [elevators](/wiki/Elevator \"Elevator\") and [central heating](/wiki/Central_heating \"Central heating\").",
"### Role in post\\-Civil War Atlanta",
"In many ways, the building was the public face of [Reconstruction era](/wiki/Reconstruction_Era \"Reconstruction Era\") Atlanta, housing presidents and railroad executives while hosting political meetings and business meetings. Many important citizens lived their adult bachelorhoods in its rooms. [Robert Toombs](/wiki/Robert_Toombs \"Robert Toombs\") made the Kimball house his second home in Atlanta. The hotel showcased famous entertainers of the day including [General Tom Thumb](/wiki/General_Tom_Thumb \"General Tom Thumb\") and [Edwin Booth](/wiki/Edwin_Booth \"Edwin Booth\"), brother of [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth \"John Wilkes Booth\").",
"In 1892, the Kimball House was the center of excitement surrounding the first [University of Georgia vs. Auburn](/wiki/Deep_South%27s_Oldest_Rivalry \"Deep South's Oldest Rivalry\") football game held on February 20, 1892\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Ghosts of Herty Field:Early Days on a Southern Gridiron\\|first\\=John F.\\|last\\=Stegeman\\|publisher\\=University of Georgia Press\\|location\\=Athens, GA\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8203\\-1959\\-9\\|pages\\=8–10}} Both teams arrived in Atlanta via the railroad, the Georgia team riding on the *[Georgia Special](/wiki/Georgia_Special \"Georgia Special\")*, and they immediately headed to the Kimball House where tickets were being sold at 50 cents for adults and 25 cents for children.",
"### 1883 fire and destruction of the Kimball House",
"At 4:30 am on August 12, 1883, a careless cigar\\-smoking lemon dealer began a [fire](/wiki/Structure_fire \"Structure fire\") in the southwest corner of the huge building. The fire spread through the elevator shafts and quickly got out of control. The [Atlanta Fire Department](/wiki/Atlanta_Fire_Department \"Atlanta Fire Department\") was unable to do much because of difficulty in reaching the site and poor [water pressure](/wiki/Water_pressure \"Water pressure\") from the city [cisterns](/wiki/Cistern \"Cistern\"). By 8:00 a.m., the building was destroyed; there were no deaths.",
""
] |
Second Kimball House
--------------------
[thumb\|right\|Second Kimball House](/wiki/File:Kimball-house-1890.JPG "Kimball-house-1890.JPG")
### Design and construction
Citing a loss of business and prestige to the city, [George Adair](/wiki/George_Adair "George Adair"), [Henry W. Grady](/wiki/Henry_W._Grady "Henry W. Grady"), [Richard Peters](/wiki/Richard_Peters_%28Atlanta%29 "Richard Peters (Atlanta)") and others began fundraising for rebuilding the hotel. They soon called on Kimball to lead the effort, even though he then resided in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and had had no dealings with the property since leaving town ten years before.
Built on the same site, but much larger than its predecessor, it had seven [floors](/wiki/Storey "Storey") with 31 [stores](/wiki/Retailing "Retailing"), 22 public rooms, and 357 [hotel rooms](/wiki/Hotel_room "Hotel room").
The structure was built to be completely [fireproof](/wiki/Fireproof "Fireproof"), and officially opened for business on [New Year's Day](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day "New Year's Day") 1885\.
### Hugh T. Inman
When owner [Hugh T. Inman](/wiki/Hugh_T._Inman "Hugh T. Inman")'s daughter Annie married banker [John W. Grant](/wiki/John_W._Grant "John W. Grant") in 1893, Inman gave the Kimball House as a wedding gift to the couple.Galloway, Tammy (2002\). *The Inman Family: An Atlanta Family from Reconstruction to World War I*, p. 64\. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. {{ISBN\|0\-86554\-755\-6}}.
### Later years
[Bill Monroe](/wiki/Bill_Monroe "Bill Monroe")'s first solo recording session, to be released as *The Blue Grass Boys*, was recorded in a temporary [recording studio](/wiki/Recording_studio "Recording studio") in the Kimball House on October 7, 1940\.{{cite book\|title\=The Music of Bill Monroe\|last\=Rosenberg\|first\=Neil V.\|author2\=Charles K. Wolfe \|publisher\=University of Illinois Press\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-0\-252\-03121\-2\|page\=28}}
### Destruction
It was razed in 1959, the first of many historic buildings demolished in Atlanta during the 1960s and '70s, and replaced by a [parking deck](/wiki/Parking_deck "Parking deck") which still stands.Garrett, Franklin M. (1974\). *Yesterday's Atlanta*, p. 52\. Seemann's historic cities series, no. 8\. Miami, FL: E.A. Seemann Publishing, Inc. {{ISBN\|0\-912458\-35\-6}}.Rose, Michael (2001\). *Atlanta Then \& Now*, p. 24\. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. {{ISBN\|1\-57145\-474\-8}}.
|
[
"Second Kimball House\n--------------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Second Kimball House](/wiki/File:Kimball-house-1890.JPG \"Kimball-house-1890.JPG\")",
"### Design and construction",
"Citing a loss of business and prestige to the city, [George Adair](/wiki/George_Adair \"George Adair\"), [Henry W. Grady](/wiki/Henry_W._Grady \"Henry W. Grady\"), [Richard Peters](/wiki/Richard_Peters_%28Atlanta%29 \"Richard Peters (Atlanta)\") and others began fundraising for rebuilding the hotel. They soon called on Kimball to lead the effort, even though he then resided in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and had had no dealings with the property since leaving town ten years before.",
"Built on the same site, but much larger than its predecessor, it had seven [floors](/wiki/Storey \"Storey\") with 31 [stores](/wiki/Retailing \"Retailing\"), 22 public rooms, and 357 [hotel rooms](/wiki/Hotel_room \"Hotel room\").",
"The structure was built to be completely [fireproof](/wiki/Fireproof \"Fireproof\"), and officially opened for business on [New Year's Day](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day \"New Year's Day\") 1885\\.",
"### Hugh T. Inman",
"When owner [Hugh T. Inman](/wiki/Hugh_T._Inman \"Hugh T. Inman\")'s daughter Annie married banker [John W. Grant](/wiki/John_W._Grant \"John W. Grant\") in 1893, Inman gave the Kimball House as a wedding gift to the couple.Galloway, Tammy (2002\\). *The Inman Family: An Atlanta Family from Reconstruction to World War I*, p. 64\\. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. {{ISBN\\|0\\-86554\\-755\\-6}}.",
"### Later years",
"[Bill Monroe](/wiki/Bill_Monroe \"Bill Monroe\")'s first solo recording session, to be released as *The Blue Grass Boys*, was recorded in a temporary [recording studio](/wiki/Recording_studio \"Recording studio\") in the Kimball House on October 7, 1940\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Music of Bill Monroe\\|last\\=Rosenberg\\|first\\=Neil V.\\|author2\\=Charles K. Wolfe \\|publisher\\=University of Illinois Press\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-252\\-03121\\-2\\|page\\=28}}",
"### Destruction",
"It was razed in 1959, the first of many historic buildings demolished in Atlanta during the 1960s and '70s, and replaced by a [parking deck](/wiki/Parking_deck \"Parking deck\") which still stands.Garrett, Franklin M. (1974\\). *Yesterday's Atlanta*, p. 52\\. Seemann's historic cities series, no. 8\\. Miami, FL: E.A. Seemann Publishing, Inc. {{ISBN\\|0\\-912458\\-35\\-6}}.Rose, Michael (2001\\). *Atlanta Then \\& Now*, p. 24\\. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. {{ISBN\\|1\\-57145\\-474\\-8}}.",
""
] |
Early life
----------
Watkins was born in [Louisville, Kentucky](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky "Louisville, Kentucky"), to a teen mother. His father left shortly after his birth and only spoke to his son three times. Watkins' mother, Robin Couch, married when Boyce was 3 years old to Larry Watkins, a young [Vietnam veteran](/wiki/Vietnam_veteran "Vietnam veteran") from Louisville. The family struggled for years but worked hard for economic advancement.{{cite web\|url\= http://theinvestedlife.msn.com/experthub.aspx?expertid\=e\_7\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101003105728/http://theinvestedlife.msn.com/experthub.aspx?expertid\=e\_7\|archive\-date\= October 3, 2010\|website\= The Invested Life \|title\= Dr. Boyce Watkins\|access\-date\= February 27, 2011}}
Watkins' mother encouraged her children to be the best they could be at anything they did. Larry, who would become Watkins' adopted father, was a tough, stern head of the household who joined the local police force at the age of 30\.
Watkins struggled in school, earning very poor grades all throughout. His teachers placed him in [special education](/wiki/Special_education "Special education") and told him he was not smart enough to go to college. "When I look back on those years as a black boy in a racist state like [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky"), I get angry", says Watkins. "I almost lost the future that God had in store for me."
In high school, Watkins was captain of his track team. He also had a job working for [Taco Bell](/wiki/Taco_Bell "Taco Bell"),{{cite web\|url\=http://blogs.blackvoices.com/2010/06/05/why\-black\-men\-are\-not\-graduating\-from\-college/\|website\= Black Voices\|title\= CNN Asks Why Black Men Are Not Graduating From College\|author\=Watkins, Boyce \|type\=Blog \|date\= June 5, 2010 \|access\-date\= February 27, 2011}} along with other fast food restaurants.
Watkins' teenage years were tough. His father was a good provider, but very tough, leading him to feel abandoned and unloved. His uncle, eight years his senior, was regularly sent to prison, which only added to his feelings of abandonment. "Those were tough years for me", says Watkins. "I honestly think my mind has blocked them out."{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} Watkins received a small scholarship to the [University of Kentucky](/wiki/University_of_Kentucky "University of Kentucky"), from a group called "Black Achievers", based in Louisville, which was just enough to pay his tuition.{{Cite web\|url\=https://foreignpolicyi.org/tag/net\-worth/page/3/\|title\=Net worth Archives \- Page 3 of 11\|date\=May 25, 2021 }}
### Early adulthood and education
During his senior year in high school, Watkins met his first girlfriend. Six months after high school graduation, she gave birth to their first and only child. He was a freshman in college at the time, and the child was born during winter break. The pressure of fatherhood further motivated Watkins to work hard in school. It was during his first semester at the University of Kentucky that he earned straight As for the first time in his life.
Watkins went on to win several honors in college, including Freshman of the Year, Sophomore of the Year, and numerous scholarships including *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* Outstanding Graduating Senior in Finance. In 1993, Watkins completed a Bachelor of Science in economics and Bachelors of Arts in finance and business management (a triple major). After graduation, Watkins continued at the [University of Kentucky](/wiki/University_of_Kentucky "University of Kentucky"), where he completed a Master of Science in mathematics in 1998\.{{cite thesis \|last\=Watkins \|first\=Boyce DeWhite\|url\=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws\_olink/r/1501/10?p10\_etd\_subid\=62274\&clear\=10 \|title\=Investor Sentiment, Trading Patterns and Return Predictability\|publisher\=\[\[Ohio State University]] \|date\=2002}}
It was during his time as a graduate student at the University of Kentucky that Watkins became more involved with political activism. The [racist](/wiki/Racist "Racist") language used in his campus newspaper, *[The Kentucky Kernel](/wiki/The_Kentucky_Kernel "The Kentucky Kernel")*, led Watkins to begin writing columns himself. In his work, he challenged the racially divisive foundations of his campus.Warren, Jim. (April 20, 1996\). "Anti\-Bias Rally Spurs University of Kentucky to look at Changes". *[Lexington Herald\-Leader](/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader "Lexington Herald-Leader")*, Lexington, KY Watkins also battled with the university president at the time, [Charles T. Wethington Jr.](/wiki/Charles_T._Wethington_Jr. "Charles T. Wethington Jr."), referring to him as "Chuck" and claiming that he was racially insensitive and unqualified to be a campus president. Eventually, he went on to pursue his Ph.D. at [Ohio State University](/wiki/Ohio_State_University "Ohio State University") in Columbus, Ohio.
At Ohio State University, Watkins enrolled in the business administration doctoral program, concentrating in finance. He finished his Ph.D. in 2002\. The title of Watkins' dissertation was *Investor Sentiment, Trading Patterns and Return Predictability*, while working under [René M. Stulz](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M._Stulz "René M. Stulz"), [David Hirshleifer](/wiki/David_Hirshleifer "David Hirshleifer"), and [G. Andrew Karolyi](/wiki/G._Andrew_Karolyi "G. Andrew Karolyi"). His first academic position was on the finance faculty at [Syracuse University](/wiki/Syracuse_University "Syracuse University").
### Career beginnings and Writings
In addition to his academic work at Syracuse, Watkins was a visiting scholar with the [Barbara Jordan \- Mickey Leland School Of Public Affairs](/wiki/Barbara_Jordan_-_Mickey_Leland_School_Of_Public_Affairs "Barbara Jordan - Mickey Leland School Of Public Affairs") at [Texas Southern University](/wiki/Texas_Southern_University "Texas Southern University").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tsu.edu/pages/3175\.asp \|title\=Barbara Jordan Institute: Distinguished Affiliated Scholars \|publisher\=Texas Southern University \|access\-date\=February 8, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203526/http://www.tsu.edu/pages/3175\.asp \|archive\-date\=May 27, 2010 }} He was also a visiting fellow at the [Shanghai University of Finance and Economics](/wiki/Shanghai_University_of_Finance_and_Economics "Shanghai University of Finance and Economics") and the [Centre for European Economic Research](/wiki/Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschaftsforschung "Zentrum für europäische Wirtschaftsforschung") in [Mannheim, Germany](/wiki/Mannheim%2C_Germany "Mannheim, Germany").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.boycewatkins.net/research.htm \|title\=Dr. Boyce Watkins: Research Publications \|access\-date\=February 8, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723032237/http://www.boycewatkins.net/research.htm \|archive\-date\=July 23, 2011 }}
In 2004, Watkins completed his first book, *Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about College: A Guide for Minority Students*. The book was a success and began his work in public scholarship. "I wrote this book for all the young kids like me who were told they can't go to college", said Watkins.{{cite book \|last\=Watkins \|first\=Boyce \|date\=2004 \|title\=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about College: A Guide for Minority Students \|publisher\=Blue Boy Pub. Co. \|location\=Camillus, NY \|oclc\=55739207}} A few months later, Watkins created his second book, *What if George Bush were a Black Man?*, a satirical discussion of [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") and what he perceives as the presence of [white privilege](/wiki/White_privilege "White privilege") in America. Watkins explores the criminal justice system, the educational system, and the economic systems of America, using statistics and anecdotes to describe likely fates for President Bush and other privileged individuals if they were poor and Black.{{cite book \|last\=Watkins \|first\=Boyce \|date\=2005 \|title\=What if George Bush were a Black Man? \|publisher\=Blue Boy Pub. Co. \|location\=Camillus, NY \|oclc\=58732702}}
He authored several financial advice books, including *Financial Lovemaking 101: Merging Assets with Your Partner in Ways that Feel Good*, *Black American Money*, as well as *The Parental 411: What Every Parent should Know about Their Child in College*, and *Quick and Dirty Secrets of College Success: A Professor Tells It All*.["au:boyce watkins"](https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3Aboyce+watkins&qt=advanced&dblist=638). [WorldCat](/wiki/WorldCat "WorldCat") Catalog. His work has also appeared in such publications as the *[Journal of Small Business Management](/wiki/Journal_of_Small_Business_Management "Journal of Small Business Management")*{{cite journal\|title\= On Government Programs that Increase Small Firms' Access to Capital\|author\=Watkins, Boyce D. \|date\= December 20, 2006\|journal\=Journal of Small Business Management\|volume \= 45\|pages\=133–136 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1540\-627X.2007\.00203\.x\|s2cid\=154632235 }} and the *Journal of Economics and Business*.{{cite journal\|url\=http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeejebusi/v\_3a59\_3ay\_3a2007\_3ai\_3a2\_3ap\_3a130\-143\.htm\|title\= When competing momentum hypotheses really do not compete: How the sources of momentum profits change through time\|author1\=Du, Ding \|author2\=Watkins, Boyce \|journal\=Journal of Economics and Business\|date\= 2007\| volume\= 59\| issue\= 2\| pages \=130–143 \|access\-date\= February 27, 2011\|doi\= 10\.1016/j.jeconbus.2006\.04\.003\|url\-access\= subscription}}
### Bill O'Reilly and Juan Williams
Watkins has an ongoing feud with [Bill O'Reilly](/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_%28political_commentator%29 "Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)") from [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/05/18/watkins\|title\=Did Bill O'Reilly Doom a Tenure Bid?\|work\=Inside Higher Ed\|date\=May 18, 2009\|access\-date\=September 10, 2010}} Watkins referred to O'Reilly and [Sean Hannity](/wiki/Sean_Hannity "Sean Hannity") as "UnAmerican borderline [Klansmen](/wiki/Klansmen "Klansmen") who graduated from the [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh "Rush Limbaugh") School of Arrogant Self\-righteousness".{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} During one [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") episode, after O'Reilly made controversial statements about African Americans during his visit to [Sylvia's Restaurant of Harlem](/wiki/Sylvia%27s_Restaurant_of_Harlem "Sylvia's Restaurant of Harlem"), Watkins referred to [Juan Williams](/wiki/Juan_Williams "Juan Williams") as "Bill O'Reilly's happy little Negro", in reference to Williams' insistence that O'Reilly did nothing wrong.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}}
In response, Williams wrote a scathing piece about Watkins in *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*. O'Reilly spent a week on his show calling for Watkins to be fired from his post at Syracuse University. Watkins referred to O'Reilly, Hannity, and Limbaugh as "The Axis of Ignorance" for what Watkins believed were racist attacks against the Black community.{{Cite web \|last\=Watkins \|first\=Boyce \|author\-link\=Boyce Watkins \|title\=Rush Limbaugh Back Pedals on Pledge to Leave the Country \|website\=AOL Black Voices \|date\=March 23, 2010 \|url\=http://www.bvblackspin.com/2010/03/23/rush\-limbaugh\-costa\-rica/ \|access\-date\=October 21, 2010}}
Later in the spring of 2008, Watkins formed an online protest through his website YourBlackWorld.com. In response to Fox News criticism of Senator [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") and Pastor [Jeremiah Wright](/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright "Jeremiah Wright"), Watkins asked his supporters to write to Bill O'Reilly's corporate sponsors and complain about O'Reilly's behavior.{{cite web\|url\= http://yourblackworld.com/bill\_oreilly/feedback.html\|website\= Your Black World\|title\= Juan Williams lost his credibility a long time ago\|access\-date\= February 27, 2011\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080723143446/http://yourblackworld.com/bill\_oreilly/feedback.html\|archive\-date\= July 23, 2008}}
Watkins' protest led O'Reilly to call for Watkins to be fired and to seek interviews with the chancellor of Syracuse University, [Nancy Cantor](/wiki/Nancy_Cantor "Nancy Cantor").{{cite web\|title\=The O'Reilly Factor \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,355337,00\.html\|date\= May 12, 2008\|website\=Foxnews.com\|author\=O'Reilly, Bill}} He also sent reporters to question Cantor and ask her why she had not challenged Watkins for his words. In his comments, O'Reilly claimed that Watkins had accused him of wanting to lynch [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama "Michelle Obama"), the wife of then Senator [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), and that Watkins was "smearing the good name of Syracuse University by spreading these kinds of lies".
O'Reilly had made the following remark about Michelle Obama and lynching on February 21, 2008: "I don't want to go on a lynching party against Michelle Obama unless there's evidence, hard facts, that say this is how the woman really feels. If that's how she really feels — that America is a bad country or a flawed nation, whatever — then that's legit." He later apologized, saying, "I'm sorry if my statement offended anybody", on his February 22, 2008, program.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/02/22/bill\-oreilly\-apologizes\-f\_n\_87949\.html\|title\= Bill O'Reilly Apologizes For Michelle Obama 'Lynching' Remark\|work\= Huffington Post \|date\=February 22, 2008\|access\-date\= February 27, 2011}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.salem\-news.com/articles/february222008/oreilly\_racial\_slur\_2\-22\-08\.php \|title\=O'Reilly's Ironic Blunder With Michelle Obama\|date\= February 22, 2008\|access\-date\= February 27, 2011\|work\=Salem News}}
### Challenge to the NCAA
Watkins is an advocate for the rights of [college athletes](/wiki/College_athletics_in_the_United_States "College athletics in the United States").{{cite web\|url\=http://newsone.com/entertainment/sports\-entertainment/boycewatkins/dr\-boyce\-march\-madness\-is\-a\-billion\-dollar\-sweatshop/\|website\= News One \- For Black America\|title\=Dr. Boyce: March Madness is a Billion Dollar Sweatshop\|date\= March 3, 2010\|access\-date\= February 27, 2011}} In his work as a faculty affiliate for the [College Sport Research Institute](/wiki/College_Sport_Research_Institute "College Sport Research Institute") at the [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina Chapel Hill"), Watkins has challenged the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") on its refusal to compensate college athletes, stating that the NCAA exploits Black families by using young men for their athletic ability and refusing to share the wealth with their families.
In his work, Watkins has appeared on several national media outlets, including [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN"), [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company"), and [CBS Sports](/wiki/CBS_Sports "CBS Sports"){{cite web\|url\=http://hiphopwired.com/2009/11/07/dr\-boyce\-watkins\-editorial\-black\-men\-continue\-to\-get\-pimped\-by\-the\-ncaa/\|website\= Hip Hop Wired\|author\= Watkins, Dr. Boyce \|title\= Editorial: Black Men Continue oo Get Pimped by the NCAA\|date\=November 7, 2009\|access\-date\= February 27, 2011}} explaining why athletes should be compensated. He has also challenged the [tax exempt](/wiki/Tax_exempt "Tax exempt") status of the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA"), stating that the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") should step in and conduct an [anti\-trust](/wiki/Anti-trust "Anti-trust") investigation into the NCAA.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}}
In op\-ed pieces opposite NCAA President [Myles Brand](/wiki/Myles_Brand "Myles Brand"), Watkins has argued that students' rights are being violated on a regular basis by the NCAA and that a fairer compensation model should be used by the league. He cites that the revenues from [NCAA March Madness](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship") exceed that of the [Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") and the [World Series](/wiki/World_Series "World Series") combined. Watkins also cites the fact that many coaches are made into millionaires by a system designed to keep star athletes and their families in poverty. At the conference for the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS), Watkins cited the work of sociologist [Harry Edwards](/wiki/Harry_Edwards_%28sociologist%29 "Harry Edwards (sociologist)") during the [1968 Olympics](/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics "1968 Summer Olympics") as a springboard for Black athlete activism.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}}
"Like hookers kept dazed on drugs, the Black athlete is kept ignorant by his coaches so they can continue to rob him blind", said Watkins. "Coaches in college are given little incentive to increase graduation rates, and even choose the classes for the athletes. It's a sham."{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}}
### Financial activism
Through his former position at Syracuse University and YourBlackWorld.com, Watkins also provides regular financial advice to a largely African\-American audience. He argues that African Americans should consider their financial independence to be part of their spiritual and social independence. He also argues that African Americans should find a way to "own the land on which you stand", in order to be truly liberated in America.Watkins, Boyce. (May 25, 2015\). "Boyce Watkins on Why African Americans avoid the Stock Market". [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=fZ2UO7Tyj5c\&ab\_channel\=djvlad](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ2UO7Tyj5c&ab_channel=djvlad)
|
[
"Early life\n----------",
"Watkins was born in [Louisville, Kentucky](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky \"Louisville, Kentucky\"), to a teen mother. His father left shortly after his birth and only spoke to his son three times. Watkins' mother, Robin Couch, married when Boyce was 3 years old to Larry Watkins, a young [Vietnam veteran](/wiki/Vietnam_veteran \"Vietnam veteran\") from Louisville. The family struggled for years but worked hard for economic advancement.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://theinvestedlife.msn.com/experthub.aspx?expertid\\=e\\_7\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101003105728/http://theinvestedlife.msn.com/experthub.aspx?expertid\\=e\\_7\\|archive\\-date\\= October 3, 2010\\|website\\= The Invested Life \\|title\\= Dr. Boyce Watkins\\|access\\-date\\= February 27, 2011}}",
"Watkins' mother encouraged her children to be the best they could be at anything they did. Larry, who would become Watkins' adopted father, was a tough, stern head of the household who joined the local police force at the age of 30\\.",
"Watkins struggled in school, earning very poor grades all throughout. His teachers placed him in [special education](/wiki/Special_education \"Special education\") and told him he was not smart enough to go to college. \"When I look back on those years as a black boy in a racist state like [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\"), I get angry\", says Watkins. \"I almost lost the future that God had in store for me.\"",
"In high school, Watkins was captain of his track team. He also had a job working for [Taco Bell](/wiki/Taco_Bell \"Taco Bell\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.blackvoices.com/2010/06/05/why\\-black\\-men\\-are\\-not\\-graduating\\-from\\-college/\\|website\\= Black Voices\\|title\\= CNN Asks Why Black Men Are Not Graduating From College\\|author\\=Watkins, Boyce \\|type\\=Blog \\|date\\= June 5, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\= February 27, 2011}} along with other fast food restaurants.",
"Watkins' teenage years were tough. His father was a good provider, but very tough, leading him to feel abandoned and unloved. His uncle, eight years his senior, was regularly sent to prison, which only added to his feelings of abandonment. \"Those were tough years for me\", says Watkins. \"I honestly think my mind has blocked them out.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}} Watkins received a small scholarship to the [University of Kentucky](/wiki/University_of_Kentucky \"University of Kentucky\"), from a group called \"Black Achievers\", based in Louisville, which was just enough to pay his tuition.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://foreignpolicyi.org/tag/net\\-worth/page/3/\\|title\\=Net worth Archives \\- Page 3 of 11\\|date\\=May 25, 2021 }}",
"### Early adulthood and education",
"During his senior year in high school, Watkins met his first girlfriend. Six months after high school graduation, she gave birth to their first and only child. He was a freshman in college at the time, and the child was born during winter break. The pressure of fatherhood further motivated Watkins to work hard in school. It was during his first semester at the University of Kentucky that he earned straight As for the first time in his life.",
"Watkins went on to win several honors in college, including Freshman of the Year, Sophomore of the Year, and numerous scholarships including *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* Outstanding Graduating Senior in Finance. In 1993, Watkins completed a Bachelor of Science in economics and Bachelors of Arts in finance and business management (a triple major). After graduation, Watkins continued at the [University of Kentucky](/wiki/University_of_Kentucky \"University of Kentucky\"), where he completed a Master of Science in mathematics in 1998\\.{{cite thesis \\|last\\=Watkins \\|first\\=Boyce DeWhite\\|url\\=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws\\_olink/r/1501/10?p10\\_etd\\_subid\\=62274\\&clear\\=10 \\|title\\=Investor Sentiment, Trading Patterns and Return Predictability\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ohio State University]] \\|date\\=2002}}",
"It was during his time as a graduate student at the University of Kentucky that Watkins became more involved with political activism. The [racist](/wiki/Racist \"Racist\") language used in his campus newspaper, *[The Kentucky Kernel](/wiki/The_Kentucky_Kernel \"The Kentucky Kernel\")*, led Watkins to begin writing columns himself. In his work, he challenged the racially divisive foundations of his campus.Warren, Jim. (April 20, 1996\\). \"Anti\\-Bias Rally Spurs University of Kentucky to look at Changes\". *[Lexington Herald\\-Leader](/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader \"Lexington Herald-Leader\")*, Lexington, KY Watkins also battled with the university president at the time, [Charles T. Wethington Jr.](/wiki/Charles_T._Wethington_Jr. \"Charles T. Wethington Jr.\"), referring to him as \"Chuck\" and claiming that he was racially insensitive and unqualified to be a campus president. Eventually, he went on to pursue his Ph.D. at [Ohio State University](/wiki/Ohio_State_University \"Ohio State University\") in Columbus, Ohio.",
"At Ohio State University, Watkins enrolled in the business administration doctoral program, concentrating in finance. He finished his Ph.D. in 2002\\. The title of Watkins' dissertation was *Investor Sentiment, Trading Patterns and Return Predictability*, while working under [René M. Stulz](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M._Stulz \"René M. Stulz\"), [David Hirshleifer](/wiki/David_Hirshleifer \"David Hirshleifer\"), and [G. Andrew Karolyi](/wiki/G._Andrew_Karolyi \"G. Andrew Karolyi\"). His first academic position was on the finance faculty at [Syracuse University](/wiki/Syracuse_University \"Syracuse University\").",
"### Career beginnings and Writings",
"In addition to his academic work at Syracuse, Watkins was a visiting scholar with the [Barbara Jordan \\- Mickey Leland School Of Public Affairs](/wiki/Barbara_Jordan_-_Mickey_Leland_School_Of_Public_Affairs \"Barbara Jordan - Mickey Leland School Of Public Affairs\") at [Texas Southern University](/wiki/Texas_Southern_University \"Texas Southern University\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tsu.edu/pages/3175\\.asp \\|title\\=Barbara Jordan Institute: Distinguished Affiliated Scholars \\|publisher\\=Texas Southern University \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203526/http://www.tsu.edu/pages/3175\\.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=May 27, 2010 }} He was also a visiting fellow at the [Shanghai University of Finance and Economics](/wiki/Shanghai_University_of_Finance_and_Economics \"Shanghai University of Finance and Economics\") and the [Centre for European Economic Research](/wiki/Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschaftsforschung \"Zentrum für europäische Wirtschaftsforschung\") in [Mannheim, Germany](/wiki/Mannheim%2C_Germany \"Mannheim, Germany\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.boycewatkins.net/research.htm \\|title\\=Dr. Boyce Watkins: Research Publications \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723032237/http://www.boycewatkins.net/research.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=July 23, 2011 }}",
"In 2004, Watkins completed his first book, *Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about College: A Guide for Minority Students*. The book was a success and began his work in public scholarship. \"I wrote this book for all the young kids like me who were told they can't go to college\", said Watkins.{{cite book \\|last\\=Watkins \\|first\\=Boyce \\|date\\=2004 \\|title\\=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about College: A Guide for Minority Students \\|publisher\\=Blue Boy Pub. Co. \\|location\\=Camillus, NY \\|oclc\\=55739207}} A few months later, Watkins created his second book, *What if George Bush were a Black Man?*, a satirical discussion of [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") and what he perceives as the presence of [white privilege](/wiki/White_privilege \"White privilege\") in America. Watkins explores the criminal justice system, the educational system, and the economic systems of America, using statistics and anecdotes to describe likely fates for President Bush and other privileged individuals if they were poor and Black.{{cite book \\|last\\=Watkins \\|first\\=Boyce \\|date\\=2005 \\|title\\=What if George Bush were a Black Man? \\|publisher\\=Blue Boy Pub. Co. \\|location\\=Camillus, NY \\|oclc\\=58732702}}",
"",
"He authored several financial advice books, including *Financial Lovemaking 101: Merging Assets with Your Partner in Ways that Feel Good*, *Black American Money*, as well as *The Parental 411: What Every Parent should Know about Their Child in College*, and *Quick and Dirty Secrets of College Success: A Professor Tells It All*.[\"au:boyce watkins\"](https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3Aboyce+watkins&qt=advanced&dblist=638). [WorldCat](/wiki/WorldCat \"WorldCat\") Catalog. His work has also appeared in such publications as the *[Journal of Small Business Management](/wiki/Journal_of_Small_Business_Management \"Journal of Small Business Management\")*{{cite journal\\|title\\= On Government Programs that Increase Small Firms' Access to Capital\\|author\\=Watkins, Boyce D. \\|date\\= December 20, 2006\\|journal\\=Journal of Small Business Management\\|volume \\= 45\\|pages\\=133–136 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1540\\-627X.2007\\.00203\\.x\\|s2cid\\=154632235 }} and the *Journal of Economics and Business*.{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeejebusi/v\\_3a59\\_3ay\\_3a2007\\_3ai\\_3a2\\_3ap\\_3a130\\-143\\.htm\\|title\\= When competing momentum hypotheses really do not compete: How the sources of momentum profits change through time\\|author1\\=Du, Ding \\|author2\\=Watkins, Boyce \\|journal\\=Journal of Economics and Business\\|date\\= 2007\\| volume\\= 59\\| issue\\= 2\\| pages \\=130–143 \\|access\\-date\\= February 27, 2011\\|doi\\= 10\\.1016/j.jeconbus.2006\\.04\\.003\\|url\\-access\\= subscription}}",
"### Bill O'Reilly and Juan Williams",
"Watkins has an ongoing feud with [Bill O'Reilly](/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_%28political_commentator%29 \"Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)\") from [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/05/18/watkins\\|title\\=Did Bill O'Reilly Doom a Tenure Bid?\\|work\\=Inside Higher Ed\\|date\\=May 18, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2010}} Watkins referred to O'Reilly and [Sean Hannity](/wiki/Sean_Hannity \"Sean Hannity\") as \"UnAmerican borderline [Klansmen](/wiki/Klansmen \"Klansmen\") who graduated from the [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh \"Rush Limbaugh\") School of Arrogant Self\\-righteousness\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}} During one [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") episode, after O'Reilly made controversial statements about African Americans during his visit to [Sylvia's Restaurant of Harlem](/wiki/Sylvia%27s_Restaurant_of_Harlem \"Sylvia's Restaurant of Harlem\"), Watkins referred to [Juan Williams](/wiki/Juan_Williams \"Juan Williams\") as \"Bill O'Reilly's happy little Negro\", in reference to Williams' insistence that O'Reilly did nothing wrong.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}",
"In response, Williams wrote a scathing piece about Watkins in *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*. O'Reilly spent a week on his show calling for Watkins to be fired from his post at Syracuse University. Watkins referred to O'Reilly, Hannity, and Limbaugh as \"The Axis of Ignorance\" for what Watkins believed were racist attacks against the Black community.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Watkins \\|first\\=Boyce \\|author\\-link\\=Boyce Watkins \\|title\\=Rush Limbaugh Back Pedals on Pledge to Leave the Country \\|website\\=AOL Black Voices \\|date\\=March 23, 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.bvblackspin.com/2010/03/23/rush\\-limbaugh\\-costa\\-rica/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2010}}",
"Later in the spring of 2008, Watkins formed an online protest through his website YourBlackWorld.com. In response to Fox News criticism of Senator [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") and Pastor [Jeremiah Wright](/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright \"Jeremiah Wright\"), Watkins asked his supporters to write to Bill O'Reilly's corporate sponsors and complain about O'Reilly's behavior.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://yourblackworld.com/bill\\_oreilly/feedback.html\\|website\\= Your Black World\\|title\\= Juan Williams lost his credibility a long time ago\\|access\\-date\\= February 27, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080723143446/http://yourblackworld.com/bill\\_oreilly/feedback.html\\|archive\\-date\\= July 23, 2008}}",
"Watkins' protest led O'Reilly to call for Watkins to be fired and to seek interviews with the chancellor of Syracuse University, [Nancy Cantor](/wiki/Nancy_Cantor \"Nancy Cantor\").{{cite web\\|title\\=The O'Reilly Factor \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,355337,00\\.html\\|date\\= May 12, 2008\\|website\\=Foxnews.com\\|author\\=O'Reilly, Bill}} He also sent reporters to question Cantor and ask her why she had not challenged Watkins for his words. In his comments, O'Reilly claimed that Watkins had accused him of wanting to lynch [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama \"Michelle Obama\"), the wife of then Senator [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"), and that Watkins was \"smearing the good name of Syracuse University by spreading these kinds of lies\".",
"O'Reilly had made the following remark about Michelle Obama and lynching on February 21, 2008: \"I don't want to go on a lynching party against Michelle Obama unless there's evidence, hard facts, that say this is how the woman really feels. If that's how she really feels — that America is a bad country or a flawed nation, whatever — then that's legit.\" He later apologized, saying, \"I'm sorry if my statement offended anybody\", on his February 22, 2008, program.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/02/22/bill\\-oreilly\\-apologizes\\-f\\_n\\_87949\\.html\\|title\\= Bill O'Reilly Apologizes For Michelle Obama 'Lynching' Remark\\|work\\= Huffington Post \\|date\\=February 22, 2008\\|access\\-date\\= February 27, 2011}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.salem\\-news.com/articles/february222008/oreilly\\_racial\\_slur\\_2\\-22\\-08\\.php \\|title\\=O'Reilly's Ironic Blunder With Michelle Obama\\|date\\= February 22, 2008\\|access\\-date\\= February 27, 2011\\|work\\=Salem News}}",
"### Challenge to the NCAA",
"Watkins is an advocate for the rights of [college athletes](/wiki/College_athletics_in_the_United_States \"College athletics in the United States\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://newsone.com/entertainment/sports\\-entertainment/boycewatkins/dr\\-boyce\\-march\\-madness\\-is\\-a\\-billion\\-dollar\\-sweatshop/\\|website\\= News One \\- For Black America\\|title\\=Dr. Boyce: March Madness is a Billion Dollar Sweatshop\\|date\\= March 3, 2010\\|access\\-date\\= February 27, 2011}} In his work as a faculty affiliate for the [College Sport Research Institute](/wiki/College_Sport_Research_Institute \"College Sport Research Institute\") at the [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Chapel_Hill \"University of North Carolina Chapel Hill\"), Watkins has challenged the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") on its refusal to compensate college athletes, stating that the NCAA exploits Black families by using young men for their athletic ability and refusing to share the wealth with their families.",
"In his work, Watkins has appeared on several national media outlets, including [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"), [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\"), and [CBS Sports](/wiki/CBS_Sports \"CBS Sports\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://hiphopwired.com/2009/11/07/dr\\-boyce\\-watkins\\-editorial\\-black\\-men\\-continue\\-to\\-get\\-pimped\\-by\\-the\\-ncaa/\\|website\\= Hip Hop Wired\\|author\\= Watkins, Dr. Boyce \\|title\\= Editorial: Black Men Continue oo Get Pimped by the NCAA\\|date\\=November 7, 2009\\|access\\-date\\= February 27, 2011}} explaining why athletes should be compensated. He has also challenged the [tax exempt](/wiki/Tax_exempt \"Tax exempt\") status of the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\"), stating that the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") should step in and conduct an [anti\\-trust](/wiki/Anti-trust \"Anti-trust\") investigation into the NCAA.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}",
"In op\\-ed pieces opposite NCAA President [Myles Brand](/wiki/Myles_Brand \"Myles Brand\"), Watkins has argued that students' rights are being violated on a regular basis by the NCAA and that a fairer compensation model should be used by the league. He cites that the revenues from [NCAA March Madness](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\") exceed that of the [Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl \"Super Bowl\") and the [World Series](/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\") combined. Watkins also cites the fact that many coaches are made into millionaires by a system designed to keep star athletes and their families in poverty. At the conference for the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS), Watkins cited the work of sociologist [Harry Edwards](/wiki/Harry_Edwards_%28sociologist%29 \"Harry Edwards (sociologist)\") during the [1968 Olympics](/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics \"1968 Summer Olympics\") as a springboard for Black athlete activism.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}",
"\"Like hookers kept dazed on drugs, the Black athlete is kept ignorant by his coaches so they can continue to rob him blind\", said Watkins. \"Coaches in college are given little incentive to increase graduation rates, and even choose the classes for the athletes. It's a sham.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}",
"### Financial activism",
"Through his former position at Syracuse University and YourBlackWorld.com, Watkins also provides regular financial advice to a largely African\\-American audience. He argues that African Americans should consider their financial independence to be part of their spiritual and social independence. He also argues that African Americans should find a way to \"own the land on which you stand\", in order to be truly liberated in America.Watkins, Boyce. (May 25, 2015\\). \"Boyce Watkins on Why African Americans avoid the Stock Market\". [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=fZ2UO7Tyj5c\\&ab\\_channel\\=djvlad](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ2UO7Tyj5c&ab_channel=djvlad)",
""
] |
Career
------
### Music
In 1981 Needles formed Melbourne band The Curse along with John Rowell, Graeme Scott (both later briefly members of [Models](/wiki/Models_%28band%29 "Models (band)")), [Nick Barker](/wiki/Nick_Barker_%28Australian_musician%29 "Nick Barker (Australian musician)"){{cite book \|last\= Nichols \|first\= David \| date\= 2019 \|title\= Dig: Australian Rock and Pop Music, 1960\-85 \|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=MFzmDAAAQBAJ\&dq\=Nique\+Needles\+curse\&pg\=PA452 \|publisher\= Verse Chorus Press \|pages\=452–453 \|isbn\= 9781891241611}} and Adrian Chynoweth.McFarlane, ['Nick Barker and the Reptiles'](https://web.archive.org/web/20040828072412/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=76) entry. Archived from [the original](http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=76) on 28 August 2004\. Retrieved 15 November 2017\. Needles later went on to front Freak Power with Scott, Barker and Chynoweth. In 1987 Freak Power released a self\-titled album through Rampant Releases. In 1992 Freak Power was re\-formed with Needles, Chynoweth, Barker, [Stu Thomas](/wiki/Stu_Thomas "Stu Thomas"), and [Peter Jones](/wiki/Peter_Jones_%28drummer%29 "Peter Jones (drummer)"). Jones left the band mid 1994 to join [Crowded House](/wiki/Crowded_House "Crowded House") to complete their US tour.
In the early '90s, Doghouse followed in the wake of Freak Power; the initial lineup being Needles, Chynoweth, Thomas and [Delaney Davidson](/wiki/Delaney_Davidson "Delaney Davidson"). The final lineup was Needles, Thomas, Davidson, and Mark Di Marzio.
In 2003 he formed Box Monsters, with whom he played regularly around the Northern Rivers region of NSW until they disbanded in 2006\.
### Acting
Needles' first acting role was playing the character Aspro in *The Kid* written by [Michael Gow](/wiki/Michael_Gow "Michael Gow"), performed at [Nimrod Theatre](/wiki/Nimrod_Theatre "Nimrod Theatre") in Sydney in 1983\.
He went on to play Graham Cummerford with [Jason Connery](/wiki/Jason_Connery "Jason Connery") in the film *[The Boy Who Had Everything](/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Had_Everything "The Boy Who Had Everything")*, for which he won the 1985 [AFI Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role](/wiki/AACTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role "AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role").{{Citation \| date \= 16 September 1985 \| title \= Top awards for 'Bliss' \| periodical \= Canberra Times\| url \= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/128255533?searchTerm\=%22Nique%20Needles%22\&searchLimits\= }} He appeared in the film [*Bliss*](/wiki/Bliss_%281985_film%29 "Bliss (1985 film)") and played the character Tim alongside [Michael Hutchence](/wiki/Michael_Hutchence "Michael Hutchence") in the 1986 film *[Dogs in Space](/wiki/Dogs_in_Space "Dogs in Space")*{{Citation \| last1 \= Nichols \| first1 \= David \| last2 \= Perillo \| first2 \= Sophie \| date \= 15 April 2016 \| title \= Friday essay: Dogs in Space, 30 years on – a once maligned film comes of age \| periodical \= The Conversation \| url \= https://theconversation.com/friday\-essay\-dogs\-in\-space\-30\-years\-on\-a\-once\-maligned\-film\-comes\-of\-age\-56288 }} about the early '80s punk scene in Melbourne. He co\-starred with [Jo Kennedy](/wiki/Jo_Kennedy "Jo Kennedy") as Rex in *[Tender Hooks](/wiki/Tender_Hooks "Tender Hooks")*{{Citation \| last \= MacDonald \| first \= Dougal \| date \= 13 April 1989 \| title \= Gritty study of life at the Cross \| periodical \= Canberra Times\| url \= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122253825?searchTerm\=%22Nique%20Needles%22\&searchLimits\= }} in 1987, and in 1988 played Australian athlete [John Landy](/wiki/John_Landy "John Landy") in *[The Four Minute Mile](/wiki/The_Four_Minute_Mile "The Four Minute Mile")*.{{Citation \| last \= Morris \| first \= Joan \| date \= 4 September 1988 \| title \= Singin' and dancin' football finale \| periodical \= Canberra Times\| url \= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122253825?searchTerm\=%22Nique%20Needles%22\&searchLimits\= }} For his work on [*As Time Goes By*](/wiki/As_Time_Goes_By_%281988_film%29 "As Time Goes By (1988 film)") (aka *"L'Australieno"*) Needles received the award for "Best Actor in a Science Fiction Film" at the 1988 [Fantafestival](/wiki/Fantafestival "Fantafestival") in Italy. He was also in the film *[Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em](/wiki/Smoke_%27Em_If_You_Got_%27Em_%28film%29 "Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em (film)")*.
In 1988, following an extended period of almost back to back film work, Needles went to India where he wandered alone for several months.
He resumed acting in a series of television roles, including playing Darren Mack in the 1994 TV miniseries *[Janus](/wiki/Janus_%28TV_series%29 "Janus (TV series)")*.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Music",
"In 1981 Needles formed Melbourne band The Curse along with John Rowell, Graeme Scott (both later briefly members of [Models](/wiki/Models_%28band%29 \"Models (band)\")), [Nick Barker](/wiki/Nick_Barker_%28Australian_musician%29 \"Nick Barker (Australian musician)\"){{cite book \\|last\\= Nichols \\|first\\= David \\| date\\= 2019 \\|title\\= Dig: Australian Rock and Pop Music, 1960\\-85 \\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MFzmDAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Nique\\+Needles\\+curse\\&pg\\=PA452 \\|publisher\\= Verse Chorus Press \\|pages\\=452–453 \\|isbn\\= 9781891241611}} and Adrian Chynoweth.McFarlane, ['Nick Barker and the Reptiles'](https://web.archive.org/web/20040828072412/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=76) entry. Archived from [the original](http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=76) on 28 August 2004\\. Retrieved 15 November 2017\\. Needles later went on to front Freak Power with Scott, Barker and Chynoweth. In 1987 Freak Power released a self\\-titled album through Rampant Releases. In 1992 Freak Power was re\\-formed with Needles, Chynoweth, Barker, [Stu Thomas](/wiki/Stu_Thomas \"Stu Thomas\"), and [Peter Jones](/wiki/Peter_Jones_%28drummer%29 \"Peter Jones (drummer)\"). Jones left the band mid 1994 to join [Crowded House](/wiki/Crowded_House \"Crowded House\") to complete their US tour.",
"In the early '90s, Doghouse followed in the wake of Freak Power; the initial lineup being Needles, Chynoweth, Thomas and [Delaney Davidson](/wiki/Delaney_Davidson \"Delaney Davidson\"). The final lineup was Needles, Thomas, Davidson, and Mark Di Marzio.",
"In 2003 he formed Box Monsters, with whom he played regularly around the Northern Rivers region of NSW until they disbanded in 2006\\.",
"### Acting",
"Needles' first acting role was playing the character Aspro in *The Kid* written by [Michael Gow](/wiki/Michael_Gow \"Michael Gow\"), performed at [Nimrod Theatre](/wiki/Nimrod_Theatre \"Nimrod Theatre\") in Sydney in 1983\\.",
"He went on to play Graham Cummerford with [Jason Connery](/wiki/Jason_Connery \"Jason Connery\") in the film *[The Boy Who Had Everything](/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Had_Everything \"The Boy Who Had Everything\")*, for which he won the 1985 [AFI Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role](/wiki/AACTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role \"AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role\").{{Citation \\| date \\= 16 September 1985 \\| title \\= Top awards for 'Bliss' \\| periodical \\= Canberra Times\\| url \\= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/128255533?searchTerm\\=%22Nique%20Needles%22\\&searchLimits\\= }} He appeared in the film [*Bliss*](/wiki/Bliss_%281985_film%29 \"Bliss (1985 film)\") and played the character Tim alongside [Michael Hutchence](/wiki/Michael_Hutchence \"Michael Hutchence\") in the 1986 film *[Dogs in Space](/wiki/Dogs_in_Space \"Dogs in Space\")*{{Citation \\| last1 \\= Nichols \\| first1 \\= David \\| last2 \\= Perillo \\| first2 \\= Sophie \\| date \\= 15 April 2016 \\| title \\= Friday essay: Dogs in Space, 30 years on – a once maligned film comes of age \\| periodical \\= The Conversation \\| url \\= https://theconversation.com/friday\\-essay\\-dogs\\-in\\-space\\-30\\-years\\-on\\-a\\-once\\-maligned\\-film\\-comes\\-of\\-age\\-56288 }} about the early '80s punk scene in Melbourne. He co\\-starred with [Jo Kennedy](/wiki/Jo_Kennedy \"Jo Kennedy\") as Rex in *[Tender Hooks](/wiki/Tender_Hooks \"Tender Hooks\")*{{Citation \\| last \\= MacDonald \\| first \\= Dougal \\| date \\= 13 April 1989 \\| title \\= Gritty study of life at the Cross \\| periodical \\= Canberra Times\\| url \\= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122253825?searchTerm\\=%22Nique%20Needles%22\\&searchLimits\\= }} in 1987, and in 1988 played Australian athlete [John Landy](/wiki/John_Landy \"John Landy\") in *[The Four Minute Mile](/wiki/The_Four_Minute_Mile \"The Four Minute Mile\")*.{{Citation \\| last \\= Morris \\| first \\= Joan \\| date \\= 4 September 1988 \\| title \\= Singin' and dancin' football finale \\| periodical \\= Canberra Times\\| url \\= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122253825?searchTerm\\=%22Nique%20Needles%22\\&searchLimits\\= }} For his work on [*As Time Goes By*](/wiki/As_Time_Goes_By_%281988_film%29 \"As Time Goes By (1988 film)\") (aka *\"L'Australieno\"*) Needles received the award for \"Best Actor in a Science Fiction Film\" at the 1988 [Fantafestival](/wiki/Fantafestival \"Fantafestival\") in Italy. He was also in the film *[Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em](/wiki/Smoke_%27Em_If_You_Got_%27Em_%28film%29 \"Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em (film)\")*.",
"In 1988, following an extended period of almost back to back film work, Needles went to India where he wandered alone for several months.",
"He resumed acting in a series of television roles, including playing Darren Mack in the 1994 TV miniseries *[Janus](/wiki/Janus_%28TV_series%29 \"Janus (TV series)\")*.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The cartoon opens with an introduction of Petunia Pig; Petunia is shown as nervous, tripping on her lines and being unable to pronounce them correctly while on stage, leading an off\-screen announcer (voiced by [Alan Reed](/wiki/Alan_Reed "Alan Reed")) to quietly tell her not to get excited. This causes her to go into an explosive rant and then the curtain closes on her and the main part of the cartoon starts.
Porky is shown buying some flowers, candy, and then eventually a diamond ring. He proceeds to go over to Petunia's house and knock on the door, then Petunia goes to answer the door with her spoiled dog, Fluffnums. When she sees Porky, she is disgusted to see him so she disdainfully tells him to go away. This causes him to leave crying out of sadness and he then walks away, but Fluffnums sees the candy Porky has and alerts her to this fact.
Petunia proceeds to run out after Porky and take him into her house, where she rips open the candy container and starts eating the candy. Porky tries to help himself to the candy several times but is constantly harassed by Fluffnums, who snarls and growls at him each time he tries to reach for the candy box. Porky finally gets a piece of candy, winks at the audience, and then finds out that Fluffnums ate it. He eventually tries to propose to Petunia, but as he is starting to do so, Fluffnums pulls a mean\-spirited trick on Porky by pulling the rug out from under him. The fickle and selfish Petunia laughs at him, causing Porky to leave the house and walk off in shame. He proceeds to write a suicide note and tries to hang himself from a tree, but the branch the rope is on snaps due to Porky's weight, knocking him out and causing him to go into a dreamlike state.
Porky dreams that he is at a church marrying Petunia. After the ceremony, they head off on their honeymoon and the couple get together there as a message "Time... munches on!" is displayed on screen, and sounds of Petunia eating candy can be heard. The screen then shows Porky having to do all the housework while Petunia is essentially a couch potato; she has become fat and lazy, and Fluffnums has done the same thing. Eventually, Porky's kids (all of whom are named "Porky Pig Jr.") are woken up when a stack of dishes accidentally falls over on him from the kitchen counter. He tries to put them back to sleep after Petunia yells at him to "shut those kids up". He meekly tells her he is trying his best to do so, but Petunia yells at him for back\-talking her and she beats him over the head repeatedly with a rolling pin while the kids cheer her on.
Porky awakes from the dream by Petunia gently brushing him, apologizing for her earlier demeanor, and accepting his proposal. When he remembers Petunia's horrid treatment of him in his dream and fears what his future could hold for him if he marries her, he proceeds to take his gifts and runs off. He returns to punish Fluffnums for his ill behavior toward him by kicking him in the rear, making the dog yelp in pain while Porky runs off again, leaving a dazed and confused Petunia behind.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The cartoon opens with an introduction of Petunia Pig; Petunia is shown as nervous, tripping on her lines and being unable to pronounce them correctly while on stage, leading an off\\-screen announcer (voiced by [Alan Reed](/wiki/Alan_Reed \"Alan Reed\")) to quietly tell her not to get excited. This causes her to go into an explosive rant and then the curtain closes on her and the main part of the cartoon starts.",
"Porky is shown buying some flowers, candy, and then eventually a diamond ring. He proceeds to go over to Petunia's house and knock on the door, then Petunia goes to answer the door with her spoiled dog, Fluffnums. When she sees Porky, she is disgusted to see him so she disdainfully tells him to go away. This causes him to leave crying out of sadness and he then walks away, but Fluffnums sees the candy Porky has and alerts her to this fact.",
"Petunia proceeds to run out after Porky and take him into her house, where she rips open the candy container and starts eating the candy. Porky tries to help himself to the candy several times but is constantly harassed by Fluffnums, who snarls and growls at him each time he tries to reach for the candy box. Porky finally gets a piece of candy, winks at the audience, and then finds out that Fluffnums ate it. He eventually tries to propose to Petunia, but as he is starting to do so, Fluffnums pulls a mean\\-spirited trick on Porky by pulling the rug out from under him. The fickle and selfish Petunia laughs at him, causing Porky to leave the house and walk off in shame. He proceeds to write a suicide note and tries to hang himself from a tree, but the branch the rope is on snaps due to Porky's weight, knocking him out and causing him to go into a dreamlike state.",
"Porky dreams that he is at a church marrying Petunia. After the ceremony, they head off on their honeymoon and the couple get together there as a message \"Time... munches on!\" is displayed on screen, and sounds of Petunia eating candy can be heard. The screen then shows Porky having to do all the housework while Petunia is essentially a couch potato; she has become fat and lazy, and Fluffnums has done the same thing. Eventually, Porky's kids (all of whom are named \"Porky Pig Jr.\") are woken up when a stack of dishes accidentally falls over on him from the kitchen counter. He tries to put them back to sleep after Petunia yells at him to \"shut those kids up\". He meekly tells her he is trying his best to do so, but Petunia yells at him for back\\-talking her and she beats him over the head repeatedly with a rolling pin while the kids cheer her on.",
"Porky awakes from the dream by Petunia gently brushing him, apologizing for her earlier demeanor, and accepting his proposal. When he remembers Petunia's horrid treatment of him in his dream and fears what his future could hold for him if he marries her, he proceeds to take his gifts and runs off. He returns to punish Fluffnums for his ill behavior toward him by kicking him in the rear, making the dog yelp in pain while Porky runs off again, leaving a dazed and confused Petunia behind.",
""
] |
United African Nationalist Movement
-----------------------------------
In 1948 Lawson founded the United African Nationalist Movement (UANM), which lobbied for support for anti\-Imperialist forces and promoted [Pan\-Africanism](/wiki/Pan-Africanism "Pan-Africanism"), in the tradition of Garvey. The UANM sponsored events such as Garvey Day in Harlem, a celebration of Garvey's work at which a "Miss Africa" was crowned.[Brenda Gayle Plummer](/wiki/Brenda_Gayle_Plummer "Brenda Gayle Plummer"), *Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935\-1960*, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996, p.267\.
In 1950 Lawson was imprisoned for breaching the peace when he and other UANM members protested at a local Catholic church over the church's alleged support for Italian imperialism dating back to Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia."Lawson draws 60 Days, 5 other pro\-Afros jailed", *The New York World*, November 11, 1950, p.7 Lawson also regularly used the proximity of the United Nations headquarters to publicize the cause. According to fellow\-activist Ora Mobley\-Sweeting, "having the United Nations right there in New York city offered us the opportunity to approach this international body". Lawson would "set up picket lines at the United Nations, speaking out about African liberation."Biondi, Martha, *To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City*, Harvard University Press, June 30, 2009 pp.280\-1\.
The movement promoted links with independent African nations. In March 1957, the UANM held a dinner at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem for the ambassadors of Sudan, Morocco, and Tunisia, along with an envoy from Libya. The UANM opposed US support for European imperialism, such as supplying helicopters to France for use in the [Algerian war of independence](/wiki/Algerian_war_of_independence "Algerian war of independence"). Lawson believed that Europe and Africa should receive equal U.S. aid and endorsed more open support for anti\-colonial activities. Lawson also wanted to set up a black\-diaspora trading company to replace white\-owned businesses that operated in South American and Caribbean countries.
In the 1959 documentary *[The Hate That Hate Produced](/wiki/The_Hate_That_Hate_Produced "The Hate That Hate Produced")* Lawson's activities were linked to those of the [Nation of Islam](/wiki/Nation_of_Islam "Nation of Islam"), the principal subject of the program, which addressed the rise of "black nationalism" in America. He was asked about his relationship with African leaders of the time, notably [President Nasser](/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser "Gamal Abdel Nasser") of Egypt. According to commentators Rodolfo Torres and Christopher Kyriakides, this aspect of the program "draws public attention to the significant threat that Black Nationalism, as an enemy within, is presumed to pose to American interests in the Middle East".Rodolfo Torres, Christopher Kyriakides *Race Defaced: Paradigms of Pessimism, Politics of Possibility*, Stanford University Press, 2012, p.89\. He was also quizzed about his support for politicians [Adam Clayton Powell Jr.](/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr. "Adam Clayton Powell Jr.") and [Hulan Jack](/wiki/Hulan_Jack "Hulan Jack"). He also defended his links with African leaders; criticized the [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP "NAACP") because of its integrationist ideology and Jewish leadership; and defended a painting depicting [Jesus as a black man](/wiki/Race_of_Jesus "Race of Jesus"), quoting scriptural passages.
In 1961 Lawson stated: "Mere crumbs from the tables of an abundant society have made millions of black men angry. That's why the black nationalist movement is growing and becoming more militant in New York and everywhere else. We believe that our future must be linked with that of our brothers in Africa." After the killing of [Medgar Evers](/wiki/Medgar_Evers "Medgar Evers") in 1963 he stated that black Americans should "arm themselves".
|
[
"United African Nationalist Movement\n-----------------------------------",
"In 1948 Lawson founded the United African Nationalist Movement (UANM), which lobbied for support for anti\\-Imperialist forces and promoted [Pan\\-Africanism](/wiki/Pan-Africanism \"Pan-Africanism\"), in the tradition of Garvey. The UANM sponsored events such as Garvey Day in Harlem, a celebration of Garvey's work at which a \"Miss Africa\" was crowned.[Brenda Gayle Plummer](/wiki/Brenda_Gayle_Plummer \"Brenda Gayle Plummer\"), *Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935\\-1960*, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996, p.267\\.",
"In 1950 Lawson was imprisoned for breaching the peace when he and other UANM members protested at a local Catholic church over the church's alleged support for Italian imperialism dating back to Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia.\"Lawson draws 60 Days, 5 other pro\\-Afros jailed\", *The New York World*, November 11, 1950, p.7 Lawson also regularly used the proximity of the United Nations headquarters to publicize the cause. According to fellow\\-activist Ora Mobley\\-Sweeting, \"having the United Nations right there in New York city offered us the opportunity to approach this international body\". Lawson would \"set up picket lines at the United Nations, speaking out about African liberation.\"Biondi, Martha, *To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City*, Harvard University Press, June 30, 2009 pp.280\\-1\\.",
"The movement promoted links with independent African nations. In March 1957, the UANM held a dinner at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem for the ambassadors of Sudan, Morocco, and Tunisia, along with an envoy from Libya. The UANM opposed US support for European imperialism, such as supplying helicopters to France for use in the [Algerian war of independence](/wiki/Algerian_war_of_independence \"Algerian war of independence\"). Lawson believed that Europe and Africa should receive equal U.S. aid and endorsed more open support for anti\\-colonial activities. Lawson also wanted to set up a black\\-diaspora trading company to replace white\\-owned businesses that operated in South American and Caribbean countries.",
"In the 1959 documentary *[The Hate That Hate Produced](/wiki/The_Hate_That_Hate_Produced \"The Hate That Hate Produced\")* Lawson's activities were linked to those of the [Nation of Islam](/wiki/Nation_of_Islam \"Nation of Islam\"), the principal subject of the program, which addressed the rise of \"black nationalism\" in America. He was asked about his relationship with African leaders of the time, notably [President Nasser](/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser \"Gamal Abdel Nasser\") of Egypt. According to commentators Rodolfo Torres and Christopher Kyriakides, this aspect of the program \"draws public attention to the significant threat that Black Nationalism, as an enemy within, is presumed to pose to American interests in the Middle East\".Rodolfo Torres, Christopher Kyriakides *Race Defaced: Paradigms of Pessimism, Politics of Possibility*, Stanford University Press, 2012, p.89\\. He was also quizzed about his support for politicians [Adam Clayton Powell Jr.](/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr. \"Adam Clayton Powell Jr.\") and [Hulan Jack](/wiki/Hulan_Jack \"Hulan Jack\"). He also defended his links with African leaders; criticized the [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP \"NAACP\") because of its integrationist ideology and Jewish leadership; and defended a painting depicting [Jesus as a black man](/wiki/Race_of_Jesus \"Race of Jesus\"), quoting scriptural passages.",
"In 1961 Lawson stated: \"Mere crumbs from the tables of an abundant society have made millions of black men angry. That's why the black nationalist movement is growing and becoming more militant in New York and everywhere else. We believe that our future must be linked with that of our brothers in Africa.\" After the killing of [Medgar Evers](/wiki/Medgar_Evers \"Medgar Evers\") in 1963 he stated that black Americans should \"arm themselves\".",
""
] |
Career
------
### Juniors
Schneider grew up in the small village of Kronau, Saskatchewan, outside of [Regina](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan "Regina, Saskatchewan"). She and her sister and teammate [Kim](/wiki/Kim_Schneider "Kim Schneider") were the daughters of 1990 [provincial champion](/wiki/SaskTel_Tankard "SaskTel Tankard") lead [Larry Schneider](/wiki/Larry_Schneider_%28curler%29 "Larry Schneider (curler)").
In 1998, Schneider won a silver medal at the Saskatchewan Winter Games. Schneider played in three Saskatchewan junior championships, but never won. In 2003, she was invited to play as the alternate for team Canada at the [2003 World Junior Curling Championships](/wiki/2003_World_Junior_Curling_Championships "2003 World Junior Curling Championships"). Schneider played in just one match, but the team (skipped by [Marliese Miller](/wiki/Marliese_Kasner "Marliese Kasner") won a gold medal. In 2004 and 2005 she would play in the University national championships.
### 2004–2012
After juniors, Schneider played for [Cindy Street](/wiki/Cindy_Street "Cindy Street"), playing in the 2004 and 2005 [women's provincial championship](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). For the 2005/06 season Schneider would leave to play with [Amber Holland](/wiki/Amber_Holland "Amber Holland").
In 2008, the team won their only [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28curling%29 "Grand Slam (curling)") event, the [2008 Players' Championships](/wiki/2008_Players%27_Championships "2008 Players' Championships").
In 2009 the team would earn a spot in the [Canadian Olympic Curling Trials](/wiki/2009_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials "2009 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials"), after defeating [Marie\-France Larouche](/wiki/Marie-France_Larouche "Marie-France Larouche") in the C Qualifier. The team would finish round robin with a 4–3 record, tied for third place. They would lose the second tiebreaker to [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville "Krista McCarville") in an extra end.
Together the team played in their first [Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts") in 2008 and again in 2009\. They would not find success until the [2010 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2010_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2010 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), when they would finally break through and represent Saskatchewan at the [2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2010_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). They would miss the playoffs, finishing with a 6–5 record. The team would repeat as Saskatchewan champions in [2011](/wiki/2011_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2011 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). At the [2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), the team would finish round robin first with a 9–2 and advance to the playoffs. They would lose the 1\-2 game to team Canada, before winning the semi\-final, over team Ontario. In the final, they would again face team Canada ([Jennifer Jones](/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_%28curler%29 "Jennifer Jones (curler)")), and this time would come out victorious, stealing the win in the 10th end, winning the Canadian Championship. This was the first time since [1997](/wiki/1997_Scott_Tournament_of_Hearts "1997 Scott Tournament of Hearts"), that a team from Saskatchewan would win the National Championship. Together the team would win a silver medal at the [2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship](/wiki/2011_Capital_One_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship "2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship").
Returning to the Scotties in [2012](/wiki/2012_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), the team was looking to repeat and win their second Canadian Championship, however they would finish the tournament with a disappointing 6–5 round robin record, failing to reach the playoffs. This was the first time since 2008, Team Canada did not reach the playoffs.
After seven years of playing with her Canadian Championship winning team, Holland announced that she would leave her squad. Holland told her team she wants to go in another direction. [Heather Kalenchuk](/wiki/Heather_Kalenchuk "Heather Kalenchuk") has since decided to step away from the game for a few years, leaving Tammy and her sister [Kim Schneider](/wiki/Kim_Schneider "Kim Schneider") pondering their curling future. This departure by Holland left the four players ineligible for $72,000 worth of federal funding earned from winning the [2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), and they will forfeit their spot earned in the Olympic Curling Pre\-Trials.{{cite web\|last\=McCormick \|first\=Murray \|url\=https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/Team\+Holland\+days\+over\+Former\+Canadian\+women\+curling\+champions\+breaking/6326313/story.html \|title\=Team Hollandâ's days are over: Former Canadian women's curling champions breaking up \|publisher\=Ottawacitizen.com \|date\=2012\-03\-20 \|accessdate\=2012\-05\-18}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Juniors",
"Schneider grew up in the small village of Kronau, Saskatchewan, outside of [Regina](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan \"Regina, Saskatchewan\"). She and her sister and teammate [Kim](/wiki/Kim_Schneider \"Kim Schneider\") were the daughters of 1990 [provincial champion](/wiki/SaskTel_Tankard \"SaskTel Tankard\") lead [Larry Schneider](/wiki/Larry_Schneider_%28curler%29 \"Larry Schneider (curler)\").",
"In 1998, Schneider won a silver medal at the Saskatchewan Winter Games. Schneider played in three Saskatchewan junior championships, but never won. In 2003, she was invited to play as the alternate for team Canada at the [2003 World Junior Curling Championships](/wiki/2003_World_Junior_Curling_Championships \"2003 World Junior Curling Championships\"). Schneider played in just one match, but the team (skipped by [Marliese Miller](/wiki/Marliese_Kasner \"Marliese Kasner\") won a gold medal. In 2004 and 2005 she would play in the University national championships.",
"### 2004–2012",
"After juniors, Schneider played for [Cindy Street](/wiki/Cindy_Street \"Cindy Street\"), playing in the 2004 and 2005 [women's provincial championship](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). For the 2005/06 season Schneider would leave to play with [Amber Holland](/wiki/Amber_Holland \"Amber Holland\").",
"In 2008, the team won their only [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28curling%29 \"Grand Slam (curling)\") event, the [2008 Players' Championships](/wiki/2008_Players%27_Championships \"2008 Players' Championships\").",
"In 2009 the team would earn a spot in the [Canadian Olympic Curling Trials](/wiki/2009_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials \"2009 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials\"), after defeating [Marie\\-France Larouche](/wiki/Marie-France_Larouche \"Marie-France Larouche\") in the C Qualifier. The team would finish round robin with a 4–3 record, tied for third place. They would lose the second tiebreaker to [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville \"Krista McCarville\") in an extra end.",
"Together the team played in their first [Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") in 2008 and again in 2009\\. They would not find success until the [2010 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2010_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2010 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), when they would finally break through and represent Saskatchewan at the [2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2010_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). They would miss the playoffs, finishing with a 6–5 record. The team would repeat as Saskatchewan champions in [2011](/wiki/2011_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2011 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). At the [2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), the team would finish round robin first with a 9–2 and advance to the playoffs. They would lose the 1\\-2 game to team Canada, before winning the semi\\-final, over team Ontario. In the final, they would again face team Canada ([Jennifer Jones](/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_%28curler%29 \"Jennifer Jones (curler)\")), and this time would come out victorious, stealing the win in the 10th end, winning the Canadian Championship. This was the first time since [1997](/wiki/1997_Scott_Tournament_of_Hearts \"1997 Scott Tournament of Hearts\"), that a team from Saskatchewan would win the National Championship. Together the team would win a silver medal at the [2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship](/wiki/2011_Capital_One_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship \"2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship\").",
"Returning to the Scotties in [2012](/wiki/2012_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), the team was looking to repeat and win their second Canadian Championship, however they would finish the tournament with a disappointing 6–5 round robin record, failing to reach the playoffs. This was the first time since 2008, Team Canada did not reach the playoffs.",
"After seven years of playing with her Canadian Championship winning team, Holland announced that she would leave her squad. Holland told her team she wants to go in another direction. [Heather Kalenchuk](/wiki/Heather_Kalenchuk \"Heather Kalenchuk\") has since decided to step away from the game for a few years, leaving Tammy and her sister [Kim Schneider](/wiki/Kim_Schneider \"Kim Schneider\") pondering their curling future. This departure by Holland left the four players ineligible for $72,000 worth of federal funding earned from winning the [2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), and they will forfeit their spot earned in the Olympic Curling Pre\\-Trials.{{cite web\\|last\\=McCormick \\|first\\=Murray \\|url\\=https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/Team\\+Holland\\+days\\+over\\+Former\\+Canadian\\+women\\+curling\\+champions\\+breaking/6326313/story.html \\|title\\=Team Hollandâ's days are over: Former Canadian women's curling champions breaking up \\|publisher\\=Ottawacitizen.com \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-20 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-18}}",
""
] |
### 2004–2012
After juniors, Schneider played for [Cindy Street](/wiki/Cindy_Street "Cindy Street"), playing in the 2004 and 2005 [women's provincial championship](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). For the 2005/06 season Schneider would leave to play with [Amber Holland](/wiki/Amber_Holland "Amber Holland").
In 2008, the team won their only [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28curling%29 "Grand Slam (curling)") event, the [2008 Players' Championships](/wiki/2008_Players%27_Championships "2008 Players' Championships").
In 2009 the team would earn a spot in the [Canadian Olympic Curling Trials](/wiki/2009_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials "2009 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials"), after defeating [Marie\-France Larouche](/wiki/Marie-France_Larouche "Marie-France Larouche") in the C Qualifier. The team would finish round robin with a 4–3 record, tied for third place. They would lose the second tiebreaker to [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville "Krista McCarville") in an extra end.
Together the team played in their first [Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts") in 2008 and again in 2009\. They would not find success until the [2010 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2010_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2010 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), when they would finally break through and represent Saskatchewan at the [2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2010_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). They would miss the playoffs, finishing with a 6–5 record. The team would repeat as Saskatchewan champions in [2011](/wiki/2011_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2011 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). At the [2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), the team would finish round robin first with a 9–2 and advance to the playoffs. They would lose the 1\-2 game to team Canada, before winning the semi\-final, over team Ontario. In the final, they would again face team Canada ([Jennifer Jones](/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_%28curler%29 "Jennifer Jones (curler)")), and this time would come out victorious, stealing the win in the 10th end, winning the Canadian Championship. This was the first time since [1997](/wiki/1997_Scott_Tournament_of_Hearts "1997 Scott Tournament of Hearts"), that a team from Saskatchewan would win the National Championship. Together the team would win a silver medal at the [2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship](/wiki/2011_Capital_One_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship "2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship").
Returning to the Scotties in [2012](/wiki/2012_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), the team was looking to repeat and win their second Canadian Championship, however they would finish the tournament with a disappointing 6–5 round robin record, failing to reach the playoffs. This was the first time since 2008, Team Canada did not reach the playoffs.
After seven years of playing with her Canadian Championship winning team, Holland announced that she would leave her squad. Holland told her team she wants to go in another direction. [Heather Kalenchuk](/wiki/Heather_Kalenchuk "Heather Kalenchuk") has since decided to step away from the game for a few years, leaving Tammy and her sister [Kim Schneider](/wiki/Kim_Schneider "Kim Schneider") pondering their curling future. This departure by Holland left the four players ineligible for $72,000 worth of federal funding earned from winning the [2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), and they will forfeit their spot earned in the Olympic Curling Pre\-Trials.{{cite web\|last\=McCormick \|first\=Murray \|url\=https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/Team\+Holland\+days\+over\+Former\+Canadian\+women\+curling\+champions\+breaking/6326313/story.html \|title\=Team Hollandâ's days are over: Former Canadian women's curling champions breaking up \|publisher\=Ottawacitizen.com \|date\=2012\-03\-20 \|accessdate\=2012\-05\-18}}
|
[
"### 2004–2012",
"After juniors, Schneider played for [Cindy Street](/wiki/Cindy_Street \"Cindy Street\"), playing in the 2004 and 2005 [women's provincial championship](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). For the 2005/06 season Schneider would leave to play with [Amber Holland](/wiki/Amber_Holland \"Amber Holland\").",
"In 2008, the team won their only [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28curling%29 \"Grand Slam (curling)\") event, the [2008 Players' Championships](/wiki/2008_Players%27_Championships \"2008 Players' Championships\").",
"In 2009 the team would earn a spot in the [Canadian Olympic Curling Trials](/wiki/2009_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials \"2009 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials\"), after defeating [Marie\\-France Larouche](/wiki/Marie-France_Larouche \"Marie-France Larouche\") in the C Qualifier. The team would finish round robin with a 4–3 record, tied for third place. They would lose the second tiebreaker to [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville \"Krista McCarville\") in an extra end.",
"Together the team played in their first [Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") in 2008 and again in 2009\\. They would not find success until the [2010 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2010_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2010 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), when they would finally break through and represent Saskatchewan at the [2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2010_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). They would miss the playoffs, finishing with a 6–5 record. The team would repeat as Saskatchewan champions in [2011](/wiki/2011_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2011 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). At the [2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), the team would finish round robin first with a 9–2 and advance to the playoffs. They would lose the 1\\-2 game to team Canada, before winning the semi\\-final, over team Ontario. In the final, they would again face team Canada ([Jennifer Jones](/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_%28curler%29 \"Jennifer Jones (curler)\")), and this time would come out victorious, stealing the win in the 10th end, winning the Canadian Championship. This was the first time since [1997](/wiki/1997_Scott_Tournament_of_Hearts \"1997 Scott Tournament of Hearts\"), that a team from Saskatchewan would win the National Championship. Together the team would win a silver medal at the [2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship](/wiki/2011_Capital_One_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship \"2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship\").",
"Returning to the Scotties in [2012](/wiki/2012_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), the team was looking to repeat and win their second Canadian Championship, however they would finish the tournament with a disappointing 6–5 round robin record, failing to reach the playoffs. This was the first time since 2008, Team Canada did not reach the playoffs.",
"After seven years of playing with her Canadian Championship winning team, Holland announced that she would leave her squad. Holland told her team she wants to go in another direction. [Heather Kalenchuk](/wiki/Heather_Kalenchuk \"Heather Kalenchuk\") has since decided to step away from the game for a few years, leaving Tammy and her sister [Kim Schneider](/wiki/Kim_Schneider \"Kim Schneider\") pondering their curling future. This departure by Holland left the four players ineligible for $72,000 worth of federal funding earned from winning the [2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), and they will forfeit their spot earned in the Olympic Curling Pre\\-Trials.{{cite web\\|last\\=McCormick \\|first\\=Murray \\|url\\=https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/Team\\+Holland\\+days\\+over\\+Former\\+Canadian\\+women\\+curling\\+champions\\+breaking/6326313/story.html \\|title\\=Team Hollandâ's days are over: Former Canadian women's curling champions breaking up \\|publisher\\=Ottawacitizen.com \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-20 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-18}}",
""
] |
United Kingdom and Commonwealth
-------------------------------
### Baron
Life Peers
* [Marshal of the Royal Air Force](/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force "Marshal of the Royal Air Force") Sir [Neil Cameron](/wiki/Neil_Cameron%2C_Baron_Cameron_of_Balhousie "Neil Cameron, Baron Cameron of Balhousie"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=GCB, CBE, DSO, DFC, AE}}, Principal of [King's College, London](/wiki/King%27s_College%2C_London "King's College, London").
* Sir [Derek Ezra](/wiki/Derek_Ezra%2C_Baron_Ezra "Derek Ezra, Baron Ezra"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. Lately Chairman, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board "National Coal Board").
* Sir [Derek George Rayner](/wiki/Derek_Rayner%2C_Baron_Rayner "Derek Rayner, Baron Rayner"), Joint Vice Chairman, [Marks \& Spencer](/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer "Marks & Spencer") plc. Adviser to the Prime Minister on efficiency in Government.
* The Right Honourable [Gordon William Humphreys Douglas Richardson](/wiki/Gordon_Richardson%2C_Baron_Richardson_of_Duntisbourne "Gordon Richardson, Baron Richardson of Duntisbourne"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE, TD}}. [Governor, Bank of England](/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England "Governor of the Bank of England").
### Privy Counsellor
* [John Julian Ganzoni, Baron Belstead](/wiki/John_Ganzoni%2C_2nd_Baron_Belstead "John Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead"). [Minister of State](/wiki/Minister_of_State "Minister of State"), [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office").
* Sir [Ian Percival](/wiki/Ian_Percival "Ian Percival"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC, MP}}, [Solicitor General](/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales "Solicitor General for England and Wales"). Member of Parliament for [Southport](/wiki/Southport_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Southport (UK Parliament constituency)").
* The Honourable [Nicholas Ridley](/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley%2C_Baron_Ridley_of_Liddesdale "Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MP}}. [Financial Secretary to the Treasury](/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury "Financial Secretary to the Treasury"). Member of Parliament for [Cirencester and Tewkesbury](/wiki/Cirencester_and_Tewkesbury_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Cirencester and Tewkesbury (UK Parliament constituency)").
### Knight Bachelor
* [Robert Atkinson](/wiki/Robert_Atkinson_%28businessman%29 "Robert Atkinson (businessman)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSC, RD}}, Chairman, [British Shipbuilders](/wiki/British_Shipbuilders "British Shipbuilders").
* [Brian Harry Bailey](/wiki/Brian_Harry_Bailey "Brian Harry Bailey"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chairman, South West Regional Health Authority.
* The Honourable [John Francis Harcourt Baring](/wiki/John_Baring%2C_7th_Baron_Ashburton "John Baring, 7th Baron Ashburton"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CVO}}, Chairman, [Baring Brothers \& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/Barings_Bank "Barings Bank")
* [Christopher Charles Booth](/wiki/Christopher_Booth "Christopher Booth"), Director, [Medical Research Council](/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)"), Clinical Research Centre.
* [Douglas Denison Brown](/wiki/Douglas_Denison_Brown "Douglas Denison Brown"). For political service.
* [Austin Wyeth Bunch](/wiki/Austin_Wyeth_Bunch "Austin Wyeth Bunch"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Chairman, The [Electricity Council](/wiki/Electricity_Council "Electricity Council").
* [Clifford Charles Butler](/wiki/Clifford_Charles_Butler "Clifford Charles Butler"), [Vice\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor "Vice-Chancellor"), [Loughborough University of Technology](/wiki/Loughborough_University_of_Technology "Loughborough University of Technology"). For services to Science Education.
* [Wilfred Halliday Cockcroft](/wiki/Wilfred_Cockcroft "Wilfred Cockcroft"). For services to Education.
* [Terence Orby Conran](/wiki/Terence_Orby_Conran "Terence Orby Conran"), Chairman, [Habitat](/wiki/Habitat_%28retailer%29 "Habitat (retailer)")/[Mothercare](/wiki/Mothercare "Mothercare") plc.
* [James Carlisle Stormonth Darling](/wiki/James_Carlisle_Stormonth_Darling "James Carlisle Stormonth Darling"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, MC, TD}}, Director, [The National Trust for Scotland](/wiki/The_National_Trust_for_Scotland "The National Trust for Scotland").
* [William Barr McKinnon Duncan](/wiki/William_Barr_McKinnon_Duncan "William Barr McKinnon Duncan"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [Imperial Chemical Industries](/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries "Imperial Chemical Industries") plc.
* [Sidney Alfred William Eburne](/wiki/Sidney_Alfred_William_Eburne "Sidney Alfred William Eburne"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}, Chairman and Senior Crown Agent.
* [Leslie Fletcher](/wiki/Leslie_Fletcher "Leslie Fletcher"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSC}}. For political and public service.
* [Edward Lucas Gardner](/wiki/Edward_Lucas_Gardner "Edward Lucas Gardner"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC, MP}}. For political and public service.
* [John Anthony Grant](/wiki/John_Anthony_Grant "John Anthony Grant"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MP}}. For political and public service.
* [John Peter Grenside](/wiki/John_Peter_Grenside "John Peter Grenside"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Senior Partner, [Peat Marwick Mitchell \& Company](/wiki/Peat_Marwick_Mitchell_%26_Company "Peat Marwick Mitchell & Company").
* [Harold George Hillier](/wiki/Harold_Hillier "Harold Hillier"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For services to horticulture and for charitable services.
* [Michael Murray Hordern](/wiki/Michael_Murray_Hordern "Michael Murray Hordern"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Actor.
* [David William Stennis Stuart Lane](/wiki/David_William_Stennis_Stuart_Lane "David William Stennis Stuart Lane"), lately Chairman, [Commission for Racial Equality](/wiki/Commission_for_Racial_Equality "Commission for Racial Equality").
* [Kenneth Lewis](/wiki/Kenneth_Lewis "Kenneth Lewis"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL, MP}}. For political and public service.
* [Norman Somerville Macfarlane](/wiki/Norman_Somerville_Macfarlane "Norman Somerville Macfarlane"), Chairman and Managing Director, [Macfarlane Group](/wiki/Macfarlane_Group "Macfarlane Group") (Clansman) plc, and for services to industry and the Arts.
* [John David Nunes Nabarro](/wiki/John_David_Nunes_Nabarro "John David Nunes Nabarro"), Chairman of the [Joint Consultants' Committee](/wiki/Joint_Consultants%27_Committee "Joint Consultants' Committee"). Lately Consultant Physician, [Middlesex Hospital](/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital "Middlesex Hospital").
* [Edward Walter Parkes](/wiki/Edward_Parkes "Edward Parkes"), Chairman, [University Grants Committee](/wiki/University_Grants_Committee_%28UK%29 "University Grants Committee (UK)").
* [David Towry Piper](/wiki/David_Towry_Piper "David Towry Piper"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For services to Art.
* [John Michael Pritchard](/wiki/John_Michael_Pritchard "John Michael Pritchard"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Conductor.
* The Right Honourable [Kenneth Robinson](/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_%28British_politician%29 "Kenneth Robinson (British politician)"). For services to the Arts.
* [Dudley Gordon Smith](/wiki/Dudley_Gordon_Smith "Dudley Gordon Smith"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MP}}. For political and public service.
* [Theodore Morris Sugden](/wiki/Theodore_Morris_Sugden "Theodore Morris Sugden"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Master of [Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge](/wiki/Trinity_Hall%2C_Cambridge "Trinity Hall, Cambridge"). Physical Secretary, [The Royal Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Society "The Royal Society").
* [John Meredith Temple](/wiki/John_Meredith_Temple "John Meredith Temple"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For political and public service.
* [Adam Thomson](/wiki/Adam_Thomson_%28businessman%29 "Adam Thomson (businessman)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, [Caledonian Aviation Group plc](/wiki/Caledonian_Airways "Caledonian Airways").
* [Frederick Donald Walters](/wiki/Frederick_Donald_Walters "Frederick Donald Walters"). For political and public service.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* [Raymond Douglas Logan](/wiki/Raymond_Douglas_Logan "Raymond Douglas Logan"). For service to the cattle industry and the community.
State of Western Australia
* [James Alexander McCusker](/wiki/James_McCusker_%28banker%29 "James McCusker (banker)"). For service to building societies.
### Order of the Bath
#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)
Military Division
* Admiral Sir [Arthur Desmond Cassidi](/wiki/Desmond_Cassidi "Desmond Cassidi"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB}}.
* General Sir [Michael Gow](/wiki/Michael_Gow_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Michael Gow (British Army officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, ADC (Gen.)}} (278637\), late [Scots Guards](/wiki/Scots_Guards "Scots Guards"), [Colonel Commandant](/wiki/Colonel_Commandant "Colonel Commandant") [Intelligence Corps](/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)").
* Air Chief Marshal Sir [Peter Terry](/wiki/Peter_Terry "Peter Terry"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, AFC}}, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force").
Civil Division
* Sir [Robert Temple Armstrong](/wiki/Robert_Temple_Armstrong "Robert Temple Armstrong"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, CVO}}, [Secretary of the Cabinet](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Cabinet "Secretary of the Cabinet"). Joint [Head of the Home Civil Service](/wiki/Head_of_the_Home_Civil_Service "Head of the Home Civil Service").
#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
Military Division
* Vice Admiral [Peter Geoffrey Marshall Herbert](/wiki/Peter_Herbert_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Peter Herbert (Royal Navy officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}.
* Vice Admiral [James Edward Campbell Kennon](/wiki/James_Kennon "James Kennon"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}.
* Lieutenant General [Richard Maurice Hilton Vickers](/wiki/Richard_Vickers "Richard Vickers"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO, OBE}}, (400100\), late [The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)](/wiki/The_Blues_and_Royals_%28Royal_Horse_Guards_and_1st_Dragoons%29 "The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)").
* Acting Air Marshal [Peter Robin Harding](/wiki/Peter_Harding_%28RAF_officer%2C_born_1933%29 "Peter Harding (RAF officer, born 1933)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CB}}, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force").
Civil Division
* [John Lewis Jones](/wiki/John_Jones_%28MI5_officer%29 "John Jones (MI5 officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG}}, attached [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)").
* [Michael James Kerry](/wiki/Michael_Kerry "Michael Kerry"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CB}}, [HM Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor](/wiki/Treasury_Solicitor "Treasury Solicitor").
* [Philip John Woodfield](/wiki/Philip_Woodfield "Philip Woodfield"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CB, CBE}}, [Permanent Under\-Secretary of State](/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State "Permanent Under-Secretary of State"), [Northern Ireland Office](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office "Northern Ireland Office").
#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Rear Admiral [David John Mackenzie](/wiki/David_John_Mackenzie "David John Mackenzie").
* Major General [John Frederick Mottram](/wiki/John_Frederick_Mottram "John Frederick Mottram"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO, OBE}}.
* Rear Admiral [Derek O'Hara](/wiki/Derek_O%27Hara "Derek O'Hara").
* Rear Admiral [Trevor Owen Keith Spraggs](/wiki/Trevor_Owen_Keith_Spraggs "Trevor Owen Keith Spraggs").
Army
* Major General [Archibald Cull Birtwistle](/wiki/Archibald_Cull_Birtwistle "Archibald Cull Birtwistle"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, (406347\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals "Royal Corps of Signals").
* The Venerable Archdeacon [William Francis Johnston](/wiki/William_Francis_Johnston "William Francis Johnston"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QHC}}, (459970\), [Royal Army Chaplains' Department](/wiki/Royal_Army_Chaplains%27_Department "Royal Army Chaplains' Department").
* Major General [Lennox Alexander Hawkins Napier](/wiki/Lennox_Napier "Lennox Napier"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, MC}}, (397999\), late [The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)](/wiki/The_Royal_Regiment_of_Wales_%2824th/41st_Foot%29 "The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)"), [Colonel Commandant](/wiki/Colonel_Commandant "Colonel Commandant") [Prince of Wales' Division](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27_Division "Prince of Wales' Division").
* Major General [George Brian Sinclair](/wiki/George_Brian_Sinclair "George Brian Sinclair"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, (376979\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers "Corps of Royal Engineers").
* Major General [Henry Michael Tillotson](/wiki/Henry_Michael_Tillotson "Henry Michael Tillotson"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, (393310\), Colonel [The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own_Regiment_of_Yorkshire "The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire").
* Major General [Anthony John Trythall](/wiki/Anthony_John_Trythall "Anthony John Trythall") (390055\), late [Royal Army Educational Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Educational_Corps "Royal Army Educational Corps").
Royal Air Force
* Air Vice\-Marshal [David Frank Bates](/wiki/David_Frank_Bates "David Frank Bates"), (Retired).
* Air Vice\-Marshal [Joseph Alfred Gilbert](/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_%28RAF_officer%29 "Joseph Gilbert (RAF officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}.
* Air Vice\-Marshal [Anthony Gerald Skingsley](/wiki/Anthony_Skingsley "Anthony Skingsley").
* The Venerable [Herbert James Stuart](/wiki/Herbert_James_Stuart "Herbert James Stuart"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QHC}}.
Civil Division
* Richard Herries Bird, Deputy Secretary, [Department of Education and Science](/wiki/Department_for_Education "Department for Education").
* [John Niall Henderson Blelloch](/wiki/John_Blelloch "John Blelloch"), Deputy Secretary, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)").
* John Caines, Deputy Secretary, [Department of Trade](/wiki/Department_of_Trade "Department of Trade").
* David Cunningham, Solicitor to the Secretary of State for Scotland.
* Ian Leonard Davies, Director, [Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment](/wiki/Admiralty_Underwater_Weapons_Establishment "Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment"), Ministry of Defence.
* [Anthony Noble Frankland](/wiki/Noble_Frankland "Noble Frankland"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, DFC}}, lately Director, [The Imperial War Museum](/wiki/The_Imperial_War_Museum "The Imperial War Museum").
* Charles Freedman, Under Secretary, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise "Board of Customs and Excise").
* [Peter Lewis Gregson](/wiki/Peter_Gregson_%28civil_servant%29 "Peter Gregson (civil servant)"), Deputy Secretary, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office").
* John Ferguson Irvine, Permanent Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"), Northern Ireland.
* Kenneth Linsdell, Under Secretary, Department of the Environment.
* [Andrew Gordon Manzie](/wiki/Gordon_Manzie "Gordon Manzie"), Deputy Secretary, [Department of Industry](/wiki/Department_of_Industry "Department of Industry").
* Peter Marchmont, Principal Assistant Solicitor, [Department of Transport](/wiki/Department_for_Transport "Department for Transport").
* James Nursaw, Legal Secretary, Law Officers' Department.
* Philip Redfern, Deputy Director, [Office of Population Censuses and Surveys](/wiki/Office_of_Population_Censuses_and_Surveys "Office of Population Censuses and Surveys").
* Colonel Robert Charles Townsend Sivewright, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, DL}}, Vice\-Chairman, Council of [Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Associations](/wiki/Territorial_Auxiliary_and_Volunteer_Reserve_Association "Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association").
* Walter Gordon Mason Williams, Deputy Chief Valuer, Board of [Inland Revenue](/wiki/Inland_Revenue "Inland Revenue").
### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
* Sir [Edward Youde](/wiki/Edward_Youde "Edward Youde"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCMG, MBE}}, [Governor and Commander\-in\-Chief, Hong Kong](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong "Governor of Hong Kong").
#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
* The Right Honourable [Thomas Edward, Baron Bridges](/wiki/Thomas_Bridges%2C_2nd_Baron_Bridges "Thomas Bridges, 2nd Baron Bridges"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG}}, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office").
* [Kenneth Cavendish Christofas](/wiki/Kenneth_Cavendish_Christofas "Kenneth Cavendish Christofas"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG, MBE}}, lately Director\-General, [Secretariat Council](/wiki/Secretariat_Council "Secretariat Council"), European Community, Brussels.
* [George William Harding](/wiki/George_William_Harding "George William Harding"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG, CVO}}, [H.M. Ambassador, Brasilia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Brazil "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Brazil").
* [Peter Harold Reginald Marshall](/wiki/Peter_Harold_Reginald_Marshall "Peter Harold Reginald Marshall"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG}}, [United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the Office of the United Nations, Geneva](/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_United_Nations_in_Geneva "List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the United Nations in Geneva").
* [Robert Lucian Wade\-Gery](/wiki/Robert_Wade-Gery "Robert Wade-Gery"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG}}, [British High Commissioner, New Delhi](/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_India "List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to India").
#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
* William Atherton Dodd, Chief Education Adviser, [Overseas Development Administration](/wiki/Overseas_Development_Administration "Overseas Development Administration").
* Kenneth Peter Jeffs, Director General (Marketing), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)").
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* [Roger John Carrick](/wiki/Roger_Carrick "Roger Carrick"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO}}, lately Counsellor, HM Embassy, Washington.
* Dr. Ronald Ian Talbot Cromartie, [Leader of the United Kingdom Delegation to the Committee on Disarmament, Geneva](/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_Conference_on_Disarmament "List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the Conference on Disarmament").
* [Stanley Frederick St. Clare Duncan](/wiki/Stanley_Duncan "Stanley Duncan"), [HM Ambassador, La Paz](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Bolivia "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia").
* [Marrack Irvine Goulding](/wiki/Marrack_Irvine_Goulding "Marrack Irvine Goulding"), Counsellor, [United Kingdom Mission to the United Nations](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Mission_to_the_United_Nations "United Kingdom Mission to the United Nations"), New York.
* Thomas Nivison Haining, lately [HM Ambassador, Ulan Bator](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Mongolia "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Mongolia").
* David Neil Lane, [British High Commissioner, Port of Spain](/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Trinidad_and_Tobago "List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Trinidad and Tobago").
* Christopher Duncan Lush, [United Kingdom Permanent Representative\-designate to the Council of Europe, Strasbourg](/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_Council_of_Europe "List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the Council of Europe").
* [Colin Hugh Verel McColl](/wiki/Colin_McColl "Colin McColl"), [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office").
* John Adam Robson, [HM Ambassador, Bogotá](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Colombia "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Colombia").
* John Anthony Sankey, [British High Commissioner, Dar es Salaam](/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Tanzania "List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Tanzania").
* Alfred Murray Simons, Head of the United Kingdom Delegation to the [Negotiations on the Mutual Reduction of Forces, Vienna](/wiki/Mutual_and_Balanced_Force_Reductions "Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions").
* Charles William Wallace, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CVO}}, [HM Ambassador, Lima](/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Peru "List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Peru").
Australian States
State of South Australia
* Reverend [Ian Bowe Tanner](/wiki/Ian_B._Tanner "Ian B. Tanner"). For service to the Church.
### Royal Victorian Order
#### Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
* The Right Honourable Sir [Philip Brian Cecil Moore](/wiki/Philip_Brian_Cecil_Moore "Philip Brian Cecil Moore"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, KCVO, CMG}}.
#### Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)
* Lieutenant Colonel [Alexander Colin Cole](/wiki/Alexander_Colin_Cole "Alexander Colin Cole"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CVO, TD}}.
#### Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
* The Right Honourable [Virginia Fortune, Countess of Airlie](/wiki/Virginia_Ogilvy%2C_Countess_of_Airlie "Virginia Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie").
* Michael Barclay Mavor.
* James Graham Urquhart.
* [Fulke Thomas Tyndall Walwyn](/wiki/Fulke_Walwyn "Fulke Walwyn").
* [Clive Anthony Whitmore](/wiki/Clive_Whitmore "Clive Whitmore").
#### Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
{{smaller\|''At this time the two lowest classes of the Royal Victorian Order were "Member (fourth class)" and "Member (fifth class)", both with \[\[post\-nominal letters]] MVO. "Member (fourth class)" was renamed "Lieutenant" (LVO) from the 1985 New Year Honours onwards.''}}
Fourth Class
* David Robert Collinson.
* John Martin Gregory.
* Wing Commander Eric Thomson Inglis King, Royal Air Force.
* Mary Carew Pole.
* Philip Henry Parkyns Shaw.
* Austin Denham Smith.
* Surgeon Commander David Leslie Swain, Royal Navy.
* James Douglas Thomas.
* Lieutenant Colonel [Blair Aubyn Stewart\-Wilson](/wiki/Blair_Aubyn_Stewart-Wilson "Blair Aubyn Stewart-Wilson"), Scots Guards.
Fifth Class
* Mavis Sylvia Eireen Belsey.
* Edward Archdale Candy.
* Richard James William Edwards.
* Dorothea Mary Patricia Malley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}.
* Frederick Lionel Quinby.
* Warrant Officer Bryan Keith Rawnsley (D1920363\), Royal Air Force.
* Edward Arthur Sibbick, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}.
* Major Ernest Smith.
* Michael James Robert Stroud.
* Muriel Wood.
#### Medal of the Royal Victorian Order (RVM)
In Gold
* Charles Alexander Candy, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RVM}}.
In Silver
* Montague Wallace Christopher.
* C4266189 Chief Technician Roger John Church, Royal Air Force.
* John Collings.
* Edward George Fancourt.
* Police Constable Roger Stanton Grigson, Metropolitan Police.
* Police Constable Peter Richard Howard, Metropolitan Police.
* Edmund Ambrose Lucas.
* E4253008 Chief Technician Martyn John Meredith, Royal Air Force.
* Marine Ronald George Steele, Royal Marines, P021867R.
* Maria June Tawse Webster.
Bar to the RVM in Silver
* Gladys Bell, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RVM}}.
### Order of the British Empire
#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Civil Division
* The Most Honourable [Elizabeth Shirley Vaughan, Marchioness of Anglesey](/wiki/Shirley_Paget%2C_Marchioness_of_Anglesey "Shirley Paget, Marchioness of Anglesey"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For public service.
* [Olga Nikolaevna Uvarov](/wiki/Olga_Uvarov "Olga Uvarov"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For services to veterinary medicine.
#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
Civil Division
* [David Arthur Roberts](/wiki/David_Roberts_%28diplomat%29 "David Roberts (diplomat)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG, CVO}}, [HM Ambassador, Beirut](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Lebanon "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Lebanon").
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Captain [Brian Thomas Brown](/wiki/Brian_Brown_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Brian Brown (Royal Navy officer)").
* Matron\-in\-Chief [Margaret Elizabeth Collins](/wiki/Margaret_Elizabeth_Collins "Margaret Elizabeth Collins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=RRC, QHNS}}, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service "Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service").
* Commodore [Robert Cameron Hastie](/wiki/Robert_Cameron_Hastie "Robert Cameron Hastie"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD, DL}}, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve "Royal Naval Reserve").
* Captain James Trevor Lord.
Army
* Colonel Colin Edward George Carrington (445814\), late [Royal Corps of Transport](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Transport "Royal Corps of Transport").
* Brigadier Godfrey John Curl (381805\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals "Royal Corps of Signals") (now R.A.R.O.).
* Brigadier [Peter Edgar de la Cour de la Billière](/wiki/Peter_de_la_Billi%C3%A8re "Peter de la Billière"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSO, MC}}, (424859\), late [The Light Infantry](/wiki/The_Light_Infantry "The Light Infantry").
* Colonel John Graham Evans, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (420391\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers "Corps of Royal Engineers"), [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Reserve (United Kingdom)").
* Brigadier Ronald Edward Lewis Jenkins, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ADC}}, (393710\), late Royal Corps of Transport.
* Brigadier Donald Jolliffe London, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, ADC}}, (364097\), late Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Brigadier Douglas Stuart Paton, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE, QHP}}, (424915\), late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal Army Medical Corps").
* Colonel Nigel Maxwell Still (455626\), late [17th/21st Lancers](/wiki/17th/21st_Lancers "17th/21st Lancers").
Royal Air Force
* Air Commodore Peter Gibbs Peacock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}.
* Group Captain Allan Baillie Blackley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFC}}.
* Group Captain Kenneth George Hunter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}.
* Group Captain Andrew Lyle Roberts, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFC}}.
Civil Division
* Richard Borlase Adams, Chief Executive, [Peninsular \& Oriental Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Peninsular_%26_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company "Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company").
* David Percival Bethel, Director, [Leicester Polytechnic](/wiki/Leicester_Polytechnic "Leicester Polytechnic").
* Professor [Peter Gilroy Bevan](/wiki/Peter_Gilroy_Bevan "Peter Gilroy Bevan"), Consultant Surgeon, [Dudley Road Hospital](/wiki/Dudley_Road_Hospital "Dudley Road Hospital"), West Birmingham Health Authority.
* John Alexander Black, Chairman, Solihull Health Authority.
* Professor [Derek William Bowett](/wiki/Derek_Bowett "Derek Bowett"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}. For services to International Law.
* John Goodwin Campbell, Vice President, Machine Tool Trades Association. For services to Export.
* David Macbeth Moir Carey, lately Legal Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
* Janet Inglis Dick Chalmers. For political service.
* Geoffrey Charles Chouffot, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)").
* James Robertson Cowan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board "National Coal Board").
* James Crooks, Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, [University of Dundee](/wiki/University_of_Dundee "University of Dundee").
* Geoffrey Robert Crosby, lately Director of Professional and Executive Recruitment, [Department of Employment](/wiki/Department_of_Employment "Department of Employment").
* John Alan Cumming, Chairman, The [Building Societies Association](/wiki/Building_Societies_Association "Building Societies Association").
* [Lionel Frederick Dakers](/wiki/Lionel_Frederick_Dakers "Lionel Frederick Dakers"), Director, The [Royal School of Church Music](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Church_Music "Royal School of Church Music").
* Leonard Hurworth Dale, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chairman and Managing Director, Dale Electric International plc. For services to Export.
* [Donald Watts Davies](/wiki/Donald_Watts_Davies "Donald Watts Davies"), Deputy Chief Scientific Officer, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)").
* Roy Dennis Downham, lately Director of Finance, [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority "Independent Broadcasting Authority").
* Martin Robert Draper, lately Registrar, [General Medical Council](/wiki/General_Medical_Council "General Medical Council").
* [Philip Dunleavy](/wiki/Philip_Dunleavy "Philip Dunleavy"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For services to local government in [South Glamorgan](/wiki/South_Glamorgan "South Glamorgan").
* Danilo Anthony Alexander Fagandini, Chairman, Specialised Organics Sector Working Party.
* James Bernard Fitzpatrick, Managing Director and Chief Executive, [Mersey Docks and Harbour Company](/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Company "Mersey Docks and Harbour Company").
* [Albert Edward Frost](/wiki/Albert_Frost "Albert Frost"), for services to Industry and the Arts.
* Winnie Frost, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, (Mrs. Brothwood), Chairman, Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee.
* John Glendinning, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office "Scottish Office").
* Peter Goodall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, Hepworth Ceramic Holdings plc. For services to Export.
* John Everard Grandidge, Chairman and Managing Director, [Negretti \& Zambra](/wiki/Negretti_%26_Zambra "Negretti & Zambra") (Aviation) Ltd.
* Geoffrey Samuel Grantham, Chairman, [Potato Marketing Board](/wiki/Potato_Marketing_Board "Potato Marketing Board").
* Denis Everett Gray, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chairman, Central Council of Magistrates' Courts' Committees.
* Francis Gerard Guckian, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Chairman, Western Health and Social Services Board.
* David Hall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police "Humberside Police").
* [Eric Walter Handley](/wiki/Eric_Handley "Eric Handley"), [Professor of Greek, University College, London](/wiki/Professor_of_Greek_%28University_College_London%29 "Professor of Greek (University College London)").
* [(Charles) Jeremy Mawdesley Hardie](/wiki/Jeremy_Hardie "Jeremy Hardie"), lately Deputy Chairman, [Monopolies and Mergers Commission](/wiki/Monopolies_and_Mergers_Commission "Monopolies and Mergers Commission").
* William Harding, for political and public service.
* Robert Paschal Harries, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Chief Executive, [Wiltshire County Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_County_Council "Wiltshire County Council").
* Leonard John Hayward, Consultant, [Department of Health and Social Security](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security "Department of Health and Social Security").
* Roy Kenneth Leonard Hill, Chairman, [South West Water](/wiki/South_West_Water "South West Water") Authority.
* [Alun Hoddinott](/wiki/Alun_Hoddinott "Alun Hoddinott"), Professor of Music, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff "University College, Cardiff").
* [Richard Gordon Holme](/wiki/Richard_Holme%2C_Baron_Holme_of_Cheltenham "Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham"), for political and public service.
* Professor [John Theodore Houghton](/wiki/John_Theodore_Houghton "John Theodore Houghton"), Director, Appleton, [Science and Engineering Research Council](/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council "Science and Engineering Research Council").
* John Morrison Hunter, Master (Bankruptcy), [Supreme Court of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Northern_Ireland "Supreme Court of Northern Ireland").
* Michael William Ivens, for political and public service.
* John Derek Ivins, Professor of Agriculture, [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham "University of Nottingham").
* Edward Oliver Jackson, Assistant Solicitor, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue "Board of Inland Revenue").
* John Knowelden, Professor of Community Medicine, [University of Sheffield](/wiki/University_of_Sheffield "University of Sheffield").
* Richard James Knowlton, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Firemaster, [Strathclyde Fire Brigade](/wiki/Strathclyde_Fire_Brigade "Strathclyde Fire Brigade").
* John Bathgate Knox, Chairman, Tayside Area Health Board.
* [Ralph Koltai](/wiki/Ralph_Koltai "Ralph Koltai"), Theatrical Designer.
* Henry Justus Kroch, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, AB Electronic Products Group plc.
* John Trend Lacy, for political service.
* Professor [László Lajtha](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lajtha_%28scientist%29 "László Lajtha (scientist)"), Director, Paterson Laboratories, [Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute](/wiki/The_Christie_NHS_Foundation_Trust "The Christie NHS Foundation Trust"), Manchester.
* John Patrick Grosvenor Lawrence, for political service.
* [Richard Maitland Laws](/wiki/Richard_Maitland_Laws "Richard Maitland Laws"), Director, [British Antarctic Survey](/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey "British Antarctic Survey").
* [George Ronald Lewin](/wiki/Ronald_Lewin "Ronald Lewin"), Military Historian.
* David Walter Llewellyn, Chairman, Building Regulations Advisory Committee.
* Brian Beynon Lloyd, Chairman, Health Education Council.
* Alan Frederick Longworth, Assistant Secretary, [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Food_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)").
* Professor [Philip Noel Love](/wiki/Philip_Noel_Love "Philip Noel Love"), lately President, [The Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/The_Law_Society_of_Scotland "The Law Society of Scotland").
* John Roger Lovill, Chairman, Local Authorities Conditions of Service Advisory Board.
* [Ian McColl](/wiki/Ian_McColl_%28journalist%29 "Ian McColl (journalist)"), lately Chairman, Scottish Express Newspapers.
* Sir [Nevil John Wilfred MacReady](/wiki/Sir_Nevil_Macready%2C_3rd_Baronet "Sir Nevil Macready, 3rd Baronet"),{{post\-nominals\|list\=Bt.}}, Managing Director, [Mobil Oil Co. Ltd](/wiki/Mobil "Mobil").
* [(Francis) George Mann](/wiki/George_Mann_%28cricketer%29 "George Mann (cricketer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSO, MC}}, Chairman, [Test and County Cricket Board](/wiki/Test_and_County_Cricket_Board "Test and County Cricket Board").
* [Jonathan Wolfe Miller](/wiki/Jonathan_Wolfe_Miller "Jonathan Wolfe Miller"), Actor, Author and Director.
* Alan George Newton, Company Engineering Director, [Rolls\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd "Rolls-Royce Ltd").
* Roy Charles Niles, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}. For political and public service.
* [Patrick John Nuttgens](/wiki/Patrick_Nuttgens "Patrick Nuttgens"), Director, [Leeds Polytechnic](/wiki/Leeds_Polytechnic "Leeds Polytechnic").
* Roy Chalice Orford, Managing Director, International Military Services Ltd. For services to Export.
* Ion Hunter Touchet Garnett\-Orme, Chairman, [St. Dunstan's](/wiki/Blind_Veterans_UK "Blind Veterans UK").
* Norman Sidney Francis Palmer, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DFC}}, Assistant Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs").
* William Alexander Palmer, Chairman, Flour Milling and Baking Research Association.
* Colonel Christopher Matthew Peterson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For political and public service.
* [David Terence Puttnam](/wiki/David_Terence_Puttnam "David Terence Puttnam"), Film Producer.
* Patrick Vaughan Radford, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, TD}}. For political service.
* James Deans Rankin, Chief Inspector, Cruelty to Animals Act Inspectorate, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office").
* Anne Theresa, Lady Ricketts, Chairman, National Association of [Citizens' Advice Bureaux](/wiki/Citizens%27_Advice_Bureau "Citizens' Advice Bureau").
* James Ring, Professor of Physics, [Imperial College of Science and Technology](/wiki/Imperial_College_of_Science_and_Technology "Imperial College of Science and Technology").
* Clifford Alan Rose, Member, [British Railways Board](/wiki/British_Railways_Board "British Railways Board").
* Hutchinson Burt Sneddon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For public service in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland").
* Ronald James South, Principal, The [City Literary Institute](/wiki/City_Literary_Institute "City Literary Institute").
* Nora MacLaren Spensley. For political service.
* Professor [Robert Walter Steel](/wiki/Robert_Walter_Steel "Robert Walter Steel"), lately Principal, [University College of Swansea](/wiki/University_College_of_Swansea "University College of Swansea").
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Robert Christie Stewart, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Chairman, East of Scotland College of Agriculture.
* John Tatlock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Managing Director, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd "British Nuclear Fuels Ltd").
* Captain Laurence William Howson Taylor, Royal Navy (Retd.), lately Director of Marine Services (Naval), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)").
* Alfred Caleb Victor Telling. For political service.
* George Frederick Thomason, Professor of Industrial Relations, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff "University College, Cardiff").
* Jack Vennart, lately Director, Medical Research Council Radiobiology Unit, Harwell.
* John Kenneth Warburton, Director, Birmingham Chamber of Industry and Commerce. For services to Export.
* Bronson Patricia Rose Ward, Director, [Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education](/wiki/Crewe_and_Alsager_College_of_Higher_Education "Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education"), Cheshire.
* [Michael Phelps Ward](/wiki/Michael_Ward_%28mountaineer%29 "Michael Ward (mountaineer)"). For services to Mountaineering.
* Roy William Watson, Director General, [National Farmers' Union](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales "National Farmers' Union of England and Wales").
* Thomas Weatherby, Chairman, Textiles and other Manufactures Research and Development Requirements Board.
* Eric Frederick Webster, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Assistant Secretary, Paymaster General's Office.
* Professor [John Edward Clement Twarowski White](/wiki/John_White_%28art_historian%29 "John White (art historian)"), lately Chairman, [Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art](/wiki/Reviewing_Committee_on_the_Export_of_Works_of_Art "Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art").
* Stuart Leonard Whiteley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Suffolk Constabulary](/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary "Suffolk Constabulary").
* John Charles Willmott, Professor of Physics and Director of the Physical Laboratories, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester").
* [Ian Clark Wood](/wiki/Ian_Wood_%28businessman%29 "Ian Wood (businessman)"), Chairman and Managing Director, [John Wood Group plc](/wiki/Wood_Group "Wood Group").
* Professor [George Peter Youngman](/wiki/George_Peter_Youngman "George Peter Youngman"), Landscape Architect.
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Joseph Anthony Barnett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Representative, British Council, Brazil.
* Maurice Bryan Eaden, HM Consul\-General, Amsterdam.
* John Linden Lee. For services to British commercial interests in Australia.
* [Donald Poon\-huai Liao](/wiki/Donald_Liao "Donald Liao"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Secretary for Housing, Hong Kong.
* Myles Falkiner Minchin, lately Chief of Secretariat Services Division, United Nations Organisation, New York.
* William Stewart Stewart. For services to British interests in Kuwait.
* [Alex Shu\-chin Wu](/wiki/Alex_Wu "Alex Wu"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For public services in Hong Kong.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* John Thomas Delaney. For service to racing.
* William Edward Meynink. For service to the grazing industry.
State of South Australia
* William Faulding Scammell. For service to the pharmaceutical industry and the community.
State of Tasmania
* [Eric William Beattie](/wiki/Bill_Beattie_%28Australian_politician%29 "Bill Beattie (Australian politician)"). For political and community service.
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Commander (Acting Captain) Albert Eric Allen.
* Commander Norman Alastair Bourne Anson.
* Commander Christopher Ellis Baker.
* Commander Richard John Campbell.
* Surgeon Commander Charles William Chapman.
* Commander Geoffrey Stuart Cryer.
* Commander Ralph Edwin Hoskin.
* Commander Eric Marshall.
* Commander Mesod Isaac Massias, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Major Timothy Aleyne Sanders, Royal Marines.
* Chief Officer Olive Valerie Thomas, Women's Royal Naval Service.
Army
* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Edward Colligan (485617\), Royal Horse Artillery.
* Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Cowan (474845\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Lieutenant Colonel (Ordnance Executive Officer) Ronald Leslie Davies (482351\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps (now R.A.R.O.).
* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Elsie Joyce Edwards (483715\), Women's Royal Army Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Charles Vivian Hunt, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (474169\), The Royal Yeomanry, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel David Thomas Kinnear (459986\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Lieutenant Colonel Graham Malcolm Longdon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (459291\), The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire.
* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) David Falcon Mallam, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (455060\), Army Air Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Edward William Martin (467600\), The Parachute Regiment.
* Lieutenant Colonel Colin Newby (470441\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel John Rayner James Nicholls (437130\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Joseph Mary O'Dea (449023\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Christopher Sherry, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (462723\), Royal Army Educational Corps.
* Acting Colonel Stanley Hume Sobey (452833\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Acting Lieutenant Colonel Clifford Eric Taber (395571\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel [Christopher Brooke Quentin Wallace](/wiki/Christopher_Wallace_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Christopher Wallace (British Army officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (472644\), The Royal Green Jackets.
* Lieutenant Colonel George Somerville Welch, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (489723\), Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) [John Finlay Willasey Wilsey](/wiki/John_Wilsey "John Wilsey"), (461522\), The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.
Royal Air Force
* Acting Group Captain Philip Gathorne Gibson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (660230\), [RAF Regiment](/wiki/RAF_Regiment "RAF Regiment").
* Wing Commander Robin Chambers (3514359\).
* Wing Commander Simon John Coy (608528\).
* Wing Commander Geoffrey Eaton Culpitt (4158653\).
* Wing Commander (now Group Captain) Sidney Albert Edwards (607641\).
* Wing Commander John Gerald Lumsden (608160\).
* Wing Commander Brian John Marks (5020376\).
* Wing Commander Robert Peter O'Brien (608178\).
* Wing Commander John David O'Dwyer\-Russell (2461166\), RAF Regiment.
* Wing Commander Ronald Anthony Slade (2557583\), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/RAFVR%28T%29 "RAFVR(T)").
* Squadron Leader Ronald William Haddow, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFM}}, (4149473\).
Civil Division
* Janet Muir Addison. For political service.
* [John Bernard Ainslie](/wiki/Jack_Ainslie "Jack Ainslie"). For political and public service.*[The London Gazette](/wiki/The_London_Gazette "The London Gazette")*, Issue 49212 (Supplement), 30 December 1982, [p. 9](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49212/supplement/9)
* William Lauchlan Armstrong, Deputy Director and Secretary, Scottish Engineering Employers' Association.
* Clifford Ashall, lately Assistant Director, [Centre for Overseas Pest Research](/wiki/Anti-Locust_Research_Centre "Anti-Locust Research Centre"), Overseas Development Administration.
* William Gordon Ayling, Secretary, Argyll and Clyde Health Board.
* Anthony Granville Babbage, Director of Housing, London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.
* Noel Ernest Barker. For political service.
* Captain Arthur Henry Barton, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, Northern Ireland UNESCO Committee.
* Commander Peter Bryan Beazley, Royal Navy (Retd.), Naval Assistant to Hydrographer, Ministry of Defence.
* Arnold Heyworth Beckett, Professor of Pharmacy, [Chelsea College, University of London](/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology "Chelsea College of Science and Technology").
* Alan Abraham Benjamin, Director of Communications, CAP Group Ltd. For services to Export.
* Geoffrey John Bennett, Deputy Managing Director, Racal Tacticom Ltd. For services to Export.
* Rodney Hewson Bennett. For services to the community in Hereford and Worcester.
* [Marcus Hugh Crofton Binney](/wiki/Marcus_Binney "Marcus Binney"). For services to Building Conservation.
* James Davidson Boyd, lately Curator, Dundee Museums and Art Galleries.
* Elizabeth Johnston Eccles Bradley, Chairman, Rochdale Family Practitioner Committee.
* Muriel Brain, General Secretary, National Federation of the Blind of the United Kingdom.
* Geoffrey Broome, Chief Executive, Hops Marketing Board Ltd.
* Harry Gwynne Brown, lately Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.
* John Burnip Browning, lately Headmaster, Heartsease Comprehensive School, Norwich.
* Thomas Bryans, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chief General Manager, Trustee Savings Bank Central Board.
* [Thomas Ferrier Burns](/wiki/Thomas_Ferrier_Burns "Thomas Ferrier Burns"), lately Editor, *[The Tablet](/wiki/The_Tablet "The Tablet")*.
* John Graham Butlin, Director, Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association.
* David Charles Butts, Governor, [Scottish Council for Educational Technology](/wiki/Scottish_Council_for_Educational_Technology "Scottish Council for Educational Technology").
* [Max Bygraves](/wiki/Max_Bygraves "Max Bygraves") (Walter William Bygraves), Entertainer.
* William Arthur Cadman. For services to Wildlife Conservation.
* Professor Thomas Francis Carbery, Deputy Chairman, Scottish Consumer Council.
* Albert Kenneth Carsley, Lately Headmaster, Bexton County Junior School, Knutsford, Cheshire.
* [William Fisher Hunter Carson](/wiki/Willie_Carson "Willie Carson"). For services to Horse Racing.
* Angela Heathcote Clarke. For political service.
* Eric James Cockell, lately Chief Auditor, Exchequer and Audit Department.
* Commander Francis William Collins, Royal Navy (Retd.). For services to Sport, particularly the Torch Trophy Trust.
* John Augustine Collins, Director of Manufacturing Technology, Domestic Appliance Division, [TI Group](/wiki/TI_Group "TI Group") plc.
* David Henry Conville, Managing and Artistic Director, [Open Air Theatre, Regents Park](/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_Open_Air_Theatre "Regent's Park Open Air Theatre").
* Cyril Edwin Cox, Reader in Education, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education "UCL Institute of Education").
* Jeanne Margaret Currie, Secretary, [Association of Educational Psychologists](/wiki/Association_of_Educational_Psychologists "Association of Educational Psychologists").
* Joseph David. For services to the [British Standards Institution](/wiki/British_Standards_Institution "British Standards Institution").
* David Tom Davies, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MM}}. For services to local government in Dyfed.
* Robert Davis, Deputy Chairman, Central Arbitration Committee, General Workers' Group, [Transport and General Workers' Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union "Transport and General Workers' Union").
* Robin Henry Day, Design Consultant, Hille International Ltd.
* Captain Stanley Wilson Dean, lately Captain and Commodore of Fleet, Shell Tankers (UK) Ltd.
* William Henry Deane, Superintending Planning Officer, Department of the Environment.
* Denis Aufrere Stanley de Freitas, Chairman, British Copyright Council.
* David Dick, Chairman, Fire Services Examination Board (Scotland).
* Professor [Kenneth William Donald](/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald "Kenneth William Donald"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSC}}. For services to underwater safety.
* William Anderson Donaldson, Professor and Head of Department of Operational Research, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde "University of Strathclyde").
* Pamela Elwes Dunbar. For political service.
* [Gerald Malcolm Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Malcolm_Durrell "Gerald Malcolm Durrell"), Director, [Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust](/wiki/Jersey_Wildlife_Preservation_Trust "Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust").
* David Ernest Evans. For political service.
* William Geraint Evans, Assistant Editor, [The Royal Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Society "The Royal Society").
* Tom William Fisher, District Nursing Officer, Tameside and Glossop Health Authority.
* David Jocelyn Fishlock, Science Editor, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*.
* Patrick Joseph Flynn, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, lately Deputy Assistant Commissioner, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police "Metropolitan Police").
* Lilian Joan Mary Fox, Principal Establishment Officer, London H.Q. [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority "UK Atomic Energy Authority").
* Margaret Louise Fry. For political service.
* Gilbert Theodore Fuge, Managing Director, Prismo Universal Ltd.
* David Gilbert Geach, Principal, Department of Trade.
* Frank Dale Gibson. For political and public service.
* Kenneth Alan Gilbert, Managing Director, Geevor Tin Mines plc.
* Ronald Crispin Gill, lately Editor, *[The Countryman](/wiki/Countryman_%28magazine%29 "Countryman (magazine)")*.
* Kelvin Glendenning, Leader, Corby District Council.
* John Laurence Gould, Chairman, Laurence Gould and Co. Ltd., ULG Consultants Ltd.
* Beatrice Mary, Lady Graham. For services to disabled people in North Yorkshire.
* [Winston Mawdsley Graham](/wiki/Winston_Graham "Winston Graham"), Writer.
* George David Grant, Chief Executive, Nithsdale District Council.
* Francis Charles Graves, Senior Partner, Francis C. Graves \& Partners.
* Major Geoffrey Carne Green, lately Leader, Brentwood District Council.
* Jacob Gwyn Griffiths, Farmer, Knelston, Gower. For services to agriculture in Wales.
* David Latham Grundy, Technical Director, Integrated Circuits Group, Ferranti Electronics Ltd.
* Frank Gerald Haigh, Assistant Chief Probation Officer, West Yorkshire Probation and After\-Care Service.
* Dennis Hale, Deputy Chief Engineer (Transport), Metropolitan Police.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Henry Robert Hall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For services to the Scout Association in Jersey.
* Brian Thomas Harris, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}, [Clerk to the Justices](/wiki/Justices%27_clerk "Justices' clerk"), Poole, Dorset.
* Frederick Charles Harris, Counselling Adviser, West Midlands Small Firms Service.
* Walter Basil Hatcher. For political and public service.
* George Hayes, Director, South Yorkshire Area, National Coal Board.
* Terence Thompstone Henshaw, Group Electrical and Energy Engineer, Amey Roadstone Corporation.
* Kenneth Charles Henry Herring, lately Divisional Director (Industrial/Consumer), Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd.
* Geoffrey Graham Hilditch, General Manager, [Leicester City Transport](/wiki/First_Leicester "First Leicester").
* Richard Desmond Hill. For services to Rowing.
* Eric Hoggarth. For services to the Science and Engineering Research Council.
* Victor Leonard Holt, lately Senior Principal, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Daniel Horrocks, Chairman, Broseley Estates Ltd.
* Andrew Beatty Houstoun, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, DL}}, lately Convener, Scottish Landowners' Federation.
* Ronald Charles Howell, General Secretary, The Rainer Foundation; Director, The Intermediate Treatment Fund.
* Anne Luise Hunter, Clinical Assistant (Neurology), South West Surrey Health District.
* Thomas Munro Hunter, Secretary, Church of Scotland Committee on Chaplains to HM Forces.
* Roy Vernon Hurrell, Director, Precision Products Group, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* Captain Maurice Gwynne Hutchinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Member, Council of St. John Ambulance Association, South and West Yorkshire.
* Edward Robert Jobson. For services to the [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion "Royal British Legion").
* [Brian Alexander Johnston](/wiki/Brian_Alexander_Johnston "Brian Alexander Johnston"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to Broadcasting and Cricket.
* Alexander Irving Johnstone, Member, Thames Barrier Advisory Team.
* William Henry Jolliffe. For political and public service.
* Dorothy Annie Jones, Nursing Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Myra Jones, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Donald George Eric Kent, General Manager, Blyth Harbour Commission.
* Michael Donald Laird, Architect, Edinburgh.
* John Lavelle, Headmaster, Worsbrough High School, Barnsley.
* Richard Alfred Lee, Chief Executive and Secretary, [Co\-operative Retail Services](/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Services "Co-operative Retail Services") Ltd.
* Lesley Madeline Lindsay, Northern Ireland Trustee, Women Caring Trust.
* Bessie Gordon Lloyd, Vice\-Chairman, Church Army Board.
* Charles Robert Longman, Controller, Engineering and Operations, BBC Television.
* Norman Forbes Low, Governor I, [HM Remand Centre, Risley](/wiki/HM_Prison_Risley "HM Prison Risley").
* Ronald Stuart McCulloch, Managing Director, [Cantrell \& Cochrane](/wiki/Cantrell_%26_Cochrane "Cantrell & Cochrane") Ltd.
* Elaine Maria McDonald, Ballet Dancer, [Scottish Ballet](/wiki/Scottish_Ballet "Scottish Ballet").
* Major Keith Roderick Turing Mackenzie, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to Golf.
* George Haliburton Dodds Mackie, Deputy General Manager, Scottish Region, British Rail.
* Andrew McMaster, Senior Principal, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Mary Isabella Blewitt McMaster, Warden and Founder, St. Luke's Home, Oxford.
* Ada Winifred Maddocks, National Organising Officer, [National Association of Local Government Officers](/wiki/National_Association_of_Local_Government_Officers "National Association of Local Government Officers").
* Wilfrid James Alfred Mann, [HM Inspector of Schools](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Education "Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education").
* Frederick Charles Marks, Chief Executive, Motherwell District Council.
* Patience Elizabeth Marshall. For services to the community in the West Midlands.
* Walter Scott Marshall, Leader, Minority Group, Derbyshire County Council.
* Graham Cyril Mason, Deputy Director, International Affairs, [Confederation of British Industry](/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry "Confederation of British Industry"). For services to Export.
* Peter Alan Mawson, Principal, Department of Employment.
* Reginald Mercado, Chairman and Chief Executive, Aerospace Engineering plc.
* George Thomas Meredith, lately Director, Social Services, Norfolk County Council.
* James Miller, Director, Greenock Plant, IBM United Kingdom Ltd.
* James Oliver Morris. For public services in Wales.
* The Reverend [John Marcus Harston Morris](/wiki/John_Marcus_Harston_Morris "John Marcus Harston Morris"), Deputy Chairman, [National Magazine Company](/wiki/National_Magazine_Company "National Magazine Company") Ltd.
* Alexander Morrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Strathclyde Police.
* Commander Edwin Allen Morrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, St. John Council for Hampshire.
* Richard John Morse, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, West Glamorgan Fire Brigade.
* Herbert Stephen Mullaly, Vice\-Chairman, CBI Education Foundation.
* Charles Neill, lately Chairman, Northern Ireland Coal Advisory Service.
* Howard Millar Nixon. For services to Bookbinding.
* Stasys Obcarskas, lately Area Nursing Officer, Salop Area Health Authority.
* [Detta O'Cathain](/wiki/Detta_O%27Cathain "Detta O'Cathain") (Mrs. Bishop), Marketing Adviser to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* Dilys Mary Palmer, Member of the Board, Washington Development Corporation.
* Dennis Stephen Papworth, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* Joan Partridge. For political and public service.
* Simon Harry Wood Partridge, Chairman, Butterworth Law Publishers Ltd.
* Derek Harley Peters. For political service.
* John Milne Petrie, Engineer and Surveyor, Durham County Council.
* Sheila Mary Pettit, Historic Buildings Representative, Northumbria, The National Trust.
* Frederick Forrest Poskitt, Consultant Civil Engineer and Vice\-Chairman of the Northern Ireland Water Council.
* Kenneth George Charles Prevette, lately General Secretary, [Cremation Society of Great Britain](/wiki/Cremation_Society_of_Great_Britain "Cremation Society of Great Britain").
* [Douglas Arthur Quadling](/wiki/Douglas_Arthur_Quadling "Douglas Arthur Quadling"), Mathematics Tutor, University of Cambridge, Institute of Education.
* John Frederick Reeve, Chairman, [Costain Civil Engineering Ltd.](/wiki/Costain_Group "Costain Group") Chairman, C.T.H. (The Thames Barrier Consortium).
* Henry Sulien Richards, lately Headmaster, [Sir Thomas Jones School](/wiki/Ysgol_Syr_Thomas_Jones "Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones"), Amlwch, Gwynedd.
* David Griffith Roberts, Chief Executive, Pilkington Ophthalmic Division, Chance Pilkington Ltd.
* Keith Edward Roberts, Farmer, Suffolk. Deputy Chairman, Meat and Livestock Commission.
* William Stewart Robertson, Company Director, [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion "Rediffusion") plc. For services to Export.
* Hugh Nigel Croke Ellis\-Robinson, Programme Director, Mantello Projects, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd. For services to Export.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel James Gray Round, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in Essex.
* Gerald Frederick Gray Russell, First Class Valuer, Board of Inland Revenue.
* William Bonney Rust, lately Principal, [Hammersmith and West London College](/wiki/Hammersmith_and_West_London_College "Hammersmith and West London College").
* Brian Scholes, lately Chief Executive, Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council.
* Maurice David Shaffner, County Prosecuting Solicitor, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council.
* Norman Henry Sherrard, Senior Executive, Industrial Development Board for Northern Ireland.
* Donald Herbert Simpson, Librarian and Director of Studies, [Royal Commonwealth Society](/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society "Royal Commonwealth Society").
* John Llewellyn Skinner, Chairman, Derbyshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.
* Professor George Teeling Smith, Director, [Office of Health Economics](/wiki/The_Office_of_Health_Economics "The Office of Health Economics").
* Ralph Morton Smith, lately Principal, Ministry of Defence.
* Gerd Walter Christian Sommerhoff, Director, Centre for Creative Technology, [Sevenoaks School](/wiki/Sevenoaks_School "Sevenoaks School"), Kent.
* Ernest Antony Spencer, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, [National Engineering Laboratory](/wiki/National_Engineering_Laboratory "National Engineering Laboratory").
* Leslie Albert Spicer, Consultant, Institute of Freight Forwarders.
* Eric Elliot Stabler, Secretary, National Health Service Prescription Pricing Authority (England).
* William Hay Stephen, Chairman, Aberdeen Fish Producers' Organisation Ltd.
* Robert Alister Strand, lately Registrar, Art and Design, [Council for National Academic Awards](/wiki/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards "Council for National Academic Awards").
* [Mary Noel Streatfeild](/wiki/Mary_Noel_Streatfeild "Mary Noel Streatfeild"), Writer.
* Gerald Sambrooke Sturgess. For services to Yachting.
* William Royden Stuttaford. For political service.
* James Alexander Sutherland, lately Principal, Scottish Home and Health Department.
* William Alfred Sutton, Chairman, Sutton \& Sons, Road Hauliers.
* William James Symons, Chief Finance Officer, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission "Commonwealth War Graves Commission").
* Hubert Taggart, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.
* John Henry Taylor. For political service.
* Professor [Kathleen Mary Tillotson](/wiki/Kathleen_Mary_Tillotson "Kathleen Mary Tillotson"). For services to English Literature.
* Dorothy Mary Tomlinson. For political and public service.
* John Barrett Turner, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the magistracy in England and Wales.
* Joseph Norman Ullock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Cumbria Constabulary.
* Mary Elizabeth Uprichard, Principal Administrative Education Officer, Central School of Midwifery, Northern Ireland.
* Alexander Primrose Urquhart, Headmaster, [Kincorth Academy](/wiki/Kincorth_Academy "Kincorth Academy"), Aberdeen.
* Elizabeth Evelyn Murray Usher. For public service, particularly in South\-West Scotland.
* Norman Edward Percival Waldren, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* [Ian Bryce Wallace](/wiki/Ian_Wallace_%28singer%29 "Ian Wallace (singer)"), Singer and Broadcaster.
* Leonard Gordon St. John Waterman. For political service.
* Wilfrid Watkin, General Dental Practitioner, Lowestoft.
* Craig Robert Galloway Watson, Senior Assistant Editor (Committees), House of Commons.
* [Alexander McKellar Watt](/wiki/Eric_McKellar_Watt "Eric McKellar Watt"), Chairman, McKellar Watt Ltd., Glasgow.
* James Colin Eden Webster, Chief Executive, British Petroleum Gas.
* Walter Pollock Weir. For services to forensic pathology in Scotland.
* Bertrand Harry Whistance, lately Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Elizabeth Mary Whitaker, Member, Board of Visitors, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield "HM Prison Wakefield").
* [Robert John White](/wiki/Robert_John_White "Robert John White"). For services to local government in Northern Ireland.
* John Alexander Whiteside, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Chief Constable, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* John Patrick Charles Wilder, Director, [Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association](/wiki/Psychiatric_Rehabilitation_Association "Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association").
* Geoffrey Francis John Williams, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, [Bronglais Hospital](/wiki/Bronglais_Hospital "Bronglais Hospital"), Aberystwyth.
* Zena Alma Pearl Williams. For services to the community in Buckinghamshire.
* Willoughby Wilson, Consultant Surgeon, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast "Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast").
* Alfred George Woonton. For services to The Royal Naval Association.
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Monique Akroyd. For services to English\-language journalism in Belgium.
* Dr. Ian Baker, Assistant Representative, British Council, India.
* William Alan Belsham. For services to British interests in Swaziland.
* Jonathan Betts, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Cairo.
* Anthony John Maitland Blumer. For services to British commercial interests in Malaysia.
* Robert Briggs. For services to the British community in Baghdad.
* Arthur Kenneth Bromley. For services to British commercial interests in Italy.
* Dr. William Nanscawan Brown, Representative, British Council, Denmark.
* Richard Butters, First Secretary (Commercial), British High Commission, Nairobi.
* Hubert Michael Close, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to education in Pakistan.
* Geoffrey George Collins, lately First Secretary, (Commercial) HM Embassy, Rangoon.
* Brian John Cordery. For services to the British community in Paris.
* Dr. John Cecil Davies. For services to agricultural research in India.
* William Stewart Dundas. For services to technical co\-operation in the Yemen Arab Republic.
* Craddock Ebanks. For public services in the Cayman Islands.
* Michael John Evans. For services to British commercial interests in Baghdad.
* John Harold Geoffrey Foley, lately Representative, British Council, Ecuador.
* Bernard Damien Gately, lately First Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Athens.
* Raymond Bruce Giles. For services to British commercial interests in Japan.
* Samuel Victor Gittins, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}. For public services in Hong Kong.
* John Coldwell Griffiths, lately Magistrate, Hong Kong.
* Charles Hargrove. For services to journalism in Paris.
* James Neil Henderson, Commissioner for Labour, Hong Kong.
* Edward Richard Charles Holland, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately HM Consul\-General, Alexandria.
* Noel Alexander Johnston. For services to British shipping interests in Belgium.
* Dr. Stephen Richard Keating. For medical services to the community in Seychelles.
* Kenneth William Kelley, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.
* Colonel Anthony Lawrence King\-Harman, lately International Staff, NATO, Brussels.
* Graham Victor Lassetter. For services to British commercial interests in Trinidad.
* Robert William Lutton. For services to British commercial interests in Singapore:
* Nicholas Melvyn McCarthy, First Secretary and Head of Chancery, HM Embassy, Dakar.
* Ian Francis Cluny MacPherson, Regional Secretary, New Territories, Hong Kong.
* Timothy James Murphy. For services to British commercial interests in Spain.
* David George Pacy. For services to British commercial interests in New York.
* George Marshall Paton. For services to technical co\-operation in Ghana.
* [Bernard Edward Pauncefort](/wiki/Bernard_Pauncefort "Bernard Pauncefort"), lately Administrator, Ascension Island.
* John Denis Prifti. For services to British shipping interests in Sierra Leone.
* James Henry Ramagge. For services to the building industry in Gibraltar.
* Ronald Leslie Reeves, lately First Secretary, HM Embassy, Washington.
* Christopher John Spencer Rundle, First Secretary, British Interests Section, Royal Swedish Embassy, Tehran.
* Colin Harry Cecil Rutherford. For services to the British community in Venezuela.
* Nigel Edward Salmon. For services to British commercial and community interests in Nigeria.
* Oliver Richard Siddle, Representative, British Council, Hong Kong.
* Warren Cecil Tyson. For public and community services in St. Kitts\-Nevis.
* Frederick Langtree Walker. For public services in Hong Kong.
* Jack Lewis Wicker. For services to British commercial interests in Paris.
* Leonard Kenneth Young, Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, Hong Kong University.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* Charles Victor Boyd. For service to the community.
* Reverend Owen Kevin Oxenham. For service to the Church and the community.
* Roy Max Reynolds. Councillor, Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland.
* Dr. Keith William Kirkland Shaw. For service to medicine.
State of South Australia
* [Allan Robert Charles McLean](/wiki/Bob_McLean_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Bob McLean (Australian footballer)"). For service to sport.
* Stanley William Otto Menzel. For service to irrigation and piping technology.
* Cedric Jeffrey Thomson. For service to the law.
* William Herbert Wylie. For service to production engineering, cattle breeding and horse racing.
State of Western Australia
* Dr. Carl Georgeff. For service to the community.
* Reginald John Trigg. For service to insurance and surf life saving.
State of Tasmania
* Roy Alexander Gourlay. For service to the community.
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Lieutenant Commander (SCC) John Bailie, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Lieutenant (CS) Stephen Lionel Baker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, Royal Marines.
* Lieutenant Commander David Albert Bartlett.
* Fleet Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (R) Simon Hugh Beel, J926468Q.
* Lieutenant Commander Dennis Corless.
* Lieutenant Commander (Honorary Commander) Anthony Roger Evans.
* Lieutenant Commander Peter Bernard Evershed.
* Warrant Officer First Class John Robert French, Royal Marines, PO19457L.
* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Robert Fyleman.
* Lieutenant Charles Victor Hanna.
* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Arnold Harrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=VRD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Fleet Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic Joseph Ivan James, M915230Y.
* Senior Nursing Officer Ethel Jean Kidd, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.
* Fleet Chief Writer Joseph John O'Mahony, DO74522X.
* Lieutenant Commander John Richard Taylor.
* Lieutenant Commander Stanley Colin Wadman.
* Lieutenant Commander Peter Robert Walwyn.
Army
* Major Thomas Douglas Raeburn Archibald, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (486474\), Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army.
* Major (now Acting Lieutenant Colonel) Albert Raymond Bell (472486\), Corps of Royal Military Police.
* Major Anne Kathleen Brown (475397\), Women's Royal Army Corps.
* Major Roger Morgan Brumhill, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (480941\), Corps of Royal Military Police, Territorial Army.
* Major (Quartermaster) William Ronald Clarke (496655\), Grenadier Guards.
* Captain (Quartermaster) George Ingram Cooper (502108\), Scots Guards.
* Major (Quartermaster) Stuart Cottage, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (462271\), Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.
* 24003203 Warrant Officer Class 2 Raymonde Dewsnap, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 23750661 Warrant Officer Class 1 James Doherty, Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major Robert Hugh Geoffrey Elford (489183\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major (Quartermaster) Malcolm Denzil Evans (496127\), Royal Tank Regiment.
* Major Graham Anderson Ewer (479220\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Major Robin Anthony Field\-Smith (489314\), Royal Army Educational Corps.
* Acting Major James Austin Brown Gibson (468898\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Major Patrick John Henderson (490198\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Terence Graham Hodgetts (501942\), The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment).
* Major William Michael Whewell Jackson (473982\), Intelligence Corps.
* Major Richard Michael Lambe (482768\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* Major Donald Latham, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ERD, TD}}, (369122\), Royal Army Pay Corps, Territorial Army.
* Major (Quartermaster) Frank Lawrie (493891\), Scots Guards.
* Major Janet Laurie Lawson (494202\), Women's Army Corps.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Patrick Lewis (501879\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23864474 Warrant Officer Class 1 Francis Joseph John Lyle, Royal Pioneer Corps.
* Major (Quartermaster) Ernest John Mann (497080\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23887423 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\) Kauata Vamarasi Marafono, Special Air Service Regiment.
* Major James Robert McRae (497779\), Special Air Service Regiment, Territorial Army.
* 23206262 Warrant Officer Class 2 Leslie Merifield, Coldstream Guards.
* Major Alan Mills (472924\), Royal Army Pay Corps.
* Major Timothy Julian O'Donnell (491174\), 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles.
* Captain (Acting Major) Francis William Price, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (475599\), The Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th), Territorial Army.
* LS/14471322 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\) Gordon William Rabet, The Parachute Regiment.
* Acting Captain Anthony Philip Solway (459682\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Major Gordon Wallace Stafford (495903\), Army Air Corps.
* Captain David James Taggart (496168\), Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* Major (Quartermaster) Robert Alexander Tighe (486473\), The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).
* 23675401 Warrant Officer Class 1 Geoffrey Richard Tolley, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Major (Director of Music) Gordon Turner (497337\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major (Quartermaster) Arthur Bryan Wheatley (494880\), Royal Tank Regiment.
* Major (Quartermaster) William Frederick Whiting, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (489292\), Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Major Anthony Williams (486411\), Intelligence Corps.
* Major (Quartermaster) John Stephen Williams, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DCM}}, (492059\), The Parachute Regiment.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Henry Wood (506283\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
Royal Air Force
* Squadron Leader Leslie Brown (2746273\).
* Squadron Leader Roger Frederick Richard Carr, (4233050\).
* Squadron Leader Roderick Bruce Alexander Moore (4161555\).
* Squadron Leader Neil Robert Pollock (1624440\).
* Squadron Leader Phillip Wycliffe Roser (608889\).
* Squadron Leader Joseph Robert Denis Sauzier (609344\).
* Squadron Leader [Graham Skinner](/wiki/Graham_Skinner "Graham Skinner") (609364\).
* Flight Lieutenant Kenneth Albert Butcher (3088345\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).
* Flight Lieutenant George William Starling (2337638\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).
* Flight Lieutenant Christopher Alan Suckling (690183\).
* Flight Lieutenant Anne Whitelock (8031838\), [Women's Royal Air Force](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force "Women's Royal Air Force").
* Acting Flight Lieutenant Davin Richfield Wyatt (683819\).
* Warrant Officer Dennis Desmond Cross (H4127958\).
* Warrant Officer David Hampton Dorward (D4132468\).
* Warrant Officer David Downie (R4022144\).
* Warrant Officer Kenneth John Grant (J3503340\).
* Warrant Officer Dennis Cecil David Jones (J4004190\).
* Warrant Officer William Patrick Lilley, (X4145737\).
* Warrant Officer John Richard Lumley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (B0579017\).
* Warrant Officer Harold Peach, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (G4143650\).
* Warrant Officer Allan David George Smith (U0587283\).
* Warrant Officer William George Winterbourne (B2575904\).
* Warrant Officer Trevor St. Clair Wonfor (A3526443\).
* Master Air Loadmaster Timothy Alan Bond (H0594239\).
Civil Division
* Nathan Abrahams, lately Director, Mappin (Caterers) plc. For services to the Catering Industry.
* Arthur John Adam, Member, National Gas Consumers' Council.
* [Adrian Neil Adams](/wiki/Neil_Adams_%28judoka%29 "Neil Adams (judoka)"). For services to [Judo](/wiki/Judo "Judo").
* Paul Vernon Adcock, Executive Officer, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise "Board of Customs and Excise").
* Christina Alice Aikenhead, Area Cancer Registration Officer, Lothian Health Board.
* David Gear Aitchison, lately Chief Executive, Scottish Fishermen's Federation.
* Jill Allen, Chairman, Joint Committee on Mobility of the Blind and Partially\-Sighted People, [National Federation of the Blind](/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind "National Federation of the Blind").
* Anthony Allibone, [General Medical Practitioner](/wiki/General_Medical_Practitioner "General Medical Practitioner"), Norfolk.
* Sidney Francis Walter Arnold, Senior Executive Officer, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue "Board of Inland Revenue").
* George Loudon Atkinson, Area Industrial Relations Officer, North East Area, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board "National Coal Board").
* Cecil Leslie Auckland, Assistant Division Officer, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs").
* William Henry Austin, Founder and Director, Happy Days Coaches (Woodseaves) Ltd., Stafford.
* Grace Margaret Axton, lately Principal Adoption Officer, Chichester Diocesan Association for Family Social Work.
* William Harry Leonard Baker, Chief Instructor (and Organiser), Watford Training Scheme for Motorcyclists.
* Violet Ballantine. For services to the [National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children](/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children "National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children").
* William Reginald Barber, Marketing Manager, (South America), Cheltenham Division, [Smiths Industries](/wiki/Smiths_Industries "Smiths Industries"), Aerospace and Defence Systems Company. For services to Export.
* Harold John Barker, Planning Manager, D.S.W.P.(N.), Marconi Communication Systems Ltd.
* Norah Barker, Ward Sister, [Pilgrim Hospital](/wiki/Pilgrim_Hospital "Pilgrim Hospital"), South Lincolnshire Health Authority.
* Sidney Barnard, lately Manager, Export Branch, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes "Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes").
* Eric Leslie Barnes, lately Telecommunications Technical Officer Grade I, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office").
* Mary Ross Baxter, Deputy Director, National Book League, Scotland.
* Anthony Herbert Bayman. For political service.
* Carmen Etheline Marjorie Beckford, Senior Community Relations Officer, Bristol Council for Racial Equality.
* Joyce Lilian Benham. For services to mentally disabled people in Gravesend and district.
* Thomas Warwick Bennett, lately manager, London Trade Counter, [Chatto](/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus "Chatto & Windus"), [Bodley Head](/wiki/Bodley_Head "Bodley Head") \& [Jonathan Cape](/wiki/Jonathan_Cape "Jonathan Cape") Ltd.
* Mintose Bibby. For political and public service in the North West.
* Franklin Edwin Birch, lately Clerk, [Worshipful Company of Farriers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers "Worshipful Company of Farriers").
* Violet Mabel Bitchenor, Welfare Officer, Northampton and County Spastics Society.
* Joseph Paterson Black, General Secretary, [Scottish Police Federation](/wiki/Scottish_Police_Federation "Scottish Police Federation").
* Theresa Black, Senior Nursing Officer, [Stradreagh Hospital](/wiki/Gransha_Hospital "Gransha Hospital"), Londonderry.
* Charles Clarke Bodel, Assistant Director of Research, Lambeg Industrial Research Association.
* Nancye Kathleen Boobbyer. For services to the Sussex Kidney Trust.
* Peter Lawrence Booty, Assistant Secretary, London Orchestral Concerts Board.
* Isaac Henry John Bourne, Medical Officer, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy "Remploy") Ltd.
* Grace Joan Valerie Bourns. For services to the community in Bristol.
* Donald Benjamin Brewer, Assistant Chief Warning Officer, Horsham, [United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Warning_and_Monitoring_Organisation "United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation").
* Neville Britton, Director, Hartlepool Docks, Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority.
* Ronald Maxwell Brown, Chief Forester, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission "Forestry Commission").
* Elizabeth Woodrow Browning, Chairman, Association for All Speech\-Impaired Children.
* Desmond Charles Buchanan, lately Chief Inspector, [Avon and Somerset Constabulary](/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary "Avon and Somerset Constabulary").
* Commander Bruce Errol Bulbeck, Royal Navy (Retd.), Retired Officer I, Ministry of Defence.
* Joan Marguerite Burge, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence.
* Agnes Hope Johnson Burn. For political and public service.
* John Ralston Butterly, Chairman, Reidvale Housing Association.
* Olive Hylda Margaret Cass, Superintendent, of Typists, Supplies Department, Greater London Council.
* George Casson, Clerk, Northumberland Engine Works, Clark Hawthorn Ltd.
* Margaret Sarah Castle, Nursing Officer, Neo\-Natal Unit, [Hammersmith Hospital](/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital "Hammersmith Hospital"), London.
* Thomas Cawley, lately Senior Librarian, [Rothamsted Experimental Station](/wiki/Rothamsted_Experimental_Station "Rothamsted Experimental Station"), Harpenden.
* Eric Alfred Chaplin, General Manager, Sub District Area, South East London, The Post Office.
* Harold Edward Chappell. For services to local government in Lincolnshire.
* Jacqueline Meynell Cingel, Higher Executive Officer, Department of the Environment.
* Daphne Diana Clark, Director, Richmond upon Thames Churches' Housing Trust.
* Francis Arthur Clark. For political service.
* George Edward Claydon, Chief Superintendent, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police "Metropolitan Police").
* Ernest Reginald Clow, Air Traffic Engineer I, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority "Civil Aviation Authority").
* Peter John Cooke, Executive Engineer, [British Telecom](/wiki/British_Telecom "British Telecom").
* Angela Janet Vera Cotton, Chairman, National Association of [Probation Hostels](/wiki/Approved_Premises "Approved Premises").
* Eileen Ruth Elizabeth Cox. For services to disabled people in Shepperton and District.
* James Cullen, Convener of Housing Committee, [Gordon District Council](/wiki/Gordon_%28district%29 "Gordon (district)").
* James Cusack, Auxiliary Officer (Technical), [Royal Naval Auxiliary Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Auxiliary_Service "Royal Naval Auxiliary Service").
* George Llewellyn Davies, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSC}}, Engineer's Representative, [Thames Barrier](/wiki/Thames_Barrier "Thames Barrier") Project, Rendel, Palmer \& Tritton, Consulting Engineers.
* Robert Hefin Davies, Managing Director and Chairman, J. W. Greaves \& Sons Ltd.
* Donald Charles Davis, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Energy.
* Kathleen Margaret Laurie Davis. For services to the community in Wolvey and District, Leicestershire.
* Michael Edgar Drew Davis, Group Finance and Planning Manager, [Greenall Whitley](/wiki/Greenall_Whitley "Greenall Whitley") plc.
* Nicole Matilde Davoud, Founder and Chairman, Crack MS.
* James Bartholomew Devine, Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* Eric Ernest Dew. For services to dioceses in the South East.
* Iqbal Singh Dhut, Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Joyce Mary Dickson, Centre Organiser, Ringwood, Hampshire Branch, [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society "British Red Cross Society").
* Rosemary Cadbury Dickson. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.
* Hilda Ritchie Doran, Senior Lecturer in Primary Education, Aberdeen College of Education.
* Constance Mona Douglas. For services to Manx Culture.
* Charles Draper, Manager, Resettlement Unit, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Audrey Alice Grace Duddy, Head, Remedial Department, Saffron Walden County High School.
* Hazel Catherine Dutton, Matron, Marie Curie Memorial Foundation, Sunnybank Nursing Home, Liverpool.
* Margaret Easton, lately Administrative Assistant, Careers Service, Tyne and Wear.
* Audrey Eveline Lucilla Edwards. For services to the community in Hayling Island.
* Henry Elliott, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Edna Dorothy Embleton. For services to the community in Buckingham.
* Ronald Walter Emes, Director, The [British Canoe Union](/wiki/British_Canoe_Union "British Canoe Union").
* Sidney Albert England, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.
* The Reverend Canon Owen Vyvyan Eva, Rector, St. Nicholas, [Halewood](/wiki/Halewood "Halewood") Parish Church.
* Lieutenant Commander Cyril Joseph Evans, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve "Royal Naval Reserve") (Retd.), Chairman, Leicester Unit Committee, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)").
* Yvonne Winifred Filleul, Personal Secretary, [Cable \& Wireless plc](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc "Cable & Wireless plc").
* John George Russell Fletcher. For political service.
* Marjorie Hannah Earnshaw Flowerday, Medical Assistant, [Blood Transfusion Service](/wiki/Blood_Transfusion_Service "Blood Transfusion Service"), Sheffield.
* Bernard William Foreman, Assistant Divisional Organiser, Colchester, [Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers](/wiki/Amalgamated_Union_of_Engineering_Workers "Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers").
* Keith William Forward, Divisional Education Officer, Dartford, Kent.
* Ursula Una Clare Foss, Disaster Relief Purchasing Officer, British Red Cross Society.
* Veronique Lucy Vernon Foster, Secretary, South West and Southern Regions, [Abbeyfield Society](/wiki/Abbeyfield_Society "Abbeyfield Society").
* Anthony Conway Gabe. For services to the Blind in Mid\-Sussex.
* Alan John Gane, Chief Commandant, Cambridgeshire Special Constabulary.
* Alexander McLean Garden, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* John Frederick Gardiner, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Edward John George, Detective Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.
* Richard Dennis Gilbert, Manager, Company Secretariat, B.L. plc.
* Beatrice Gillam, Member, Council, [Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation](/wiki/Wiltshire_Wildlife_Trust "Wiltshire Wildlife Trust").
* [Duncan Alexander Goodhew](/wiki/Duncan_Goodhew "Duncan Goodhew"). For services to Swimming.
* Donald Frederick Goodwin, Principal Partner, D. \& P. Goodwin Ltd. (Fruit Growers).
* Michael Gurnell Green, General Medical Practitioner, Burscough, Lancashire.
* The Reverend Charles Grice, General Secretary, The [Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Church_Lads%27_and_Church_Girls%27_Brigade "Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade").
* David John Griffith, Commissioner, Clwyd County, St. John Ambulance Brigade.
* Arnold Grimston, Collector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Mabel Alice Jane Hales. For services to the community in Norfolk.
* Henry Palmer Halkett, lately Chairman, Local Review Committees, HM Prisons, Aberdeen and Peterhead.
* Charles William Hall, Works Director, [Ladybird Books](/wiki/Ladybird_Books "Ladybird Books") Ltd.
* Maeve Patricia Hall, lately Member, [Northern Ireland Tourist Board](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board "Northern Ireland Tourist Board").
* James Peter Hamilton, Assistant Secretary, Occupational Safety and Health, Social Insurance and Industrial Welfare Department, [Trades Union Congress](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress "Trades Union Congress").
* Doris Lillian Harris, Personal Secretary, Department of Transport.
* William George Alfred Hathaway. For services to the community in Usk.
* Donald William Hawkins, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.
* Kathleen Mary Hazzard, Personal Secretary, Department of Employment.
* Donald Gill Headley, lately Chief Test Pilot, Brough, Kingston\-Brough Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* James Ivor Heath, Senior Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* John Barrie Hesketh, Artistic Director, [Mull Little Theatre](/wiki/Mull_Little_Theatre "Mull Little Theatre").
* [Marianne Edith Frances Hesketh](/wiki/Marianne_Hesketh "Marianne Hesketh"), Artistic Director, Mull Little Theatre.
* George Ernest Hill, Vice\-Principal, North East Derbyshire College of Further Education, Chesterfield.
* Edward Wiliam Hobson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Head Teacher, Meltham Church of England Primary School, Kirklees.
* Edward Joscelyn Holland, Farmer, Staffordshire. For services to agriculture.
* Robert Hollingdrake, Counsellor, Manchester Small Firms Service.
* Charles Reginald Hopkin, Chief Superintendent, [North Yorkshire Police](/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police "North Yorkshire Police").
* Clifford Frederick Charles Cecil Hopkins, Site Manager, [Heysham 1](/wiki/Heysham_nuclear_power_station "Heysham nuclear power station"), National Nuclear Corporation Ltd.
* [Jack Howarth](/wiki/Jack_Howarth_%28actor%29 "Jack Howarth (actor)") (John Aubrey Conway Howarth), Actor, and for services to charity.
* John Hoy, lately Manager, Londonderry Terminal, [Shell UK](/wiki/Shell_UK "Shell UK") Ltd.
* Albert Hughes, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* John Hughes, Chairman, Wales Council for the Blind.
* Edward Arthur Humphreys, lately Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Edward Desmonde Carlisle Hunt, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Ruby Hunt. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.
* Denys Dobell Hutchings, Secretary, [Kennet and Avon Canal Trust](/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Trust "Kennet and Avon Canal Trust") Ltd.
* Isobel June Hutchings. For political service.
* Florence Rose Inglis, Member, [Monklands District Council](/wiki/Monklands_District_Council "Monklands District Council").
* Robert Stewart Inglis, General Sales Manager, Clyde Canvas Goods \& Structures Ltd., Port Glasgow.
* Marjorie Rose Isgar, Headteacher, Perth\-y\-Terfyn Infants School, Holywell.
* Irene Israel, lately General Secretary, Basingstoke Council of Community Service.
* Bill Jackson, Secretary, Sutton Valence Branch, Agricultural and Allied Workers' National Trade Group.
* Marlene Jefferson, for services to local government in Londonderry.
* Ronald Samuel Johnston, Secretary, Rathgael and Whiteabby Schools Management Board, Bangor.
* Richard ap Simon Jones, Farmer, [Tywyn](/wiki/Tywyn "Tywyn"), Gwynedd.
* Leslie Jordan, lately Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.
* Amy Beatrice Jury, Member of Council, [St. Andrew's Ambulance Association](/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Ambulance_Association "St. Andrew's Ambulance Association").
* Jane Margaret Kendall. For political and public service.
* Ralph Erskine Kendrick, Vice\-President, [Boys' Clubs of Wales](/wiki/Boys%27_and_Girls%27_Clubs_of_Wales "Boys' and Girls' Clubs of Wales").
* Pearl Winifred Kerr. For services to [Muckamore Abbey Hospital](/wiki/Muckamore_Abbey_Hospital "Muckamore Abbey Hospital"), Antrim.
* Charles George Herbert Keyse, Senior Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Norah Mabel King, Principal Personnel Assistant, Central Departments, [London Transport](/wiki/London_Transport_Executive_%28GLC%29 "London Transport Executive (GLC)").
* Terence Kinkead, Vice\-Chairman, Belfast Savings Council.
* Walter Mansfield Kitchen, Divisional Officer 1, London Fire Brigade.
* Trevor George Crosby Knight, Joint Chairman, East and West Sussex Supplementary Benefit Appeal Tribunals.
* Raymond Keith Knowles, Typist, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Thomson Rae Lannigan. For political service.
* Patrick Larry Lay, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Denis William Lupton Leslie, Chairman, Penlee Station Committee, [Royal National Lifeboat Institution](/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution "Royal National Lifeboat Institution").
* Moira Hamilton Levins, Senior Superintendent of Typists, Department of Education and Science.
* Leslie Maurice Albert Lightfoot, Sports Editor, *[Windsor, Slough and Eton Express](/wiki/Slough_and_Windsor_Express "Slough and Windsor Express")*.
* Henry Loring, Local Officer Grade II, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Ivy Lough, lately Personal Assistant and Secretary, British Industrial Estates Corporation.
* Maureen Millicent Lowrey, Senior Nursing Officer, [Frimley Park Hospital](/wiki/Frimley_Park_Hospital "Frimley Park Hospital"), West Surrey and North East Hampshire District Health Authority.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Michael Alastair Lowry, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For political service.
* Gordon David Luckings, Administrative Officer, [ILEA](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority "Inner London Education Authority") ([Sydenham School](/wiki/Sydenham_School "Sydenham School")).
* Margaret McGavin. For political service.
* [Daniel Fergus McGrain](/wiki/Danny_McGrain "Danny McGrain"). For services to Association Football in Scotland.
* Dorothy May Macintyre, Assistant Rector, [Lochaber High School](/wiki/Lochaber_High_School "Lochaber High School"), Fort William.
* Donald MacKay, lately Director of Environmental Health and Housing, East Kilbride District Council.
* Margaret Jean Mackenzie, Headmistress, Locharron Primary School.
* [George Edward Mackley](/wiki/George_Mackley "George Mackley"), Wood Engraver.
* David Morrison MacMillan, Secretary, [Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen%27s_Mission "Fishermen's Mission").
* Margaret Mary McNaughton. For political and public service.
* Thomas Mallaburn, Branch Secretary, [General and Municipal Workers' Union](/wiki/General_and_Municipal_Workers%27_Union "General and Municipal Workers' Union").
* Herbert Edward Maloney. For political and public service.
* Ruth Manley, Nurse Adviser, Society of Geriatric Nursing, [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing "Royal College of Nursing").
* William James Mann, Member, Ulster Defence Regiment Advisory Council.
* Audrey Thelma Manyweathers, Clerical Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* June Ida Marmont, Principal Careers Officer, London Borough of Bexley.
* [Mary Marquis](/wiki/Mary_Marquis "Mary Marquis") (Mary Elizabeth Maxwell Anderson), Presenter/Interviewer, [Scotland, British Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/BBC_Scotland "BBC Scotland").
* Lawrence Martin, lately Head, Department of Catering Technology, Granville College of Further Education, Sheffield.
* Henryk Matuszak. For services to the Polish Community and Penley Hospital, Clwyd.
* Sidney Ronald Mead. For services to The Forces Help Society and Lord Roberts Workshops.
* James Meldrum. For charitable services to the Arts in Scotland.
* Leonard Arthur Metcalf, Passenger Services Manager, Euston, British Rail.
* John Frederick Miles, Consultant, [Royal Automobile Club](/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club "Royal Automobile Club") and [Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Accidents "Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents").
* [Roger Millward](/wiki/Roger_Millward "Roger Millward"). For services to Rugby League Football.
* Henry Frank Hugh Mitchell, Regional Manager, Product Support, India, [Rolls\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd "Rolls-Royce Ltd"). For services to Export.
* John Leonard Moir, Senior Maintenance Supervisor, Hamilton Brothers.
* Hester Guthrie Monteath, Head Occupational Therapist, [Royal Edinburgh Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Hospital "Royal Edinburgh Hospital").
* Ravinand Mooneeram, Community/Adult Tutor in South Glamorgan.
* Edward Morley, Industrial Development Officer, Hartlepool Borough Council.
* Marjorie Catherine Morrison. For services to the [Architectural Association](/wiki/Architectural_Association "Architectural Association").
* Susan Charlotte Morrow, Clerical Assistant, Police Authority, Northern Ireland.
* George Mackenzie Murray, Farmer, [Rogart](/wiki/Rogart "Rogart"), Sutherland.
* James Murray, Secretary, Metropolitan and City Police Orphans Fund.
* Ronald Henry Nethercott, Regional Secretary, Region No. 3, [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union "Transport and General Workers Union").
* Frank John Neve, Principal, Export Sales Management Associates. For services to Export.
* Violet Ellen Edith Nicholls, Senior Personal Secretary, Public Trustee Office.
* [Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill](/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill "Martin O'Neill"). For services to Association Football.
* Wyndham John Parker. For political and public service.
* Ronald Albert Partridge, Professional and Technology Officer Grade II, Ministry of Defence.
* John Edward Stark Pay, Director, South East Region, Colt International Ltd. For services to Export.
* Frederick Gordon Thomas Pearce, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Marion Trewhella Richards Pearce. For services to the community in St. Ives.
* Johanna Maria Chiappini Peebles, lately Secretary, The Friends of St. Paul's Cathedral.
* Major Albert Harold Pendleton. For services to the community in the Blackpool and Fylde area.
* Alida Penney, Divisional Nursing Officer, West Suffolk Health Authority.
* Patrick Thomas Gordon\-Duff\-Pennington. For services to the [National Farmers' Union of Scotland](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_Scotland "National Farmers' Union of Scotland").
* Francis Brian Pinney, Secretary, Okehampton and District Branch, Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain.
* William Edward Plummer, Postal Executive C, Newark Sub\-Office, Midlands Postal Board, The Post Office.
* James Ernest Pople, Senior Executive Officer, Management and Personnel Office.
* Gwendoline Alice Pounds. For services to the community in Marlow, Buckinghamshire.
* Kenneth Povey, lately Deputy Regional Personnel Officer, West Midlands Regional Health Authority.
* Archibald Chalmers Purves, Director/Secretary, Hawick Knitwear Manufacturers' Association.
* Ralph Alexander Raby, Director, Addison Housing Association.
* Guy Garland Reaks, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}, lately Director, British Leather Federation, for services to Export.
* Margaret Ellen Richards, lately Administrative Assistant, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education "UCL Institute of Education").
* Christopher Keith Richardson, Principal Research Associate, [Plessey Electronic Systems Research](/wiki/Plessey "Plessey").
* Geoffrey Richardson, Director, National Wool Textile Export Corporation. For services to Export.
* Leonard Eric Leslie Ridge. For political service in London.
* William Scott Rigler, Member, Poole Borough Council.
* John Benjamin Rilett, Training Manager, Bristol Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* Benjamin Edward Robert Rook, Higher Executive Officer, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Rosemary Jean Rowles, Land Agency and Agriculture Divisional Secretary, [Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors](/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors "Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors").
* Thomas Roycroft, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Eric Royle, Chairman, Joint Consultative Council, Meat Trade in the United Kingdom.
* Eric William Russell, Secretary, [Road Haulage Association](/wiki/Road_Haulage_Association "Road Haulage Association").
* Leslie Joseph Sage, Senior Executive Officer, [Director of Public Prosecutions](/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_%28England_and_Wales%29 "Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)").
* Norman Frank Salisbury. For services to [the Scout Association](/wiki/The_Scout_Association "The Scout Association") in Manchester.
* Arnold Harry Scholfield. For political service.
* Joan Chalmers Semple, Personal Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office "Scottish Office").
* Margarete Sharpe, Sister, Drug Addiction Unit, [University College Hospital](/wiki/University_College_Hospital "University College Hospital"), London.
* [Adrian Shepherd](/wiki/Adrian_Shepherd "Adrian Shepherd"), Cellist.
* Lilian Joan Sherwin, lately Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Bernard Simcox. For political and public service.
* Robert John King Sinclair, Chief Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* George Paul Bernard Smith. For political service.
* John Smith, Chairman, Lanarkshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.
* Maisie Kathleen Smith, Chairman, The Birmingham Settlement.
* Edward Charles Snow, Inspector Grade III(T), Board of Inland Revenue.
* Anna Margreta Constance So Ye, Vice\-Principal, Lurgan Girls' Junior High School.
* Annie Stansfield, Secretary, National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease.
* Reginald Stead. For services to music in Cumbria.
* [Mavis Mary Steele](/wiki/Mavis_Steele "Mavis Steele"). For services to Women's Bowls.
* John Barclay Stevenson, General Medical Practitioner, Greenock.
* William Stewart, Manager, Manufacturing Services, N. E. I. Parsons.
* Timothy Richard Stowell, Export Sales Manager, Craig\-Nicol Ltd., Glasgow.
* Audrey Vera May Strange, lately Director of Music and Art, [Royal Over\-Seas League](/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League "Royal Over-Seas League").
* Peter John Summers, Managing Director, Deeside Enterprise Trust Ltd., [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation "British Steel Corporation").
* Clifford Swindells, Managing Director, Marglass Ltd. For services to Export.
* Margaret Edith Tarn, Organiser, South Tyneside, Citizens' Advice Bureau.
* Catherine Joan Taylor. For public and charitable services in Upton\-upon\-Severn.
* Colin Richard Taylor, lately Senior Executive Officer, Government Hospitality Fund, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Flora Mabel Taylor, Senior/Chief Physiological Measurement Technician (Neurophysiology).
* Iris Joyce Taylor. For services to the Coventry Branch, [Royal Air Forces Association](/wiki/Royal_Air_Forces_Association "Royal Air Forces Association").
* Peter Anthony Taylor, Executive Officer, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office "HM Stationery Office").
* Arthur Robinson Thomas, {{post\-nominals\|list\=VRD}}, lately Chairman, Devon Conservation Forum.
* John Thomas, Convener, Construction and Allied Technical Trades, Port Talbot, British Steel Corporation.
* [Francis Daley Thompson](/wiki/Francis_Daley_Thompson "Francis Daley Thompson"). For services to Athletics.
* Tom Hastings Thompson, Deputy District Treasurer, Oxfordshire Health Authority.
* Thomas Samuel Tibble, lately Manager, Subscriptions and Records, [Institution of Mechanical Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers "Institution of Mechanical Engineers").
* Doris Mary Tidy, Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Gordon Tiplady, Regional Collector, Board of Inland Revenue.
* George Tomlinson, Assistant General Secretary, [British Limbless Ex\-Servicemen's Association](/wiki/Blesma "Blesma").
* Margaret Fletcher Torrance, lately Guider\-in\-Charge, Scottish Girl Guide Training and Camping Centre, Netherurd.
* Bessie Lorna Tucker, lately Superintendent Radiographer, [Velindre Hospital](/wiki/Velindre_Cancer_Centre "Velindre Cancer Centre"), Cardiff.
* James Underwood, lately Chief Housing Officer, North Tyneside District Council.
* Pauline Mary Veasey, Senior Receptionist, Latham House Medical Practice, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.
* Albert Ernest Veitch, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* John Harold Vernon, Executive Producer, Performing Arts, Music and Arts Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.
* Thomas Walter Villa, Staff Officer, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland.
* Dorothy Milne Wadsworth, Award Liaison Officer for Northern Ireland, [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award "The Duke of Edinburgh's Award").
* Allan Charles Wakeford, Information Officer, [Central Office of Information](/wiki/Central_Office_of_Information "Central Office of Information").
* Arthur Polden Walker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Manager, Professional and Regulatory Services, [Procter \& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble "Procter & Gamble") Ltd.
* Daniel Blair Wallace, Chief Superintendent, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Muriel Mackie Walls. For services to the community in Guildford.
* Brian Lawrence Ward, Superintendent, [Thames Valley Police](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police "Thames Valley Police").
* Alan Watson, Headmaster, Acacias Primary School, Manchester.
* Vera Margaret Watts, lately Director of Nurse Education, Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health Authority.
* Emma Webb, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, Principal Fire Control Officer, [West Midlands Fire Brigade](/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service "West Midlands Fire Service").
* William Joseph Webber, Deputy Chief Staff Welfare Officer, Home Office.
* Joan Lily West. For political service.
* Vera Anne Wetherall. For political service.
* Keith Stracey Wheeler. For services to environmental education.
* Gwenllian Enid, Lady Whittaker, lately District Organiser, Scarborough, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service "Women's Royal Voluntary Service").
* James Archibald Whittle, Financial Controller, Haven Products Ltd.
* Alfreda Mary Lowe\-Willetts, County Organiser, Hampshire Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs.
* Hywel Peredur Williams, Chairman, Welsh Association of Youth Clubs.
* Walter Temple Williams, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Beryl Joan Wilmshurst, Higher Executive Officer, Departments of Trade and Industry.
* Cyril Winskell, Architect, Newcastle upon Tyne.
* Donald Hewitt Wood, Manager, Experimental Shop, [J. C. Bamford Excavators Ltd](/wiki/JCB_%28heavy_equipment_manufacturer%29 "JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)").
* Richard Alfred Wood, Chairman, J. W. Falkner \& Sons Ltd.
* Arnold Woodhouse. For political service.
* Joyce Lilian Woodhouse, lately Administrative Officer (Awards Division), [Inner London Education Authority](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority "Inner London Education Authority").
* Eileen Olive Woods, Chairman, West Somerset District Council.
* Joan Woods, Head Teacher, Croft Special School, Liverpool.
* Kenneth Arthur Woodward, Headmaster, Bordon County Junior School, Hampshire.
* Brian Percy Stewart Wright, Director, London Enterprise Agency.
* Elizabeth Graham Jones Wright, lately Chief Superintendent of Typists, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury").
* Captain Arthur Thomson Young, lately Harbour Master, [Clyde Port Authority](/wiki/Clyde_Port_Authority "Clyde Port Authority").
* Jacob Young, Shipbuilding Manager, [Swan Hunter Shipbuilding Ltd](/wiki/Swan_Hunter "Swan Hunter").
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Stuart Alfred Booth. For services to the community in the Falkland Islands.
* Joseph Oscar Borastero, Charge Nurse, Medical and Health Department, Gibraltar.
* Ena Stuart Burke. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Jerusalem.
* Nancy Josephine Campbell, Press and Information Officer, British High Commission, Ottawa.
* Gertrude Lois, Lady Cane, for services to the British community in San Francisco.
* Donald Cartwright, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CPM}}, lately First Secretary (Commercial) HM Embassy, Tel Aviv.
* Donald Siu\-tung Chan, Chief Labour Officer, Labour Relations Department, Hong Kong.
* Clive Cecil Francis Chandler. For services to the British community in Morocco.
* Mo\-Yan Chik, lately Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Thomas Coleman Christian, Radio Officer, Pitcairn Island.
* Margaret Jean Clements. For services to the British community in Miami.
* Dennis Convery, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, lately Archivist, British Military Government, Berlin.
* Doris Corbin. For services to the community in Bermuda.
* John Cummins, Second Secretary (Administration) HM Embassy, Santiago.
* Iris Isabel Dawes, Personal Secretary, British High Commission, Dacca.
* Margaret Hilda Dodd. For services to the British Community in Brussels.
* Brendan Grattan Mary Donnelly, lately Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Doris Edwards. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lahore.
* John Joseph Gomez, Senior Executive Officer, Tourist Department, Gibraltar.
* Richard Charles Benedict Green, lately Second Secretary, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Amy Eleanor Griffis. For services to the British community in Peru.
* Alice May Hardy. For welfare services to the blind in Bermuda.
* John Francis Hoare. For services to technical education in Indonesia.
* Elizabeth Valentine Isaacs, Confidential Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.
* Henry Hong\-cheong Ku, Chief Executive Officer, Security Branch, Hong Kong.
* Gladys Margaret Dinsdale Laborde. For nursing and welfare services to the British community in Paris.
* Jane Isabella Sarah Lackie. For services to the British community in Port Elizabeth.
* Albert Applebum Richard Lake. For services to the community in Anguilla.
* Teresa Shui\-shuk Lam Wong. For services to the community in Hong Kong.
* Donald Lancaster. For services to British interests in Senegal.
* Clifford Raymond Lee, Officer\-in\-Charge, composite Signals Station, Ascension Island.
* Gwendoline Joan Libbrecht, Vice\-Consul, HM Consulate\-General, Antwerp.
* Thian Tek Lim, Information Officer, HM Embassy, Jakarta.
* Belinda Jane Lindeck, Personal Assistant to the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the United Nations, New York.
* Che\-woo Lui. For public services in Hong Kong.
* John Ian Carr MacDougall. For services to transport development in Tanzania.
* Robert McNeill. For services to agricultural development in Malawi.
* Alan James Milton. For services to British commercial interests in Nigeria.
* Annie Mitscher. For services to the British community in New Jersey.
* Anna Lee Nathan. For services to the British community in Los Angeles.
* Eric Ronald George Nelson, Attaché, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Cedric Rawnsley Osborne. For public services in Montserrat.
* Janice Sonia Mary Palmer, Personal Assistant to HM Consul\-General, Johannesburg.
* Patricia Frances Parkinson, lately Assistant Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Pretoria.
* Arthur Glyn Parry, Vice\-Consul, HM Consulate\-General, Lille.
* Douglas Sutherland Payne, Professor of Chemistry, Hong Kong University.
* James Watson Purves. For services to agricultural development in Kenya.
* Winifred Robinson. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.
* Rosemary Sandercock. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.
* Isaac Scott. For welfare services to the community in Thailand.
* Kevin Maxwell Sinclair. For services to journalism in Hong Kong.
* Agnes Jannis Skerritt. For services to the community in St. Kitts\-Nevis.
* The Reverend Walter Frank Snedker. For welfare services to seamen in Santos, Brazil.
* Mary Agnes Stilwell. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lisbon.
* Warren Stoutt. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.
* Mary Catherine Swales. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Ghana.
* Darby Burnard Tibbetts. For public and community services in the Cayman Islands.
* Richard Michael White. Second Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Dakar.
* Howard Kung\-kuen Yung. Maintenance Surveyor, Housing Department, Hong Kong.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* [Alan Edmund William Edwards](/wiki/Alan_Edwards_%28actor%29 "Alan Edwards (actor)"), Artistic Director, [Queensland Theatre Company](/wiki/Queensland_Theatre_Company "Queensland Theatre Company").
* Evelyn Haswell Kuskie. For service to the community.
* [Paul Edward McLean](/wiki/Paul_McLean_%28rugby_union%29 "Paul McLean (rugby union)"). For service to Rugby Union.
* Monica Desmond Penny. For public service.
* Helen Bannister Philp. For services to the community.
* Pastor Ivan Lester Roennfeldt. For service to the Aboriginal people.
* Enid Tardent (Mrs. Enid Margaret Fogarty). For service to music and the community.
* William Jesse Wolff. For service to the community.
State of South Australia
* The Honourable [Maynard Boyd Dawkins](/wiki/Maynard_Boyd_Dawkins "Maynard Boyd Dawkins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MLC}}. For service to choral music.
* Heinrich Diestel\-Feddersen. For services to the potato industry and the German community.
* Roberto Mario Antonio Masi. For services to the Italian community.
* Ronald Hannaford Sedsman. For services to the [Royal Adelaide Show](/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Show "Royal Adelaide Show").
* Lionel Garth Sims. For services to local government and the community.
* Aileen Martha Wilson. For services to the Aboriginal community.
State of Western Australia
* Leslie George Clarke. For service to the community.
* John Talbot Hunn. For service to scouting.
* William Howard King. For public service.
* Albert John Pepperell. For service to industry.
* William Rupert Stevens. For service to the vegetable industry.
State of Tasmania
* Margaret Frances Elliston. For services to the Girl Guide movement.
* Douglas Lindsay Youd. For service to the sport of wood chopping.
### Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)
Home Civil Service
* Robert McGregor Airlie, Principal Civil Engineer, Department of the Environment.
* John William Auger, Principal, Department of Industry.
* David Henry Bayes, lately Senior Principal, Scottish Office.
* Duncan Hamilton Cameron, Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* John Henry Chapman, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Maurice Cooper, Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.
* William Henry Drew, Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Leslie Ernest George, lately Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* Marjorie Catherine Gibbons, lately Principal, Welsh Office.
* Patrick Albert Grove, Inspector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Kathleen Alma Hyde, Principal, Department of Employment.
* James Alan Bell Hyndman, lately Senior Principal, Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland.
* Ronald Jolley, lately Principal, Lord Chancellor's Department.
* Geoffrey Lord, Principal, Department of Transport.
* Cyril Douglas Thomas Mansfield, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DFM}}, Principal, Department of Trade.
* John William George Musty, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ancient Monuments Laboratory, Department of the Environment.
* Barbara Joan Parkin, Principal, Department of Energy.
* Jean Phillips, Principal, Crown Estate Commissioners.
* Godfrey Thomas John Pullan, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Leslie Cuthbert Smith, Principal, Victoria \& Albert Museum.
* Anthony Sreeves, Inspector, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Alexander Steel, Inspector, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Raymond Stoodley, lately Professional and Technical Superintending Grade, Home Office.
* Clifford Taylor, Principal, Ministry of Defence.
* Dennis Williamson, Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Patrick Joseph Clancy, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM, CPM}}, lately Senior Assistant Commissioner, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Alan John Stockman Lack, Deputy Director of Marine, Hong Kong.
* Alan Kenneth Mason, Principal Assistant Secretary, Security Branch, Hong Kong.
* James Milton Murphie, Assistant Director of Immigration, Hong Kong.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* James William John Griffin. For public service.
State of South Australia
* Stuart Beaumont Hart. For public service in town planning.
State of Western Australia
* Bruce James Beggs. For public service in forestry.
### British Empire Medal (BEM)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (MW) Roy Attenborough, [Royal Navy Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Reserve "Royal Navy Reserve"), KD985550D.
* Colour Sergeant William. Alexander John Baxter, Royal Marines, PO22404J.
* Chief Petty Officer (C.A.S.) James Bremner, F669840J.
* Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic (O) Frank George Brookes, Royal Naval Reserve, XD986173H.
* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Charles Henry Came, J162677J.
* Marine Engineering Artificer (P) First Class Alexander Terence Chadwick, D055121L.
* Sergeant Norman Clark, Royal Marines, PO20837U.
* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Laurence Lyall Curle, D159779P.
* Master at Arms Kenneth Arthur Etheridge, M714511X.
* Marine Engineering Mechanician (P) First Class William Davenport Fraser, D159834G.
* Chief Petty Officer Steward Adrian Robin Frost, D079076F.
* Colour Sergeant Hugh Gray, Royal Marines, PO20233T.
* Chief Communications Yeoman Terry Henry Green, Royal Naval Reserve, QD982304L.
* Weapon Engineering Mechanician First Class Anthony Campbell Jones, D159778X.
* Chief Petty Officer Airman (AH) William Hugh Jones, F849811A.
* Marine Engineering Mechanician (L) First Class Anthony John Marriott, D051138A.
* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Douglas Graham Plymsol, J982549L.
* Chief Petty Officer (CAS) Alan Richardson, J646039G.
* Petty Officer Medical Assistant John Rigby, D073176G.
* Chief Petty Officer Stores Accountant Thomas Arthur Scott, D079679Q.
* Senior Naval Nurse Marion Rebecca Stock, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service "Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service").
* Weapon Engineering Artificer First Class Anthony John Tickner, D128157E.
* Chief Wren Radio Supervisor Kathleen Sheila Jennifer Vince, [Women's Royal Naval Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service "Women's Royal Naval Service"), W123370X.
* Colour Sergeant Alwyn Brian Young, Royal Marines, PO15613K.
Army
* 23877480 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) David Alexander Allen, Irish Guards.
* 24266740 Sergeant Trevor Geoffrey Allison, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 23834196 Staff Sergeant Victor Amaira, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24149491 Staff Sergeant George Frank Arthur Angell, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.
* 24030488 Staff Sergeant Joseph Aquilina, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 24147072 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) Roger Axten, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 24106125 Corporal (Local Sergeant) Jack William Bardle, Royal Corps of Transport.
* 24278712 Sergeant Robert Charles Barfield, Royal Pioneer Corps.
* 23982572 Staff Sergeant Paul Barrett, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.
* 23305239 Staff Sergeant (now Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Herbert Robert Bartlett, 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers.
* 24179750 Sergeant Alan Behenna, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 22036400 Sergeant John Bennett, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Territorial Army.
* 24145408 Sergeant Martin Joseph Brown, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 22839215 Staff Sergeant Arthur John Budge, Wessex Regiment, Territorial Army.
* 24077288 Staff Sergeant George William Burroughs, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 23859018 Corporal Alexander Victor Carson, Corps of Royal Engineers, Territorial Army.
* 24264640 Staff Sergeant Alan Henry Chapman, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 23858622 Sergeant Anthony Clegg, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 23749192 Sergeant Kenneth Coatesworth, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 24266750 Corporal Malcolm Adrian Connop, The Royal Green Jackets.
* 23675255 Staff Sergeant Peter Mark Cook, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* LS/23677211 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\) Peter John Cosgrove, The Parachute Regiment.
* LS/23469151 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\) David John Coxall, 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers.
* LS/22742049 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\) John Dinnen, Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.
* 22343980 Staff Sergeant Jeremy John Eales, The Honourable Artillery Company, Territorial Army.
* 24328809 Corporal Paul Desmond Faithfull, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 24083527 Sergeant Michael John Handsley, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24063654 Sergeant Michael John Harden, Royal Tank Regiment.
* 23820690 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) William Henderson, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23917913 Sergeant Trevor Patrick Hope, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23727206 Gunner (Acting Bombardier) Ernest Vincent Johnson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army.
* 23924900 Lance Corporal Emlyn Dewi Jones, The Queen's Regiment.
* 24079315 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Peter Joseph McCoy, Army Catering Corps.
* 23479621 Staff Sergeant Ivor Noel McFadyen, 51st Highland Volunteers, Territorial Army.
* 23918020 Sergeant John Alexander McKnight, Royal Corps of Transport, Territorial Army.
* 24145577 Staff Sergeant Ian Joseph Mellor, Army Physical Training Corps.
* 24126237 Staff Sergeant David John Moon, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24019917 Sergeant Leonard James Moore, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 22136031 Staff Sergeant Frederick Donald Morgan, Royal Corps of Transport, Territorial Army.
* 24104663 Staff Sergeant William Norris, The King's Own Royal Border Regiment.
* 23873258 Sergeant Albert Richard Olde, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.
* LS/23221534 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\) William John Kerr Paterson, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's).
* 24106699 Staff Sergeant Darryl Leslie Joseph Pooley, Royal Corps of Transport.
* 21159392 Sergeant Dilkishor Rai, 2nd King Edward VIIs Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles).
* 23982516 Staff Sergeant David George Rose, Corps of Royal Military Police.
* 21158907 Sergeant Dorjee Sherpa, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles.
* 24132974 Corporal Patrick Joseph Simpson, Royal Pioneer Corps.
* 23536636 Corporal (Local Sergeant) Anthony Thomas Sims, Corps of Royal Military Police.
* 23612769 Sergeant John Whitcombe Smith, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24100830 Sergeant Peter Alfred Stewart Smith, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24186691 Staff Sergeant Christopher James Sockett, Army Catering Corps.
* 24059141 Sergeant Brian Stevens, The Light Infantry.
* 24048524 Staff Sergeant Gavin Neil Macleod Stoddart, The Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment).
* 23834480 Corporal Robert Gary Story, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23504026 Sergeant Athlyn Taylor, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23495367 Lance Sergeant (Acting Sergeant) John Taylor, Irish Guards.
* 23905935 Staff Sergeant Richard James Todd, 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own).
* 24225239 Staff Sergeant Stephen Tuck, Grenadier Guards.
* 24011291 Sergeant David Leonard Walton, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 24082353 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Michael Frederick Westley, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23862287 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Francis Michael Whiteside, Royal Army Medical Corps.
* 24048330 Staff Corporal (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Derek William Willis, The Life Guards.
* 24281743 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) John Brian Wilson, The Royal Welch Fusiliers.
* 24181281 Sergeant Martyn Hamilton Woods, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
Overseas Awards
* Lance Corporal Ying\-tang Lau, [Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Regiment_%28The_Volunteers%29 "Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)").
* Sergeant Kwok\-hung Leung, Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers).
Royal Air Force
* X4079582 Flight Sergeant John Kennedy Anderson.
* J4266712 Flight Sergeant Roy William Bennett.
* G4112638 Flight Sergeant Michael Rodney Counsell.
* L1928492 Flight Sergeant George Edward Gill.
* J4253539 Flight Sergeant Eric Holt.
* S4242345 Flight Sergeant David Fainges Johnston.
* D5035911 Flight Sergeant James McInally.
* Q1924619 Flight Sergeant Albert Derek Morris.
* N3147237 Flight Sergeant Michael John Plume.
* N4253854 Flight Sergeant Michael Francis Shaw.
* X4259991 Flight Sergeant Michael Steel.
* E4256158 Flight Sergeant Robert Lindsay Thomson.
* Y0688753 Chief Technician John Gillan Frederick Barnes.
* C4285302 Chief Technician Alister Brown Haveron.
* Q1944155 Chief Technician Anthony John Reeves Knight.
* P1934202 Chief Technician Malcolm Roy Myers.
* B1942036 Chief Technician Peter Frederick Riches.
* M1932638 Chief Technician Robert Henry Thompson.
* F1943733 Chief Technician John Francis Thornley.
* M1936839 Sergeant John Henry Gear.
* E4254083 Sergeant Alastair Steven Picton.
* F1947147 Sergeant Morris James Watt.
Civil Division
United Kingdom
* William Adams, Postman, Edinburgh Head Post Office, The Post Office.
* Samuel Ball Addis, Senior Foreman Trades Officer, Northern Ireland Prison Service.
* John Henry Allen, Technical Officer, Exeter Telephone Area, British Telecom.
* Eileen Virginia Ashton, Chief Photoprinter, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office "HM Stationery Office").
* Bernard Richard Askew, P.S.V. One Man Operator, East Midland Motor Services Ltd.
* Raymond Arthur Atfield, Installation Technician, Studio Capital Projects Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.
* Hector William Baikie, Professional and Technology Officer III (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.
* Marjorie Winifred Agnes Bailey, Centre Organiser, Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex Branch, British Red Cross Society.
* Stephen John Ball, Sergeant Major, Northern Ireland Division, [Corps of Commissionaires](/wiki/Corps_of_Commissionaires "Corps of Commissionaires").
* Nirmal Singh Bansal, Clerk of Works LE1, Property Services Agency, Department of the Environment.
* Eric Charles Barden. For services to the community in Dartford, Kent.
* Frank Robert Barlow, Sub\-postmaster, Hackney Road, The Post Office.
* Jack Barnes, Petty Officer, [Overseas Containers](/wiki/Overseas_Containers "Overseas Containers") Ltd.
* Pamela Margaret Bean, Sub\-postmistress, Terminus Road, Brighton, The Post Office.
* Roger Beck, Fireman, Derbyshire Fire Service.
* Francis Joseph Beetham, Setter "A", Ministry of Defence.
* Lucy May Bellamy. For services to disabled people in Hull.
* Griffith Beery, Mechanical Inspector, Wythenshawe Division, [Ferranti Computer Systems](/wiki/Ferranti_Computer_Systems "Ferranti Computer Systems") Ltd.
* Frank Betts, Process and General Supervisor Grade D, Ministry of Defence.
* Eric Walter Bird, Foundry Moulder (Leading Hand), [Baker Perkins](/wiki/Baker_Perkins "Baker Perkins") Ltd.
* Bruce Edward Birdsell, Steel Fixer, Costain Thompson Houston Ltd.
* Leslie Boddy, Town Hall Superintendent, Lord Mayor's Sergeant, Sheriff's Officer and Mace Bearer, [Oxford City Council](/wiki/Oxford_City_Council "Oxford City Council").
* Glennis Hetha Bosher. For services to children in Swansea.
* Joyce, Lydia Boxley. For services to the community in Dudley, West Midlands.
* Louis George Moody Brown, Engineer, U.I.E. Shipbuilding (Scotland) Ltd.
* Arthur Hammond Browne. For services to poultry keeping in Norfolk.
* Archibald Hugh MacDonald Burnie, Farm Manager, Achnacloich.
* Gordon Robertson Burr. For services to the community in Tongue and district.
* Leslie Butler, Centre Organiser, Dudley Branch, British Red Cross Society.
* Olive Butler, Steward, Members' Mess Club, Lancashire County Council.
* George Stanley Buxton, Constable, Northamptonshire Police.
* Colin James Bygrave, Professional and Technology Officer Grade III, Ministry of Defence.
* Gwendoline Violet Caldicutt, Cleaner, Weston\-under\-Penyard VA Primary School, Ross\-on\-Wye.
* Michael Honeyman Campbell, Bible Class Organiser, [HM Prison Edinburgh](/wiki/HM_Prison_Edinburgh "HM Prison Edinburgh").
* Antonis Anastasi Carantonis, Relief Station Inspector, London Transport.
* William Arthur Card, Site Foreman, Hall Thermo\-tank International Ltd. For Services to Export.
* Charles Malcolm Cation, Staff Foreman, National Steel Foundry (1914\) Ltd., Leven.
* Joseph Thomas Cattell, Senior Machine Shop Foreman, [GKN Sankey](/wiki/GKN_Sankey "GKN Sankey") Ltd.
* Victor Leonard Chandler, Chief Petty Officer Instructor, Hull Unit, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)").
* James Edward Chapman, Roadman, North Yorkshire County Council.
* Alfred Chappory, Sub\-Officer, Fire Section, Ministry of Defence.
* Geoffrey Arnold Clay, Constable, Staffordshire Police.
* Fred Cole, Chauffeur, Aycliffe and Peterlee Development Corporations.
* Matthew Clyde Coles, Sub\-Officer, Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.
* Royston Keith Coles, Senior Photographer, Ministry of Defence.
* Eric Henry Collins, Toolmaker, Lucas Electrical Ltd.
* Alan George Cook, Garden Supervisor, [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew").
* Marion Violet Cornwall, Cashier, Mitcheldean, [Rank Xerox](/wiki/Rank_Xerox "Rank Xerox") Manufacturing Operations.
* Esther Coxon, Local Organiser, Gateshead Metropolitan District, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service "Women's Royal Voluntary Service").
* William Cree, Foreman Grade 1, North Eastern Electricity Board.
* Frederick Croome, lately Development Worker, Calverton Colliery, South Nottinghamshire Area, National Coal Board.
* Ronald Charles Cross, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police.
* Marjorie Claire Mary Culley, Member, Bristol City, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.
* Robert Alan Cunningham, Bus Driver, [Ulsterbus](/wiki/Ulsterbus "Ulsterbus") Ltd.
* Phyllis Delphia Cutts. For services to the community, particularly to Barnsley Hospitals.
* Matthew William Daley, Driver, Hartlepool, Eastern Region, British Rail.
* Elias Davies, Gatekeeper, Grand Lodge, [Penrhyn Castle](/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle "Penrhyn Castle"), The National Trust.
* May Davies, Foster Parent, Mid\-Glamorgan County Council.
* Ronald John Davies, Chargehand, Shrewsbury Tool \& Die Company Ltd.
* Thomas Davies, Foreman Blockmaker, [Royal Doulton](/wiki/Royal_Doulton "Royal Doulton") Tableware Ltd.
* Kenneth Norman Denham. For services to the [National Association of Boy's Clubs](/wiki/National_Association_of_Boy%27s_Clubs "National Association of Boy's Clubs") in Chesham, Buckinghamshire.
* John Edmund David Denver, Craft Attendant, Band 2, Southern Electricity Board.
* Ivor Gordon Dodd, Sub Officer, Cornwall County Fire Brigade.
* Dorothy Violet Dudman, lately Driver, London H.Q., St. John Ambulance.
* Henry Douglas Eade, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Douglas Elias George Emery, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DCM}}, Revenue Constable, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Frank Faulkner, lately Professional and Technology Officer III, Ministry of Defence.
* Archibald Ferguson, Chargehand Craft Auxiliary B, Scottish Development Department.
* Sydney Finnigan, Professional and Technology Officer III, Engineering Services Branch, [Winfrith](/wiki/Winfrith "Winfrith"), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.
* Anthony Allenby Ford, Gas Distribution Supervisor, Ipswich District, Eastern Region, [British Gas Corporation](/wiki/British_Gas_Corporation "British Gas Corporation").
* Dennis Royal Fordham, Sewage Operations Foreman, Anglian Water Authority.
* Gordon Gilbert Foster, Face Worker, North Nottinghamshire Area, National Coal Board.
* Harold Foster, Porter, [Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital](/wiki/Royal_National_Orthopaedic_Hospital "Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital"), Stanmore.
* Albert Franklin. For services to the Royal British Legion in Northamptonshire.
* Barbara Simpson Fraser, Chargehand Telephone Switchboard Operator, [Dounreay](/wiki/Dounreay "Dounreay"), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.
* Walter Frear. For services to the Guild of Vergers.
* Joseph Fryer, Prison Officer, [HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wormwood_Scrubs "HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs").
* George Peter Gabriele, Leader, St. Mary's Boys' Club, Newcastle upon Tyne.
* Harry Gandy, Dock Foreman, [Stalbridge Dock](/wiki/Stalbridge_Dock "Stalbridge Dock"), Garston.
* Fred Garner, Resident Porter, Sir Thomas More Estate, Chelsea.
* Charles William George Gazzard, Professional and Technology Officer IV, [Meteorological Office](/wiki/Meteorological_Office "Meteorological Office").
* Cecil Charles Gennery, Production Superintendent, Rists Ltd.
* Lewis Charles Gibbs, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Bernard Gilfoyle, Bulk Tanker Driver, [Rank Hovis](/wiki/Rank_Hovis "Rank Hovis") Ltd.
* Sardara Singh Gill, Foreman, Light Machine Shop, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd.
* Trevor Edward Goodingham, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police.
* Cecil Graham, Driver, Mobil Oil Company Ltd., Belfast.
* Michael Harvey Gray, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary.
* Thomas Gray, Face Worker, Holditch Colliery, Western Area, National Coal Board.
* Nathaniel Thomas Green, Coastguard Officer 1, Sector Officer, Cromer, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard "HM Coastguard"), Department of Trade.
* William James Grey, Auxiliary Constable, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Rachel Vera Griffiths, District Staff, Ceredigion, Dyfed, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.
* Laurence Grogan, Chairman, Joint Union Negotiation Committee, [Arthur Guinness \& Company Ltd.](/wiki/Guinness "Guinness"), [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union "Transport and General Workers Union").
* Mabel Mary Pilar Haigh, Local Organiser, Elland, West Yorkshire, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.
* Joan Mary Harding, for services to the community in Pensford, Bristol.
* Arthur Hardman, Installation Inspector, Stalybridge District, North Western Electricity Board.
* Peter Ballingall Hart, Cork Maker, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy "Remploy") Ltd., Hillington.
* Vernon Eynon Hart, Surface Labourer, St. John's Colliery, South Wales Area, National Coal Board.
* Herbert George Harvey, lately Sergeant Major Instructor, Avon, [Army Cadet Force](/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force "Army Cadet Force").
* Ronald Reginald Brook Harvey, Manager, HMS *Fisgard*, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes "Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes").
* Stanley Hastings, Packer Leader, Strip Mill Products, Shotton Works, [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation "British Steel Corporation").
* Mavis Sidonie Hedger, Chief Woman Observer, No. 7 Group Bedford, [Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps "Royal Observer Corps").
* Leonard Henry, Safety Officer, Walker Yard, [Swan Hunter](/wiki/Swan_Hunter "Swan Hunter") Shipbuilders Ltd.
* Mary Herbert. For services to the community in Ebbw Vale.
* Frederick George Basil Hillier, General Foreman, [John Laing Construction Ltd](/wiki/John_Laing_Group "John Laing Group").
* Bertram George Hinnells, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MM}}, Forester, Marlesford Estate, Woodbridge, Suffolk.
* Harold James Holmes, Constable, Merseyside Police.
* Arthur Sydney Huckfield, Foreman Toolsetter, [Abingdon King Dick](/wiki/Abingdon_King_Dick "Abingdon King Dick") Ltd.
* Alfred Henry Hughes, Washmiller, Qay Quarry, Westbury Works, [Blue Circle Industries](/wiki/Blue_Circle_Industries "Blue Circle Industries") plc.
* Ronald Miller Hunter, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* John Bowe Johnson, Chief Officer II, Medomsley Detention Centre.
* Richard Johnson, Senior Foreman, Production Laboratory, Vickers Instruments.
* Sydney Neven Johnson, Supervisor, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland.
* Edward Johnston, Sports Attendant, Glencairn Secondary School, Belfast.
* John Jones, Secretary, [Rockware Glass](/wiki/Rockware_Glass "Rockware Glass") Company Branch, Transport and General Workers Union.
* Owen Jones, Forest Craftsman, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission "Forestry Commission").
* William Albert Jones, Principal Range Superintendent, Ministry of Defence.
* Ellen Kemp, lately Forewoman Cleaner, Metropolitan Police.
* William Francis Kilfedder, Foreman, Heavy Plant Workshops, F.J.C. Lilley plc.
* Winifred Ethel Flora Kinder. For services to the welfare of children in Cranbrook and Southborough, Kent.
* David James Kirk, Supervisor, Coalville, British Rail.
* Catherine Beryl Higgs Lewis. For services to the community in Bryncrug, Gwynedd.
* Eric George Lewis, Surveyor/Relief Supervisor, South Western Region, British Gas Corporation.
* Ernest Frederick Lewis, Storeman, [Gaynes Hall](/wiki/Gaynes_Hall "Gaynes Hall") Borstal.
* Thomas Lloyd, lately Ship Wright, [Manchester Ship Canal Company](/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal_Company "Manchester Ship Canal Company").
* William Briggs Longbottom, Assistant Engineer, Maple Mill, [Courtaulds](/wiki/Courtaulds "Courtaulds") Ltd.
* Joseph Ludkin, lately State Enrolled Nurse, [Broadmoor Hospital](/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital "Broadmoor Hospital"), Department of Health and Social Security.
* Grace Eleanor Luxton, Canteen Worker, Medway Towns Unit, Sea Cadets Corps.
* James William McCafferey, Stores Supervisor, Stockport, North Western Region, British Gas Corporation.
* Herbert David McCammond, Maintenance Officer, Northern Ireland Housing Executive.
* Malcolm John MAcDonald, Farm Manager, Auch, Bridge of Orchy.
* Francis McGoff, Stores Supervisor, Clinical Research Centre, Medical Research Council.
* James Fraser McKenzie, Works Superintendent (Foreman), Water Supply Services, Lothian Regional Council.
* Malcolm MacLeod, Crofter, South Arnish, Raasay, Kyle.
* William McMahon, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Bhola Maharaj Mansfield, Driver/Loader, Refuse Collection Service, Manchester City Council.
* Marjory Eileen Manton, Joint District Organiser, Horsham, West Sussex, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.
* Joyce Marriott, Home Help, Godstone, Surrey.
* Edward Thomas Frank Marsh, Stockman, North Cadbury, Yeovil, Somerset.
* Edward Joseph Martin, Civilian Instructor, Crawley Unit, Sea Cadet Corps.
* Alec Ashley Mason. For services to the Royal British Legion in Bratton, Wiltshire.
* Olive Mason, Member, Wilmslow, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service "Women's Royal Voluntary Service").
* Joseph Edmund Megarry, Principal Officer, [Northern Ireland Prison Service](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service "Northern Ireland Prison Service").
* Frederick Mellor, Trimming Sorter, Remploy Ltd., Salford.
* Phoebe May Mertens, Foster Parent, Birmingham Social Services Department.
* Robert Henry Messam, Fitter, [Trent Motor Traction Company Ltd](/wiki/Trentbarton "Trentbarton").
* Thomas Millar, Technician IIB, British Telecom.
* Dorothy Veronica Miller\-Pierce, Divisional Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary "Metropolitan Special Constabulary").
* Geraldine Olive Mitchell. For services to the community in Thames Ditton, Surrey.
* Irene Monaghan, lately Housekeeper, Sheffield City Council.
* John Timothy Moriarty, Sub\-Officer, [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade "London Fire Brigade").
* Margaret Agnes Muir, for services to the community, particularly the deaf, in Dumfries.
* Maurice Newberry, Sergeant, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* Joseph Richard Newby, Resident Engineer and Caretaker, [Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Shrewsbury_College_of_Arts_and_Technology "Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology").
* Hilda Joan Noakes. For services to the British Red Cross Society in Berkshire.
* Mary Ellen O'Brien, Chief Paperkeeper, Home Office.
* Mary Ellen O'Hanlon, Nursing Auxiliary, [Daisy Hill Hospital](/wiki/Daisy_Hill_Hospital "Daisy Hill Hospital"), Newry.
* Marjorie Alice Osgood. For services to the community in Stubbington, Hampshire.
* Eric William Palmer, Export Despatch Supervisor, B.D.H. Chemicals Ltd. For services to Export.
* John Edward Parker, Experimental Worker Grade II, Ministry of Defence.
* Alexander Cargill Paton, Station Officer, Forth Marine Rescue Sub\-Centre, HM Coastguard, Department of Trade.
* Florence May Payne. For services to the community, particularly local hospitals, in Suffolk.
* William George Henry Payne, Chargehand, Despatch Department, Firsteel Ltd.
* Ronald Pearson, Assistant Gantryman, Strip Mill Products, Llanwern Works, British Steel Corporation.
* Albert Edward John Peel. For charitable services to the Swansea and West Wales Cancer Aid Society.
* Edgar Donald Peel, Chief Petty Officer (Pumpman), Esso Petroleum Company Ltd.
* Graham John Penny, Constable, [South Wales Constabulary](/wiki/South_Wales_Constabulary "South Wales Constabulary").
* Frank John Perkins, Steward 2, Ministry of Defence.
* Sydney William Phillips, Works Convenor, Chester Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace").
* Clifford Charles Pocknell, Sub\-Officer, Hereford and Worcester Fire Brigade.
* Kenneth Pratt, Sub\-Officer, [Devon Fire Brigade](/wiki/Devon_Fire_Brigade "Devon Fire Brigade").
* Roma Violet June Prebble, Chief Observer (W), No. 1 Group Maidstone, [Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps "Royal Observer Corps").
* Thomas Primrose, Constable, [Strathclyde Police](/wiki/Strathclyde_Police "Strathclyde Police").
* Leslie William Pugh, Senior Messenger, Department of the Environment.
* Ernest James Noel Radway, Process Supervisor, Chemical Plants, Springfields Works, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd "British Nuclear Fuels Ltd").
* William John Buchanan Ramsay, Constable, [Ministry of Defence Police](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police "Ministry of Defence Police").
* James Johnstone Reddiex, Senior Operator, Hot Strip Mill, Strip Mill Products, Ravenscraig Works, British Steel Corporation.
* James Arthur Reed, Supervisor, Access Control, Airport Security, Heathrow Airport, [British Airports Authority](/wiki/British_Airports_Authority "British Airports Authority").
* Harold William Reeve, Principal Quality Engineer, Quality Department, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, British Aerospace pic.
* William Percy Revell, Craftsman, Department of the Environment.
* Glyn Thelwell Roberts. Highways Superintendent, Melton Borough Council.
* Leslie Roberts, Chargeman, Cannon Street, South Eastern Division, Southern Region, British Rail.
* Wilfred Robinson. For services to [Ellesmere Port Boat Museum](/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_Boat_Museum "Ellesmere Port Boat Museum").
* Joseph Robson, Craftsman (Fitting\-Plant/ Vehicles), Central and South West Scotland Area, South of Scotland Electricity Board.
* Robert Robson, Bridges Supervising Foreman, Highways Department, Northumberland County Council.
* Phyllis Harrison Roderick. For services to the Order of St. John in Wales.
* Muriel Ellen Rogerson. For services to the community in Wawne, Humberside.
* Diana Patricia Ross, Cleaner, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* William George Albert Russett, Craftsman (Electrician), [Rutherford Laboratory](/wiki/Rutherford_Laboratory "Rutherford Laboratory"), Scientific and Engineering Research Council.
* Constance Irene Scholes. For services to the South East Regional Association for the Deaf.
* Sydney Richard Shea, Development Department Assistant, Hugh Mackay \& Co. Ltd.
* Charles Fergus Simpson, Sergeant, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Edward Smith, Civilian Driving Instructor, [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police "Greater Manchester Police").
* Henry Gordon Smith, Storekeeper, Transport Department, Tingley, North Eastern Region, British Gas Corporation.
* Reginald Frank Philip Smith, Waterman and Turncock, Oadby Reservoir, Leicester, [Severn Trent Water Authority](/wiki/Severn_Trent_Water_Authority "Severn Trent Water Authority").
* Ronald James Smith, Foreman Warehouseman, Sterling Wharfage Co. Ltd.
* Alice Southworth, Clothing Organiser, Darwen, Woman's Royal Voluntary Service.
* John William Borthwick Soutter, Driver/Handyman, Scottish Office.
* Peter Stagey, Experimental Worker II, Ministry of Defence.
* Hector Robert Steele, Assistant Commandant, Irvine B.R. Company, St. Andrews Ambulance Corps.
* Sybil Alice Heath Stevens, School Crossing Patrol, Metropolitan Police.
* Alfred Stewart, Craneman, Belfast Harbour Authority.
* Miles Stott, lately Superintendent, [Guildhall, Londonderry](/wiki/Guildhall%2C_Derry "Guildhall, Derry").
* Ada Street, for charitable services to diabetic research.
* Rita Stuart, Cook, [Fleming Cottage Hospital](/wiki/Fleming_Cottage_Hospital "Fleming Cottage Hospital"), Aberlour\-on\-Spey.
* Charles Summerhayes, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* Peter Sutherland, Superintendent Depot Services, Ministry of Defence.
* Antony Benedict Sutton, Surveyor Senior Grade, [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey "Ordnance Survey").
* Walter Geoffrey Swift, Museum Foreman, Merseyside County Museum.
* Betty Symons, Process and General Supervisory Grade "C", Ministry of Defence.
* Timothy Neave Taylor, Auxiliary in Charge, Mablethorpe, HM Coastguard.
* George Henry Terry, Professional and Technology Officer IV, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)").
* John Weston Thomas, Harp Maker, Wolfs Castle, Haverfordwest.
* Albert Ernest Thompson, Technician III, [National Maritime Museum](/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum "National Maritime Museum").
* Ebenezer Turner, Coalman, S.A. Williams, Dudley.
* William Wallace, Senior Railman, Glasgow, British Rail.
* Ellis Thomas Wells, Sheet Metal Worker, Warton Division Aircraft Group, British Aerospace pic.
* Bertie Cyril William Westrop, Progress Controller, Plessey Avionics \& Communications Ltd.
* Tom Whalley, Decorating Manager, J. E. Heath Ltd.
* Raymond John Wheeler, Production Worker I, Ministry of Defence.
* Maisie Emily Wiley, House Foreman, Central Premises, British Broadcasting Corporation.
* Henry William John Willett, Office Keeper II, Department of Industry.
* Percy Williams, Manager of Transport Property Maintenance, A. Darlington (Heswall) Ltd.
* William Frederick Williams, Chairman, Longmynd Adventure Camp, Shropshire.
* Thomas William Willingale, Model Shop Controller, Racal Mobilcal Ltd. For services to Export.
* Frederick John Edgar Willis, Senior Paper Keeper, [Lord Chancellor's Department](/wiki/Lord_Chancellor%27s_Department "Lord Chancellor's Department").
* Edward Thomas Willman, Ambulance Driver, [Avonmouth Docks](/wiki/Avonmouth_Docks "Avonmouth Docks"), Port of Bristol Authority.
* Henry Wilkinson Wilson, Ship Plater, Tyne Shiprepair Ltd.
* Kenneth Winter, Relief Signalman (G.P.R.) Class 2, Western Region, British Rail.
* Sydney Wood, Coal Merchant, Newton Aycliffe New Town.
* Arthur Richard Woolley, lately Fireman, London Fire Brigade.
* John Anthony Wragg, Craftsman 1, Department of Employment.
* William John Francis Young, lately Examiner II (Industrial), Ministry of Defence.
Overseas Territories
* Rudolph Hodge. For public services in the [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands").
* Koon\-fat Hung, Senior Customs Officer, Customs and Excise Service, Hong Kong.
* Wanda Wan\-wah Lee, Health Auxiliary, Medical and Health Department, Hong Kong.
* Raphael Felipe Mifsud, Telecommunications Officer, Telephone Department, Gibraltar.
* Pedro do Rozario, Principal Officer, Correctional Services Department, Hong Kong.
* Frank Harold Warwick, Technical Officer, Public Works Department, Gibraltar.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* Helen Louisa Alice Bunyan. For service to the community.
* Robert George Patrick Davis. For service to the community.
* Lorraine Daphne Decker. For service to sport.
* Noel Lisle Land. For service to the Returned Services League and the community.
* Myrine Esma Maker. For service to the community.
* Elizabeth Ann Marchant. For service to the community.
* Paul Eliott Newman. For service to the community.
* Edith Olive Perry. For service to the community.
* Grainger Goyne Rothwell. For service to the community.
* Noel Paul Stanaway. For service to boating.
State of South Australia
* George William Battye. For service to the community.
* Alfreda Olive Day. For service to the arts.
* Charles John Gardner. For services to the Returned Services League.
* Leslie Raymund Hill. For services to local history.
* David Thomas Lloyd. For services to the community.
* Shirley Nolan. For services to ancillary school organisations.
* Robert Stanley Edmund Robins. For services to Cleland Conservation Park.
State of Western Australia
* Joseph James Higgins. For services to the community.
* Patrine Howden, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For service to the community.
* Kathleen Mary Johnson. For service to nursing.
* Carmel Olive Moore. For service to the community.
* Christopher George Seymour. For service to the community.
* Brenda Patricia Warwick Wittenoom. For service to the community.
State of Tasmania
* Kenneth Hume Hawkins. For service to local government.
* Miriam Evelyn O'Toole. For service to the community.
* Ivan Short. For service to sport and local government.
Bar to the British Empire Medal
United Kingdom
* Sidney John Hooper, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, lately Resident Engineer, [British Insurance Association Headquarters](/wiki/Association_of_British_Insurers "Association of British Insurers").
### Royal Red Cross (RRC)
* Lieutenant Colonel Noeleen Margaret Braisby, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (467025\), [Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Army_Nursing_Corps "Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps").
* Colonel Jean Veronica Grieve, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ARRC}}, (444021\), Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps.
#### Associate of the Royal Red Cross (ARRC)
* Senior Nursing Officer Barbara Anne Johnson, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service "Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service").
* Superintending Nursing Officer Jane Hathway Marshall, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.
* Superintending Nursing Officer Brenda Anne Powell, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.
* Superintending Nursing Officer Fiona Penelope Smith, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.
* Superintending Nursing Officer Claire Mavis Taylor, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.
* Major Hilary Stephanie Dixon\-Nuttall (473186\), Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps.
* Squadron Leader Ann Beryl Golding (407653\), [Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service](/wiki/Princess_Mary%27s_Royal_Air_Force_Nursing_Service "Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service").
* Squadron Leader Isabella Ellen King (407537\), Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service.
* Squadron Leader Valerie Diane Wright (408292\), Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service.
### Air Force Cross (AFC)
Army
* Lieutenant Colonel Peter Rodney Carter (426843\), [Army Air Corps](/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)").
Royal Air Force
* Wing Commander [Timothy Gane Thorn](/wiki/Timothy_Gane_Thorn "Timothy Gane Thorn") (608332\).
* Squadron Leader Keith William Ifould (4232498\).
* Squadron Leader Joseph Patrick L'Estrange, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFM}}, (3041026\).
* Squadron Leader Hector Gavin MacKay (2616088\).
* Squadron Leader David George Miller Wright (1608638\).
* Flight Lieutenant Byron Stephen Walters (8025401\).
* Master Air Electronics Operator Peter Edward Sampson (M3509322\).
Bar to the Air Force Cross
* Squadron Leader Bruce Anthony Donald McKenzie McDonald, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFC}}, (4036925\).
### Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
Royal Air Force
* Wing Commander Richard John Wharmby (684896\).
* Squadron Leader Albert James Cann (4086019\).
* Squadron Leader David Ronald Gasson (5200733\).
* Squadron Leader Leslie Hakin (4256441\).
* Squadron Leader Ian Hodson, (8024786\).
* Squadron Leader Robert Douglas Lapraik (5200618\).
* Squadron Leader Thomas William Rimmer (2619749\).
* Squadron Leader Iain Clunie Ross (608700\).
* Squadron Leader John Joshua Whitfield (4232467\).
* Flight Lieutenant Jack Allen (4114517\).
* Flight Lieutenant Russell George Braithwaite (4230269\).
* Flight Lieutenant Alan Roy Foster (5201111\).
* Flight Lieutenant Gaylon Brian Horning (582839\).
* Flight Lieutenant Murdo MacDonald MacLeod (8025506\).
* Flight Lieutenant Lawrence Leslie John McCready (8026256\).
* Flight Lieutenant Dennis Frederick Southern (4112531\).
United Kingdom
* Robert Strachan Pogson, Senior Flight Test Engineer, Manchester Division, Woodford Aircraft Group, British Aerospace plc.
### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)
England and Wales
* Gerald George Atfield, Chief Superintendent, Surrey Constabulary.
* Norman Barton, lately Commander, Metropolitan Police.
* Robin Victor Brooker, Chief Superintendent, Sussex Police.
* Douglas Haig Cree, Commander, Metropolitan Police.
* Donald Elliott, Deputy Chief Constable, Greater Manchester Police.
* Barbara Gale, Superintendent, Merseyside Police.
* Hugh Victor Dudley Hallett, Assistant Chief Constable, Kent Constabulary.
* Donald John Hanson, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police.
* Roderick Jones, Chief Superintendent, South Yorkshire Police.
* Peter David Joslin, Deputy Chief Constable, Warwickshire Constabulary.
* Kenneth Hirst Ogram, Chief Constable, British Transport Police.
* John Edwin Over, Chief Constable, Gwent Constabulary.
* Andrew Kirkpatrick Sloan, Deputy Chief Constable, Lincolnshire Police.
* Alan Vickers, Assistant Chief Constable, West Mercia Constabulary.
* Peter John Westley, Commander, Metropolitan Police.
Northern Ireland
* William Nicholl, Superintendent, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
Scotland
* James Archibald Baxter, Detective Chief Superintendent, Strathclyde Police, and Commander, Scottish Crime Squad.
* Peter McBride Fisher, Chief Superintendent, Strathclyde Police.
Overseas Territories
* Peter John Clarke, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CPM}}, Assistant Commissioner, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Stanley Valentine Franks, Commissioner of Police, St. Kitts\-Nevis.
* Charles Derek Mayger, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CPM}}, Chief Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Edmund James Edworthy Stowers, Commissioner of Police, Cayman Islands.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* Henry Hugh Doull. Superintendent, Queensland Police Force.
State of South Australia
* Laurence Norton McEvoy. Superintendent, South Australian Police Force.
### Queen's Fire Services Medal (QFSM)
England and Wales
* Harold Robert Charles Boyce, Assistant Chief Officer, [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade "London Fire Brigade").
* Bryan Thomas Alfred Collins, Chief Officer, Humberside Fire Brigade.
* Edward Spencer Faulkner, Chief Officer, Hertfordshire Fire Brigade.
* Gordon Frank Henry Mitchell, Chief Officer, [Army Fire Service](/wiki/Army_Fire_Service "Army Fire Service").
* Roger Carlton Paramor, Chief Officer, Essex County Fire Brigade.
* John Spence, Chief Officer, Warwickshire County Fire Service.
Overseas Territories
* Montague Kingdom, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CPM}}, Chief Fire Officer, Hong Kong Fire Brigade.
* John Howard March, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CPM}}, Chief Fire Officer, Hong Kong Fire Brigade.
### Colonial Police Medal (CPM)
* Patrick Edward Birney, Senior Superintendent, [Royal Hong Kong Police Force](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Police_Force "Royal Hong Kong Police Force").
* George David Brooke, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Fong Chan, Assistant Divisional Officer, [Hong Kong Fire Services](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services "Hong Kong Fire Services").
* Kwok\-yin Chan, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Pui\-shing Chow, Divisional Officer, Hong Kong Fire Services.
* Barrie Joseph Deegan, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Leonardo John Harteam, Chief Inspector, [Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Auxiliary_Police_Force "Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force").
* Yuk\-kuen Lau, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Hoi\-ching Lee, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Kwok\-chiu Lee, Divisional Officer, Hong Kong Fire Services.
* Pui Ling, Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force.
* Kwong\-yee Ma, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Benjamin William Munford, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Peter Graham Oakey, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Robert Allan Porter, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* David Smith, Chief Inspector, Gibraltar Police Force.
* Ki\-kwong So, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Wing\-sun Tang, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Siu\-bun Wong, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
|
[
"United Kingdom and Commonwealth\n-------------------------------",
"### Baron",
"Life Peers\n* [Marshal of the Royal Air Force](/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force \"Marshal of the Royal Air Force\") Sir [Neil Cameron](/wiki/Neil_Cameron%2C_Baron_Cameron_of_Balhousie \"Neil Cameron, Baron Cameron of Balhousie\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=GCB, CBE, DSO, DFC, AE}}, Principal of [King's College, London](/wiki/King%27s_College%2C_London \"King's College, London\").\n* Sir [Derek Ezra](/wiki/Derek_Ezra%2C_Baron_Ezra \"Derek Ezra, Baron Ezra\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. Lately Chairman, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board \"National Coal Board\").\n* Sir [Derek George Rayner](/wiki/Derek_Rayner%2C_Baron_Rayner \"Derek Rayner, Baron Rayner\"), Joint Vice Chairman, [Marks \\& Spencer](/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer \"Marks & Spencer\") plc. Adviser to the Prime Minister on efficiency in Government.\n* The Right Honourable [Gordon William Humphreys Douglas Richardson](/wiki/Gordon_Richardson%2C_Baron_Richardson_of_Duntisbourne \"Gordon Richardson, Baron Richardson of Duntisbourne\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE, TD}}. [Governor, Bank of England](/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England \"Governor of the Bank of England\").",
"### Privy Counsellor",
"* [John Julian Ganzoni, Baron Belstead](/wiki/John_Ganzoni%2C_2nd_Baron_Belstead \"John Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead\"). [Minister of State](/wiki/Minister_of_State \"Minister of State\"), [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\").\n* Sir [Ian Percival](/wiki/Ian_Percival \"Ian Percival\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC, MP}}, [Solicitor General](/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales \"Solicitor General for England and Wales\"). Member of Parliament for [Southport](/wiki/Southport_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Southport (UK Parliament constituency)\").\n* The Honourable [Nicholas Ridley](/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley%2C_Baron_Ridley_of_Liddesdale \"Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MP}}. [Financial Secretary to the Treasury](/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury \"Financial Secretary to the Treasury\"). Member of Parliament for [Cirencester and Tewkesbury](/wiki/Cirencester_and_Tewkesbury_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Cirencester and Tewkesbury (UK Parliament constituency)\").",
"### Knight Bachelor",
"* [Robert Atkinson](/wiki/Robert_Atkinson_%28businessman%29 \"Robert Atkinson (businessman)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSC, RD}}, Chairman, [British Shipbuilders](/wiki/British_Shipbuilders \"British Shipbuilders\").\n* [Brian Harry Bailey](/wiki/Brian_Harry_Bailey \"Brian Harry Bailey\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chairman, South West Regional Health Authority.\n* The Honourable [John Francis Harcourt Baring](/wiki/John_Baring%2C_7th_Baron_Ashburton \"John Baring, 7th Baron Ashburton\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CVO}}, Chairman, [Baring Brothers \\& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/Barings_Bank \"Barings Bank\")\n* [Christopher Charles Booth](/wiki/Christopher_Booth \"Christopher Booth\"), Director, [Medical Research Council](/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)\"), Clinical Research Centre.\n* [Douglas Denison Brown](/wiki/Douglas_Denison_Brown \"Douglas Denison Brown\"). For political service.\n* [Austin Wyeth Bunch](/wiki/Austin_Wyeth_Bunch \"Austin Wyeth Bunch\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Chairman, The [Electricity Council](/wiki/Electricity_Council \"Electricity Council\").\n* [Clifford Charles Butler](/wiki/Clifford_Charles_Butler \"Clifford Charles Butler\"), [Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor \"Vice-Chancellor\"), [Loughborough University of Technology](/wiki/Loughborough_University_of_Technology \"Loughborough University of Technology\"). For services to Science Education.\n* [Wilfred Halliday Cockcroft](/wiki/Wilfred_Cockcroft \"Wilfred Cockcroft\"). For services to Education.\n* [Terence Orby Conran](/wiki/Terence_Orby_Conran \"Terence Orby Conran\"), Chairman, [Habitat](/wiki/Habitat_%28retailer%29 \"Habitat (retailer)\")/[Mothercare](/wiki/Mothercare \"Mothercare\") plc.\n* [James Carlisle Stormonth Darling](/wiki/James_Carlisle_Stormonth_Darling \"James Carlisle Stormonth Darling\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, MC, TD}}, Director, [The National Trust for Scotland](/wiki/The_National_Trust_for_Scotland \"The National Trust for Scotland\").\n* [William Barr McKinnon Duncan](/wiki/William_Barr_McKinnon_Duncan \"William Barr McKinnon Duncan\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [Imperial Chemical Industries](/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries \"Imperial Chemical Industries\") plc.\n* [Sidney Alfred William Eburne](/wiki/Sidney_Alfred_William_Eburne \"Sidney Alfred William Eburne\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}, Chairman and Senior Crown Agent.\n* [Leslie Fletcher](/wiki/Leslie_Fletcher \"Leslie Fletcher\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSC}}. For political and public service.\n* [Edward Lucas Gardner](/wiki/Edward_Lucas_Gardner \"Edward Lucas Gardner\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC, MP}}. For political and public service.\n* [John Anthony Grant](/wiki/John_Anthony_Grant \"John Anthony Grant\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MP}}. For political and public service.\n* [John Peter Grenside](/wiki/John_Peter_Grenside \"John Peter Grenside\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Senior Partner, [Peat Marwick Mitchell \\& Company](/wiki/Peat_Marwick_Mitchell_%26_Company \"Peat Marwick Mitchell & Company\").\n* [Harold George Hillier](/wiki/Harold_Hillier \"Harold Hillier\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For services to horticulture and for charitable services.\n* [Michael Murray Hordern](/wiki/Michael_Murray_Hordern \"Michael Murray Hordern\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Actor.\n* [David William Stennis Stuart Lane](/wiki/David_William_Stennis_Stuart_Lane \"David William Stennis Stuart Lane\"), lately Chairman, [Commission for Racial Equality](/wiki/Commission_for_Racial_Equality \"Commission for Racial Equality\").\n* [Kenneth Lewis](/wiki/Kenneth_Lewis \"Kenneth Lewis\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL, MP}}. For political and public service.\n* [Norman Somerville Macfarlane](/wiki/Norman_Somerville_Macfarlane \"Norman Somerville Macfarlane\"), Chairman and Managing Director, [Macfarlane Group](/wiki/Macfarlane_Group \"Macfarlane Group\") (Clansman) plc, and for services to industry and the Arts.\n* [John David Nunes Nabarro](/wiki/John_David_Nunes_Nabarro \"John David Nunes Nabarro\"), Chairman of the [Joint Consultants' Committee](/wiki/Joint_Consultants%27_Committee \"Joint Consultants' Committee\"). Lately Consultant Physician, [Middlesex Hospital](/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital \"Middlesex Hospital\").\n* [Edward Walter Parkes](/wiki/Edward_Parkes \"Edward Parkes\"), Chairman, [University Grants Committee](/wiki/University_Grants_Committee_%28UK%29 \"University Grants Committee (UK)\").\n* [David Towry Piper](/wiki/David_Towry_Piper \"David Towry Piper\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For services to Art.\n* [John Michael Pritchard](/wiki/John_Michael_Pritchard \"John Michael Pritchard\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Conductor.\n* The Right Honourable [Kenneth Robinson](/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_%28British_politician%29 \"Kenneth Robinson (British politician)\"). For services to the Arts.\n* [Dudley Gordon Smith](/wiki/Dudley_Gordon_Smith \"Dudley Gordon Smith\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MP}}. For political and public service.\n* [Theodore Morris Sugden](/wiki/Theodore_Morris_Sugden \"Theodore Morris Sugden\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Master of [Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge](/wiki/Trinity_Hall%2C_Cambridge \"Trinity Hall, Cambridge\"). Physical Secretary, [The Royal Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Society \"The Royal Society\").\n* [John Meredith Temple](/wiki/John_Meredith_Temple \"John Meredith Temple\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For political and public service.\n* [Adam Thomson](/wiki/Adam_Thomson_%28businessman%29 \"Adam Thomson (businessman)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, [Caledonian Aviation Group plc](/wiki/Caledonian_Airways \"Caledonian Airways\").\n* [Frederick Donald Walters](/wiki/Frederick_Donald_Walters \"Frederick Donald Walters\"). For political and public service.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* [Raymond Douglas Logan](/wiki/Raymond_Douglas_Logan \"Raymond Douglas Logan\"). For service to the cattle industry and the community.",
"State of Western Australia\n* [James Alexander McCusker](/wiki/James_McCusker_%28banker%29 \"James McCusker (banker)\"). For service to building societies.",
"### Order of the Bath",
"#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)",
"Military Division\n* Admiral Sir [Arthur Desmond Cassidi](/wiki/Desmond_Cassidi \"Desmond Cassidi\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB}}.\n* General Sir [Michael Gow](/wiki/Michael_Gow_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Michael Gow (British Army officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, ADC (Gen.)}} (278637\\), late [Scots Guards](/wiki/Scots_Guards \"Scots Guards\"), [Colonel Commandant](/wiki/Colonel_Commandant \"Colonel Commandant\") [Intelligence Corps](/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)\").\n* Air Chief Marshal Sir [Peter Terry](/wiki/Peter_Terry \"Peter Terry\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, AFC}}, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\").",
"Civil Division\n* Sir [Robert Temple Armstrong](/wiki/Robert_Temple_Armstrong \"Robert Temple Armstrong\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, CVO}}, [Secretary of the Cabinet](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Cabinet \"Secretary of the Cabinet\"). Joint [Head of the Home Civil Service](/wiki/Head_of_the_Home_Civil_Service \"Head of the Home Civil Service\").",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)",
"Military Division\n* Vice Admiral [Peter Geoffrey Marshall Herbert](/wiki/Peter_Herbert_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Peter Herbert (Royal Navy officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Vice Admiral [James Edward Campbell Kennon](/wiki/James_Kennon \"James Kennon\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}.\n* Lieutenant General [Richard Maurice Hilton Vickers](/wiki/Richard_Vickers \"Richard Vickers\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO, OBE}}, (400100\\), late [The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)](/wiki/The_Blues_and_Royals_%28Royal_Horse_Guards_and_1st_Dragoons%29 \"The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)\").\n* Acting Air Marshal [Peter Robin Harding](/wiki/Peter_Harding_%28RAF_officer%2C_born_1933%29 \"Peter Harding (RAF officer, born 1933)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CB}}, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\").",
"Civil Division\n* [John Lewis Jones](/wiki/John_Jones_%28MI5_officer%29 \"John Jones (MI5 officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG}}, attached [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* [Michael James Kerry](/wiki/Michael_Kerry \"Michael Kerry\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CB}}, [HM Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor](/wiki/Treasury_Solicitor \"Treasury Solicitor\").\n* [Philip John Woodfield](/wiki/Philip_Woodfield \"Philip Woodfield\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CB, CBE}}, [Permanent Under\\-Secretary of State](/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State \"Permanent Under-Secretary of State\"), [Northern Ireland Office](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office \"Northern Ireland Office\").",
"#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Rear Admiral [David John Mackenzie](/wiki/David_John_Mackenzie \"David John Mackenzie\").\n* Major General [John Frederick Mottram](/wiki/John_Frederick_Mottram \"John Frederick Mottram\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO, OBE}}.\n* Rear Admiral [Derek O'Hara](/wiki/Derek_O%27Hara \"Derek O'Hara\").\n* Rear Admiral [Trevor Owen Keith Spraggs](/wiki/Trevor_Owen_Keith_Spraggs \"Trevor Owen Keith Spraggs\").",
"Army\n* Major General [Archibald Cull Birtwistle](/wiki/Archibald_Cull_Birtwistle \"Archibald Cull Birtwistle\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, (406347\\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals \"Royal Corps of Signals\").\n* The Venerable Archdeacon [William Francis Johnston](/wiki/William_Francis_Johnston \"William Francis Johnston\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QHC}}, (459970\\), [Royal Army Chaplains' Department](/wiki/Royal_Army_Chaplains%27_Department \"Royal Army Chaplains' Department\").\n* Major General [Lennox Alexander Hawkins Napier](/wiki/Lennox_Napier \"Lennox Napier\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, MC}}, (397999\\), late [The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)](/wiki/The_Royal_Regiment_of_Wales_%2824th/41st_Foot%29 \"The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)\"), [Colonel Commandant](/wiki/Colonel_Commandant \"Colonel Commandant\") [Prince of Wales' Division](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27_Division \"Prince of Wales' Division\").\n* Major General [George Brian Sinclair](/wiki/George_Brian_Sinclair \"George Brian Sinclair\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, (376979\\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers \"Corps of Royal Engineers\").\n* Major General [Henry Michael Tillotson](/wiki/Henry_Michael_Tillotson \"Henry Michael Tillotson\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, (393310\\), Colonel [The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own_Regiment_of_Yorkshire \"The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire\").\n* Major General [Anthony John Trythall](/wiki/Anthony_John_Trythall \"Anthony John Trythall\") (390055\\), late [Royal Army Educational Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Educational_Corps \"Royal Army Educational Corps\").",
"Royal Air Force\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [David Frank Bates](/wiki/David_Frank_Bates \"David Frank Bates\"), (Retired).\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [Joseph Alfred Gilbert](/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Joseph Gilbert (RAF officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}.\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [Anthony Gerald Skingsley](/wiki/Anthony_Skingsley \"Anthony Skingsley\").\n* The Venerable [Herbert James Stuart](/wiki/Herbert_James_Stuart \"Herbert James Stuart\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QHC}}.",
"Civil Division\n* Richard Herries Bird, Deputy Secretary, [Department of Education and Science](/wiki/Department_for_Education \"Department for Education\").\n* [John Niall Henderson Blelloch](/wiki/John_Blelloch \"John Blelloch\"), Deputy Secretary, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* John Caines, Deputy Secretary, [Department of Trade](/wiki/Department_of_Trade \"Department of Trade\").\n* David Cunningham, Solicitor to the Secretary of State for Scotland.\n* Ian Leonard Davies, Director, [Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment](/wiki/Admiralty_Underwater_Weapons_Establishment \"Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment\"), Ministry of Defence.\n* [Anthony Noble Frankland](/wiki/Noble_Frankland \"Noble Frankland\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, DFC}}, lately Director, [The Imperial War Museum](/wiki/The_Imperial_War_Museum \"The Imperial War Museum\").\n* Charles Freedman, Under Secretary, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise \"Board of Customs and Excise\").\n* [Peter Lewis Gregson](/wiki/Peter_Gregson_%28civil_servant%29 \"Peter Gregson (civil servant)\"), Deputy Secretary, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\").\n* John Ferguson Irvine, Permanent Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\"), Northern Ireland.\n* Kenneth Linsdell, Under Secretary, Department of the Environment.\n* [Andrew Gordon Manzie](/wiki/Gordon_Manzie \"Gordon Manzie\"), Deputy Secretary, [Department of Industry](/wiki/Department_of_Industry \"Department of Industry\").\n* Peter Marchmont, Principal Assistant Solicitor, [Department of Transport](/wiki/Department_for_Transport \"Department for Transport\").\n* James Nursaw, Legal Secretary, Law Officers' Department.\n* Philip Redfern, Deputy Director, [Office of Population Censuses and Surveys](/wiki/Office_of_Population_Censuses_and_Surveys \"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys\").\n* Colonel Robert Charles Townsend Sivewright, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, DL}}, Vice\\-Chairman, Council of [Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Associations](/wiki/Territorial_Auxiliary_and_Volunteer_Reserve_Association \"Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association\").\n* Walter Gordon Mason Williams, Deputy Chief Valuer, Board of [Inland Revenue](/wiki/Inland_Revenue \"Inland Revenue\").",
"### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George",
"#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)",
"* Sir [Edward Youde](/wiki/Edward_Youde \"Edward Youde\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCMG, MBE}}, [Governor and Commander\\-in\\-Chief, Hong Kong](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong \"Governor of Hong Kong\").",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)",
"* The Right Honourable [Thomas Edward, Baron Bridges](/wiki/Thomas_Bridges%2C_2nd_Baron_Bridges \"Thomas Bridges, 2nd Baron Bridges\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG}}, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\").\n* [Kenneth Cavendish Christofas](/wiki/Kenneth_Cavendish_Christofas \"Kenneth Cavendish Christofas\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG, MBE}}, lately Director\\-General, [Secretariat Council](/wiki/Secretariat_Council \"Secretariat Council\"), European Community, Brussels.\n* [George William Harding](/wiki/George_William_Harding \"George William Harding\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG, CVO}}, [H.M. Ambassador, Brasilia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Brazil \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Brazil\").\n* [Peter Harold Reginald Marshall](/wiki/Peter_Harold_Reginald_Marshall \"Peter Harold Reginald Marshall\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG}}, [United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the Office of the United Nations, Geneva](/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_United_Nations_in_Geneva \"List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the United Nations in Geneva\").\n* [Robert Lucian Wade\\-Gery](/wiki/Robert_Wade-Gery \"Robert Wade-Gery\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG}}, [British High Commissioner, New Delhi](/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_India \"List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to India\").",
"#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)",
"* William Atherton Dodd, Chief Education Adviser, [Overseas Development Administration](/wiki/Overseas_Development_Administration \"Overseas Development Administration\").\n* Kenneth Peter Jeffs, Director General (Marketing), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* [Roger John Carrick](/wiki/Roger_Carrick \"Roger Carrick\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO}}, lately Counsellor, HM Embassy, Washington.\n* Dr. Ronald Ian Talbot Cromartie, [Leader of the United Kingdom Delegation to the Committee on Disarmament, Geneva](/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_Conference_on_Disarmament \"List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the Conference on Disarmament\").\n* [Stanley Frederick St. Clare Duncan](/wiki/Stanley_Duncan \"Stanley Duncan\"), [HM Ambassador, La Paz](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Bolivia \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia\").\n* [Marrack Irvine Goulding](/wiki/Marrack_Irvine_Goulding \"Marrack Irvine Goulding\"), Counsellor, [United Kingdom Mission to the United Nations](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Mission_to_the_United_Nations \"United Kingdom Mission to the United Nations\"), New York.\n* Thomas Nivison Haining, lately [HM Ambassador, Ulan Bator](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Mongolia \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Mongolia\").\n* David Neil Lane, [British High Commissioner, Port of Spain](/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Trinidad_and_Tobago \"List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Trinidad and Tobago\").\n* Christopher Duncan Lush, [United Kingdom Permanent Representative\\-designate to the Council of Europe, Strasbourg](/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_Council_of_Europe \"List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the Council of Europe\").\n* [Colin Hugh Verel McColl](/wiki/Colin_McColl \"Colin McColl\"), [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\").\n* John Adam Robson, [HM Ambassador, Bogotá](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Colombia \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Colombia\").\n* John Anthony Sankey, [British High Commissioner, Dar es Salaam](/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Tanzania \"List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Tanzania\").\n* Alfred Murray Simons, Head of the United Kingdom Delegation to the [Negotiations on the Mutual Reduction of Forces, Vienna](/wiki/Mutual_and_Balanced_Force_Reductions \"Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions\").\n* Charles William Wallace, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CVO}}, [HM Ambassador, Lima](/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Peru \"List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Peru\").",
"Australian States\nState of South Australia\n* Reverend [Ian Bowe Tanner](/wiki/Ian_B._Tanner \"Ian B. Tanner\"). For service to the Church.",
"### Royal Victorian Order",
"#### Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)",
"* The Right Honourable Sir [Philip Brian Cecil Moore](/wiki/Philip_Brian_Cecil_Moore \"Philip Brian Cecil Moore\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, KCVO, CMG}}.",
"#### Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)",
"* Lieutenant Colonel [Alexander Colin Cole](/wiki/Alexander_Colin_Cole \"Alexander Colin Cole\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CVO, TD}}.",
"#### Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)",
"* The Right Honourable [Virginia Fortune, Countess of Airlie](/wiki/Virginia_Ogilvy%2C_Countess_of_Airlie \"Virginia Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie\").\n* Michael Barclay Mavor.\n* James Graham Urquhart.\n* [Fulke Thomas Tyndall Walwyn](/wiki/Fulke_Walwyn \"Fulke Walwyn\").\n* [Clive Anthony Whitmore](/wiki/Clive_Whitmore \"Clive Whitmore\").",
"#### Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)",
"{{smaller\\|''At this time the two lowest classes of the Royal Victorian Order were \"Member (fourth class)\" and \"Member (fifth class)\", both with \\[\\[post\\-nominal letters]] MVO. \"Member (fourth class)\" was renamed \"Lieutenant\" (LVO) from the 1985 New Year Honours onwards.''}}\nFourth Class\n* David Robert Collinson.\n* John Martin Gregory.\n* Wing Commander Eric Thomson Inglis King, Royal Air Force.\n* Mary Carew Pole.\n* Philip Henry Parkyns Shaw.\n* Austin Denham Smith.\n* Surgeon Commander David Leslie Swain, Royal Navy.\n* James Douglas Thomas.\n* Lieutenant Colonel [Blair Aubyn Stewart\\-Wilson](/wiki/Blair_Aubyn_Stewart-Wilson \"Blair Aubyn Stewart-Wilson\"), Scots Guards.",
"Fifth Class\n* Mavis Sylvia Eireen Belsey.\n* Edward Archdale Candy.\n* Richard James William Edwards.\n* Dorothea Mary Patricia Malley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}.\n* Frederick Lionel Quinby.\n* Warrant Officer Bryan Keith Rawnsley (D1920363\\), Royal Air Force.\n* Edward Arthur Sibbick, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}.\n* Major Ernest Smith.\n* Michael James Robert Stroud.\n* Muriel Wood.",
"#### Medal of the Royal Victorian Order (RVM)",
"In Gold\n* Charles Alexander Candy, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RVM}}.",
"In Silver\n* Montague Wallace Christopher.\n* C4266189 Chief Technician Roger John Church, Royal Air Force.\n* John Collings.\n* Edward George Fancourt.\n* Police Constable Roger Stanton Grigson, Metropolitan Police.\n* Police Constable Peter Richard Howard, Metropolitan Police.\n* Edmund Ambrose Lucas.\n* E4253008 Chief Technician Martyn John Meredith, Royal Air Force.\n* Marine Ronald George Steele, Royal Marines, P021867R.\n* Maria June Tawse Webster.",
"Bar to the RVM in Silver\n* Gladys Bell, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RVM}}.",
"### Order of the British Empire",
"#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)",
"Civil Division\n* The Most Honourable [Elizabeth Shirley Vaughan, Marchioness of Anglesey](/wiki/Shirley_Paget%2C_Marchioness_of_Anglesey \"Shirley Paget, Marchioness of Anglesey\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For public service.\n* [Olga Nikolaevna Uvarov](/wiki/Olga_Uvarov \"Olga Uvarov\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For services to veterinary medicine.",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)",
"Civil Division\n* [David Arthur Roberts](/wiki/David_Roberts_%28diplomat%29 \"David Roberts (diplomat)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG, CVO}}, [HM Ambassador, Beirut](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Lebanon \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Lebanon\").",
"#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Captain [Brian Thomas Brown](/wiki/Brian_Brown_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Brian Brown (Royal Navy officer)\").\n* Matron\\-in\\-Chief [Margaret Elizabeth Collins](/wiki/Margaret_Elizabeth_Collins \"Margaret Elizabeth Collins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RRC, QHNS}}, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service \"Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service\").\n* Commodore [Robert Cameron Hastie](/wiki/Robert_Cameron_Hastie \"Robert Cameron Hastie\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD, DL}}, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve \"Royal Naval Reserve\").\n* Captain James Trevor Lord.",
"Army\n* Colonel Colin Edward George Carrington (445814\\), late [Royal Corps of Transport](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Transport \"Royal Corps of Transport\").\n* Brigadier Godfrey John Curl (381805\\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals \"Royal Corps of Signals\") (now R.A.R.O.).\n* Brigadier [Peter Edgar de la Cour de la Billière](/wiki/Peter_de_la_Billi%C3%A8re \"Peter de la Billière\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSO, MC}}, (424859\\), late [The Light Infantry](/wiki/The_Light_Infantry \"The Light Infantry\").\n* Colonel John Graham Evans, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (420391\\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers \"Corps of Royal Engineers\"), [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Reserve (United Kingdom)\").\n* Brigadier Ronald Edward Lewis Jenkins, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ADC}}, (393710\\), late Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Brigadier Donald Jolliffe London, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, ADC}}, (364097\\), late Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Brigadier Douglas Stuart Paton, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE, QHP}}, (424915\\), late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal Army Medical Corps\").\n* Colonel Nigel Maxwell Still (455626\\), late [17th/21st Lancers](/wiki/17th/21st_Lancers \"17th/21st Lancers\").",
"Royal Air Force\n* Air Commodore Peter Gibbs Peacock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Group Captain Allan Baillie Blackley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFC}}.\n* Group Captain Kenneth George Hunter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Group Captain Andrew Lyle Roberts, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFC}}.",
"Civil Division\n* Richard Borlase Adams, Chief Executive, [Peninsular \\& Oriental Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Peninsular_%26_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company \"Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company\").\n* David Percival Bethel, Director, [Leicester Polytechnic](/wiki/Leicester_Polytechnic \"Leicester Polytechnic\").\n* Professor [Peter Gilroy Bevan](/wiki/Peter_Gilroy_Bevan \"Peter Gilroy Bevan\"), Consultant Surgeon, [Dudley Road Hospital](/wiki/Dudley_Road_Hospital \"Dudley Road Hospital\"), West Birmingham Health Authority.\n* John Alexander Black, Chairman, Solihull Health Authority.\n* Professor [Derek William Bowett](/wiki/Derek_Bowett \"Derek Bowett\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}. For services to International Law.\n* John Goodwin Campbell, Vice President, Machine Tool Trades Association. For services to Export.\n* David Macbeth Moir Carey, lately Legal Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury.\n* Janet Inglis Dick Chalmers. For political service.\n* Geoffrey Charles Chouffot, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)\").\n* James Robertson Cowan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board \"National Coal Board\").\n* James Crooks, Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, [University of Dundee](/wiki/University_of_Dundee \"University of Dundee\").\n* Geoffrey Robert Crosby, lately Director of Professional and Executive Recruitment, [Department of Employment](/wiki/Department_of_Employment \"Department of Employment\").\n* John Alan Cumming, Chairman, The [Building Societies Association](/wiki/Building_Societies_Association \"Building Societies Association\").\n* [Lionel Frederick Dakers](/wiki/Lionel_Frederick_Dakers \"Lionel Frederick Dakers\"), Director, The [Royal School of Church Music](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Church_Music \"Royal School of Church Music\").\n* Leonard Hurworth Dale, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chairman and Managing Director, Dale Electric International plc. For services to Export.\n* [Donald Watts Davies](/wiki/Donald_Watts_Davies \"Donald Watts Davies\"), Deputy Chief Scientific Officer, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)\").\n* Roy Dennis Downham, lately Director of Finance, [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority \"Independent Broadcasting Authority\").\n* Martin Robert Draper, lately Registrar, [General Medical Council](/wiki/General_Medical_Council \"General Medical Council\").\n* [Philip Dunleavy](/wiki/Philip_Dunleavy \"Philip Dunleavy\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For services to local government in [South Glamorgan](/wiki/South_Glamorgan \"South Glamorgan\").\n* Danilo Anthony Alexander Fagandini, Chairman, Specialised Organics Sector Working Party.\n* James Bernard Fitzpatrick, Managing Director and Chief Executive, [Mersey Docks and Harbour Company](/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Company \"Mersey Docks and Harbour Company\").\n* [Albert Edward Frost](/wiki/Albert_Frost \"Albert Frost\"), for services to Industry and the Arts.\n* Winnie Frost, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, (Mrs. Brothwood), Chairman, Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee.\n* John Glendinning, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office \"Scottish Office\").\n* Peter Goodall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, Hepworth Ceramic Holdings plc. For services to Export.\n* John Everard Grandidge, Chairman and Managing Director, [Negretti \\& Zambra](/wiki/Negretti_%26_Zambra \"Negretti & Zambra\") (Aviation) Ltd.\n* Geoffrey Samuel Grantham, Chairman, [Potato Marketing Board](/wiki/Potato_Marketing_Board \"Potato Marketing Board\").\n* Denis Everett Gray, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chairman, Central Council of Magistrates' Courts' Committees.\n* Francis Gerard Guckian, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Chairman, Western Health and Social Services Board.\n* David Hall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police \"Humberside Police\").\n* [Eric Walter Handley](/wiki/Eric_Handley \"Eric Handley\"), [Professor of Greek, University College, London](/wiki/Professor_of_Greek_%28University_College_London%29 \"Professor of Greek (University College London)\").\n* [(Charles) Jeremy Mawdesley Hardie](/wiki/Jeremy_Hardie \"Jeremy Hardie\"), lately Deputy Chairman, [Monopolies and Mergers Commission](/wiki/Monopolies_and_Mergers_Commission \"Monopolies and Mergers Commission\").\n* William Harding, for political and public service.\n* Robert Paschal Harries, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Chief Executive, [Wiltshire County Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_County_Council \"Wiltshire County Council\").\n* Leonard John Hayward, Consultant, [Department of Health and Social Security](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security \"Department of Health and Social Security\").\n* Roy Kenneth Leonard Hill, Chairman, [South West Water](/wiki/South_West_Water \"South West Water\") Authority.\n* [Alun Hoddinott](/wiki/Alun_Hoddinott \"Alun Hoddinott\"), Professor of Music, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff \"University College, Cardiff\").\n* [Richard Gordon Holme](/wiki/Richard_Holme%2C_Baron_Holme_of_Cheltenham \"Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham\"), for political and public service.\n* Professor [John Theodore Houghton](/wiki/John_Theodore_Houghton \"John Theodore Houghton\"), Director, Appleton, [Science and Engineering Research Council](/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council \"Science and Engineering Research Council\").\n* John Morrison Hunter, Master (Bankruptcy), [Supreme Court of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Northern_Ireland \"Supreme Court of Northern Ireland\").\n* Michael William Ivens, for political and public service.\n* John Derek Ivins, Professor of Agriculture, [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham \"University of Nottingham\").\n* Edward Oliver Jackson, Assistant Solicitor, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue \"Board of Inland Revenue\").\n* John Knowelden, Professor of Community Medicine, [University of Sheffield](/wiki/University_of_Sheffield \"University of Sheffield\").\n* Richard James Knowlton, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Firemaster, [Strathclyde Fire Brigade](/wiki/Strathclyde_Fire_Brigade \"Strathclyde Fire Brigade\").\n* John Bathgate Knox, Chairman, Tayside Area Health Board.\n* [Ralph Koltai](/wiki/Ralph_Koltai \"Ralph Koltai\"), Theatrical Designer.\n* Henry Justus Kroch, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, AB Electronic Products Group plc.\n* John Trend Lacy, for political service.\n* Professor [László Lajtha](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lajtha_%28scientist%29 \"László Lajtha (scientist)\"), Director, Paterson Laboratories, [Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute](/wiki/The_Christie_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"The Christie NHS Foundation Trust\"), Manchester.\n* John Patrick Grosvenor Lawrence, for political service.\n* [Richard Maitland Laws](/wiki/Richard_Maitland_Laws \"Richard Maitland Laws\"), Director, [British Antarctic Survey](/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey \"British Antarctic Survey\").\n* [George Ronald Lewin](/wiki/Ronald_Lewin \"Ronald Lewin\"), Military Historian.\n* David Walter Llewellyn, Chairman, Building Regulations Advisory Committee.\n* Brian Beynon Lloyd, Chairman, Health Education Council.\n* Alan Frederick Longworth, Assistant Secretary, [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Food_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)\").\n* Professor [Philip Noel Love](/wiki/Philip_Noel_Love \"Philip Noel Love\"), lately President, [The Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/The_Law_Society_of_Scotland \"The Law Society of Scotland\").\n* John Roger Lovill, Chairman, Local Authorities Conditions of Service Advisory Board.\n* [Ian McColl](/wiki/Ian_McColl_%28journalist%29 \"Ian McColl (journalist)\"), lately Chairman, Scottish Express Newspapers.\n* Sir [Nevil John Wilfred MacReady](/wiki/Sir_Nevil_Macready%2C_3rd_Baronet \"Sir Nevil Macready, 3rd Baronet\"),{{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=Bt.}}, Managing Director, [Mobil Oil Co. Ltd](/wiki/Mobil \"Mobil\").\n* [(Francis) George Mann](/wiki/George_Mann_%28cricketer%29 \"George Mann (cricketer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSO, MC}}, Chairman, [Test and County Cricket Board](/wiki/Test_and_County_Cricket_Board \"Test and County Cricket Board\").\n* [Jonathan Wolfe Miller](/wiki/Jonathan_Wolfe_Miller \"Jonathan Wolfe Miller\"), Actor, Author and Director.\n* Alan George Newton, Company Engineering Director, [Rolls\\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd \"Rolls-Royce Ltd\").\n* Roy Charles Niles, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}. For political and public service.\n* [Patrick John Nuttgens](/wiki/Patrick_Nuttgens \"Patrick Nuttgens\"), Director, [Leeds Polytechnic](/wiki/Leeds_Polytechnic \"Leeds Polytechnic\").\n* Roy Chalice Orford, Managing Director, International Military Services Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Ion Hunter Touchet Garnett\\-Orme, Chairman, [St. Dunstan's](/wiki/Blind_Veterans_UK \"Blind Veterans UK\").\n* Norman Sidney Francis Palmer, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DFC}}, Assistant Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\").\n* William Alexander Palmer, Chairman, Flour Milling and Baking Research Association.\n* Colonel Christopher Matthew Peterson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For political and public service.\n* [David Terence Puttnam](/wiki/David_Terence_Puttnam \"David Terence Puttnam\"), Film Producer.\n* Patrick Vaughan Radford, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, TD}}. For political service.\n* James Deans Rankin, Chief Inspector, Cruelty to Animals Act Inspectorate, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\").\n* Anne Theresa, Lady Ricketts, Chairman, National Association of [Citizens' Advice Bureaux](/wiki/Citizens%27_Advice_Bureau \"Citizens' Advice Bureau\").\n* James Ring, Professor of Physics, [Imperial College of Science and Technology](/wiki/Imperial_College_of_Science_and_Technology \"Imperial College of Science and Technology\").\n* Clifford Alan Rose, Member, [British Railways Board](/wiki/British_Railways_Board \"British Railways Board\").\n* Hutchinson Burt Sneddon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For public service in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\").\n* Ronald James South, Principal, The [City Literary Institute](/wiki/City_Literary_Institute \"City Literary Institute\").\n* Nora MacLaren Spensley. For political service.\n* Professor [Robert Walter Steel](/wiki/Robert_Walter_Steel \"Robert Walter Steel\"), lately Principal, [University College of Swansea](/wiki/University_College_of_Swansea \"University College of Swansea\").\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Robert Christie Stewart, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Chairman, East of Scotland College of Agriculture.\n* John Tatlock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Managing Director, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd \"British Nuclear Fuels Ltd\").\n* Captain Laurence William Howson Taylor, Royal Navy (Retd.), lately Director of Marine Services (Naval), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* Alfred Caleb Victor Telling. For political service.\n* George Frederick Thomason, Professor of Industrial Relations, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff \"University College, Cardiff\").\n* Jack Vennart, lately Director, Medical Research Council Radiobiology Unit, Harwell.\n* John Kenneth Warburton, Director, Birmingham Chamber of Industry and Commerce. For services to Export.\n* Bronson Patricia Rose Ward, Director, [Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education](/wiki/Crewe_and_Alsager_College_of_Higher_Education \"Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education\"), Cheshire.\n* [Michael Phelps Ward](/wiki/Michael_Ward_%28mountaineer%29 \"Michael Ward (mountaineer)\"). For services to Mountaineering.\n* Roy William Watson, Director General, [National Farmers' Union](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales \"National Farmers' Union of England and Wales\").\n* Thomas Weatherby, Chairman, Textiles and other Manufactures Research and Development Requirements Board.\n* Eric Frederick Webster, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Assistant Secretary, Paymaster General's Office.\n* Professor [John Edward Clement Twarowski White](/wiki/John_White_%28art_historian%29 \"John White (art historian)\"), lately Chairman, [Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art](/wiki/Reviewing_Committee_on_the_Export_of_Works_of_Art \"Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art\").\n* Stuart Leonard Whiteley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Suffolk Constabulary](/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary \"Suffolk Constabulary\").\n* John Charles Willmott, Professor of Physics and Director of the Physical Laboratories, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\").\n* [Ian Clark Wood](/wiki/Ian_Wood_%28businessman%29 \"Ian Wood (businessman)\"), Chairman and Managing Director, [John Wood Group plc](/wiki/Wood_Group \"Wood Group\").\n* Professor [George Peter Youngman](/wiki/George_Peter_Youngman \"George Peter Youngman\"), Landscape Architect.",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Joseph Anthony Barnett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Representative, British Council, Brazil.\n* Maurice Bryan Eaden, HM Consul\\-General, Amsterdam.\n* John Linden Lee. For services to British commercial interests in Australia.\n* [Donald Poon\\-huai Liao](/wiki/Donald_Liao \"Donald Liao\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Secretary for Housing, Hong Kong.\n* Myles Falkiner Minchin, lately Chief of Secretariat Services Division, United Nations Organisation, New York.\n* William Stewart Stewart. For services to British interests in Kuwait.\n* [Alex Shu\\-chin Wu](/wiki/Alex_Wu \"Alex Wu\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For public services in Hong Kong.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* John Thomas Delaney. For service to racing.\n* William Edward Meynink. For service to the grazing industry.",
"State of South Australia\n* William Faulding Scammell. For service to the pharmaceutical industry and the community.",
"State of Tasmania\n* [Eric William Beattie](/wiki/Bill_Beattie_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Bill Beattie (Australian politician)\"). For political and community service.",
"#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commander (Acting Captain) Albert Eric Allen.\n* Commander Norman Alastair Bourne Anson.\n* Commander Christopher Ellis Baker.\n* Commander Richard John Campbell.\n* Surgeon Commander Charles William Chapman.\n* Commander Geoffrey Stuart Cryer.\n* Commander Ralph Edwin Hoskin.\n* Commander Eric Marshall.\n* Commander Mesod Isaac Massias, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Major Timothy Aleyne Sanders, Royal Marines.\n* Chief Officer Olive Valerie Thomas, Women's Royal Naval Service.",
"Army\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Edward Colligan (485617\\), Royal Horse Artillery.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Cowan (474845\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Ordnance Executive Officer) Ronald Leslie Davies (482351\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps (now R.A.R.O.).\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Elsie Joyce Edwards (483715\\), Women's Royal Army Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Charles Vivian Hunt, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (474169\\), The Royal Yeomanry, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel David Thomas Kinnear (459986\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Graham Malcolm Longdon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (459291\\), The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) David Falcon Mallam, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (455060\\), Army Air Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Edward William Martin (467600\\), The Parachute Regiment.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Colin Newby (470441\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Rayner James Nicholls (437130\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Joseph Mary O'Dea (449023\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Christopher Sherry, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (462723\\), Royal Army Educational Corps.\n* Acting Colonel Stanley Hume Sobey (452833\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Acting Lieutenant Colonel Clifford Eric Taber (395571\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel [Christopher Brooke Quentin Wallace](/wiki/Christopher_Wallace_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Christopher Wallace (British Army officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (472644\\), The Royal Green Jackets.\n* Lieutenant Colonel George Somerville Welch, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (489723\\), Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) [John Finlay Willasey Wilsey](/wiki/John_Wilsey \"John Wilsey\"), (461522\\), The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.",
"Royal Air Force\n* Acting Group Captain Philip Gathorne Gibson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (660230\\), [RAF Regiment](/wiki/RAF_Regiment \"RAF Regiment\").\n* Wing Commander Robin Chambers (3514359\\).\n* Wing Commander Simon John Coy (608528\\).\n* Wing Commander Geoffrey Eaton Culpitt (4158653\\).\n* Wing Commander (now Group Captain) Sidney Albert Edwards (607641\\).\n* Wing Commander John Gerald Lumsden (608160\\).\n* Wing Commander Brian John Marks (5020376\\).\n* Wing Commander Robert Peter O'Brien (608178\\).\n* Wing Commander John David O'Dwyer\\-Russell (2461166\\), RAF Regiment.\n* Wing Commander Ronald Anthony Slade (2557583\\), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/RAFVR%28T%29 \"RAFVR(T)\").\n* Squadron Leader Ronald William Haddow, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFM}}, (4149473\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Janet Muir Addison. For political service.\n* [John Bernard Ainslie](/wiki/Jack_Ainslie \"Jack Ainslie\"). For political and public service.*[The London Gazette](/wiki/The_London_Gazette \"The London Gazette\")*, Issue 49212 (Supplement), 30 December 1982, [p. 9](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49212/supplement/9)\n* William Lauchlan Armstrong, Deputy Director and Secretary, Scottish Engineering Employers' Association.\n* Clifford Ashall, lately Assistant Director, [Centre for Overseas Pest Research](/wiki/Anti-Locust_Research_Centre \"Anti-Locust Research Centre\"), Overseas Development Administration.\n* William Gordon Ayling, Secretary, Argyll and Clyde Health Board.\n* Anthony Granville Babbage, Director of Housing, London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.\n* Noel Ernest Barker. For political service.\n* Captain Arthur Henry Barton, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, Northern Ireland UNESCO Committee.\n* Commander Peter Bryan Beazley, Royal Navy (Retd.), Naval Assistant to Hydrographer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Arnold Heyworth Beckett, Professor of Pharmacy, [Chelsea College, University of London](/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology \"Chelsea College of Science and Technology\").\n* Alan Abraham Benjamin, Director of Communications, CAP Group Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Geoffrey John Bennett, Deputy Managing Director, Racal Tacticom Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Rodney Hewson Bennett. For services to the community in Hereford and Worcester.\n* [Marcus Hugh Crofton Binney](/wiki/Marcus_Binney \"Marcus Binney\"). For services to Building Conservation.\n* James Davidson Boyd, lately Curator, Dundee Museums and Art Galleries.\n* Elizabeth Johnston Eccles Bradley, Chairman, Rochdale Family Practitioner Committee.\n* Muriel Brain, General Secretary, National Federation of the Blind of the United Kingdom.\n* Geoffrey Broome, Chief Executive, Hops Marketing Board Ltd.\n* Harry Gwynne Brown, lately Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* John Burnip Browning, lately Headmaster, Heartsease Comprehensive School, Norwich.\n* Thomas Bryans, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chief General Manager, Trustee Savings Bank Central Board.\n* [Thomas Ferrier Burns](/wiki/Thomas_Ferrier_Burns \"Thomas Ferrier Burns\"), lately Editor, *[The Tablet](/wiki/The_Tablet \"The Tablet\")*.\n* John Graham Butlin, Director, Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association.\n* David Charles Butts, Governor, [Scottish Council for Educational Technology](/wiki/Scottish_Council_for_Educational_Technology \"Scottish Council for Educational Technology\").\n* [Max Bygraves](/wiki/Max_Bygraves \"Max Bygraves\") (Walter William Bygraves), Entertainer.\n* William Arthur Cadman. For services to Wildlife Conservation.\n* Professor Thomas Francis Carbery, Deputy Chairman, Scottish Consumer Council.\n* Albert Kenneth Carsley, Lately Headmaster, Bexton County Junior School, Knutsford, Cheshire.\n* [William Fisher Hunter Carson](/wiki/Willie_Carson \"Willie Carson\"). For services to Horse Racing.\n* Angela Heathcote Clarke. For political service.\n* Eric James Cockell, lately Chief Auditor, Exchequer and Audit Department.\n* Commander Francis William Collins, Royal Navy (Retd.). For services to Sport, particularly the Torch Trophy Trust.\n* John Augustine Collins, Director of Manufacturing Technology, Domestic Appliance Division, [TI Group](/wiki/TI_Group \"TI Group\") plc.\n* David Henry Conville, Managing and Artistic Director, [Open Air Theatre, Regents Park](/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_Open_Air_Theatre \"Regent's Park Open Air Theatre\").\n* Cyril Edwin Cox, Reader in Education, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education \"UCL Institute of Education\").\n* Jeanne Margaret Currie, Secretary, [Association of Educational Psychologists](/wiki/Association_of_Educational_Psychologists \"Association of Educational Psychologists\").\n* Joseph David. For services to the [British Standards Institution](/wiki/British_Standards_Institution \"British Standards Institution\").\n* David Tom Davies, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MM}}. For services to local government in Dyfed.\n* Robert Davis, Deputy Chairman, Central Arbitration Committee, General Workers' Group, [Transport and General Workers' Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union \"Transport and General Workers' Union\").\n* Robin Henry Day, Design Consultant, Hille International Ltd.\n* Captain Stanley Wilson Dean, lately Captain and Commodore of Fleet, Shell Tankers (UK) Ltd.\n* William Henry Deane, Superintending Planning Officer, Department of the Environment.\n* Denis Aufrere Stanley de Freitas, Chairman, British Copyright Council.\n* David Dick, Chairman, Fire Services Examination Board (Scotland).\n* Professor [Kenneth William Donald](/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald \"Kenneth William Donald\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSC}}. For services to underwater safety.\n* William Anderson Donaldson, Professor and Head of Department of Operational Research, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde \"University of Strathclyde\").\n* Pamela Elwes Dunbar. For political service.\n* [Gerald Malcolm Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Malcolm_Durrell \"Gerald Malcolm Durrell\"), Director, [Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust](/wiki/Jersey_Wildlife_Preservation_Trust \"Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust\").\n* David Ernest Evans. For political service.\n* William Geraint Evans, Assistant Editor, [The Royal Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Society \"The Royal Society\").\n* Tom William Fisher, District Nursing Officer, Tameside and Glossop Health Authority.\n* David Jocelyn Fishlock, Science Editor, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*.\n* Patrick Joseph Flynn, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, lately Deputy Assistant Commissioner, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police \"Metropolitan Police\").\n* Lilian Joan Mary Fox, Principal Establishment Officer, London H.Q. [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority \"UK Atomic Energy Authority\").\n* Margaret Louise Fry. For political service.\n* Gilbert Theodore Fuge, Managing Director, Prismo Universal Ltd.\n* David Gilbert Geach, Principal, Department of Trade.\n* Frank Dale Gibson. For political and public service.\n* Kenneth Alan Gilbert, Managing Director, Geevor Tin Mines plc.\n* Ronald Crispin Gill, lately Editor, *[The Countryman](/wiki/Countryman_%28magazine%29 \"Countryman (magazine)\")*.\n* Kelvin Glendenning, Leader, Corby District Council.\n* John Laurence Gould, Chairman, Laurence Gould and Co. Ltd., ULG Consultants Ltd.\n* Beatrice Mary, Lady Graham. For services to disabled people in North Yorkshire.\n* [Winston Mawdsley Graham](/wiki/Winston_Graham \"Winston Graham\"), Writer.\n* George David Grant, Chief Executive, Nithsdale District Council.\n* Francis Charles Graves, Senior Partner, Francis C. Graves \\& Partners.\n* Major Geoffrey Carne Green, lately Leader, Brentwood District Council.\n* Jacob Gwyn Griffiths, Farmer, Knelston, Gower. For services to agriculture in Wales.\n* David Latham Grundy, Technical Director, Integrated Circuits Group, Ferranti Electronics Ltd.\n* Frank Gerald Haigh, Assistant Chief Probation Officer, West Yorkshire Probation and After\\-Care Service.\n* Dennis Hale, Deputy Chief Engineer (Transport), Metropolitan Police.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Henry Robert Hall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For services to the Scout Association in Jersey.\n* Brian Thomas Harris, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}, [Clerk to the Justices](/wiki/Justices%27_clerk \"Justices' clerk\"), Poole, Dorset.\n* Frederick Charles Harris, Counselling Adviser, West Midlands Small Firms Service.\n* Walter Basil Hatcher. For political and public service.\n* George Hayes, Director, South Yorkshire Area, National Coal Board.\n* Terence Thompstone Henshaw, Group Electrical and Energy Engineer, Amey Roadstone Corporation.\n* Kenneth Charles Henry Herring, lately Divisional Director (Industrial/Consumer), Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd.\n* Geoffrey Graham Hilditch, General Manager, [Leicester City Transport](/wiki/First_Leicester \"First Leicester\").\n* Richard Desmond Hill. For services to Rowing.\n* Eric Hoggarth. For services to the Science and Engineering Research Council.\n* Victor Leonard Holt, lately Senior Principal, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Daniel Horrocks, Chairman, Broseley Estates Ltd.\n* Andrew Beatty Houstoun, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, DL}}, lately Convener, Scottish Landowners' Federation.\n* Ronald Charles Howell, General Secretary, The Rainer Foundation; Director, The Intermediate Treatment Fund.\n* Anne Luise Hunter, Clinical Assistant (Neurology), South West Surrey Health District.\n* Thomas Munro Hunter, Secretary, Church of Scotland Committee on Chaplains to HM Forces.\n* Roy Vernon Hurrell, Director, Precision Products Group, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* Captain Maurice Gwynne Hutchinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Member, Council of St. John Ambulance Association, South and West Yorkshire.\n* Edward Robert Jobson. For services to the [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion \"Royal British Legion\").\n* [Brian Alexander Johnston](/wiki/Brian_Alexander_Johnston \"Brian Alexander Johnston\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to Broadcasting and Cricket.\n* Alexander Irving Johnstone, Member, Thames Barrier Advisory Team.\n* William Henry Jolliffe. For political and public service.\n* Dorothy Annie Jones, Nursing Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Myra Jones, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Donald George Eric Kent, General Manager, Blyth Harbour Commission.\n* Michael Donald Laird, Architect, Edinburgh.\n* John Lavelle, Headmaster, Worsbrough High School, Barnsley.\n* Richard Alfred Lee, Chief Executive and Secretary, [Co\\-operative Retail Services](/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Services \"Co-operative Retail Services\") Ltd.\n* Lesley Madeline Lindsay, Northern Ireland Trustee, Women Caring Trust.\n* Bessie Gordon Lloyd, Vice\\-Chairman, Church Army Board.\n* Charles Robert Longman, Controller, Engineering and Operations, BBC Television.\n* Norman Forbes Low, Governor I, [HM Remand Centre, Risley](/wiki/HM_Prison_Risley \"HM Prison Risley\").\n* Ronald Stuart McCulloch, Managing Director, [Cantrell \\& Cochrane](/wiki/Cantrell_%26_Cochrane \"Cantrell & Cochrane\") Ltd.\n* Elaine Maria McDonald, Ballet Dancer, [Scottish Ballet](/wiki/Scottish_Ballet \"Scottish Ballet\").\n* Major Keith Roderick Turing Mackenzie, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to Golf.\n* George Haliburton Dodds Mackie, Deputy General Manager, Scottish Region, British Rail.\n* Andrew McMaster, Senior Principal, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Mary Isabella Blewitt McMaster, Warden and Founder, St. Luke's Home, Oxford.\n* Ada Winifred Maddocks, National Organising Officer, [National Association of Local Government Officers](/wiki/National_Association_of_Local_Government_Officers \"National Association of Local Government Officers\").\n* Wilfrid James Alfred Mann, [HM Inspector of Schools](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Education \"Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education\").\n* Frederick Charles Marks, Chief Executive, Motherwell District Council.\n* Patience Elizabeth Marshall. For services to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Walter Scott Marshall, Leader, Minority Group, Derbyshire County Council.\n* Graham Cyril Mason, Deputy Director, International Affairs, [Confederation of British Industry](/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry \"Confederation of British Industry\"). For services to Export.\n* Peter Alan Mawson, Principal, Department of Employment.\n* Reginald Mercado, Chairman and Chief Executive, Aerospace Engineering plc.\n* George Thomas Meredith, lately Director, Social Services, Norfolk County Council.\n* James Miller, Director, Greenock Plant, IBM United Kingdom Ltd.\n* James Oliver Morris. For public services in Wales.\n* The Reverend [John Marcus Harston Morris](/wiki/John_Marcus_Harston_Morris \"John Marcus Harston Morris\"), Deputy Chairman, [National Magazine Company](/wiki/National_Magazine_Company \"National Magazine Company\") Ltd.\n* Alexander Morrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Strathclyde Police.\n* Commander Edwin Allen Morrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, St. John Council for Hampshire.\n* Richard John Morse, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, West Glamorgan Fire Brigade.\n* Herbert Stephen Mullaly, Vice\\-Chairman, CBI Education Foundation.\n* Charles Neill, lately Chairman, Northern Ireland Coal Advisory Service.\n* Howard Millar Nixon. For services to Bookbinding.\n* Stasys Obcarskas, lately Area Nursing Officer, Salop Area Health Authority.\n* [Detta O'Cathain](/wiki/Detta_O%27Cathain \"Detta O'Cathain\") (Mrs. Bishop), Marketing Adviser to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* Dilys Mary Palmer, Member of the Board, Washington Development Corporation.\n* Dennis Stephen Papworth, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* Joan Partridge. For political and public service.\n* Simon Harry Wood Partridge, Chairman, Butterworth Law Publishers Ltd.\n* Derek Harley Peters. For political service.\n* John Milne Petrie, Engineer and Surveyor, Durham County Council.\n* Sheila Mary Pettit, Historic Buildings Representative, Northumbria, The National Trust.\n* Frederick Forrest Poskitt, Consultant Civil Engineer and Vice\\-Chairman of the Northern Ireland Water Council.\n* Kenneth George Charles Prevette, lately General Secretary, [Cremation Society of Great Britain](/wiki/Cremation_Society_of_Great_Britain \"Cremation Society of Great Britain\").\n* [Douglas Arthur Quadling](/wiki/Douglas_Arthur_Quadling \"Douglas Arthur Quadling\"), Mathematics Tutor, University of Cambridge, Institute of Education.\n* John Frederick Reeve, Chairman, [Costain Civil Engineering Ltd.](/wiki/Costain_Group \"Costain Group\") Chairman, C.T.H. (The Thames Barrier Consortium).\n* Henry Sulien Richards, lately Headmaster, [Sir Thomas Jones School](/wiki/Ysgol_Syr_Thomas_Jones \"Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones\"), Amlwch, Gwynedd.\n* David Griffith Roberts, Chief Executive, Pilkington Ophthalmic Division, Chance Pilkington Ltd.\n* Keith Edward Roberts, Farmer, Suffolk. Deputy Chairman, Meat and Livestock Commission.\n* William Stewart Robertson, Company Director, [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion \"Rediffusion\") plc. For services to Export.\n* Hugh Nigel Croke Ellis\\-Robinson, Programme Director, Mantello Projects, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel James Gray Round, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in Essex.\n* Gerald Frederick Gray Russell, First Class Valuer, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* William Bonney Rust, lately Principal, [Hammersmith and West London College](/wiki/Hammersmith_and_West_London_College \"Hammersmith and West London College\").\n* Brian Scholes, lately Chief Executive, Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council.\n* Maurice David Shaffner, County Prosecuting Solicitor, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council.\n* Norman Henry Sherrard, Senior Executive, Industrial Development Board for Northern Ireland.\n* Donald Herbert Simpson, Librarian and Director of Studies, [Royal Commonwealth Society](/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society \"Royal Commonwealth Society\").\n* John Llewellyn Skinner, Chairman, Derbyshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.\n* Professor George Teeling Smith, Director, [Office of Health Economics](/wiki/The_Office_of_Health_Economics \"The Office of Health Economics\").\n* Ralph Morton Smith, lately Principal, Ministry of Defence.\n* Gerd Walter Christian Sommerhoff, Director, Centre for Creative Technology, [Sevenoaks School](/wiki/Sevenoaks_School \"Sevenoaks School\"), Kent.\n* Ernest Antony Spencer, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, [National Engineering Laboratory](/wiki/National_Engineering_Laboratory \"National Engineering Laboratory\").\n* Leslie Albert Spicer, Consultant, Institute of Freight Forwarders.\n* Eric Elliot Stabler, Secretary, National Health Service Prescription Pricing Authority (England).\n* William Hay Stephen, Chairman, Aberdeen Fish Producers' Organisation Ltd.\n* Robert Alister Strand, lately Registrar, Art and Design, [Council for National Academic Awards](/wiki/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards \"Council for National Academic Awards\").\n* [Mary Noel Streatfeild](/wiki/Mary_Noel_Streatfeild \"Mary Noel Streatfeild\"), Writer.\n* Gerald Sambrooke Sturgess. For services to Yachting.\n* William Royden Stuttaford. For political service.\n* James Alexander Sutherland, lately Principal, Scottish Home and Health Department.\n* William Alfred Sutton, Chairman, Sutton \\& Sons, Road Hauliers.\n* William James Symons, Chief Finance Officer, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission \"Commonwealth War Graves Commission\").\n* Hubert Taggart, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* John Henry Taylor. For political service.\n* Professor [Kathleen Mary Tillotson](/wiki/Kathleen_Mary_Tillotson \"Kathleen Mary Tillotson\"). For services to English Literature.\n* Dorothy Mary Tomlinson. For political and public service.\n* John Barrett Turner, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the magistracy in England and Wales.\n* Joseph Norman Ullock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Cumbria Constabulary.\n* Mary Elizabeth Uprichard, Principal Administrative Education Officer, Central School of Midwifery, Northern Ireland.\n* Alexander Primrose Urquhart, Headmaster, [Kincorth Academy](/wiki/Kincorth_Academy \"Kincorth Academy\"), Aberdeen.\n* Elizabeth Evelyn Murray Usher. For public service, particularly in South\\-West Scotland.\n* Norman Edward Percival Waldren, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* [Ian Bryce Wallace](/wiki/Ian_Wallace_%28singer%29 \"Ian Wallace (singer)\"), Singer and Broadcaster.\n* Leonard Gordon St. John Waterman. For political service.\n* Wilfrid Watkin, General Dental Practitioner, Lowestoft.\n* Craig Robert Galloway Watson, Senior Assistant Editor (Committees), House of Commons.\n* [Alexander McKellar Watt](/wiki/Eric_McKellar_Watt \"Eric McKellar Watt\"), Chairman, McKellar Watt Ltd., Glasgow.\n* James Colin Eden Webster, Chief Executive, British Petroleum Gas.\n* Walter Pollock Weir. For services to forensic pathology in Scotland.\n* Bertrand Harry Whistance, lately Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Elizabeth Mary Whitaker, Member, Board of Visitors, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield \"HM Prison Wakefield\").\n* [Robert John White](/wiki/Robert_John_White \"Robert John White\"). For services to local government in Northern Ireland.\n* John Alexander Whiteside, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Chief Constable, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* John Patrick Charles Wilder, Director, [Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association](/wiki/Psychiatric_Rehabilitation_Association \"Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association\").\n* Geoffrey Francis John Williams, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, [Bronglais Hospital](/wiki/Bronglais_Hospital \"Bronglais Hospital\"), Aberystwyth.\n* Zena Alma Pearl Williams. For services to the community in Buckinghamshire.\n* Willoughby Wilson, Consultant Surgeon, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast \"Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast\").\n* Alfred George Woonton. For services to The Royal Naval Association.",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Monique Akroyd. For services to English\\-language journalism in Belgium.\n* Dr. Ian Baker, Assistant Representative, British Council, India.\n* William Alan Belsham. For services to British interests in Swaziland.\n* Jonathan Betts, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Cairo.\n* Anthony John Maitland Blumer. For services to British commercial interests in Malaysia.\n* Robert Briggs. For services to the British community in Baghdad.\n* Arthur Kenneth Bromley. For services to British commercial interests in Italy.\n* Dr. William Nanscawan Brown, Representative, British Council, Denmark.\n* Richard Butters, First Secretary (Commercial), British High Commission, Nairobi.\n* Hubert Michael Close, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to education in Pakistan.\n* Geoffrey George Collins, lately First Secretary, (Commercial) HM Embassy, Rangoon.\n* Brian John Cordery. For services to the British community in Paris.\n* Dr. John Cecil Davies. For services to agricultural research in India.\n* William Stewart Dundas. For services to technical co\\-operation in the Yemen Arab Republic.\n* Craddock Ebanks. For public services in the Cayman Islands.\n* Michael John Evans. For services to British commercial interests in Baghdad.\n* John Harold Geoffrey Foley, lately Representative, British Council, Ecuador.\n* Bernard Damien Gately, lately First Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Athens.\n* Raymond Bruce Giles. For services to British commercial interests in Japan.\n* Samuel Victor Gittins, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* John Coldwell Griffiths, lately Magistrate, Hong Kong.\n* Charles Hargrove. For services to journalism in Paris.\n* James Neil Henderson, Commissioner for Labour, Hong Kong.\n* Edward Richard Charles Holland, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately HM Consul\\-General, Alexandria.\n* Noel Alexander Johnston. For services to British shipping interests in Belgium.\n* Dr. Stephen Richard Keating. For medical services to the community in Seychelles.\n* Kenneth William Kelley, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.\n* Colonel Anthony Lawrence King\\-Harman, lately International Staff, NATO, Brussels.\n* Graham Victor Lassetter. For services to British commercial interests in Trinidad.\n* Robert William Lutton. For services to British commercial interests in Singapore:\n* Nicholas Melvyn McCarthy, First Secretary and Head of Chancery, HM Embassy, Dakar.\n* Ian Francis Cluny MacPherson, Regional Secretary, New Territories, Hong Kong.\n* Timothy James Murphy. For services to British commercial interests in Spain.\n* David George Pacy. For services to British commercial interests in New York.\n* George Marshall Paton. For services to technical co\\-operation in Ghana.\n* [Bernard Edward Pauncefort](/wiki/Bernard_Pauncefort \"Bernard Pauncefort\"), lately Administrator, Ascension Island.\n* John Denis Prifti. For services to British shipping interests in Sierra Leone.\n* James Henry Ramagge. For services to the building industry in Gibraltar.\n* Ronald Leslie Reeves, lately First Secretary, HM Embassy, Washington.\n* Christopher John Spencer Rundle, First Secretary, British Interests Section, Royal Swedish Embassy, Tehran.\n* Colin Harry Cecil Rutherford. For services to the British community in Venezuela.\n* Nigel Edward Salmon. For services to British commercial and community interests in Nigeria.\n* Oliver Richard Siddle, Representative, British Council, Hong Kong.\n* Warren Cecil Tyson. For public and community services in St. Kitts\\-Nevis.\n* Frederick Langtree Walker. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* Jack Lewis Wicker. For services to British commercial interests in Paris.\n* Leonard Kenneth Young, Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, Hong Kong University.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* Charles Victor Boyd. For service to the community.\n* Reverend Owen Kevin Oxenham. For service to the Church and the community.\n* Roy Max Reynolds. Councillor, Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland.\n* Dr. Keith William Kirkland Shaw. For service to medicine.",
"State of South Australia\n* [Allan Robert Charles McLean](/wiki/Bob_McLean_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Bob McLean (Australian footballer)\"). For service to sport.\n* Stanley William Otto Menzel. For service to irrigation and piping technology.\n* Cedric Jeffrey Thomson. For service to the law.\n* William Herbert Wylie. For service to production engineering, cattle breeding and horse racing.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Dr. Carl Georgeff. For service to the community.\n* Reginald John Trigg. For service to insurance and surf life saving.",
"State of Tasmania\n* Roy Alexander Gourlay. For service to the community.",
"#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Lieutenant Commander (SCC) John Bailie, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Lieutenant (CS) Stephen Lionel Baker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, Royal Marines.\n* Lieutenant Commander David Albert Bartlett.\n* Fleet Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (R) Simon Hugh Beel, J926468Q.\n* Lieutenant Commander Dennis Corless.\n* Lieutenant Commander (Honorary Commander) Anthony Roger Evans.\n* Lieutenant Commander Peter Bernard Evershed.\n* Warrant Officer First Class John Robert French, Royal Marines, PO19457L.\n* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Robert Fyleman.\n* Lieutenant Charles Victor Hanna.\n* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Arnold Harrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=VRD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Fleet Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic Joseph Ivan James, M915230Y.\n* Senior Nursing Officer Ethel Jean Kidd, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.\n* Fleet Chief Writer Joseph John O'Mahony, DO74522X.\n* Lieutenant Commander John Richard Taylor.\n* Lieutenant Commander Stanley Colin Wadman.\n* Lieutenant Commander Peter Robert Walwyn.",
"Army\n* Major Thomas Douglas Raeburn Archibald, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (486474\\), Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Major (now Acting Lieutenant Colonel) Albert Raymond Bell (472486\\), Corps of Royal Military Police.\n* Major Anne Kathleen Brown (475397\\), Women's Royal Army Corps.\n* Major Roger Morgan Brumhill, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (480941\\), Corps of Royal Military Police, Territorial Army.\n* Major (Quartermaster) William Ronald Clarke (496655\\), Grenadier Guards.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) George Ingram Cooper (502108\\), Scots Guards.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Stuart Cottage, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (462271\\), Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.\n* 24003203 Warrant Officer Class 2 Raymonde Dewsnap, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* 23750661 Warrant Officer Class 1 James Doherty, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major Robert Hugh Geoffrey Elford (489183\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Malcolm Denzil Evans (496127\\), Royal Tank Regiment.\n* Major Graham Anderson Ewer (479220\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Major Robin Anthony Field\\-Smith (489314\\), Royal Army Educational Corps.\n* Acting Major James Austin Brown Gibson (468898\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Major Patrick John Henderson (490198\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Terence Graham Hodgetts (501942\\), The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment).\n* Major William Michael Whewell Jackson (473982\\), Intelligence Corps.\n* Major Richard Michael Lambe (482768\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* Major Donald Latham, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ERD, TD}}, (369122\\), Royal Army Pay Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Frank Lawrie (493891\\), Scots Guards.\n* Major Janet Laurie Lawson (494202\\), Women's Army Corps.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Patrick Lewis (501879\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 23864474 Warrant Officer Class 1 Francis Joseph John Lyle, Royal Pioneer Corps.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Ernest John Mann (497080\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23887423 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\\) Kauata Vamarasi Marafono, Special Air Service Regiment.\n* Major James Robert McRae (497779\\), Special Air Service Regiment, Territorial Army.\n* 23206262 Warrant Officer Class 2 Leslie Merifield, Coldstream Guards.\n* Major Alan Mills (472924\\), Royal Army Pay Corps.\n* Major Timothy Julian O'Donnell (491174\\), 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles.\n* Captain (Acting Major) Francis William Price, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (475599\\), The Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th), Territorial Army.\n* LS/14471322 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\\) Gordon William Rabet, The Parachute Regiment.\n* Acting Captain Anthony Philip Solway (459682\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Major Gordon Wallace Stafford (495903\\), Army Air Corps.\n* Captain David James Taggart (496168\\), Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Robert Alexander Tighe (486473\\), The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).\n* 23675401 Warrant Officer Class 1 Geoffrey Richard Tolley, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Major (Director of Music) Gordon Turner (497337\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Arthur Bryan Wheatley (494880\\), Royal Tank Regiment.\n* Major (Quartermaster) William Frederick Whiting, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (489292\\), Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Major Anthony Williams (486411\\), Intelligence Corps.\n* Major (Quartermaster) John Stephen Williams, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DCM}}, (492059\\), The Parachute Regiment.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Henry Wood (506283\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.",
"Royal Air Force\n* Squadron Leader Leslie Brown (2746273\\).\n* Squadron Leader Roger Frederick Richard Carr, (4233050\\).\n* Squadron Leader Roderick Bruce Alexander Moore (4161555\\).\n* Squadron Leader Neil Robert Pollock (1624440\\).\n* Squadron Leader Phillip Wycliffe Roser (608889\\).\n* Squadron Leader Joseph Robert Denis Sauzier (609344\\).\n* Squadron Leader [Graham Skinner](/wiki/Graham_Skinner \"Graham Skinner\") (609364\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Kenneth Albert Butcher (3088345\\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).\n* Flight Lieutenant George William Starling (2337638\\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).\n* Flight Lieutenant Christopher Alan Suckling (690183\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Anne Whitelock (8031838\\), [Women's Royal Air Force](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force \"Women's Royal Air Force\").\n* Acting Flight Lieutenant Davin Richfield Wyatt (683819\\).\n* Warrant Officer Dennis Desmond Cross (H4127958\\).\n* Warrant Officer David Hampton Dorward (D4132468\\).\n* Warrant Officer David Downie (R4022144\\).\n* Warrant Officer Kenneth John Grant (J3503340\\).\n* Warrant Officer Dennis Cecil David Jones (J4004190\\).\n* Warrant Officer William Patrick Lilley, (X4145737\\).\n* Warrant Officer John Richard Lumley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (B0579017\\).\n* Warrant Officer Harold Peach, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (G4143650\\).\n* Warrant Officer Allan David George Smith (U0587283\\).\n* Warrant Officer William George Winterbourne (B2575904\\).\n* Warrant Officer Trevor St. Clair Wonfor (A3526443\\).\n* Master Air Loadmaster Timothy Alan Bond (H0594239\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Nathan Abrahams, lately Director, Mappin (Caterers) plc. For services to the Catering Industry.\n* Arthur John Adam, Member, National Gas Consumers' Council.\n* [Adrian Neil Adams](/wiki/Neil_Adams_%28judoka%29 \"Neil Adams (judoka)\"). For services to [Judo](/wiki/Judo \"Judo\").\n* Paul Vernon Adcock, Executive Officer, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise \"Board of Customs and Excise\").\n* Christina Alice Aikenhead, Area Cancer Registration Officer, Lothian Health Board.\n* David Gear Aitchison, lately Chief Executive, Scottish Fishermen's Federation.\n* Jill Allen, Chairman, Joint Committee on Mobility of the Blind and Partially\\-Sighted People, [National Federation of the Blind](/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind \"National Federation of the Blind\").\n* Anthony Allibone, [General Medical Practitioner](/wiki/General_Medical_Practitioner \"General Medical Practitioner\"), Norfolk.\n* Sidney Francis Walter Arnold, Senior Executive Officer, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue \"Board of Inland Revenue\").\n* George Loudon Atkinson, Area Industrial Relations Officer, North East Area, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board \"National Coal Board\").\n* Cecil Leslie Auckland, Assistant Division Officer, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\").\n* William Henry Austin, Founder and Director, Happy Days Coaches (Woodseaves) Ltd., Stafford.\n* Grace Margaret Axton, lately Principal Adoption Officer, Chichester Diocesan Association for Family Social Work.\n* William Harry Leonard Baker, Chief Instructor (and Organiser), Watford Training Scheme for Motorcyclists.\n* Violet Ballantine. For services to the [National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children](/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children \"National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children\").\n* William Reginald Barber, Marketing Manager, (South America), Cheltenham Division, [Smiths Industries](/wiki/Smiths_Industries \"Smiths Industries\"), Aerospace and Defence Systems Company. For services to Export.\n* Harold John Barker, Planning Manager, D.S.W.P.(N.), Marconi Communication Systems Ltd.\n* Norah Barker, Ward Sister, [Pilgrim Hospital](/wiki/Pilgrim_Hospital \"Pilgrim Hospital\"), South Lincolnshire Health Authority.\n* Sidney Barnard, lately Manager, Export Branch, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes \"Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes\").\n* Eric Leslie Barnes, lately Telecommunications Technical Officer Grade I, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\").\n* Mary Ross Baxter, Deputy Director, National Book League, Scotland.\n* Anthony Herbert Bayman. For political service.\n* Carmen Etheline Marjorie Beckford, Senior Community Relations Officer, Bristol Council for Racial Equality.\n* Joyce Lilian Benham. For services to mentally disabled people in Gravesend and district.\n* Thomas Warwick Bennett, lately manager, London Trade Counter, [Chatto](/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus \"Chatto & Windus\"), [Bodley Head](/wiki/Bodley_Head \"Bodley Head\") \\& [Jonathan Cape](/wiki/Jonathan_Cape \"Jonathan Cape\") Ltd.\n* Mintose Bibby. For political and public service in the North West.\n* Franklin Edwin Birch, lately Clerk, [Worshipful Company of Farriers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers \"Worshipful Company of Farriers\").\n* Violet Mabel Bitchenor, Welfare Officer, Northampton and County Spastics Society.\n* Joseph Paterson Black, General Secretary, [Scottish Police Federation](/wiki/Scottish_Police_Federation \"Scottish Police Federation\").\n* Theresa Black, Senior Nursing Officer, [Stradreagh Hospital](/wiki/Gransha_Hospital \"Gransha Hospital\"), Londonderry.\n* Charles Clarke Bodel, Assistant Director of Research, Lambeg Industrial Research Association.\n* Nancye Kathleen Boobbyer. For services to the Sussex Kidney Trust.\n* Peter Lawrence Booty, Assistant Secretary, London Orchestral Concerts Board.\n* Isaac Henry John Bourne, Medical Officer, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy \"Remploy\") Ltd.\n* Grace Joan Valerie Bourns. For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Donald Benjamin Brewer, Assistant Chief Warning Officer, Horsham, [United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Warning_and_Monitoring_Organisation \"United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation\").\n* Neville Britton, Director, Hartlepool Docks, Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority.\n* Ronald Maxwell Brown, Chief Forester, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission \"Forestry Commission\").\n* Elizabeth Woodrow Browning, Chairman, Association for All Speech\\-Impaired Children.\n* Desmond Charles Buchanan, lately Chief Inspector, [Avon and Somerset Constabulary](/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary \"Avon and Somerset Constabulary\").\n* Commander Bruce Errol Bulbeck, Royal Navy (Retd.), Retired Officer I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Joan Marguerite Burge, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence.\n* Agnes Hope Johnson Burn. For political and public service.\n* John Ralston Butterly, Chairman, Reidvale Housing Association.\n* Olive Hylda Margaret Cass, Superintendent, of Typists, Supplies Department, Greater London Council.\n* George Casson, Clerk, Northumberland Engine Works, Clark Hawthorn Ltd.\n* Margaret Sarah Castle, Nursing Officer, Neo\\-Natal Unit, [Hammersmith Hospital](/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital \"Hammersmith Hospital\"), London.\n* Thomas Cawley, lately Senior Librarian, [Rothamsted Experimental Station](/wiki/Rothamsted_Experimental_Station \"Rothamsted Experimental Station\"), Harpenden.\n* Eric Alfred Chaplin, General Manager, Sub District Area, South East London, The Post Office.\n* Harold Edward Chappell. For services to local government in Lincolnshire.\n* Jacqueline Meynell Cingel, Higher Executive Officer, Department of the Environment.\n* Daphne Diana Clark, Director, Richmond upon Thames Churches' Housing Trust.\n* Francis Arthur Clark. For political service.\n* George Edward Claydon, Chief Superintendent, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police \"Metropolitan Police\").\n* Ernest Reginald Clow, Air Traffic Engineer I, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority \"Civil Aviation Authority\").\n* Peter John Cooke, Executive Engineer, [British Telecom](/wiki/British_Telecom \"British Telecom\").\n* Angela Janet Vera Cotton, Chairman, National Association of [Probation Hostels](/wiki/Approved_Premises \"Approved Premises\").\n* Eileen Ruth Elizabeth Cox. For services to disabled people in Shepperton and District.\n* James Cullen, Convener of Housing Committee, [Gordon District Council](/wiki/Gordon_%28district%29 \"Gordon (district)\").\n* James Cusack, Auxiliary Officer (Technical), [Royal Naval Auxiliary Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Auxiliary_Service \"Royal Naval Auxiliary Service\").\n* George Llewellyn Davies, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSC}}, Engineer's Representative, [Thames Barrier](/wiki/Thames_Barrier \"Thames Barrier\") Project, Rendel, Palmer \\& Tritton, Consulting Engineers.\n* Robert Hefin Davies, Managing Director and Chairman, J. W. Greaves \\& Sons Ltd.\n* Donald Charles Davis, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Energy.\n* Kathleen Margaret Laurie Davis. For services to the community in Wolvey and District, Leicestershire.\n* Michael Edgar Drew Davis, Group Finance and Planning Manager, [Greenall Whitley](/wiki/Greenall_Whitley \"Greenall Whitley\") plc.\n* Nicole Matilde Davoud, Founder and Chairman, Crack MS.\n* James Bartholomew Devine, Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* Eric Ernest Dew. For services to dioceses in the South East.\n* Iqbal Singh Dhut, Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Joyce Mary Dickson, Centre Organiser, Ringwood, Hampshire Branch, [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society \"British Red Cross Society\").\n* Rosemary Cadbury Dickson. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Hilda Ritchie Doran, Senior Lecturer in Primary Education, Aberdeen College of Education.\n* Constance Mona Douglas. For services to Manx Culture.\n* Charles Draper, Manager, Resettlement Unit, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Audrey Alice Grace Duddy, Head, Remedial Department, Saffron Walden County High School.\n* Hazel Catherine Dutton, Matron, Marie Curie Memorial Foundation, Sunnybank Nursing Home, Liverpool.\n* Margaret Easton, lately Administrative Assistant, Careers Service, Tyne and Wear.\n* Audrey Eveline Lucilla Edwards. For services to the community in Hayling Island.\n* Henry Elliott, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Edna Dorothy Embleton. For services to the community in Buckingham.\n* Ronald Walter Emes, Director, The [British Canoe Union](/wiki/British_Canoe_Union \"British Canoe Union\").\n* Sidney Albert England, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.\n* The Reverend Canon Owen Vyvyan Eva, Rector, St. Nicholas, [Halewood](/wiki/Halewood \"Halewood\") Parish Church.\n* Lieutenant Commander Cyril Joseph Evans, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve \"Royal Naval Reserve\") (Retd.), Chairman, Leicester Unit Committee, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)\").\n* Yvonne Winifred Filleul, Personal Secretary, [Cable \\& Wireless plc](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc \"Cable & Wireless plc\").\n* John George Russell Fletcher. For political service.\n* Marjorie Hannah Earnshaw Flowerday, Medical Assistant, [Blood Transfusion Service](/wiki/Blood_Transfusion_Service \"Blood Transfusion Service\"), Sheffield.\n* Bernard William Foreman, Assistant Divisional Organiser, Colchester, [Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers](/wiki/Amalgamated_Union_of_Engineering_Workers \"Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers\").\n* Keith William Forward, Divisional Education Officer, Dartford, Kent.\n* Ursula Una Clare Foss, Disaster Relief Purchasing Officer, British Red Cross Society.\n* Veronique Lucy Vernon Foster, Secretary, South West and Southern Regions, [Abbeyfield Society](/wiki/Abbeyfield_Society \"Abbeyfield Society\").\n* Anthony Conway Gabe. For services to the Blind in Mid\\-Sussex.\n* Alan John Gane, Chief Commandant, Cambridgeshire Special Constabulary.\n* Alexander McLean Garden, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* John Frederick Gardiner, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Edward John George, Detective Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.\n* Richard Dennis Gilbert, Manager, Company Secretariat, B.L. plc.\n* Beatrice Gillam, Member, Council, [Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation](/wiki/Wiltshire_Wildlife_Trust \"Wiltshire Wildlife Trust\").\n* [Duncan Alexander Goodhew](/wiki/Duncan_Goodhew \"Duncan Goodhew\"). For services to Swimming.\n* Donald Frederick Goodwin, Principal Partner, D. \\& P. Goodwin Ltd. (Fruit Growers).\n* Michael Gurnell Green, General Medical Practitioner, Burscough, Lancashire.\n* The Reverend Charles Grice, General Secretary, The [Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Church_Lads%27_and_Church_Girls%27_Brigade \"Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade\").\n* David John Griffith, Commissioner, Clwyd County, St. John Ambulance Brigade.\n* Arnold Grimston, Collector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Mabel Alice Jane Hales. For services to the community in Norfolk.\n* Henry Palmer Halkett, lately Chairman, Local Review Committees, HM Prisons, Aberdeen and Peterhead.\n* Charles William Hall, Works Director, [Ladybird Books](/wiki/Ladybird_Books \"Ladybird Books\") Ltd.\n* Maeve Patricia Hall, lately Member, [Northern Ireland Tourist Board](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board \"Northern Ireland Tourist Board\").\n* James Peter Hamilton, Assistant Secretary, Occupational Safety and Health, Social Insurance and Industrial Welfare Department, [Trades Union Congress](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress \"Trades Union Congress\").\n* Doris Lillian Harris, Personal Secretary, Department of Transport.\n* William George Alfred Hathaway. For services to the community in Usk.\n* Donald William Hawkins, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Kathleen Mary Hazzard, Personal Secretary, Department of Employment.\n* Donald Gill Headley, lately Chief Test Pilot, Brough, Kingston\\-Brough Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* James Ivor Heath, Senior Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Barrie Hesketh, Artistic Director, [Mull Little Theatre](/wiki/Mull_Little_Theatre \"Mull Little Theatre\").\n* [Marianne Edith Frances Hesketh](/wiki/Marianne_Hesketh \"Marianne Hesketh\"), Artistic Director, Mull Little Theatre.\n* George Ernest Hill, Vice\\-Principal, North East Derbyshire College of Further Education, Chesterfield.\n* Edward Wiliam Hobson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Head Teacher, Meltham Church of England Primary School, Kirklees.\n* Edward Joscelyn Holland, Farmer, Staffordshire. For services to agriculture.\n* Robert Hollingdrake, Counsellor, Manchester Small Firms Service.\n* Charles Reginald Hopkin, Chief Superintendent, [North Yorkshire Police](/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police \"North Yorkshire Police\").\n* Clifford Frederick Charles Cecil Hopkins, Site Manager, [Heysham 1](/wiki/Heysham_nuclear_power_station \"Heysham nuclear power station\"), National Nuclear Corporation Ltd.\n* [Jack Howarth](/wiki/Jack_Howarth_%28actor%29 \"Jack Howarth (actor)\") (John Aubrey Conway Howarth), Actor, and for services to charity.\n* John Hoy, lately Manager, Londonderry Terminal, [Shell UK](/wiki/Shell_UK \"Shell UK\") Ltd.\n* Albert Hughes, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* John Hughes, Chairman, Wales Council for the Blind.\n* Edward Arthur Humphreys, lately Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Edward Desmonde Carlisle Hunt, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Ruby Hunt. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Denys Dobell Hutchings, Secretary, [Kennet and Avon Canal Trust](/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Trust \"Kennet and Avon Canal Trust\") Ltd.\n* Isobel June Hutchings. For political service.\n* Florence Rose Inglis, Member, [Monklands District Council](/wiki/Monklands_District_Council \"Monklands District Council\").\n* Robert Stewart Inglis, General Sales Manager, Clyde Canvas Goods \\& Structures Ltd., Port Glasgow.\n* Marjorie Rose Isgar, Headteacher, Perth\\-y\\-Terfyn Infants School, Holywell.\n* Irene Israel, lately General Secretary, Basingstoke Council of Community Service.\n* Bill Jackson, Secretary, Sutton Valence Branch, Agricultural and Allied Workers' National Trade Group.\n* Marlene Jefferson, for services to local government in Londonderry.\n* Ronald Samuel Johnston, Secretary, Rathgael and Whiteabby Schools Management Board, Bangor.\n* Richard ap Simon Jones, Farmer, [Tywyn](/wiki/Tywyn \"Tywyn\"), Gwynedd.\n* Leslie Jordan, lately Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Amy Beatrice Jury, Member of Council, [St. Andrew's Ambulance Association](/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Ambulance_Association \"St. Andrew's Ambulance Association\").\n* Jane Margaret Kendall. For political and public service.\n* Ralph Erskine Kendrick, Vice\\-President, [Boys' Clubs of Wales](/wiki/Boys%27_and_Girls%27_Clubs_of_Wales \"Boys' and Girls' Clubs of Wales\").\n* Pearl Winifred Kerr. For services to [Muckamore Abbey Hospital](/wiki/Muckamore_Abbey_Hospital \"Muckamore Abbey Hospital\"), Antrim.\n* Charles George Herbert Keyse, Senior Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Norah Mabel King, Principal Personnel Assistant, Central Departments, [London Transport](/wiki/London_Transport_Executive_%28GLC%29 \"London Transport Executive (GLC)\").\n* Terence Kinkead, Vice\\-Chairman, Belfast Savings Council.\n* Walter Mansfield Kitchen, Divisional Officer 1, London Fire Brigade.\n* Trevor George Crosby Knight, Joint Chairman, East and West Sussex Supplementary Benefit Appeal Tribunals.\n* Raymond Keith Knowles, Typist, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Thomson Rae Lannigan. For political service.\n* Patrick Larry Lay, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Denis William Lupton Leslie, Chairman, Penlee Station Committee, [Royal National Lifeboat Institution](/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution \"Royal National Lifeboat Institution\").\n* Moira Hamilton Levins, Senior Superintendent of Typists, Department of Education and Science.\n* Leslie Maurice Albert Lightfoot, Sports Editor, *[Windsor, Slough and Eton Express](/wiki/Slough_and_Windsor_Express \"Slough and Windsor Express\")*.\n* Henry Loring, Local Officer Grade II, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Ivy Lough, lately Personal Assistant and Secretary, British Industrial Estates Corporation.\n* Maureen Millicent Lowrey, Senior Nursing Officer, [Frimley Park Hospital](/wiki/Frimley_Park_Hospital \"Frimley Park Hospital\"), West Surrey and North East Hampshire District Health Authority.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Michael Alastair Lowry, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For political service.\n* Gordon David Luckings, Administrative Officer, [ILEA](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority \"Inner London Education Authority\") ([Sydenham School](/wiki/Sydenham_School \"Sydenham School\")).\n* Margaret McGavin. For political service.\n* [Daniel Fergus McGrain](/wiki/Danny_McGrain \"Danny McGrain\"). For services to Association Football in Scotland.\n* Dorothy May Macintyre, Assistant Rector, [Lochaber High School](/wiki/Lochaber_High_School \"Lochaber High School\"), Fort William.\n* Donald MacKay, lately Director of Environmental Health and Housing, East Kilbride District Council.\n* Margaret Jean Mackenzie, Headmistress, Locharron Primary School.\n* [George Edward Mackley](/wiki/George_Mackley \"George Mackley\"), Wood Engraver.\n* David Morrison MacMillan, Secretary, [Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen%27s_Mission \"Fishermen's Mission\").\n* Margaret Mary McNaughton. For political and public service.\n* Thomas Mallaburn, Branch Secretary, [General and Municipal Workers' Union](/wiki/General_and_Municipal_Workers%27_Union \"General and Municipal Workers' Union\").\n* Herbert Edward Maloney. For political and public service.\n* Ruth Manley, Nurse Adviser, Society of Geriatric Nursing, [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing \"Royal College of Nursing\").\n* William James Mann, Member, Ulster Defence Regiment Advisory Council.\n* Audrey Thelma Manyweathers, Clerical Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* June Ida Marmont, Principal Careers Officer, London Borough of Bexley.\n* [Mary Marquis](/wiki/Mary_Marquis \"Mary Marquis\") (Mary Elizabeth Maxwell Anderson), Presenter/Interviewer, [Scotland, British Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/BBC_Scotland \"BBC Scotland\").\n* Lawrence Martin, lately Head, Department of Catering Technology, Granville College of Further Education, Sheffield.\n* Henryk Matuszak. For services to the Polish Community and Penley Hospital, Clwyd.\n* Sidney Ronald Mead. For services to The Forces Help Society and Lord Roberts Workshops.\n* James Meldrum. For charitable services to the Arts in Scotland.\n* Leonard Arthur Metcalf, Passenger Services Manager, Euston, British Rail.\n* John Frederick Miles, Consultant, [Royal Automobile Club](/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club \"Royal Automobile Club\") and [Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Accidents \"Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents\").\n* [Roger Millward](/wiki/Roger_Millward \"Roger Millward\"). For services to Rugby League Football.\n* Henry Frank Hugh Mitchell, Regional Manager, Product Support, India, [Rolls\\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd \"Rolls-Royce Ltd\"). For services to Export.\n* John Leonard Moir, Senior Maintenance Supervisor, Hamilton Brothers.\n* Hester Guthrie Monteath, Head Occupational Therapist, [Royal Edinburgh Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Hospital \"Royal Edinburgh Hospital\").\n* Ravinand Mooneeram, Community/Adult Tutor in South Glamorgan.\n* Edward Morley, Industrial Development Officer, Hartlepool Borough Council.\n* Marjorie Catherine Morrison. For services to the [Architectural Association](/wiki/Architectural_Association \"Architectural Association\").\n* Susan Charlotte Morrow, Clerical Assistant, Police Authority, Northern Ireland.\n* George Mackenzie Murray, Farmer, [Rogart](/wiki/Rogart \"Rogart\"), Sutherland.\n* James Murray, Secretary, Metropolitan and City Police Orphans Fund.\n* Ronald Henry Nethercott, Regional Secretary, Region No. 3, [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union \"Transport and General Workers Union\").\n* Frank John Neve, Principal, Export Sales Management Associates. For services to Export.\n* Violet Ellen Edith Nicholls, Senior Personal Secretary, Public Trustee Office.\n* [Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill](/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill \"Martin O'Neill\"). For services to Association Football.\n* Wyndham John Parker. For political and public service.\n* Ronald Albert Partridge, Professional and Technology Officer Grade II, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Edward Stark Pay, Director, South East Region, Colt International Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Frederick Gordon Thomas Pearce, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Marion Trewhella Richards Pearce. For services to the community in St. Ives.\n* Johanna Maria Chiappini Peebles, lately Secretary, The Friends of St. Paul's Cathedral.\n* Major Albert Harold Pendleton. For services to the community in the Blackpool and Fylde area.\n* Alida Penney, Divisional Nursing Officer, West Suffolk Health Authority.\n* Patrick Thomas Gordon\\-Duff\\-Pennington. For services to the [National Farmers' Union of Scotland](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_Scotland \"National Farmers' Union of Scotland\").\n* Francis Brian Pinney, Secretary, Okehampton and District Branch, Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain.\n* William Edward Plummer, Postal Executive C, Newark Sub\\-Office, Midlands Postal Board, The Post Office.\n* James Ernest Pople, Senior Executive Officer, Management and Personnel Office.\n* Gwendoline Alice Pounds. For services to the community in Marlow, Buckinghamshire.\n* Kenneth Povey, lately Deputy Regional Personnel Officer, West Midlands Regional Health Authority.\n* Archibald Chalmers Purves, Director/Secretary, Hawick Knitwear Manufacturers' Association.\n* Ralph Alexander Raby, Director, Addison Housing Association.\n* Guy Garland Reaks, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}, lately Director, British Leather Federation, for services to Export.\n* Margaret Ellen Richards, lately Administrative Assistant, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education \"UCL Institute of Education\").\n* Christopher Keith Richardson, Principal Research Associate, [Plessey Electronic Systems Research](/wiki/Plessey \"Plessey\").\n* Geoffrey Richardson, Director, National Wool Textile Export Corporation. For services to Export.\n* Leonard Eric Leslie Ridge. For political service in London.\n* William Scott Rigler, Member, Poole Borough Council.\n* John Benjamin Rilett, Training Manager, Bristol Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* Benjamin Edward Robert Rook, Higher Executive Officer, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Rosemary Jean Rowles, Land Agency and Agriculture Divisional Secretary, [Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors](/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors \"Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors\").\n* Thomas Roycroft, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Eric Royle, Chairman, Joint Consultative Council, Meat Trade in the United Kingdom.\n* Eric William Russell, Secretary, [Road Haulage Association](/wiki/Road_Haulage_Association \"Road Haulage Association\").\n* Leslie Joseph Sage, Senior Executive Officer, [Director of Public Prosecutions](/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_%28England_and_Wales%29 \"Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)\").\n* Norman Frank Salisbury. For services to [the Scout Association](/wiki/The_Scout_Association \"The Scout Association\") in Manchester.\n* Arnold Harry Scholfield. For political service.\n* Joan Chalmers Semple, Personal Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office \"Scottish Office\").\n* Margarete Sharpe, Sister, Drug Addiction Unit, [University College Hospital](/wiki/University_College_Hospital \"University College Hospital\"), London.\n* [Adrian Shepherd](/wiki/Adrian_Shepherd \"Adrian Shepherd\"), Cellist.\n* Lilian Joan Sherwin, lately Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Bernard Simcox. For political and public service.\n* Robert John King Sinclair, Chief Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* George Paul Bernard Smith. For political service.\n* John Smith, Chairman, Lanarkshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.\n* Maisie Kathleen Smith, Chairman, The Birmingham Settlement.\n* Edward Charles Snow, Inspector Grade III(T), Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Anna Margreta Constance So Ye, Vice\\-Principal, Lurgan Girls' Junior High School.\n* Annie Stansfield, Secretary, National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease.\n* Reginald Stead. For services to music in Cumbria.\n* [Mavis Mary Steele](/wiki/Mavis_Steele \"Mavis Steele\"). For services to Women's Bowls.\n* John Barclay Stevenson, General Medical Practitioner, Greenock.\n* William Stewart, Manager, Manufacturing Services, N. E. I. Parsons.\n* Timothy Richard Stowell, Export Sales Manager, Craig\\-Nicol Ltd., Glasgow.\n* Audrey Vera May Strange, lately Director of Music and Art, [Royal Over\\-Seas League](/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League \"Royal Over-Seas League\").\n* Peter John Summers, Managing Director, Deeside Enterprise Trust Ltd., [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation \"British Steel Corporation\").\n* Clifford Swindells, Managing Director, Marglass Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Margaret Edith Tarn, Organiser, South Tyneside, Citizens' Advice Bureau.\n* Catherine Joan Taylor. For public and charitable services in Upton\\-upon\\-Severn.\n* Colin Richard Taylor, lately Senior Executive Officer, Government Hospitality Fund, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Flora Mabel Taylor, Senior/Chief Physiological Measurement Technician (Neurophysiology).\n* Iris Joyce Taylor. For services to the Coventry Branch, [Royal Air Forces Association](/wiki/Royal_Air_Forces_Association \"Royal Air Forces Association\").\n* Peter Anthony Taylor, Executive Officer, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office \"HM Stationery Office\").\n* Arthur Robinson Thomas, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=VRD}}, lately Chairman, Devon Conservation Forum.\n* John Thomas, Convener, Construction and Allied Technical Trades, Port Talbot, British Steel Corporation.\n* [Francis Daley Thompson](/wiki/Francis_Daley_Thompson \"Francis Daley Thompson\"). For services to Athletics.\n* Tom Hastings Thompson, Deputy District Treasurer, Oxfordshire Health Authority.\n* Thomas Samuel Tibble, lately Manager, Subscriptions and Records, [Institution of Mechanical Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers \"Institution of Mechanical Engineers\").\n* Doris Mary Tidy, Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Gordon Tiplady, Regional Collector, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* George Tomlinson, Assistant General Secretary, [British Limbless Ex\\-Servicemen's Association](/wiki/Blesma \"Blesma\").\n* Margaret Fletcher Torrance, lately Guider\\-in\\-Charge, Scottish Girl Guide Training and Camping Centre, Netherurd.\n* Bessie Lorna Tucker, lately Superintendent Radiographer, [Velindre Hospital](/wiki/Velindre_Cancer_Centre \"Velindre Cancer Centre\"), Cardiff.\n* James Underwood, lately Chief Housing Officer, North Tyneside District Council.\n* Pauline Mary Veasey, Senior Receptionist, Latham House Medical Practice, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.\n* Albert Ernest Veitch, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* John Harold Vernon, Executive Producer, Performing Arts, Music and Arts Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.\n* Thomas Walter Villa, Staff Officer, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland.\n* Dorothy Milne Wadsworth, Award Liaison Officer for Northern Ireland, [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award \"The Duke of Edinburgh's Award\").\n* Allan Charles Wakeford, Information Officer, [Central Office of Information](/wiki/Central_Office_of_Information \"Central Office of Information\").\n* Arthur Polden Walker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Manager, Professional and Regulatory Services, [Procter \\& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\") Ltd.\n* Daniel Blair Wallace, Chief Superintendent, Royal Ulster Constabulary.\n* Muriel Mackie Walls. For services to the community in Guildford.\n* Brian Lawrence Ward, Superintendent, [Thames Valley Police](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police \"Thames Valley Police\").\n* Alan Watson, Headmaster, Acacias Primary School, Manchester.\n* Vera Margaret Watts, lately Director of Nurse Education, Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health Authority.\n* Emma Webb, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, Principal Fire Control Officer, [West Midlands Fire Brigade](/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service \"West Midlands Fire Service\").\n* William Joseph Webber, Deputy Chief Staff Welfare Officer, Home Office.\n* Joan Lily West. For political service.\n* Vera Anne Wetherall. For political service.\n* Keith Stracey Wheeler. For services to environmental education.\n* Gwenllian Enid, Lady Whittaker, lately District Organiser, Scarborough, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service \"Women's Royal Voluntary Service\").\n* James Archibald Whittle, Financial Controller, Haven Products Ltd.\n* Alfreda Mary Lowe\\-Willetts, County Organiser, Hampshire Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs.\n* Hywel Peredur Williams, Chairman, Welsh Association of Youth Clubs.\n* Walter Temple Williams, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Beryl Joan Wilmshurst, Higher Executive Officer, Departments of Trade and Industry.\n* Cyril Winskell, Architect, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Donald Hewitt Wood, Manager, Experimental Shop, [J. C. Bamford Excavators Ltd](/wiki/JCB_%28heavy_equipment_manufacturer%29 \"JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)\").\n* Richard Alfred Wood, Chairman, J. W. Falkner \\& Sons Ltd.\n* Arnold Woodhouse. For political service.\n* Joyce Lilian Woodhouse, lately Administrative Officer (Awards Division), [Inner London Education Authority](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority \"Inner London Education Authority\").\n* Eileen Olive Woods, Chairman, West Somerset District Council.\n* Joan Woods, Head Teacher, Croft Special School, Liverpool.\n* Kenneth Arthur Woodward, Headmaster, Bordon County Junior School, Hampshire.\n* Brian Percy Stewart Wright, Director, London Enterprise Agency.\n* Elizabeth Graham Jones Wright, lately Chief Superintendent of Typists, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\").\n* Captain Arthur Thomson Young, lately Harbour Master, [Clyde Port Authority](/wiki/Clyde_Port_Authority \"Clyde Port Authority\").\n* Jacob Young, Shipbuilding Manager, [Swan Hunter Shipbuilding Ltd](/wiki/Swan_Hunter \"Swan Hunter\").",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Stuart Alfred Booth. For services to the community in the Falkland Islands.\n* Joseph Oscar Borastero, Charge Nurse, Medical and Health Department, Gibraltar.\n* Ena Stuart Burke. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Jerusalem.\n* Nancy Josephine Campbell, Press and Information Officer, British High Commission, Ottawa.\n* Gertrude Lois, Lady Cane, for services to the British community in San Francisco.\n* Donald Cartwright, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CPM}}, lately First Secretary (Commercial) HM Embassy, Tel Aviv.\n* Donald Siu\\-tung Chan, Chief Labour Officer, Labour Relations Department, Hong Kong.\n* Clive Cecil Francis Chandler. For services to the British community in Morocco.\n* Mo\\-Yan Chik, lately Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Thomas Coleman Christian, Radio Officer, Pitcairn Island.\n* Margaret Jean Clements. For services to the British community in Miami.\n* Dennis Convery, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, lately Archivist, British Military Government, Berlin.\n* Doris Corbin. For services to the community in Bermuda.\n* John Cummins, Second Secretary (Administration) HM Embassy, Santiago.\n* Iris Isabel Dawes, Personal Secretary, British High Commission, Dacca.\n* Margaret Hilda Dodd. For services to the British Community in Brussels.\n* Brendan Grattan Mary Donnelly, lately Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Doris Edwards. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lahore.\n* John Joseph Gomez, Senior Executive Officer, Tourist Department, Gibraltar.\n* Richard Charles Benedict Green, lately Second Secretary, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Amy Eleanor Griffis. For services to the British community in Peru.\n* Alice May Hardy. For welfare services to the blind in Bermuda.\n* John Francis Hoare. For services to technical education in Indonesia.\n* Elizabeth Valentine Isaacs, Confidential Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.\n* Henry Hong\\-cheong Ku, Chief Executive Officer, Security Branch, Hong Kong.\n* Gladys Margaret Dinsdale Laborde. For nursing and welfare services to the British community in Paris.\n* Jane Isabella Sarah Lackie. For services to the British community in Port Elizabeth.\n* Albert Applebum Richard Lake. For services to the community in Anguilla.\n* Teresa Shui\\-shuk Lam Wong. For services to the community in Hong Kong.\n* Donald Lancaster. For services to British interests in Senegal.\n* Clifford Raymond Lee, Officer\\-in\\-Charge, composite Signals Station, Ascension Island.\n* Gwendoline Joan Libbrecht, Vice\\-Consul, HM Consulate\\-General, Antwerp.\n* Thian Tek Lim, Information Officer, HM Embassy, Jakarta.\n* Belinda Jane Lindeck, Personal Assistant to the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the United Nations, New York.\n* Che\\-woo Lui. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* John Ian Carr MacDougall. For services to transport development in Tanzania.\n* Robert McNeill. For services to agricultural development in Malawi.\n* Alan James Milton. For services to British commercial interests in Nigeria.\n* Annie Mitscher. For services to the British community in New Jersey.\n* Anna Lee Nathan. For services to the British community in Los Angeles.\n* Eric Ronald George Nelson, Attaché, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Cedric Rawnsley Osborne. For public services in Montserrat.\n* Janice Sonia Mary Palmer, Personal Assistant to HM Consul\\-General, Johannesburg.\n* Patricia Frances Parkinson, lately Assistant Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Pretoria.\n* Arthur Glyn Parry, Vice\\-Consul, HM Consulate\\-General, Lille.\n* Douglas Sutherland Payne, Professor of Chemistry, Hong Kong University.\n* James Watson Purves. For services to agricultural development in Kenya.\n* Winifred Robinson. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.\n* Rosemary Sandercock. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.\n* Isaac Scott. For welfare services to the community in Thailand.\n* Kevin Maxwell Sinclair. For services to journalism in Hong Kong.\n* Agnes Jannis Skerritt. For services to the community in St. Kitts\\-Nevis.\n* The Reverend Walter Frank Snedker. For welfare services to seamen in Santos, Brazil.\n* Mary Agnes Stilwell. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lisbon.\n* Warren Stoutt. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.\n* Mary Catherine Swales. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Ghana.\n* Darby Burnard Tibbetts. For public and community services in the Cayman Islands.\n* Richard Michael White. Second Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Dakar.\n* Howard Kung\\-kuen Yung. Maintenance Surveyor, Housing Department, Hong Kong.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* [Alan Edmund William Edwards](/wiki/Alan_Edwards_%28actor%29 \"Alan Edwards (actor)\"), Artistic Director, [Queensland Theatre Company](/wiki/Queensland_Theatre_Company \"Queensland Theatre Company\").\n* Evelyn Haswell Kuskie. For service to the community.\n* [Paul Edward McLean](/wiki/Paul_McLean_%28rugby_union%29 \"Paul McLean (rugby union)\"). For service to Rugby Union.\n* Monica Desmond Penny. For public service.\n* Helen Bannister Philp. For services to the community.\n* Pastor Ivan Lester Roennfeldt. For service to the Aboriginal people.\n* Enid Tardent (Mrs. Enid Margaret Fogarty). For service to music and the community.\n* William Jesse Wolff. For service to the community.",
"State of South Australia\n* The Honourable [Maynard Boyd Dawkins](/wiki/Maynard_Boyd_Dawkins \"Maynard Boyd Dawkins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MLC}}. For service to choral music.\n* Heinrich Diestel\\-Feddersen. For services to the potato industry and the German community.\n* Roberto Mario Antonio Masi. For services to the Italian community.\n* Ronald Hannaford Sedsman. For services to the [Royal Adelaide Show](/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Show \"Royal Adelaide Show\").\n* Lionel Garth Sims. For services to local government and the community.\n* Aileen Martha Wilson. For services to the Aboriginal community.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Leslie George Clarke. For service to the community.\n* John Talbot Hunn. For service to scouting.\n* William Howard King. For public service.\n* Albert John Pepperell. For service to industry.\n* William Rupert Stevens. For service to the vegetable industry.",
"State of Tasmania\n* Margaret Frances Elliston. For services to the Girl Guide movement.\n* Douglas Lindsay Youd. For service to the sport of wood chopping.",
"### Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)",
"Home Civil Service\n* Robert McGregor Airlie, Principal Civil Engineer, Department of the Environment.\n* John William Auger, Principal, Department of Industry.\n* David Henry Bayes, lately Senior Principal, Scottish Office.\n* Duncan Hamilton Cameron, Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Henry Chapman, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Maurice Cooper, Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* William Henry Drew, Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Leslie Ernest George, lately Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* Marjorie Catherine Gibbons, lately Principal, Welsh Office.\n* Patrick Albert Grove, Inspector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Kathleen Alma Hyde, Principal, Department of Employment.\n* James Alan Bell Hyndman, lately Senior Principal, Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland.\n* Ronald Jolley, lately Principal, Lord Chancellor's Department.\n* Geoffrey Lord, Principal, Department of Transport.\n* Cyril Douglas Thomas Mansfield, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DFM}}, Principal, Department of Trade.\n* John William George Musty, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ancient Monuments Laboratory, Department of the Environment.\n* Barbara Joan Parkin, Principal, Department of Energy.\n* Jean Phillips, Principal, Crown Estate Commissioners.\n* Godfrey Thomas John Pullan, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Leslie Cuthbert Smith, Principal, Victoria \\& Albert Museum.\n* Anthony Sreeves, Inspector, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Alexander Steel, Inspector, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Raymond Stoodley, lately Professional and Technical Superintending Grade, Home Office.\n* Clifford Taylor, Principal, Ministry of Defence.\n* Dennis Williamson, Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Patrick Joseph Clancy, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM, CPM}}, lately Senior Assistant Commissioner, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Alan John Stockman Lack, Deputy Director of Marine, Hong Kong.\n* Alan Kenneth Mason, Principal Assistant Secretary, Security Branch, Hong Kong.\n* James Milton Murphie, Assistant Director of Immigration, Hong Kong.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* James William John Griffin. For public service.",
"State of South Australia\n* Stuart Beaumont Hart. For public service in town planning.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Bruce James Beggs. For public service in forestry.",
"### British Empire Medal (BEM)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (MW) Roy Attenborough, [Royal Navy Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Reserve \"Royal Navy Reserve\"), KD985550D.\n* Colour Sergeant William. Alexander John Baxter, Royal Marines, PO22404J.\n* Chief Petty Officer (C.A.S.) James Bremner, F669840J.\n* Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic (O) Frank George Brookes, Royal Naval Reserve, XD986173H.\n* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Charles Henry Came, J162677J.\n* Marine Engineering Artificer (P) First Class Alexander Terence Chadwick, D055121L.\n* Sergeant Norman Clark, Royal Marines, PO20837U.\n* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Laurence Lyall Curle, D159779P.\n* Master at Arms Kenneth Arthur Etheridge, M714511X.\n* Marine Engineering Mechanician (P) First Class William Davenport Fraser, D159834G.\n* Chief Petty Officer Steward Adrian Robin Frost, D079076F.\n* Colour Sergeant Hugh Gray, Royal Marines, PO20233T.\n* Chief Communications Yeoman Terry Henry Green, Royal Naval Reserve, QD982304L.\n* Weapon Engineering Mechanician First Class Anthony Campbell Jones, D159778X.\n* Chief Petty Officer Airman (AH) William Hugh Jones, F849811A.\n* Marine Engineering Mechanician (L) First Class Anthony John Marriott, D051138A.\n* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Douglas Graham Plymsol, J982549L.\n* Chief Petty Officer (CAS) Alan Richardson, J646039G.\n* Petty Officer Medical Assistant John Rigby, D073176G.\n* Chief Petty Officer Stores Accountant Thomas Arthur Scott, D079679Q.\n* Senior Naval Nurse Marion Rebecca Stock, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service \"Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service\").\n* Weapon Engineering Artificer First Class Anthony John Tickner, D128157E.\n* Chief Wren Radio Supervisor Kathleen Sheila Jennifer Vince, [Women's Royal Naval Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service \"Women's Royal Naval Service\"), W123370X.\n* Colour Sergeant Alwyn Brian Young, Royal Marines, PO15613K.",
"Army\n* 23877480 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) David Alexander Allen, Irish Guards.\n* 24266740 Sergeant Trevor Geoffrey Allison, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* 23834196 Staff Sergeant Victor Amaira, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24149491 Staff Sergeant George Frank Arthur Angell, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.\n* 24030488 Staff Sergeant Joseph Aquilina, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 24147072 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) Roger Axten, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 24106125 Corporal (Local Sergeant) Jack William Bardle, Royal Corps of Transport.\n* 24278712 Sergeant Robert Charles Barfield, Royal Pioneer Corps.\n* 23982572 Staff Sergeant Paul Barrett, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.\n* 23305239 Staff Sergeant (now Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Herbert Robert Bartlett, 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers.\n* 24179750 Sergeant Alan Behenna, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 22036400 Sergeant John Bennett, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Territorial Army.\n* 24145408 Sergeant Martin Joseph Brown, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* 22839215 Staff Sergeant Arthur John Budge, Wessex Regiment, Territorial Army.\n* 24077288 Staff Sergeant George William Burroughs, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 23859018 Corporal Alexander Victor Carson, Corps of Royal Engineers, Territorial Army.\n* 24264640 Staff Sergeant Alan Henry Chapman, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 23858622 Sergeant Anthony Clegg, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 23749192 Sergeant Kenneth Coatesworth, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 24266750 Corporal Malcolm Adrian Connop, The Royal Green Jackets.\n* 23675255 Staff Sergeant Peter Mark Cook, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* LS/23677211 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Peter John Cosgrove, The Parachute Regiment.\n* LS/23469151 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\\) David John Coxall, 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers.\n* LS/22742049 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\\) John Dinnen, Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.\n* 22343980 Staff Sergeant Jeremy John Eales, The Honourable Artillery Company, Territorial Army.\n* 24328809 Corporal Paul Desmond Faithfull, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 24083527 Sergeant Michael John Handsley, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24063654 Sergeant Michael John Harden, Royal Tank Regiment.\n* 23820690 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) William Henderson, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23917913 Sergeant Trevor Patrick Hope, Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 23727206 Gunner (Acting Bombardier) Ernest Vincent Johnson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army.\n* 23924900 Lance Corporal Emlyn Dewi Jones, The Queen's Regiment.\n* 24079315 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Peter Joseph McCoy, Army Catering Corps.\n* 23479621 Staff Sergeant Ivor Noel McFadyen, 51st Highland Volunteers, Territorial Army.\n* 23918020 Sergeant John Alexander McKnight, Royal Corps of Transport, Territorial Army.\n* 24145577 Staff Sergeant Ian Joseph Mellor, Army Physical Training Corps.\n* 24126237 Staff Sergeant David John Moon, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24019917 Sergeant Leonard James Moore, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 22136031 Staff Sergeant Frederick Donald Morgan, Royal Corps of Transport, Territorial Army.\n* 24104663 Staff Sergeant William Norris, The King's Own Royal Border Regiment.\n* 23873258 Sergeant Albert Richard Olde, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.\n* LS/23221534 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\\) William John Kerr Paterson, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's).\n* 24106699 Staff Sergeant Darryl Leslie Joseph Pooley, Royal Corps of Transport.\n* 21159392 Sergeant Dilkishor Rai, 2nd King Edward VIIs Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles).\n* 23982516 Staff Sergeant David George Rose, Corps of Royal Military Police.\n* 21158907 Sergeant Dorjee Sherpa, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles.\n* 24132974 Corporal Patrick Joseph Simpson, Royal Pioneer Corps.\n* 23536636 Corporal (Local Sergeant) Anthony Thomas Sims, Corps of Royal Military Police.\n* 23612769 Sergeant John Whitcombe Smith, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24100830 Sergeant Peter Alfred Stewart Smith, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24186691 Staff Sergeant Christopher James Sockett, Army Catering Corps.\n* 24059141 Sergeant Brian Stevens, The Light Infantry.\n* 24048524 Staff Sergeant Gavin Neil Macleod Stoddart, The Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment).\n* 23834480 Corporal Robert Gary Story, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23504026 Sergeant Athlyn Taylor, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23495367 Lance Sergeant (Acting Sergeant) John Taylor, Irish Guards.\n* 23905935 Staff Sergeant Richard James Todd, 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own).\n* 24225239 Staff Sergeant Stephen Tuck, Grenadier Guards.\n* 24011291 Sergeant David Leonard Walton, Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 24082353 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Michael Frederick Westley, Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 23862287 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Francis Michael Whiteside, Royal Army Medical Corps.\n* 24048330 Staff Corporal (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Derek William Willis, The Life Guards.\n* 24281743 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) John Brian Wilson, The Royal Welch Fusiliers.\n* 24181281 Sergeant Martyn Hamilton Woods, Royal Regiment of Artillery.",
"Overseas Awards\n* Lance Corporal Ying\\-tang Lau, [Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Regiment_%28The_Volunteers%29 \"Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)\").\n* Sergeant Kwok\\-hung Leung, Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers).",
"Royal Air Force\n* X4079582 Flight Sergeant John Kennedy Anderson.\n* J4266712 Flight Sergeant Roy William Bennett.\n* G4112638 Flight Sergeant Michael Rodney Counsell.\n* L1928492 Flight Sergeant George Edward Gill.\n* J4253539 Flight Sergeant Eric Holt.\n* S4242345 Flight Sergeant David Fainges Johnston.\n* D5035911 Flight Sergeant James McInally.\n* Q1924619 Flight Sergeant Albert Derek Morris.\n* N3147237 Flight Sergeant Michael John Plume.\n* N4253854 Flight Sergeant Michael Francis Shaw.\n* X4259991 Flight Sergeant Michael Steel.\n* E4256158 Flight Sergeant Robert Lindsay Thomson.\n* Y0688753 Chief Technician John Gillan Frederick Barnes.\n* C4285302 Chief Technician Alister Brown Haveron.\n* Q1944155 Chief Technician Anthony John Reeves Knight.\n* P1934202 Chief Technician Malcolm Roy Myers.\n* B1942036 Chief Technician Peter Frederick Riches.\n* M1932638 Chief Technician Robert Henry Thompson.\n* F1943733 Chief Technician John Francis Thornley.\n* M1936839 Sergeant John Henry Gear.\n* E4254083 Sergeant Alastair Steven Picton.\n* F1947147 Sergeant Morris James Watt.",
"Civil Division\nUnited Kingdom\n* William Adams, Postman, Edinburgh Head Post Office, The Post Office.\n* Samuel Ball Addis, Senior Foreman Trades Officer, Northern Ireland Prison Service.\n* John Henry Allen, Technical Officer, Exeter Telephone Area, British Telecom.\n* Eileen Virginia Ashton, Chief Photoprinter, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office \"HM Stationery Office\").\n* Bernard Richard Askew, P.S.V. One Man Operator, East Midland Motor Services Ltd.\n* Raymond Arthur Atfield, Installation Technician, Studio Capital Projects Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.\n* Hector William Baikie, Professional and Technology Officer III (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.\n* Marjorie Winifred Agnes Bailey, Centre Organiser, Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex Branch, British Red Cross Society.\n* Stephen John Ball, Sergeant Major, Northern Ireland Division, [Corps of Commissionaires](/wiki/Corps_of_Commissionaires \"Corps of Commissionaires\").\n* Nirmal Singh Bansal, Clerk of Works LE1, Property Services Agency, Department of the Environment.\n* Eric Charles Barden. For services to the community in Dartford, Kent.\n* Frank Robert Barlow, Sub\\-postmaster, Hackney Road, The Post Office.\n* Jack Barnes, Petty Officer, [Overseas Containers](/wiki/Overseas_Containers \"Overseas Containers\") Ltd.\n* Pamela Margaret Bean, Sub\\-postmistress, Terminus Road, Brighton, The Post Office.\n* Roger Beck, Fireman, Derbyshire Fire Service.\n* Francis Joseph Beetham, Setter \"A\", Ministry of Defence.\n* Lucy May Bellamy. For services to disabled people in Hull.\n* Griffith Beery, Mechanical Inspector, Wythenshawe Division, [Ferranti Computer Systems](/wiki/Ferranti_Computer_Systems \"Ferranti Computer Systems\") Ltd.\n* Frank Betts, Process and General Supervisor Grade D, Ministry of Defence.\n* Eric Walter Bird, Foundry Moulder (Leading Hand), [Baker Perkins](/wiki/Baker_Perkins \"Baker Perkins\") Ltd.\n* Bruce Edward Birdsell, Steel Fixer, Costain Thompson Houston Ltd.\n* Leslie Boddy, Town Hall Superintendent, Lord Mayor's Sergeant, Sheriff's Officer and Mace Bearer, [Oxford City Council](/wiki/Oxford_City_Council \"Oxford City Council\").\n* Glennis Hetha Bosher. For services to children in Swansea.\n* Joyce, Lydia Boxley. For services to the community in Dudley, West Midlands.\n* Louis George Moody Brown, Engineer, U.I.E. Shipbuilding (Scotland) Ltd.\n* Arthur Hammond Browne. For services to poultry keeping in Norfolk.\n* Archibald Hugh MacDonald Burnie, Farm Manager, Achnacloich.\n* Gordon Robertson Burr. For services to the community in Tongue and district.\n* Leslie Butler, Centre Organiser, Dudley Branch, British Red Cross Society.\n* Olive Butler, Steward, Members' Mess Club, Lancashire County Council.\n* George Stanley Buxton, Constable, Northamptonshire Police.\n* Colin James Bygrave, Professional and Technology Officer Grade III, Ministry of Defence.\n* Gwendoline Violet Caldicutt, Cleaner, Weston\\-under\\-Penyard VA Primary School, Ross\\-on\\-Wye.\n* Michael Honeyman Campbell, Bible Class Organiser, [HM Prison Edinburgh](/wiki/HM_Prison_Edinburgh \"HM Prison Edinburgh\").\n* Antonis Anastasi Carantonis, Relief Station Inspector, London Transport.\n* William Arthur Card, Site Foreman, Hall Thermo\\-tank International Ltd. For Services to Export.\n* Charles Malcolm Cation, Staff Foreman, National Steel Foundry (1914\\) Ltd., Leven.\n* Joseph Thomas Cattell, Senior Machine Shop Foreman, [GKN Sankey](/wiki/GKN_Sankey \"GKN Sankey\") Ltd.\n* Victor Leonard Chandler, Chief Petty Officer Instructor, Hull Unit, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)\").\n* James Edward Chapman, Roadman, North Yorkshire County Council.\n* Alfred Chappory, Sub\\-Officer, Fire Section, Ministry of Defence.\n* Geoffrey Arnold Clay, Constable, Staffordshire Police.\n* Fred Cole, Chauffeur, Aycliffe and Peterlee Development Corporations.\n* Matthew Clyde Coles, Sub\\-Officer, Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Royston Keith Coles, Senior Photographer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Eric Henry Collins, Toolmaker, Lucas Electrical Ltd.\n* Alan George Cook, Garden Supervisor, [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew \"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\").\n* Marion Violet Cornwall, Cashier, Mitcheldean, [Rank Xerox](/wiki/Rank_Xerox \"Rank Xerox\") Manufacturing Operations.\n* Esther Coxon, Local Organiser, Gateshead Metropolitan District, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service \"Women's Royal Voluntary Service\").\n* William Cree, Foreman Grade 1, North Eastern Electricity Board.\n* Frederick Croome, lately Development Worker, Calverton Colliery, South Nottinghamshire Area, National Coal Board.\n* Ronald Charles Cross, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police.\n* Marjorie Claire Mary Culley, Member, Bristol City, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* Robert Alan Cunningham, Bus Driver, [Ulsterbus](/wiki/Ulsterbus \"Ulsterbus\") Ltd.\n* Phyllis Delphia Cutts. For services to the community, particularly to Barnsley Hospitals.\n* Matthew William Daley, Driver, Hartlepool, Eastern Region, British Rail.\n* Elias Davies, Gatekeeper, Grand Lodge, [Penrhyn Castle](/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle \"Penrhyn Castle\"), The National Trust.\n* May Davies, Foster Parent, Mid\\-Glamorgan County Council.\n* Ronald John Davies, Chargehand, Shrewsbury Tool \\& Die Company Ltd.\n* Thomas Davies, Foreman Blockmaker, [Royal Doulton](/wiki/Royal_Doulton \"Royal Doulton\") Tableware Ltd.\n* Kenneth Norman Denham. For services to the [National Association of Boy's Clubs](/wiki/National_Association_of_Boy%27s_Clubs \"National Association of Boy's Clubs\") in Chesham, Buckinghamshire.\n* John Edmund David Denver, Craft Attendant, Band 2, Southern Electricity Board.\n* Ivor Gordon Dodd, Sub Officer, Cornwall County Fire Brigade.\n* Dorothy Violet Dudman, lately Driver, London H.Q., St. John Ambulance.\n* Henry Douglas Eade, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Douglas Elias George Emery, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DCM}}, Revenue Constable, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Frank Faulkner, lately Professional and Technology Officer III, Ministry of Defence.\n* Archibald Ferguson, Chargehand Craft Auxiliary B, Scottish Development Department.\n* Sydney Finnigan, Professional and Technology Officer III, Engineering Services Branch, [Winfrith](/wiki/Winfrith \"Winfrith\"), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.\n* Anthony Allenby Ford, Gas Distribution Supervisor, Ipswich District, Eastern Region, [British Gas Corporation](/wiki/British_Gas_Corporation \"British Gas Corporation\").\n* Dennis Royal Fordham, Sewage Operations Foreman, Anglian Water Authority.\n* Gordon Gilbert Foster, Face Worker, North Nottinghamshire Area, National Coal Board.\n* Harold Foster, Porter, [Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital](/wiki/Royal_National_Orthopaedic_Hospital \"Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital\"), Stanmore.\n* Albert Franklin. For services to the Royal British Legion in Northamptonshire.\n* Barbara Simpson Fraser, Chargehand Telephone Switchboard Operator, [Dounreay](/wiki/Dounreay \"Dounreay\"), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.\n* Walter Frear. For services to the Guild of Vergers.\n* Joseph Fryer, Prison Officer, [HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wormwood_Scrubs \"HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs\").\n* George Peter Gabriele, Leader, St. Mary's Boys' Club, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Harry Gandy, Dock Foreman, [Stalbridge Dock](/wiki/Stalbridge_Dock \"Stalbridge Dock\"), Garston.\n* Fred Garner, Resident Porter, Sir Thomas More Estate, Chelsea.\n* Charles William George Gazzard, Professional and Technology Officer IV, [Meteorological Office](/wiki/Meteorological_Office \"Meteorological Office\").\n* Cecil Charles Gennery, Production Superintendent, Rists Ltd.\n* Lewis Charles Gibbs, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Bernard Gilfoyle, Bulk Tanker Driver, [Rank Hovis](/wiki/Rank_Hovis \"Rank Hovis\") Ltd.\n* Sardara Singh Gill, Foreman, Light Machine Shop, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd.\n* Trevor Edward Goodingham, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police.\n* Cecil Graham, Driver, Mobil Oil Company Ltd., Belfast.\n* Michael Harvey Gray, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary.\n* Thomas Gray, Face Worker, Holditch Colliery, Western Area, National Coal Board.\n* Nathaniel Thomas Green, Coastguard Officer 1, Sector Officer, Cromer, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard \"HM Coastguard\"), Department of Trade.\n* William James Grey, Auxiliary Constable, Royal Ulster Constabulary.\n* Rachel Vera Griffiths, District Staff, Ceredigion, Dyfed, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* Laurence Grogan, Chairman, Joint Union Negotiation Committee, [Arthur Guinness \\& Company Ltd.](/wiki/Guinness \"Guinness\"), [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union \"Transport and General Workers Union\").\n* Mabel Mary Pilar Haigh, Local Organiser, Elland, West Yorkshire, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* Joan Mary Harding, for services to the community in Pensford, Bristol.\n* Arthur Hardman, Installation Inspector, Stalybridge District, North Western Electricity Board.\n* Peter Ballingall Hart, Cork Maker, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy \"Remploy\") Ltd., Hillington.\n* Vernon Eynon Hart, Surface Labourer, St. John's Colliery, South Wales Area, National Coal Board.\n* Herbert George Harvey, lately Sergeant Major Instructor, Avon, [Army Cadet Force](/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force \"Army Cadet Force\").\n* Ronald Reginald Brook Harvey, Manager, HMS *Fisgard*, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes \"Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes\").\n* Stanley Hastings, Packer Leader, Strip Mill Products, Shotton Works, [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation \"British Steel Corporation\").\n* Mavis Sidonie Hedger, Chief Woman Observer, No. 7 Group Bedford, [Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps \"Royal Observer Corps\").\n* Leonard Henry, Safety Officer, Walker Yard, [Swan Hunter](/wiki/Swan_Hunter \"Swan Hunter\") Shipbuilders Ltd.\n* Mary Herbert. For services to the community in Ebbw Vale.\n* Frederick George Basil Hillier, General Foreman, [John Laing Construction Ltd](/wiki/John_Laing_Group \"John Laing Group\").\n* Bertram George Hinnells, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MM}}, Forester, Marlesford Estate, Woodbridge, Suffolk.\n* Harold James Holmes, Constable, Merseyside Police.\n* Arthur Sydney Huckfield, Foreman Toolsetter, [Abingdon King Dick](/wiki/Abingdon_King_Dick \"Abingdon King Dick\") Ltd.\n* Alfred Henry Hughes, Washmiller, Qay Quarry, Westbury Works, [Blue Circle Industries](/wiki/Blue_Circle_Industries \"Blue Circle Industries\") plc.\n* Ronald Miller Hunter, Constable, Metropolitan Police.\n* John Bowe Johnson, Chief Officer II, Medomsley Detention Centre.\n* Richard Johnson, Senior Foreman, Production Laboratory, Vickers Instruments.\n* Sydney Neven Johnson, Supervisor, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland.\n* Edward Johnston, Sports Attendant, Glencairn Secondary School, Belfast.\n* John Jones, Secretary, [Rockware Glass](/wiki/Rockware_Glass \"Rockware Glass\") Company Branch, Transport and General Workers Union.\n* Owen Jones, Forest Craftsman, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission \"Forestry Commission\").\n* William Albert Jones, Principal Range Superintendent, Ministry of Defence.\n* Ellen Kemp, lately Forewoman Cleaner, Metropolitan Police.\n* William Francis Kilfedder, Foreman, Heavy Plant Workshops, F.J.C. Lilley plc.\n* Winifred Ethel Flora Kinder. For services to the welfare of children in Cranbrook and Southborough, Kent.\n* David James Kirk, Supervisor, Coalville, British Rail.\n* Catherine Beryl Higgs Lewis. For services to the community in Bryncrug, Gwynedd.\n* Eric George Lewis, Surveyor/Relief Supervisor, South Western Region, British Gas Corporation.\n* Ernest Frederick Lewis, Storeman, [Gaynes Hall](/wiki/Gaynes_Hall \"Gaynes Hall\") Borstal.\n* Thomas Lloyd, lately Ship Wright, [Manchester Ship Canal Company](/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal_Company \"Manchester Ship Canal Company\").\n* William Briggs Longbottom, Assistant Engineer, Maple Mill, [Courtaulds](/wiki/Courtaulds \"Courtaulds\") Ltd.\n* Joseph Ludkin, lately State Enrolled Nurse, [Broadmoor Hospital](/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital \"Broadmoor Hospital\"), Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Grace Eleanor Luxton, Canteen Worker, Medway Towns Unit, Sea Cadets Corps.\n* James William McCafferey, Stores Supervisor, Stockport, North Western Region, British Gas Corporation.\n* Herbert David McCammond, Maintenance Officer, Northern Ireland Housing Executive.\n* Malcolm John MAcDonald, Farm Manager, Auch, Bridge of Orchy.\n* Francis McGoff, Stores Supervisor, Clinical Research Centre, Medical Research Council.\n* James Fraser McKenzie, Works Superintendent (Foreman), Water Supply Services, Lothian Regional Council.\n* Malcolm MacLeod, Crofter, South Arnish, Raasay, Kyle.\n* William McMahon, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Bhola Maharaj Mansfield, Driver/Loader, Refuse Collection Service, Manchester City Council.\n* Marjory Eileen Manton, Joint District Organiser, Horsham, West Sussex, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* Joyce Marriott, Home Help, Godstone, Surrey.\n* Edward Thomas Frank Marsh, Stockman, North Cadbury, Yeovil, Somerset.\n* Edward Joseph Martin, Civilian Instructor, Crawley Unit, Sea Cadet Corps.\n* Alec Ashley Mason. For services to the Royal British Legion in Bratton, Wiltshire.\n* Olive Mason, Member, Wilmslow, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service \"Women's Royal Voluntary Service\").\n* Joseph Edmund Megarry, Principal Officer, [Northern Ireland Prison Service](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service \"Northern Ireland Prison Service\").\n* Frederick Mellor, Trimming Sorter, Remploy Ltd., Salford.\n* Phoebe May Mertens, Foster Parent, Birmingham Social Services Department.\n* Robert Henry Messam, Fitter, [Trent Motor Traction Company Ltd](/wiki/Trentbarton \"Trentbarton\").\n* Thomas Millar, Technician IIB, British Telecom.\n* Dorothy Veronica Miller\\-Pierce, Divisional Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary \"Metropolitan Special Constabulary\").\n* Geraldine Olive Mitchell. For services to the community in Thames Ditton, Surrey.\n* Irene Monaghan, lately Housekeeper, Sheffield City Council.\n* John Timothy Moriarty, Sub\\-Officer, [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade \"London Fire Brigade\").\n* Margaret Agnes Muir, for services to the community, particularly the deaf, in Dumfries.\n* Maurice Newberry, Sergeant, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* Joseph Richard Newby, Resident Engineer and Caretaker, [Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Shrewsbury_College_of_Arts_and_Technology \"Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology\").\n* Hilda Joan Noakes. For services to the British Red Cross Society in Berkshire.\n* Mary Ellen O'Brien, Chief Paperkeeper, Home Office.\n* Mary Ellen O'Hanlon, Nursing Auxiliary, [Daisy Hill Hospital](/wiki/Daisy_Hill_Hospital \"Daisy Hill Hospital\"), Newry.\n* Marjorie Alice Osgood. For services to the community in Stubbington, Hampshire.\n* Eric William Palmer, Export Despatch Supervisor, B.D.H. Chemicals Ltd. For services to Export.\n* John Edward Parker, Experimental Worker Grade II, Ministry of Defence.\n* Alexander Cargill Paton, Station Officer, Forth Marine Rescue Sub\\-Centre, HM Coastguard, Department of Trade.\n* Florence May Payne. For services to the community, particularly local hospitals, in Suffolk.\n* William George Henry Payne, Chargehand, Despatch Department, Firsteel Ltd.\n* Ronald Pearson, Assistant Gantryman, Strip Mill Products, Llanwern Works, British Steel Corporation.\n* Albert Edward John Peel. For charitable services to the Swansea and West Wales Cancer Aid Society.\n* Edgar Donald Peel, Chief Petty Officer (Pumpman), Esso Petroleum Company Ltd.\n* Graham John Penny, Constable, [South Wales Constabulary](/wiki/South_Wales_Constabulary \"South Wales Constabulary\").\n* Frank John Perkins, Steward 2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Sydney William Phillips, Works Convenor, Chester Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\").\n* Clifford Charles Pocknell, Sub\\-Officer, Hereford and Worcester Fire Brigade.\n* Kenneth Pratt, Sub\\-Officer, [Devon Fire Brigade](/wiki/Devon_Fire_Brigade \"Devon Fire Brigade\").\n* Roma Violet June Prebble, Chief Observer (W), No. 1 Group Maidstone, [Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps \"Royal Observer Corps\").\n* Thomas Primrose, Constable, [Strathclyde Police](/wiki/Strathclyde_Police \"Strathclyde Police\").\n* Leslie William Pugh, Senior Messenger, Department of the Environment.\n* Ernest James Noel Radway, Process Supervisor, Chemical Plants, Springfields Works, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd \"British Nuclear Fuels Ltd\").\n* William John Buchanan Ramsay, Constable, [Ministry of Defence Police](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police \"Ministry of Defence Police\").\n* James Johnstone Reddiex, Senior Operator, Hot Strip Mill, Strip Mill Products, Ravenscraig Works, British Steel Corporation.\n* James Arthur Reed, Supervisor, Access Control, Airport Security, Heathrow Airport, [British Airports Authority](/wiki/British_Airports_Authority \"British Airports Authority\").\n* Harold William Reeve, Principal Quality Engineer, Quality Department, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, British Aerospace pic.\n* William Percy Revell, Craftsman, Department of the Environment.\n* Glyn Thelwell Roberts. Highways Superintendent, Melton Borough Council.\n* Leslie Roberts, Chargeman, Cannon Street, South Eastern Division, Southern Region, British Rail.\n* Wilfred Robinson. For services to [Ellesmere Port Boat Museum](/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_Boat_Museum \"Ellesmere Port Boat Museum\").\n* Joseph Robson, Craftsman (Fitting\\-Plant/ Vehicles), Central and South West Scotland Area, South of Scotland Electricity Board.\n* Robert Robson, Bridges Supervising Foreman, Highways Department, Northumberland County Council.\n* Phyllis Harrison Roderick. For services to the Order of St. John in Wales.\n* Muriel Ellen Rogerson. For services to the community in Wawne, Humberside.\n* Diana Patricia Ross, Cleaner, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* William George Albert Russett, Craftsman (Electrician), [Rutherford Laboratory](/wiki/Rutherford_Laboratory \"Rutherford Laboratory\"), Scientific and Engineering Research Council.\n* Constance Irene Scholes. For services to the South East Regional Association for the Deaf.\n* Sydney Richard Shea, Development Department Assistant, Hugh Mackay \\& Co. Ltd.\n* Charles Fergus Simpson, Sergeant, Royal Ulster Constabulary.\n* Edward Smith, Civilian Driving Instructor, [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police \"Greater Manchester Police\").\n* Henry Gordon Smith, Storekeeper, Transport Department, Tingley, North Eastern Region, British Gas Corporation.\n* Reginald Frank Philip Smith, Waterman and Turncock, Oadby Reservoir, Leicester, [Severn Trent Water Authority](/wiki/Severn_Trent_Water_Authority \"Severn Trent Water Authority\").\n* Ronald James Smith, Foreman Warehouseman, Sterling Wharfage Co. Ltd.\n* Alice Southworth, Clothing Organiser, Darwen, Woman's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* John William Borthwick Soutter, Driver/Handyman, Scottish Office.\n* Peter Stagey, Experimental Worker II, Ministry of Defence.\n* Hector Robert Steele, Assistant Commandant, Irvine B.R. Company, St. Andrews Ambulance Corps.\n* Sybil Alice Heath Stevens, School Crossing Patrol, Metropolitan Police.\n* Alfred Stewart, Craneman, Belfast Harbour Authority.\n* Miles Stott, lately Superintendent, [Guildhall, Londonderry](/wiki/Guildhall%2C_Derry \"Guildhall, Derry\").\n* Ada Street, for charitable services to diabetic research.\n* Rita Stuart, Cook, [Fleming Cottage Hospital](/wiki/Fleming_Cottage_Hospital \"Fleming Cottage Hospital\"), Aberlour\\-on\\-Spey.\n* Charles Summerhayes, Constable, Metropolitan Police.\n* Peter Sutherland, Superintendent Depot Services, Ministry of Defence.\n* Antony Benedict Sutton, Surveyor Senior Grade, [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey \"Ordnance Survey\").\n* Walter Geoffrey Swift, Museum Foreman, Merseyside County Museum.\n* Betty Symons, Process and General Supervisory Grade \"C\", Ministry of Defence.\n* Timothy Neave Taylor, Auxiliary in Charge, Mablethorpe, HM Coastguard.\n* George Henry Terry, Professional and Technology Officer IV, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)\").\n* John Weston Thomas, Harp Maker, Wolfs Castle, Haverfordwest.\n* Albert Ernest Thompson, Technician III, [National Maritime Museum](/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum \"National Maritime Museum\").\n* Ebenezer Turner, Coalman, S.A. Williams, Dudley.\n* William Wallace, Senior Railman, Glasgow, British Rail.\n* Ellis Thomas Wells, Sheet Metal Worker, Warton Division Aircraft Group, British Aerospace pic.\n* Bertie Cyril William Westrop, Progress Controller, Plessey Avionics \\& Communications Ltd.\n* Tom Whalley, Decorating Manager, J. E. Heath Ltd.\n* Raymond John Wheeler, Production Worker I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Maisie Emily Wiley, House Foreman, Central Premises, British Broadcasting Corporation.\n* Henry William John Willett, Office Keeper II, Department of Industry.\n* Percy Williams, Manager of Transport Property Maintenance, A. Darlington (Heswall) Ltd.\n* William Frederick Williams, Chairman, Longmynd Adventure Camp, Shropshire.\n* Thomas William Willingale, Model Shop Controller, Racal Mobilcal Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Frederick John Edgar Willis, Senior Paper Keeper, [Lord Chancellor's Department](/wiki/Lord_Chancellor%27s_Department \"Lord Chancellor's Department\").\n* Edward Thomas Willman, Ambulance Driver, [Avonmouth Docks](/wiki/Avonmouth_Docks \"Avonmouth Docks\"), Port of Bristol Authority.\n* Henry Wilkinson Wilson, Ship Plater, Tyne Shiprepair Ltd.\n* Kenneth Winter, Relief Signalman (G.P.R.) Class 2, Western Region, British Rail.\n* Sydney Wood, Coal Merchant, Newton Aycliffe New Town.\n* Arthur Richard Woolley, lately Fireman, London Fire Brigade.\n* John Anthony Wragg, Craftsman 1, Department of Employment.\n* William John Francis Young, lately Examiner II (Industrial), Ministry of Defence.",
"Overseas Territories\n* Rudolph Hodge. For public services in the [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands \"British Virgin Islands\").\n* Koon\\-fat Hung, Senior Customs Officer, Customs and Excise Service, Hong Kong.\n* Wanda Wan\\-wah Lee, Health Auxiliary, Medical and Health Department, Hong Kong.\n* Raphael Felipe Mifsud, Telecommunications Officer, Telephone Department, Gibraltar.\n* Pedro do Rozario, Principal Officer, Correctional Services Department, Hong Kong.\n* Frank Harold Warwick, Technical Officer, Public Works Department, Gibraltar.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* Helen Louisa Alice Bunyan. For service to the community.\n* Robert George Patrick Davis. For service to the community.\n* Lorraine Daphne Decker. For service to sport.\n* Noel Lisle Land. For service to the Returned Services League and the community.\n* Myrine Esma Maker. For service to the community.\n* Elizabeth Ann Marchant. For service to the community.\n* Paul Eliott Newman. For service to the community.\n* Edith Olive Perry. For service to the community.\n* Grainger Goyne Rothwell. For service to the community.\n* Noel Paul Stanaway. For service to boating.",
"State of South Australia\n* George William Battye. For service to the community.\n* Alfreda Olive Day. For service to the arts.\n* Charles John Gardner. For services to the Returned Services League.\n* Leslie Raymund Hill. For services to local history.\n* David Thomas Lloyd. For services to the community.\n* Shirley Nolan. For services to ancillary school organisations.\n* Robert Stanley Edmund Robins. For services to Cleland Conservation Park.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Joseph James Higgins. For services to the community.\n* Patrine Howden, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For service to the community.\n* Kathleen Mary Johnson. For service to nursing.\n* Carmel Olive Moore. For service to the community.\n* Christopher George Seymour. For service to the community.\n* Brenda Patricia Warwick Wittenoom. For service to the community.",
"State of Tasmania\n* Kenneth Hume Hawkins. For service to local government.\n* Miriam Evelyn O'Toole. For service to the community.\n* Ivan Short. For service to sport and local government.",
"Bar to the British Empire Medal\nUnited Kingdom\n* Sidney John Hooper, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, lately Resident Engineer, [British Insurance Association Headquarters](/wiki/Association_of_British_Insurers \"Association of British Insurers\").",
"### Royal Red Cross (RRC)",
"* Lieutenant Colonel Noeleen Margaret Braisby, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (467025\\), [Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Army_Nursing_Corps \"Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps\").\n* Colonel Jean Veronica Grieve, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ARRC}}, (444021\\), Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps.",
"#### Associate of the Royal Red Cross (ARRC)",
"* Senior Nursing Officer Barbara Anne Johnson, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service \"Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service\").\n* Superintending Nursing Officer Jane Hathway Marshall, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.\n* Superintending Nursing Officer Brenda Anne Powell, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.\n* Superintending Nursing Officer Fiona Penelope Smith, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.\n* Superintending Nursing Officer Claire Mavis Taylor, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.\n* Major Hilary Stephanie Dixon\\-Nuttall (473186\\), Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps.\n* Squadron Leader Ann Beryl Golding (407653\\), [Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service](/wiki/Princess_Mary%27s_Royal_Air_Force_Nursing_Service \"Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service\").\n* Squadron Leader Isabella Ellen King (407537\\), Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service.\n* Squadron Leader Valerie Diane Wright (408292\\), Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service.",
"### Air Force Cross (AFC)",
"Army\n* Lieutenant Colonel Peter Rodney Carter (426843\\), [Army Air Corps](/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)\").",
"Royal Air Force\n* Wing Commander [Timothy Gane Thorn](/wiki/Timothy_Gane_Thorn \"Timothy Gane Thorn\") (608332\\).\n* Squadron Leader Keith William Ifould (4232498\\).\n* Squadron Leader Joseph Patrick L'Estrange, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFM}}, (3041026\\).\n* Squadron Leader Hector Gavin MacKay (2616088\\).\n* Squadron Leader David George Miller Wright (1608638\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Byron Stephen Walters (8025401\\).\n* Master Air Electronics Operator Peter Edward Sampson (M3509322\\).",
"Bar to the Air Force Cross\n* Squadron Leader Bruce Anthony Donald McKenzie McDonald, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFC}}, (4036925\\).",
"### Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air",
"Royal Air Force\n* Wing Commander Richard John Wharmby (684896\\).\n* Squadron Leader Albert James Cann (4086019\\).\n* Squadron Leader David Ronald Gasson (5200733\\).\n* Squadron Leader Leslie Hakin (4256441\\).\n* Squadron Leader Ian Hodson, (8024786\\).\n* Squadron Leader Robert Douglas Lapraik (5200618\\).\n* Squadron Leader Thomas William Rimmer (2619749\\).\n* Squadron Leader Iain Clunie Ross (608700\\).\n* Squadron Leader John Joshua Whitfield (4232467\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Jack Allen (4114517\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Russell George Braithwaite (4230269\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Alan Roy Foster (5201111\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Gaylon Brian Horning (582839\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Murdo MacDonald MacLeod (8025506\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Lawrence Leslie John McCready (8026256\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Dennis Frederick Southern (4112531\\).",
"United Kingdom\n* Robert Strachan Pogson, Senior Flight Test Engineer, Manchester Division, Woodford Aircraft Group, British Aerospace plc.",
"### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)",
"England and Wales\n* Gerald George Atfield, Chief Superintendent, Surrey Constabulary.\n* Norman Barton, lately Commander, Metropolitan Police.\n* Robin Victor Brooker, Chief Superintendent, Sussex Police.\n* Douglas Haig Cree, Commander, Metropolitan Police.\n* Donald Elliott, Deputy Chief Constable, Greater Manchester Police.\n* Barbara Gale, Superintendent, Merseyside Police.\n* Hugh Victor Dudley Hallett, Assistant Chief Constable, Kent Constabulary.\n* Donald John Hanson, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police.\n* Roderick Jones, Chief Superintendent, South Yorkshire Police.\n* Peter David Joslin, Deputy Chief Constable, Warwickshire Constabulary.\n* Kenneth Hirst Ogram, Chief Constable, British Transport Police.\n* John Edwin Over, Chief Constable, Gwent Constabulary.\n* Andrew Kirkpatrick Sloan, Deputy Chief Constable, Lincolnshire Police.\n* Alan Vickers, Assistant Chief Constable, West Mercia Constabulary.\n* Peter John Westley, Commander, Metropolitan Police.",
"Northern Ireland\n* William Nicholl, Superintendent, Royal Ulster Constabulary.",
"Scotland\n* James Archibald Baxter, Detective Chief Superintendent, Strathclyde Police, and Commander, Scottish Crime Squad.\n* Peter McBride Fisher, Chief Superintendent, Strathclyde Police.",
"Overseas Territories\n* Peter John Clarke, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CPM}}, Assistant Commissioner, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Stanley Valentine Franks, Commissioner of Police, St. Kitts\\-Nevis.\n* Charles Derek Mayger, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CPM}}, Chief Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Edmund James Edworthy Stowers, Commissioner of Police, Cayman Islands.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* Henry Hugh Doull. Superintendent, Queensland Police Force.",
"State of South Australia\n* Laurence Norton McEvoy. Superintendent, South Australian Police Force.",
"### Queen's Fire Services Medal (QFSM)",
"England and Wales\n* Harold Robert Charles Boyce, Assistant Chief Officer, [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade \"London Fire Brigade\").\n* Bryan Thomas Alfred Collins, Chief Officer, Humberside Fire Brigade.\n* Edward Spencer Faulkner, Chief Officer, Hertfordshire Fire Brigade.\n* Gordon Frank Henry Mitchell, Chief Officer, [Army Fire Service](/wiki/Army_Fire_Service \"Army Fire Service\").\n* Roger Carlton Paramor, Chief Officer, Essex County Fire Brigade.\n* John Spence, Chief Officer, Warwickshire County Fire Service.",
"Overseas Territories\n* Montague Kingdom, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CPM}}, Chief Fire Officer, Hong Kong Fire Brigade.\n* John Howard March, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CPM}}, Chief Fire Officer, Hong Kong Fire Brigade.",
"### Colonial Police Medal (CPM)",
"* Patrick Edward Birney, Senior Superintendent, [Royal Hong Kong Police Force](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Police_Force \"Royal Hong Kong Police Force\").\n* George David Brooke, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Fong Chan, Assistant Divisional Officer, [Hong Kong Fire Services](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services \"Hong Kong Fire Services\").\n* Kwok\\-yin Chan, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Pui\\-shing Chow, Divisional Officer, Hong Kong Fire Services.\n* Barrie Joseph Deegan, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Leonardo John Harteam, Chief Inspector, [Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Auxiliary_Police_Force \"Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force\").\n* Yuk\\-kuen Lau, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Hoi\\-ching Lee, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Kwok\\-chiu Lee, Divisional Officer, Hong Kong Fire Services.\n* Pui Ling, Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force.\n* Kwong\\-yee Ma, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Benjamin William Munford, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Peter Graham Oakey, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Robert Allan Porter, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* David Smith, Chief Inspector, Gibraltar Police Force.\n* Ki\\-kwong So, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Wing\\-sun Tang, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Siu\\-bun Wong, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force."
] |
### Order of the Bath
#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)
Military Division
* Admiral Sir [Arthur Desmond Cassidi](/wiki/Desmond_Cassidi "Desmond Cassidi"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB}}.
* General Sir [Michael Gow](/wiki/Michael_Gow_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Michael Gow (British Army officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, ADC (Gen.)}} (278637\), late [Scots Guards](/wiki/Scots_Guards "Scots Guards"), [Colonel Commandant](/wiki/Colonel_Commandant "Colonel Commandant") [Intelligence Corps](/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)").
* Air Chief Marshal Sir [Peter Terry](/wiki/Peter_Terry "Peter Terry"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, AFC}}, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force").
Civil Division
* Sir [Robert Temple Armstrong](/wiki/Robert_Temple_Armstrong "Robert Temple Armstrong"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, CVO}}, [Secretary of the Cabinet](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Cabinet "Secretary of the Cabinet"). Joint [Head of the Home Civil Service](/wiki/Head_of_the_Home_Civil_Service "Head of the Home Civil Service").
#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
Military Division
* Vice Admiral [Peter Geoffrey Marshall Herbert](/wiki/Peter_Herbert_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Peter Herbert (Royal Navy officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}.
* Vice Admiral [James Edward Campbell Kennon](/wiki/James_Kennon "James Kennon"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}.
* Lieutenant General [Richard Maurice Hilton Vickers](/wiki/Richard_Vickers "Richard Vickers"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO, OBE}}, (400100\), late [The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)](/wiki/The_Blues_and_Royals_%28Royal_Horse_Guards_and_1st_Dragoons%29 "The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)").
* Acting Air Marshal [Peter Robin Harding](/wiki/Peter_Harding_%28RAF_officer%2C_born_1933%29 "Peter Harding (RAF officer, born 1933)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CB}}, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force").
Civil Division
* [John Lewis Jones](/wiki/John_Jones_%28MI5_officer%29 "John Jones (MI5 officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG}}, attached [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)").
* [Michael James Kerry](/wiki/Michael_Kerry "Michael Kerry"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CB}}, [HM Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor](/wiki/Treasury_Solicitor "Treasury Solicitor").
* [Philip John Woodfield](/wiki/Philip_Woodfield "Philip Woodfield"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CB, CBE}}, [Permanent Under\-Secretary of State](/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State "Permanent Under-Secretary of State"), [Northern Ireland Office](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office "Northern Ireland Office").
#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Rear Admiral [David John Mackenzie](/wiki/David_John_Mackenzie "David John Mackenzie").
* Major General [John Frederick Mottram](/wiki/John_Frederick_Mottram "John Frederick Mottram"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO, OBE}}.
* Rear Admiral [Derek O'Hara](/wiki/Derek_O%27Hara "Derek O'Hara").
* Rear Admiral [Trevor Owen Keith Spraggs](/wiki/Trevor_Owen_Keith_Spraggs "Trevor Owen Keith Spraggs").
Army
* Major General [Archibald Cull Birtwistle](/wiki/Archibald_Cull_Birtwistle "Archibald Cull Birtwistle"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, (406347\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals "Royal Corps of Signals").
* The Venerable Archdeacon [William Francis Johnston](/wiki/William_Francis_Johnston "William Francis Johnston"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QHC}}, (459970\), [Royal Army Chaplains' Department](/wiki/Royal_Army_Chaplains%27_Department "Royal Army Chaplains' Department").
* Major General [Lennox Alexander Hawkins Napier](/wiki/Lennox_Napier "Lennox Napier"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, MC}}, (397999\), late [The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)](/wiki/The_Royal_Regiment_of_Wales_%2824th/41st_Foot%29 "The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)"), [Colonel Commandant](/wiki/Colonel_Commandant "Colonel Commandant") [Prince of Wales' Division](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27_Division "Prince of Wales' Division").
* Major General [George Brian Sinclair](/wiki/George_Brian_Sinclair "George Brian Sinclair"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, (376979\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers "Corps of Royal Engineers").
* Major General [Henry Michael Tillotson](/wiki/Henry_Michael_Tillotson "Henry Michael Tillotson"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, (393310\), Colonel [The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own_Regiment_of_Yorkshire "The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire").
* Major General [Anthony John Trythall](/wiki/Anthony_John_Trythall "Anthony John Trythall") (390055\), late [Royal Army Educational Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Educational_Corps "Royal Army Educational Corps").
Royal Air Force
* Air Vice\-Marshal [David Frank Bates](/wiki/David_Frank_Bates "David Frank Bates"), (Retired).
* Air Vice\-Marshal [Joseph Alfred Gilbert](/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_%28RAF_officer%29 "Joseph Gilbert (RAF officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}.
* Air Vice\-Marshal [Anthony Gerald Skingsley](/wiki/Anthony_Skingsley "Anthony Skingsley").
* The Venerable [Herbert James Stuart](/wiki/Herbert_James_Stuart "Herbert James Stuart"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QHC}}.
Civil Division
* Richard Herries Bird, Deputy Secretary, [Department of Education and Science](/wiki/Department_for_Education "Department for Education").
* [John Niall Henderson Blelloch](/wiki/John_Blelloch "John Blelloch"), Deputy Secretary, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)").
* John Caines, Deputy Secretary, [Department of Trade](/wiki/Department_of_Trade "Department of Trade").
* David Cunningham, Solicitor to the Secretary of State for Scotland.
* Ian Leonard Davies, Director, [Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment](/wiki/Admiralty_Underwater_Weapons_Establishment "Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment"), Ministry of Defence.
* [Anthony Noble Frankland](/wiki/Noble_Frankland "Noble Frankland"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, DFC}}, lately Director, [The Imperial War Museum](/wiki/The_Imperial_War_Museum "The Imperial War Museum").
* Charles Freedman, Under Secretary, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise "Board of Customs and Excise").
* [Peter Lewis Gregson](/wiki/Peter_Gregson_%28civil_servant%29 "Peter Gregson (civil servant)"), Deputy Secretary, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office").
* John Ferguson Irvine, Permanent Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"), Northern Ireland.
* Kenneth Linsdell, Under Secretary, Department of the Environment.
* [Andrew Gordon Manzie](/wiki/Gordon_Manzie "Gordon Manzie"), Deputy Secretary, [Department of Industry](/wiki/Department_of_Industry "Department of Industry").
* Peter Marchmont, Principal Assistant Solicitor, [Department of Transport](/wiki/Department_for_Transport "Department for Transport").
* James Nursaw, Legal Secretary, Law Officers' Department.
* Philip Redfern, Deputy Director, [Office of Population Censuses and Surveys](/wiki/Office_of_Population_Censuses_and_Surveys "Office of Population Censuses and Surveys").
* Colonel Robert Charles Townsend Sivewright, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, DL}}, Vice\-Chairman, Council of [Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Associations](/wiki/Territorial_Auxiliary_and_Volunteer_Reserve_Association "Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association").
* Walter Gordon Mason Williams, Deputy Chief Valuer, Board of [Inland Revenue](/wiki/Inland_Revenue "Inland Revenue").
|
[
"### Order of the Bath",
"#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)",
"Military Division\n* Admiral Sir [Arthur Desmond Cassidi](/wiki/Desmond_Cassidi \"Desmond Cassidi\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB}}.\n* General Sir [Michael Gow](/wiki/Michael_Gow_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Michael Gow (British Army officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, ADC (Gen.)}} (278637\\), late [Scots Guards](/wiki/Scots_Guards \"Scots Guards\"), [Colonel Commandant](/wiki/Colonel_Commandant \"Colonel Commandant\") [Intelligence Corps](/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)\").\n* Air Chief Marshal Sir [Peter Terry](/wiki/Peter_Terry \"Peter Terry\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, AFC}}, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\").",
"Civil Division\n* Sir [Robert Temple Armstrong](/wiki/Robert_Temple_Armstrong \"Robert Temple Armstrong\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, CVO}}, [Secretary of the Cabinet](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Cabinet \"Secretary of the Cabinet\"). Joint [Head of the Home Civil Service](/wiki/Head_of_the_Home_Civil_Service \"Head of the Home Civil Service\").",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)",
"Military Division\n* Vice Admiral [Peter Geoffrey Marshall Herbert](/wiki/Peter_Herbert_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Peter Herbert (Royal Navy officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Vice Admiral [James Edward Campbell Kennon](/wiki/James_Kennon \"James Kennon\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}.\n* Lieutenant General [Richard Maurice Hilton Vickers](/wiki/Richard_Vickers \"Richard Vickers\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO, OBE}}, (400100\\), late [The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)](/wiki/The_Blues_and_Royals_%28Royal_Horse_Guards_and_1st_Dragoons%29 \"The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)\").\n* Acting Air Marshal [Peter Robin Harding](/wiki/Peter_Harding_%28RAF_officer%2C_born_1933%29 \"Peter Harding (RAF officer, born 1933)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CB}}, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\").",
"Civil Division\n* [John Lewis Jones](/wiki/John_Jones_%28MI5_officer%29 \"John Jones (MI5 officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG}}, attached [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* [Michael James Kerry](/wiki/Michael_Kerry \"Michael Kerry\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CB}}, [HM Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor](/wiki/Treasury_Solicitor \"Treasury Solicitor\").\n* [Philip John Woodfield](/wiki/Philip_Woodfield \"Philip Woodfield\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CB, CBE}}, [Permanent Under\\-Secretary of State](/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State \"Permanent Under-Secretary of State\"), [Northern Ireland Office](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office \"Northern Ireland Office\").",
"#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Rear Admiral [David John Mackenzie](/wiki/David_John_Mackenzie \"David John Mackenzie\").\n* Major General [John Frederick Mottram](/wiki/John_Frederick_Mottram \"John Frederick Mottram\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO, OBE}}.\n* Rear Admiral [Derek O'Hara](/wiki/Derek_O%27Hara \"Derek O'Hara\").\n* Rear Admiral [Trevor Owen Keith Spraggs](/wiki/Trevor_Owen_Keith_Spraggs \"Trevor Owen Keith Spraggs\").",
"Army\n* Major General [Archibald Cull Birtwistle](/wiki/Archibald_Cull_Birtwistle \"Archibald Cull Birtwistle\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, (406347\\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals \"Royal Corps of Signals\").\n* The Venerable Archdeacon [William Francis Johnston](/wiki/William_Francis_Johnston \"William Francis Johnston\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QHC}}, (459970\\), [Royal Army Chaplains' Department](/wiki/Royal_Army_Chaplains%27_Department \"Royal Army Chaplains' Department\").\n* Major General [Lennox Alexander Hawkins Napier](/wiki/Lennox_Napier \"Lennox Napier\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, MC}}, (397999\\), late [The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)](/wiki/The_Royal_Regiment_of_Wales_%2824th/41st_Foot%29 \"The Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot)\"), [Colonel Commandant](/wiki/Colonel_Commandant \"Colonel Commandant\") [Prince of Wales' Division](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27_Division \"Prince of Wales' Division\").\n* Major General [George Brian Sinclair](/wiki/George_Brian_Sinclair \"George Brian Sinclair\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, (376979\\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers \"Corps of Royal Engineers\").\n* Major General [Henry Michael Tillotson](/wiki/Henry_Michael_Tillotson \"Henry Michael Tillotson\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, (393310\\), Colonel [The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own_Regiment_of_Yorkshire \"The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire\").\n* Major General [Anthony John Trythall](/wiki/Anthony_John_Trythall \"Anthony John Trythall\") (390055\\), late [Royal Army Educational Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Educational_Corps \"Royal Army Educational Corps\").",
"Royal Air Force\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [David Frank Bates](/wiki/David_Frank_Bates \"David Frank Bates\"), (Retired).\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [Joseph Alfred Gilbert](/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Joseph Gilbert (RAF officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}.\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [Anthony Gerald Skingsley](/wiki/Anthony_Skingsley \"Anthony Skingsley\").\n* The Venerable [Herbert James Stuart](/wiki/Herbert_James_Stuart \"Herbert James Stuart\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QHC}}.",
"Civil Division\n* Richard Herries Bird, Deputy Secretary, [Department of Education and Science](/wiki/Department_for_Education \"Department for Education\").\n* [John Niall Henderson Blelloch](/wiki/John_Blelloch \"John Blelloch\"), Deputy Secretary, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* John Caines, Deputy Secretary, [Department of Trade](/wiki/Department_of_Trade \"Department of Trade\").\n* David Cunningham, Solicitor to the Secretary of State for Scotland.\n* Ian Leonard Davies, Director, [Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment](/wiki/Admiralty_Underwater_Weapons_Establishment \"Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment\"), Ministry of Defence.\n* [Anthony Noble Frankland](/wiki/Noble_Frankland \"Noble Frankland\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, DFC}}, lately Director, [The Imperial War Museum](/wiki/The_Imperial_War_Museum \"The Imperial War Museum\").\n* Charles Freedman, Under Secretary, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise \"Board of Customs and Excise\").\n* [Peter Lewis Gregson](/wiki/Peter_Gregson_%28civil_servant%29 \"Peter Gregson (civil servant)\"), Deputy Secretary, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\").\n* John Ferguson Irvine, Permanent Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\"), Northern Ireland.\n* Kenneth Linsdell, Under Secretary, Department of the Environment.\n* [Andrew Gordon Manzie](/wiki/Gordon_Manzie \"Gordon Manzie\"), Deputy Secretary, [Department of Industry](/wiki/Department_of_Industry \"Department of Industry\").\n* Peter Marchmont, Principal Assistant Solicitor, [Department of Transport](/wiki/Department_for_Transport \"Department for Transport\").\n* James Nursaw, Legal Secretary, Law Officers' Department.\n* Philip Redfern, Deputy Director, [Office of Population Censuses and Surveys](/wiki/Office_of_Population_Censuses_and_Surveys \"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys\").\n* Colonel Robert Charles Townsend Sivewright, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, DL}}, Vice\\-Chairman, Council of [Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Associations](/wiki/Territorial_Auxiliary_and_Volunteer_Reserve_Association \"Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association\").\n* Walter Gordon Mason Williams, Deputy Chief Valuer, Board of [Inland Revenue](/wiki/Inland_Revenue \"Inland Revenue\")."
] |
### Order of the British Empire
#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Civil Division
* The Most Honourable [Elizabeth Shirley Vaughan, Marchioness of Anglesey](/wiki/Shirley_Paget%2C_Marchioness_of_Anglesey "Shirley Paget, Marchioness of Anglesey"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For public service.
* [Olga Nikolaevna Uvarov](/wiki/Olga_Uvarov "Olga Uvarov"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For services to veterinary medicine.
#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
Civil Division
* [David Arthur Roberts](/wiki/David_Roberts_%28diplomat%29 "David Roberts (diplomat)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG, CVO}}, [HM Ambassador, Beirut](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Lebanon "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Lebanon").
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Captain [Brian Thomas Brown](/wiki/Brian_Brown_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Brian Brown (Royal Navy officer)").
* Matron\-in\-Chief [Margaret Elizabeth Collins](/wiki/Margaret_Elizabeth_Collins "Margaret Elizabeth Collins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=RRC, QHNS}}, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service "Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service").
* Commodore [Robert Cameron Hastie](/wiki/Robert_Cameron_Hastie "Robert Cameron Hastie"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD, DL}}, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve "Royal Naval Reserve").
* Captain James Trevor Lord.
Army
* Colonel Colin Edward George Carrington (445814\), late [Royal Corps of Transport](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Transport "Royal Corps of Transport").
* Brigadier Godfrey John Curl (381805\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals "Royal Corps of Signals") (now R.A.R.O.).
* Brigadier [Peter Edgar de la Cour de la Billière](/wiki/Peter_de_la_Billi%C3%A8re "Peter de la Billière"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSO, MC}}, (424859\), late [The Light Infantry](/wiki/The_Light_Infantry "The Light Infantry").
* Colonel John Graham Evans, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (420391\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers "Corps of Royal Engineers"), [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Reserve (United Kingdom)").
* Brigadier Ronald Edward Lewis Jenkins, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ADC}}, (393710\), late Royal Corps of Transport.
* Brigadier Donald Jolliffe London, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, ADC}}, (364097\), late Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Brigadier Douglas Stuart Paton, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE, QHP}}, (424915\), late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal Army Medical Corps").
* Colonel Nigel Maxwell Still (455626\), late [17th/21st Lancers](/wiki/17th/21st_Lancers "17th/21st Lancers").
Royal Air Force
* Air Commodore Peter Gibbs Peacock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}.
* Group Captain Allan Baillie Blackley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFC}}.
* Group Captain Kenneth George Hunter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}.
* Group Captain Andrew Lyle Roberts, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFC}}.
Civil Division
* Richard Borlase Adams, Chief Executive, [Peninsular \& Oriental Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Peninsular_%26_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company "Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company").
* David Percival Bethel, Director, [Leicester Polytechnic](/wiki/Leicester_Polytechnic "Leicester Polytechnic").
* Professor [Peter Gilroy Bevan](/wiki/Peter_Gilroy_Bevan "Peter Gilroy Bevan"), Consultant Surgeon, [Dudley Road Hospital](/wiki/Dudley_Road_Hospital "Dudley Road Hospital"), West Birmingham Health Authority.
* John Alexander Black, Chairman, Solihull Health Authority.
* Professor [Derek William Bowett](/wiki/Derek_Bowett "Derek Bowett"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}. For services to International Law.
* John Goodwin Campbell, Vice President, Machine Tool Trades Association. For services to Export.
* David Macbeth Moir Carey, lately Legal Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
* Janet Inglis Dick Chalmers. For political service.
* Geoffrey Charles Chouffot, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)").
* James Robertson Cowan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board "National Coal Board").
* James Crooks, Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, [University of Dundee](/wiki/University_of_Dundee "University of Dundee").
* Geoffrey Robert Crosby, lately Director of Professional and Executive Recruitment, [Department of Employment](/wiki/Department_of_Employment "Department of Employment").
* John Alan Cumming, Chairman, The [Building Societies Association](/wiki/Building_Societies_Association "Building Societies Association").
* [Lionel Frederick Dakers](/wiki/Lionel_Frederick_Dakers "Lionel Frederick Dakers"), Director, The [Royal School of Church Music](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Church_Music "Royal School of Church Music").
* Leonard Hurworth Dale, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chairman and Managing Director, Dale Electric International plc. For services to Export.
* [Donald Watts Davies](/wiki/Donald_Watts_Davies "Donald Watts Davies"), Deputy Chief Scientific Officer, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)").
* Roy Dennis Downham, lately Director of Finance, [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority "Independent Broadcasting Authority").
* Martin Robert Draper, lately Registrar, [General Medical Council](/wiki/General_Medical_Council "General Medical Council").
* [Philip Dunleavy](/wiki/Philip_Dunleavy "Philip Dunleavy"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For services to local government in [South Glamorgan](/wiki/South_Glamorgan "South Glamorgan").
* Danilo Anthony Alexander Fagandini, Chairman, Specialised Organics Sector Working Party.
* James Bernard Fitzpatrick, Managing Director and Chief Executive, [Mersey Docks and Harbour Company](/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Company "Mersey Docks and Harbour Company").
* [Albert Edward Frost](/wiki/Albert_Frost "Albert Frost"), for services to Industry and the Arts.
* Winnie Frost, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, (Mrs. Brothwood), Chairman, Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee.
* John Glendinning, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office "Scottish Office").
* Peter Goodall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, Hepworth Ceramic Holdings plc. For services to Export.
* John Everard Grandidge, Chairman and Managing Director, [Negretti \& Zambra](/wiki/Negretti_%26_Zambra "Negretti & Zambra") (Aviation) Ltd.
* Geoffrey Samuel Grantham, Chairman, [Potato Marketing Board](/wiki/Potato_Marketing_Board "Potato Marketing Board").
* Denis Everett Gray, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chairman, Central Council of Magistrates' Courts' Committees.
* Francis Gerard Guckian, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Chairman, Western Health and Social Services Board.
* David Hall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police "Humberside Police").
* [Eric Walter Handley](/wiki/Eric_Handley "Eric Handley"), [Professor of Greek, University College, London](/wiki/Professor_of_Greek_%28University_College_London%29 "Professor of Greek (University College London)").
* [(Charles) Jeremy Mawdesley Hardie](/wiki/Jeremy_Hardie "Jeremy Hardie"), lately Deputy Chairman, [Monopolies and Mergers Commission](/wiki/Monopolies_and_Mergers_Commission "Monopolies and Mergers Commission").
* William Harding, for political and public service.
* Robert Paschal Harries, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Chief Executive, [Wiltshire County Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_County_Council "Wiltshire County Council").
* Leonard John Hayward, Consultant, [Department of Health and Social Security](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security "Department of Health and Social Security").
* Roy Kenneth Leonard Hill, Chairman, [South West Water](/wiki/South_West_Water "South West Water") Authority.
* [Alun Hoddinott](/wiki/Alun_Hoddinott "Alun Hoddinott"), Professor of Music, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff "University College, Cardiff").
* [Richard Gordon Holme](/wiki/Richard_Holme%2C_Baron_Holme_of_Cheltenham "Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham"), for political and public service.
* Professor [John Theodore Houghton](/wiki/John_Theodore_Houghton "John Theodore Houghton"), Director, Appleton, [Science and Engineering Research Council](/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council "Science and Engineering Research Council").
* John Morrison Hunter, Master (Bankruptcy), [Supreme Court of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Northern_Ireland "Supreme Court of Northern Ireland").
* Michael William Ivens, for political and public service.
* John Derek Ivins, Professor of Agriculture, [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham "University of Nottingham").
* Edward Oliver Jackson, Assistant Solicitor, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue "Board of Inland Revenue").
* John Knowelden, Professor of Community Medicine, [University of Sheffield](/wiki/University_of_Sheffield "University of Sheffield").
* Richard James Knowlton, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Firemaster, [Strathclyde Fire Brigade](/wiki/Strathclyde_Fire_Brigade "Strathclyde Fire Brigade").
* John Bathgate Knox, Chairman, Tayside Area Health Board.
* [Ralph Koltai](/wiki/Ralph_Koltai "Ralph Koltai"), Theatrical Designer.
* Henry Justus Kroch, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, AB Electronic Products Group plc.
* John Trend Lacy, for political service.
* Professor [László Lajtha](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lajtha_%28scientist%29 "László Lajtha (scientist)"), Director, Paterson Laboratories, [Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute](/wiki/The_Christie_NHS_Foundation_Trust "The Christie NHS Foundation Trust"), Manchester.
* John Patrick Grosvenor Lawrence, for political service.
* [Richard Maitland Laws](/wiki/Richard_Maitland_Laws "Richard Maitland Laws"), Director, [British Antarctic Survey](/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey "British Antarctic Survey").
* [George Ronald Lewin](/wiki/Ronald_Lewin "Ronald Lewin"), Military Historian.
* David Walter Llewellyn, Chairman, Building Regulations Advisory Committee.
* Brian Beynon Lloyd, Chairman, Health Education Council.
* Alan Frederick Longworth, Assistant Secretary, [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Food_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)").
* Professor [Philip Noel Love](/wiki/Philip_Noel_Love "Philip Noel Love"), lately President, [The Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/The_Law_Society_of_Scotland "The Law Society of Scotland").
* John Roger Lovill, Chairman, Local Authorities Conditions of Service Advisory Board.
* [Ian McColl](/wiki/Ian_McColl_%28journalist%29 "Ian McColl (journalist)"), lately Chairman, Scottish Express Newspapers.
* Sir [Nevil John Wilfred MacReady](/wiki/Sir_Nevil_Macready%2C_3rd_Baronet "Sir Nevil Macready, 3rd Baronet"),{{post\-nominals\|list\=Bt.}}, Managing Director, [Mobil Oil Co. Ltd](/wiki/Mobil "Mobil").
* [(Francis) George Mann](/wiki/George_Mann_%28cricketer%29 "George Mann (cricketer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSO, MC}}, Chairman, [Test and County Cricket Board](/wiki/Test_and_County_Cricket_Board "Test and County Cricket Board").
* [Jonathan Wolfe Miller](/wiki/Jonathan_Wolfe_Miller "Jonathan Wolfe Miller"), Actor, Author and Director.
* Alan George Newton, Company Engineering Director, [Rolls\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd "Rolls-Royce Ltd").
* Roy Charles Niles, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}. For political and public service.
* [Patrick John Nuttgens](/wiki/Patrick_Nuttgens "Patrick Nuttgens"), Director, [Leeds Polytechnic](/wiki/Leeds_Polytechnic "Leeds Polytechnic").
* Roy Chalice Orford, Managing Director, International Military Services Ltd. For services to Export.
* Ion Hunter Touchet Garnett\-Orme, Chairman, [St. Dunstan's](/wiki/Blind_Veterans_UK "Blind Veterans UK").
* Norman Sidney Francis Palmer, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DFC}}, Assistant Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs").
* William Alexander Palmer, Chairman, Flour Milling and Baking Research Association.
* Colonel Christopher Matthew Peterson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For political and public service.
* [David Terence Puttnam](/wiki/David_Terence_Puttnam "David Terence Puttnam"), Film Producer.
* Patrick Vaughan Radford, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, TD}}. For political service.
* James Deans Rankin, Chief Inspector, Cruelty to Animals Act Inspectorate, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office").
* Anne Theresa, Lady Ricketts, Chairman, National Association of [Citizens' Advice Bureaux](/wiki/Citizens%27_Advice_Bureau "Citizens' Advice Bureau").
* James Ring, Professor of Physics, [Imperial College of Science and Technology](/wiki/Imperial_College_of_Science_and_Technology "Imperial College of Science and Technology").
* Clifford Alan Rose, Member, [British Railways Board](/wiki/British_Railways_Board "British Railways Board").
* Hutchinson Burt Sneddon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For public service in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland").
* Ronald James South, Principal, The [City Literary Institute](/wiki/City_Literary_Institute "City Literary Institute").
* Nora MacLaren Spensley. For political service.
* Professor [Robert Walter Steel](/wiki/Robert_Walter_Steel "Robert Walter Steel"), lately Principal, [University College of Swansea](/wiki/University_College_of_Swansea "University College of Swansea").
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Robert Christie Stewart, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Chairman, East of Scotland College of Agriculture.
* John Tatlock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Managing Director, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd "British Nuclear Fuels Ltd").
* Captain Laurence William Howson Taylor, Royal Navy (Retd.), lately Director of Marine Services (Naval), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)").
* Alfred Caleb Victor Telling. For political service.
* George Frederick Thomason, Professor of Industrial Relations, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff "University College, Cardiff").
* Jack Vennart, lately Director, Medical Research Council Radiobiology Unit, Harwell.
* John Kenneth Warburton, Director, Birmingham Chamber of Industry and Commerce. For services to Export.
* Bronson Patricia Rose Ward, Director, [Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education](/wiki/Crewe_and_Alsager_College_of_Higher_Education "Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education"), Cheshire.
* [Michael Phelps Ward](/wiki/Michael_Ward_%28mountaineer%29 "Michael Ward (mountaineer)"). For services to Mountaineering.
* Roy William Watson, Director General, [National Farmers' Union](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales "National Farmers' Union of England and Wales").
* Thomas Weatherby, Chairman, Textiles and other Manufactures Research and Development Requirements Board.
* Eric Frederick Webster, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Assistant Secretary, Paymaster General's Office.
* Professor [John Edward Clement Twarowski White](/wiki/John_White_%28art_historian%29 "John White (art historian)"), lately Chairman, [Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art](/wiki/Reviewing_Committee_on_the_Export_of_Works_of_Art "Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art").
* Stuart Leonard Whiteley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Suffolk Constabulary](/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary "Suffolk Constabulary").
* John Charles Willmott, Professor of Physics and Director of the Physical Laboratories, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester").
* [Ian Clark Wood](/wiki/Ian_Wood_%28businessman%29 "Ian Wood (businessman)"), Chairman and Managing Director, [John Wood Group plc](/wiki/Wood_Group "Wood Group").
* Professor [George Peter Youngman](/wiki/George_Peter_Youngman "George Peter Youngman"), Landscape Architect.
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Joseph Anthony Barnett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Representative, British Council, Brazil.
* Maurice Bryan Eaden, HM Consul\-General, Amsterdam.
* John Linden Lee. For services to British commercial interests in Australia.
* [Donald Poon\-huai Liao](/wiki/Donald_Liao "Donald Liao"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Secretary for Housing, Hong Kong.
* Myles Falkiner Minchin, lately Chief of Secretariat Services Division, United Nations Organisation, New York.
* William Stewart Stewart. For services to British interests in Kuwait.
* [Alex Shu\-chin Wu](/wiki/Alex_Wu "Alex Wu"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For public services in Hong Kong.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* John Thomas Delaney. For service to racing.
* William Edward Meynink. For service to the grazing industry.
State of South Australia
* William Faulding Scammell. For service to the pharmaceutical industry and the community.
State of Tasmania
* [Eric William Beattie](/wiki/Bill_Beattie_%28Australian_politician%29 "Bill Beattie (Australian politician)"). For political and community service.
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Commander (Acting Captain) Albert Eric Allen.
* Commander Norman Alastair Bourne Anson.
* Commander Christopher Ellis Baker.
* Commander Richard John Campbell.
* Surgeon Commander Charles William Chapman.
* Commander Geoffrey Stuart Cryer.
* Commander Ralph Edwin Hoskin.
* Commander Eric Marshall.
* Commander Mesod Isaac Massias, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Major Timothy Aleyne Sanders, Royal Marines.
* Chief Officer Olive Valerie Thomas, Women's Royal Naval Service.
Army
* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Edward Colligan (485617\), Royal Horse Artillery.
* Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Cowan (474845\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Lieutenant Colonel (Ordnance Executive Officer) Ronald Leslie Davies (482351\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps (now R.A.R.O.).
* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Elsie Joyce Edwards (483715\), Women's Royal Army Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Charles Vivian Hunt, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (474169\), The Royal Yeomanry, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel David Thomas Kinnear (459986\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Lieutenant Colonel Graham Malcolm Longdon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (459291\), The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire.
* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) David Falcon Mallam, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (455060\), Army Air Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Edward William Martin (467600\), The Parachute Regiment.
* Lieutenant Colonel Colin Newby (470441\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel John Rayner James Nicholls (437130\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Joseph Mary O'Dea (449023\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Christopher Sherry, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (462723\), Royal Army Educational Corps.
* Acting Colonel Stanley Hume Sobey (452833\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Acting Lieutenant Colonel Clifford Eric Taber (395571\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel [Christopher Brooke Quentin Wallace](/wiki/Christopher_Wallace_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Christopher Wallace (British Army officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (472644\), The Royal Green Jackets.
* Lieutenant Colonel George Somerville Welch, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (489723\), Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) [John Finlay Willasey Wilsey](/wiki/John_Wilsey "John Wilsey"), (461522\), The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.
Royal Air Force
* Acting Group Captain Philip Gathorne Gibson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (660230\), [RAF Regiment](/wiki/RAF_Regiment "RAF Regiment").
* Wing Commander Robin Chambers (3514359\).
* Wing Commander Simon John Coy (608528\).
* Wing Commander Geoffrey Eaton Culpitt (4158653\).
* Wing Commander (now Group Captain) Sidney Albert Edwards (607641\).
* Wing Commander John Gerald Lumsden (608160\).
* Wing Commander Brian John Marks (5020376\).
* Wing Commander Robert Peter O'Brien (608178\).
* Wing Commander John David O'Dwyer\-Russell (2461166\), RAF Regiment.
* Wing Commander Ronald Anthony Slade (2557583\), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/RAFVR%28T%29 "RAFVR(T)").
* Squadron Leader Ronald William Haddow, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFM}}, (4149473\).
Civil Division
* Janet Muir Addison. For political service.
* [John Bernard Ainslie](/wiki/Jack_Ainslie "Jack Ainslie"). For political and public service.*[The London Gazette](/wiki/The_London_Gazette "The London Gazette")*, Issue 49212 (Supplement), 30 December 1982, [p. 9](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49212/supplement/9)
* William Lauchlan Armstrong, Deputy Director and Secretary, Scottish Engineering Employers' Association.
* Clifford Ashall, lately Assistant Director, [Centre for Overseas Pest Research](/wiki/Anti-Locust_Research_Centre "Anti-Locust Research Centre"), Overseas Development Administration.
* William Gordon Ayling, Secretary, Argyll and Clyde Health Board.
* Anthony Granville Babbage, Director of Housing, London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.
* Noel Ernest Barker. For political service.
* Captain Arthur Henry Barton, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, Northern Ireland UNESCO Committee.
* Commander Peter Bryan Beazley, Royal Navy (Retd.), Naval Assistant to Hydrographer, Ministry of Defence.
* Arnold Heyworth Beckett, Professor of Pharmacy, [Chelsea College, University of London](/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology "Chelsea College of Science and Technology").
* Alan Abraham Benjamin, Director of Communications, CAP Group Ltd. For services to Export.
* Geoffrey John Bennett, Deputy Managing Director, Racal Tacticom Ltd. For services to Export.
* Rodney Hewson Bennett. For services to the community in Hereford and Worcester.
* [Marcus Hugh Crofton Binney](/wiki/Marcus_Binney "Marcus Binney"). For services to Building Conservation.
* James Davidson Boyd, lately Curator, Dundee Museums and Art Galleries.
* Elizabeth Johnston Eccles Bradley, Chairman, Rochdale Family Practitioner Committee.
* Muriel Brain, General Secretary, National Federation of the Blind of the United Kingdom.
* Geoffrey Broome, Chief Executive, Hops Marketing Board Ltd.
* Harry Gwynne Brown, lately Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.
* John Burnip Browning, lately Headmaster, Heartsease Comprehensive School, Norwich.
* Thomas Bryans, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chief General Manager, Trustee Savings Bank Central Board.
* [Thomas Ferrier Burns](/wiki/Thomas_Ferrier_Burns "Thomas Ferrier Burns"), lately Editor, *[The Tablet](/wiki/The_Tablet "The Tablet")*.
* John Graham Butlin, Director, Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association.
* David Charles Butts, Governor, [Scottish Council for Educational Technology](/wiki/Scottish_Council_for_Educational_Technology "Scottish Council for Educational Technology").
* [Max Bygraves](/wiki/Max_Bygraves "Max Bygraves") (Walter William Bygraves), Entertainer.
* William Arthur Cadman. For services to Wildlife Conservation.
* Professor Thomas Francis Carbery, Deputy Chairman, Scottish Consumer Council.
* Albert Kenneth Carsley, Lately Headmaster, Bexton County Junior School, Knutsford, Cheshire.
* [William Fisher Hunter Carson](/wiki/Willie_Carson "Willie Carson"). For services to Horse Racing.
* Angela Heathcote Clarke. For political service.
* Eric James Cockell, lately Chief Auditor, Exchequer and Audit Department.
* Commander Francis William Collins, Royal Navy (Retd.). For services to Sport, particularly the Torch Trophy Trust.
* John Augustine Collins, Director of Manufacturing Technology, Domestic Appliance Division, [TI Group](/wiki/TI_Group "TI Group") plc.
* David Henry Conville, Managing and Artistic Director, [Open Air Theatre, Regents Park](/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_Open_Air_Theatre "Regent's Park Open Air Theatre").
* Cyril Edwin Cox, Reader in Education, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education "UCL Institute of Education").
* Jeanne Margaret Currie, Secretary, [Association of Educational Psychologists](/wiki/Association_of_Educational_Psychologists "Association of Educational Psychologists").
* Joseph David. For services to the [British Standards Institution](/wiki/British_Standards_Institution "British Standards Institution").
* David Tom Davies, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MM}}. For services to local government in Dyfed.
* Robert Davis, Deputy Chairman, Central Arbitration Committee, General Workers' Group, [Transport and General Workers' Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union "Transport and General Workers' Union").
* Robin Henry Day, Design Consultant, Hille International Ltd.
* Captain Stanley Wilson Dean, lately Captain and Commodore of Fleet, Shell Tankers (UK) Ltd.
* William Henry Deane, Superintending Planning Officer, Department of the Environment.
* Denis Aufrere Stanley de Freitas, Chairman, British Copyright Council.
* David Dick, Chairman, Fire Services Examination Board (Scotland).
* Professor [Kenneth William Donald](/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald "Kenneth William Donald"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSC}}. For services to underwater safety.
* William Anderson Donaldson, Professor and Head of Department of Operational Research, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde "University of Strathclyde").
* Pamela Elwes Dunbar. For political service.
* [Gerald Malcolm Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Malcolm_Durrell "Gerald Malcolm Durrell"), Director, [Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust](/wiki/Jersey_Wildlife_Preservation_Trust "Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust").
* David Ernest Evans. For political service.
* William Geraint Evans, Assistant Editor, [The Royal Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Society "The Royal Society").
* Tom William Fisher, District Nursing Officer, Tameside and Glossop Health Authority.
* David Jocelyn Fishlock, Science Editor, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*.
* Patrick Joseph Flynn, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, lately Deputy Assistant Commissioner, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police "Metropolitan Police").
* Lilian Joan Mary Fox, Principal Establishment Officer, London H.Q. [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority "UK Atomic Energy Authority").
* Margaret Louise Fry. For political service.
* Gilbert Theodore Fuge, Managing Director, Prismo Universal Ltd.
* David Gilbert Geach, Principal, Department of Trade.
* Frank Dale Gibson. For political and public service.
* Kenneth Alan Gilbert, Managing Director, Geevor Tin Mines plc.
* Ronald Crispin Gill, lately Editor, *[The Countryman](/wiki/Countryman_%28magazine%29 "Countryman (magazine)")*.
* Kelvin Glendenning, Leader, Corby District Council.
* John Laurence Gould, Chairman, Laurence Gould and Co. Ltd., ULG Consultants Ltd.
* Beatrice Mary, Lady Graham. For services to disabled people in North Yorkshire.
* [Winston Mawdsley Graham](/wiki/Winston_Graham "Winston Graham"), Writer.
* George David Grant, Chief Executive, Nithsdale District Council.
* Francis Charles Graves, Senior Partner, Francis C. Graves \& Partners.
* Major Geoffrey Carne Green, lately Leader, Brentwood District Council.
* Jacob Gwyn Griffiths, Farmer, Knelston, Gower. For services to agriculture in Wales.
* David Latham Grundy, Technical Director, Integrated Circuits Group, Ferranti Electronics Ltd.
* Frank Gerald Haigh, Assistant Chief Probation Officer, West Yorkshire Probation and After\-Care Service.
* Dennis Hale, Deputy Chief Engineer (Transport), Metropolitan Police.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Henry Robert Hall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For services to the Scout Association in Jersey.
* Brian Thomas Harris, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}, [Clerk to the Justices](/wiki/Justices%27_clerk "Justices' clerk"), Poole, Dorset.
* Frederick Charles Harris, Counselling Adviser, West Midlands Small Firms Service.
* Walter Basil Hatcher. For political and public service.
* George Hayes, Director, South Yorkshire Area, National Coal Board.
* Terence Thompstone Henshaw, Group Electrical and Energy Engineer, Amey Roadstone Corporation.
* Kenneth Charles Henry Herring, lately Divisional Director (Industrial/Consumer), Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd.
* Geoffrey Graham Hilditch, General Manager, [Leicester City Transport](/wiki/First_Leicester "First Leicester").
* Richard Desmond Hill. For services to Rowing.
* Eric Hoggarth. For services to the Science and Engineering Research Council.
* Victor Leonard Holt, lately Senior Principal, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Daniel Horrocks, Chairman, Broseley Estates Ltd.
* Andrew Beatty Houstoun, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, DL}}, lately Convener, Scottish Landowners' Federation.
* Ronald Charles Howell, General Secretary, The Rainer Foundation; Director, The Intermediate Treatment Fund.
* Anne Luise Hunter, Clinical Assistant (Neurology), South West Surrey Health District.
* Thomas Munro Hunter, Secretary, Church of Scotland Committee on Chaplains to HM Forces.
* Roy Vernon Hurrell, Director, Precision Products Group, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* Captain Maurice Gwynne Hutchinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Member, Council of St. John Ambulance Association, South and West Yorkshire.
* Edward Robert Jobson. For services to the [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion "Royal British Legion").
* [Brian Alexander Johnston](/wiki/Brian_Alexander_Johnston "Brian Alexander Johnston"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to Broadcasting and Cricket.
* Alexander Irving Johnstone, Member, Thames Barrier Advisory Team.
* William Henry Jolliffe. For political and public service.
* Dorothy Annie Jones, Nursing Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Myra Jones, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Donald George Eric Kent, General Manager, Blyth Harbour Commission.
* Michael Donald Laird, Architect, Edinburgh.
* John Lavelle, Headmaster, Worsbrough High School, Barnsley.
* Richard Alfred Lee, Chief Executive and Secretary, [Co\-operative Retail Services](/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Services "Co-operative Retail Services") Ltd.
* Lesley Madeline Lindsay, Northern Ireland Trustee, Women Caring Trust.
* Bessie Gordon Lloyd, Vice\-Chairman, Church Army Board.
* Charles Robert Longman, Controller, Engineering and Operations, BBC Television.
* Norman Forbes Low, Governor I, [HM Remand Centre, Risley](/wiki/HM_Prison_Risley "HM Prison Risley").
* Ronald Stuart McCulloch, Managing Director, [Cantrell \& Cochrane](/wiki/Cantrell_%26_Cochrane "Cantrell & Cochrane") Ltd.
* Elaine Maria McDonald, Ballet Dancer, [Scottish Ballet](/wiki/Scottish_Ballet "Scottish Ballet").
* Major Keith Roderick Turing Mackenzie, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to Golf.
* George Haliburton Dodds Mackie, Deputy General Manager, Scottish Region, British Rail.
* Andrew McMaster, Senior Principal, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Mary Isabella Blewitt McMaster, Warden and Founder, St. Luke's Home, Oxford.
* Ada Winifred Maddocks, National Organising Officer, [National Association of Local Government Officers](/wiki/National_Association_of_Local_Government_Officers "National Association of Local Government Officers").
* Wilfrid James Alfred Mann, [HM Inspector of Schools](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Education "Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education").
* Frederick Charles Marks, Chief Executive, Motherwell District Council.
* Patience Elizabeth Marshall. For services to the community in the West Midlands.
* Walter Scott Marshall, Leader, Minority Group, Derbyshire County Council.
* Graham Cyril Mason, Deputy Director, International Affairs, [Confederation of British Industry](/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry "Confederation of British Industry"). For services to Export.
* Peter Alan Mawson, Principal, Department of Employment.
* Reginald Mercado, Chairman and Chief Executive, Aerospace Engineering plc.
* George Thomas Meredith, lately Director, Social Services, Norfolk County Council.
* James Miller, Director, Greenock Plant, IBM United Kingdom Ltd.
* James Oliver Morris. For public services in Wales.
* The Reverend [John Marcus Harston Morris](/wiki/John_Marcus_Harston_Morris "John Marcus Harston Morris"), Deputy Chairman, [National Magazine Company](/wiki/National_Magazine_Company "National Magazine Company") Ltd.
* Alexander Morrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Strathclyde Police.
* Commander Edwin Allen Morrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, St. John Council for Hampshire.
* Richard John Morse, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, West Glamorgan Fire Brigade.
* Herbert Stephen Mullaly, Vice\-Chairman, CBI Education Foundation.
* Charles Neill, lately Chairman, Northern Ireland Coal Advisory Service.
* Howard Millar Nixon. For services to Bookbinding.
* Stasys Obcarskas, lately Area Nursing Officer, Salop Area Health Authority.
* [Detta O'Cathain](/wiki/Detta_O%27Cathain "Detta O'Cathain") (Mrs. Bishop), Marketing Adviser to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* Dilys Mary Palmer, Member of the Board, Washington Development Corporation.
* Dennis Stephen Papworth, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* Joan Partridge. For political and public service.
* Simon Harry Wood Partridge, Chairman, Butterworth Law Publishers Ltd.
* Derek Harley Peters. For political service.
* John Milne Petrie, Engineer and Surveyor, Durham County Council.
* Sheila Mary Pettit, Historic Buildings Representative, Northumbria, The National Trust.
* Frederick Forrest Poskitt, Consultant Civil Engineer and Vice\-Chairman of the Northern Ireland Water Council.
* Kenneth George Charles Prevette, lately General Secretary, [Cremation Society of Great Britain](/wiki/Cremation_Society_of_Great_Britain "Cremation Society of Great Britain").
* [Douglas Arthur Quadling](/wiki/Douglas_Arthur_Quadling "Douglas Arthur Quadling"), Mathematics Tutor, University of Cambridge, Institute of Education.
* John Frederick Reeve, Chairman, [Costain Civil Engineering Ltd.](/wiki/Costain_Group "Costain Group") Chairman, C.T.H. (The Thames Barrier Consortium).
* Henry Sulien Richards, lately Headmaster, [Sir Thomas Jones School](/wiki/Ysgol_Syr_Thomas_Jones "Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones"), Amlwch, Gwynedd.
* David Griffith Roberts, Chief Executive, Pilkington Ophthalmic Division, Chance Pilkington Ltd.
* Keith Edward Roberts, Farmer, Suffolk. Deputy Chairman, Meat and Livestock Commission.
* William Stewart Robertson, Company Director, [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion "Rediffusion") plc. For services to Export.
* Hugh Nigel Croke Ellis\-Robinson, Programme Director, Mantello Projects, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd. For services to Export.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel James Gray Round, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in Essex.
* Gerald Frederick Gray Russell, First Class Valuer, Board of Inland Revenue.
* William Bonney Rust, lately Principal, [Hammersmith and West London College](/wiki/Hammersmith_and_West_London_College "Hammersmith and West London College").
* Brian Scholes, lately Chief Executive, Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council.
* Maurice David Shaffner, County Prosecuting Solicitor, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council.
* Norman Henry Sherrard, Senior Executive, Industrial Development Board for Northern Ireland.
* Donald Herbert Simpson, Librarian and Director of Studies, [Royal Commonwealth Society](/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society "Royal Commonwealth Society").
* John Llewellyn Skinner, Chairman, Derbyshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.
* Professor George Teeling Smith, Director, [Office of Health Economics](/wiki/The_Office_of_Health_Economics "The Office of Health Economics").
* Ralph Morton Smith, lately Principal, Ministry of Defence.
* Gerd Walter Christian Sommerhoff, Director, Centre for Creative Technology, [Sevenoaks School](/wiki/Sevenoaks_School "Sevenoaks School"), Kent.
* Ernest Antony Spencer, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, [National Engineering Laboratory](/wiki/National_Engineering_Laboratory "National Engineering Laboratory").
* Leslie Albert Spicer, Consultant, Institute of Freight Forwarders.
* Eric Elliot Stabler, Secretary, National Health Service Prescription Pricing Authority (England).
* William Hay Stephen, Chairman, Aberdeen Fish Producers' Organisation Ltd.
* Robert Alister Strand, lately Registrar, Art and Design, [Council for National Academic Awards](/wiki/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards "Council for National Academic Awards").
* [Mary Noel Streatfeild](/wiki/Mary_Noel_Streatfeild "Mary Noel Streatfeild"), Writer.
* Gerald Sambrooke Sturgess. For services to Yachting.
* William Royden Stuttaford. For political service.
* James Alexander Sutherland, lately Principal, Scottish Home and Health Department.
* William Alfred Sutton, Chairman, Sutton \& Sons, Road Hauliers.
* William James Symons, Chief Finance Officer, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission "Commonwealth War Graves Commission").
* Hubert Taggart, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.
* John Henry Taylor. For political service.
* Professor [Kathleen Mary Tillotson](/wiki/Kathleen_Mary_Tillotson "Kathleen Mary Tillotson"). For services to English Literature.
* Dorothy Mary Tomlinson. For political and public service.
* John Barrett Turner, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the magistracy in England and Wales.
* Joseph Norman Ullock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Cumbria Constabulary.
* Mary Elizabeth Uprichard, Principal Administrative Education Officer, Central School of Midwifery, Northern Ireland.
* Alexander Primrose Urquhart, Headmaster, [Kincorth Academy](/wiki/Kincorth_Academy "Kincorth Academy"), Aberdeen.
* Elizabeth Evelyn Murray Usher. For public service, particularly in South\-West Scotland.
* Norman Edward Percival Waldren, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* [Ian Bryce Wallace](/wiki/Ian_Wallace_%28singer%29 "Ian Wallace (singer)"), Singer and Broadcaster.
* Leonard Gordon St. John Waterman. For political service.
* Wilfrid Watkin, General Dental Practitioner, Lowestoft.
* Craig Robert Galloway Watson, Senior Assistant Editor (Committees), House of Commons.
* [Alexander McKellar Watt](/wiki/Eric_McKellar_Watt "Eric McKellar Watt"), Chairman, McKellar Watt Ltd., Glasgow.
* James Colin Eden Webster, Chief Executive, British Petroleum Gas.
* Walter Pollock Weir. For services to forensic pathology in Scotland.
* Bertrand Harry Whistance, lately Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Elizabeth Mary Whitaker, Member, Board of Visitors, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield "HM Prison Wakefield").
* [Robert John White](/wiki/Robert_John_White "Robert John White"). For services to local government in Northern Ireland.
* John Alexander Whiteside, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Chief Constable, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* John Patrick Charles Wilder, Director, [Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association](/wiki/Psychiatric_Rehabilitation_Association "Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association").
* Geoffrey Francis John Williams, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, [Bronglais Hospital](/wiki/Bronglais_Hospital "Bronglais Hospital"), Aberystwyth.
* Zena Alma Pearl Williams. For services to the community in Buckinghamshire.
* Willoughby Wilson, Consultant Surgeon, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast "Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast").
* Alfred George Woonton. For services to The Royal Naval Association.
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Monique Akroyd. For services to English\-language journalism in Belgium.
* Dr. Ian Baker, Assistant Representative, British Council, India.
* William Alan Belsham. For services to British interests in Swaziland.
* Jonathan Betts, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Cairo.
* Anthony John Maitland Blumer. For services to British commercial interests in Malaysia.
* Robert Briggs. For services to the British community in Baghdad.
* Arthur Kenneth Bromley. For services to British commercial interests in Italy.
* Dr. William Nanscawan Brown, Representative, British Council, Denmark.
* Richard Butters, First Secretary (Commercial), British High Commission, Nairobi.
* Hubert Michael Close, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to education in Pakistan.
* Geoffrey George Collins, lately First Secretary, (Commercial) HM Embassy, Rangoon.
* Brian John Cordery. For services to the British community in Paris.
* Dr. John Cecil Davies. For services to agricultural research in India.
* William Stewart Dundas. For services to technical co\-operation in the Yemen Arab Republic.
* Craddock Ebanks. For public services in the Cayman Islands.
* Michael John Evans. For services to British commercial interests in Baghdad.
* John Harold Geoffrey Foley, lately Representative, British Council, Ecuador.
* Bernard Damien Gately, lately First Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Athens.
* Raymond Bruce Giles. For services to British commercial interests in Japan.
* Samuel Victor Gittins, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}. For public services in Hong Kong.
* John Coldwell Griffiths, lately Magistrate, Hong Kong.
* Charles Hargrove. For services to journalism in Paris.
* James Neil Henderson, Commissioner for Labour, Hong Kong.
* Edward Richard Charles Holland, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately HM Consul\-General, Alexandria.
* Noel Alexander Johnston. For services to British shipping interests in Belgium.
* Dr. Stephen Richard Keating. For medical services to the community in Seychelles.
* Kenneth William Kelley, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.
* Colonel Anthony Lawrence King\-Harman, lately International Staff, NATO, Brussels.
* Graham Victor Lassetter. For services to British commercial interests in Trinidad.
* Robert William Lutton. For services to British commercial interests in Singapore:
* Nicholas Melvyn McCarthy, First Secretary and Head of Chancery, HM Embassy, Dakar.
* Ian Francis Cluny MacPherson, Regional Secretary, New Territories, Hong Kong.
* Timothy James Murphy. For services to British commercial interests in Spain.
* David George Pacy. For services to British commercial interests in New York.
* George Marshall Paton. For services to technical co\-operation in Ghana.
* [Bernard Edward Pauncefort](/wiki/Bernard_Pauncefort "Bernard Pauncefort"), lately Administrator, Ascension Island.
* John Denis Prifti. For services to British shipping interests in Sierra Leone.
* James Henry Ramagge. For services to the building industry in Gibraltar.
* Ronald Leslie Reeves, lately First Secretary, HM Embassy, Washington.
* Christopher John Spencer Rundle, First Secretary, British Interests Section, Royal Swedish Embassy, Tehran.
* Colin Harry Cecil Rutherford. For services to the British community in Venezuela.
* Nigel Edward Salmon. For services to British commercial and community interests in Nigeria.
* Oliver Richard Siddle, Representative, British Council, Hong Kong.
* Warren Cecil Tyson. For public and community services in St. Kitts\-Nevis.
* Frederick Langtree Walker. For public services in Hong Kong.
* Jack Lewis Wicker. For services to British commercial interests in Paris.
* Leonard Kenneth Young, Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, Hong Kong University.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* Charles Victor Boyd. For service to the community.
* Reverend Owen Kevin Oxenham. For service to the Church and the community.
* Roy Max Reynolds. Councillor, Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland.
* Dr. Keith William Kirkland Shaw. For service to medicine.
State of South Australia
* [Allan Robert Charles McLean](/wiki/Bob_McLean_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Bob McLean (Australian footballer)"). For service to sport.
* Stanley William Otto Menzel. For service to irrigation and piping technology.
* Cedric Jeffrey Thomson. For service to the law.
* William Herbert Wylie. For service to production engineering, cattle breeding and horse racing.
State of Western Australia
* Dr. Carl Georgeff. For service to the community.
* Reginald John Trigg. For service to insurance and surf life saving.
State of Tasmania
* Roy Alexander Gourlay. For service to the community.
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Lieutenant Commander (SCC) John Bailie, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Lieutenant (CS) Stephen Lionel Baker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, Royal Marines.
* Lieutenant Commander David Albert Bartlett.
* Fleet Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (R) Simon Hugh Beel, J926468Q.
* Lieutenant Commander Dennis Corless.
* Lieutenant Commander (Honorary Commander) Anthony Roger Evans.
* Lieutenant Commander Peter Bernard Evershed.
* Warrant Officer First Class John Robert French, Royal Marines, PO19457L.
* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Robert Fyleman.
* Lieutenant Charles Victor Hanna.
* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Arnold Harrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=VRD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Fleet Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic Joseph Ivan James, M915230Y.
* Senior Nursing Officer Ethel Jean Kidd, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.
* Fleet Chief Writer Joseph John O'Mahony, DO74522X.
* Lieutenant Commander John Richard Taylor.
* Lieutenant Commander Stanley Colin Wadman.
* Lieutenant Commander Peter Robert Walwyn.
Army
* Major Thomas Douglas Raeburn Archibald, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (486474\), Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army.
* Major (now Acting Lieutenant Colonel) Albert Raymond Bell (472486\), Corps of Royal Military Police.
* Major Anne Kathleen Brown (475397\), Women's Royal Army Corps.
* Major Roger Morgan Brumhill, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (480941\), Corps of Royal Military Police, Territorial Army.
* Major (Quartermaster) William Ronald Clarke (496655\), Grenadier Guards.
* Captain (Quartermaster) George Ingram Cooper (502108\), Scots Guards.
* Major (Quartermaster) Stuart Cottage, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (462271\), Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.
* 24003203 Warrant Officer Class 2 Raymonde Dewsnap, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 23750661 Warrant Officer Class 1 James Doherty, Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major Robert Hugh Geoffrey Elford (489183\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major (Quartermaster) Malcolm Denzil Evans (496127\), Royal Tank Regiment.
* Major Graham Anderson Ewer (479220\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Major Robin Anthony Field\-Smith (489314\), Royal Army Educational Corps.
* Acting Major James Austin Brown Gibson (468898\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Major Patrick John Henderson (490198\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Terence Graham Hodgetts (501942\), The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment).
* Major William Michael Whewell Jackson (473982\), Intelligence Corps.
* Major Richard Michael Lambe (482768\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* Major Donald Latham, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ERD, TD}}, (369122\), Royal Army Pay Corps, Territorial Army.
* Major (Quartermaster) Frank Lawrie (493891\), Scots Guards.
* Major Janet Laurie Lawson (494202\), Women's Army Corps.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Patrick Lewis (501879\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23864474 Warrant Officer Class 1 Francis Joseph John Lyle, Royal Pioneer Corps.
* Major (Quartermaster) Ernest John Mann (497080\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23887423 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\) Kauata Vamarasi Marafono, Special Air Service Regiment.
* Major James Robert McRae (497779\), Special Air Service Regiment, Territorial Army.
* 23206262 Warrant Officer Class 2 Leslie Merifield, Coldstream Guards.
* Major Alan Mills (472924\), Royal Army Pay Corps.
* Major Timothy Julian O'Donnell (491174\), 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles.
* Captain (Acting Major) Francis William Price, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (475599\), The Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th), Territorial Army.
* LS/14471322 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\) Gordon William Rabet, The Parachute Regiment.
* Acting Captain Anthony Philip Solway (459682\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Major Gordon Wallace Stafford (495903\), Army Air Corps.
* Captain David James Taggart (496168\), Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* Major (Quartermaster) Robert Alexander Tighe (486473\), The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).
* 23675401 Warrant Officer Class 1 Geoffrey Richard Tolley, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Major (Director of Music) Gordon Turner (497337\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major (Quartermaster) Arthur Bryan Wheatley (494880\), Royal Tank Regiment.
* Major (Quartermaster) William Frederick Whiting, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (489292\), Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Major Anthony Williams (486411\), Intelligence Corps.
* Major (Quartermaster) John Stephen Williams, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DCM}}, (492059\), The Parachute Regiment.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Henry Wood (506283\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
Royal Air Force
* Squadron Leader Leslie Brown (2746273\).
* Squadron Leader Roger Frederick Richard Carr, (4233050\).
* Squadron Leader Roderick Bruce Alexander Moore (4161555\).
* Squadron Leader Neil Robert Pollock (1624440\).
* Squadron Leader Phillip Wycliffe Roser (608889\).
* Squadron Leader Joseph Robert Denis Sauzier (609344\).
* Squadron Leader [Graham Skinner](/wiki/Graham_Skinner "Graham Skinner") (609364\).
* Flight Lieutenant Kenneth Albert Butcher (3088345\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).
* Flight Lieutenant George William Starling (2337638\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).
* Flight Lieutenant Christopher Alan Suckling (690183\).
* Flight Lieutenant Anne Whitelock (8031838\), [Women's Royal Air Force](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force "Women's Royal Air Force").
* Acting Flight Lieutenant Davin Richfield Wyatt (683819\).
* Warrant Officer Dennis Desmond Cross (H4127958\).
* Warrant Officer David Hampton Dorward (D4132468\).
* Warrant Officer David Downie (R4022144\).
* Warrant Officer Kenneth John Grant (J3503340\).
* Warrant Officer Dennis Cecil David Jones (J4004190\).
* Warrant Officer William Patrick Lilley, (X4145737\).
* Warrant Officer John Richard Lumley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (B0579017\).
* Warrant Officer Harold Peach, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (G4143650\).
* Warrant Officer Allan David George Smith (U0587283\).
* Warrant Officer William George Winterbourne (B2575904\).
* Warrant Officer Trevor St. Clair Wonfor (A3526443\).
* Master Air Loadmaster Timothy Alan Bond (H0594239\).
Civil Division
* Nathan Abrahams, lately Director, Mappin (Caterers) plc. For services to the Catering Industry.
* Arthur John Adam, Member, National Gas Consumers' Council.
* [Adrian Neil Adams](/wiki/Neil_Adams_%28judoka%29 "Neil Adams (judoka)"). For services to [Judo](/wiki/Judo "Judo").
* Paul Vernon Adcock, Executive Officer, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise "Board of Customs and Excise").
* Christina Alice Aikenhead, Area Cancer Registration Officer, Lothian Health Board.
* David Gear Aitchison, lately Chief Executive, Scottish Fishermen's Federation.
* Jill Allen, Chairman, Joint Committee on Mobility of the Blind and Partially\-Sighted People, [National Federation of the Blind](/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind "National Federation of the Blind").
* Anthony Allibone, [General Medical Practitioner](/wiki/General_Medical_Practitioner "General Medical Practitioner"), Norfolk.
* Sidney Francis Walter Arnold, Senior Executive Officer, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue "Board of Inland Revenue").
* George Loudon Atkinson, Area Industrial Relations Officer, North East Area, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board "National Coal Board").
* Cecil Leslie Auckland, Assistant Division Officer, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs").
* William Henry Austin, Founder and Director, Happy Days Coaches (Woodseaves) Ltd., Stafford.
* Grace Margaret Axton, lately Principal Adoption Officer, Chichester Diocesan Association for Family Social Work.
* William Harry Leonard Baker, Chief Instructor (and Organiser), Watford Training Scheme for Motorcyclists.
* Violet Ballantine. For services to the [National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children](/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children "National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children").
* William Reginald Barber, Marketing Manager, (South America), Cheltenham Division, [Smiths Industries](/wiki/Smiths_Industries "Smiths Industries"), Aerospace and Defence Systems Company. For services to Export.
* Harold John Barker, Planning Manager, D.S.W.P.(N.), Marconi Communication Systems Ltd.
* Norah Barker, Ward Sister, [Pilgrim Hospital](/wiki/Pilgrim_Hospital "Pilgrim Hospital"), South Lincolnshire Health Authority.
* Sidney Barnard, lately Manager, Export Branch, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes "Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes").
* Eric Leslie Barnes, lately Telecommunications Technical Officer Grade I, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office").
* Mary Ross Baxter, Deputy Director, National Book League, Scotland.
* Anthony Herbert Bayman. For political service.
* Carmen Etheline Marjorie Beckford, Senior Community Relations Officer, Bristol Council for Racial Equality.
* Joyce Lilian Benham. For services to mentally disabled people in Gravesend and district.
* Thomas Warwick Bennett, lately manager, London Trade Counter, [Chatto](/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus "Chatto & Windus"), [Bodley Head](/wiki/Bodley_Head "Bodley Head") \& [Jonathan Cape](/wiki/Jonathan_Cape "Jonathan Cape") Ltd.
* Mintose Bibby. For political and public service in the North West.
* Franklin Edwin Birch, lately Clerk, [Worshipful Company of Farriers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers "Worshipful Company of Farriers").
* Violet Mabel Bitchenor, Welfare Officer, Northampton and County Spastics Society.
* Joseph Paterson Black, General Secretary, [Scottish Police Federation](/wiki/Scottish_Police_Federation "Scottish Police Federation").
* Theresa Black, Senior Nursing Officer, [Stradreagh Hospital](/wiki/Gransha_Hospital "Gransha Hospital"), Londonderry.
* Charles Clarke Bodel, Assistant Director of Research, Lambeg Industrial Research Association.
* Nancye Kathleen Boobbyer. For services to the Sussex Kidney Trust.
* Peter Lawrence Booty, Assistant Secretary, London Orchestral Concerts Board.
* Isaac Henry John Bourne, Medical Officer, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy "Remploy") Ltd.
* Grace Joan Valerie Bourns. For services to the community in Bristol.
* Donald Benjamin Brewer, Assistant Chief Warning Officer, Horsham, [United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Warning_and_Monitoring_Organisation "United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation").
* Neville Britton, Director, Hartlepool Docks, Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority.
* Ronald Maxwell Brown, Chief Forester, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission "Forestry Commission").
* Elizabeth Woodrow Browning, Chairman, Association for All Speech\-Impaired Children.
* Desmond Charles Buchanan, lately Chief Inspector, [Avon and Somerset Constabulary](/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary "Avon and Somerset Constabulary").
* Commander Bruce Errol Bulbeck, Royal Navy (Retd.), Retired Officer I, Ministry of Defence.
* Joan Marguerite Burge, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence.
* Agnes Hope Johnson Burn. For political and public service.
* John Ralston Butterly, Chairman, Reidvale Housing Association.
* Olive Hylda Margaret Cass, Superintendent, of Typists, Supplies Department, Greater London Council.
* George Casson, Clerk, Northumberland Engine Works, Clark Hawthorn Ltd.
* Margaret Sarah Castle, Nursing Officer, Neo\-Natal Unit, [Hammersmith Hospital](/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital "Hammersmith Hospital"), London.
* Thomas Cawley, lately Senior Librarian, [Rothamsted Experimental Station](/wiki/Rothamsted_Experimental_Station "Rothamsted Experimental Station"), Harpenden.
* Eric Alfred Chaplin, General Manager, Sub District Area, South East London, The Post Office.
* Harold Edward Chappell. For services to local government in Lincolnshire.
* Jacqueline Meynell Cingel, Higher Executive Officer, Department of the Environment.
* Daphne Diana Clark, Director, Richmond upon Thames Churches' Housing Trust.
* Francis Arthur Clark. For political service.
* George Edward Claydon, Chief Superintendent, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police "Metropolitan Police").
* Ernest Reginald Clow, Air Traffic Engineer I, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority "Civil Aviation Authority").
* Peter John Cooke, Executive Engineer, [British Telecom](/wiki/British_Telecom "British Telecom").
* Angela Janet Vera Cotton, Chairman, National Association of [Probation Hostels](/wiki/Approved_Premises "Approved Premises").
* Eileen Ruth Elizabeth Cox. For services to disabled people in Shepperton and District.
* James Cullen, Convener of Housing Committee, [Gordon District Council](/wiki/Gordon_%28district%29 "Gordon (district)").
* James Cusack, Auxiliary Officer (Technical), [Royal Naval Auxiliary Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Auxiliary_Service "Royal Naval Auxiliary Service").
* George Llewellyn Davies, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSC}}, Engineer's Representative, [Thames Barrier](/wiki/Thames_Barrier "Thames Barrier") Project, Rendel, Palmer \& Tritton, Consulting Engineers.
* Robert Hefin Davies, Managing Director and Chairman, J. W. Greaves \& Sons Ltd.
* Donald Charles Davis, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Energy.
* Kathleen Margaret Laurie Davis. For services to the community in Wolvey and District, Leicestershire.
* Michael Edgar Drew Davis, Group Finance and Planning Manager, [Greenall Whitley](/wiki/Greenall_Whitley "Greenall Whitley") plc.
* Nicole Matilde Davoud, Founder and Chairman, Crack MS.
* James Bartholomew Devine, Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* Eric Ernest Dew. For services to dioceses in the South East.
* Iqbal Singh Dhut, Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Joyce Mary Dickson, Centre Organiser, Ringwood, Hampshire Branch, [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society "British Red Cross Society").
* Rosemary Cadbury Dickson. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.
* Hilda Ritchie Doran, Senior Lecturer in Primary Education, Aberdeen College of Education.
* Constance Mona Douglas. For services to Manx Culture.
* Charles Draper, Manager, Resettlement Unit, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Audrey Alice Grace Duddy, Head, Remedial Department, Saffron Walden County High School.
* Hazel Catherine Dutton, Matron, Marie Curie Memorial Foundation, Sunnybank Nursing Home, Liverpool.
* Margaret Easton, lately Administrative Assistant, Careers Service, Tyne and Wear.
* Audrey Eveline Lucilla Edwards. For services to the community in Hayling Island.
* Henry Elliott, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Edna Dorothy Embleton. For services to the community in Buckingham.
* Ronald Walter Emes, Director, The [British Canoe Union](/wiki/British_Canoe_Union "British Canoe Union").
* Sidney Albert England, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.
* The Reverend Canon Owen Vyvyan Eva, Rector, St. Nicholas, [Halewood](/wiki/Halewood "Halewood") Parish Church.
* Lieutenant Commander Cyril Joseph Evans, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve "Royal Naval Reserve") (Retd.), Chairman, Leicester Unit Committee, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)").
* Yvonne Winifred Filleul, Personal Secretary, [Cable \& Wireless plc](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc "Cable & Wireless plc").
* John George Russell Fletcher. For political service.
* Marjorie Hannah Earnshaw Flowerday, Medical Assistant, [Blood Transfusion Service](/wiki/Blood_Transfusion_Service "Blood Transfusion Service"), Sheffield.
* Bernard William Foreman, Assistant Divisional Organiser, Colchester, [Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers](/wiki/Amalgamated_Union_of_Engineering_Workers "Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers").
* Keith William Forward, Divisional Education Officer, Dartford, Kent.
* Ursula Una Clare Foss, Disaster Relief Purchasing Officer, British Red Cross Society.
* Veronique Lucy Vernon Foster, Secretary, South West and Southern Regions, [Abbeyfield Society](/wiki/Abbeyfield_Society "Abbeyfield Society").
* Anthony Conway Gabe. For services to the Blind in Mid\-Sussex.
* Alan John Gane, Chief Commandant, Cambridgeshire Special Constabulary.
* Alexander McLean Garden, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* John Frederick Gardiner, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Edward John George, Detective Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.
* Richard Dennis Gilbert, Manager, Company Secretariat, B.L. plc.
* Beatrice Gillam, Member, Council, [Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation](/wiki/Wiltshire_Wildlife_Trust "Wiltshire Wildlife Trust").
* [Duncan Alexander Goodhew](/wiki/Duncan_Goodhew "Duncan Goodhew"). For services to Swimming.
* Donald Frederick Goodwin, Principal Partner, D. \& P. Goodwin Ltd. (Fruit Growers).
* Michael Gurnell Green, General Medical Practitioner, Burscough, Lancashire.
* The Reverend Charles Grice, General Secretary, The [Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Church_Lads%27_and_Church_Girls%27_Brigade "Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade").
* David John Griffith, Commissioner, Clwyd County, St. John Ambulance Brigade.
* Arnold Grimston, Collector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Mabel Alice Jane Hales. For services to the community in Norfolk.
* Henry Palmer Halkett, lately Chairman, Local Review Committees, HM Prisons, Aberdeen and Peterhead.
* Charles William Hall, Works Director, [Ladybird Books](/wiki/Ladybird_Books "Ladybird Books") Ltd.
* Maeve Patricia Hall, lately Member, [Northern Ireland Tourist Board](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board "Northern Ireland Tourist Board").
* James Peter Hamilton, Assistant Secretary, Occupational Safety and Health, Social Insurance and Industrial Welfare Department, [Trades Union Congress](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress "Trades Union Congress").
* Doris Lillian Harris, Personal Secretary, Department of Transport.
* William George Alfred Hathaway. For services to the community in Usk.
* Donald William Hawkins, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.
* Kathleen Mary Hazzard, Personal Secretary, Department of Employment.
* Donald Gill Headley, lately Chief Test Pilot, Brough, Kingston\-Brough Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* James Ivor Heath, Senior Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* John Barrie Hesketh, Artistic Director, [Mull Little Theatre](/wiki/Mull_Little_Theatre "Mull Little Theatre").
* [Marianne Edith Frances Hesketh](/wiki/Marianne_Hesketh "Marianne Hesketh"), Artistic Director, Mull Little Theatre.
* George Ernest Hill, Vice\-Principal, North East Derbyshire College of Further Education, Chesterfield.
* Edward Wiliam Hobson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Head Teacher, Meltham Church of England Primary School, Kirklees.
* Edward Joscelyn Holland, Farmer, Staffordshire. For services to agriculture.
* Robert Hollingdrake, Counsellor, Manchester Small Firms Service.
* Charles Reginald Hopkin, Chief Superintendent, [North Yorkshire Police](/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police "North Yorkshire Police").
* Clifford Frederick Charles Cecil Hopkins, Site Manager, [Heysham 1](/wiki/Heysham_nuclear_power_station "Heysham nuclear power station"), National Nuclear Corporation Ltd.
* [Jack Howarth](/wiki/Jack_Howarth_%28actor%29 "Jack Howarth (actor)") (John Aubrey Conway Howarth), Actor, and for services to charity.
* John Hoy, lately Manager, Londonderry Terminal, [Shell UK](/wiki/Shell_UK "Shell UK") Ltd.
* Albert Hughes, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* John Hughes, Chairman, Wales Council for the Blind.
* Edward Arthur Humphreys, lately Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Edward Desmonde Carlisle Hunt, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Ruby Hunt. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.
* Denys Dobell Hutchings, Secretary, [Kennet and Avon Canal Trust](/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Trust "Kennet and Avon Canal Trust") Ltd.
* Isobel June Hutchings. For political service.
* Florence Rose Inglis, Member, [Monklands District Council](/wiki/Monklands_District_Council "Monklands District Council").
* Robert Stewart Inglis, General Sales Manager, Clyde Canvas Goods \& Structures Ltd., Port Glasgow.
* Marjorie Rose Isgar, Headteacher, Perth\-y\-Terfyn Infants School, Holywell.
* Irene Israel, lately General Secretary, Basingstoke Council of Community Service.
* Bill Jackson, Secretary, Sutton Valence Branch, Agricultural and Allied Workers' National Trade Group.
* Marlene Jefferson, for services to local government in Londonderry.
* Ronald Samuel Johnston, Secretary, Rathgael and Whiteabby Schools Management Board, Bangor.
* Richard ap Simon Jones, Farmer, [Tywyn](/wiki/Tywyn "Tywyn"), Gwynedd.
* Leslie Jordan, lately Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.
* Amy Beatrice Jury, Member of Council, [St. Andrew's Ambulance Association](/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Ambulance_Association "St. Andrew's Ambulance Association").
* Jane Margaret Kendall. For political and public service.
* Ralph Erskine Kendrick, Vice\-President, [Boys' Clubs of Wales](/wiki/Boys%27_and_Girls%27_Clubs_of_Wales "Boys' and Girls' Clubs of Wales").
* Pearl Winifred Kerr. For services to [Muckamore Abbey Hospital](/wiki/Muckamore_Abbey_Hospital "Muckamore Abbey Hospital"), Antrim.
* Charles George Herbert Keyse, Senior Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Norah Mabel King, Principal Personnel Assistant, Central Departments, [London Transport](/wiki/London_Transport_Executive_%28GLC%29 "London Transport Executive (GLC)").
* Terence Kinkead, Vice\-Chairman, Belfast Savings Council.
* Walter Mansfield Kitchen, Divisional Officer 1, London Fire Brigade.
* Trevor George Crosby Knight, Joint Chairman, East and West Sussex Supplementary Benefit Appeal Tribunals.
* Raymond Keith Knowles, Typist, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Thomson Rae Lannigan. For political service.
* Patrick Larry Lay, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Denis William Lupton Leslie, Chairman, Penlee Station Committee, [Royal National Lifeboat Institution](/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution "Royal National Lifeboat Institution").
* Moira Hamilton Levins, Senior Superintendent of Typists, Department of Education and Science.
* Leslie Maurice Albert Lightfoot, Sports Editor, *[Windsor, Slough and Eton Express](/wiki/Slough_and_Windsor_Express "Slough and Windsor Express")*.
* Henry Loring, Local Officer Grade II, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Ivy Lough, lately Personal Assistant and Secretary, British Industrial Estates Corporation.
* Maureen Millicent Lowrey, Senior Nursing Officer, [Frimley Park Hospital](/wiki/Frimley_Park_Hospital "Frimley Park Hospital"), West Surrey and North East Hampshire District Health Authority.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Michael Alastair Lowry, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For political service.
* Gordon David Luckings, Administrative Officer, [ILEA](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority "Inner London Education Authority") ([Sydenham School](/wiki/Sydenham_School "Sydenham School")).
* Margaret McGavin. For political service.
* [Daniel Fergus McGrain](/wiki/Danny_McGrain "Danny McGrain"). For services to Association Football in Scotland.
* Dorothy May Macintyre, Assistant Rector, [Lochaber High School](/wiki/Lochaber_High_School "Lochaber High School"), Fort William.
* Donald MacKay, lately Director of Environmental Health and Housing, East Kilbride District Council.
* Margaret Jean Mackenzie, Headmistress, Locharron Primary School.
* [George Edward Mackley](/wiki/George_Mackley "George Mackley"), Wood Engraver.
* David Morrison MacMillan, Secretary, [Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen%27s_Mission "Fishermen's Mission").
* Margaret Mary McNaughton. For political and public service.
* Thomas Mallaburn, Branch Secretary, [General and Municipal Workers' Union](/wiki/General_and_Municipal_Workers%27_Union "General and Municipal Workers' Union").
* Herbert Edward Maloney. For political and public service.
* Ruth Manley, Nurse Adviser, Society of Geriatric Nursing, [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing "Royal College of Nursing").
* William James Mann, Member, Ulster Defence Regiment Advisory Council.
* Audrey Thelma Manyweathers, Clerical Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* June Ida Marmont, Principal Careers Officer, London Borough of Bexley.
* [Mary Marquis](/wiki/Mary_Marquis "Mary Marquis") (Mary Elizabeth Maxwell Anderson), Presenter/Interviewer, [Scotland, British Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/BBC_Scotland "BBC Scotland").
* Lawrence Martin, lately Head, Department of Catering Technology, Granville College of Further Education, Sheffield.
* Henryk Matuszak. For services to the Polish Community and Penley Hospital, Clwyd.
* Sidney Ronald Mead. For services to The Forces Help Society and Lord Roberts Workshops.
* James Meldrum. For charitable services to the Arts in Scotland.
* Leonard Arthur Metcalf, Passenger Services Manager, Euston, British Rail.
* John Frederick Miles, Consultant, [Royal Automobile Club](/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club "Royal Automobile Club") and [Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Accidents "Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents").
* [Roger Millward](/wiki/Roger_Millward "Roger Millward"). For services to Rugby League Football.
* Henry Frank Hugh Mitchell, Regional Manager, Product Support, India, [Rolls\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd "Rolls-Royce Ltd"). For services to Export.
* John Leonard Moir, Senior Maintenance Supervisor, Hamilton Brothers.
* Hester Guthrie Monteath, Head Occupational Therapist, [Royal Edinburgh Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Hospital "Royal Edinburgh Hospital").
* Ravinand Mooneeram, Community/Adult Tutor in South Glamorgan.
* Edward Morley, Industrial Development Officer, Hartlepool Borough Council.
* Marjorie Catherine Morrison. For services to the [Architectural Association](/wiki/Architectural_Association "Architectural Association").
* Susan Charlotte Morrow, Clerical Assistant, Police Authority, Northern Ireland.
* George Mackenzie Murray, Farmer, [Rogart](/wiki/Rogart "Rogart"), Sutherland.
* James Murray, Secretary, Metropolitan and City Police Orphans Fund.
* Ronald Henry Nethercott, Regional Secretary, Region No. 3, [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union "Transport and General Workers Union").
* Frank John Neve, Principal, Export Sales Management Associates. For services to Export.
* Violet Ellen Edith Nicholls, Senior Personal Secretary, Public Trustee Office.
* [Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill](/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill "Martin O'Neill"). For services to Association Football.
* Wyndham John Parker. For political and public service.
* Ronald Albert Partridge, Professional and Technology Officer Grade II, Ministry of Defence.
* John Edward Stark Pay, Director, South East Region, Colt International Ltd. For services to Export.
* Frederick Gordon Thomas Pearce, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Marion Trewhella Richards Pearce. For services to the community in St. Ives.
* Johanna Maria Chiappini Peebles, lately Secretary, The Friends of St. Paul's Cathedral.
* Major Albert Harold Pendleton. For services to the community in the Blackpool and Fylde area.
* Alida Penney, Divisional Nursing Officer, West Suffolk Health Authority.
* Patrick Thomas Gordon\-Duff\-Pennington. For services to the [National Farmers' Union of Scotland](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_Scotland "National Farmers' Union of Scotland").
* Francis Brian Pinney, Secretary, Okehampton and District Branch, Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain.
* William Edward Plummer, Postal Executive C, Newark Sub\-Office, Midlands Postal Board, The Post Office.
* James Ernest Pople, Senior Executive Officer, Management and Personnel Office.
* Gwendoline Alice Pounds. For services to the community in Marlow, Buckinghamshire.
* Kenneth Povey, lately Deputy Regional Personnel Officer, West Midlands Regional Health Authority.
* Archibald Chalmers Purves, Director/Secretary, Hawick Knitwear Manufacturers' Association.
* Ralph Alexander Raby, Director, Addison Housing Association.
* Guy Garland Reaks, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}, lately Director, British Leather Federation, for services to Export.
* Margaret Ellen Richards, lately Administrative Assistant, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education "UCL Institute of Education").
* Christopher Keith Richardson, Principal Research Associate, [Plessey Electronic Systems Research](/wiki/Plessey "Plessey").
* Geoffrey Richardson, Director, National Wool Textile Export Corporation. For services to Export.
* Leonard Eric Leslie Ridge. For political service in London.
* William Scott Rigler, Member, Poole Borough Council.
* John Benjamin Rilett, Training Manager, Bristol Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* Benjamin Edward Robert Rook, Higher Executive Officer, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Rosemary Jean Rowles, Land Agency and Agriculture Divisional Secretary, [Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors](/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors "Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors").
* Thomas Roycroft, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Eric Royle, Chairman, Joint Consultative Council, Meat Trade in the United Kingdom.
* Eric William Russell, Secretary, [Road Haulage Association](/wiki/Road_Haulage_Association "Road Haulage Association").
* Leslie Joseph Sage, Senior Executive Officer, [Director of Public Prosecutions](/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_%28England_and_Wales%29 "Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)").
* Norman Frank Salisbury. For services to [the Scout Association](/wiki/The_Scout_Association "The Scout Association") in Manchester.
* Arnold Harry Scholfield. For political service.
* Joan Chalmers Semple, Personal Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office "Scottish Office").
* Margarete Sharpe, Sister, Drug Addiction Unit, [University College Hospital](/wiki/University_College_Hospital "University College Hospital"), London.
* [Adrian Shepherd](/wiki/Adrian_Shepherd "Adrian Shepherd"), Cellist.
* Lilian Joan Sherwin, lately Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Bernard Simcox. For political and public service.
* Robert John King Sinclair, Chief Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* George Paul Bernard Smith. For political service.
* John Smith, Chairman, Lanarkshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.
* Maisie Kathleen Smith, Chairman, The Birmingham Settlement.
* Edward Charles Snow, Inspector Grade III(T), Board of Inland Revenue.
* Anna Margreta Constance So Ye, Vice\-Principal, Lurgan Girls' Junior High School.
* Annie Stansfield, Secretary, National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease.
* Reginald Stead. For services to music in Cumbria.
* [Mavis Mary Steele](/wiki/Mavis_Steele "Mavis Steele"). For services to Women's Bowls.
* John Barclay Stevenson, General Medical Practitioner, Greenock.
* William Stewart, Manager, Manufacturing Services, N. E. I. Parsons.
* Timothy Richard Stowell, Export Sales Manager, Craig\-Nicol Ltd., Glasgow.
* Audrey Vera May Strange, lately Director of Music and Art, [Royal Over\-Seas League](/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League "Royal Over-Seas League").
* Peter John Summers, Managing Director, Deeside Enterprise Trust Ltd., [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation "British Steel Corporation").
* Clifford Swindells, Managing Director, Marglass Ltd. For services to Export.
* Margaret Edith Tarn, Organiser, South Tyneside, Citizens' Advice Bureau.
* Catherine Joan Taylor. For public and charitable services in Upton\-upon\-Severn.
* Colin Richard Taylor, lately Senior Executive Officer, Government Hospitality Fund, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Flora Mabel Taylor, Senior/Chief Physiological Measurement Technician (Neurophysiology).
* Iris Joyce Taylor. For services to the Coventry Branch, [Royal Air Forces Association](/wiki/Royal_Air_Forces_Association "Royal Air Forces Association").
* Peter Anthony Taylor, Executive Officer, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office "HM Stationery Office").
* Arthur Robinson Thomas, {{post\-nominals\|list\=VRD}}, lately Chairman, Devon Conservation Forum.
* John Thomas, Convener, Construction and Allied Technical Trades, Port Talbot, British Steel Corporation.
* [Francis Daley Thompson](/wiki/Francis_Daley_Thompson "Francis Daley Thompson"). For services to Athletics.
* Tom Hastings Thompson, Deputy District Treasurer, Oxfordshire Health Authority.
* Thomas Samuel Tibble, lately Manager, Subscriptions and Records, [Institution of Mechanical Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers "Institution of Mechanical Engineers").
* Doris Mary Tidy, Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Gordon Tiplady, Regional Collector, Board of Inland Revenue.
* George Tomlinson, Assistant General Secretary, [British Limbless Ex\-Servicemen's Association](/wiki/Blesma "Blesma").
* Margaret Fletcher Torrance, lately Guider\-in\-Charge, Scottish Girl Guide Training and Camping Centre, Netherurd.
* Bessie Lorna Tucker, lately Superintendent Radiographer, [Velindre Hospital](/wiki/Velindre_Cancer_Centre "Velindre Cancer Centre"), Cardiff.
* James Underwood, lately Chief Housing Officer, North Tyneside District Council.
* Pauline Mary Veasey, Senior Receptionist, Latham House Medical Practice, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.
* Albert Ernest Veitch, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* John Harold Vernon, Executive Producer, Performing Arts, Music and Arts Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.
* Thomas Walter Villa, Staff Officer, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland.
* Dorothy Milne Wadsworth, Award Liaison Officer for Northern Ireland, [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award "The Duke of Edinburgh's Award").
* Allan Charles Wakeford, Information Officer, [Central Office of Information](/wiki/Central_Office_of_Information "Central Office of Information").
* Arthur Polden Walker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Manager, Professional and Regulatory Services, [Procter \& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble "Procter & Gamble") Ltd.
* Daniel Blair Wallace, Chief Superintendent, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Muriel Mackie Walls. For services to the community in Guildford.
* Brian Lawrence Ward, Superintendent, [Thames Valley Police](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police "Thames Valley Police").
* Alan Watson, Headmaster, Acacias Primary School, Manchester.
* Vera Margaret Watts, lately Director of Nurse Education, Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health Authority.
* Emma Webb, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, Principal Fire Control Officer, [West Midlands Fire Brigade](/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service "West Midlands Fire Service").
* William Joseph Webber, Deputy Chief Staff Welfare Officer, Home Office.
* Joan Lily West. For political service.
* Vera Anne Wetherall. For political service.
* Keith Stracey Wheeler. For services to environmental education.
* Gwenllian Enid, Lady Whittaker, lately District Organiser, Scarborough, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service "Women's Royal Voluntary Service").
* James Archibald Whittle, Financial Controller, Haven Products Ltd.
* Alfreda Mary Lowe\-Willetts, County Organiser, Hampshire Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs.
* Hywel Peredur Williams, Chairman, Welsh Association of Youth Clubs.
* Walter Temple Williams, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Beryl Joan Wilmshurst, Higher Executive Officer, Departments of Trade and Industry.
* Cyril Winskell, Architect, Newcastle upon Tyne.
* Donald Hewitt Wood, Manager, Experimental Shop, [J. C. Bamford Excavators Ltd](/wiki/JCB_%28heavy_equipment_manufacturer%29 "JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)").
* Richard Alfred Wood, Chairman, J. W. Falkner \& Sons Ltd.
* Arnold Woodhouse. For political service.
* Joyce Lilian Woodhouse, lately Administrative Officer (Awards Division), [Inner London Education Authority](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority "Inner London Education Authority").
* Eileen Olive Woods, Chairman, West Somerset District Council.
* Joan Woods, Head Teacher, Croft Special School, Liverpool.
* Kenneth Arthur Woodward, Headmaster, Bordon County Junior School, Hampshire.
* Brian Percy Stewart Wright, Director, London Enterprise Agency.
* Elizabeth Graham Jones Wright, lately Chief Superintendent of Typists, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury").
* Captain Arthur Thomson Young, lately Harbour Master, [Clyde Port Authority](/wiki/Clyde_Port_Authority "Clyde Port Authority").
* Jacob Young, Shipbuilding Manager, [Swan Hunter Shipbuilding Ltd](/wiki/Swan_Hunter "Swan Hunter").
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Stuart Alfred Booth. For services to the community in the Falkland Islands.
* Joseph Oscar Borastero, Charge Nurse, Medical and Health Department, Gibraltar.
* Ena Stuart Burke. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Jerusalem.
* Nancy Josephine Campbell, Press and Information Officer, British High Commission, Ottawa.
* Gertrude Lois, Lady Cane, for services to the British community in San Francisco.
* Donald Cartwright, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CPM}}, lately First Secretary (Commercial) HM Embassy, Tel Aviv.
* Donald Siu\-tung Chan, Chief Labour Officer, Labour Relations Department, Hong Kong.
* Clive Cecil Francis Chandler. For services to the British community in Morocco.
* Mo\-Yan Chik, lately Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Thomas Coleman Christian, Radio Officer, Pitcairn Island.
* Margaret Jean Clements. For services to the British community in Miami.
* Dennis Convery, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, lately Archivist, British Military Government, Berlin.
* Doris Corbin. For services to the community in Bermuda.
* John Cummins, Second Secretary (Administration) HM Embassy, Santiago.
* Iris Isabel Dawes, Personal Secretary, British High Commission, Dacca.
* Margaret Hilda Dodd. For services to the British Community in Brussels.
* Brendan Grattan Mary Donnelly, lately Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Doris Edwards. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lahore.
* John Joseph Gomez, Senior Executive Officer, Tourist Department, Gibraltar.
* Richard Charles Benedict Green, lately Second Secretary, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Amy Eleanor Griffis. For services to the British community in Peru.
* Alice May Hardy. For welfare services to the blind in Bermuda.
* John Francis Hoare. For services to technical education in Indonesia.
* Elizabeth Valentine Isaacs, Confidential Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.
* Henry Hong\-cheong Ku, Chief Executive Officer, Security Branch, Hong Kong.
* Gladys Margaret Dinsdale Laborde. For nursing and welfare services to the British community in Paris.
* Jane Isabella Sarah Lackie. For services to the British community in Port Elizabeth.
* Albert Applebum Richard Lake. For services to the community in Anguilla.
* Teresa Shui\-shuk Lam Wong. For services to the community in Hong Kong.
* Donald Lancaster. For services to British interests in Senegal.
* Clifford Raymond Lee, Officer\-in\-Charge, composite Signals Station, Ascension Island.
* Gwendoline Joan Libbrecht, Vice\-Consul, HM Consulate\-General, Antwerp.
* Thian Tek Lim, Information Officer, HM Embassy, Jakarta.
* Belinda Jane Lindeck, Personal Assistant to the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the United Nations, New York.
* Che\-woo Lui. For public services in Hong Kong.
* John Ian Carr MacDougall. For services to transport development in Tanzania.
* Robert McNeill. For services to agricultural development in Malawi.
* Alan James Milton. For services to British commercial interests in Nigeria.
* Annie Mitscher. For services to the British community in New Jersey.
* Anna Lee Nathan. For services to the British community in Los Angeles.
* Eric Ronald George Nelson, Attaché, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Cedric Rawnsley Osborne. For public services in Montserrat.
* Janice Sonia Mary Palmer, Personal Assistant to HM Consul\-General, Johannesburg.
* Patricia Frances Parkinson, lately Assistant Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Pretoria.
* Arthur Glyn Parry, Vice\-Consul, HM Consulate\-General, Lille.
* Douglas Sutherland Payne, Professor of Chemistry, Hong Kong University.
* James Watson Purves. For services to agricultural development in Kenya.
* Winifred Robinson. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.
* Rosemary Sandercock. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.
* Isaac Scott. For welfare services to the community in Thailand.
* Kevin Maxwell Sinclair. For services to journalism in Hong Kong.
* Agnes Jannis Skerritt. For services to the community in St. Kitts\-Nevis.
* The Reverend Walter Frank Snedker. For welfare services to seamen in Santos, Brazil.
* Mary Agnes Stilwell. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lisbon.
* Warren Stoutt. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.
* Mary Catherine Swales. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Ghana.
* Darby Burnard Tibbetts. For public and community services in the Cayman Islands.
* Richard Michael White. Second Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Dakar.
* Howard Kung\-kuen Yung. Maintenance Surveyor, Housing Department, Hong Kong.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* [Alan Edmund William Edwards](/wiki/Alan_Edwards_%28actor%29 "Alan Edwards (actor)"), Artistic Director, [Queensland Theatre Company](/wiki/Queensland_Theatre_Company "Queensland Theatre Company").
* Evelyn Haswell Kuskie. For service to the community.
* [Paul Edward McLean](/wiki/Paul_McLean_%28rugby_union%29 "Paul McLean (rugby union)"). For service to Rugby Union.
* Monica Desmond Penny. For public service.
* Helen Bannister Philp. For services to the community.
* Pastor Ivan Lester Roennfeldt. For service to the Aboriginal people.
* Enid Tardent (Mrs. Enid Margaret Fogarty). For service to music and the community.
* William Jesse Wolff. For service to the community.
State of South Australia
* The Honourable [Maynard Boyd Dawkins](/wiki/Maynard_Boyd_Dawkins "Maynard Boyd Dawkins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MLC}}. For service to choral music.
* Heinrich Diestel\-Feddersen. For services to the potato industry and the German community.
* Roberto Mario Antonio Masi. For services to the Italian community.
* Ronald Hannaford Sedsman. For services to the [Royal Adelaide Show](/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Show "Royal Adelaide Show").
* Lionel Garth Sims. For services to local government and the community.
* Aileen Martha Wilson. For services to the Aboriginal community.
State of Western Australia
* Leslie George Clarke. For service to the community.
* John Talbot Hunn. For service to scouting.
* William Howard King. For public service.
* Albert John Pepperell. For service to industry.
* William Rupert Stevens. For service to the vegetable industry.
State of Tasmania
* Margaret Frances Elliston. For services to the Girl Guide movement.
* Douglas Lindsay Youd. For service to the sport of wood chopping.
|
[
"### Order of the British Empire",
"#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)",
"Civil Division\n* The Most Honourable [Elizabeth Shirley Vaughan, Marchioness of Anglesey](/wiki/Shirley_Paget%2C_Marchioness_of_Anglesey \"Shirley Paget, Marchioness of Anglesey\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For public service.\n* [Olga Nikolaevna Uvarov](/wiki/Olga_Uvarov \"Olga Uvarov\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For services to veterinary medicine.",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)",
"Civil Division\n* [David Arthur Roberts](/wiki/David_Roberts_%28diplomat%29 \"David Roberts (diplomat)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG, CVO}}, [HM Ambassador, Beirut](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Lebanon \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Lebanon\").",
"#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Captain [Brian Thomas Brown](/wiki/Brian_Brown_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Brian Brown (Royal Navy officer)\").\n* Matron\\-in\\-Chief [Margaret Elizabeth Collins](/wiki/Margaret_Elizabeth_Collins \"Margaret Elizabeth Collins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RRC, QHNS}}, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service \"Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service\").\n* Commodore [Robert Cameron Hastie](/wiki/Robert_Cameron_Hastie \"Robert Cameron Hastie\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD, DL}}, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve \"Royal Naval Reserve\").\n* Captain James Trevor Lord.",
"Army\n* Colonel Colin Edward George Carrington (445814\\), late [Royal Corps of Transport](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Transport \"Royal Corps of Transport\").\n* Brigadier Godfrey John Curl (381805\\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals \"Royal Corps of Signals\") (now R.A.R.O.).\n* Brigadier [Peter Edgar de la Cour de la Billière](/wiki/Peter_de_la_Billi%C3%A8re \"Peter de la Billière\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSO, MC}}, (424859\\), late [The Light Infantry](/wiki/The_Light_Infantry \"The Light Infantry\").\n* Colonel John Graham Evans, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (420391\\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers \"Corps of Royal Engineers\"), [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Reserve (United Kingdom)\").\n* Brigadier Ronald Edward Lewis Jenkins, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ADC}}, (393710\\), late Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Brigadier Donald Jolliffe London, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, ADC}}, (364097\\), late Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Brigadier Douglas Stuart Paton, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE, QHP}}, (424915\\), late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal Army Medical Corps\").\n* Colonel Nigel Maxwell Still (455626\\), late [17th/21st Lancers](/wiki/17th/21st_Lancers \"17th/21st Lancers\").",
"Royal Air Force\n* Air Commodore Peter Gibbs Peacock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Group Captain Allan Baillie Blackley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFC}}.\n* Group Captain Kenneth George Hunter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Group Captain Andrew Lyle Roberts, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFC}}.",
"Civil Division\n* Richard Borlase Adams, Chief Executive, [Peninsular \\& Oriental Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Peninsular_%26_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company \"Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company\").\n* David Percival Bethel, Director, [Leicester Polytechnic](/wiki/Leicester_Polytechnic \"Leicester Polytechnic\").\n* Professor [Peter Gilroy Bevan](/wiki/Peter_Gilroy_Bevan \"Peter Gilroy Bevan\"), Consultant Surgeon, [Dudley Road Hospital](/wiki/Dudley_Road_Hospital \"Dudley Road Hospital\"), West Birmingham Health Authority.\n* John Alexander Black, Chairman, Solihull Health Authority.\n* Professor [Derek William Bowett](/wiki/Derek_Bowett \"Derek Bowett\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}. For services to International Law.\n* John Goodwin Campbell, Vice President, Machine Tool Trades Association. For services to Export.\n* David Macbeth Moir Carey, lately Legal Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury.\n* Janet Inglis Dick Chalmers. For political service.\n* Geoffrey Charles Chouffot, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)\").\n* James Robertson Cowan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board \"National Coal Board\").\n* James Crooks, Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, [University of Dundee](/wiki/University_of_Dundee \"University of Dundee\").\n* Geoffrey Robert Crosby, lately Director of Professional and Executive Recruitment, [Department of Employment](/wiki/Department_of_Employment \"Department of Employment\").\n* John Alan Cumming, Chairman, The [Building Societies Association](/wiki/Building_Societies_Association \"Building Societies Association\").\n* [Lionel Frederick Dakers](/wiki/Lionel_Frederick_Dakers \"Lionel Frederick Dakers\"), Director, The [Royal School of Church Music](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Church_Music \"Royal School of Church Music\").\n* Leonard Hurworth Dale, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chairman and Managing Director, Dale Electric International plc. For services to Export.\n* [Donald Watts Davies](/wiki/Donald_Watts_Davies \"Donald Watts Davies\"), Deputy Chief Scientific Officer, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)\").\n* Roy Dennis Downham, lately Director of Finance, [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority \"Independent Broadcasting Authority\").\n* Martin Robert Draper, lately Registrar, [General Medical Council](/wiki/General_Medical_Council \"General Medical Council\").\n* [Philip Dunleavy](/wiki/Philip_Dunleavy \"Philip Dunleavy\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For services to local government in [South Glamorgan](/wiki/South_Glamorgan \"South Glamorgan\").\n* Danilo Anthony Alexander Fagandini, Chairman, Specialised Organics Sector Working Party.\n* James Bernard Fitzpatrick, Managing Director and Chief Executive, [Mersey Docks and Harbour Company](/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Company \"Mersey Docks and Harbour Company\").\n* [Albert Edward Frost](/wiki/Albert_Frost \"Albert Frost\"), for services to Industry and the Arts.\n* Winnie Frost, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, (Mrs. Brothwood), Chairman, Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee.\n* John Glendinning, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office \"Scottish Office\").\n* Peter Goodall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, Hepworth Ceramic Holdings plc. For services to Export.\n* John Everard Grandidge, Chairman and Managing Director, [Negretti \\& Zambra](/wiki/Negretti_%26_Zambra \"Negretti & Zambra\") (Aviation) Ltd.\n* Geoffrey Samuel Grantham, Chairman, [Potato Marketing Board](/wiki/Potato_Marketing_Board \"Potato Marketing Board\").\n* Denis Everett Gray, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chairman, Central Council of Magistrates' Courts' Committees.\n* Francis Gerard Guckian, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Chairman, Western Health and Social Services Board.\n* David Hall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police \"Humberside Police\").\n* [Eric Walter Handley](/wiki/Eric_Handley \"Eric Handley\"), [Professor of Greek, University College, London](/wiki/Professor_of_Greek_%28University_College_London%29 \"Professor of Greek (University College London)\").\n* [(Charles) Jeremy Mawdesley Hardie](/wiki/Jeremy_Hardie \"Jeremy Hardie\"), lately Deputy Chairman, [Monopolies and Mergers Commission](/wiki/Monopolies_and_Mergers_Commission \"Monopolies and Mergers Commission\").\n* William Harding, for political and public service.\n* Robert Paschal Harries, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Chief Executive, [Wiltshire County Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_County_Council \"Wiltshire County Council\").\n* Leonard John Hayward, Consultant, [Department of Health and Social Security](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security \"Department of Health and Social Security\").\n* Roy Kenneth Leonard Hill, Chairman, [South West Water](/wiki/South_West_Water \"South West Water\") Authority.\n* [Alun Hoddinott](/wiki/Alun_Hoddinott \"Alun Hoddinott\"), Professor of Music, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff \"University College, Cardiff\").\n* [Richard Gordon Holme](/wiki/Richard_Holme%2C_Baron_Holme_of_Cheltenham \"Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham\"), for political and public service.\n* Professor [John Theodore Houghton](/wiki/John_Theodore_Houghton \"John Theodore Houghton\"), Director, Appleton, [Science and Engineering Research Council](/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council \"Science and Engineering Research Council\").\n* John Morrison Hunter, Master (Bankruptcy), [Supreme Court of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Northern_Ireland \"Supreme Court of Northern Ireland\").\n* Michael William Ivens, for political and public service.\n* John Derek Ivins, Professor of Agriculture, [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham \"University of Nottingham\").\n* Edward Oliver Jackson, Assistant Solicitor, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue \"Board of Inland Revenue\").\n* John Knowelden, Professor of Community Medicine, [University of Sheffield](/wiki/University_of_Sheffield \"University of Sheffield\").\n* Richard James Knowlton, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Firemaster, [Strathclyde Fire Brigade](/wiki/Strathclyde_Fire_Brigade \"Strathclyde Fire Brigade\").\n* John Bathgate Knox, Chairman, Tayside Area Health Board.\n* [Ralph Koltai](/wiki/Ralph_Koltai \"Ralph Koltai\"), Theatrical Designer.\n* Henry Justus Kroch, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, AB Electronic Products Group plc.\n* John Trend Lacy, for political service.\n* Professor [László Lajtha](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lajtha_%28scientist%29 \"László Lajtha (scientist)\"), Director, Paterson Laboratories, [Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute](/wiki/The_Christie_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"The Christie NHS Foundation Trust\"), Manchester.\n* John Patrick Grosvenor Lawrence, for political service.\n* [Richard Maitland Laws](/wiki/Richard_Maitland_Laws \"Richard Maitland Laws\"), Director, [British Antarctic Survey](/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey \"British Antarctic Survey\").\n* [George Ronald Lewin](/wiki/Ronald_Lewin \"Ronald Lewin\"), Military Historian.\n* David Walter Llewellyn, Chairman, Building Regulations Advisory Committee.\n* Brian Beynon Lloyd, Chairman, Health Education Council.\n* Alan Frederick Longworth, Assistant Secretary, [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Food_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)\").\n* Professor [Philip Noel Love](/wiki/Philip_Noel_Love \"Philip Noel Love\"), lately President, [The Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/The_Law_Society_of_Scotland \"The Law Society of Scotland\").\n* John Roger Lovill, Chairman, Local Authorities Conditions of Service Advisory Board.\n* [Ian McColl](/wiki/Ian_McColl_%28journalist%29 \"Ian McColl (journalist)\"), lately Chairman, Scottish Express Newspapers.\n* Sir [Nevil John Wilfred MacReady](/wiki/Sir_Nevil_Macready%2C_3rd_Baronet \"Sir Nevil Macready, 3rd Baronet\"),{{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=Bt.}}, Managing Director, [Mobil Oil Co. Ltd](/wiki/Mobil \"Mobil\").\n* [(Francis) George Mann](/wiki/George_Mann_%28cricketer%29 \"George Mann (cricketer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSO, MC}}, Chairman, [Test and County Cricket Board](/wiki/Test_and_County_Cricket_Board \"Test and County Cricket Board\").\n* [Jonathan Wolfe Miller](/wiki/Jonathan_Wolfe_Miller \"Jonathan Wolfe Miller\"), Actor, Author and Director.\n* Alan George Newton, Company Engineering Director, [Rolls\\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd \"Rolls-Royce Ltd\").\n* Roy Charles Niles, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}. For political and public service.\n* [Patrick John Nuttgens](/wiki/Patrick_Nuttgens \"Patrick Nuttgens\"), Director, [Leeds Polytechnic](/wiki/Leeds_Polytechnic \"Leeds Polytechnic\").\n* Roy Chalice Orford, Managing Director, International Military Services Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Ion Hunter Touchet Garnett\\-Orme, Chairman, [St. Dunstan's](/wiki/Blind_Veterans_UK \"Blind Veterans UK\").\n* Norman Sidney Francis Palmer, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DFC}}, Assistant Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\").\n* William Alexander Palmer, Chairman, Flour Milling and Baking Research Association.\n* Colonel Christopher Matthew Peterson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For political and public service.\n* [David Terence Puttnam](/wiki/David_Terence_Puttnam \"David Terence Puttnam\"), Film Producer.\n* Patrick Vaughan Radford, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, TD}}. For political service.\n* James Deans Rankin, Chief Inspector, Cruelty to Animals Act Inspectorate, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\").\n* Anne Theresa, Lady Ricketts, Chairman, National Association of [Citizens' Advice Bureaux](/wiki/Citizens%27_Advice_Bureau \"Citizens' Advice Bureau\").\n* James Ring, Professor of Physics, [Imperial College of Science and Technology](/wiki/Imperial_College_of_Science_and_Technology \"Imperial College of Science and Technology\").\n* Clifford Alan Rose, Member, [British Railways Board](/wiki/British_Railways_Board \"British Railways Board\").\n* Hutchinson Burt Sneddon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For public service in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\").\n* Ronald James South, Principal, The [City Literary Institute](/wiki/City_Literary_Institute \"City Literary Institute\").\n* Nora MacLaren Spensley. For political service.\n* Professor [Robert Walter Steel](/wiki/Robert_Walter_Steel \"Robert Walter Steel\"), lately Principal, [University College of Swansea](/wiki/University_College_of_Swansea \"University College of Swansea\").\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Robert Christie Stewart, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Chairman, East of Scotland College of Agriculture.\n* John Tatlock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Managing Director, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd \"British Nuclear Fuels Ltd\").\n* Captain Laurence William Howson Taylor, Royal Navy (Retd.), lately Director of Marine Services (Naval), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* Alfred Caleb Victor Telling. For political service.\n* George Frederick Thomason, Professor of Industrial Relations, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff \"University College, Cardiff\").\n* Jack Vennart, lately Director, Medical Research Council Radiobiology Unit, Harwell.\n* John Kenneth Warburton, Director, Birmingham Chamber of Industry and Commerce. For services to Export.\n* Bronson Patricia Rose Ward, Director, [Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education](/wiki/Crewe_and_Alsager_College_of_Higher_Education \"Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education\"), Cheshire.\n* [Michael Phelps Ward](/wiki/Michael_Ward_%28mountaineer%29 \"Michael Ward (mountaineer)\"). For services to Mountaineering.\n* Roy William Watson, Director General, [National Farmers' Union](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales \"National Farmers' Union of England and Wales\").\n* Thomas Weatherby, Chairman, Textiles and other Manufactures Research and Development Requirements Board.\n* Eric Frederick Webster, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Assistant Secretary, Paymaster General's Office.\n* Professor [John Edward Clement Twarowski White](/wiki/John_White_%28art_historian%29 \"John White (art historian)\"), lately Chairman, [Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art](/wiki/Reviewing_Committee_on_the_Export_of_Works_of_Art \"Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art\").\n* Stuart Leonard Whiteley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Suffolk Constabulary](/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary \"Suffolk Constabulary\").\n* John Charles Willmott, Professor of Physics and Director of the Physical Laboratories, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\").\n* [Ian Clark Wood](/wiki/Ian_Wood_%28businessman%29 \"Ian Wood (businessman)\"), Chairman and Managing Director, [John Wood Group plc](/wiki/Wood_Group \"Wood Group\").\n* Professor [George Peter Youngman](/wiki/George_Peter_Youngman \"George Peter Youngman\"), Landscape Architect.",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Joseph Anthony Barnett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Representative, British Council, Brazil.\n* Maurice Bryan Eaden, HM Consul\\-General, Amsterdam.\n* John Linden Lee. For services to British commercial interests in Australia.\n* [Donald Poon\\-huai Liao](/wiki/Donald_Liao \"Donald Liao\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Secretary for Housing, Hong Kong.\n* Myles Falkiner Minchin, lately Chief of Secretariat Services Division, United Nations Organisation, New York.\n* William Stewart Stewart. For services to British interests in Kuwait.\n* [Alex Shu\\-chin Wu](/wiki/Alex_Wu \"Alex Wu\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For public services in Hong Kong.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* John Thomas Delaney. For service to racing.\n* William Edward Meynink. For service to the grazing industry.",
"State of South Australia\n* William Faulding Scammell. For service to the pharmaceutical industry and the community.",
"State of Tasmania\n* [Eric William Beattie](/wiki/Bill_Beattie_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Bill Beattie (Australian politician)\"). For political and community service.",
"#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commander (Acting Captain) Albert Eric Allen.\n* Commander Norman Alastair Bourne Anson.\n* Commander Christopher Ellis Baker.\n* Commander Richard John Campbell.\n* Surgeon Commander Charles William Chapman.\n* Commander Geoffrey Stuart Cryer.\n* Commander Ralph Edwin Hoskin.\n* Commander Eric Marshall.\n* Commander Mesod Isaac Massias, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Major Timothy Aleyne Sanders, Royal Marines.\n* Chief Officer Olive Valerie Thomas, Women's Royal Naval Service.",
"Army\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Edward Colligan (485617\\), Royal Horse Artillery.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Cowan (474845\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Ordnance Executive Officer) Ronald Leslie Davies (482351\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps (now R.A.R.O.).\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Elsie Joyce Edwards (483715\\), Women's Royal Army Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Charles Vivian Hunt, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (474169\\), The Royal Yeomanry, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel David Thomas Kinnear (459986\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Graham Malcolm Longdon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (459291\\), The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) David Falcon Mallam, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (455060\\), Army Air Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Edward William Martin (467600\\), The Parachute Regiment.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Colin Newby (470441\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Rayner James Nicholls (437130\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Joseph Mary O'Dea (449023\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Christopher Sherry, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (462723\\), Royal Army Educational Corps.\n* Acting Colonel Stanley Hume Sobey (452833\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Acting Lieutenant Colonel Clifford Eric Taber (395571\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel [Christopher Brooke Quentin Wallace](/wiki/Christopher_Wallace_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Christopher Wallace (British Army officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (472644\\), The Royal Green Jackets.\n* Lieutenant Colonel George Somerville Welch, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (489723\\), Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) [John Finlay Willasey Wilsey](/wiki/John_Wilsey \"John Wilsey\"), (461522\\), The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.",
"Royal Air Force\n* Acting Group Captain Philip Gathorne Gibson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (660230\\), [RAF Regiment](/wiki/RAF_Regiment \"RAF Regiment\").\n* Wing Commander Robin Chambers (3514359\\).\n* Wing Commander Simon John Coy (608528\\).\n* Wing Commander Geoffrey Eaton Culpitt (4158653\\).\n* Wing Commander (now Group Captain) Sidney Albert Edwards (607641\\).\n* Wing Commander John Gerald Lumsden (608160\\).\n* Wing Commander Brian John Marks (5020376\\).\n* Wing Commander Robert Peter O'Brien (608178\\).\n* Wing Commander John David O'Dwyer\\-Russell (2461166\\), RAF Regiment.\n* Wing Commander Ronald Anthony Slade (2557583\\), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/RAFVR%28T%29 \"RAFVR(T)\").\n* Squadron Leader Ronald William Haddow, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFM}}, (4149473\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Janet Muir Addison. For political service.\n* [John Bernard Ainslie](/wiki/Jack_Ainslie \"Jack Ainslie\"). For political and public service.*[The London Gazette](/wiki/The_London_Gazette \"The London Gazette\")*, Issue 49212 (Supplement), 30 December 1982, [p. 9](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49212/supplement/9)\n* William Lauchlan Armstrong, Deputy Director and Secretary, Scottish Engineering Employers' Association.\n* Clifford Ashall, lately Assistant Director, [Centre for Overseas Pest Research](/wiki/Anti-Locust_Research_Centre \"Anti-Locust Research Centre\"), Overseas Development Administration.\n* William Gordon Ayling, Secretary, Argyll and Clyde Health Board.\n* Anthony Granville Babbage, Director of Housing, London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.\n* Noel Ernest Barker. For political service.\n* Captain Arthur Henry Barton, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, Northern Ireland UNESCO Committee.\n* Commander Peter Bryan Beazley, Royal Navy (Retd.), Naval Assistant to Hydrographer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Arnold Heyworth Beckett, Professor of Pharmacy, [Chelsea College, University of London](/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology \"Chelsea College of Science and Technology\").\n* Alan Abraham Benjamin, Director of Communications, CAP Group Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Geoffrey John Bennett, Deputy Managing Director, Racal Tacticom Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Rodney Hewson Bennett. For services to the community in Hereford and Worcester.\n* [Marcus Hugh Crofton Binney](/wiki/Marcus_Binney \"Marcus Binney\"). For services to Building Conservation.\n* James Davidson Boyd, lately Curator, Dundee Museums and Art Galleries.\n* Elizabeth Johnston Eccles Bradley, Chairman, Rochdale Family Practitioner Committee.\n* Muriel Brain, General Secretary, National Federation of the Blind of the United Kingdom.\n* Geoffrey Broome, Chief Executive, Hops Marketing Board Ltd.\n* Harry Gwynne Brown, lately Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* John Burnip Browning, lately Headmaster, Heartsease Comprehensive School, Norwich.\n* Thomas Bryans, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chief General Manager, Trustee Savings Bank Central Board.\n* [Thomas Ferrier Burns](/wiki/Thomas_Ferrier_Burns \"Thomas Ferrier Burns\"), lately Editor, *[The Tablet](/wiki/The_Tablet \"The Tablet\")*.\n* John Graham Butlin, Director, Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association.\n* David Charles Butts, Governor, [Scottish Council for Educational Technology](/wiki/Scottish_Council_for_Educational_Technology \"Scottish Council for Educational Technology\").\n* [Max Bygraves](/wiki/Max_Bygraves \"Max Bygraves\") (Walter William Bygraves), Entertainer.\n* William Arthur Cadman. For services to Wildlife Conservation.\n* Professor Thomas Francis Carbery, Deputy Chairman, Scottish Consumer Council.\n* Albert Kenneth Carsley, Lately Headmaster, Bexton County Junior School, Knutsford, Cheshire.\n* [William Fisher Hunter Carson](/wiki/Willie_Carson \"Willie Carson\"). For services to Horse Racing.\n* Angela Heathcote Clarke. For political service.\n* Eric James Cockell, lately Chief Auditor, Exchequer and Audit Department.\n* Commander Francis William Collins, Royal Navy (Retd.). For services to Sport, particularly the Torch Trophy Trust.\n* John Augustine Collins, Director of Manufacturing Technology, Domestic Appliance Division, [TI Group](/wiki/TI_Group \"TI Group\") plc.\n* David Henry Conville, Managing and Artistic Director, [Open Air Theatre, Regents Park](/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_Open_Air_Theatre \"Regent's Park Open Air Theatre\").\n* Cyril Edwin Cox, Reader in Education, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education \"UCL Institute of Education\").\n* Jeanne Margaret Currie, Secretary, [Association of Educational Psychologists](/wiki/Association_of_Educational_Psychologists \"Association of Educational Psychologists\").\n* Joseph David. For services to the [British Standards Institution](/wiki/British_Standards_Institution \"British Standards Institution\").\n* David Tom Davies, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MM}}. For services to local government in Dyfed.\n* Robert Davis, Deputy Chairman, Central Arbitration Committee, General Workers' Group, [Transport and General Workers' Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union \"Transport and General Workers' Union\").\n* Robin Henry Day, Design Consultant, Hille International Ltd.\n* Captain Stanley Wilson Dean, lately Captain and Commodore of Fleet, Shell Tankers (UK) Ltd.\n* William Henry Deane, Superintending Planning Officer, Department of the Environment.\n* Denis Aufrere Stanley de Freitas, Chairman, British Copyright Council.\n* David Dick, Chairman, Fire Services Examination Board (Scotland).\n* Professor [Kenneth William Donald](/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald \"Kenneth William Donald\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSC}}. For services to underwater safety.\n* William Anderson Donaldson, Professor and Head of Department of Operational Research, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde \"University of Strathclyde\").\n* Pamela Elwes Dunbar. For political service.\n* [Gerald Malcolm Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Malcolm_Durrell \"Gerald Malcolm Durrell\"), Director, [Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust](/wiki/Jersey_Wildlife_Preservation_Trust \"Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust\").\n* David Ernest Evans. For political service.\n* William Geraint Evans, Assistant Editor, [The Royal Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Society \"The Royal Society\").\n* Tom William Fisher, District Nursing Officer, Tameside and Glossop Health Authority.\n* David Jocelyn Fishlock, Science Editor, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*.\n* Patrick Joseph Flynn, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, lately Deputy Assistant Commissioner, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police \"Metropolitan Police\").\n* Lilian Joan Mary Fox, Principal Establishment Officer, London H.Q. [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority \"UK Atomic Energy Authority\").\n* Margaret Louise Fry. For political service.\n* Gilbert Theodore Fuge, Managing Director, Prismo Universal Ltd.\n* David Gilbert Geach, Principal, Department of Trade.\n* Frank Dale Gibson. For political and public service.\n* Kenneth Alan Gilbert, Managing Director, Geevor Tin Mines plc.\n* Ronald Crispin Gill, lately Editor, *[The Countryman](/wiki/Countryman_%28magazine%29 \"Countryman (magazine)\")*.\n* Kelvin Glendenning, Leader, Corby District Council.\n* John Laurence Gould, Chairman, Laurence Gould and Co. Ltd., ULG Consultants Ltd.\n* Beatrice Mary, Lady Graham. For services to disabled people in North Yorkshire.\n* [Winston Mawdsley Graham](/wiki/Winston_Graham \"Winston Graham\"), Writer.\n* George David Grant, Chief Executive, Nithsdale District Council.\n* Francis Charles Graves, Senior Partner, Francis C. Graves \\& Partners.\n* Major Geoffrey Carne Green, lately Leader, Brentwood District Council.\n* Jacob Gwyn Griffiths, Farmer, Knelston, Gower. For services to agriculture in Wales.\n* David Latham Grundy, Technical Director, Integrated Circuits Group, Ferranti Electronics Ltd.\n* Frank Gerald Haigh, Assistant Chief Probation Officer, West Yorkshire Probation and After\\-Care Service.\n* Dennis Hale, Deputy Chief Engineer (Transport), Metropolitan Police.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Henry Robert Hall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For services to the Scout Association in Jersey.\n* Brian Thomas Harris, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}, [Clerk to the Justices](/wiki/Justices%27_clerk \"Justices' clerk\"), Poole, Dorset.\n* Frederick Charles Harris, Counselling Adviser, West Midlands Small Firms Service.\n* Walter Basil Hatcher. For political and public service.\n* George Hayes, Director, South Yorkshire Area, National Coal Board.\n* Terence Thompstone Henshaw, Group Electrical and Energy Engineer, Amey Roadstone Corporation.\n* Kenneth Charles Henry Herring, lately Divisional Director (Industrial/Consumer), Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd.\n* Geoffrey Graham Hilditch, General Manager, [Leicester City Transport](/wiki/First_Leicester \"First Leicester\").\n* Richard Desmond Hill. For services to Rowing.\n* Eric Hoggarth. For services to the Science and Engineering Research Council.\n* Victor Leonard Holt, lately Senior Principal, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Daniel Horrocks, Chairman, Broseley Estates Ltd.\n* Andrew Beatty Houstoun, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, DL}}, lately Convener, Scottish Landowners' Federation.\n* Ronald Charles Howell, General Secretary, The Rainer Foundation; Director, The Intermediate Treatment Fund.\n* Anne Luise Hunter, Clinical Assistant (Neurology), South West Surrey Health District.\n* Thomas Munro Hunter, Secretary, Church of Scotland Committee on Chaplains to HM Forces.\n* Roy Vernon Hurrell, Director, Precision Products Group, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* Captain Maurice Gwynne Hutchinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Member, Council of St. John Ambulance Association, South and West Yorkshire.\n* Edward Robert Jobson. For services to the [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion \"Royal British Legion\").\n* [Brian Alexander Johnston](/wiki/Brian_Alexander_Johnston \"Brian Alexander Johnston\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to Broadcasting and Cricket.\n* Alexander Irving Johnstone, Member, Thames Barrier Advisory Team.\n* William Henry Jolliffe. For political and public service.\n* Dorothy Annie Jones, Nursing Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Myra Jones, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Donald George Eric Kent, General Manager, Blyth Harbour Commission.\n* Michael Donald Laird, Architect, Edinburgh.\n* John Lavelle, Headmaster, Worsbrough High School, Barnsley.\n* Richard Alfred Lee, Chief Executive and Secretary, [Co\\-operative Retail Services](/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Services \"Co-operative Retail Services\") Ltd.\n* Lesley Madeline Lindsay, Northern Ireland Trustee, Women Caring Trust.\n* Bessie Gordon Lloyd, Vice\\-Chairman, Church Army Board.\n* Charles Robert Longman, Controller, Engineering and Operations, BBC Television.\n* Norman Forbes Low, Governor I, [HM Remand Centre, Risley](/wiki/HM_Prison_Risley \"HM Prison Risley\").\n* Ronald Stuart McCulloch, Managing Director, [Cantrell \\& Cochrane](/wiki/Cantrell_%26_Cochrane \"Cantrell & Cochrane\") Ltd.\n* Elaine Maria McDonald, Ballet Dancer, [Scottish Ballet](/wiki/Scottish_Ballet \"Scottish Ballet\").\n* Major Keith Roderick Turing Mackenzie, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to Golf.\n* George Haliburton Dodds Mackie, Deputy General Manager, Scottish Region, British Rail.\n* Andrew McMaster, Senior Principal, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Mary Isabella Blewitt McMaster, Warden and Founder, St. Luke's Home, Oxford.\n* Ada Winifred Maddocks, National Organising Officer, [National Association of Local Government Officers](/wiki/National_Association_of_Local_Government_Officers \"National Association of Local Government Officers\").\n* Wilfrid James Alfred Mann, [HM Inspector of Schools](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Education \"Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education\").\n* Frederick Charles Marks, Chief Executive, Motherwell District Council.\n* Patience Elizabeth Marshall. For services to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Walter Scott Marshall, Leader, Minority Group, Derbyshire County Council.\n* Graham Cyril Mason, Deputy Director, International Affairs, [Confederation of British Industry](/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry \"Confederation of British Industry\"). For services to Export.\n* Peter Alan Mawson, Principal, Department of Employment.\n* Reginald Mercado, Chairman and Chief Executive, Aerospace Engineering plc.\n* George Thomas Meredith, lately Director, Social Services, Norfolk County Council.\n* James Miller, Director, Greenock Plant, IBM United Kingdom Ltd.\n* James Oliver Morris. For public services in Wales.\n* The Reverend [John Marcus Harston Morris](/wiki/John_Marcus_Harston_Morris \"John Marcus Harston Morris\"), Deputy Chairman, [National Magazine Company](/wiki/National_Magazine_Company \"National Magazine Company\") Ltd.\n* Alexander Morrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Strathclyde Police.\n* Commander Edwin Allen Morrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, St. John Council for Hampshire.\n* Richard John Morse, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, West Glamorgan Fire Brigade.\n* Herbert Stephen Mullaly, Vice\\-Chairman, CBI Education Foundation.\n* Charles Neill, lately Chairman, Northern Ireland Coal Advisory Service.\n* Howard Millar Nixon. For services to Bookbinding.\n* Stasys Obcarskas, lately Area Nursing Officer, Salop Area Health Authority.\n* [Detta O'Cathain](/wiki/Detta_O%27Cathain \"Detta O'Cathain\") (Mrs. Bishop), Marketing Adviser to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* Dilys Mary Palmer, Member of the Board, Washington Development Corporation.\n* Dennis Stephen Papworth, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* Joan Partridge. For political and public service.\n* Simon Harry Wood Partridge, Chairman, Butterworth Law Publishers Ltd.\n* Derek Harley Peters. For political service.\n* John Milne Petrie, Engineer and Surveyor, Durham County Council.\n* Sheila Mary Pettit, Historic Buildings Representative, Northumbria, The National Trust.\n* Frederick Forrest Poskitt, Consultant Civil Engineer and Vice\\-Chairman of the Northern Ireland Water Council.\n* Kenneth George Charles Prevette, lately General Secretary, [Cremation Society of Great Britain](/wiki/Cremation_Society_of_Great_Britain \"Cremation Society of Great Britain\").\n* [Douglas Arthur Quadling](/wiki/Douglas_Arthur_Quadling \"Douglas Arthur Quadling\"), Mathematics Tutor, University of Cambridge, Institute of Education.\n* John Frederick Reeve, Chairman, [Costain Civil Engineering Ltd.](/wiki/Costain_Group \"Costain Group\") Chairman, C.T.H. (The Thames Barrier Consortium).\n* Henry Sulien Richards, lately Headmaster, [Sir Thomas Jones School](/wiki/Ysgol_Syr_Thomas_Jones \"Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones\"), Amlwch, Gwynedd.\n* David Griffith Roberts, Chief Executive, Pilkington Ophthalmic Division, Chance Pilkington Ltd.\n* Keith Edward Roberts, Farmer, Suffolk. Deputy Chairman, Meat and Livestock Commission.\n* William Stewart Robertson, Company Director, [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion \"Rediffusion\") plc. For services to Export.\n* Hugh Nigel Croke Ellis\\-Robinson, Programme Director, Mantello Projects, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel James Gray Round, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in Essex.\n* Gerald Frederick Gray Russell, First Class Valuer, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* William Bonney Rust, lately Principal, [Hammersmith and West London College](/wiki/Hammersmith_and_West_London_College \"Hammersmith and West London College\").\n* Brian Scholes, lately Chief Executive, Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council.\n* Maurice David Shaffner, County Prosecuting Solicitor, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council.\n* Norman Henry Sherrard, Senior Executive, Industrial Development Board for Northern Ireland.\n* Donald Herbert Simpson, Librarian and Director of Studies, [Royal Commonwealth Society](/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society \"Royal Commonwealth Society\").\n* John Llewellyn Skinner, Chairman, Derbyshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.\n* Professor George Teeling Smith, Director, [Office of Health Economics](/wiki/The_Office_of_Health_Economics \"The Office of Health Economics\").\n* Ralph Morton Smith, lately Principal, Ministry of Defence.\n* Gerd Walter Christian Sommerhoff, Director, Centre for Creative Technology, [Sevenoaks School](/wiki/Sevenoaks_School \"Sevenoaks School\"), Kent.\n* Ernest Antony Spencer, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, [National Engineering Laboratory](/wiki/National_Engineering_Laboratory \"National Engineering Laboratory\").\n* Leslie Albert Spicer, Consultant, Institute of Freight Forwarders.\n* Eric Elliot Stabler, Secretary, National Health Service Prescription Pricing Authority (England).\n* William Hay Stephen, Chairman, Aberdeen Fish Producers' Organisation Ltd.\n* Robert Alister Strand, lately Registrar, Art and Design, [Council for National Academic Awards](/wiki/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards \"Council for National Academic Awards\").\n* [Mary Noel Streatfeild](/wiki/Mary_Noel_Streatfeild \"Mary Noel Streatfeild\"), Writer.\n* Gerald Sambrooke Sturgess. For services to Yachting.\n* William Royden Stuttaford. For political service.\n* James Alexander Sutherland, lately Principal, Scottish Home and Health Department.\n* William Alfred Sutton, Chairman, Sutton \\& Sons, Road Hauliers.\n* William James Symons, Chief Finance Officer, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission \"Commonwealth War Graves Commission\").\n* Hubert Taggart, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* John Henry Taylor. For political service.\n* Professor [Kathleen Mary Tillotson](/wiki/Kathleen_Mary_Tillotson \"Kathleen Mary Tillotson\"). For services to English Literature.\n* Dorothy Mary Tomlinson. For political and public service.\n* John Barrett Turner, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the magistracy in England and Wales.\n* Joseph Norman Ullock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Cumbria Constabulary.\n* Mary Elizabeth Uprichard, Principal Administrative Education Officer, Central School of Midwifery, Northern Ireland.\n* Alexander Primrose Urquhart, Headmaster, [Kincorth Academy](/wiki/Kincorth_Academy \"Kincorth Academy\"), Aberdeen.\n* Elizabeth Evelyn Murray Usher. For public service, particularly in South\\-West Scotland.\n* Norman Edward Percival Waldren, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* [Ian Bryce Wallace](/wiki/Ian_Wallace_%28singer%29 \"Ian Wallace (singer)\"), Singer and Broadcaster.\n* Leonard Gordon St. John Waterman. For political service.\n* Wilfrid Watkin, General Dental Practitioner, Lowestoft.\n* Craig Robert Galloway Watson, Senior Assistant Editor (Committees), House of Commons.\n* [Alexander McKellar Watt](/wiki/Eric_McKellar_Watt \"Eric McKellar Watt\"), Chairman, McKellar Watt Ltd., Glasgow.\n* James Colin Eden Webster, Chief Executive, British Petroleum Gas.\n* Walter Pollock Weir. For services to forensic pathology in Scotland.\n* Bertrand Harry Whistance, lately Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Elizabeth Mary Whitaker, Member, Board of Visitors, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield \"HM Prison Wakefield\").\n* [Robert John White](/wiki/Robert_John_White \"Robert John White\"). For services to local government in Northern Ireland.\n* John Alexander Whiteside, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Chief Constable, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* John Patrick Charles Wilder, Director, [Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association](/wiki/Psychiatric_Rehabilitation_Association \"Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association\").\n* Geoffrey Francis John Williams, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, [Bronglais Hospital](/wiki/Bronglais_Hospital \"Bronglais Hospital\"), Aberystwyth.\n* Zena Alma Pearl Williams. For services to the community in Buckinghamshire.\n* Willoughby Wilson, Consultant Surgeon, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast \"Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast\").\n* Alfred George Woonton. For services to The Royal Naval Association.",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Monique Akroyd. For services to English\\-language journalism in Belgium.\n* Dr. Ian Baker, Assistant Representative, British Council, India.\n* William Alan Belsham. For services to British interests in Swaziland.\n* Jonathan Betts, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Cairo.\n* Anthony John Maitland Blumer. For services to British commercial interests in Malaysia.\n* Robert Briggs. For services to the British community in Baghdad.\n* Arthur Kenneth Bromley. For services to British commercial interests in Italy.\n* Dr. William Nanscawan Brown, Representative, British Council, Denmark.\n* Richard Butters, First Secretary (Commercial), British High Commission, Nairobi.\n* Hubert Michael Close, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to education in Pakistan.\n* Geoffrey George Collins, lately First Secretary, (Commercial) HM Embassy, Rangoon.\n* Brian John Cordery. For services to the British community in Paris.\n* Dr. John Cecil Davies. For services to agricultural research in India.\n* William Stewart Dundas. For services to technical co\\-operation in the Yemen Arab Republic.\n* Craddock Ebanks. For public services in the Cayman Islands.\n* Michael John Evans. For services to British commercial interests in Baghdad.\n* John Harold Geoffrey Foley, lately Representative, British Council, Ecuador.\n* Bernard Damien Gately, lately First Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Athens.\n* Raymond Bruce Giles. For services to British commercial interests in Japan.\n* Samuel Victor Gittins, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* John Coldwell Griffiths, lately Magistrate, Hong Kong.\n* Charles Hargrove. For services to journalism in Paris.\n* James Neil Henderson, Commissioner for Labour, Hong Kong.\n* Edward Richard Charles Holland, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately HM Consul\\-General, Alexandria.\n* Noel Alexander Johnston. For services to British shipping interests in Belgium.\n* Dr. Stephen Richard Keating. For medical services to the community in Seychelles.\n* Kenneth William Kelley, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.\n* Colonel Anthony Lawrence King\\-Harman, lately International Staff, NATO, Brussels.\n* Graham Victor Lassetter. For services to British commercial interests in Trinidad.\n* Robert William Lutton. For services to British commercial interests in Singapore:\n* Nicholas Melvyn McCarthy, First Secretary and Head of Chancery, HM Embassy, Dakar.\n* Ian Francis Cluny MacPherson, Regional Secretary, New Territories, Hong Kong.\n* Timothy James Murphy. For services to British commercial interests in Spain.\n* David George Pacy. For services to British commercial interests in New York.\n* George Marshall Paton. For services to technical co\\-operation in Ghana.\n* [Bernard Edward Pauncefort](/wiki/Bernard_Pauncefort \"Bernard Pauncefort\"), lately Administrator, Ascension Island.\n* John Denis Prifti. For services to British shipping interests in Sierra Leone.\n* James Henry Ramagge. For services to the building industry in Gibraltar.\n* Ronald Leslie Reeves, lately First Secretary, HM Embassy, Washington.\n* Christopher John Spencer Rundle, First Secretary, British Interests Section, Royal Swedish Embassy, Tehran.\n* Colin Harry Cecil Rutherford. For services to the British community in Venezuela.\n* Nigel Edward Salmon. For services to British commercial and community interests in Nigeria.\n* Oliver Richard Siddle, Representative, British Council, Hong Kong.\n* Warren Cecil Tyson. For public and community services in St. Kitts\\-Nevis.\n* Frederick Langtree Walker. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* Jack Lewis Wicker. For services to British commercial interests in Paris.\n* Leonard Kenneth Young, Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, Hong Kong University.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* Charles Victor Boyd. For service to the community.\n* Reverend Owen Kevin Oxenham. For service to the Church and the community.\n* Roy Max Reynolds. Councillor, Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland.\n* Dr. Keith William Kirkland Shaw. For service to medicine.",
"State of South Australia\n* [Allan Robert Charles McLean](/wiki/Bob_McLean_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Bob McLean (Australian footballer)\"). For service to sport.\n* Stanley William Otto Menzel. For service to irrigation and piping technology.\n* Cedric Jeffrey Thomson. For service to the law.\n* William Herbert Wylie. For service to production engineering, cattle breeding and horse racing.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Dr. Carl Georgeff. For service to the community.\n* Reginald John Trigg. For service to insurance and surf life saving.",
"State of Tasmania\n* Roy Alexander Gourlay. For service to the community.",
"#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Lieutenant Commander (SCC) John Bailie, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Lieutenant (CS) Stephen Lionel Baker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, Royal Marines.\n* Lieutenant Commander David Albert Bartlett.\n* Fleet Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (R) Simon Hugh Beel, J926468Q.\n* Lieutenant Commander Dennis Corless.\n* Lieutenant Commander (Honorary Commander) Anthony Roger Evans.\n* Lieutenant Commander Peter Bernard Evershed.\n* Warrant Officer First Class John Robert French, Royal Marines, PO19457L.\n* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Robert Fyleman.\n* Lieutenant Charles Victor Hanna.\n* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Arnold Harrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=VRD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Fleet Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic Joseph Ivan James, M915230Y.\n* Senior Nursing Officer Ethel Jean Kidd, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.\n* Fleet Chief Writer Joseph John O'Mahony, DO74522X.\n* Lieutenant Commander John Richard Taylor.\n* Lieutenant Commander Stanley Colin Wadman.\n* Lieutenant Commander Peter Robert Walwyn.",
"Army\n* Major Thomas Douglas Raeburn Archibald, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (486474\\), Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Major (now Acting Lieutenant Colonel) Albert Raymond Bell (472486\\), Corps of Royal Military Police.\n* Major Anne Kathleen Brown (475397\\), Women's Royal Army Corps.\n* Major Roger Morgan Brumhill, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (480941\\), Corps of Royal Military Police, Territorial Army.\n* Major (Quartermaster) William Ronald Clarke (496655\\), Grenadier Guards.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) George Ingram Cooper (502108\\), Scots Guards.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Stuart Cottage, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (462271\\), Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.\n* 24003203 Warrant Officer Class 2 Raymonde Dewsnap, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* 23750661 Warrant Officer Class 1 James Doherty, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major Robert Hugh Geoffrey Elford (489183\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Malcolm Denzil Evans (496127\\), Royal Tank Regiment.\n* Major Graham Anderson Ewer (479220\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Major Robin Anthony Field\\-Smith (489314\\), Royal Army Educational Corps.\n* Acting Major James Austin Brown Gibson (468898\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Major Patrick John Henderson (490198\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Terence Graham Hodgetts (501942\\), The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment).\n* Major William Michael Whewell Jackson (473982\\), Intelligence Corps.\n* Major Richard Michael Lambe (482768\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* Major Donald Latham, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ERD, TD}}, (369122\\), Royal Army Pay Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Frank Lawrie (493891\\), Scots Guards.\n* Major Janet Laurie Lawson (494202\\), Women's Army Corps.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Patrick Lewis (501879\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 23864474 Warrant Officer Class 1 Francis Joseph John Lyle, Royal Pioneer Corps.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Ernest John Mann (497080\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23887423 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\\) Kauata Vamarasi Marafono, Special Air Service Regiment.\n* Major James Robert McRae (497779\\), Special Air Service Regiment, Territorial Army.\n* 23206262 Warrant Officer Class 2 Leslie Merifield, Coldstream Guards.\n* Major Alan Mills (472924\\), Royal Army Pay Corps.\n* Major Timothy Julian O'Donnell (491174\\), 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles.\n* Captain (Acting Major) Francis William Price, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (475599\\), The Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th), Territorial Army.\n* LS/14471322 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\\) Gordon William Rabet, The Parachute Regiment.\n* Acting Captain Anthony Philip Solway (459682\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Major Gordon Wallace Stafford (495903\\), Army Air Corps.\n* Captain David James Taggart (496168\\), Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Robert Alexander Tighe (486473\\), The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).\n* 23675401 Warrant Officer Class 1 Geoffrey Richard Tolley, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Major (Director of Music) Gordon Turner (497337\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Arthur Bryan Wheatley (494880\\), Royal Tank Regiment.\n* Major (Quartermaster) William Frederick Whiting, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (489292\\), Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Major Anthony Williams (486411\\), Intelligence Corps.\n* Major (Quartermaster) John Stephen Williams, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DCM}}, (492059\\), The Parachute Regiment.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Henry Wood (506283\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.",
"Royal Air Force\n* Squadron Leader Leslie Brown (2746273\\).\n* Squadron Leader Roger Frederick Richard Carr, (4233050\\).\n* Squadron Leader Roderick Bruce Alexander Moore (4161555\\).\n* Squadron Leader Neil Robert Pollock (1624440\\).\n* Squadron Leader Phillip Wycliffe Roser (608889\\).\n* Squadron Leader Joseph Robert Denis Sauzier (609344\\).\n* Squadron Leader [Graham Skinner](/wiki/Graham_Skinner \"Graham Skinner\") (609364\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Kenneth Albert Butcher (3088345\\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).\n* Flight Lieutenant George William Starling (2337638\\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).\n* Flight Lieutenant Christopher Alan Suckling (690183\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Anne Whitelock (8031838\\), [Women's Royal Air Force](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force \"Women's Royal Air Force\").\n* Acting Flight Lieutenant Davin Richfield Wyatt (683819\\).\n* Warrant Officer Dennis Desmond Cross (H4127958\\).\n* Warrant Officer David Hampton Dorward (D4132468\\).\n* Warrant Officer David Downie (R4022144\\).\n* Warrant Officer Kenneth John Grant (J3503340\\).\n* Warrant Officer Dennis Cecil David Jones (J4004190\\).\n* Warrant Officer William Patrick Lilley, (X4145737\\).\n* Warrant Officer John Richard Lumley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (B0579017\\).\n* Warrant Officer Harold Peach, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (G4143650\\).\n* Warrant Officer Allan David George Smith (U0587283\\).\n* Warrant Officer William George Winterbourne (B2575904\\).\n* Warrant Officer Trevor St. Clair Wonfor (A3526443\\).\n* Master Air Loadmaster Timothy Alan Bond (H0594239\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Nathan Abrahams, lately Director, Mappin (Caterers) plc. For services to the Catering Industry.\n* Arthur John Adam, Member, National Gas Consumers' Council.\n* [Adrian Neil Adams](/wiki/Neil_Adams_%28judoka%29 \"Neil Adams (judoka)\"). For services to [Judo](/wiki/Judo \"Judo\").\n* Paul Vernon Adcock, Executive Officer, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise \"Board of Customs and Excise\").\n* Christina Alice Aikenhead, Area Cancer Registration Officer, Lothian Health Board.\n* David Gear Aitchison, lately Chief Executive, Scottish Fishermen's Federation.\n* Jill Allen, Chairman, Joint Committee on Mobility of the Blind and Partially\\-Sighted People, [National Federation of the Blind](/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind \"National Federation of the Blind\").\n* Anthony Allibone, [General Medical Practitioner](/wiki/General_Medical_Practitioner \"General Medical Practitioner\"), Norfolk.\n* Sidney Francis Walter Arnold, Senior Executive Officer, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue \"Board of Inland Revenue\").\n* George Loudon Atkinson, Area Industrial Relations Officer, North East Area, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board \"National Coal Board\").\n* Cecil Leslie Auckland, Assistant Division Officer, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\").\n* William Henry Austin, Founder and Director, Happy Days Coaches (Woodseaves) Ltd., Stafford.\n* Grace Margaret Axton, lately Principal Adoption Officer, Chichester Diocesan Association for Family Social Work.\n* William Harry Leonard Baker, Chief Instructor (and Organiser), Watford Training Scheme for Motorcyclists.\n* Violet Ballantine. For services to the [National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children](/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children \"National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children\").\n* William Reginald Barber, Marketing Manager, (South America), Cheltenham Division, [Smiths Industries](/wiki/Smiths_Industries \"Smiths Industries\"), Aerospace and Defence Systems Company. For services to Export.\n* Harold John Barker, Planning Manager, D.S.W.P.(N.), Marconi Communication Systems Ltd.\n* Norah Barker, Ward Sister, [Pilgrim Hospital](/wiki/Pilgrim_Hospital \"Pilgrim Hospital\"), South Lincolnshire Health Authority.\n* Sidney Barnard, lately Manager, Export Branch, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes \"Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes\").\n* Eric Leslie Barnes, lately Telecommunications Technical Officer Grade I, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\").\n* Mary Ross Baxter, Deputy Director, National Book League, Scotland.\n* Anthony Herbert Bayman. For political service.\n* Carmen Etheline Marjorie Beckford, Senior Community Relations Officer, Bristol Council for Racial Equality.\n* Joyce Lilian Benham. For services to mentally disabled people in Gravesend and district.\n* Thomas Warwick Bennett, lately manager, London Trade Counter, [Chatto](/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus \"Chatto & Windus\"), [Bodley Head](/wiki/Bodley_Head \"Bodley Head\") \\& [Jonathan Cape](/wiki/Jonathan_Cape \"Jonathan Cape\") Ltd.\n* Mintose Bibby. For political and public service in the North West.\n* Franklin Edwin Birch, lately Clerk, [Worshipful Company of Farriers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers \"Worshipful Company of Farriers\").\n* Violet Mabel Bitchenor, Welfare Officer, Northampton and County Spastics Society.\n* Joseph Paterson Black, General Secretary, [Scottish Police Federation](/wiki/Scottish_Police_Federation \"Scottish Police Federation\").\n* Theresa Black, Senior Nursing Officer, [Stradreagh Hospital](/wiki/Gransha_Hospital \"Gransha Hospital\"), Londonderry.\n* Charles Clarke Bodel, Assistant Director of Research, Lambeg Industrial Research Association.\n* Nancye Kathleen Boobbyer. For services to the Sussex Kidney Trust.\n* Peter Lawrence Booty, Assistant Secretary, London Orchestral Concerts Board.\n* Isaac Henry John Bourne, Medical Officer, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy \"Remploy\") Ltd.\n* Grace Joan Valerie Bourns. For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Donald Benjamin Brewer, Assistant Chief Warning Officer, Horsham, [United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Warning_and_Monitoring_Organisation \"United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation\").\n* Neville Britton, Director, Hartlepool Docks, Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority.\n* Ronald Maxwell Brown, Chief Forester, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission \"Forestry Commission\").\n* Elizabeth Woodrow Browning, Chairman, Association for All Speech\\-Impaired Children.\n* Desmond Charles Buchanan, lately Chief Inspector, [Avon and Somerset Constabulary](/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary \"Avon and Somerset Constabulary\").\n* Commander Bruce Errol Bulbeck, Royal Navy (Retd.), Retired Officer I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Joan Marguerite Burge, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence.\n* Agnes Hope Johnson Burn. For political and public service.\n* John Ralston Butterly, Chairman, Reidvale Housing Association.\n* Olive Hylda Margaret Cass, Superintendent, of Typists, Supplies Department, Greater London Council.\n* George Casson, Clerk, Northumberland Engine Works, Clark Hawthorn Ltd.\n* Margaret Sarah Castle, Nursing Officer, Neo\\-Natal Unit, [Hammersmith Hospital](/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital \"Hammersmith Hospital\"), London.\n* Thomas Cawley, lately Senior Librarian, [Rothamsted Experimental Station](/wiki/Rothamsted_Experimental_Station \"Rothamsted Experimental Station\"), Harpenden.\n* Eric Alfred Chaplin, General Manager, Sub District Area, South East London, The Post Office.\n* Harold Edward Chappell. For services to local government in Lincolnshire.\n* Jacqueline Meynell Cingel, Higher Executive Officer, Department of the Environment.\n* Daphne Diana Clark, Director, Richmond upon Thames Churches' Housing Trust.\n* Francis Arthur Clark. For political service.\n* George Edward Claydon, Chief Superintendent, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police \"Metropolitan Police\").\n* Ernest Reginald Clow, Air Traffic Engineer I, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority \"Civil Aviation Authority\").\n* Peter John Cooke, Executive Engineer, [British Telecom](/wiki/British_Telecom \"British Telecom\").\n* Angela Janet Vera Cotton, Chairman, National Association of [Probation Hostels](/wiki/Approved_Premises \"Approved Premises\").\n* Eileen Ruth Elizabeth Cox. For services to disabled people in Shepperton and District.\n* James Cullen, Convener of Housing Committee, [Gordon District Council](/wiki/Gordon_%28district%29 \"Gordon (district)\").\n* James Cusack, Auxiliary Officer (Technical), [Royal Naval Auxiliary Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Auxiliary_Service \"Royal Naval Auxiliary Service\").\n* George Llewellyn Davies, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSC}}, Engineer's Representative, [Thames Barrier](/wiki/Thames_Barrier \"Thames Barrier\") Project, Rendel, Palmer \\& Tritton, Consulting Engineers.\n* Robert Hefin Davies, Managing Director and Chairman, J. W. Greaves \\& Sons Ltd.\n* Donald Charles Davis, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Energy.\n* Kathleen Margaret Laurie Davis. For services to the community in Wolvey and District, Leicestershire.\n* Michael Edgar Drew Davis, Group Finance and Planning Manager, [Greenall Whitley](/wiki/Greenall_Whitley \"Greenall Whitley\") plc.\n* Nicole Matilde Davoud, Founder and Chairman, Crack MS.\n* James Bartholomew Devine, Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* Eric Ernest Dew. For services to dioceses in the South East.\n* Iqbal Singh Dhut, Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Joyce Mary Dickson, Centre Organiser, Ringwood, Hampshire Branch, [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society \"British Red Cross Society\").\n* Rosemary Cadbury Dickson. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Hilda Ritchie Doran, Senior Lecturer in Primary Education, Aberdeen College of Education.\n* Constance Mona Douglas. For services to Manx Culture.\n* Charles Draper, Manager, Resettlement Unit, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Audrey Alice Grace Duddy, Head, Remedial Department, Saffron Walden County High School.\n* Hazel Catherine Dutton, Matron, Marie Curie Memorial Foundation, Sunnybank Nursing Home, Liverpool.\n* Margaret Easton, lately Administrative Assistant, Careers Service, Tyne and Wear.\n* Audrey Eveline Lucilla Edwards. For services to the community in Hayling Island.\n* Henry Elliott, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Edna Dorothy Embleton. For services to the community in Buckingham.\n* Ronald Walter Emes, Director, The [British Canoe Union](/wiki/British_Canoe_Union \"British Canoe Union\").\n* Sidney Albert England, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.\n* The Reverend Canon Owen Vyvyan Eva, Rector, St. Nicholas, [Halewood](/wiki/Halewood \"Halewood\") Parish Church.\n* Lieutenant Commander Cyril Joseph Evans, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve \"Royal Naval Reserve\") (Retd.), Chairman, Leicester Unit Committee, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)\").\n* Yvonne Winifred Filleul, Personal Secretary, [Cable \\& Wireless plc](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc \"Cable & Wireless plc\").\n* John George Russell Fletcher. For political service.\n* Marjorie Hannah Earnshaw Flowerday, Medical Assistant, [Blood Transfusion Service](/wiki/Blood_Transfusion_Service \"Blood Transfusion Service\"), Sheffield.\n* Bernard William Foreman, Assistant Divisional Organiser, Colchester, [Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers](/wiki/Amalgamated_Union_of_Engineering_Workers \"Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers\").\n* Keith William Forward, Divisional Education Officer, Dartford, Kent.\n* Ursula Una Clare Foss, Disaster Relief Purchasing Officer, British Red Cross Society.\n* Veronique Lucy Vernon Foster, Secretary, South West and Southern Regions, [Abbeyfield Society](/wiki/Abbeyfield_Society \"Abbeyfield Society\").\n* Anthony Conway Gabe. For services to the Blind in Mid\\-Sussex.\n* Alan John Gane, Chief Commandant, Cambridgeshire Special Constabulary.\n* Alexander McLean Garden, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* John Frederick Gardiner, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Edward John George, Detective Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.\n* Richard Dennis Gilbert, Manager, Company Secretariat, B.L. plc.\n* Beatrice Gillam, Member, Council, [Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation](/wiki/Wiltshire_Wildlife_Trust \"Wiltshire Wildlife Trust\").\n* [Duncan Alexander Goodhew](/wiki/Duncan_Goodhew \"Duncan Goodhew\"). For services to Swimming.\n* Donald Frederick Goodwin, Principal Partner, D. \\& P. Goodwin Ltd. (Fruit Growers).\n* Michael Gurnell Green, General Medical Practitioner, Burscough, Lancashire.\n* The Reverend Charles Grice, General Secretary, The [Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Church_Lads%27_and_Church_Girls%27_Brigade \"Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade\").\n* David John Griffith, Commissioner, Clwyd County, St. John Ambulance Brigade.\n* Arnold Grimston, Collector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Mabel Alice Jane Hales. For services to the community in Norfolk.\n* Henry Palmer Halkett, lately Chairman, Local Review Committees, HM Prisons, Aberdeen and Peterhead.\n* Charles William Hall, Works Director, [Ladybird Books](/wiki/Ladybird_Books \"Ladybird Books\") Ltd.\n* Maeve Patricia Hall, lately Member, [Northern Ireland Tourist Board](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board \"Northern Ireland Tourist Board\").\n* James Peter Hamilton, Assistant Secretary, Occupational Safety and Health, Social Insurance and Industrial Welfare Department, [Trades Union Congress](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress \"Trades Union Congress\").\n* Doris Lillian Harris, Personal Secretary, Department of Transport.\n* William George Alfred Hathaway. For services to the community in Usk.\n* Donald William Hawkins, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Kathleen Mary Hazzard, Personal Secretary, Department of Employment.\n* Donald Gill Headley, lately Chief Test Pilot, Brough, Kingston\\-Brough Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* James Ivor Heath, Senior Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Barrie Hesketh, Artistic Director, [Mull Little Theatre](/wiki/Mull_Little_Theatre \"Mull Little Theatre\").\n* [Marianne Edith Frances Hesketh](/wiki/Marianne_Hesketh \"Marianne Hesketh\"), Artistic Director, Mull Little Theatre.\n* George Ernest Hill, Vice\\-Principal, North East Derbyshire College of Further Education, Chesterfield.\n* Edward Wiliam Hobson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Head Teacher, Meltham Church of England Primary School, Kirklees.\n* Edward Joscelyn Holland, Farmer, Staffordshire. For services to agriculture.\n* Robert Hollingdrake, Counsellor, Manchester Small Firms Service.\n* Charles Reginald Hopkin, Chief Superintendent, [North Yorkshire Police](/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police \"North Yorkshire Police\").\n* Clifford Frederick Charles Cecil Hopkins, Site Manager, [Heysham 1](/wiki/Heysham_nuclear_power_station \"Heysham nuclear power station\"), National Nuclear Corporation Ltd.\n* [Jack Howarth](/wiki/Jack_Howarth_%28actor%29 \"Jack Howarth (actor)\") (John Aubrey Conway Howarth), Actor, and for services to charity.\n* John Hoy, lately Manager, Londonderry Terminal, [Shell UK](/wiki/Shell_UK \"Shell UK\") Ltd.\n* Albert Hughes, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* John Hughes, Chairman, Wales Council for the Blind.\n* Edward Arthur Humphreys, lately Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Edward Desmonde Carlisle Hunt, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Ruby Hunt. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Denys Dobell Hutchings, Secretary, [Kennet and Avon Canal Trust](/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Trust \"Kennet and Avon Canal Trust\") Ltd.\n* Isobel June Hutchings. For political service.\n* Florence Rose Inglis, Member, [Monklands District Council](/wiki/Monklands_District_Council \"Monklands District Council\").\n* Robert Stewart Inglis, General Sales Manager, Clyde Canvas Goods \\& Structures Ltd., Port Glasgow.\n* Marjorie Rose Isgar, Headteacher, Perth\\-y\\-Terfyn Infants School, Holywell.\n* Irene Israel, lately General Secretary, Basingstoke Council of Community Service.\n* Bill Jackson, Secretary, Sutton Valence Branch, Agricultural and Allied Workers' National Trade Group.\n* Marlene Jefferson, for services to local government in Londonderry.\n* Ronald Samuel Johnston, Secretary, Rathgael and Whiteabby Schools Management Board, Bangor.\n* Richard ap Simon Jones, Farmer, [Tywyn](/wiki/Tywyn \"Tywyn\"), Gwynedd.\n* Leslie Jordan, lately Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Amy Beatrice Jury, Member of Council, [St. Andrew's Ambulance Association](/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Ambulance_Association \"St. Andrew's Ambulance Association\").\n* Jane Margaret Kendall. For political and public service.\n* Ralph Erskine Kendrick, Vice\\-President, [Boys' Clubs of Wales](/wiki/Boys%27_and_Girls%27_Clubs_of_Wales \"Boys' and Girls' Clubs of Wales\").\n* Pearl Winifred Kerr. For services to [Muckamore Abbey Hospital](/wiki/Muckamore_Abbey_Hospital \"Muckamore Abbey Hospital\"), Antrim.\n* Charles George Herbert Keyse, Senior Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Norah Mabel King, Principal Personnel Assistant, Central Departments, [London Transport](/wiki/London_Transport_Executive_%28GLC%29 \"London Transport Executive (GLC)\").\n* Terence Kinkead, Vice\\-Chairman, Belfast Savings Council.\n* Walter Mansfield Kitchen, Divisional Officer 1, London Fire Brigade.\n* Trevor George Crosby Knight, Joint Chairman, East and West Sussex Supplementary Benefit Appeal Tribunals.\n* Raymond Keith Knowles, Typist, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Thomson Rae Lannigan. For political service.\n* Patrick Larry Lay, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Denis William Lupton Leslie, Chairman, Penlee Station Committee, [Royal National Lifeboat Institution](/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution \"Royal National Lifeboat Institution\").\n* Moira Hamilton Levins, Senior Superintendent of Typists, Department of Education and Science.\n* Leslie Maurice Albert Lightfoot, Sports Editor, *[Windsor, Slough and Eton Express](/wiki/Slough_and_Windsor_Express \"Slough and Windsor Express\")*.\n* Henry Loring, Local Officer Grade II, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Ivy Lough, lately Personal Assistant and Secretary, British Industrial Estates Corporation.\n* Maureen Millicent Lowrey, Senior Nursing Officer, [Frimley Park Hospital](/wiki/Frimley_Park_Hospital \"Frimley Park Hospital\"), West Surrey and North East Hampshire District Health Authority.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Michael Alastair Lowry, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For political service.\n* Gordon David Luckings, Administrative Officer, [ILEA](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority \"Inner London Education Authority\") ([Sydenham School](/wiki/Sydenham_School \"Sydenham School\")).\n* Margaret McGavin. For political service.\n* [Daniel Fergus McGrain](/wiki/Danny_McGrain \"Danny McGrain\"). For services to Association Football in Scotland.\n* Dorothy May Macintyre, Assistant Rector, [Lochaber High School](/wiki/Lochaber_High_School \"Lochaber High School\"), Fort William.\n* Donald MacKay, lately Director of Environmental Health and Housing, East Kilbride District Council.\n* Margaret Jean Mackenzie, Headmistress, Locharron Primary School.\n* [George Edward Mackley](/wiki/George_Mackley \"George Mackley\"), Wood Engraver.\n* David Morrison MacMillan, Secretary, [Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen%27s_Mission \"Fishermen's Mission\").\n* Margaret Mary McNaughton. For political and public service.\n* Thomas Mallaburn, Branch Secretary, [General and Municipal Workers' Union](/wiki/General_and_Municipal_Workers%27_Union \"General and Municipal Workers' Union\").\n* Herbert Edward Maloney. For political and public service.\n* Ruth Manley, Nurse Adviser, Society of Geriatric Nursing, [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing \"Royal College of Nursing\").\n* William James Mann, Member, Ulster Defence Regiment Advisory Council.\n* Audrey Thelma Manyweathers, Clerical Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* June Ida Marmont, Principal Careers Officer, London Borough of Bexley.\n* [Mary Marquis](/wiki/Mary_Marquis \"Mary Marquis\") (Mary Elizabeth Maxwell Anderson), Presenter/Interviewer, [Scotland, British Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/BBC_Scotland \"BBC Scotland\").\n* Lawrence Martin, lately Head, Department of Catering Technology, Granville College of Further Education, Sheffield.\n* Henryk Matuszak. For services to the Polish Community and Penley Hospital, Clwyd.\n* Sidney Ronald Mead. For services to The Forces Help Society and Lord Roberts Workshops.\n* James Meldrum. For charitable services to the Arts in Scotland.\n* Leonard Arthur Metcalf, Passenger Services Manager, Euston, British Rail.\n* John Frederick Miles, Consultant, [Royal Automobile Club](/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club \"Royal Automobile Club\") and [Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Accidents \"Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents\").\n* [Roger Millward](/wiki/Roger_Millward \"Roger Millward\"). For services to Rugby League Football.\n* Henry Frank Hugh Mitchell, Regional Manager, Product Support, India, [Rolls\\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd \"Rolls-Royce Ltd\"). For services to Export.\n* John Leonard Moir, Senior Maintenance Supervisor, Hamilton Brothers.\n* Hester Guthrie Monteath, Head Occupational Therapist, [Royal Edinburgh Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Hospital \"Royal Edinburgh Hospital\").\n* Ravinand Mooneeram, Community/Adult Tutor in South Glamorgan.\n* Edward Morley, Industrial Development Officer, Hartlepool Borough Council.\n* Marjorie Catherine Morrison. For services to the [Architectural Association](/wiki/Architectural_Association \"Architectural Association\").\n* Susan Charlotte Morrow, Clerical Assistant, Police Authority, Northern Ireland.\n* George Mackenzie Murray, Farmer, [Rogart](/wiki/Rogart \"Rogart\"), Sutherland.\n* James Murray, Secretary, Metropolitan and City Police Orphans Fund.\n* Ronald Henry Nethercott, Regional Secretary, Region No. 3, [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union \"Transport and General Workers Union\").\n* Frank John Neve, Principal, Export Sales Management Associates. For services to Export.\n* Violet Ellen Edith Nicholls, Senior Personal Secretary, Public Trustee Office.\n* [Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill](/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill \"Martin O'Neill\"). For services to Association Football.\n* Wyndham John Parker. For political and public service.\n* Ronald Albert Partridge, Professional and Technology Officer Grade II, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Edward Stark Pay, Director, South East Region, Colt International Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Frederick Gordon Thomas Pearce, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Marion Trewhella Richards Pearce. For services to the community in St. Ives.\n* Johanna Maria Chiappini Peebles, lately Secretary, The Friends of St. Paul's Cathedral.\n* Major Albert Harold Pendleton. For services to the community in the Blackpool and Fylde area.\n* Alida Penney, Divisional Nursing Officer, West Suffolk Health Authority.\n* Patrick Thomas Gordon\\-Duff\\-Pennington. For services to the [National Farmers' Union of Scotland](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_Scotland \"National Farmers' Union of Scotland\").\n* Francis Brian Pinney, Secretary, Okehampton and District Branch, Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain.\n* William Edward Plummer, Postal Executive C, Newark Sub\\-Office, Midlands Postal Board, The Post Office.\n* James Ernest Pople, Senior Executive Officer, Management and Personnel Office.\n* Gwendoline Alice Pounds. For services to the community in Marlow, Buckinghamshire.\n* Kenneth Povey, lately Deputy Regional Personnel Officer, West Midlands Regional Health Authority.\n* Archibald Chalmers Purves, Director/Secretary, Hawick Knitwear Manufacturers' Association.\n* Ralph Alexander Raby, Director, Addison Housing Association.\n* Guy Garland Reaks, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}, lately Director, British Leather Federation, for services to Export.\n* Margaret Ellen Richards, lately Administrative Assistant, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education \"UCL Institute of Education\").\n* Christopher Keith Richardson, Principal Research Associate, [Plessey Electronic Systems Research](/wiki/Plessey \"Plessey\").\n* Geoffrey Richardson, Director, National Wool Textile Export Corporation. For services to Export.\n* Leonard Eric Leslie Ridge. For political service in London.\n* William Scott Rigler, Member, Poole Borough Council.\n* John Benjamin Rilett, Training Manager, Bristol Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* Benjamin Edward Robert Rook, Higher Executive Officer, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Rosemary Jean Rowles, Land Agency and Agriculture Divisional Secretary, [Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors](/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors \"Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors\").\n* Thomas Roycroft, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Eric Royle, Chairman, Joint Consultative Council, Meat Trade in the United Kingdom.\n* Eric William Russell, Secretary, [Road Haulage Association](/wiki/Road_Haulage_Association \"Road Haulage Association\").\n* Leslie Joseph Sage, Senior Executive Officer, [Director of Public Prosecutions](/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_%28England_and_Wales%29 \"Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)\").\n* Norman Frank Salisbury. For services to [the Scout Association](/wiki/The_Scout_Association \"The Scout Association\") in Manchester.\n* Arnold Harry Scholfield. For political service.\n* Joan Chalmers Semple, Personal Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office \"Scottish Office\").\n* Margarete Sharpe, Sister, Drug Addiction Unit, [University College Hospital](/wiki/University_College_Hospital \"University College Hospital\"), London.\n* [Adrian Shepherd](/wiki/Adrian_Shepherd \"Adrian Shepherd\"), Cellist.\n* Lilian Joan Sherwin, lately Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Bernard Simcox. For political and public service.\n* Robert John King Sinclair, Chief Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* George Paul Bernard Smith. For political service.\n* John Smith, Chairman, Lanarkshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.\n* Maisie Kathleen Smith, Chairman, The Birmingham Settlement.\n* Edward Charles Snow, Inspector Grade III(T), Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Anna Margreta Constance So Ye, Vice\\-Principal, Lurgan Girls' Junior High School.\n* Annie Stansfield, Secretary, National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease.\n* Reginald Stead. For services to music in Cumbria.\n* [Mavis Mary Steele](/wiki/Mavis_Steele \"Mavis Steele\"). For services to Women's Bowls.\n* John Barclay Stevenson, General Medical Practitioner, Greenock.\n* William Stewart, Manager, Manufacturing Services, N. E. I. Parsons.\n* Timothy Richard Stowell, Export Sales Manager, Craig\\-Nicol Ltd., Glasgow.\n* Audrey Vera May Strange, lately Director of Music and Art, [Royal Over\\-Seas League](/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League \"Royal Over-Seas League\").\n* Peter John Summers, Managing Director, Deeside Enterprise Trust Ltd., [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation \"British Steel Corporation\").\n* Clifford Swindells, Managing Director, Marglass Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Margaret Edith Tarn, Organiser, South Tyneside, Citizens' Advice Bureau.\n* Catherine Joan Taylor. For public and charitable services in Upton\\-upon\\-Severn.\n* Colin Richard Taylor, lately Senior Executive Officer, Government Hospitality Fund, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Flora Mabel Taylor, Senior/Chief Physiological Measurement Technician (Neurophysiology).\n* Iris Joyce Taylor. For services to the Coventry Branch, [Royal Air Forces Association](/wiki/Royal_Air_Forces_Association \"Royal Air Forces Association\").\n* Peter Anthony Taylor, Executive Officer, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office \"HM Stationery Office\").\n* Arthur Robinson Thomas, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=VRD}}, lately Chairman, Devon Conservation Forum.\n* John Thomas, Convener, Construction and Allied Technical Trades, Port Talbot, British Steel Corporation.\n* [Francis Daley Thompson](/wiki/Francis_Daley_Thompson \"Francis Daley Thompson\"). For services to Athletics.\n* Tom Hastings Thompson, Deputy District Treasurer, Oxfordshire Health Authority.\n* Thomas Samuel Tibble, lately Manager, Subscriptions and Records, [Institution of Mechanical Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers \"Institution of Mechanical Engineers\").\n* Doris Mary Tidy, Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Gordon Tiplady, Regional Collector, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* George Tomlinson, Assistant General Secretary, [British Limbless Ex\\-Servicemen's Association](/wiki/Blesma \"Blesma\").\n* Margaret Fletcher Torrance, lately Guider\\-in\\-Charge, Scottish Girl Guide Training and Camping Centre, Netherurd.\n* Bessie Lorna Tucker, lately Superintendent Radiographer, [Velindre Hospital](/wiki/Velindre_Cancer_Centre \"Velindre Cancer Centre\"), Cardiff.\n* James Underwood, lately Chief Housing Officer, North Tyneside District Council.\n* Pauline Mary Veasey, Senior Receptionist, Latham House Medical Practice, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.\n* Albert Ernest Veitch, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* John Harold Vernon, Executive Producer, Performing Arts, Music and Arts Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.\n* Thomas Walter Villa, Staff Officer, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland.\n* Dorothy Milne Wadsworth, Award Liaison Officer for Northern Ireland, [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award \"The Duke of Edinburgh's Award\").\n* Allan Charles Wakeford, Information Officer, [Central Office of Information](/wiki/Central_Office_of_Information \"Central Office of Information\").\n* Arthur Polden Walker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Manager, Professional and Regulatory Services, [Procter \\& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\") Ltd.\n* Daniel Blair Wallace, Chief Superintendent, Royal Ulster Constabulary.\n* Muriel Mackie Walls. For services to the community in Guildford.\n* Brian Lawrence Ward, Superintendent, [Thames Valley Police](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police \"Thames Valley Police\").\n* Alan Watson, Headmaster, Acacias Primary School, Manchester.\n* Vera Margaret Watts, lately Director of Nurse Education, Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health Authority.\n* Emma Webb, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, Principal Fire Control Officer, [West Midlands Fire Brigade](/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service \"West Midlands Fire Service\").\n* William Joseph Webber, Deputy Chief Staff Welfare Officer, Home Office.\n* Joan Lily West. For political service.\n* Vera Anne Wetherall. For political service.\n* Keith Stracey Wheeler. For services to environmental education.\n* Gwenllian Enid, Lady Whittaker, lately District Organiser, Scarborough, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service \"Women's Royal Voluntary Service\").\n* James Archibald Whittle, Financial Controller, Haven Products Ltd.\n* Alfreda Mary Lowe\\-Willetts, County Organiser, Hampshire Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs.\n* Hywel Peredur Williams, Chairman, Welsh Association of Youth Clubs.\n* Walter Temple Williams, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Beryl Joan Wilmshurst, Higher Executive Officer, Departments of Trade and Industry.\n* Cyril Winskell, Architect, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Donald Hewitt Wood, Manager, Experimental Shop, [J. C. Bamford Excavators Ltd](/wiki/JCB_%28heavy_equipment_manufacturer%29 \"JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)\").\n* Richard Alfred Wood, Chairman, J. W. Falkner \\& Sons Ltd.\n* Arnold Woodhouse. For political service.\n* Joyce Lilian Woodhouse, lately Administrative Officer (Awards Division), [Inner London Education Authority](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority \"Inner London Education Authority\").\n* Eileen Olive Woods, Chairman, West Somerset District Council.\n* Joan Woods, Head Teacher, Croft Special School, Liverpool.\n* Kenneth Arthur Woodward, Headmaster, Bordon County Junior School, Hampshire.\n* Brian Percy Stewart Wright, Director, London Enterprise Agency.\n* Elizabeth Graham Jones Wright, lately Chief Superintendent of Typists, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\").\n* Captain Arthur Thomson Young, lately Harbour Master, [Clyde Port Authority](/wiki/Clyde_Port_Authority \"Clyde Port Authority\").\n* Jacob Young, Shipbuilding Manager, [Swan Hunter Shipbuilding Ltd](/wiki/Swan_Hunter \"Swan Hunter\").",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Stuart Alfred Booth. For services to the community in the Falkland Islands.\n* Joseph Oscar Borastero, Charge Nurse, Medical and Health Department, Gibraltar.\n* Ena Stuart Burke. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Jerusalem.\n* Nancy Josephine Campbell, Press and Information Officer, British High Commission, Ottawa.\n* Gertrude Lois, Lady Cane, for services to the British community in San Francisco.\n* Donald Cartwright, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CPM}}, lately First Secretary (Commercial) HM Embassy, Tel Aviv.\n* Donald Siu\\-tung Chan, Chief Labour Officer, Labour Relations Department, Hong Kong.\n* Clive Cecil Francis Chandler. For services to the British community in Morocco.\n* Mo\\-Yan Chik, lately Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Thomas Coleman Christian, Radio Officer, Pitcairn Island.\n* Margaret Jean Clements. For services to the British community in Miami.\n* Dennis Convery, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, lately Archivist, British Military Government, Berlin.\n* Doris Corbin. For services to the community in Bermuda.\n* John Cummins, Second Secretary (Administration) HM Embassy, Santiago.\n* Iris Isabel Dawes, Personal Secretary, British High Commission, Dacca.\n* Margaret Hilda Dodd. For services to the British Community in Brussels.\n* Brendan Grattan Mary Donnelly, lately Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Doris Edwards. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lahore.\n* John Joseph Gomez, Senior Executive Officer, Tourist Department, Gibraltar.\n* Richard Charles Benedict Green, lately Second Secretary, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Amy Eleanor Griffis. For services to the British community in Peru.\n* Alice May Hardy. For welfare services to the blind in Bermuda.\n* John Francis Hoare. For services to technical education in Indonesia.\n* Elizabeth Valentine Isaacs, Confidential Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.\n* Henry Hong\\-cheong Ku, Chief Executive Officer, Security Branch, Hong Kong.\n* Gladys Margaret Dinsdale Laborde. For nursing and welfare services to the British community in Paris.\n* Jane Isabella Sarah Lackie. For services to the British community in Port Elizabeth.\n* Albert Applebum Richard Lake. For services to the community in Anguilla.\n* Teresa Shui\\-shuk Lam Wong. For services to the community in Hong Kong.\n* Donald Lancaster. For services to British interests in Senegal.\n* Clifford Raymond Lee, Officer\\-in\\-Charge, composite Signals Station, Ascension Island.\n* Gwendoline Joan Libbrecht, Vice\\-Consul, HM Consulate\\-General, Antwerp.\n* Thian Tek Lim, Information Officer, HM Embassy, Jakarta.\n* Belinda Jane Lindeck, Personal Assistant to the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the United Nations, New York.\n* Che\\-woo Lui. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* John Ian Carr MacDougall. For services to transport development in Tanzania.\n* Robert McNeill. For services to agricultural development in Malawi.\n* Alan James Milton. For services to British commercial interests in Nigeria.\n* Annie Mitscher. For services to the British community in New Jersey.\n* Anna Lee Nathan. For services to the British community in Los Angeles.\n* Eric Ronald George Nelson, Attaché, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Cedric Rawnsley Osborne. For public services in Montserrat.\n* Janice Sonia Mary Palmer, Personal Assistant to HM Consul\\-General, Johannesburg.\n* Patricia Frances Parkinson, lately Assistant Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Pretoria.\n* Arthur Glyn Parry, Vice\\-Consul, HM Consulate\\-General, Lille.\n* Douglas Sutherland Payne, Professor of Chemistry, Hong Kong University.\n* James Watson Purves. For services to agricultural development in Kenya.\n* Winifred Robinson. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.\n* Rosemary Sandercock. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.\n* Isaac Scott. For welfare services to the community in Thailand.\n* Kevin Maxwell Sinclair. For services to journalism in Hong Kong.\n* Agnes Jannis Skerritt. For services to the community in St. Kitts\\-Nevis.\n* The Reverend Walter Frank Snedker. For welfare services to seamen in Santos, Brazil.\n* Mary Agnes Stilwell. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lisbon.\n* Warren Stoutt. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.\n* Mary Catherine Swales. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Ghana.\n* Darby Burnard Tibbetts. For public and community services in the Cayman Islands.\n* Richard Michael White. Second Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Dakar.\n* Howard Kung\\-kuen Yung. Maintenance Surveyor, Housing Department, Hong Kong.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* [Alan Edmund William Edwards](/wiki/Alan_Edwards_%28actor%29 \"Alan Edwards (actor)\"), Artistic Director, [Queensland Theatre Company](/wiki/Queensland_Theatre_Company \"Queensland Theatre Company\").\n* Evelyn Haswell Kuskie. For service to the community.\n* [Paul Edward McLean](/wiki/Paul_McLean_%28rugby_union%29 \"Paul McLean (rugby union)\"). For service to Rugby Union.\n* Monica Desmond Penny. For public service.\n* Helen Bannister Philp. For services to the community.\n* Pastor Ivan Lester Roennfeldt. For service to the Aboriginal people.\n* Enid Tardent (Mrs. Enid Margaret Fogarty). For service to music and the community.\n* William Jesse Wolff. For service to the community.",
"State of South Australia\n* The Honourable [Maynard Boyd Dawkins](/wiki/Maynard_Boyd_Dawkins \"Maynard Boyd Dawkins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MLC}}. For service to choral music.\n* Heinrich Diestel\\-Feddersen. For services to the potato industry and the German community.\n* Roberto Mario Antonio Masi. For services to the Italian community.\n* Ronald Hannaford Sedsman. For services to the [Royal Adelaide Show](/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Show \"Royal Adelaide Show\").\n* Lionel Garth Sims. For services to local government and the community.\n* Aileen Martha Wilson. For services to the Aboriginal community.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Leslie George Clarke. For service to the community.\n* John Talbot Hunn. For service to scouting.\n* William Howard King. For public service.\n* Albert John Pepperell. For service to industry.\n* William Rupert Stevens. For service to the vegetable industry.",
"State of Tasmania\n* Margaret Frances Elliston. For services to the Girl Guide movement.\n* Douglas Lindsay Youd. For service to the sport of wood chopping."
] |
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Captain [Brian Thomas Brown](/wiki/Brian_Brown_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Brian Brown (Royal Navy officer)").
* Matron\-in\-Chief [Margaret Elizabeth Collins](/wiki/Margaret_Elizabeth_Collins "Margaret Elizabeth Collins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=RRC, QHNS}}, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service "Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service").
* Commodore [Robert Cameron Hastie](/wiki/Robert_Cameron_Hastie "Robert Cameron Hastie"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD, DL}}, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve "Royal Naval Reserve").
* Captain James Trevor Lord.
Army
* Colonel Colin Edward George Carrington (445814\), late [Royal Corps of Transport](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Transport "Royal Corps of Transport").
* Brigadier Godfrey John Curl (381805\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals "Royal Corps of Signals") (now R.A.R.O.).
* Brigadier [Peter Edgar de la Cour de la Billière](/wiki/Peter_de_la_Billi%C3%A8re "Peter de la Billière"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSO, MC}}, (424859\), late [The Light Infantry](/wiki/The_Light_Infantry "The Light Infantry").
* Colonel John Graham Evans, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (420391\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers "Corps of Royal Engineers"), [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Reserve (United Kingdom)").
* Brigadier Ronald Edward Lewis Jenkins, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ADC}}, (393710\), late Royal Corps of Transport.
* Brigadier Donald Jolliffe London, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, ADC}}, (364097\), late Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Brigadier Douglas Stuart Paton, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE, QHP}}, (424915\), late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal Army Medical Corps").
* Colonel Nigel Maxwell Still (455626\), late [17th/21st Lancers](/wiki/17th/21st_Lancers "17th/21st Lancers").
Royal Air Force
* Air Commodore Peter Gibbs Peacock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}.
* Group Captain Allan Baillie Blackley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFC}}.
* Group Captain Kenneth George Hunter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}.
* Group Captain Andrew Lyle Roberts, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFC}}.
Civil Division
* Richard Borlase Adams, Chief Executive, [Peninsular \& Oriental Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Peninsular_%26_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company "Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company").
* David Percival Bethel, Director, [Leicester Polytechnic](/wiki/Leicester_Polytechnic "Leicester Polytechnic").
* Professor [Peter Gilroy Bevan](/wiki/Peter_Gilroy_Bevan "Peter Gilroy Bevan"), Consultant Surgeon, [Dudley Road Hospital](/wiki/Dudley_Road_Hospital "Dudley Road Hospital"), West Birmingham Health Authority.
* John Alexander Black, Chairman, Solihull Health Authority.
* Professor [Derek William Bowett](/wiki/Derek_Bowett "Derek Bowett"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}. For services to International Law.
* John Goodwin Campbell, Vice President, Machine Tool Trades Association. For services to Export.
* David Macbeth Moir Carey, lately Legal Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
* Janet Inglis Dick Chalmers. For political service.
* Geoffrey Charles Chouffot, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)").
* James Robertson Cowan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board "National Coal Board").
* James Crooks, Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, [University of Dundee](/wiki/University_of_Dundee "University of Dundee").
* Geoffrey Robert Crosby, lately Director of Professional and Executive Recruitment, [Department of Employment](/wiki/Department_of_Employment "Department of Employment").
* John Alan Cumming, Chairman, The [Building Societies Association](/wiki/Building_Societies_Association "Building Societies Association").
* [Lionel Frederick Dakers](/wiki/Lionel_Frederick_Dakers "Lionel Frederick Dakers"), Director, The [Royal School of Church Music](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Church_Music "Royal School of Church Music").
* Leonard Hurworth Dale, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chairman and Managing Director, Dale Electric International plc. For services to Export.
* [Donald Watts Davies](/wiki/Donald_Watts_Davies "Donald Watts Davies"), Deputy Chief Scientific Officer, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)").
* Roy Dennis Downham, lately Director of Finance, [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority "Independent Broadcasting Authority").
* Martin Robert Draper, lately Registrar, [General Medical Council](/wiki/General_Medical_Council "General Medical Council").
* [Philip Dunleavy](/wiki/Philip_Dunleavy "Philip Dunleavy"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For services to local government in [South Glamorgan](/wiki/South_Glamorgan "South Glamorgan").
* Danilo Anthony Alexander Fagandini, Chairman, Specialised Organics Sector Working Party.
* James Bernard Fitzpatrick, Managing Director and Chief Executive, [Mersey Docks and Harbour Company](/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Company "Mersey Docks and Harbour Company").
* [Albert Edward Frost](/wiki/Albert_Frost "Albert Frost"), for services to Industry and the Arts.
* Winnie Frost, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, (Mrs. Brothwood), Chairman, Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee.
* John Glendinning, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office "Scottish Office").
* Peter Goodall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, Hepworth Ceramic Holdings plc. For services to Export.
* John Everard Grandidge, Chairman and Managing Director, [Negretti \& Zambra](/wiki/Negretti_%26_Zambra "Negretti & Zambra") (Aviation) Ltd.
* Geoffrey Samuel Grantham, Chairman, [Potato Marketing Board](/wiki/Potato_Marketing_Board "Potato Marketing Board").
* Denis Everett Gray, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chairman, Central Council of Magistrates' Courts' Committees.
* Francis Gerard Guckian, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Chairman, Western Health and Social Services Board.
* David Hall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police "Humberside Police").
* [Eric Walter Handley](/wiki/Eric_Handley "Eric Handley"), [Professor of Greek, University College, London](/wiki/Professor_of_Greek_%28University_College_London%29 "Professor of Greek (University College London)").
* [(Charles) Jeremy Mawdesley Hardie](/wiki/Jeremy_Hardie "Jeremy Hardie"), lately Deputy Chairman, [Monopolies and Mergers Commission](/wiki/Monopolies_and_Mergers_Commission "Monopolies and Mergers Commission").
* William Harding, for political and public service.
* Robert Paschal Harries, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Chief Executive, [Wiltshire County Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_County_Council "Wiltshire County Council").
* Leonard John Hayward, Consultant, [Department of Health and Social Security](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security "Department of Health and Social Security").
* Roy Kenneth Leonard Hill, Chairman, [South West Water](/wiki/South_West_Water "South West Water") Authority.
* [Alun Hoddinott](/wiki/Alun_Hoddinott "Alun Hoddinott"), Professor of Music, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff "University College, Cardiff").
* [Richard Gordon Holme](/wiki/Richard_Holme%2C_Baron_Holme_of_Cheltenham "Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham"), for political and public service.
* Professor [John Theodore Houghton](/wiki/John_Theodore_Houghton "John Theodore Houghton"), Director, Appleton, [Science and Engineering Research Council](/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council "Science and Engineering Research Council").
* John Morrison Hunter, Master (Bankruptcy), [Supreme Court of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Northern_Ireland "Supreme Court of Northern Ireland").
* Michael William Ivens, for political and public service.
* John Derek Ivins, Professor of Agriculture, [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham "University of Nottingham").
* Edward Oliver Jackson, Assistant Solicitor, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue "Board of Inland Revenue").
* John Knowelden, Professor of Community Medicine, [University of Sheffield](/wiki/University_of_Sheffield "University of Sheffield").
* Richard James Knowlton, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Firemaster, [Strathclyde Fire Brigade](/wiki/Strathclyde_Fire_Brigade "Strathclyde Fire Brigade").
* John Bathgate Knox, Chairman, Tayside Area Health Board.
* [Ralph Koltai](/wiki/Ralph_Koltai "Ralph Koltai"), Theatrical Designer.
* Henry Justus Kroch, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, AB Electronic Products Group plc.
* John Trend Lacy, for political service.
* Professor [László Lajtha](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lajtha_%28scientist%29 "László Lajtha (scientist)"), Director, Paterson Laboratories, [Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute](/wiki/The_Christie_NHS_Foundation_Trust "The Christie NHS Foundation Trust"), Manchester.
* John Patrick Grosvenor Lawrence, for political service.
* [Richard Maitland Laws](/wiki/Richard_Maitland_Laws "Richard Maitland Laws"), Director, [British Antarctic Survey](/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey "British Antarctic Survey").
* [George Ronald Lewin](/wiki/Ronald_Lewin "Ronald Lewin"), Military Historian.
* David Walter Llewellyn, Chairman, Building Regulations Advisory Committee.
* Brian Beynon Lloyd, Chairman, Health Education Council.
* Alan Frederick Longworth, Assistant Secretary, [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Food_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)").
* Professor [Philip Noel Love](/wiki/Philip_Noel_Love "Philip Noel Love"), lately President, [The Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/The_Law_Society_of_Scotland "The Law Society of Scotland").
* John Roger Lovill, Chairman, Local Authorities Conditions of Service Advisory Board.
* [Ian McColl](/wiki/Ian_McColl_%28journalist%29 "Ian McColl (journalist)"), lately Chairman, Scottish Express Newspapers.
* Sir [Nevil John Wilfred MacReady](/wiki/Sir_Nevil_Macready%2C_3rd_Baronet "Sir Nevil Macready, 3rd Baronet"),{{post\-nominals\|list\=Bt.}}, Managing Director, [Mobil Oil Co. Ltd](/wiki/Mobil "Mobil").
* [(Francis) George Mann](/wiki/George_Mann_%28cricketer%29 "George Mann (cricketer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSO, MC}}, Chairman, [Test and County Cricket Board](/wiki/Test_and_County_Cricket_Board "Test and County Cricket Board").
* [Jonathan Wolfe Miller](/wiki/Jonathan_Wolfe_Miller "Jonathan Wolfe Miller"), Actor, Author and Director.
* Alan George Newton, Company Engineering Director, [Rolls\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd "Rolls-Royce Ltd").
* Roy Charles Niles, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}. For political and public service.
* [Patrick John Nuttgens](/wiki/Patrick_Nuttgens "Patrick Nuttgens"), Director, [Leeds Polytechnic](/wiki/Leeds_Polytechnic "Leeds Polytechnic").
* Roy Chalice Orford, Managing Director, International Military Services Ltd. For services to Export.
* Ion Hunter Touchet Garnett\-Orme, Chairman, [St. Dunstan's](/wiki/Blind_Veterans_UK "Blind Veterans UK").
* Norman Sidney Francis Palmer, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DFC}}, Assistant Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs").
* William Alexander Palmer, Chairman, Flour Milling and Baking Research Association.
* Colonel Christopher Matthew Peterson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For political and public service.
* [David Terence Puttnam](/wiki/David_Terence_Puttnam "David Terence Puttnam"), Film Producer.
* Patrick Vaughan Radford, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, TD}}. For political service.
* James Deans Rankin, Chief Inspector, Cruelty to Animals Act Inspectorate, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office").
* Anne Theresa, Lady Ricketts, Chairman, National Association of [Citizens' Advice Bureaux](/wiki/Citizens%27_Advice_Bureau "Citizens' Advice Bureau").
* James Ring, Professor of Physics, [Imperial College of Science and Technology](/wiki/Imperial_College_of_Science_and_Technology "Imperial College of Science and Technology").
* Clifford Alan Rose, Member, [British Railways Board](/wiki/British_Railways_Board "British Railways Board").
* Hutchinson Burt Sneddon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For public service in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland").
* Ronald James South, Principal, The [City Literary Institute](/wiki/City_Literary_Institute "City Literary Institute").
* Nora MacLaren Spensley. For political service.
* Professor [Robert Walter Steel](/wiki/Robert_Walter_Steel "Robert Walter Steel"), lately Principal, [University College of Swansea](/wiki/University_College_of_Swansea "University College of Swansea").
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Robert Christie Stewart, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Chairman, East of Scotland College of Agriculture.
* John Tatlock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Managing Director, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd "British Nuclear Fuels Ltd").
* Captain Laurence William Howson Taylor, Royal Navy (Retd.), lately Director of Marine Services (Naval), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)").
* Alfred Caleb Victor Telling. For political service.
* George Frederick Thomason, Professor of Industrial Relations, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff "University College, Cardiff").
* Jack Vennart, lately Director, Medical Research Council Radiobiology Unit, Harwell.
* John Kenneth Warburton, Director, Birmingham Chamber of Industry and Commerce. For services to Export.
* Bronson Patricia Rose Ward, Director, [Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education](/wiki/Crewe_and_Alsager_College_of_Higher_Education "Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education"), Cheshire.
* [Michael Phelps Ward](/wiki/Michael_Ward_%28mountaineer%29 "Michael Ward (mountaineer)"). For services to Mountaineering.
* Roy William Watson, Director General, [National Farmers' Union](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales "National Farmers' Union of England and Wales").
* Thomas Weatherby, Chairman, Textiles and other Manufactures Research and Development Requirements Board.
* Eric Frederick Webster, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Assistant Secretary, Paymaster General's Office.
* Professor [John Edward Clement Twarowski White](/wiki/John_White_%28art_historian%29 "John White (art historian)"), lately Chairman, [Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art](/wiki/Reviewing_Committee_on_the_Export_of_Works_of_Art "Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art").
* Stuart Leonard Whiteley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Suffolk Constabulary](/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary "Suffolk Constabulary").
* John Charles Willmott, Professor of Physics and Director of the Physical Laboratories, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester").
* [Ian Clark Wood](/wiki/Ian_Wood_%28businessman%29 "Ian Wood (businessman)"), Chairman and Managing Director, [John Wood Group plc](/wiki/Wood_Group "Wood Group").
* Professor [George Peter Youngman](/wiki/George_Peter_Youngman "George Peter Youngman"), Landscape Architect.
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Joseph Anthony Barnett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Representative, British Council, Brazil.
* Maurice Bryan Eaden, HM Consul\-General, Amsterdam.
* John Linden Lee. For services to British commercial interests in Australia.
* [Donald Poon\-huai Liao](/wiki/Donald_Liao "Donald Liao"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Secretary for Housing, Hong Kong.
* Myles Falkiner Minchin, lately Chief of Secretariat Services Division, United Nations Organisation, New York.
* William Stewart Stewart. For services to British interests in Kuwait.
* [Alex Shu\-chin Wu](/wiki/Alex_Wu "Alex Wu"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For public services in Hong Kong.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* John Thomas Delaney. For service to racing.
* William Edward Meynink. For service to the grazing industry.
State of South Australia
* William Faulding Scammell. For service to the pharmaceutical industry and the community.
State of Tasmania
* [Eric William Beattie](/wiki/Bill_Beattie_%28Australian_politician%29 "Bill Beattie (Australian politician)"). For political and community service.
|
[
"#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Captain [Brian Thomas Brown](/wiki/Brian_Brown_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Brian Brown (Royal Navy officer)\").\n* Matron\\-in\\-Chief [Margaret Elizabeth Collins](/wiki/Margaret_Elizabeth_Collins \"Margaret Elizabeth Collins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RRC, QHNS}}, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service \"Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service\").\n* Commodore [Robert Cameron Hastie](/wiki/Robert_Cameron_Hastie \"Robert Cameron Hastie\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD, DL}}, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve \"Royal Naval Reserve\").\n* Captain James Trevor Lord.",
"Army\n* Colonel Colin Edward George Carrington (445814\\), late [Royal Corps of Transport](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Transport \"Royal Corps of Transport\").\n* Brigadier Godfrey John Curl (381805\\), late [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals \"Royal Corps of Signals\") (now R.A.R.O.).\n* Brigadier [Peter Edgar de la Cour de la Billière](/wiki/Peter_de_la_Billi%C3%A8re \"Peter de la Billière\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSO, MC}}, (424859\\), late [The Light Infantry](/wiki/The_Light_Infantry \"The Light Infantry\").\n* Colonel John Graham Evans, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (420391\\), late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers \"Corps of Royal Engineers\"), [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Reserve (United Kingdom)\").\n* Brigadier Ronald Edward Lewis Jenkins, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ADC}}, (393710\\), late Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Brigadier Donald Jolliffe London, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, ADC}}, (364097\\), late Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Brigadier Douglas Stuart Paton, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE, QHP}}, (424915\\), late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal Army Medical Corps\").\n* Colonel Nigel Maxwell Still (455626\\), late [17th/21st Lancers](/wiki/17th/21st_Lancers \"17th/21st Lancers\").",
"Royal Air Force\n* Air Commodore Peter Gibbs Peacock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Group Captain Allan Baillie Blackley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFC}}.\n* Group Captain Kenneth George Hunter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Group Captain Andrew Lyle Roberts, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFC}}.",
"Civil Division\n* Richard Borlase Adams, Chief Executive, [Peninsular \\& Oriental Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Peninsular_%26_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company \"Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company\").\n* David Percival Bethel, Director, [Leicester Polytechnic](/wiki/Leicester_Polytechnic \"Leicester Polytechnic\").\n* Professor [Peter Gilroy Bevan](/wiki/Peter_Gilroy_Bevan \"Peter Gilroy Bevan\"), Consultant Surgeon, [Dudley Road Hospital](/wiki/Dudley_Road_Hospital \"Dudley Road Hospital\"), West Birmingham Health Authority.\n* John Alexander Black, Chairman, Solihull Health Authority.\n* Professor [Derek William Bowett](/wiki/Derek_Bowett \"Derek Bowett\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}. For services to International Law.\n* John Goodwin Campbell, Vice President, Machine Tool Trades Association. For services to Export.\n* David Macbeth Moir Carey, lately Legal Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury.\n* Janet Inglis Dick Chalmers. For political service.\n* Geoffrey Charles Chouffot, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)\").\n* James Robertson Cowan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Deputy Chairman, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board \"National Coal Board\").\n* James Crooks, Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, [University of Dundee](/wiki/University_of_Dundee \"University of Dundee\").\n* Geoffrey Robert Crosby, lately Director of Professional and Executive Recruitment, [Department of Employment](/wiki/Department_of_Employment \"Department of Employment\").\n* John Alan Cumming, Chairman, The [Building Societies Association](/wiki/Building_Societies_Association \"Building Societies Association\").\n* [Lionel Frederick Dakers](/wiki/Lionel_Frederick_Dakers \"Lionel Frederick Dakers\"), Director, The [Royal School of Church Music](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Church_Music \"Royal School of Church Music\").\n* Leonard Hurworth Dale, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chairman and Managing Director, Dale Electric International plc. For services to Export.\n* [Donald Watts Davies](/wiki/Donald_Watts_Davies \"Donald Watts Davies\"), Deputy Chief Scientific Officer, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)\").\n* Roy Dennis Downham, lately Director of Finance, [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority \"Independent Broadcasting Authority\").\n* Martin Robert Draper, lately Registrar, [General Medical Council](/wiki/General_Medical_Council \"General Medical Council\").\n* [Philip Dunleavy](/wiki/Philip_Dunleavy \"Philip Dunleavy\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For services to local government in [South Glamorgan](/wiki/South_Glamorgan \"South Glamorgan\").\n* Danilo Anthony Alexander Fagandini, Chairman, Specialised Organics Sector Working Party.\n* James Bernard Fitzpatrick, Managing Director and Chief Executive, [Mersey Docks and Harbour Company](/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Company \"Mersey Docks and Harbour Company\").\n* [Albert Edward Frost](/wiki/Albert_Frost \"Albert Frost\"), for services to Industry and the Arts.\n* Winnie Frost, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, (Mrs. Brothwood), Chairman, Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee.\n* John Glendinning, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office \"Scottish Office\").\n* Peter Goodall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, Hepworth Ceramic Holdings plc. For services to Export.\n* John Everard Grandidge, Chairman and Managing Director, [Negretti \\& Zambra](/wiki/Negretti_%26_Zambra \"Negretti & Zambra\") (Aviation) Ltd.\n* Geoffrey Samuel Grantham, Chairman, [Potato Marketing Board](/wiki/Potato_Marketing_Board \"Potato Marketing Board\").\n* Denis Everett Gray, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chairman, Central Council of Magistrates' Courts' Committees.\n* Francis Gerard Guckian, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Chairman, Western Health and Social Services Board.\n* David Hall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police \"Humberside Police\").\n* [Eric Walter Handley](/wiki/Eric_Handley \"Eric Handley\"), [Professor of Greek, University College, London](/wiki/Professor_of_Greek_%28University_College_London%29 \"Professor of Greek (University College London)\").\n* [(Charles) Jeremy Mawdesley Hardie](/wiki/Jeremy_Hardie \"Jeremy Hardie\"), lately Deputy Chairman, [Monopolies and Mergers Commission](/wiki/Monopolies_and_Mergers_Commission \"Monopolies and Mergers Commission\").\n* William Harding, for political and public service.\n* Robert Paschal Harries, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Chief Executive, [Wiltshire County Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_County_Council \"Wiltshire County Council\").\n* Leonard John Hayward, Consultant, [Department of Health and Social Security](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security \"Department of Health and Social Security\").\n* Roy Kenneth Leonard Hill, Chairman, [South West Water](/wiki/South_West_Water \"South West Water\") Authority.\n* [Alun Hoddinott](/wiki/Alun_Hoddinott \"Alun Hoddinott\"), Professor of Music, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff \"University College, Cardiff\").\n* [Richard Gordon Holme](/wiki/Richard_Holme%2C_Baron_Holme_of_Cheltenham \"Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham\"), for political and public service.\n* Professor [John Theodore Houghton](/wiki/John_Theodore_Houghton \"John Theodore Houghton\"), Director, Appleton, [Science and Engineering Research Council](/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council \"Science and Engineering Research Council\").\n* John Morrison Hunter, Master (Bankruptcy), [Supreme Court of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Northern_Ireland \"Supreme Court of Northern Ireland\").\n* Michael William Ivens, for political and public service.\n* John Derek Ivins, Professor of Agriculture, [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham \"University of Nottingham\").\n* Edward Oliver Jackson, Assistant Solicitor, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue \"Board of Inland Revenue\").\n* John Knowelden, Professor of Community Medicine, [University of Sheffield](/wiki/University_of_Sheffield \"University of Sheffield\").\n* Richard James Knowlton, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Firemaster, [Strathclyde Fire Brigade](/wiki/Strathclyde_Fire_Brigade \"Strathclyde Fire Brigade\").\n* John Bathgate Knox, Chairman, Tayside Area Health Board.\n* [Ralph Koltai](/wiki/Ralph_Koltai \"Ralph Koltai\"), Theatrical Designer.\n* Henry Justus Kroch, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chairman and Chief Executive, AB Electronic Products Group plc.\n* John Trend Lacy, for political service.\n* Professor [László Lajtha](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lajtha_%28scientist%29 \"László Lajtha (scientist)\"), Director, Paterson Laboratories, [Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute](/wiki/The_Christie_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"The Christie NHS Foundation Trust\"), Manchester.\n* John Patrick Grosvenor Lawrence, for political service.\n* [Richard Maitland Laws](/wiki/Richard_Maitland_Laws \"Richard Maitland Laws\"), Director, [British Antarctic Survey](/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey \"British Antarctic Survey\").\n* [George Ronald Lewin](/wiki/Ronald_Lewin \"Ronald Lewin\"), Military Historian.\n* David Walter Llewellyn, Chairman, Building Regulations Advisory Committee.\n* Brian Beynon Lloyd, Chairman, Health Education Council.\n* Alan Frederick Longworth, Assistant Secretary, [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Food_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)\").\n* Professor [Philip Noel Love](/wiki/Philip_Noel_Love \"Philip Noel Love\"), lately President, [The Law Society of Scotland](/wiki/The_Law_Society_of_Scotland \"The Law Society of Scotland\").\n* John Roger Lovill, Chairman, Local Authorities Conditions of Service Advisory Board.\n* [Ian McColl](/wiki/Ian_McColl_%28journalist%29 \"Ian McColl (journalist)\"), lately Chairman, Scottish Express Newspapers.\n* Sir [Nevil John Wilfred MacReady](/wiki/Sir_Nevil_Macready%2C_3rd_Baronet \"Sir Nevil Macready, 3rd Baronet\"),{{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=Bt.}}, Managing Director, [Mobil Oil Co. Ltd](/wiki/Mobil \"Mobil\").\n* [(Francis) George Mann](/wiki/George_Mann_%28cricketer%29 \"George Mann (cricketer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSO, MC}}, Chairman, [Test and County Cricket Board](/wiki/Test_and_County_Cricket_Board \"Test and County Cricket Board\").\n* [Jonathan Wolfe Miller](/wiki/Jonathan_Wolfe_Miller \"Jonathan Wolfe Miller\"), Actor, Author and Director.\n* Alan George Newton, Company Engineering Director, [Rolls\\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd \"Rolls-Royce Ltd\").\n* Roy Charles Niles, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}. For political and public service.\n* [Patrick John Nuttgens](/wiki/Patrick_Nuttgens \"Patrick Nuttgens\"), Director, [Leeds Polytechnic](/wiki/Leeds_Polytechnic \"Leeds Polytechnic\").\n* Roy Chalice Orford, Managing Director, International Military Services Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Ion Hunter Touchet Garnett\\-Orme, Chairman, [St. Dunstan's](/wiki/Blind_Veterans_UK \"Blind Veterans UK\").\n* Norman Sidney Francis Palmer, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DFC}}, Assistant Secretary, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\").\n* William Alexander Palmer, Chairman, Flour Milling and Baking Research Association.\n* Colonel Christopher Matthew Peterson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For political and public service.\n* [David Terence Puttnam](/wiki/David_Terence_Puttnam \"David Terence Puttnam\"), Film Producer.\n* Patrick Vaughan Radford, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, TD}}. For political service.\n* James Deans Rankin, Chief Inspector, Cruelty to Animals Act Inspectorate, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\").\n* Anne Theresa, Lady Ricketts, Chairman, National Association of [Citizens' Advice Bureaux](/wiki/Citizens%27_Advice_Bureau \"Citizens' Advice Bureau\").\n* James Ring, Professor of Physics, [Imperial College of Science and Technology](/wiki/Imperial_College_of_Science_and_Technology \"Imperial College of Science and Technology\").\n* Clifford Alan Rose, Member, [British Railways Board](/wiki/British_Railways_Board \"British Railways Board\").\n* Hutchinson Burt Sneddon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For public service in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\").\n* Ronald James South, Principal, The [City Literary Institute](/wiki/City_Literary_Institute \"City Literary Institute\").\n* Nora MacLaren Spensley. For political service.\n* Professor [Robert Walter Steel](/wiki/Robert_Walter_Steel \"Robert Walter Steel\"), lately Principal, [University College of Swansea](/wiki/University_College_of_Swansea \"University College of Swansea\").\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Robert Christie Stewart, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Chairman, East of Scotland College of Agriculture.\n* John Tatlock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Managing Director, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd \"British Nuclear Fuels Ltd\").\n* Captain Laurence William Howson Taylor, Royal Navy (Retd.), lately Director of Marine Services (Naval), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* Alfred Caleb Victor Telling. For political service.\n* George Frederick Thomason, Professor of Industrial Relations, [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff \"University College, Cardiff\").\n* Jack Vennart, lately Director, Medical Research Council Radiobiology Unit, Harwell.\n* John Kenneth Warburton, Director, Birmingham Chamber of Industry and Commerce. For services to Export.\n* Bronson Patricia Rose Ward, Director, [Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education](/wiki/Crewe_and_Alsager_College_of_Higher_Education \"Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education\"), Cheshire.\n* [Michael Phelps Ward](/wiki/Michael_Ward_%28mountaineer%29 \"Michael Ward (mountaineer)\"). For services to Mountaineering.\n* Roy William Watson, Director General, [National Farmers' Union](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales \"National Farmers' Union of England and Wales\").\n* Thomas Weatherby, Chairman, Textiles and other Manufactures Research and Development Requirements Board.\n* Eric Frederick Webster, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Assistant Secretary, Paymaster General's Office.\n* Professor [John Edward Clement Twarowski White](/wiki/John_White_%28art_historian%29 \"John White (art historian)\"), lately Chairman, [Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art](/wiki/Reviewing_Committee_on_the_Export_of_Works_of_Art \"Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art\").\n* Stuart Leonard Whiteley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Suffolk Constabulary](/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary \"Suffolk Constabulary\").\n* John Charles Willmott, Professor of Physics and Director of the Physical Laboratories, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\").\n* [Ian Clark Wood](/wiki/Ian_Wood_%28businessman%29 \"Ian Wood (businessman)\"), Chairman and Managing Director, [John Wood Group plc](/wiki/Wood_Group \"Wood Group\").\n* Professor [George Peter Youngman](/wiki/George_Peter_Youngman \"George Peter Youngman\"), Landscape Architect.",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Joseph Anthony Barnett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Representative, British Council, Brazil.\n* Maurice Bryan Eaden, HM Consul\\-General, Amsterdam.\n* John Linden Lee. For services to British commercial interests in Australia.\n* [Donald Poon\\-huai Liao](/wiki/Donald_Liao \"Donald Liao\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Secretary for Housing, Hong Kong.\n* Myles Falkiner Minchin, lately Chief of Secretariat Services Division, United Nations Organisation, New York.\n* William Stewart Stewart. For services to British interests in Kuwait.\n* [Alex Shu\\-chin Wu](/wiki/Alex_Wu \"Alex Wu\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For public services in Hong Kong.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* John Thomas Delaney. For service to racing.\n* William Edward Meynink. For service to the grazing industry.",
"State of South Australia\n* William Faulding Scammell. For service to the pharmaceutical industry and the community.",
"State of Tasmania\n* [Eric William Beattie](/wiki/Bill_Beattie_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Bill Beattie (Australian politician)\"). For political and community service."
] |
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Commander (Acting Captain) Albert Eric Allen.
* Commander Norman Alastair Bourne Anson.
* Commander Christopher Ellis Baker.
* Commander Richard John Campbell.
* Surgeon Commander Charles William Chapman.
* Commander Geoffrey Stuart Cryer.
* Commander Ralph Edwin Hoskin.
* Commander Eric Marshall.
* Commander Mesod Isaac Massias, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Major Timothy Aleyne Sanders, Royal Marines.
* Chief Officer Olive Valerie Thomas, Women's Royal Naval Service.
Army
* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Edward Colligan (485617\), Royal Horse Artillery.
* Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Cowan (474845\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Lieutenant Colonel (Ordnance Executive Officer) Ronald Leslie Davies (482351\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps (now R.A.R.O.).
* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Elsie Joyce Edwards (483715\), Women's Royal Army Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Charles Vivian Hunt, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (474169\), The Royal Yeomanry, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel David Thomas Kinnear (459986\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Lieutenant Colonel Graham Malcolm Longdon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (459291\), The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire.
* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) David Falcon Mallam, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (455060\), Army Air Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Edward William Martin (467600\), The Parachute Regiment.
* Lieutenant Colonel Colin Newby (470441\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel John Rayner James Nicholls (437130\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Joseph Mary O'Dea (449023\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Christopher Sherry, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (462723\), Royal Army Educational Corps.
* Acting Colonel Stanley Hume Sobey (452833\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Acting Lieutenant Colonel Clifford Eric Taber (395571\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel [Christopher Brooke Quentin Wallace](/wiki/Christopher_Wallace_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Christopher Wallace (British Army officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (472644\), The Royal Green Jackets.
* Lieutenant Colonel George Somerville Welch, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (489723\), Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.
* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) [John Finlay Willasey Wilsey](/wiki/John_Wilsey "John Wilsey"), (461522\), The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.
Royal Air Force
* Acting Group Captain Philip Gathorne Gibson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (660230\), [RAF Regiment](/wiki/RAF_Regiment "RAF Regiment").
* Wing Commander Robin Chambers (3514359\).
* Wing Commander Simon John Coy (608528\).
* Wing Commander Geoffrey Eaton Culpitt (4158653\).
* Wing Commander (now Group Captain) Sidney Albert Edwards (607641\).
* Wing Commander John Gerald Lumsden (608160\).
* Wing Commander Brian John Marks (5020376\).
* Wing Commander Robert Peter O'Brien (608178\).
* Wing Commander John David O'Dwyer\-Russell (2461166\), RAF Regiment.
* Wing Commander Ronald Anthony Slade (2557583\), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/RAFVR%28T%29 "RAFVR(T)").
* Squadron Leader Ronald William Haddow, {{post\-nominals\|list\=AFM}}, (4149473\).
Civil Division
* Janet Muir Addison. For political service.
* [John Bernard Ainslie](/wiki/Jack_Ainslie "Jack Ainslie"). For political and public service.*[The London Gazette](/wiki/The_London_Gazette "The London Gazette")*, Issue 49212 (Supplement), 30 December 1982, [p. 9](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49212/supplement/9)
* William Lauchlan Armstrong, Deputy Director and Secretary, Scottish Engineering Employers' Association.
* Clifford Ashall, lately Assistant Director, [Centre for Overseas Pest Research](/wiki/Anti-Locust_Research_Centre "Anti-Locust Research Centre"), Overseas Development Administration.
* William Gordon Ayling, Secretary, Argyll and Clyde Health Board.
* Anthony Granville Babbage, Director of Housing, London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.
* Noel Ernest Barker. For political service.
* Captain Arthur Henry Barton, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, Northern Ireland UNESCO Committee.
* Commander Peter Bryan Beazley, Royal Navy (Retd.), Naval Assistant to Hydrographer, Ministry of Defence.
* Arnold Heyworth Beckett, Professor of Pharmacy, [Chelsea College, University of London](/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology "Chelsea College of Science and Technology").
* Alan Abraham Benjamin, Director of Communications, CAP Group Ltd. For services to Export.
* Geoffrey John Bennett, Deputy Managing Director, Racal Tacticom Ltd. For services to Export.
* Rodney Hewson Bennett. For services to the community in Hereford and Worcester.
* [Marcus Hugh Crofton Binney](/wiki/Marcus_Binney "Marcus Binney"). For services to Building Conservation.
* James Davidson Boyd, lately Curator, Dundee Museums and Art Galleries.
* Elizabeth Johnston Eccles Bradley, Chairman, Rochdale Family Practitioner Committee.
* Muriel Brain, General Secretary, National Federation of the Blind of the United Kingdom.
* Geoffrey Broome, Chief Executive, Hops Marketing Board Ltd.
* Harry Gwynne Brown, lately Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.
* John Burnip Browning, lately Headmaster, Heartsease Comprehensive School, Norwich.
* Thomas Bryans, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Chief General Manager, Trustee Savings Bank Central Board.
* [Thomas Ferrier Burns](/wiki/Thomas_Ferrier_Burns "Thomas Ferrier Burns"), lately Editor, *[The Tablet](/wiki/The_Tablet "The Tablet")*.
* John Graham Butlin, Director, Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association.
* David Charles Butts, Governor, [Scottish Council for Educational Technology](/wiki/Scottish_Council_for_Educational_Technology "Scottish Council for Educational Technology").
* [Max Bygraves](/wiki/Max_Bygraves "Max Bygraves") (Walter William Bygraves), Entertainer.
* William Arthur Cadman. For services to Wildlife Conservation.
* Professor Thomas Francis Carbery, Deputy Chairman, Scottish Consumer Council.
* Albert Kenneth Carsley, Lately Headmaster, Bexton County Junior School, Knutsford, Cheshire.
* [William Fisher Hunter Carson](/wiki/Willie_Carson "Willie Carson"). For services to Horse Racing.
* Angela Heathcote Clarke. For political service.
* Eric James Cockell, lately Chief Auditor, Exchequer and Audit Department.
* Commander Francis William Collins, Royal Navy (Retd.). For services to Sport, particularly the Torch Trophy Trust.
* John Augustine Collins, Director of Manufacturing Technology, Domestic Appliance Division, [TI Group](/wiki/TI_Group "TI Group") plc.
* David Henry Conville, Managing and Artistic Director, [Open Air Theatre, Regents Park](/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_Open_Air_Theatre "Regent's Park Open Air Theatre").
* Cyril Edwin Cox, Reader in Education, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education "UCL Institute of Education").
* Jeanne Margaret Currie, Secretary, [Association of Educational Psychologists](/wiki/Association_of_Educational_Psychologists "Association of Educational Psychologists").
* Joseph David. For services to the [British Standards Institution](/wiki/British_Standards_Institution "British Standards Institution").
* David Tom Davies, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MM}}. For services to local government in Dyfed.
* Robert Davis, Deputy Chairman, Central Arbitration Committee, General Workers' Group, [Transport and General Workers' Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union "Transport and General Workers' Union").
* Robin Henry Day, Design Consultant, Hille International Ltd.
* Captain Stanley Wilson Dean, lately Captain and Commodore of Fleet, Shell Tankers (UK) Ltd.
* William Henry Deane, Superintending Planning Officer, Department of the Environment.
* Denis Aufrere Stanley de Freitas, Chairman, British Copyright Council.
* David Dick, Chairman, Fire Services Examination Board (Scotland).
* Professor [Kenneth William Donald](/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald "Kenneth William Donald"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSC}}. For services to underwater safety.
* William Anderson Donaldson, Professor and Head of Department of Operational Research, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde "University of Strathclyde").
* Pamela Elwes Dunbar. For political service.
* [Gerald Malcolm Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Malcolm_Durrell "Gerald Malcolm Durrell"), Director, [Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust](/wiki/Jersey_Wildlife_Preservation_Trust "Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust").
* David Ernest Evans. For political service.
* William Geraint Evans, Assistant Editor, [The Royal Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Society "The Royal Society").
* Tom William Fisher, District Nursing Officer, Tameside and Glossop Health Authority.
* David Jocelyn Fishlock, Science Editor, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*.
* Patrick Joseph Flynn, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, lately Deputy Assistant Commissioner, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police "Metropolitan Police").
* Lilian Joan Mary Fox, Principal Establishment Officer, London H.Q. [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority "UK Atomic Energy Authority").
* Margaret Louise Fry. For political service.
* Gilbert Theodore Fuge, Managing Director, Prismo Universal Ltd.
* David Gilbert Geach, Principal, Department of Trade.
* Frank Dale Gibson. For political and public service.
* Kenneth Alan Gilbert, Managing Director, Geevor Tin Mines plc.
* Ronald Crispin Gill, lately Editor, *[The Countryman](/wiki/Countryman_%28magazine%29 "Countryman (magazine)")*.
* Kelvin Glendenning, Leader, Corby District Council.
* John Laurence Gould, Chairman, Laurence Gould and Co. Ltd., ULG Consultants Ltd.
* Beatrice Mary, Lady Graham. For services to disabled people in North Yorkshire.
* [Winston Mawdsley Graham](/wiki/Winston_Graham "Winston Graham"), Writer.
* George David Grant, Chief Executive, Nithsdale District Council.
* Francis Charles Graves, Senior Partner, Francis C. Graves \& Partners.
* Major Geoffrey Carne Green, lately Leader, Brentwood District Council.
* Jacob Gwyn Griffiths, Farmer, Knelston, Gower. For services to agriculture in Wales.
* David Latham Grundy, Technical Director, Integrated Circuits Group, Ferranti Electronics Ltd.
* Frank Gerald Haigh, Assistant Chief Probation Officer, West Yorkshire Probation and After\-Care Service.
* Dennis Hale, Deputy Chief Engineer (Transport), Metropolitan Police.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Henry Robert Hall, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For services to the Scout Association in Jersey.
* Brian Thomas Harris, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}, [Clerk to the Justices](/wiki/Justices%27_clerk "Justices' clerk"), Poole, Dorset.
* Frederick Charles Harris, Counselling Adviser, West Midlands Small Firms Service.
* Walter Basil Hatcher. For political and public service.
* George Hayes, Director, South Yorkshire Area, National Coal Board.
* Terence Thompstone Henshaw, Group Electrical and Energy Engineer, Amey Roadstone Corporation.
* Kenneth Charles Henry Herring, lately Divisional Director (Industrial/Consumer), Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd.
* Geoffrey Graham Hilditch, General Manager, [Leicester City Transport](/wiki/First_Leicester "First Leicester").
* Richard Desmond Hill. For services to Rowing.
* Eric Hoggarth. For services to the Science and Engineering Research Council.
* Victor Leonard Holt, lately Senior Principal, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Daniel Horrocks, Chairman, Broseley Estates Ltd.
* Andrew Beatty Houstoun, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, DL}}, lately Convener, Scottish Landowners' Federation.
* Ronald Charles Howell, General Secretary, The Rainer Foundation; Director, The Intermediate Treatment Fund.
* Anne Luise Hunter, Clinical Assistant (Neurology), South West Surrey Health District.
* Thomas Munro Hunter, Secretary, Church of Scotland Committee on Chaplains to HM Forces.
* Roy Vernon Hurrell, Director, Precision Products Group, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* Captain Maurice Gwynne Hutchinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Member, Council of St. John Ambulance Association, South and West Yorkshire.
* Edward Robert Jobson. For services to the [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion "Royal British Legion").
* [Brian Alexander Johnston](/wiki/Brian_Alexander_Johnston "Brian Alexander Johnston"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to Broadcasting and Cricket.
* Alexander Irving Johnstone, Member, Thames Barrier Advisory Team.
* William Henry Jolliffe. For political and public service.
* Dorothy Annie Jones, Nursing Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Myra Jones, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Donald George Eric Kent, General Manager, Blyth Harbour Commission.
* Michael Donald Laird, Architect, Edinburgh.
* John Lavelle, Headmaster, Worsbrough High School, Barnsley.
* Richard Alfred Lee, Chief Executive and Secretary, [Co\-operative Retail Services](/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Services "Co-operative Retail Services") Ltd.
* Lesley Madeline Lindsay, Northern Ireland Trustee, Women Caring Trust.
* Bessie Gordon Lloyd, Vice\-Chairman, Church Army Board.
* Charles Robert Longman, Controller, Engineering and Operations, BBC Television.
* Norman Forbes Low, Governor I, [HM Remand Centre, Risley](/wiki/HM_Prison_Risley "HM Prison Risley").
* Ronald Stuart McCulloch, Managing Director, [Cantrell \& Cochrane](/wiki/Cantrell_%26_Cochrane "Cantrell & Cochrane") Ltd.
* Elaine Maria McDonald, Ballet Dancer, [Scottish Ballet](/wiki/Scottish_Ballet "Scottish Ballet").
* Major Keith Roderick Turing Mackenzie, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to Golf.
* George Haliburton Dodds Mackie, Deputy General Manager, Scottish Region, British Rail.
* Andrew McMaster, Senior Principal, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Mary Isabella Blewitt McMaster, Warden and Founder, St. Luke's Home, Oxford.
* Ada Winifred Maddocks, National Organising Officer, [National Association of Local Government Officers](/wiki/National_Association_of_Local_Government_Officers "National Association of Local Government Officers").
* Wilfrid James Alfred Mann, [HM Inspector of Schools](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Education "Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education").
* Frederick Charles Marks, Chief Executive, Motherwell District Council.
* Patience Elizabeth Marshall. For services to the community in the West Midlands.
* Walter Scott Marshall, Leader, Minority Group, Derbyshire County Council.
* Graham Cyril Mason, Deputy Director, International Affairs, [Confederation of British Industry](/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry "Confederation of British Industry"). For services to Export.
* Peter Alan Mawson, Principal, Department of Employment.
* Reginald Mercado, Chairman and Chief Executive, Aerospace Engineering plc.
* George Thomas Meredith, lately Director, Social Services, Norfolk County Council.
* James Miller, Director, Greenock Plant, IBM United Kingdom Ltd.
* James Oliver Morris. For public services in Wales.
* The Reverend [John Marcus Harston Morris](/wiki/John_Marcus_Harston_Morris "John Marcus Harston Morris"), Deputy Chairman, [National Magazine Company](/wiki/National_Magazine_Company "National Magazine Company") Ltd.
* Alexander Morrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Strathclyde Police.
* Commander Edwin Allen Morrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, St. John Council for Hampshire.
* Richard John Morse, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, West Glamorgan Fire Brigade.
* Herbert Stephen Mullaly, Vice\-Chairman, CBI Education Foundation.
* Charles Neill, lately Chairman, Northern Ireland Coal Advisory Service.
* Howard Millar Nixon. For services to Bookbinding.
* Stasys Obcarskas, lately Area Nursing Officer, Salop Area Health Authority.
* [Detta O'Cathain](/wiki/Detta_O%27Cathain "Detta O'Cathain") (Mrs. Bishop), Marketing Adviser to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* Dilys Mary Palmer, Member of the Board, Washington Development Corporation.
* Dennis Stephen Papworth, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* Joan Partridge. For political and public service.
* Simon Harry Wood Partridge, Chairman, Butterworth Law Publishers Ltd.
* Derek Harley Peters. For political service.
* John Milne Petrie, Engineer and Surveyor, Durham County Council.
* Sheila Mary Pettit, Historic Buildings Representative, Northumbria, The National Trust.
* Frederick Forrest Poskitt, Consultant Civil Engineer and Vice\-Chairman of the Northern Ireland Water Council.
* Kenneth George Charles Prevette, lately General Secretary, [Cremation Society of Great Britain](/wiki/Cremation_Society_of_Great_Britain "Cremation Society of Great Britain").
* [Douglas Arthur Quadling](/wiki/Douglas_Arthur_Quadling "Douglas Arthur Quadling"), Mathematics Tutor, University of Cambridge, Institute of Education.
* John Frederick Reeve, Chairman, [Costain Civil Engineering Ltd.](/wiki/Costain_Group "Costain Group") Chairman, C.T.H. (The Thames Barrier Consortium).
* Henry Sulien Richards, lately Headmaster, [Sir Thomas Jones School](/wiki/Ysgol_Syr_Thomas_Jones "Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones"), Amlwch, Gwynedd.
* David Griffith Roberts, Chief Executive, Pilkington Ophthalmic Division, Chance Pilkington Ltd.
* Keith Edward Roberts, Farmer, Suffolk. Deputy Chairman, Meat and Livestock Commission.
* William Stewart Robertson, Company Director, [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion "Rediffusion") plc. For services to Export.
* Hugh Nigel Croke Ellis\-Robinson, Programme Director, Mantello Projects, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd. For services to Export.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel James Gray Round, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in Essex.
* Gerald Frederick Gray Russell, First Class Valuer, Board of Inland Revenue.
* William Bonney Rust, lately Principal, [Hammersmith and West London College](/wiki/Hammersmith_and_West_London_College "Hammersmith and West London College").
* Brian Scholes, lately Chief Executive, Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council.
* Maurice David Shaffner, County Prosecuting Solicitor, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council.
* Norman Henry Sherrard, Senior Executive, Industrial Development Board for Northern Ireland.
* Donald Herbert Simpson, Librarian and Director of Studies, [Royal Commonwealth Society](/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society "Royal Commonwealth Society").
* John Llewellyn Skinner, Chairman, Derbyshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.
* Professor George Teeling Smith, Director, [Office of Health Economics](/wiki/The_Office_of_Health_Economics "The Office of Health Economics").
* Ralph Morton Smith, lately Principal, Ministry of Defence.
* Gerd Walter Christian Sommerhoff, Director, Centre for Creative Technology, [Sevenoaks School](/wiki/Sevenoaks_School "Sevenoaks School"), Kent.
* Ernest Antony Spencer, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, [National Engineering Laboratory](/wiki/National_Engineering_Laboratory "National Engineering Laboratory").
* Leslie Albert Spicer, Consultant, Institute of Freight Forwarders.
* Eric Elliot Stabler, Secretary, National Health Service Prescription Pricing Authority (England).
* William Hay Stephen, Chairman, Aberdeen Fish Producers' Organisation Ltd.
* Robert Alister Strand, lately Registrar, Art and Design, [Council for National Academic Awards](/wiki/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards "Council for National Academic Awards").
* [Mary Noel Streatfeild](/wiki/Mary_Noel_Streatfeild "Mary Noel Streatfeild"), Writer.
* Gerald Sambrooke Sturgess. For services to Yachting.
* William Royden Stuttaford. For political service.
* James Alexander Sutherland, lately Principal, Scottish Home and Health Department.
* William Alfred Sutton, Chairman, Sutton \& Sons, Road Hauliers.
* William James Symons, Chief Finance Officer, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission "Commonwealth War Graves Commission").
* Hubert Taggart, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.
* John Henry Taylor. For political service.
* Professor [Kathleen Mary Tillotson](/wiki/Kathleen_Mary_Tillotson "Kathleen Mary Tillotson"). For services to English Literature.
* Dorothy Mary Tomlinson. For political and public service.
* John Barrett Turner, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the magistracy in England and Wales.
* Joseph Norman Ullock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Cumbria Constabulary.
* Mary Elizabeth Uprichard, Principal Administrative Education Officer, Central School of Midwifery, Northern Ireland.
* Alexander Primrose Urquhart, Headmaster, [Kincorth Academy](/wiki/Kincorth_Academy "Kincorth Academy"), Aberdeen.
* Elizabeth Evelyn Murray Usher. For public service, particularly in South\-West Scotland.
* Norman Edward Percival Waldren, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* [Ian Bryce Wallace](/wiki/Ian_Wallace_%28singer%29 "Ian Wallace (singer)"), Singer and Broadcaster.
* Leonard Gordon St. John Waterman. For political service.
* Wilfrid Watkin, General Dental Practitioner, Lowestoft.
* Craig Robert Galloway Watson, Senior Assistant Editor (Committees), House of Commons.
* [Alexander McKellar Watt](/wiki/Eric_McKellar_Watt "Eric McKellar Watt"), Chairman, McKellar Watt Ltd., Glasgow.
* James Colin Eden Webster, Chief Executive, British Petroleum Gas.
* Walter Pollock Weir. For services to forensic pathology in Scotland.
* Bertrand Harry Whistance, lately Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Elizabeth Mary Whitaker, Member, Board of Visitors, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield "HM Prison Wakefield").
* [Robert John White](/wiki/Robert_John_White "Robert John White"). For services to local government in Northern Ireland.
* John Alexander Whiteside, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Assistant Chief Constable, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* John Patrick Charles Wilder, Director, [Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association](/wiki/Psychiatric_Rehabilitation_Association "Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association").
* Geoffrey Francis John Williams, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, [Bronglais Hospital](/wiki/Bronglais_Hospital "Bronglais Hospital"), Aberystwyth.
* Zena Alma Pearl Williams. For services to the community in Buckinghamshire.
* Willoughby Wilson, Consultant Surgeon, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast "Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast").
* Alfred George Woonton. For services to The Royal Naval Association.
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Monique Akroyd. For services to English\-language journalism in Belgium.
* Dr. Ian Baker, Assistant Representative, British Council, India.
* William Alan Belsham. For services to British interests in Swaziland.
* Jonathan Betts, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Cairo.
* Anthony John Maitland Blumer. For services to British commercial interests in Malaysia.
* Robert Briggs. For services to the British community in Baghdad.
* Arthur Kenneth Bromley. For services to British commercial interests in Italy.
* Dr. William Nanscawan Brown, Representative, British Council, Denmark.
* Richard Butters, First Secretary (Commercial), British High Commission, Nairobi.
* Hubert Michael Close, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For services to education in Pakistan.
* Geoffrey George Collins, lately First Secretary, (Commercial) HM Embassy, Rangoon.
* Brian John Cordery. For services to the British community in Paris.
* Dr. John Cecil Davies. For services to agricultural research in India.
* William Stewart Dundas. For services to technical co\-operation in the Yemen Arab Republic.
* Craddock Ebanks. For public services in the Cayman Islands.
* Michael John Evans. For services to British commercial interests in Baghdad.
* John Harold Geoffrey Foley, lately Representative, British Council, Ecuador.
* Bernard Damien Gately, lately First Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Athens.
* Raymond Bruce Giles. For services to British commercial interests in Japan.
* Samuel Victor Gittins, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC}}. For public services in Hong Kong.
* John Coldwell Griffiths, lately Magistrate, Hong Kong.
* Charles Hargrove. For services to journalism in Paris.
* James Neil Henderson, Commissioner for Labour, Hong Kong.
* Edward Richard Charles Holland, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately HM Consul\-General, Alexandria.
* Noel Alexander Johnston. For services to British shipping interests in Belgium.
* Dr. Stephen Richard Keating. For medical services to the community in Seychelles.
* Kenneth William Kelley, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.
* Colonel Anthony Lawrence King\-Harman, lately International Staff, NATO, Brussels.
* Graham Victor Lassetter. For services to British commercial interests in Trinidad.
* Robert William Lutton. For services to British commercial interests in Singapore:
* Nicholas Melvyn McCarthy, First Secretary and Head of Chancery, HM Embassy, Dakar.
* Ian Francis Cluny MacPherson, Regional Secretary, New Territories, Hong Kong.
* Timothy James Murphy. For services to British commercial interests in Spain.
* David George Pacy. For services to British commercial interests in New York.
* George Marshall Paton. For services to technical co\-operation in Ghana.
* [Bernard Edward Pauncefort](/wiki/Bernard_Pauncefort "Bernard Pauncefort"), lately Administrator, Ascension Island.
* John Denis Prifti. For services to British shipping interests in Sierra Leone.
* James Henry Ramagge. For services to the building industry in Gibraltar.
* Ronald Leslie Reeves, lately First Secretary, HM Embassy, Washington.
* Christopher John Spencer Rundle, First Secretary, British Interests Section, Royal Swedish Embassy, Tehran.
* Colin Harry Cecil Rutherford. For services to the British community in Venezuela.
* Nigel Edward Salmon. For services to British commercial and community interests in Nigeria.
* Oliver Richard Siddle, Representative, British Council, Hong Kong.
* Warren Cecil Tyson. For public and community services in St. Kitts\-Nevis.
* Frederick Langtree Walker. For public services in Hong Kong.
* Jack Lewis Wicker. For services to British commercial interests in Paris.
* Leonard Kenneth Young, Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, Hong Kong University.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* Charles Victor Boyd. For service to the community.
* Reverend Owen Kevin Oxenham. For service to the Church and the community.
* Roy Max Reynolds. Councillor, Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland.
* Dr. Keith William Kirkland Shaw. For service to medicine.
State of South Australia
* [Allan Robert Charles McLean](/wiki/Bob_McLean_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Bob McLean (Australian footballer)"). For service to sport.
* Stanley William Otto Menzel. For service to irrigation and piping technology.
* Cedric Jeffrey Thomson. For service to the law.
* William Herbert Wylie. For service to production engineering, cattle breeding and horse racing.
State of Western Australia
* Dr. Carl Georgeff. For service to the community.
* Reginald John Trigg. For service to insurance and surf life saving.
State of Tasmania
* Roy Alexander Gourlay. For service to the community.
|
[
"#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commander (Acting Captain) Albert Eric Allen.\n* Commander Norman Alastair Bourne Anson.\n* Commander Christopher Ellis Baker.\n* Commander Richard John Campbell.\n* Surgeon Commander Charles William Chapman.\n* Commander Geoffrey Stuart Cryer.\n* Commander Ralph Edwin Hoskin.\n* Commander Eric Marshall.\n* Commander Mesod Isaac Massias, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Major Timothy Aleyne Sanders, Royal Marines.\n* Chief Officer Olive Valerie Thomas, Women's Royal Naval Service.",
"Army\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Edward Colligan (485617\\), Royal Horse Artillery.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Cowan (474845\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Ordnance Executive Officer) Ronald Leslie Davies (482351\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps (now R.A.R.O.).\n* Lieutenant Colonel (Quartermaster) Elsie Joyce Edwards (483715\\), Women's Royal Army Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Charles Vivian Hunt, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (474169\\), The Royal Yeomanry, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel David Thomas Kinnear (459986\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Graham Malcolm Longdon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (459291\\), The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) David Falcon Mallam, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (455060\\), Army Air Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Edward William Martin (467600\\), The Parachute Regiment.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Colin Newby (470441\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Rayner James Nicholls (437130\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Joseph Mary O'Dea (449023\\), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Christopher Sherry, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (462723\\), Royal Army Educational Corps.\n* Acting Colonel Stanley Hume Sobey (452833\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Acting Lieutenant Colonel Clifford Eric Taber (395571\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel [Christopher Brooke Quentin Wallace](/wiki/Christopher_Wallace_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Christopher Wallace (British Army officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (472644\\), The Royal Green Jackets.\n* Lieutenant Colonel George Somerville Welch, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (489723\\), Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) [John Finlay Willasey Wilsey](/wiki/John_Wilsey \"John Wilsey\"), (461522\\), The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.",
"Royal Air Force\n* Acting Group Captain Philip Gathorne Gibson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (660230\\), [RAF Regiment](/wiki/RAF_Regiment \"RAF Regiment\").\n* Wing Commander Robin Chambers (3514359\\).\n* Wing Commander Simon John Coy (608528\\).\n* Wing Commander Geoffrey Eaton Culpitt (4158653\\).\n* Wing Commander (now Group Captain) Sidney Albert Edwards (607641\\).\n* Wing Commander John Gerald Lumsden (608160\\).\n* Wing Commander Brian John Marks (5020376\\).\n* Wing Commander Robert Peter O'Brien (608178\\).\n* Wing Commander John David O'Dwyer\\-Russell (2461166\\), RAF Regiment.\n* Wing Commander Ronald Anthony Slade (2557583\\), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/RAFVR%28T%29 \"RAFVR(T)\").\n* Squadron Leader Ronald William Haddow, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AFM}}, (4149473\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Janet Muir Addison. For political service.\n* [John Bernard Ainslie](/wiki/Jack_Ainslie \"Jack Ainslie\"). For political and public service.*[The London Gazette](/wiki/The_London_Gazette \"The London Gazette\")*, Issue 49212 (Supplement), 30 December 1982, [p. 9](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49212/supplement/9)\n* William Lauchlan Armstrong, Deputy Director and Secretary, Scottish Engineering Employers' Association.\n* Clifford Ashall, lately Assistant Director, [Centre for Overseas Pest Research](/wiki/Anti-Locust_Research_Centre \"Anti-Locust Research Centre\"), Overseas Development Administration.\n* William Gordon Ayling, Secretary, Argyll and Clyde Health Board.\n* Anthony Granville Babbage, Director of Housing, London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.\n* Noel Ernest Barker. For political service.\n* Captain Arthur Henry Barton, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, Northern Ireland UNESCO Committee.\n* Commander Peter Bryan Beazley, Royal Navy (Retd.), Naval Assistant to Hydrographer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Arnold Heyworth Beckett, Professor of Pharmacy, [Chelsea College, University of London](/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology \"Chelsea College of Science and Technology\").\n* Alan Abraham Benjamin, Director of Communications, CAP Group Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Geoffrey John Bennett, Deputy Managing Director, Racal Tacticom Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Rodney Hewson Bennett. For services to the community in Hereford and Worcester.\n* [Marcus Hugh Crofton Binney](/wiki/Marcus_Binney \"Marcus Binney\"). For services to Building Conservation.\n* James Davidson Boyd, lately Curator, Dundee Museums and Art Galleries.\n* Elizabeth Johnston Eccles Bradley, Chairman, Rochdale Family Practitioner Committee.\n* Muriel Brain, General Secretary, National Federation of the Blind of the United Kingdom.\n* Geoffrey Broome, Chief Executive, Hops Marketing Board Ltd.\n* Harry Gwynne Brown, lately Principal, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* John Burnip Browning, lately Headmaster, Heartsease Comprehensive School, Norwich.\n* Thomas Bryans, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Chief General Manager, Trustee Savings Bank Central Board.\n* [Thomas Ferrier Burns](/wiki/Thomas_Ferrier_Burns \"Thomas Ferrier Burns\"), lately Editor, *[The Tablet](/wiki/The_Tablet \"The Tablet\")*.\n* John Graham Butlin, Director, Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association.\n* David Charles Butts, Governor, [Scottish Council for Educational Technology](/wiki/Scottish_Council_for_Educational_Technology \"Scottish Council for Educational Technology\").\n* [Max Bygraves](/wiki/Max_Bygraves \"Max Bygraves\") (Walter William Bygraves), Entertainer.\n* William Arthur Cadman. For services to Wildlife Conservation.\n* Professor Thomas Francis Carbery, Deputy Chairman, Scottish Consumer Council.\n* Albert Kenneth Carsley, Lately Headmaster, Bexton County Junior School, Knutsford, Cheshire.\n* [William Fisher Hunter Carson](/wiki/Willie_Carson \"Willie Carson\"). For services to Horse Racing.\n* Angela Heathcote Clarke. For political service.\n* Eric James Cockell, lately Chief Auditor, Exchequer and Audit Department.\n* Commander Francis William Collins, Royal Navy (Retd.). For services to Sport, particularly the Torch Trophy Trust.\n* John Augustine Collins, Director of Manufacturing Technology, Domestic Appliance Division, [TI Group](/wiki/TI_Group \"TI Group\") plc.\n* David Henry Conville, Managing and Artistic Director, [Open Air Theatre, Regents Park](/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_Open_Air_Theatre \"Regent's Park Open Air Theatre\").\n* Cyril Edwin Cox, Reader in Education, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education \"UCL Institute of Education\").\n* Jeanne Margaret Currie, Secretary, [Association of Educational Psychologists](/wiki/Association_of_Educational_Psychologists \"Association of Educational Psychologists\").\n* Joseph David. For services to the [British Standards Institution](/wiki/British_Standards_Institution \"British Standards Institution\").\n* David Tom Davies, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MM}}. For services to local government in Dyfed.\n* Robert Davis, Deputy Chairman, Central Arbitration Committee, General Workers' Group, [Transport and General Workers' Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union \"Transport and General Workers' Union\").\n* Robin Henry Day, Design Consultant, Hille International Ltd.\n* Captain Stanley Wilson Dean, lately Captain and Commodore of Fleet, Shell Tankers (UK) Ltd.\n* William Henry Deane, Superintending Planning Officer, Department of the Environment.\n* Denis Aufrere Stanley de Freitas, Chairman, British Copyright Council.\n* David Dick, Chairman, Fire Services Examination Board (Scotland).\n* Professor [Kenneth William Donald](/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald \"Kenneth William Donald\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSC}}. For services to underwater safety.\n* William Anderson Donaldson, Professor and Head of Department of Operational Research, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde \"University of Strathclyde\").\n* Pamela Elwes Dunbar. For political service.\n* [Gerald Malcolm Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Malcolm_Durrell \"Gerald Malcolm Durrell\"), Director, [Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust](/wiki/Jersey_Wildlife_Preservation_Trust \"Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust\").\n* David Ernest Evans. For political service.\n* William Geraint Evans, Assistant Editor, [The Royal Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Society \"The Royal Society\").\n* Tom William Fisher, District Nursing Officer, Tameside and Glossop Health Authority.\n* David Jocelyn Fishlock, Science Editor, *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*.\n* Patrick Joseph Flynn, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, lately Deputy Assistant Commissioner, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police \"Metropolitan Police\").\n* Lilian Joan Mary Fox, Principal Establishment Officer, London H.Q. [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority \"UK Atomic Energy Authority\").\n* Margaret Louise Fry. For political service.\n* Gilbert Theodore Fuge, Managing Director, Prismo Universal Ltd.\n* David Gilbert Geach, Principal, Department of Trade.\n* Frank Dale Gibson. For political and public service.\n* Kenneth Alan Gilbert, Managing Director, Geevor Tin Mines plc.\n* Ronald Crispin Gill, lately Editor, *[The Countryman](/wiki/Countryman_%28magazine%29 \"Countryman (magazine)\")*.\n* Kelvin Glendenning, Leader, Corby District Council.\n* John Laurence Gould, Chairman, Laurence Gould and Co. Ltd., ULG Consultants Ltd.\n* Beatrice Mary, Lady Graham. For services to disabled people in North Yorkshire.\n* [Winston Mawdsley Graham](/wiki/Winston_Graham \"Winston Graham\"), Writer.\n* George David Grant, Chief Executive, Nithsdale District Council.\n* Francis Charles Graves, Senior Partner, Francis C. Graves \\& Partners.\n* Major Geoffrey Carne Green, lately Leader, Brentwood District Council.\n* Jacob Gwyn Griffiths, Farmer, Knelston, Gower. For services to agriculture in Wales.\n* David Latham Grundy, Technical Director, Integrated Circuits Group, Ferranti Electronics Ltd.\n* Frank Gerald Haigh, Assistant Chief Probation Officer, West Yorkshire Probation and After\\-Care Service.\n* Dennis Hale, Deputy Chief Engineer (Transport), Metropolitan Police.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Henry Robert Hall, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For services to the Scout Association in Jersey.\n* Brian Thomas Harris, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}, [Clerk to the Justices](/wiki/Justices%27_clerk \"Justices' clerk\"), Poole, Dorset.\n* Frederick Charles Harris, Counselling Adviser, West Midlands Small Firms Service.\n* Walter Basil Hatcher. For political and public service.\n* George Hayes, Director, South Yorkshire Area, National Coal Board.\n* Terence Thompstone Henshaw, Group Electrical and Energy Engineer, Amey Roadstone Corporation.\n* Kenneth Charles Henry Herring, lately Divisional Director (Industrial/Consumer), Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd.\n* Geoffrey Graham Hilditch, General Manager, [Leicester City Transport](/wiki/First_Leicester \"First Leicester\").\n* Richard Desmond Hill. For services to Rowing.\n* Eric Hoggarth. For services to the Science and Engineering Research Council.\n* Victor Leonard Holt, lately Senior Principal, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Daniel Horrocks, Chairman, Broseley Estates Ltd.\n* Andrew Beatty Houstoun, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, DL}}, lately Convener, Scottish Landowners' Federation.\n* Ronald Charles Howell, General Secretary, The Rainer Foundation; Director, The Intermediate Treatment Fund.\n* Anne Luise Hunter, Clinical Assistant (Neurology), South West Surrey Health District.\n* Thomas Munro Hunter, Secretary, Church of Scotland Committee on Chaplains to HM Forces.\n* Roy Vernon Hurrell, Director, Precision Products Group, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* Captain Maurice Gwynne Hutchinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Member, Council of St. John Ambulance Association, South and West Yorkshire.\n* Edward Robert Jobson. For services to the [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion \"Royal British Legion\").\n* [Brian Alexander Johnston](/wiki/Brian_Alexander_Johnston \"Brian Alexander Johnston\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to Broadcasting and Cricket.\n* Alexander Irving Johnstone, Member, Thames Barrier Advisory Team.\n* William Henry Jolliffe. For political and public service.\n* Dorothy Annie Jones, Nursing Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Myra Jones, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Donald George Eric Kent, General Manager, Blyth Harbour Commission.\n* Michael Donald Laird, Architect, Edinburgh.\n* John Lavelle, Headmaster, Worsbrough High School, Barnsley.\n* Richard Alfred Lee, Chief Executive and Secretary, [Co\\-operative Retail Services](/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Services \"Co-operative Retail Services\") Ltd.\n* Lesley Madeline Lindsay, Northern Ireland Trustee, Women Caring Trust.\n* Bessie Gordon Lloyd, Vice\\-Chairman, Church Army Board.\n* Charles Robert Longman, Controller, Engineering and Operations, BBC Television.\n* Norman Forbes Low, Governor I, [HM Remand Centre, Risley](/wiki/HM_Prison_Risley \"HM Prison Risley\").\n* Ronald Stuart McCulloch, Managing Director, [Cantrell \\& Cochrane](/wiki/Cantrell_%26_Cochrane \"Cantrell & Cochrane\") Ltd.\n* Elaine Maria McDonald, Ballet Dancer, [Scottish Ballet](/wiki/Scottish_Ballet \"Scottish Ballet\").\n* Major Keith Roderick Turing Mackenzie, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to Golf.\n* George Haliburton Dodds Mackie, Deputy General Manager, Scottish Region, British Rail.\n* Andrew McMaster, Senior Principal, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Mary Isabella Blewitt McMaster, Warden and Founder, St. Luke's Home, Oxford.\n* Ada Winifred Maddocks, National Organising Officer, [National Association of Local Government Officers](/wiki/National_Association_of_Local_Government_Officers \"National Association of Local Government Officers\").\n* Wilfrid James Alfred Mann, [HM Inspector of Schools](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Education \"Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education\").\n* Frederick Charles Marks, Chief Executive, Motherwell District Council.\n* Patience Elizabeth Marshall. For services to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Walter Scott Marshall, Leader, Minority Group, Derbyshire County Council.\n* Graham Cyril Mason, Deputy Director, International Affairs, [Confederation of British Industry](/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry \"Confederation of British Industry\"). For services to Export.\n* Peter Alan Mawson, Principal, Department of Employment.\n* Reginald Mercado, Chairman and Chief Executive, Aerospace Engineering plc.\n* George Thomas Meredith, lately Director, Social Services, Norfolk County Council.\n* James Miller, Director, Greenock Plant, IBM United Kingdom Ltd.\n* James Oliver Morris. For public services in Wales.\n* The Reverend [John Marcus Harston Morris](/wiki/John_Marcus_Harston_Morris \"John Marcus Harston Morris\"), Deputy Chairman, [National Magazine Company](/wiki/National_Magazine_Company \"National Magazine Company\") Ltd.\n* Alexander Morrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Strathclyde Police.\n* Commander Edwin Allen Morrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Royal Navy (Retd.), Chairman, St. John Council for Hampshire.\n* Richard John Morse, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, West Glamorgan Fire Brigade.\n* Herbert Stephen Mullaly, Vice\\-Chairman, CBI Education Foundation.\n* Charles Neill, lately Chairman, Northern Ireland Coal Advisory Service.\n* Howard Millar Nixon. For services to Bookbinding.\n* Stasys Obcarskas, lately Area Nursing Officer, Salop Area Health Authority.\n* [Detta O'Cathain](/wiki/Detta_O%27Cathain \"Detta O'Cathain\") (Mrs. Bishop), Marketing Adviser to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* Dilys Mary Palmer, Member of the Board, Washington Development Corporation.\n* Dennis Stephen Papworth, lately Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* Joan Partridge. For political and public service.\n* Simon Harry Wood Partridge, Chairman, Butterworth Law Publishers Ltd.\n* Derek Harley Peters. For political service.\n* John Milne Petrie, Engineer and Surveyor, Durham County Council.\n* Sheila Mary Pettit, Historic Buildings Representative, Northumbria, The National Trust.\n* Frederick Forrest Poskitt, Consultant Civil Engineer and Vice\\-Chairman of the Northern Ireland Water Council.\n* Kenneth George Charles Prevette, lately General Secretary, [Cremation Society of Great Britain](/wiki/Cremation_Society_of_Great_Britain \"Cremation Society of Great Britain\").\n* [Douglas Arthur Quadling](/wiki/Douglas_Arthur_Quadling \"Douglas Arthur Quadling\"), Mathematics Tutor, University of Cambridge, Institute of Education.\n* John Frederick Reeve, Chairman, [Costain Civil Engineering Ltd.](/wiki/Costain_Group \"Costain Group\") Chairman, C.T.H. (The Thames Barrier Consortium).\n* Henry Sulien Richards, lately Headmaster, [Sir Thomas Jones School](/wiki/Ysgol_Syr_Thomas_Jones \"Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones\"), Amlwch, Gwynedd.\n* David Griffith Roberts, Chief Executive, Pilkington Ophthalmic Division, Chance Pilkington Ltd.\n* Keith Edward Roberts, Farmer, Suffolk. Deputy Chairman, Meat and Livestock Commission.\n* William Stewart Robertson, Company Director, [Rediffusion](/wiki/Rediffusion \"Rediffusion\") plc. For services to Export.\n* Hugh Nigel Croke Ellis\\-Robinson, Programme Director, Mantello Projects, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel James Gray Round, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in Essex.\n* Gerald Frederick Gray Russell, First Class Valuer, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* William Bonney Rust, lately Principal, [Hammersmith and West London College](/wiki/Hammersmith_and_West_London_College \"Hammersmith and West London College\").\n* Brian Scholes, lately Chief Executive, Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council.\n* Maurice David Shaffner, County Prosecuting Solicitor, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council.\n* Norman Henry Sherrard, Senior Executive, Industrial Development Board for Northern Ireland.\n* Donald Herbert Simpson, Librarian and Director of Studies, [Royal Commonwealth Society](/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society \"Royal Commonwealth Society\").\n* John Llewellyn Skinner, Chairman, Derbyshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.\n* Professor George Teeling Smith, Director, [Office of Health Economics](/wiki/The_Office_of_Health_Economics \"The Office of Health Economics\").\n* Ralph Morton Smith, lately Principal, Ministry of Defence.\n* Gerd Walter Christian Sommerhoff, Director, Centre for Creative Technology, [Sevenoaks School](/wiki/Sevenoaks_School \"Sevenoaks School\"), Kent.\n* Ernest Antony Spencer, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, [National Engineering Laboratory](/wiki/National_Engineering_Laboratory \"National Engineering Laboratory\").\n* Leslie Albert Spicer, Consultant, Institute of Freight Forwarders.\n* Eric Elliot Stabler, Secretary, National Health Service Prescription Pricing Authority (England).\n* William Hay Stephen, Chairman, Aberdeen Fish Producers' Organisation Ltd.\n* Robert Alister Strand, lately Registrar, Art and Design, [Council for National Academic Awards](/wiki/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards \"Council for National Academic Awards\").\n* [Mary Noel Streatfeild](/wiki/Mary_Noel_Streatfeild \"Mary Noel Streatfeild\"), Writer.\n* Gerald Sambrooke Sturgess. For services to Yachting.\n* William Royden Stuttaford. For political service.\n* James Alexander Sutherland, lately Principal, Scottish Home and Health Department.\n* William Alfred Sutton, Chairman, Sutton \\& Sons, Road Hauliers.\n* William James Symons, Chief Finance Officer, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission \"Commonwealth War Graves Commission\").\n* Hubert Taggart, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* John Henry Taylor. For political service.\n* Professor [Kathleen Mary Tillotson](/wiki/Kathleen_Mary_Tillotson \"Kathleen Mary Tillotson\"). For services to English Literature.\n* Dorothy Mary Tomlinson. For political and public service.\n* John Barrett Turner, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the magistracy in England and Wales.\n* Joseph Norman Ullock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Deputy Chief Constable, Cumbria Constabulary.\n* Mary Elizabeth Uprichard, Principal Administrative Education Officer, Central School of Midwifery, Northern Ireland.\n* Alexander Primrose Urquhart, Headmaster, [Kincorth Academy](/wiki/Kincorth_Academy \"Kincorth Academy\"), Aberdeen.\n* Elizabeth Evelyn Murray Usher. For public service, particularly in South\\-West Scotland.\n* Norman Edward Percival Waldren, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* [Ian Bryce Wallace](/wiki/Ian_Wallace_%28singer%29 \"Ian Wallace (singer)\"), Singer and Broadcaster.\n* Leonard Gordon St. John Waterman. For political service.\n* Wilfrid Watkin, General Dental Practitioner, Lowestoft.\n* Craig Robert Galloway Watson, Senior Assistant Editor (Committees), House of Commons.\n* [Alexander McKellar Watt](/wiki/Eric_McKellar_Watt \"Eric McKellar Watt\"), Chairman, McKellar Watt Ltd., Glasgow.\n* James Colin Eden Webster, Chief Executive, British Petroleum Gas.\n* Walter Pollock Weir. For services to forensic pathology in Scotland.\n* Bertrand Harry Whistance, lately Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Elizabeth Mary Whitaker, Member, Board of Visitors, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield \"HM Prison Wakefield\").\n* [Robert John White](/wiki/Robert_John_White \"Robert John White\"). For services to local government in Northern Ireland.\n* John Alexander Whiteside, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Assistant Chief Constable, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* John Patrick Charles Wilder, Director, [Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association](/wiki/Psychiatric_Rehabilitation_Association \"Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association\").\n* Geoffrey Francis John Williams, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, [Bronglais Hospital](/wiki/Bronglais_Hospital \"Bronglais Hospital\"), Aberystwyth.\n* Zena Alma Pearl Williams. For services to the community in Buckinghamshire.\n* Willoughby Wilson, Consultant Surgeon, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast \"Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast\").\n* Alfred George Woonton. For services to The Royal Naval Association.",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Monique Akroyd. For services to English\\-language journalism in Belgium.\n* Dr. Ian Baker, Assistant Representative, British Council, India.\n* William Alan Belsham. For services to British interests in Swaziland.\n* Jonathan Betts, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Cairo.\n* Anthony John Maitland Blumer. For services to British commercial interests in Malaysia.\n* Robert Briggs. For services to the British community in Baghdad.\n* Arthur Kenneth Bromley. For services to British commercial interests in Italy.\n* Dr. William Nanscawan Brown, Representative, British Council, Denmark.\n* Richard Butters, First Secretary (Commercial), British High Commission, Nairobi.\n* Hubert Michael Close, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For services to education in Pakistan.\n* Geoffrey George Collins, lately First Secretary, (Commercial) HM Embassy, Rangoon.\n* Brian John Cordery. For services to the British community in Paris.\n* Dr. John Cecil Davies. For services to agricultural research in India.\n* William Stewart Dundas. For services to technical co\\-operation in the Yemen Arab Republic.\n* Craddock Ebanks. For public services in the Cayman Islands.\n* Michael John Evans. For services to British commercial interests in Baghdad.\n* John Harold Geoffrey Foley, lately Representative, British Council, Ecuador.\n* Bernard Damien Gately, lately First Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Athens.\n* Raymond Bruce Giles. For services to British commercial interests in Japan.\n* Samuel Victor Gittins, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC}}. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* John Coldwell Griffiths, lately Magistrate, Hong Kong.\n* Charles Hargrove. For services to journalism in Paris.\n* James Neil Henderson, Commissioner for Labour, Hong Kong.\n* Edward Richard Charles Holland, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately HM Consul\\-General, Alexandria.\n* Noel Alexander Johnston. For services to British shipping interests in Belgium.\n* Dr. Stephen Richard Keating. For medical services to the community in Seychelles.\n* Kenneth William Kelley, First Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.\n* Colonel Anthony Lawrence King\\-Harman, lately International Staff, NATO, Brussels.\n* Graham Victor Lassetter. For services to British commercial interests in Trinidad.\n* Robert William Lutton. For services to British commercial interests in Singapore:\n* Nicholas Melvyn McCarthy, First Secretary and Head of Chancery, HM Embassy, Dakar.\n* Ian Francis Cluny MacPherson, Regional Secretary, New Territories, Hong Kong.\n* Timothy James Murphy. For services to British commercial interests in Spain.\n* David George Pacy. For services to British commercial interests in New York.\n* George Marshall Paton. For services to technical co\\-operation in Ghana.\n* [Bernard Edward Pauncefort](/wiki/Bernard_Pauncefort \"Bernard Pauncefort\"), lately Administrator, Ascension Island.\n* John Denis Prifti. For services to British shipping interests in Sierra Leone.\n* James Henry Ramagge. For services to the building industry in Gibraltar.\n* Ronald Leslie Reeves, lately First Secretary, HM Embassy, Washington.\n* Christopher John Spencer Rundle, First Secretary, British Interests Section, Royal Swedish Embassy, Tehran.\n* Colin Harry Cecil Rutherford. For services to the British community in Venezuela.\n* Nigel Edward Salmon. For services to British commercial and community interests in Nigeria.\n* Oliver Richard Siddle, Representative, British Council, Hong Kong.\n* Warren Cecil Tyson. For public and community services in St. Kitts\\-Nevis.\n* Frederick Langtree Walker. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* Jack Lewis Wicker. For services to British commercial interests in Paris.\n* Leonard Kenneth Young, Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, Hong Kong University.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* Charles Victor Boyd. For service to the community.\n* Reverend Owen Kevin Oxenham. For service to the Church and the community.\n* Roy Max Reynolds. Councillor, Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland.\n* Dr. Keith William Kirkland Shaw. For service to medicine.",
"State of South Australia\n* [Allan Robert Charles McLean](/wiki/Bob_McLean_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Bob McLean (Australian footballer)\"). For service to sport.\n* Stanley William Otto Menzel. For service to irrigation and piping technology.\n* Cedric Jeffrey Thomson. For service to the law.\n* William Herbert Wylie. For service to production engineering, cattle breeding and horse racing.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Dr. Carl Georgeff. For service to the community.\n* Reginald John Trigg. For service to insurance and surf life saving.",
"State of Tasmania\n* Roy Alexander Gourlay. For service to the community."
] |
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Lieutenant Commander (SCC) John Bailie, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Lieutenant (CS) Stephen Lionel Baker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, Royal Marines.
* Lieutenant Commander David Albert Bartlett.
* Fleet Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (R) Simon Hugh Beel, J926468Q.
* Lieutenant Commander Dennis Corless.
* Lieutenant Commander (Honorary Commander) Anthony Roger Evans.
* Lieutenant Commander Peter Bernard Evershed.
* Warrant Officer First Class John Robert French, Royal Marines, PO19457L.
* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Robert Fyleman.
* Lieutenant Charles Victor Hanna.
* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Arnold Harrison, {{post\-nominals\|list\=VRD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.
* Fleet Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic Joseph Ivan James, M915230Y.
* Senior Nursing Officer Ethel Jean Kidd, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.
* Fleet Chief Writer Joseph John O'Mahony, DO74522X.
* Lieutenant Commander John Richard Taylor.
* Lieutenant Commander Stanley Colin Wadman.
* Lieutenant Commander Peter Robert Walwyn.
Army
* Major Thomas Douglas Raeburn Archibald, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (486474\), Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army.
* Major (now Acting Lieutenant Colonel) Albert Raymond Bell (472486\), Corps of Royal Military Police.
* Major Anne Kathleen Brown (475397\), Women's Royal Army Corps.
* Major Roger Morgan Brumhill, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (480941\), Corps of Royal Military Police, Territorial Army.
* Major (Quartermaster) William Ronald Clarke (496655\), Grenadier Guards.
* Captain (Quartermaster) George Ingram Cooper (502108\), Scots Guards.
* Major (Quartermaster) Stuart Cottage, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (462271\), Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.
* 24003203 Warrant Officer Class 2 Raymonde Dewsnap, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 23750661 Warrant Officer Class 1 James Doherty, Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major Robert Hugh Geoffrey Elford (489183\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major (Quartermaster) Malcolm Denzil Evans (496127\), Royal Tank Regiment.
* Major Graham Anderson Ewer (479220\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Major Robin Anthony Field\-Smith (489314\), Royal Army Educational Corps.
* Acting Major James Austin Brown Gibson (468898\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Major Patrick John Henderson (490198\), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Terence Graham Hodgetts (501942\), The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment).
* Major William Michael Whewell Jackson (473982\), Intelligence Corps.
* Major Richard Michael Lambe (482768\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* Major Donald Latham, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ERD, TD}}, (369122\), Royal Army Pay Corps, Territorial Army.
* Major (Quartermaster) Frank Lawrie (493891\), Scots Guards.
* Major Janet Laurie Lawson (494202\), Women's Army Corps.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Patrick Lewis (501879\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23864474 Warrant Officer Class 1 Francis Joseph John Lyle, Royal Pioneer Corps.
* Major (Quartermaster) Ernest John Mann (497080\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23887423 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\) Kauata Vamarasi Marafono, Special Air Service Regiment.
* Major James Robert McRae (497779\), Special Air Service Regiment, Territorial Army.
* 23206262 Warrant Officer Class 2 Leslie Merifield, Coldstream Guards.
* Major Alan Mills (472924\), Royal Army Pay Corps.
* Major Timothy Julian O'Donnell (491174\), 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles.
* Captain (Acting Major) Francis William Price, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, (475599\), The Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th), Territorial Army.
* LS/14471322 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\) Gordon William Rabet, The Parachute Regiment.
* Acting Captain Anthony Philip Solway (459682\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.
* Major Gordon Wallace Stafford (495903\), Army Air Corps.
* Captain David James Taggart (496168\), Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* Major (Quartermaster) Robert Alexander Tighe (486473\), The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).
* 23675401 Warrant Officer Class 1 Geoffrey Richard Tolley, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Major (Director of Music) Gordon Turner (497337\), Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major (Quartermaster) Arthur Bryan Wheatley (494880\), Royal Tank Regiment.
* Major (Quartermaster) William Frederick Whiting, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (489292\), Corps of Royal Engineers.
* Major Anthony Williams (486411\), Intelligence Corps.
* Major (Quartermaster) John Stephen Williams, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DCM}}, (492059\), The Parachute Regiment.
* Captain (Quartermaster) Henry Wood (506283\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
Royal Air Force
* Squadron Leader Leslie Brown (2746273\).
* Squadron Leader Roger Frederick Richard Carr, (4233050\).
* Squadron Leader Roderick Bruce Alexander Moore (4161555\).
* Squadron Leader Neil Robert Pollock (1624440\).
* Squadron Leader Phillip Wycliffe Roser (608889\).
* Squadron Leader Joseph Robert Denis Sauzier (609344\).
* Squadron Leader [Graham Skinner](/wiki/Graham_Skinner "Graham Skinner") (609364\).
* Flight Lieutenant Kenneth Albert Butcher (3088345\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).
* Flight Lieutenant George William Starling (2337638\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).
* Flight Lieutenant Christopher Alan Suckling (690183\).
* Flight Lieutenant Anne Whitelock (8031838\), [Women's Royal Air Force](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force "Women's Royal Air Force").
* Acting Flight Lieutenant Davin Richfield Wyatt (683819\).
* Warrant Officer Dennis Desmond Cross (H4127958\).
* Warrant Officer David Hampton Dorward (D4132468\).
* Warrant Officer David Downie (R4022144\).
* Warrant Officer Kenneth John Grant (J3503340\).
* Warrant Officer Dennis Cecil David Jones (J4004190\).
* Warrant Officer William Patrick Lilley, (X4145737\).
* Warrant Officer John Richard Lumley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (B0579017\).
* Warrant Officer Harold Peach, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, (G4143650\).
* Warrant Officer Allan David George Smith (U0587283\).
* Warrant Officer William George Winterbourne (B2575904\).
* Warrant Officer Trevor St. Clair Wonfor (A3526443\).
* Master Air Loadmaster Timothy Alan Bond (H0594239\).
Civil Division
* Nathan Abrahams, lately Director, Mappin (Caterers) plc. For services to the Catering Industry.
* Arthur John Adam, Member, National Gas Consumers' Council.
* [Adrian Neil Adams](/wiki/Neil_Adams_%28judoka%29 "Neil Adams (judoka)"). For services to [Judo](/wiki/Judo "Judo").
* Paul Vernon Adcock, Executive Officer, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise "Board of Customs and Excise").
* Christina Alice Aikenhead, Area Cancer Registration Officer, Lothian Health Board.
* David Gear Aitchison, lately Chief Executive, Scottish Fishermen's Federation.
* Jill Allen, Chairman, Joint Committee on Mobility of the Blind and Partially\-Sighted People, [National Federation of the Blind](/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind "National Federation of the Blind").
* Anthony Allibone, [General Medical Practitioner](/wiki/General_Medical_Practitioner "General Medical Practitioner"), Norfolk.
* Sidney Francis Walter Arnold, Senior Executive Officer, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue "Board of Inland Revenue").
* George Loudon Atkinson, Area Industrial Relations Officer, North East Area, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board "National Coal Board").
* Cecil Leslie Auckland, Assistant Division Officer, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs").
* William Henry Austin, Founder and Director, Happy Days Coaches (Woodseaves) Ltd., Stafford.
* Grace Margaret Axton, lately Principal Adoption Officer, Chichester Diocesan Association for Family Social Work.
* William Harry Leonard Baker, Chief Instructor (and Organiser), Watford Training Scheme for Motorcyclists.
* Violet Ballantine. For services to the [National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children](/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children "National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children").
* William Reginald Barber, Marketing Manager, (South America), Cheltenham Division, [Smiths Industries](/wiki/Smiths_Industries "Smiths Industries"), Aerospace and Defence Systems Company. For services to Export.
* Harold John Barker, Planning Manager, D.S.W.P.(N.), Marconi Communication Systems Ltd.
* Norah Barker, Ward Sister, [Pilgrim Hospital](/wiki/Pilgrim_Hospital "Pilgrim Hospital"), South Lincolnshire Health Authority.
* Sidney Barnard, lately Manager, Export Branch, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes "Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes").
* Eric Leslie Barnes, lately Telecommunications Technical Officer Grade I, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office").
* Mary Ross Baxter, Deputy Director, National Book League, Scotland.
* Anthony Herbert Bayman. For political service.
* Carmen Etheline Marjorie Beckford, Senior Community Relations Officer, Bristol Council for Racial Equality.
* Joyce Lilian Benham. For services to mentally disabled people in Gravesend and district.
* Thomas Warwick Bennett, lately manager, London Trade Counter, [Chatto](/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus "Chatto & Windus"), [Bodley Head](/wiki/Bodley_Head "Bodley Head") \& [Jonathan Cape](/wiki/Jonathan_Cape "Jonathan Cape") Ltd.
* Mintose Bibby. For political and public service in the North West.
* Franklin Edwin Birch, lately Clerk, [Worshipful Company of Farriers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers "Worshipful Company of Farriers").
* Violet Mabel Bitchenor, Welfare Officer, Northampton and County Spastics Society.
* Joseph Paterson Black, General Secretary, [Scottish Police Federation](/wiki/Scottish_Police_Federation "Scottish Police Federation").
* Theresa Black, Senior Nursing Officer, [Stradreagh Hospital](/wiki/Gransha_Hospital "Gransha Hospital"), Londonderry.
* Charles Clarke Bodel, Assistant Director of Research, Lambeg Industrial Research Association.
* Nancye Kathleen Boobbyer. For services to the Sussex Kidney Trust.
* Peter Lawrence Booty, Assistant Secretary, London Orchestral Concerts Board.
* Isaac Henry John Bourne, Medical Officer, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy "Remploy") Ltd.
* Grace Joan Valerie Bourns. For services to the community in Bristol.
* Donald Benjamin Brewer, Assistant Chief Warning Officer, Horsham, [United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Warning_and_Monitoring_Organisation "United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation").
* Neville Britton, Director, Hartlepool Docks, Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority.
* Ronald Maxwell Brown, Chief Forester, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission "Forestry Commission").
* Elizabeth Woodrow Browning, Chairman, Association for All Speech\-Impaired Children.
* Desmond Charles Buchanan, lately Chief Inspector, [Avon and Somerset Constabulary](/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary "Avon and Somerset Constabulary").
* Commander Bruce Errol Bulbeck, Royal Navy (Retd.), Retired Officer I, Ministry of Defence.
* Joan Marguerite Burge, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence.
* Agnes Hope Johnson Burn. For political and public service.
* John Ralston Butterly, Chairman, Reidvale Housing Association.
* Olive Hylda Margaret Cass, Superintendent, of Typists, Supplies Department, Greater London Council.
* George Casson, Clerk, Northumberland Engine Works, Clark Hawthorn Ltd.
* Margaret Sarah Castle, Nursing Officer, Neo\-Natal Unit, [Hammersmith Hospital](/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital "Hammersmith Hospital"), London.
* Thomas Cawley, lately Senior Librarian, [Rothamsted Experimental Station](/wiki/Rothamsted_Experimental_Station "Rothamsted Experimental Station"), Harpenden.
* Eric Alfred Chaplin, General Manager, Sub District Area, South East London, The Post Office.
* Harold Edward Chappell. For services to local government in Lincolnshire.
* Jacqueline Meynell Cingel, Higher Executive Officer, Department of the Environment.
* Daphne Diana Clark, Director, Richmond upon Thames Churches' Housing Trust.
* Francis Arthur Clark. For political service.
* George Edward Claydon, Chief Superintendent, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police "Metropolitan Police").
* Ernest Reginald Clow, Air Traffic Engineer I, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority "Civil Aviation Authority").
* Peter John Cooke, Executive Engineer, [British Telecom](/wiki/British_Telecom "British Telecom").
* Angela Janet Vera Cotton, Chairman, National Association of [Probation Hostels](/wiki/Approved_Premises "Approved Premises").
* Eileen Ruth Elizabeth Cox. For services to disabled people in Shepperton and District.
* James Cullen, Convener of Housing Committee, [Gordon District Council](/wiki/Gordon_%28district%29 "Gordon (district)").
* James Cusack, Auxiliary Officer (Technical), [Royal Naval Auxiliary Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Auxiliary_Service "Royal Naval Auxiliary Service").
* George Llewellyn Davies, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DSC}}, Engineer's Representative, [Thames Barrier](/wiki/Thames_Barrier "Thames Barrier") Project, Rendel, Palmer \& Tritton, Consulting Engineers.
* Robert Hefin Davies, Managing Director and Chairman, J. W. Greaves \& Sons Ltd.
* Donald Charles Davis, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Energy.
* Kathleen Margaret Laurie Davis. For services to the community in Wolvey and District, Leicestershire.
* Michael Edgar Drew Davis, Group Finance and Planning Manager, [Greenall Whitley](/wiki/Greenall_Whitley "Greenall Whitley") plc.
* Nicole Matilde Davoud, Founder and Chairman, Crack MS.
* James Bartholomew Devine, Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* Eric Ernest Dew. For services to dioceses in the South East.
* Iqbal Singh Dhut, Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Joyce Mary Dickson, Centre Organiser, Ringwood, Hampshire Branch, [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society "British Red Cross Society").
* Rosemary Cadbury Dickson. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.
* Hilda Ritchie Doran, Senior Lecturer in Primary Education, Aberdeen College of Education.
* Constance Mona Douglas. For services to Manx Culture.
* Charles Draper, Manager, Resettlement Unit, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Audrey Alice Grace Duddy, Head, Remedial Department, Saffron Walden County High School.
* Hazel Catherine Dutton, Matron, Marie Curie Memorial Foundation, Sunnybank Nursing Home, Liverpool.
* Margaret Easton, lately Administrative Assistant, Careers Service, Tyne and Wear.
* Audrey Eveline Lucilla Edwards. For services to the community in Hayling Island.
* Henry Elliott, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Edna Dorothy Embleton. For services to the community in Buckingham.
* Ronald Walter Emes, Director, The [British Canoe Union](/wiki/British_Canoe_Union "British Canoe Union").
* Sidney Albert England, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.
* The Reverend Canon Owen Vyvyan Eva, Rector, St. Nicholas, [Halewood](/wiki/Halewood "Halewood") Parish Church.
* Lieutenant Commander Cyril Joseph Evans, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve "Royal Naval Reserve") (Retd.), Chairman, Leicester Unit Committee, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)").
* Yvonne Winifred Filleul, Personal Secretary, [Cable \& Wireless plc](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc "Cable & Wireless plc").
* John George Russell Fletcher. For political service.
* Marjorie Hannah Earnshaw Flowerday, Medical Assistant, [Blood Transfusion Service](/wiki/Blood_Transfusion_Service "Blood Transfusion Service"), Sheffield.
* Bernard William Foreman, Assistant Divisional Organiser, Colchester, [Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers](/wiki/Amalgamated_Union_of_Engineering_Workers "Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers").
* Keith William Forward, Divisional Education Officer, Dartford, Kent.
* Ursula Una Clare Foss, Disaster Relief Purchasing Officer, British Red Cross Society.
* Veronique Lucy Vernon Foster, Secretary, South West and Southern Regions, [Abbeyfield Society](/wiki/Abbeyfield_Society "Abbeyfield Society").
* Anthony Conway Gabe. For services to the Blind in Mid\-Sussex.
* Alan John Gane, Chief Commandant, Cambridgeshire Special Constabulary.
* Alexander McLean Garden, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* John Frederick Gardiner, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Edward John George, Detective Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.
* Richard Dennis Gilbert, Manager, Company Secretariat, B.L. plc.
* Beatrice Gillam, Member, Council, [Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation](/wiki/Wiltshire_Wildlife_Trust "Wiltshire Wildlife Trust").
* [Duncan Alexander Goodhew](/wiki/Duncan_Goodhew "Duncan Goodhew"). For services to Swimming.
* Donald Frederick Goodwin, Principal Partner, D. \& P. Goodwin Ltd. (Fruit Growers).
* Michael Gurnell Green, General Medical Practitioner, Burscough, Lancashire.
* The Reverend Charles Grice, General Secretary, The [Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Church_Lads%27_and_Church_Girls%27_Brigade "Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade").
* David John Griffith, Commissioner, Clwyd County, St. John Ambulance Brigade.
* Arnold Grimston, Collector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Mabel Alice Jane Hales. For services to the community in Norfolk.
* Henry Palmer Halkett, lately Chairman, Local Review Committees, HM Prisons, Aberdeen and Peterhead.
* Charles William Hall, Works Director, [Ladybird Books](/wiki/Ladybird_Books "Ladybird Books") Ltd.
* Maeve Patricia Hall, lately Member, [Northern Ireland Tourist Board](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board "Northern Ireland Tourist Board").
* James Peter Hamilton, Assistant Secretary, Occupational Safety and Health, Social Insurance and Industrial Welfare Department, [Trades Union Congress](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress "Trades Union Congress").
* Doris Lillian Harris, Personal Secretary, Department of Transport.
* William George Alfred Hathaway. For services to the community in Usk.
* Donald William Hawkins, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.
* Kathleen Mary Hazzard, Personal Secretary, Department of Employment.
* Donald Gill Headley, lately Chief Test Pilot, Brough, Kingston\-Brough Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* James Ivor Heath, Senior Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* John Barrie Hesketh, Artistic Director, [Mull Little Theatre](/wiki/Mull_Little_Theatre "Mull Little Theatre").
* [Marianne Edith Frances Hesketh](/wiki/Marianne_Hesketh "Marianne Hesketh"), Artistic Director, Mull Little Theatre.
* George Ernest Hill, Vice\-Principal, North East Derbyshire College of Further Education, Chesterfield.
* Edward Wiliam Hobson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Head Teacher, Meltham Church of England Primary School, Kirklees.
* Edward Joscelyn Holland, Farmer, Staffordshire. For services to agriculture.
* Robert Hollingdrake, Counsellor, Manchester Small Firms Service.
* Charles Reginald Hopkin, Chief Superintendent, [North Yorkshire Police](/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police "North Yorkshire Police").
* Clifford Frederick Charles Cecil Hopkins, Site Manager, [Heysham 1](/wiki/Heysham_nuclear_power_station "Heysham nuclear power station"), National Nuclear Corporation Ltd.
* [Jack Howarth](/wiki/Jack_Howarth_%28actor%29 "Jack Howarth (actor)") (John Aubrey Conway Howarth), Actor, and for services to charity.
* John Hoy, lately Manager, Londonderry Terminal, [Shell UK](/wiki/Shell_UK "Shell UK") Ltd.
* Albert Hughes, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* John Hughes, Chairman, Wales Council for the Blind.
* Edward Arthur Humphreys, lately Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Edward Desmonde Carlisle Hunt, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Ruby Hunt. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.
* Denys Dobell Hutchings, Secretary, [Kennet and Avon Canal Trust](/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Trust "Kennet and Avon Canal Trust") Ltd.
* Isobel June Hutchings. For political service.
* Florence Rose Inglis, Member, [Monklands District Council](/wiki/Monklands_District_Council "Monklands District Council").
* Robert Stewart Inglis, General Sales Manager, Clyde Canvas Goods \& Structures Ltd., Port Glasgow.
* Marjorie Rose Isgar, Headteacher, Perth\-y\-Terfyn Infants School, Holywell.
* Irene Israel, lately General Secretary, Basingstoke Council of Community Service.
* Bill Jackson, Secretary, Sutton Valence Branch, Agricultural and Allied Workers' National Trade Group.
* Marlene Jefferson, for services to local government in Londonderry.
* Ronald Samuel Johnston, Secretary, Rathgael and Whiteabby Schools Management Board, Bangor.
* Richard ap Simon Jones, Farmer, [Tywyn](/wiki/Tywyn "Tywyn"), Gwynedd.
* Leslie Jordan, lately Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.
* Amy Beatrice Jury, Member of Council, [St. Andrew's Ambulance Association](/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Ambulance_Association "St. Andrew's Ambulance Association").
* Jane Margaret Kendall. For political and public service.
* Ralph Erskine Kendrick, Vice\-President, [Boys' Clubs of Wales](/wiki/Boys%27_and_Girls%27_Clubs_of_Wales "Boys' and Girls' Clubs of Wales").
* Pearl Winifred Kerr. For services to [Muckamore Abbey Hospital](/wiki/Muckamore_Abbey_Hospital "Muckamore Abbey Hospital"), Antrim.
* Charles George Herbert Keyse, Senior Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Norah Mabel King, Principal Personnel Assistant, Central Departments, [London Transport](/wiki/London_Transport_Executive_%28GLC%29 "London Transport Executive (GLC)").
* Terence Kinkead, Vice\-Chairman, Belfast Savings Council.
* Walter Mansfield Kitchen, Divisional Officer 1, London Fire Brigade.
* Trevor George Crosby Knight, Joint Chairman, East and West Sussex Supplementary Benefit Appeal Tribunals.
* Raymond Keith Knowles, Typist, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Thomson Rae Lannigan. For political service.
* Patrick Larry Lay, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Denis William Lupton Leslie, Chairman, Penlee Station Committee, [Royal National Lifeboat Institution](/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution "Royal National Lifeboat Institution").
* Moira Hamilton Levins, Senior Superintendent of Typists, Department of Education and Science.
* Leslie Maurice Albert Lightfoot, Sports Editor, *[Windsor, Slough and Eton Express](/wiki/Slough_and_Windsor_Express "Slough and Windsor Express")*.
* Henry Loring, Local Officer Grade II, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Ivy Lough, lately Personal Assistant and Secretary, British Industrial Estates Corporation.
* Maureen Millicent Lowrey, Senior Nursing Officer, [Frimley Park Hospital](/wiki/Frimley_Park_Hospital "Frimley Park Hospital"), West Surrey and North East Hampshire District Health Authority.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Michael Alastair Lowry, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}. For political service.
* Gordon David Luckings, Administrative Officer, [ILEA](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority "Inner London Education Authority") ([Sydenham School](/wiki/Sydenham_School "Sydenham School")).
* Margaret McGavin. For political service.
* [Daniel Fergus McGrain](/wiki/Danny_McGrain "Danny McGrain"). For services to Association Football in Scotland.
* Dorothy May Macintyre, Assistant Rector, [Lochaber High School](/wiki/Lochaber_High_School "Lochaber High School"), Fort William.
* Donald MacKay, lately Director of Environmental Health and Housing, East Kilbride District Council.
* Margaret Jean Mackenzie, Headmistress, Locharron Primary School.
* [George Edward Mackley](/wiki/George_Mackley "George Mackley"), Wood Engraver.
* David Morrison MacMillan, Secretary, [Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen%27s_Mission "Fishermen's Mission").
* Margaret Mary McNaughton. For political and public service.
* Thomas Mallaburn, Branch Secretary, [General and Municipal Workers' Union](/wiki/General_and_Municipal_Workers%27_Union "General and Municipal Workers' Union").
* Herbert Edward Maloney. For political and public service.
* Ruth Manley, Nurse Adviser, Society of Geriatric Nursing, [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing "Royal College of Nursing").
* William James Mann, Member, Ulster Defence Regiment Advisory Council.
* Audrey Thelma Manyweathers, Clerical Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* June Ida Marmont, Principal Careers Officer, London Borough of Bexley.
* [Mary Marquis](/wiki/Mary_Marquis "Mary Marquis") (Mary Elizabeth Maxwell Anderson), Presenter/Interviewer, [Scotland, British Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/BBC_Scotland "BBC Scotland").
* Lawrence Martin, lately Head, Department of Catering Technology, Granville College of Further Education, Sheffield.
* Henryk Matuszak. For services to the Polish Community and Penley Hospital, Clwyd.
* Sidney Ronald Mead. For services to The Forces Help Society and Lord Roberts Workshops.
* James Meldrum. For charitable services to the Arts in Scotland.
* Leonard Arthur Metcalf, Passenger Services Manager, Euston, British Rail.
* John Frederick Miles, Consultant, [Royal Automobile Club](/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club "Royal Automobile Club") and [Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Accidents "Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents").
* [Roger Millward](/wiki/Roger_Millward "Roger Millward"). For services to Rugby League Football.
* Henry Frank Hugh Mitchell, Regional Manager, Product Support, India, [Rolls\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd "Rolls-Royce Ltd"). For services to Export.
* John Leonard Moir, Senior Maintenance Supervisor, Hamilton Brothers.
* Hester Guthrie Monteath, Head Occupational Therapist, [Royal Edinburgh Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Hospital "Royal Edinburgh Hospital").
* Ravinand Mooneeram, Community/Adult Tutor in South Glamorgan.
* Edward Morley, Industrial Development Officer, Hartlepool Borough Council.
* Marjorie Catherine Morrison. For services to the [Architectural Association](/wiki/Architectural_Association "Architectural Association").
* Susan Charlotte Morrow, Clerical Assistant, Police Authority, Northern Ireland.
* George Mackenzie Murray, Farmer, [Rogart](/wiki/Rogart "Rogart"), Sutherland.
* James Murray, Secretary, Metropolitan and City Police Orphans Fund.
* Ronald Henry Nethercott, Regional Secretary, Region No. 3, [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union "Transport and General Workers Union").
* Frank John Neve, Principal, Export Sales Management Associates. For services to Export.
* Violet Ellen Edith Nicholls, Senior Personal Secretary, Public Trustee Office.
* [Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill](/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill "Martin O'Neill"). For services to Association Football.
* Wyndham John Parker. For political and public service.
* Ronald Albert Partridge, Professional and Technology Officer Grade II, Ministry of Defence.
* John Edward Stark Pay, Director, South East Region, Colt International Ltd. For services to Export.
* Frederick Gordon Thomas Pearce, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.
* Marion Trewhella Richards Pearce. For services to the community in St. Ives.
* Johanna Maria Chiappini Peebles, lately Secretary, The Friends of St. Paul's Cathedral.
* Major Albert Harold Pendleton. For services to the community in the Blackpool and Fylde area.
* Alida Penney, Divisional Nursing Officer, West Suffolk Health Authority.
* Patrick Thomas Gordon\-Duff\-Pennington. For services to the [National Farmers' Union of Scotland](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_Scotland "National Farmers' Union of Scotland").
* Francis Brian Pinney, Secretary, Okehampton and District Branch, Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain.
* William Edward Plummer, Postal Executive C, Newark Sub\-Office, Midlands Postal Board, The Post Office.
* James Ernest Pople, Senior Executive Officer, Management and Personnel Office.
* Gwendoline Alice Pounds. For services to the community in Marlow, Buckinghamshire.
* Kenneth Povey, lately Deputy Regional Personnel Officer, West Midlands Regional Health Authority.
* Archibald Chalmers Purves, Director/Secretary, Hawick Knitwear Manufacturers' Association.
* Ralph Alexander Raby, Director, Addison Housing Association.
* Guy Garland Reaks, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC}}, lately Director, British Leather Federation, for services to Export.
* Margaret Ellen Richards, lately Administrative Assistant, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education "UCL Institute of Education").
* Christopher Keith Richardson, Principal Research Associate, [Plessey Electronic Systems Research](/wiki/Plessey "Plessey").
* Geoffrey Richardson, Director, National Wool Textile Export Corporation. For services to Export.
* Leonard Eric Leslie Ridge. For political service in London.
* William Scott Rigler, Member, Poole Borough Council.
* John Benjamin Rilett, Training Manager, Bristol Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") plc.
* Benjamin Edward Robert Rook, Higher Executive Officer, Board of Inland Revenue.
* Rosemary Jean Rowles, Land Agency and Agriculture Divisional Secretary, [Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors](/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors "Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors").
* Thomas Roycroft, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Eric Royle, Chairman, Joint Consultative Council, Meat Trade in the United Kingdom.
* Eric William Russell, Secretary, [Road Haulage Association](/wiki/Road_Haulage_Association "Road Haulage Association").
* Leslie Joseph Sage, Senior Executive Officer, [Director of Public Prosecutions](/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_%28England_and_Wales%29 "Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)").
* Norman Frank Salisbury. For services to [the Scout Association](/wiki/The_Scout_Association "The Scout Association") in Manchester.
* Arnold Harry Scholfield. For political service.
* Joan Chalmers Semple, Personal Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office "Scottish Office").
* Margarete Sharpe, Sister, Drug Addiction Unit, [University College Hospital](/wiki/University_College_Hospital "University College Hospital"), London.
* [Adrian Shepherd](/wiki/Adrian_Shepherd "Adrian Shepherd"), Cellist.
* Lilian Joan Sherwin, lately Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Bernard Simcox. For political and public service.
* Robert John King Sinclair, Chief Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* George Paul Bernard Smith. For political service.
* John Smith, Chairman, Lanarkshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.
* Maisie Kathleen Smith, Chairman, The Birmingham Settlement.
* Edward Charles Snow, Inspector Grade III(T), Board of Inland Revenue.
* Anna Margreta Constance So Ye, Vice\-Principal, Lurgan Girls' Junior High School.
* Annie Stansfield, Secretary, National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease.
* Reginald Stead. For services to music in Cumbria.
* [Mavis Mary Steele](/wiki/Mavis_Steele "Mavis Steele"). For services to Women's Bowls.
* John Barclay Stevenson, General Medical Practitioner, Greenock.
* William Stewart, Manager, Manufacturing Services, N. E. I. Parsons.
* Timothy Richard Stowell, Export Sales Manager, Craig\-Nicol Ltd., Glasgow.
* Audrey Vera May Strange, lately Director of Music and Art, [Royal Over\-Seas League](/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League "Royal Over-Seas League").
* Peter John Summers, Managing Director, Deeside Enterprise Trust Ltd., [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation "British Steel Corporation").
* Clifford Swindells, Managing Director, Marglass Ltd. For services to Export.
* Margaret Edith Tarn, Organiser, South Tyneside, Citizens' Advice Bureau.
* Catherine Joan Taylor. For public and charitable services in Upton\-upon\-Severn.
* Colin Richard Taylor, lately Senior Executive Officer, Government Hospitality Fund, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Flora Mabel Taylor, Senior/Chief Physiological Measurement Technician (Neurophysiology).
* Iris Joyce Taylor. For services to the Coventry Branch, [Royal Air Forces Association](/wiki/Royal_Air_Forces_Association "Royal Air Forces Association").
* Peter Anthony Taylor, Executive Officer, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office "HM Stationery Office").
* Arthur Robinson Thomas, {{post\-nominals\|list\=VRD}}, lately Chairman, Devon Conservation Forum.
* John Thomas, Convener, Construction and Allied Technical Trades, Port Talbot, British Steel Corporation.
* [Francis Daley Thompson](/wiki/Francis_Daley_Thompson "Francis Daley Thompson"). For services to Athletics.
* Tom Hastings Thompson, Deputy District Treasurer, Oxfordshire Health Authority.
* Thomas Samuel Tibble, lately Manager, Subscriptions and Records, [Institution of Mechanical Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers "Institution of Mechanical Engineers").
* Doris Mary Tidy, Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* Gordon Tiplady, Regional Collector, Board of Inland Revenue.
* George Tomlinson, Assistant General Secretary, [British Limbless Ex\-Servicemen's Association](/wiki/Blesma "Blesma").
* Margaret Fletcher Torrance, lately Guider\-in\-Charge, Scottish Girl Guide Training and Camping Centre, Netherurd.
* Bessie Lorna Tucker, lately Superintendent Radiographer, [Velindre Hospital](/wiki/Velindre_Cancer_Centre "Velindre Cancer Centre"), Cardiff.
* James Underwood, lately Chief Housing Officer, North Tyneside District Council.
* Pauline Mary Veasey, Senior Receptionist, Latham House Medical Practice, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.
* Albert Ernest Veitch, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.
* John Harold Vernon, Executive Producer, Performing Arts, Music and Arts Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.
* Thomas Walter Villa, Staff Officer, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland.
* Dorothy Milne Wadsworth, Award Liaison Officer for Northern Ireland, [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award "The Duke of Edinburgh's Award").
* Allan Charles Wakeford, Information Officer, [Central Office of Information](/wiki/Central_Office_of_Information "Central Office of Information").
* Arthur Polden Walker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Manager, Professional and Regulatory Services, [Procter \& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble "Procter & Gamble") Ltd.
* Daniel Blair Wallace, Chief Superintendent, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Muriel Mackie Walls. For services to the community in Guildford.
* Brian Lawrence Ward, Superintendent, [Thames Valley Police](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police "Thames Valley Police").
* Alan Watson, Headmaster, Acacias Primary School, Manchester.
* Vera Margaret Watts, lately Director of Nurse Education, Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health Authority.
* Emma Webb, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, Principal Fire Control Officer, [West Midlands Fire Brigade](/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service "West Midlands Fire Service").
* William Joseph Webber, Deputy Chief Staff Welfare Officer, Home Office.
* Joan Lily West. For political service.
* Vera Anne Wetherall. For political service.
* Keith Stracey Wheeler. For services to environmental education.
* Gwenllian Enid, Lady Whittaker, lately District Organiser, Scarborough, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service "Women's Royal Voluntary Service").
* James Archibald Whittle, Financial Controller, Haven Products Ltd.
* Alfreda Mary Lowe\-Willetts, County Organiser, Hampshire Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs.
* Hywel Peredur Williams, Chairman, Welsh Association of Youth Clubs.
* Walter Temple Williams, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.
* Beryl Joan Wilmshurst, Higher Executive Officer, Departments of Trade and Industry.
* Cyril Winskell, Architect, Newcastle upon Tyne.
* Donald Hewitt Wood, Manager, Experimental Shop, [J. C. Bamford Excavators Ltd](/wiki/JCB_%28heavy_equipment_manufacturer%29 "JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)").
* Richard Alfred Wood, Chairman, J. W. Falkner \& Sons Ltd.
* Arnold Woodhouse. For political service.
* Joyce Lilian Woodhouse, lately Administrative Officer (Awards Division), [Inner London Education Authority](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority "Inner London Education Authority").
* Eileen Olive Woods, Chairman, West Somerset District Council.
* Joan Woods, Head Teacher, Croft Special School, Liverpool.
* Kenneth Arthur Woodward, Headmaster, Bordon County Junior School, Hampshire.
* Brian Percy Stewart Wright, Director, London Enterprise Agency.
* Elizabeth Graham Jones Wright, lately Chief Superintendent of Typists, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury").
* Captain Arthur Thomson Young, lately Harbour Master, [Clyde Port Authority](/wiki/Clyde_Port_Authority "Clyde Port Authority").
* Jacob Young, Shipbuilding Manager, [Swan Hunter Shipbuilding Ltd](/wiki/Swan_Hunter "Swan Hunter").
Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
* Stuart Alfred Booth. For services to the community in the Falkland Islands.
* Joseph Oscar Borastero, Charge Nurse, Medical and Health Department, Gibraltar.
* Ena Stuart Burke. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Jerusalem.
* Nancy Josephine Campbell, Press and Information Officer, British High Commission, Ottawa.
* Gertrude Lois, Lady Cane, for services to the British community in San Francisco.
* Donald Cartwright, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CPM}}, lately First Secretary (Commercial) HM Embassy, Tel Aviv.
* Donald Siu\-tung Chan, Chief Labour Officer, Labour Relations Department, Hong Kong.
* Clive Cecil Francis Chandler. For services to the British community in Morocco.
* Mo\-Yan Chik, lately Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
* Thomas Coleman Christian, Radio Officer, Pitcairn Island.
* Margaret Jean Clements. For services to the British community in Miami.
* Dennis Convery, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, lately Archivist, British Military Government, Berlin.
* Doris Corbin. For services to the community in Bermuda.
* John Cummins, Second Secretary (Administration) HM Embassy, Santiago.
* Iris Isabel Dawes, Personal Secretary, British High Commission, Dacca.
* Margaret Hilda Dodd. For services to the British Community in Brussels.
* Brendan Grattan Mary Donnelly, lately Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Doris Edwards. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lahore.
* John Joseph Gomez, Senior Executive Officer, Tourist Department, Gibraltar.
* Richard Charles Benedict Green, lately Second Secretary, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Amy Eleanor Griffis. For services to the British community in Peru.
* Alice May Hardy. For welfare services to the blind in Bermuda.
* John Francis Hoare. For services to technical education in Indonesia.
* Elizabeth Valentine Isaacs, Confidential Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.
* Henry Hong\-cheong Ku, Chief Executive Officer, Security Branch, Hong Kong.
* Gladys Margaret Dinsdale Laborde. For nursing and welfare services to the British community in Paris.
* Jane Isabella Sarah Lackie. For services to the British community in Port Elizabeth.
* Albert Applebum Richard Lake. For services to the community in Anguilla.
* Teresa Shui\-shuk Lam Wong. For services to the community in Hong Kong.
* Donald Lancaster. For services to British interests in Senegal.
* Clifford Raymond Lee, Officer\-in\-Charge, composite Signals Station, Ascension Island.
* Gwendoline Joan Libbrecht, Vice\-Consul, HM Consulate\-General, Antwerp.
* Thian Tek Lim, Information Officer, HM Embassy, Jakarta.
* Belinda Jane Lindeck, Personal Assistant to the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the United Nations, New York.
* Che\-woo Lui. For public services in Hong Kong.
* John Ian Carr MacDougall. For services to transport development in Tanzania.
* Robert McNeill. For services to agricultural development in Malawi.
* Alan James Milton. For services to British commercial interests in Nigeria.
* Annie Mitscher. For services to the British community in New Jersey.
* Anna Lee Nathan. For services to the British community in Los Angeles.
* Eric Ronald George Nelson, Attaché, HM Embassy, Beirut.
* Cedric Rawnsley Osborne. For public services in Montserrat.
* Janice Sonia Mary Palmer, Personal Assistant to HM Consul\-General, Johannesburg.
* Patricia Frances Parkinson, lately Assistant Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Pretoria.
* Arthur Glyn Parry, Vice\-Consul, HM Consulate\-General, Lille.
* Douglas Sutherland Payne, Professor of Chemistry, Hong Kong University.
* James Watson Purves. For services to agricultural development in Kenya.
* Winifred Robinson. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.
* Rosemary Sandercock. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.
* Isaac Scott. For welfare services to the community in Thailand.
* Kevin Maxwell Sinclair. For services to journalism in Hong Kong.
* Agnes Jannis Skerritt. For services to the community in St. Kitts\-Nevis.
* The Reverend Walter Frank Snedker. For welfare services to seamen in Santos, Brazil.
* Mary Agnes Stilwell. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lisbon.
* Warren Stoutt. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.
* Mary Catherine Swales. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Ghana.
* Darby Burnard Tibbetts. For public and community services in the Cayman Islands.
* Richard Michael White. Second Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Dakar.
* Howard Kung\-kuen Yung. Maintenance Surveyor, Housing Department, Hong Kong.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* [Alan Edmund William Edwards](/wiki/Alan_Edwards_%28actor%29 "Alan Edwards (actor)"), Artistic Director, [Queensland Theatre Company](/wiki/Queensland_Theatre_Company "Queensland Theatre Company").
* Evelyn Haswell Kuskie. For service to the community.
* [Paul Edward McLean](/wiki/Paul_McLean_%28rugby_union%29 "Paul McLean (rugby union)"). For service to Rugby Union.
* Monica Desmond Penny. For public service.
* Helen Bannister Philp. For services to the community.
* Pastor Ivan Lester Roennfeldt. For service to the Aboriginal people.
* Enid Tardent (Mrs. Enid Margaret Fogarty). For service to music and the community.
* William Jesse Wolff. For service to the community.
State of South Australia
* The Honourable [Maynard Boyd Dawkins](/wiki/Maynard_Boyd_Dawkins "Maynard Boyd Dawkins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MLC}}. For service to choral music.
* Heinrich Diestel\-Feddersen. For services to the potato industry and the German community.
* Roberto Mario Antonio Masi. For services to the Italian community.
* Ronald Hannaford Sedsman. For services to the [Royal Adelaide Show](/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Show "Royal Adelaide Show").
* Lionel Garth Sims. For services to local government and the community.
* Aileen Martha Wilson. For services to the Aboriginal community.
State of Western Australia
* Leslie George Clarke. For service to the community.
* John Talbot Hunn. For service to scouting.
* William Howard King. For public service.
* Albert John Pepperell. For service to industry.
* William Rupert Stevens. For service to the vegetable industry.
State of Tasmania
* Margaret Frances Elliston. For services to the Girl Guide movement.
* Douglas Lindsay Youd. For service to the sport of wood chopping.
|
[
"#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Lieutenant Commander (SCC) John Bailie, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Lieutenant (CS) Stephen Lionel Baker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, Royal Marines.\n* Lieutenant Commander David Albert Bartlett.\n* Fleet Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (R) Simon Hugh Beel, J926468Q.\n* Lieutenant Commander Dennis Corless.\n* Lieutenant Commander (Honorary Commander) Anthony Roger Evans.\n* Lieutenant Commander Peter Bernard Evershed.\n* Warrant Officer First Class John Robert French, Royal Marines, PO19457L.\n* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Robert Fyleman.\n* Lieutenant Charles Victor Hanna.\n* Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Arnold Harrison, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=VRD}}, Royal Naval Reserve.\n* Fleet Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic Joseph Ivan James, M915230Y.\n* Senior Nursing Officer Ethel Jean Kidd, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.\n* Fleet Chief Writer Joseph John O'Mahony, DO74522X.\n* Lieutenant Commander John Richard Taylor.\n* Lieutenant Commander Stanley Colin Wadman.\n* Lieutenant Commander Peter Robert Walwyn.",
"Army\n* Major Thomas Douglas Raeburn Archibald, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (486474\\), Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Major (now Acting Lieutenant Colonel) Albert Raymond Bell (472486\\), Corps of Royal Military Police.\n* Major Anne Kathleen Brown (475397\\), Women's Royal Army Corps.\n* Major Roger Morgan Brumhill, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (480941\\), Corps of Royal Military Police, Territorial Army.\n* Major (Quartermaster) William Ronald Clarke (496655\\), Grenadier Guards.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) George Ingram Cooper (502108\\), Scots Guards.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Stuart Cottage, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (462271\\), Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.\n* 24003203 Warrant Officer Class 2 Raymonde Dewsnap, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* 23750661 Warrant Officer Class 1 James Doherty, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major Robert Hugh Geoffrey Elford (489183\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Malcolm Denzil Evans (496127\\), Royal Tank Regiment.\n* Major Graham Anderson Ewer (479220\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Major Robin Anthony Field\\-Smith (489314\\), Royal Army Educational Corps.\n* Acting Major James Austin Brown Gibson (468898\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Major Patrick John Henderson (490198\\), Royal Corps of Transport.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Terence Graham Hodgetts (501942\\), The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment).\n* Major William Michael Whewell Jackson (473982\\), Intelligence Corps.\n* Major Richard Michael Lambe (482768\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* Major Donald Latham, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ERD, TD}}, (369122\\), Royal Army Pay Corps, Territorial Army.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Frank Lawrie (493891\\), Scots Guards.\n* Major Janet Laurie Lawson (494202\\), Women's Army Corps.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Patrick Lewis (501879\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 23864474 Warrant Officer Class 1 Francis Joseph John Lyle, Royal Pioneer Corps.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Ernest John Mann (497080\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23887423 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\\) Kauata Vamarasi Marafono, Special Air Service Regiment.\n* Major James Robert McRae (497779\\), Special Air Service Regiment, Territorial Army.\n* 23206262 Warrant Officer Class 2 Leslie Merifield, Coldstream Guards.\n* Major Alan Mills (472924\\), Royal Army Pay Corps.\n* Major Timothy Julian O'Donnell (491174\\), 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles.\n* Captain (Acting Major) Francis William Price, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, (475599\\), The Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th), Territorial Army.\n* LS/14471322 Warrant Officer Class 2 (Acting Warrant Officer Class 1\\) Gordon William Rabet, The Parachute Regiment.\n* Acting Captain Anthony Philip Solway (459682\\), Army Cadet Force, Territorial Army.\n* Major Gordon Wallace Stafford (495903\\), Army Air Corps.\n* Captain David James Taggart (496168\\), Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Robert Alexander Tighe (486473\\), The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).\n* 23675401 Warrant Officer Class 1 Geoffrey Richard Tolley, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Major (Director of Music) Gordon Turner (497337\\), Royal Corps of Signals.\n* Major (Quartermaster) Arthur Bryan Wheatley (494880\\), Royal Tank Regiment.\n* Major (Quartermaster) William Frederick Whiting, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (489292\\), Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* Major Anthony Williams (486411\\), Intelligence Corps.\n* Major (Quartermaster) John Stephen Williams, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DCM}}, (492059\\), The Parachute Regiment.\n* Captain (Quartermaster) Henry Wood (506283\\), Royal Regiment of Artillery.",
"Royal Air Force\n* Squadron Leader Leslie Brown (2746273\\).\n* Squadron Leader Roger Frederick Richard Carr, (4233050\\).\n* Squadron Leader Roderick Bruce Alexander Moore (4161555\\).\n* Squadron Leader Neil Robert Pollock (1624440\\).\n* Squadron Leader Phillip Wycliffe Roser (608889\\).\n* Squadron Leader Joseph Robert Denis Sauzier (609344\\).\n* Squadron Leader [Graham Skinner](/wiki/Graham_Skinner \"Graham Skinner\") (609364\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Kenneth Albert Butcher (3088345\\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).\n* Flight Lieutenant George William Starling (2337638\\), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training).\n* Flight Lieutenant Christopher Alan Suckling (690183\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Anne Whitelock (8031838\\), [Women's Royal Air Force](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force \"Women's Royal Air Force\").\n* Acting Flight Lieutenant Davin Richfield Wyatt (683819\\).\n* Warrant Officer Dennis Desmond Cross (H4127958\\).\n* Warrant Officer David Hampton Dorward (D4132468\\).\n* Warrant Officer David Downie (R4022144\\).\n* Warrant Officer Kenneth John Grant (J3503340\\).\n* Warrant Officer Dennis Cecil David Jones (J4004190\\).\n* Warrant Officer William Patrick Lilley, (X4145737\\).\n* Warrant Officer John Richard Lumley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (B0579017\\).\n* Warrant Officer Harold Peach, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, (G4143650\\).\n* Warrant Officer Allan David George Smith (U0587283\\).\n* Warrant Officer William George Winterbourne (B2575904\\).\n* Warrant Officer Trevor St. Clair Wonfor (A3526443\\).\n* Master Air Loadmaster Timothy Alan Bond (H0594239\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Nathan Abrahams, lately Director, Mappin (Caterers) plc. For services to the Catering Industry.\n* Arthur John Adam, Member, National Gas Consumers' Council.\n* [Adrian Neil Adams](/wiki/Neil_Adams_%28judoka%29 \"Neil Adams (judoka)\"). For services to [Judo](/wiki/Judo \"Judo\").\n* Paul Vernon Adcock, Executive Officer, [Board of Customs and Excise](/wiki/Board_of_Customs_and_Excise \"Board of Customs and Excise\").\n* Christina Alice Aikenhead, Area Cancer Registration Officer, Lothian Health Board.\n* David Gear Aitchison, lately Chief Executive, Scottish Fishermen's Federation.\n* Jill Allen, Chairman, Joint Committee on Mobility of the Blind and Partially\\-Sighted People, [National Federation of the Blind](/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind \"National Federation of the Blind\").\n* Anthony Allibone, [General Medical Practitioner](/wiki/General_Medical_Practitioner \"General Medical Practitioner\"), Norfolk.\n* Sidney Francis Walter Arnold, Senior Executive Officer, [Board of Inland Revenue](/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue \"Board of Inland Revenue\").\n* George Loudon Atkinson, Area Industrial Relations Officer, North East Area, [National Coal Board](/wiki/National_Coal_Board \"National Coal Board\").\n* Cecil Leslie Auckland, Assistant Division Officer, [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\").\n* William Henry Austin, Founder and Director, Happy Days Coaches (Woodseaves) Ltd., Stafford.\n* Grace Margaret Axton, lately Principal Adoption Officer, Chichester Diocesan Association for Family Social Work.\n* William Harry Leonard Baker, Chief Instructor (and Organiser), Watford Training Scheme for Motorcyclists.\n* Violet Ballantine. For services to the [National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children](/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children \"National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children\").\n* William Reginald Barber, Marketing Manager, (South America), Cheltenham Division, [Smiths Industries](/wiki/Smiths_Industries \"Smiths Industries\"), Aerospace and Defence Systems Company. For services to Export.\n* Harold John Barker, Planning Manager, D.S.W.P.(N.), Marconi Communication Systems Ltd.\n* Norah Barker, Ward Sister, [Pilgrim Hospital](/wiki/Pilgrim_Hospital \"Pilgrim Hospital\"), South Lincolnshire Health Authority.\n* Sidney Barnard, lately Manager, Export Branch, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes \"Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes\").\n* Eric Leslie Barnes, lately Telecommunications Technical Officer Grade I, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\").\n* Mary Ross Baxter, Deputy Director, National Book League, Scotland.\n* Anthony Herbert Bayman. For political service.\n* Carmen Etheline Marjorie Beckford, Senior Community Relations Officer, Bristol Council for Racial Equality.\n* Joyce Lilian Benham. For services to mentally disabled people in Gravesend and district.\n* Thomas Warwick Bennett, lately manager, London Trade Counter, [Chatto](/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus \"Chatto & Windus\"), [Bodley Head](/wiki/Bodley_Head \"Bodley Head\") \\& [Jonathan Cape](/wiki/Jonathan_Cape \"Jonathan Cape\") Ltd.\n* Mintose Bibby. For political and public service in the North West.\n* Franklin Edwin Birch, lately Clerk, [Worshipful Company of Farriers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers \"Worshipful Company of Farriers\").\n* Violet Mabel Bitchenor, Welfare Officer, Northampton and County Spastics Society.\n* Joseph Paterson Black, General Secretary, [Scottish Police Federation](/wiki/Scottish_Police_Federation \"Scottish Police Federation\").\n* Theresa Black, Senior Nursing Officer, [Stradreagh Hospital](/wiki/Gransha_Hospital \"Gransha Hospital\"), Londonderry.\n* Charles Clarke Bodel, Assistant Director of Research, Lambeg Industrial Research Association.\n* Nancye Kathleen Boobbyer. For services to the Sussex Kidney Trust.\n* Peter Lawrence Booty, Assistant Secretary, London Orchestral Concerts Board.\n* Isaac Henry John Bourne, Medical Officer, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy \"Remploy\") Ltd.\n* Grace Joan Valerie Bourns. For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Donald Benjamin Brewer, Assistant Chief Warning Officer, Horsham, [United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Warning_and_Monitoring_Organisation \"United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation\").\n* Neville Britton, Director, Hartlepool Docks, Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority.\n* Ronald Maxwell Brown, Chief Forester, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission \"Forestry Commission\").\n* Elizabeth Woodrow Browning, Chairman, Association for All Speech\\-Impaired Children.\n* Desmond Charles Buchanan, lately Chief Inspector, [Avon and Somerset Constabulary](/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary \"Avon and Somerset Constabulary\").\n* Commander Bruce Errol Bulbeck, Royal Navy (Retd.), Retired Officer I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Joan Marguerite Burge, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence.\n* Agnes Hope Johnson Burn. For political and public service.\n* John Ralston Butterly, Chairman, Reidvale Housing Association.\n* Olive Hylda Margaret Cass, Superintendent, of Typists, Supplies Department, Greater London Council.\n* George Casson, Clerk, Northumberland Engine Works, Clark Hawthorn Ltd.\n* Margaret Sarah Castle, Nursing Officer, Neo\\-Natal Unit, [Hammersmith Hospital](/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital \"Hammersmith Hospital\"), London.\n* Thomas Cawley, lately Senior Librarian, [Rothamsted Experimental Station](/wiki/Rothamsted_Experimental_Station \"Rothamsted Experimental Station\"), Harpenden.\n* Eric Alfred Chaplin, General Manager, Sub District Area, South East London, The Post Office.\n* Harold Edward Chappell. For services to local government in Lincolnshire.\n* Jacqueline Meynell Cingel, Higher Executive Officer, Department of the Environment.\n* Daphne Diana Clark, Director, Richmond upon Thames Churches' Housing Trust.\n* Francis Arthur Clark. For political service.\n* George Edward Claydon, Chief Superintendent, [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police \"Metropolitan Police\").\n* Ernest Reginald Clow, Air Traffic Engineer I, [Civil Aviation Authority](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority \"Civil Aviation Authority\").\n* Peter John Cooke, Executive Engineer, [British Telecom](/wiki/British_Telecom \"British Telecom\").\n* Angela Janet Vera Cotton, Chairman, National Association of [Probation Hostels](/wiki/Approved_Premises \"Approved Premises\").\n* Eileen Ruth Elizabeth Cox. For services to disabled people in Shepperton and District.\n* James Cullen, Convener of Housing Committee, [Gordon District Council](/wiki/Gordon_%28district%29 \"Gordon (district)\").\n* James Cusack, Auxiliary Officer (Technical), [Royal Naval Auxiliary Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Auxiliary_Service \"Royal Naval Auxiliary Service\").\n* George Llewellyn Davies, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DSC}}, Engineer's Representative, [Thames Barrier](/wiki/Thames_Barrier \"Thames Barrier\") Project, Rendel, Palmer \\& Tritton, Consulting Engineers.\n* Robert Hefin Davies, Managing Director and Chairman, J. W. Greaves \\& Sons Ltd.\n* Donald Charles Davis, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Energy.\n* Kathleen Margaret Laurie Davis. For services to the community in Wolvey and District, Leicestershire.\n* Michael Edgar Drew Davis, Group Finance and Planning Manager, [Greenall Whitley](/wiki/Greenall_Whitley \"Greenall Whitley\") plc.\n* Nicole Matilde Davoud, Founder and Chairman, Crack MS.\n* James Bartholomew Devine, Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* Eric Ernest Dew. For services to dioceses in the South East.\n* Iqbal Singh Dhut, Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Joyce Mary Dickson, Centre Organiser, Ringwood, Hampshire Branch, [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society \"British Red Cross Society\").\n* Rosemary Cadbury Dickson. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Hilda Ritchie Doran, Senior Lecturer in Primary Education, Aberdeen College of Education.\n* Constance Mona Douglas. For services to Manx Culture.\n* Charles Draper, Manager, Resettlement Unit, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Audrey Alice Grace Duddy, Head, Remedial Department, Saffron Walden County High School.\n* Hazel Catherine Dutton, Matron, Marie Curie Memorial Foundation, Sunnybank Nursing Home, Liverpool.\n* Margaret Easton, lately Administrative Assistant, Careers Service, Tyne and Wear.\n* Audrey Eveline Lucilla Edwards. For services to the community in Hayling Island.\n* Henry Elliott, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Edna Dorothy Embleton. For services to the community in Buckingham.\n* Ronald Walter Emes, Director, The [British Canoe Union](/wiki/British_Canoe_Union \"British Canoe Union\").\n* Sidney Albert England, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.\n* The Reverend Canon Owen Vyvyan Eva, Rector, St. Nicholas, [Halewood](/wiki/Halewood \"Halewood\") Parish Church.\n* Lieutenant Commander Cyril Joseph Evans, [Royal Naval Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve \"Royal Naval Reserve\") (Retd.), Chairman, Leicester Unit Committee, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)\").\n* Yvonne Winifred Filleul, Personal Secretary, [Cable \\& Wireless plc](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc \"Cable & Wireless plc\").\n* John George Russell Fletcher. For political service.\n* Marjorie Hannah Earnshaw Flowerday, Medical Assistant, [Blood Transfusion Service](/wiki/Blood_Transfusion_Service \"Blood Transfusion Service\"), Sheffield.\n* Bernard William Foreman, Assistant Divisional Organiser, Colchester, [Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers](/wiki/Amalgamated_Union_of_Engineering_Workers \"Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers\").\n* Keith William Forward, Divisional Education Officer, Dartford, Kent.\n* Ursula Una Clare Foss, Disaster Relief Purchasing Officer, British Red Cross Society.\n* Veronique Lucy Vernon Foster, Secretary, South West and Southern Regions, [Abbeyfield Society](/wiki/Abbeyfield_Society \"Abbeyfield Society\").\n* Anthony Conway Gabe. For services to the Blind in Mid\\-Sussex.\n* Alan John Gane, Chief Commandant, Cambridgeshire Special Constabulary.\n* Alexander McLean Garden, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* John Frederick Gardiner, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Edward John George, Detective Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.\n* Richard Dennis Gilbert, Manager, Company Secretariat, B.L. plc.\n* Beatrice Gillam, Member, Council, [Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation](/wiki/Wiltshire_Wildlife_Trust \"Wiltshire Wildlife Trust\").\n* [Duncan Alexander Goodhew](/wiki/Duncan_Goodhew \"Duncan Goodhew\"). For services to Swimming.\n* Donald Frederick Goodwin, Principal Partner, D. \\& P. Goodwin Ltd. (Fruit Growers).\n* Michael Gurnell Green, General Medical Practitioner, Burscough, Lancashire.\n* The Reverend Charles Grice, General Secretary, The [Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Church_Lads%27_and_Church_Girls%27_Brigade \"Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade\").\n* David John Griffith, Commissioner, Clwyd County, St. John Ambulance Brigade.\n* Arnold Grimston, Collector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Mabel Alice Jane Hales. For services to the community in Norfolk.\n* Henry Palmer Halkett, lately Chairman, Local Review Committees, HM Prisons, Aberdeen and Peterhead.\n* Charles William Hall, Works Director, [Ladybird Books](/wiki/Ladybird_Books \"Ladybird Books\") Ltd.\n* Maeve Patricia Hall, lately Member, [Northern Ireland Tourist Board](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board \"Northern Ireland Tourist Board\").\n* James Peter Hamilton, Assistant Secretary, Occupational Safety and Health, Social Insurance and Industrial Welfare Department, [Trades Union Congress](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress \"Trades Union Congress\").\n* Doris Lillian Harris, Personal Secretary, Department of Transport.\n* William George Alfred Hathaway. For services to the community in Usk.\n* Donald William Hawkins, Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Kathleen Mary Hazzard, Personal Secretary, Department of Employment.\n* Donald Gill Headley, lately Chief Test Pilot, Brough, Kingston\\-Brough Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* James Ivor Heath, Senior Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Barrie Hesketh, Artistic Director, [Mull Little Theatre](/wiki/Mull_Little_Theatre \"Mull Little Theatre\").\n* [Marianne Edith Frances Hesketh](/wiki/Marianne_Hesketh \"Marianne Hesketh\"), Artistic Director, Mull Little Theatre.\n* George Ernest Hill, Vice\\-Principal, North East Derbyshire College of Further Education, Chesterfield.\n* Edward Wiliam Hobson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Head Teacher, Meltham Church of England Primary School, Kirklees.\n* Edward Joscelyn Holland, Farmer, Staffordshire. For services to agriculture.\n* Robert Hollingdrake, Counsellor, Manchester Small Firms Service.\n* Charles Reginald Hopkin, Chief Superintendent, [North Yorkshire Police](/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police \"North Yorkshire Police\").\n* Clifford Frederick Charles Cecil Hopkins, Site Manager, [Heysham 1](/wiki/Heysham_nuclear_power_station \"Heysham nuclear power station\"), National Nuclear Corporation Ltd.\n* [Jack Howarth](/wiki/Jack_Howarth_%28actor%29 \"Jack Howarth (actor)\") (John Aubrey Conway Howarth), Actor, and for services to charity.\n* John Hoy, lately Manager, Londonderry Terminal, [Shell UK](/wiki/Shell_UK \"Shell UK\") Ltd.\n* Albert Hughes, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* John Hughes, Chairman, Wales Council for the Blind.\n* Edward Arthur Humphreys, lately Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Edward Desmonde Carlisle Hunt, Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Ruby Hunt. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Denys Dobell Hutchings, Secretary, [Kennet and Avon Canal Trust](/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Trust \"Kennet and Avon Canal Trust\") Ltd.\n* Isobel June Hutchings. For political service.\n* Florence Rose Inglis, Member, [Monklands District Council](/wiki/Monklands_District_Council \"Monklands District Council\").\n* Robert Stewart Inglis, General Sales Manager, Clyde Canvas Goods \\& Structures Ltd., Port Glasgow.\n* Marjorie Rose Isgar, Headteacher, Perth\\-y\\-Terfyn Infants School, Holywell.\n* Irene Israel, lately General Secretary, Basingstoke Council of Community Service.\n* Bill Jackson, Secretary, Sutton Valence Branch, Agricultural and Allied Workers' National Trade Group.\n* Marlene Jefferson, for services to local government in Londonderry.\n* Ronald Samuel Johnston, Secretary, Rathgael and Whiteabby Schools Management Board, Bangor.\n* Richard ap Simon Jones, Farmer, [Tywyn](/wiki/Tywyn \"Tywyn\"), Gwynedd.\n* Leslie Jordan, lately Professional and Technology Officer Grade I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Amy Beatrice Jury, Member of Council, [St. Andrew's Ambulance Association](/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Ambulance_Association \"St. Andrew's Ambulance Association\").\n* Jane Margaret Kendall. For political and public service.\n* Ralph Erskine Kendrick, Vice\\-President, [Boys' Clubs of Wales](/wiki/Boys%27_and_Girls%27_Clubs_of_Wales \"Boys' and Girls' Clubs of Wales\").\n* Pearl Winifred Kerr. For services to [Muckamore Abbey Hospital](/wiki/Muckamore_Abbey_Hospital \"Muckamore Abbey Hospital\"), Antrim.\n* Charles George Herbert Keyse, Senior Executive Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Norah Mabel King, Principal Personnel Assistant, Central Departments, [London Transport](/wiki/London_Transport_Executive_%28GLC%29 \"London Transport Executive (GLC)\").\n* Terence Kinkead, Vice\\-Chairman, Belfast Savings Council.\n* Walter Mansfield Kitchen, Divisional Officer 1, London Fire Brigade.\n* Trevor George Crosby Knight, Joint Chairman, East and West Sussex Supplementary Benefit Appeal Tribunals.\n* Raymond Keith Knowles, Typist, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Thomson Rae Lannigan. For political service.\n* Patrick Larry Lay, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Denis William Lupton Leslie, Chairman, Penlee Station Committee, [Royal National Lifeboat Institution](/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution \"Royal National Lifeboat Institution\").\n* Moira Hamilton Levins, Senior Superintendent of Typists, Department of Education and Science.\n* Leslie Maurice Albert Lightfoot, Sports Editor, *[Windsor, Slough and Eton Express](/wiki/Slough_and_Windsor_Express \"Slough and Windsor Express\")*.\n* Henry Loring, Local Officer Grade II, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Ivy Lough, lately Personal Assistant and Secretary, British Industrial Estates Corporation.\n* Maureen Millicent Lowrey, Senior Nursing Officer, [Frimley Park Hospital](/wiki/Frimley_Park_Hospital \"Frimley Park Hospital\"), West Surrey and North East Hampshire District Health Authority.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Michael Alastair Lowry, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}. For political service.\n* Gordon David Luckings, Administrative Officer, [ILEA](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority \"Inner London Education Authority\") ([Sydenham School](/wiki/Sydenham_School \"Sydenham School\")).\n* Margaret McGavin. For political service.\n* [Daniel Fergus McGrain](/wiki/Danny_McGrain \"Danny McGrain\"). For services to Association Football in Scotland.\n* Dorothy May Macintyre, Assistant Rector, [Lochaber High School](/wiki/Lochaber_High_School \"Lochaber High School\"), Fort William.\n* Donald MacKay, lately Director of Environmental Health and Housing, East Kilbride District Council.\n* Margaret Jean Mackenzie, Headmistress, Locharron Primary School.\n* [George Edward Mackley](/wiki/George_Mackley \"George Mackley\"), Wood Engraver.\n* David Morrison MacMillan, Secretary, [Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen%27s_Mission \"Fishermen's Mission\").\n* Margaret Mary McNaughton. For political and public service.\n* Thomas Mallaburn, Branch Secretary, [General and Municipal Workers' Union](/wiki/General_and_Municipal_Workers%27_Union \"General and Municipal Workers' Union\").\n* Herbert Edward Maloney. For political and public service.\n* Ruth Manley, Nurse Adviser, Society of Geriatric Nursing, [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing \"Royal College of Nursing\").\n* William James Mann, Member, Ulster Defence Regiment Advisory Council.\n* Audrey Thelma Manyweathers, Clerical Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* June Ida Marmont, Principal Careers Officer, London Borough of Bexley.\n* [Mary Marquis](/wiki/Mary_Marquis \"Mary Marquis\") (Mary Elizabeth Maxwell Anderson), Presenter/Interviewer, [Scotland, British Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/BBC_Scotland \"BBC Scotland\").\n* Lawrence Martin, lately Head, Department of Catering Technology, Granville College of Further Education, Sheffield.\n* Henryk Matuszak. For services to the Polish Community and Penley Hospital, Clwyd.\n* Sidney Ronald Mead. For services to The Forces Help Society and Lord Roberts Workshops.\n* James Meldrum. For charitable services to the Arts in Scotland.\n* Leonard Arthur Metcalf, Passenger Services Manager, Euston, British Rail.\n* John Frederick Miles, Consultant, [Royal Automobile Club](/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club \"Royal Automobile Club\") and [Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Accidents \"Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents\").\n* [Roger Millward](/wiki/Roger_Millward \"Roger Millward\"). For services to Rugby League Football.\n* Henry Frank Hugh Mitchell, Regional Manager, Product Support, India, [Rolls\\-Royce Ltd](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Ltd \"Rolls-Royce Ltd\"). For services to Export.\n* John Leonard Moir, Senior Maintenance Supervisor, Hamilton Brothers.\n* Hester Guthrie Monteath, Head Occupational Therapist, [Royal Edinburgh Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Hospital \"Royal Edinburgh Hospital\").\n* Ravinand Mooneeram, Community/Adult Tutor in South Glamorgan.\n* Edward Morley, Industrial Development Officer, Hartlepool Borough Council.\n* Marjorie Catherine Morrison. For services to the [Architectural Association](/wiki/Architectural_Association \"Architectural Association\").\n* Susan Charlotte Morrow, Clerical Assistant, Police Authority, Northern Ireland.\n* George Mackenzie Murray, Farmer, [Rogart](/wiki/Rogart \"Rogart\"), Sutherland.\n* James Murray, Secretary, Metropolitan and City Police Orphans Fund.\n* Ronald Henry Nethercott, Regional Secretary, Region No. 3, [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union \"Transport and General Workers Union\").\n* Frank John Neve, Principal, Export Sales Management Associates. For services to Export.\n* Violet Ellen Edith Nicholls, Senior Personal Secretary, Public Trustee Office.\n* [Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill](/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill \"Martin O'Neill\"). For services to Association Football.\n* Wyndham John Parker. For political and public service.\n* Ronald Albert Partridge, Professional and Technology Officer Grade II, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Edward Stark Pay, Director, South East Region, Colt International Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Frederick Gordon Thomas Pearce, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Employment.\n* Marion Trewhella Richards Pearce. For services to the community in St. Ives.\n* Johanna Maria Chiappini Peebles, lately Secretary, The Friends of St. Paul's Cathedral.\n* Major Albert Harold Pendleton. For services to the community in the Blackpool and Fylde area.\n* Alida Penney, Divisional Nursing Officer, West Suffolk Health Authority.\n* Patrick Thomas Gordon\\-Duff\\-Pennington. For services to the [National Farmers' Union of Scotland](/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_Scotland \"National Farmers' Union of Scotland\").\n* Francis Brian Pinney, Secretary, Okehampton and District Branch, Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain.\n* William Edward Plummer, Postal Executive C, Newark Sub\\-Office, Midlands Postal Board, The Post Office.\n* James Ernest Pople, Senior Executive Officer, Management and Personnel Office.\n* Gwendoline Alice Pounds. For services to the community in Marlow, Buckinghamshire.\n* Kenneth Povey, lately Deputy Regional Personnel Officer, West Midlands Regional Health Authority.\n* Archibald Chalmers Purves, Director/Secretary, Hawick Knitwear Manufacturers' Association.\n* Ralph Alexander Raby, Director, Addison Housing Association.\n* Guy Garland Reaks, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC}}, lately Director, British Leather Federation, for services to Export.\n* Margaret Ellen Richards, lately Administrative Assistant, [University of London Institute of Education](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education \"UCL Institute of Education\").\n* Christopher Keith Richardson, Principal Research Associate, [Plessey Electronic Systems Research](/wiki/Plessey \"Plessey\").\n* Geoffrey Richardson, Director, National Wool Textile Export Corporation. For services to Export.\n* Leonard Eric Leslie Ridge. For political service in London.\n* William Scott Rigler, Member, Poole Borough Council.\n* John Benjamin Rilett, Training Manager, Bristol Division, Dynamics Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") plc.\n* Benjamin Edward Robert Rook, Higher Executive Officer, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Rosemary Jean Rowles, Land Agency and Agriculture Divisional Secretary, [Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors](/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors \"Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors\").\n* Thomas Roycroft, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Eric Royle, Chairman, Joint Consultative Council, Meat Trade in the United Kingdom.\n* Eric William Russell, Secretary, [Road Haulage Association](/wiki/Road_Haulage_Association \"Road Haulage Association\").\n* Leslie Joseph Sage, Senior Executive Officer, [Director of Public Prosecutions](/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_%28England_and_Wales%29 \"Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)\").\n* Norman Frank Salisbury. For services to [the Scout Association](/wiki/The_Scout_Association \"The Scout Association\") in Manchester.\n* Arnold Harry Scholfield. For political service.\n* Joan Chalmers Semple, Personal Secretary, [Scottish Office](/wiki/Scottish_Office \"Scottish Office\").\n* Margarete Sharpe, Sister, Drug Addiction Unit, [University College Hospital](/wiki/University_College_Hospital \"University College Hospital\"), London.\n* [Adrian Shepherd](/wiki/Adrian_Shepherd \"Adrian Shepherd\"), Cellist.\n* Lilian Joan Sherwin, lately Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Bernard Simcox. For political and public service.\n* Robert John King Sinclair, Chief Superintendent, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* George Paul Bernard Smith. For political service.\n* John Smith, Chairman, Lanarkshire Committee for the Employment of Disabled Persons.\n* Maisie Kathleen Smith, Chairman, The Birmingham Settlement.\n* Edward Charles Snow, Inspector Grade III(T), Board of Inland Revenue.\n* Anna Margreta Constance So Ye, Vice\\-Principal, Lurgan Girls' Junior High School.\n* Annie Stansfield, Secretary, National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease.\n* Reginald Stead. For services to music in Cumbria.\n* [Mavis Mary Steele](/wiki/Mavis_Steele \"Mavis Steele\"). For services to Women's Bowls.\n* John Barclay Stevenson, General Medical Practitioner, Greenock.\n* William Stewart, Manager, Manufacturing Services, N. E. I. Parsons.\n* Timothy Richard Stowell, Export Sales Manager, Craig\\-Nicol Ltd., Glasgow.\n* Audrey Vera May Strange, lately Director of Music and Art, [Royal Over\\-Seas League](/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League \"Royal Over-Seas League\").\n* Peter John Summers, Managing Director, Deeside Enterprise Trust Ltd., [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation \"British Steel Corporation\").\n* Clifford Swindells, Managing Director, Marglass Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Margaret Edith Tarn, Organiser, South Tyneside, Citizens' Advice Bureau.\n* Catherine Joan Taylor. For public and charitable services in Upton\\-upon\\-Severn.\n* Colin Richard Taylor, lately Senior Executive Officer, Government Hospitality Fund, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Flora Mabel Taylor, Senior/Chief Physiological Measurement Technician (Neurophysiology).\n* Iris Joyce Taylor. For services to the Coventry Branch, [Royal Air Forces Association](/wiki/Royal_Air_Forces_Association \"Royal Air Forces Association\").\n* Peter Anthony Taylor, Executive Officer, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office \"HM Stationery Office\").\n* Arthur Robinson Thomas, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=VRD}}, lately Chairman, Devon Conservation Forum.\n* John Thomas, Convener, Construction and Allied Technical Trades, Port Talbot, British Steel Corporation.\n* [Francis Daley Thompson](/wiki/Francis_Daley_Thompson \"Francis Daley Thompson\"). For services to Athletics.\n* Tom Hastings Thompson, Deputy District Treasurer, Oxfordshire Health Authority.\n* Thomas Samuel Tibble, lately Manager, Subscriptions and Records, [Institution of Mechanical Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers \"Institution of Mechanical Engineers\").\n* Doris Mary Tidy, Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Gordon Tiplady, Regional Collector, Board of Inland Revenue.\n* George Tomlinson, Assistant General Secretary, [British Limbless Ex\\-Servicemen's Association](/wiki/Blesma \"Blesma\").\n* Margaret Fletcher Torrance, lately Guider\\-in\\-Charge, Scottish Girl Guide Training and Camping Centre, Netherurd.\n* Bessie Lorna Tucker, lately Superintendent Radiographer, [Velindre Hospital](/wiki/Velindre_Cancer_Centre \"Velindre Cancer Centre\"), Cardiff.\n* James Underwood, lately Chief Housing Officer, North Tyneside District Council.\n* Pauline Mary Veasey, Senior Receptionist, Latham House Medical Practice, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.\n* Albert Ernest Veitch, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health and Social Security.\n* John Harold Vernon, Executive Producer, Performing Arts, Music and Arts Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.\n* Thomas Walter Villa, Staff Officer, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland.\n* Dorothy Milne Wadsworth, Award Liaison Officer for Northern Ireland, [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award \"The Duke of Edinburgh's Award\").\n* Allan Charles Wakeford, Information Officer, [Central Office of Information](/wiki/Central_Office_of_Information \"Central Office of Information\").\n* Arthur Polden Walker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Manager, Professional and Regulatory Services, [Procter \\& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\") Ltd.\n* Daniel Blair Wallace, Chief Superintendent, Royal Ulster Constabulary.\n* Muriel Mackie Walls. For services to the community in Guildford.\n* Brian Lawrence Ward, Superintendent, [Thames Valley Police](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police \"Thames Valley Police\").\n* Alan Watson, Headmaster, Acacias Primary School, Manchester.\n* Vera Margaret Watts, lately Director of Nurse Education, Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health Authority.\n* Emma Webb, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, Principal Fire Control Officer, [West Midlands Fire Brigade](/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service \"West Midlands Fire Service\").\n* William Joseph Webber, Deputy Chief Staff Welfare Officer, Home Office.\n* Joan Lily West. For political service.\n* Vera Anne Wetherall. For political service.\n* Keith Stracey Wheeler. For services to environmental education.\n* Gwenllian Enid, Lady Whittaker, lately District Organiser, Scarborough, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service \"Women's Royal Voluntary Service\").\n* James Archibald Whittle, Financial Controller, Haven Products Ltd.\n* Alfreda Mary Lowe\\-Willetts, County Organiser, Hampshire Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs.\n* Hywel Peredur Williams, Chairman, Welsh Association of Youth Clubs.\n* Walter Temple Williams, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Beryl Joan Wilmshurst, Higher Executive Officer, Departments of Trade and Industry.\n* Cyril Winskell, Architect, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Donald Hewitt Wood, Manager, Experimental Shop, [J. C. Bamford Excavators Ltd](/wiki/JCB_%28heavy_equipment_manufacturer%29 \"JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)\").\n* Richard Alfred Wood, Chairman, J. W. Falkner \\& Sons Ltd.\n* Arnold Woodhouse. For political service.\n* Joyce Lilian Woodhouse, lately Administrative Officer (Awards Division), [Inner London Education Authority](/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority \"Inner London Education Authority\").\n* Eileen Olive Woods, Chairman, West Somerset District Council.\n* Joan Woods, Head Teacher, Croft Special School, Liverpool.\n* Kenneth Arthur Woodward, Headmaster, Bordon County Junior School, Hampshire.\n* Brian Percy Stewart Wright, Director, London Enterprise Agency.\n* Elizabeth Graham Jones Wright, lately Chief Superintendent of Typists, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\").\n* Captain Arthur Thomson Young, lately Harbour Master, [Clyde Port Authority](/wiki/Clyde_Port_Authority \"Clyde Port Authority\").\n* Jacob Young, Shipbuilding Manager, [Swan Hunter Shipbuilding Ltd](/wiki/Swan_Hunter \"Swan Hunter\").",
"Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Stuart Alfred Booth. For services to the community in the Falkland Islands.\n* Joseph Oscar Borastero, Charge Nurse, Medical and Health Department, Gibraltar.\n* Ena Stuart Burke. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Jerusalem.\n* Nancy Josephine Campbell, Press and Information Officer, British High Commission, Ottawa.\n* Gertrude Lois, Lady Cane, for services to the British community in San Francisco.\n* Donald Cartwright, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CPM}}, lately First Secretary (Commercial) HM Embassy, Tel Aviv.\n* Donald Siu\\-tung Chan, Chief Labour Officer, Labour Relations Department, Hong Kong.\n* Clive Cecil Francis Chandler. For services to the British community in Morocco.\n* Mo\\-Yan Chik, lately Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force.\n* Thomas Coleman Christian, Radio Officer, Pitcairn Island.\n* Margaret Jean Clements. For services to the British community in Miami.\n* Dennis Convery, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, lately Archivist, British Military Government, Berlin.\n* Doris Corbin. For services to the community in Bermuda.\n* John Cummins, Second Secretary (Administration) HM Embassy, Santiago.\n* Iris Isabel Dawes, Personal Secretary, British High Commission, Dacca.\n* Margaret Hilda Dodd. For services to the British Community in Brussels.\n* Brendan Grattan Mary Donnelly, lately Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Doris Edwards. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lahore.\n* John Joseph Gomez, Senior Executive Officer, Tourist Department, Gibraltar.\n* Richard Charles Benedict Green, lately Second Secretary, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Amy Eleanor Griffis. For services to the British community in Peru.\n* Alice May Hardy. For welfare services to the blind in Bermuda.\n* John Francis Hoare. For services to technical education in Indonesia.\n* Elizabeth Valentine Isaacs, Confidential Secretary, HM Embassy, Montevideo.\n* Henry Hong\\-cheong Ku, Chief Executive Officer, Security Branch, Hong Kong.\n* Gladys Margaret Dinsdale Laborde. For nursing and welfare services to the British community in Paris.\n* Jane Isabella Sarah Lackie. For services to the British community in Port Elizabeth.\n* Albert Applebum Richard Lake. For services to the community in Anguilla.\n* Teresa Shui\\-shuk Lam Wong. For services to the community in Hong Kong.\n* Donald Lancaster. For services to British interests in Senegal.\n* Clifford Raymond Lee, Officer\\-in\\-Charge, composite Signals Station, Ascension Island.\n* Gwendoline Joan Libbrecht, Vice\\-Consul, HM Consulate\\-General, Antwerp.\n* Thian Tek Lim, Information Officer, HM Embassy, Jakarta.\n* Belinda Jane Lindeck, Personal Assistant to the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the United Nations, New York.\n* Che\\-woo Lui. For public services in Hong Kong.\n* John Ian Carr MacDougall. For services to transport development in Tanzania.\n* Robert McNeill. For services to agricultural development in Malawi.\n* Alan James Milton. For services to British commercial interests in Nigeria.\n* Annie Mitscher. For services to the British community in New Jersey.\n* Anna Lee Nathan. For services to the British community in Los Angeles.\n* Eric Ronald George Nelson, Attaché, HM Embassy, Beirut.\n* Cedric Rawnsley Osborne. For public services in Montserrat.\n* Janice Sonia Mary Palmer, Personal Assistant to HM Consul\\-General, Johannesburg.\n* Patricia Frances Parkinson, lately Assistant Administration Officer, HM Embassy, Pretoria.\n* Arthur Glyn Parry, Vice\\-Consul, HM Consulate\\-General, Lille.\n* Douglas Sutherland Payne, Professor of Chemistry, Hong Kong University.\n* James Watson Purves. For services to agricultural development in Kenya.\n* Winifred Robinson. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.\n* Rosemary Sandercock. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Kenya.\n* Isaac Scott. For welfare services to the community in Thailand.\n* Kevin Maxwell Sinclair. For services to journalism in Hong Kong.\n* Agnes Jannis Skerritt. For services to the community in St. Kitts\\-Nevis.\n* The Reverend Walter Frank Snedker. For welfare services to seamen in Santos, Brazil.\n* Mary Agnes Stilwell. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Lisbon.\n* Warren Stoutt. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.\n* Mary Catherine Swales. For nursing and welfare services to the community in Ghana.\n* Darby Burnard Tibbetts. For public and community services in the Cayman Islands.\n* Richard Michael White. Second Secretary and Consul, HM Embassy, Dakar.\n* Howard Kung\\-kuen Yung. Maintenance Surveyor, Housing Department, Hong Kong.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* [Alan Edmund William Edwards](/wiki/Alan_Edwards_%28actor%29 \"Alan Edwards (actor)\"), Artistic Director, [Queensland Theatre Company](/wiki/Queensland_Theatre_Company \"Queensland Theatre Company\").\n* Evelyn Haswell Kuskie. For service to the community.\n* [Paul Edward McLean](/wiki/Paul_McLean_%28rugby_union%29 \"Paul McLean (rugby union)\"). For service to Rugby Union.\n* Monica Desmond Penny. For public service.\n* Helen Bannister Philp. For services to the community.\n* Pastor Ivan Lester Roennfeldt. For service to the Aboriginal people.\n* Enid Tardent (Mrs. Enid Margaret Fogarty). For service to music and the community.\n* William Jesse Wolff. For service to the community.",
"State of South Australia\n* The Honourable [Maynard Boyd Dawkins](/wiki/Maynard_Boyd_Dawkins \"Maynard Boyd Dawkins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MLC}}. For service to choral music.\n* Heinrich Diestel\\-Feddersen. For services to the potato industry and the German community.\n* Roberto Mario Antonio Masi. For services to the Italian community.\n* Ronald Hannaford Sedsman. For services to the [Royal Adelaide Show](/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Show \"Royal Adelaide Show\").\n* Lionel Garth Sims. For services to local government and the community.\n* Aileen Martha Wilson. For services to the Aboriginal community.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Leslie George Clarke. For service to the community.\n* John Talbot Hunn. For service to scouting.\n* William Howard King. For public service.\n* Albert John Pepperell. For service to industry.\n* William Rupert Stevens. For service to the vegetable industry.",
"State of Tasmania\n* Margaret Frances Elliston. For services to the Girl Guide movement.\n* Douglas Lindsay Youd. For service to the sport of wood chopping."
] |
### British Empire Medal (BEM)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (MW) Roy Attenborough, [Royal Navy Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Reserve "Royal Navy Reserve"), KD985550D.
* Colour Sergeant William. Alexander John Baxter, Royal Marines, PO22404J.
* Chief Petty Officer (C.A.S.) James Bremner, F669840J.
* Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic (O) Frank George Brookes, Royal Naval Reserve, XD986173H.
* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Charles Henry Came, J162677J.
* Marine Engineering Artificer (P) First Class Alexander Terence Chadwick, D055121L.
* Sergeant Norman Clark, Royal Marines, PO20837U.
* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Laurence Lyall Curle, D159779P.
* Master at Arms Kenneth Arthur Etheridge, M714511X.
* Marine Engineering Mechanician (P) First Class William Davenport Fraser, D159834G.
* Chief Petty Officer Steward Adrian Robin Frost, D079076F.
* Colour Sergeant Hugh Gray, Royal Marines, PO20233T.
* Chief Communications Yeoman Terry Henry Green, Royal Naval Reserve, QD982304L.
* Weapon Engineering Mechanician First Class Anthony Campbell Jones, D159778X.
* Chief Petty Officer Airman (AH) William Hugh Jones, F849811A.
* Marine Engineering Mechanician (L) First Class Anthony John Marriott, D051138A.
* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Douglas Graham Plymsol, J982549L.
* Chief Petty Officer (CAS) Alan Richardson, J646039G.
* Petty Officer Medical Assistant John Rigby, D073176G.
* Chief Petty Officer Stores Accountant Thomas Arthur Scott, D079679Q.
* Senior Naval Nurse Marion Rebecca Stock, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service "Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service").
* Weapon Engineering Artificer First Class Anthony John Tickner, D128157E.
* Chief Wren Radio Supervisor Kathleen Sheila Jennifer Vince, [Women's Royal Naval Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service "Women's Royal Naval Service"), W123370X.
* Colour Sergeant Alwyn Brian Young, Royal Marines, PO15613K.
Army
* 23877480 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) David Alexander Allen, Irish Guards.
* 24266740 Sergeant Trevor Geoffrey Allison, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 23834196 Staff Sergeant Victor Amaira, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24149491 Staff Sergeant George Frank Arthur Angell, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.
* 24030488 Staff Sergeant Joseph Aquilina, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 24147072 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) Roger Axten, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 24106125 Corporal (Local Sergeant) Jack William Bardle, Royal Corps of Transport.
* 24278712 Sergeant Robert Charles Barfield, Royal Pioneer Corps.
* 23982572 Staff Sergeant Paul Barrett, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.
* 23305239 Staff Sergeant (now Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Herbert Robert Bartlett, 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers.
* 24179750 Sergeant Alan Behenna, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 22036400 Sergeant John Bennett, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Territorial Army.
* 24145408 Sergeant Martin Joseph Brown, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 22839215 Staff Sergeant Arthur John Budge, Wessex Regiment, Territorial Army.
* 24077288 Staff Sergeant George William Burroughs, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 23859018 Corporal Alexander Victor Carson, Corps of Royal Engineers, Territorial Army.
* 24264640 Staff Sergeant Alan Henry Chapman, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 23858622 Sergeant Anthony Clegg, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 23749192 Sergeant Kenneth Coatesworth, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 24266750 Corporal Malcolm Adrian Connop, The Royal Green Jackets.
* 23675255 Staff Sergeant Peter Mark Cook, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* LS/23677211 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\) Peter John Cosgrove, The Parachute Regiment.
* LS/23469151 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\) David John Coxall, 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers.
* LS/22742049 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\) John Dinnen, Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.
* 22343980 Staff Sergeant Jeremy John Eales, The Honourable Artillery Company, Territorial Army.
* 24328809 Corporal Paul Desmond Faithfull, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 24083527 Sergeant Michael John Handsley, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24063654 Sergeant Michael John Harden, Royal Tank Regiment.
* 23820690 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) William Henderson, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23917913 Sergeant Trevor Patrick Hope, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23727206 Gunner (Acting Bombardier) Ernest Vincent Johnson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army.
* 23924900 Lance Corporal Emlyn Dewi Jones, The Queen's Regiment.
* 24079315 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Peter Joseph McCoy, Army Catering Corps.
* 23479621 Staff Sergeant Ivor Noel McFadyen, 51st Highland Volunteers, Territorial Army.
* 23918020 Sergeant John Alexander McKnight, Royal Corps of Transport, Territorial Army.
* 24145577 Staff Sergeant Ian Joseph Mellor, Army Physical Training Corps.
* 24126237 Staff Sergeant David John Moon, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24019917 Sergeant Leonard James Moore, Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 22136031 Staff Sergeant Frederick Donald Morgan, Royal Corps of Transport, Territorial Army.
* 24104663 Staff Sergeant William Norris, The King's Own Royal Border Regiment.
* 23873258 Sergeant Albert Richard Olde, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.
* LS/23221534 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\) William John Kerr Paterson, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's).
* 24106699 Staff Sergeant Darryl Leslie Joseph Pooley, Royal Corps of Transport.
* 21159392 Sergeant Dilkishor Rai, 2nd King Edward VIIs Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles).
* 23982516 Staff Sergeant David George Rose, Corps of Royal Military Police.
* 21158907 Sergeant Dorjee Sherpa, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles.
* 24132974 Corporal Patrick Joseph Simpson, Royal Pioneer Corps.
* 23536636 Corporal (Local Sergeant) Anthony Thomas Sims, Corps of Royal Military Police.
* 23612769 Sergeant John Whitcombe Smith, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24100830 Sergeant Peter Alfred Stewart Smith, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
* 24186691 Staff Sergeant Christopher James Sockett, Army Catering Corps.
* 24059141 Sergeant Brian Stevens, The Light Infantry.
* 24048524 Staff Sergeant Gavin Neil Macleod Stoddart, The Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment).
* 23834480 Corporal Robert Gary Story, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23504026 Sergeant Athlyn Taylor, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23495367 Lance Sergeant (Acting Sergeant) John Taylor, Irish Guards.
* 23905935 Staff Sergeant Richard James Todd, 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own).
* 24225239 Staff Sergeant Stephen Tuck, Grenadier Guards.
* 24011291 Sergeant David Leonard Walton, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 24082353 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Michael Frederick Westley, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23862287 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Francis Michael Whiteside, Royal Army Medical Corps.
* 24048330 Staff Corporal (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\) Derek William Willis, The Life Guards.
* 24281743 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) John Brian Wilson, The Royal Welch Fusiliers.
* 24181281 Sergeant Martyn Hamilton Woods, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
Overseas Awards
* Lance Corporal Ying\-tang Lau, [Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Regiment_%28The_Volunteers%29 "Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)").
* Sergeant Kwok\-hung Leung, Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers).
Royal Air Force
* X4079582 Flight Sergeant John Kennedy Anderson.
* J4266712 Flight Sergeant Roy William Bennett.
* G4112638 Flight Sergeant Michael Rodney Counsell.
* L1928492 Flight Sergeant George Edward Gill.
* J4253539 Flight Sergeant Eric Holt.
* S4242345 Flight Sergeant David Fainges Johnston.
* D5035911 Flight Sergeant James McInally.
* Q1924619 Flight Sergeant Albert Derek Morris.
* N3147237 Flight Sergeant Michael John Plume.
* N4253854 Flight Sergeant Michael Francis Shaw.
* X4259991 Flight Sergeant Michael Steel.
* E4256158 Flight Sergeant Robert Lindsay Thomson.
* Y0688753 Chief Technician John Gillan Frederick Barnes.
* C4285302 Chief Technician Alister Brown Haveron.
* Q1944155 Chief Technician Anthony John Reeves Knight.
* P1934202 Chief Technician Malcolm Roy Myers.
* B1942036 Chief Technician Peter Frederick Riches.
* M1932638 Chief Technician Robert Henry Thompson.
* F1943733 Chief Technician John Francis Thornley.
* M1936839 Sergeant John Henry Gear.
* E4254083 Sergeant Alastair Steven Picton.
* F1947147 Sergeant Morris James Watt.
Civil Division
United Kingdom
* William Adams, Postman, Edinburgh Head Post Office, The Post Office.
* Samuel Ball Addis, Senior Foreman Trades Officer, Northern Ireland Prison Service.
* John Henry Allen, Technical Officer, Exeter Telephone Area, British Telecom.
* Eileen Virginia Ashton, Chief Photoprinter, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office "HM Stationery Office").
* Bernard Richard Askew, P.S.V. One Man Operator, East Midland Motor Services Ltd.
* Raymond Arthur Atfield, Installation Technician, Studio Capital Projects Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.
* Hector William Baikie, Professional and Technology Officer III (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.
* Marjorie Winifred Agnes Bailey, Centre Organiser, Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex Branch, British Red Cross Society.
* Stephen John Ball, Sergeant Major, Northern Ireland Division, [Corps of Commissionaires](/wiki/Corps_of_Commissionaires "Corps of Commissionaires").
* Nirmal Singh Bansal, Clerk of Works LE1, Property Services Agency, Department of the Environment.
* Eric Charles Barden. For services to the community in Dartford, Kent.
* Frank Robert Barlow, Sub\-postmaster, Hackney Road, The Post Office.
* Jack Barnes, Petty Officer, [Overseas Containers](/wiki/Overseas_Containers "Overseas Containers") Ltd.
* Pamela Margaret Bean, Sub\-postmistress, Terminus Road, Brighton, The Post Office.
* Roger Beck, Fireman, Derbyshire Fire Service.
* Francis Joseph Beetham, Setter "A", Ministry of Defence.
* Lucy May Bellamy. For services to disabled people in Hull.
* Griffith Beery, Mechanical Inspector, Wythenshawe Division, [Ferranti Computer Systems](/wiki/Ferranti_Computer_Systems "Ferranti Computer Systems") Ltd.
* Frank Betts, Process and General Supervisor Grade D, Ministry of Defence.
* Eric Walter Bird, Foundry Moulder (Leading Hand), [Baker Perkins](/wiki/Baker_Perkins "Baker Perkins") Ltd.
* Bruce Edward Birdsell, Steel Fixer, Costain Thompson Houston Ltd.
* Leslie Boddy, Town Hall Superintendent, Lord Mayor's Sergeant, Sheriff's Officer and Mace Bearer, [Oxford City Council](/wiki/Oxford_City_Council "Oxford City Council").
* Glennis Hetha Bosher. For services to children in Swansea.
* Joyce, Lydia Boxley. For services to the community in Dudley, West Midlands.
* Louis George Moody Brown, Engineer, U.I.E. Shipbuilding (Scotland) Ltd.
* Arthur Hammond Browne. For services to poultry keeping in Norfolk.
* Archibald Hugh MacDonald Burnie, Farm Manager, Achnacloich.
* Gordon Robertson Burr. For services to the community in Tongue and district.
* Leslie Butler, Centre Organiser, Dudley Branch, British Red Cross Society.
* Olive Butler, Steward, Members' Mess Club, Lancashire County Council.
* George Stanley Buxton, Constable, Northamptonshire Police.
* Colin James Bygrave, Professional and Technology Officer Grade III, Ministry of Defence.
* Gwendoline Violet Caldicutt, Cleaner, Weston\-under\-Penyard VA Primary School, Ross\-on\-Wye.
* Michael Honeyman Campbell, Bible Class Organiser, [HM Prison Edinburgh](/wiki/HM_Prison_Edinburgh "HM Prison Edinburgh").
* Antonis Anastasi Carantonis, Relief Station Inspector, London Transport.
* William Arthur Card, Site Foreman, Hall Thermo\-tank International Ltd. For Services to Export.
* Charles Malcolm Cation, Staff Foreman, National Steel Foundry (1914\) Ltd., Leven.
* Joseph Thomas Cattell, Senior Machine Shop Foreman, [GKN Sankey](/wiki/GKN_Sankey "GKN Sankey") Ltd.
* Victor Leonard Chandler, Chief Petty Officer Instructor, Hull Unit, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)").
* James Edward Chapman, Roadman, North Yorkshire County Council.
* Alfred Chappory, Sub\-Officer, Fire Section, Ministry of Defence.
* Geoffrey Arnold Clay, Constable, Staffordshire Police.
* Fred Cole, Chauffeur, Aycliffe and Peterlee Development Corporations.
* Matthew Clyde Coles, Sub\-Officer, Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.
* Royston Keith Coles, Senior Photographer, Ministry of Defence.
* Eric Henry Collins, Toolmaker, Lucas Electrical Ltd.
* Alan George Cook, Garden Supervisor, [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew").
* Marion Violet Cornwall, Cashier, Mitcheldean, [Rank Xerox](/wiki/Rank_Xerox "Rank Xerox") Manufacturing Operations.
* Esther Coxon, Local Organiser, Gateshead Metropolitan District, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service "Women's Royal Voluntary Service").
* William Cree, Foreman Grade 1, North Eastern Electricity Board.
* Frederick Croome, lately Development Worker, Calverton Colliery, South Nottinghamshire Area, National Coal Board.
* Ronald Charles Cross, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police.
* Marjorie Claire Mary Culley, Member, Bristol City, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.
* Robert Alan Cunningham, Bus Driver, [Ulsterbus](/wiki/Ulsterbus "Ulsterbus") Ltd.
* Phyllis Delphia Cutts. For services to the community, particularly to Barnsley Hospitals.
* Matthew William Daley, Driver, Hartlepool, Eastern Region, British Rail.
* Elias Davies, Gatekeeper, Grand Lodge, [Penrhyn Castle](/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle "Penrhyn Castle"), The National Trust.
* May Davies, Foster Parent, Mid\-Glamorgan County Council.
* Ronald John Davies, Chargehand, Shrewsbury Tool \& Die Company Ltd.
* Thomas Davies, Foreman Blockmaker, [Royal Doulton](/wiki/Royal_Doulton "Royal Doulton") Tableware Ltd.
* Kenneth Norman Denham. For services to the [National Association of Boy's Clubs](/wiki/National_Association_of_Boy%27s_Clubs "National Association of Boy's Clubs") in Chesham, Buckinghamshire.
* John Edmund David Denver, Craft Attendant, Band 2, Southern Electricity Board.
* Ivor Gordon Dodd, Sub Officer, Cornwall County Fire Brigade.
* Dorothy Violet Dudman, lately Driver, London H.Q., St. John Ambulance.
* Henry Douglas Eade, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Douglas Elias George Emery, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DCM}}, Revenue Constable, Board of Customs and Excise.
* Frank Faulkner, lately Professional and Technology Officer III, Ministry of Defence.
* Archibald Ferguson, Chargehand Craft Auxiliary B, Scottish Development Department.
* Sydney Finnigan, Professional and Technology Officer III, Engineering Services Branch, [Winfrith](/wiki/Winfrith "Winfrith"), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.
* Anthony Allenby Ford, Gas Distribution Supervisor, Ipswich District, Eastern Region, [British Gas Corporation](/wiki/British_Gas_Corporation "British Gas Corporation").
* Dennis Royal Fordham, Sewage Operations Foreman, Anglian Water Authority.
* Gordon Gilbert Foster, Face Worker, North Nottinghamshire Area, National Coal Board.
* Harold Foster, Porter, [Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital](/wiki/Royal_National_Orthopaedic_Hospital "Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital"), Stanmore.
* Albert Franklin. For services to the Royal British Legion in Northamptonshire.
* Barbara Simpson Fraser, Chargehand Telephone Switchboard Operator, [Dounreay](/wiki/Dounreay "Dounreay"), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.
* Walter Frear. For services to the Guild of Vergers.
* Joseph Fryer, Prison Officer, [HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wormwood_Scrubs "HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs").
* George Peter Gabriele, Leader, St. Mary's Boys' Club, Newcastle upon Tyne.
* Harry Gandy, Dock Foreman, [Stalbridge Dock](/wiki/Stalbridge_Dock "Stalbridge Dock"), Garston.
* Fred Garner, Resident Porter, Sir Thomas More Estate, Chelsea.
* Charles William George Gazzard, Professional and Technology Officer IV, [Meteorological Office](/wiki/Meteorological_Office "Meteorological Office").
* Cecil Charles Gennery, Production Superintendent, Rists Ltd.
* Lewis Charles Gibbs, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Bernard Gilfoyle, Bulk Tanker Driver, [Rank Hovis](/wiki/Rank_Hovis "Rank Hovis") Ltd.
* Sardara Singh Gill, Foreman, Light Machine Shop, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd.
* Trevor Edward Goodingham, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police.
* Cecil Graham, Driver, Mobil Oil Company Ltd., Belfast.
* Michael Harvey Gray, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary.
* Thomas Gray, Face Worker, Holditch Colliery, Western Area, National Coal Board.
* Nathaniel Thomas Green, Coastguard Officer 1, Sector Officer, Cromer, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard "HM Coastguard"), Department of Trade.
* William James Grey, Auxiliary Constable, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Rachel Vera Griffiths, District Staff, Ceredigion, Dyfed, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.
* Laurence Grogan, Chairman, Joint Union Negotiation Committee, [Arthur Guinness \& Company Ltd.](/wiki/Guinness "Guinness"), [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union "Transport and General Workers Union").
* Mabel Mary Pilar Haigh, Local Organiser, Elland, West Yorkshire, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.
* Joan Mary Harding, for services to the community in Pensford, Bristol.
* Arthur Hardman, Installation Inspector, Stalybridge District, North Western Electricity Board.
* Peter Ballingall Hart, Cork Maker, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy "Remploy") Ltd., Hillington.
* Vernon Eynon Hart, Surface Labourer, St. John's Colliery, South Wales Area, National Coal Board.
* Herbert George Harvey, lately Sergeant Major Instructor, Avon, [Army Cadet Force](/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force "Army Cadet Force").
* Ronald Reginald Brook Harvey, Manager, HMS *Fisgard*, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes "Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes").
* Stanley Hastings, Packer Leader, Strip Mill Products, Shotton Works, [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation "British Steel Corporation").
* Mavis Sidonie Hedger, Chief Woman Observer, No. 7 Group Bedford, [Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps "Royal Observer Corps").
* Leonard Henry, Safety Officer, Walker Yard, [Swan Hunter](/wiki/Swan_Hunter "Swan Hunter") Shipbuilders Ltd.
* Mary Herbert. For services to the community in Ebbw Vale.
* Frederick George Basil Hillier, General Foreman, [John Laing Construction Ltd](/wiki/John_Laing_Group "John Laing Group").
* Bertram George Hinnells, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MM}}, Forester, Marlesford Estate, Woodbridge, Suffolk.
* Harold James Holmes, Constable, Merseyside Police.
* Arthur Sydney Huckfield, Foreman Toolsetter, [Abingdon King Dick](/wiki/Abingdon_King_Dick "Abingdon King Dick") Ltd.
* Alfred Henry Hughes, Washmiller, Qay Quarry, Westbury Works, [Blue Circle Industries](/wiki/Blue_Circle_Industries "Blue Circle Industries") plc.
* Ronald Miller Hunter, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* John Bowe Johnson, Chief Officer II, Medomsley Detention Centre.
* Richard Johnson, Senior Foreman, Production Laboratory, Vickers Instruments.
* Sydney Neven Johnson, Supervisor, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland.
* Edward Johnston, Sports Attendant, Glencairn Secondary School, Belfast.
* John Jones, Secretary, [Rockware Glass](/wiki/Rockware_Glass "Rockware Glass") Company Branch, Transport and General Workers Union.
* Owen Jones, Forest Craftsman, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission "Forestry Commission").
* William Albert Jones, Principal Range Superintendent, Ministry of Defence.
* Ellen Kemp, lately Forewoman Cleaner, Metropolitan Police.
* William Francis Kilfedder, Foreman, Heavy Plant Workshops, F.J.C. Lilley plc.
* Winifred Ethel Flora Kinder. For services to the welfare of children in Cranbrook and Southborough, Kent.
* David James Kirk, Supervisor, Coalville, British Rail.
* Catherine Beryl Higgs Lewis. For services to the community in Bryncrug, Gwynedd.
* Eric George Lewis, Surveyor/Relief Supervisor, South Western Region, British Gas Corporation.
* Ernest Frederick Lewis, Storeman, [Gaynes Hall](/wiki/Gaynes_Hall "Gaynes Hall") Borstal.
* Thomas Lloyd, lately Ship Wright, [Manchester Ship Canal Company](/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal_Company "Manchester Ship Canal Company").
* William Briggs Longbottom, Assistant Engineer, Maple Mill, [Courtaulds](/wiki/Courtaulds "Courtaulds") Ltd.
* Joseph Ludkin, lately State Enrolled Nurse, [Broadmoor Hospital](/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital "Broadmoor Hospital"), Department of Health and Social Security.
* Grace Eleanor Luxton, Canteen Worker, Medway Towns Unit, Sea Cadets Corps.
* James William McCafferey, Stores Supervisor, Stockport, North Western Region, British Gas Corporation.
* Herbert David McCammond, Maintenance Officer, Northern Ireland Housing Executive.
* Malcolm John MAcDonald, Farm Manager, Auch, Bridge of Orchy.
* Francis McGoff, Stores Supervisor, Clinical Research Centre, Medical Research Council.
* James Fraser McKenzie, Works Superintendent (Foreman), Water Supply Services, Lothian Regional Council.
* Malcolm MacLeod, Crofter, South Arnish, Raasay, Kyle.
* William McMahon, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
* Bhola Maharaj Mansfield, Driver/Loader, Refuse Collection Service, Manchester City Council.
* Marjory Eileen Manton, Joint District Organiser, Horsham, West Sussex, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.
* Joyce Marriott, Home Help, Godstone, Surrey.
* Edward Thomas Frank Marsh, Stockman, North Cadbury, Yeovil, Somerset.
* Edward Joseph Martin, Civilian Instructor, Crawley Unit, Sea Cadet Corps.
* Alec Ashley Mason. For services to the Royal British Legion in Bratton, Wiltshire.
* Olive Mason, Member, Wilmslow, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service "Women's Royal Voluntary Service").
* Joseph Edmund Megarry, Principal Officer, [Northern Ireland Prison Service](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service "Northern Ireland Prison Service").
* Frederick Mellor, Trimming Sorter, Remploy Ltd., Salford.
* Phoebe May Mertens, Foster Parent, Birmingham Social Services Department.
* Robert Henry Messam, Fitter, [Trent Motor Traction Company Ltd](/wiki/Trentbarton "Trentbarton").
* Thomas Millar, Technician IIB, British Telecom.
* Dorothy Veronica Miller\-Pierce, Divisional Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary "Metropolitan Special Constabulary").
* Geraldine Olive Mitchell. For services to the community in Thames Ditton, Surrey.
* Irene Monaghan, lately Housekeeper, Sheffield City Council.
* John Timothy Moriarty, Sub\-Officer, [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade "London Fire Brigade").
* Margaret Agnes Muir, for services to the community, particularly the deaf, in Dumfries.
* Maurice Newberry, Sergeant, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary").
* Joseph Richard Newby, Resident Engineer and Caretaker, [Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Shrewsbury_College_of_Arts_and_Technology "Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology").
* Hilda Joan Noakes. For services to the British Red Cross Society in Berkshire.
* Mary Ellen O'Brien, Chief Paperkeeper, Home Office.
* Mary Ellen O'Hanlon, Nursing Auxiliary, [Daisy Hill Hospital](/wiki/Daisy_Hill_Hospital "Daisy Hill Hospital"), Newry.
* Marjorie Alice Osgood. For services to the community in Stubbington, Hampshire.
* Eric William Palmer, Export Despatch Supervisor, B.D.H. Chemicals Ltd. For services to Export.
* John Edward Parker, Experimental Worker Grade II, Ministry of Defence.
* Alexander Cargill Paton, Station Officer, Forth Marine Rescue Sub\-Centre, HM Coastguard, Department of Trade.
* Florence May Payne. For services to the community, particularly local hospitals, in Suffolk.
* William George Henry Payne, Chargehand, Despatch Department, Firsteel Ltd.
* Ronald Pearson, Assistant Gantryman, Strip Mill Products, Llanwern Works, British Steel Corporation.
* Albert Edward John Peel. For charitable services to the Swansea and West Wales Cancer Aid Society.
* Edgar Donald Peel, Chief Petty Officer (Pumpman), Esso Petroleum Company Ltd.
* Graham John Penny, Constable, [South Wales Constabulary](/wiki/South_Wales_Constabulary "South Wales Constabulary").
* Frank John Perkins, Steward 2, Ministry of Defence.
* Sydney William Phillips, Works Convenor, Chester Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace").
* Clifford Charles Pocknell, Sub\-Officer, Hereford and Worcester Fire Brigade.
* Kenneth Pratt, Sub\-Officer, [Devon Fire Brigade](/wiki/Devon_Fire_Brigade "Devon Fire Brigade").
* Roma Violet June Prebble, Chief Observer (W), No. 1 Group Maidstone, [Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps "Royal Observer Corps").
* Thomas Primrose, Constable, [Strathclyde Police](/wiki/Strathclyde_Police "Strathclyde Police").
* Leslie William Pugh, Senior Messenger, Department of the Environment.
* Ernest James Noel Radway, Process Supervisor, Chemical Plants, Springfields Works, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd "British Nuclear Fuels Ltd").
* William John Buchanan Ramsay, Constable, [Ministry of Defence Police](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police "Ministry of Defence Police").
* James Johnstone Reddiex, Senior Operator, Hot Strip Mill, Strip Mill Products, Ravenscraig Works, British Steel Corporation.
* James Arthur Reed, Supervisor, Access Control, Airport Security, Heathrow Airport, [British Airports Authority](/wiki/British_Airports_Authority "British Airports Authority").
* Harold William Reeve, Principal Quality Engineer, Quality Department, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, British Aerospace pic.
* William Percy Revell, Craftsman, Department of the Environment.
* Glyn Thelwell Roberts. Highways Superintendent, Melton Borough Council.
* Leslie Roberts, Chargeman, Cannon Street, South Eastern Division, Southern Region, British Rail.
* Wilfred Robinson. For services to [Ellesmere Port Boat Museum](/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_Boat_Museum "Ellesmere Port Boat Museum").
* Joseph Robson, Craftsman (Fitting\-Plant/ Vehicles), Central and South West Scotland Area, South of Scotland Electricity Board.
* Robert Robson, Bridges Supervising Foreman, Highways Department, Northumberland County Council.
* Phyllis Harrison Roderick. For services to the Order of St. John in Wales.
* Muriel Ellen Rogerson. For services to the community in Wawne, Humberside.
* Diana Patricia Ross, Cleaner, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
* William George Albert Russett, Craftsman (Electrician), [Rutherford Laboratory](/wiki/Rutherford_Laboratory "Rutherford Laboratory"), Scientific and Engineering Research Council.
* Constance Irene Scholes. For services to the South East Regional Association for the Deaf.
* Sydney Richard Shea, Development Department Assistant, Hugh Mackay \& Co. Ltd.
* Charles Fergus Simpson, Sergeant, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Edward Smith, Civilian Driving Instructor, [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police "Greater Manchester Police").
* Henry Gordon Smith, Storekeeper, Transport Department, Tingley, North Eastern Region, British Gas Corporation.
* Reginald Frank Philip Smith, Waterman and Turncock, Oadby Reservoir, Leicester, [Severn Trent Water Authority](/wiki/Severn_Trent_Water_Authority "Severn Trent Water Authority").
* Ronald James Smith, Foreman Warehouseman, Sterling Wharfage Co. Ltd.
* Alice Southworth, Clothing Organiser, Darwen, Woman's Royal Voluntary Service.
* John William Borthwick Soutter, Driver/Handyman, Scottish Office.
* Peter Stagey, Experimental Worker II, Ministry of Defence.
* Hector Robert Steele, Assistant Commandant, Irvine B.R. Company, St. Andrews Ambulance Corps.
* Sybil Alice Heath Stevens, School Crossing Patrol, Metropolitan Police.
* Alfred Stewart, Craneman, Belfast Harbour Authority.
* Miles Stott, lately Superintendent, [Guildhall, Londonderry](/wiki/Guildhall%2C_Derry "Guildhall, Derry").
* Ada Street, for charitable services to diabetic research.
* Rita Stuart, Cook, [Fleming Cottage Hospital](/wiki/Fleming_Cottage_Hospital "Fleming Cottage Hospital"), Aberlour\-on\-Spey.
* Charles Summerhayes, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* Peter Sutherland, Superintendent Depot Services, Ministry of Defence.
* Antony Benedict Sutton, Surveyor Senior Grade, [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey "Ordnance Survey").
* Walter Geoffrey Swift, Museum Foreman, Merseyside County Museum.
* Betty Symons, Process and General Supervisory Grade "C", Ministry of Defence.
* Timothy Neave Taylor, Auxiliary in Charge, Mablethorpe, HM Coastguard.
* George Henry Terry, Professional and Technology Officer IV, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)").
* John Weston Thomas, Harp Maker, Wolfs Castle, Haverfordwest.
* Albert Ernest Thompson, Technician III, [National Maritime Museum](/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum "National Maritime Museum").
* Ebenezer Turner, Coalman, S.A. Williams, Dudley.
* William Wallace, Senior Railman, Glasgow, British Rail.
* Ellis Thomas Wells, Sheet Metal Worker, Warton Division Aircraft Group, British Aerospace pic.
* Bertie Cyril William Westrop, Progress Controller, Plessey Avionics \& Communications Ltd.
* Tom Whalley, Decorating Manager, J. E. Heath Ltd.
* Raymond John Wheeler, Production Worker I, Ministry of Defence.
* Maisie Emily Wiley, House Foreman, Central Premises, British Broadcasting Corporation.
* Henry William John Willett, Office Keeper II, Department of Industry.
* Percy Williams, Manager of Transport Property Maintenance, A. Darlington (Heswall) Ltd.
* William Frederick Williams, Chairman, Longmynd Adventure Camp, Shropshire.
* Thomas William Willingale, Model Shop Controller, Racal Mobilcal Ltd. For services to Export.
* Frederick John Edgar Willis, Senior Paper Keeper, [Lord Chancellor's Department](/wiki/Lord_Chancellor%27s_Department "Lord Chancellor's Department").
* Edward Thomas Willman, Ambulance Driver, [Avonmouth Docks](/wiki/Avonmouth_Docks "Avonmouth Docks"), Port of Bristol Authority.
* Henry Wilkinson Wilson, Ship Plater, Tyne Shiprepair Ltd.
* Kenneth Winter, Relief Signalman (G.P.R.) Class 2, Western Region, British Rail.
* Sydney Wood, Coal Merchant, Newton Aycliffe New Town.
* Arthur Richard Woolley, lately Fireman, London Fire Brigade.
* John Anthony Wragg, Craftsman 1, Department of Employment.
* William John Francis Young, lately Examiner II (Industrial), Ministry of Defence.
Overseas Territories
* Rudolph Hodge. For public services in the [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands").
* Koon\-fat Hung, Senior Customs Officer, Customs and Excise Service, Hong Kong.
* Wanda Wan\-wah Lee, Health Auxiliary, Medical and Health Department, Hong Kong.
* Raphael Felipe Mifsud, Telecommunications Officer, Telephone Department, Gibraltar.
* Pedro do Rozario, Principal Officer, Correctional Services Department, Hong Kong.
* Frank Harold Warwick, Technical Officer, Public Works Department, Gibraltar.
Australian States
State of Queensland
* Helen Louisa Alice Bunyan. For service to the community.
* Robert George Patrick Davis. For service to the community.
* Lorraine Daphne Decker. For service to sport.
* Noel Lisle Land. For service to the Returned Services League and the community.
* Myrine Esma Maker. For service to the community.
* Elizabeth Ann Marchant. For service to the community.
* Paul Eliott Newman. For service to the community.
* Edith Olive Perry. For service to the community.
* Grainger Goyne Rothwell. For service to the community.
* Noel Paul Stanaway. For service to boating.
State of South Australia
* George William Battye. For service to the community.
* Alfreda Olive Day. For service to the arts.
* Charles John Gardner. For services to the Returned Services League.
* Leslie Raymund Hill. For services to local history.
* David Thomas Lloyd. For services to the community.
* Shirley Nolan. For services to ancillary school organisations.
* Robert Stanley Edmund Robins. For services to Cleland Conservation Park.
State of Western Australia
* Joseph James Higgins. For services to the community.
* Patrine Howden, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For service to the community.
* Kathleen Mary Johnson. For service to nursing.
* Carmel Olive Moore. For service to the community.
* Christopher George Seymour. For service to the community.
* Brenda Patricia Warwick Wittenoom. For service to the community.
State of Tasmania
* Kenneth Hume Hawkins. For service to local government.
* Miriam Evelyn O'Toole. For service to the community.
* Ivan Short. For service to sport and local government.
Bar to the British Empire Medal
United Kingdom
* Sidney John Hooper, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, lately Resident Engineer, [British Insurance Association Headquarters](/wiki/Association_of_British_Insurers "Association of British Insurers").
|
[
"### British Empire Medal (BEM)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Chief Petty Officer (OPS) (MW) Roy Attenborough, [Royal Navy Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Reserve \"Royal Navy Reserve\"), KD985550D.\n* Colour Sergeant William. Alexander John Baxter, Royal Marines, PO22404J.\n* Chief Petty Officer (C.A.S.) James Bremner, F669840J.\n* Chief Weapon Engineering Mechanic (O) Frank George Brookes, Royal Naval Reserve, XD986173H.\n* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Charles Henry Came, J162677J.\n* Marine Engineering Artificer (P) First Class Alexander Terence Chadwick, D055121L.\n* Sergeant Norman Clark, Royal Marines, PO20837U.\n* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Laurence Lyall Curle, D159779P.\n* Master at Arms Kenneth Arthur Etheridge, M714511X.\n* Marine Engineering Mechanician (P) First Class William Davenport Fraser, D159834G.\n* Chief Petty Officer Steward Adrian Robin Frost, D079076F.\n* Colour Sergeant Hugh Gray, Royal Marines, PO20233T.\n* Chief Communications Yeoman Terry Henry Green, Royal Naval Reserve, QD982304L.\n* Weapon Engineering Mechanician First Class Anthony Campbell Jones, D159778X.\n* Chief Petty Officer Airman (AH) William Hugh Jones, F849811A.\n* Marine Engineering Mechanician (L) First Class Anthony John Marriott, D051138A.\n* Chief Petty Officer (Seaman) Douglas Graham Plymsol, J982549L.\n* Chief Petty Officer (CAS) Alan Richardson, J646039G.\n* Petty Officer Medical Assistant John Rigby, D073176G.\n* Chief Petty Officer Stores Accountant Thomas Arthur Scott, D079679Q.\n* Senior Naval Nurse Marion Rebecca Stock, [Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service](/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_Royal_Naval_Nursing_Service \"Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service\").\n* Weapon Engineering Artificer First Class Anthony John Tickner, D128157E.\n* Chief Wren Radio Supervisor Kathleen Sheila Jennifer Vince, [Women's Royal Naval Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service \"Women's Royal Naval Service\"), W123370X.\n* Colour Sergeant Alwyn Brian Young, Royal Marines, PO15613K.",
"Army\n* 23877480 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) David Alexander Allen, Irish Guards.\n* 24266740 Sergeant Trevor Geoffrey Allison, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* 23834196 Staff Sergeant Victor Amaira, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24149491 Staff Sergeant George Frank Arthur Angell, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.\n* 24030488 Staff Sergeant Joseph Aquilina, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 24147072 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) Roger Axten, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 24106125 Corporal (Local Sergeant) Jack William Bardle, Royal Corps of Transport.\n* 24278712 Sergeant Robert Charles Barfield, Royal Pioneer Corps.\n* 23982572 Staff Sergeant Paul Barrett, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.\n* 23305239 Staff Sergeant (now Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Herbert Robert Bartlett, 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers.\n* 24179750 Sergeant Alan Behenna, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 22036400 Sergeant John Bennett, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Territorial Army.\n* 24145408 Sergeant Martin Joseph Brown, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.\n* 22839215 Staff Sergeant Arthur John Budge, Wessex Regiment, Territorial Army.\n* 24077288 Staff Sergeant George William Burroughs, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 23859018 Corporal Alexander Victor Carson, Corps of Royal Engineers, Territorial Army.\n* 24264640 Staff Sergeant Alan Henry Chapman, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 23858622 Sergeant Anthony Clegg, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 23749192 Sergeant Kenneth Coatesworth, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 24266750 Corporal Malcolm Adrian Connop, The Royal Green Jackets.\n* 23675255 Staff Sergeant Peter Mark Cook, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* LS/23677211 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Peter John Cosgrove, The Parachute Regiment.\n* LS/23469151 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\\) David John Coxall, 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers.\n* LS/22742049 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\\) John Dinnen, Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.\n* 22343980 Staff Sergeant Jeremy John Eales, The Honourable Artillery Company, Territorial Army.\n* 24328809 Corporal Paul Desmond Faithfull, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 24083527 Sergeant Michael John Handsley, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24063654 Sergeant Michael John Harden, Royal Tank Regiment.\n* 23820690 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) William Henderson, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23917913 Sergeant Trevor Patrick Hope, Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 23727206 Gunner (Acting Bombardier) Ernest Vincent Johnson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army.\n* 23924900 Lance Corporal Emlyn Dewi Jones, The Queen's Regiment.\n* 24079315 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Peter Joseph McCoy, Army Catering Corps.\n* 23479621 Staff Sergeant Ivor Noel McFadyen, 51st Highland Volunteers, Territorial Army.\n* 23918020 Sergeant John Alexander McKnight, Royal Corps of Transport, Territorial Army.\n* 24145577 Staff Sergeant Ian Joseph Mellor, Army Physical Training Corps.\n* 24126237 Staff Sergeant David John Moon, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24019917 Sergeant Leonard James Moore, Corps of Royal Engineers.\n* 22136031 Staff Sergeant Frederick Donald Morgan, Royal Corps of Transport, Territorial Army.\n* 24104663 Staff Sergeant William Norris, The King's Own Royal Border Regiment.\n* 23873258 Sergeant Albert Richard Olde, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment.\n* LS/23221534 Staff Sergeant (Local Warrant Officer Class 2\\) William John Kerr Paterson, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's).\n* 24106699 Staff Sergeant Darryl Leslie Joseph Pooley, Royal Corps of Transport.\n* 21159392 Sergeant Dilkishor Rai, 2nd King Edward VIIs Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles).\n* 23982516 Staff Sergeant David George Rose, Corps of Royal Military Police.\n* 21158907 Sergeant Dorjee Sherpa, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles.\n* 24132974 Corporal Patrick Joseph Simpson, Royal Pioneer Corps.\n* 23536636 Corporal (Local Sergeant) Anthony Thomas Sims, Corps of Royal Military Police.\n* 23612769 Sergeant John Whitcombe Smith, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24100830 Sergeant Peter Alfred Stewart Smith, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.\n* 24186691 Staff Sergeant Christopher James Sockett, Army Catering Corps.\n* 24059141 Sergeant Brian Stevens, The Light Infantry.\n* 24048524 Staff Sergeant Gavin Neil Macleod Stoddart, The Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment).\n* 23834480 Corporal Robert Gary Story, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23504026 Sergeant Athlyn Taylor, Royal Corps of Signals.\n* 23495367 Lance Sergeant (Acting Sergeant) John Taylor, Irish Guards.\n* 23905935 Staff Sergeant Richard James Todd, 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own).\n* 24225239 Staff Sergeant Stephen Tuck, Grenadier Guards.\n* 24011291 Sergeant David Leonard Walton, Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 24082353 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Michael Frederick Westley, Royal Regiment of Artillery.\n* 23862287 Staff Sergeant (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Francis Michael Whiteside, Royal Army Medical Corps.\n* 24048330 Staff Corporal (Acting Warrant Officer Class 2\\) Derek William Willis, The Life Guards.\n* 24281743 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) John Brian Wilson, The Royal Welch Fusiliers.\n* 24181281 Sergeant Martyn Hamilton Woods, Royal Regiment of Artillery.",
"Overseas Awards\n* Lance Corporal Ying\\-tang Lau, [Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Regiment_%28The_Volunteers%29 \"Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)\").\n* Sergeant Kwok\\-hung Leung, Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers).",
"Royal Air Force\n* X4079582 Flight Sergeant John Kennedy Anderson.\n* J4266712 Flight Sergeant Roy William Bennett.\n* G4112638 Flight Sergeant Michael Rodney Counsell.\n* L1928492 Flight Sergeant George Edward Gill.\n* J4253539 Flight Sergeant Eric Holt.\n* S4242345 Flight Sergeant David Fainges Johnston.\n* D5035911 Flight Sergeant James McInally.\n* Q1924619 Flight Sergeant Albert Derek Morris.\n* N3147237 Flight Sergeant Michael John Plume.\n* N4253854 Flight Sergeant Michael Francis Shaw.\n* X4259991 Flight Sergeant Michael Steel.\n* E4256158 Flight Sergeant Robert Lindsay Thomson.\n* Y0688753 Chief Technician John Gillan Frederick Barnes.\n* C4285302 Chief Technician Alister Brown Haveron.\n* Q1944155 Chief Technician Anthony John Reeves Knight.\n* P1934202 Chief Technician Malcolm Roy Myers.\n* B1942036 Chief Technician Peter Frederick Riches.\n* M1932638 Chief Technician Robert Henry Thompson.\n* F1943733 Chief Technician John Francis Thornley.\n* M1936839 Sergeant John Henry Gear.\n* E4254083 Sergeant Alastair Steven Picton.\n* F1947147 Sergeant Morris James Watt.",
"Civil Division\nUnited Kingdom\n* William Adams, Postman, Edinburgh Head Post Office, The Post Office.\n* Samuel Ball Addis, Senior Foreman Trades Officer, Northern Ireland Prison Service.\n* John Henry Allen, Technical Officer, Exeter Telephone Area, British Telecom.\n* Eileen Virginia Ashton, Chief Photoprinter, [HM Stationery Office](/wiki/HM_Stationery_Office \"HM Stationery Office\").\n* Bernard Richard Askew, P.S.V. One Man Operator, East Midland Motor Services Ltd.\n* Raymond Arthur Atfield, Installation Technician, Studio Capital Projects Department, British Broadcasting Corporation.\n* Hector William Baikie, Professional and Technology Officer III (Mechanical and Electrical), Department of the Environment.\n* Marjorie Winifred Agnes Bailey, Centre Organiser, Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex Branch, British Red Cross Society.\n* Stephen John Ball, Sergeant Major, Northern Ireland Division, [Corps of Commissionaires](/wiki/Corps_of_Commissionaires \"Corps of Commissionaires\").\n* Nirmal Singh Bansal, Clerk of Works LE1, Property Services Agency, Department of the Environment.\n* Eric Charles Barden. For services to the community in Dartford, Kent.\n* Frank Robert Barlow, Sub\\-postmaster, Hackney Road, The Post Office.\n* Jack Barnes, Petty Officer, [Overseas Containers](/wiki/Overseas_Containers \"Overseas Containers\") Ltd.\n* Pamela Margaret Bean, Sub\\-postmistress, Terminus Road, Brighton, The Post Office.\n* Roger Beck, Fireman, Derbyshire Fire Service.\n* Francis Joseph Beetham, Setter \"A\", Ministry of Defence.\n* Lucy May Bellamy. For services to disabled people in Hull.\n* Griffith Beery, Mechanical Inspector, Wythenshawe Division, [Ferranti Computer Systems](/wiki/Ferranti_Computer_Systems \"Ferranti Computer Systems\") Ltd.\n* Frank Betts, Process and General Supervisor Grade D, Ministry of Defence.\n* Eric Walter Bird, Foundry Moulder (Leading Hand), [Baker Perkins](/wiki/Baker_Perkins \"Baker Perkins\") Ltd.\n* Bruce Edward Birdsell, Steel Fixer, Costain Thompson Houston Ltd.\n* Leslie Boddy, Town Hall Superintendent, Lord Mayor's Sergeant, Sheriff's Officer and Mace Bearer, [Oxford City Council](/wiki/Oxford_City_Council \"Oxford City Council\").\n* Glennis Hetha Bosher. For services to children in Swansea.\n* Joyce, Lydia Boxley. For services to the community in Dudley, West Midlands.\n* Louis George Moody Brown, Engineer, U.I.E. Shipbuilding (Scotland) Ltd.\n* Arthur Hammond Browne. For services to poultry keeping in Norfolk.\n* Archibald Hugh MacDonald Burnie, Farm Manager, Achnacloich.\n* Gordon Robertson Burr. For services to the community in Tongue and district.\n* Leslie Butler, Centre Organiser, Dudley Branch, British Red Cross Society.\n* Olive Butler, Steward, Members' Mess Club, Lancashire County Council.\n* George Stanley Buxton, Constable, Northamptonshire Police.\n* Colin James Bygrave, Professional and Technology Officer Grade III, Ministry of Defence.\n* Gwendoline Violet Caldicutt, Cleaner, Weston\\-under\\-Penyard VA Primary School, Ross\\-on\\-Wye.\n* Michael Honeyman Campbell, Bible Class Organiser, [HM Prison Edinburgh](/wiki/HM_Prison_Edinburgh \"HM Prison Edinburgh\").\n* Antonis Anastasi Carantonis, Relief Station Inspector, London Transport.\n* William Arthur Card, Site Foreman, Hall Thermo\\-tank International Ltd. For Services to Export.\n* Charles Malcolm Cation, Staff Foreman, National Steel Foundry (1914\\) Ltd., Leven.\n* Joseph Thomas Cattell, Senior Machine Shop Foreman, [GKN Sankey](/wiki/GKN_Sankey \"GKN Sankey\") Ltd.\n* Victor Leonard Chandler, Chief Petty Officer Instructor, Hull Unit, [Sea Cadet Corps](/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)\").\n* James Edward Chapman, Roadman, North Yorkshire County Council.\n* Alfred Chappory, Sub\\-Officer, Fire Section, Ministry of Defence.\n* Geoffrey Arnold Clay, Constable, Staffordshire Police.\n* Fred Cole, Chauffeur, Aycliffe and Peterlee Development Corporations.\n* Matthew Clyde Coles, Sub\\-Officer, Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Royston Keith Coles, Senior Photographer, Ministry of Defence.\n* Eric Henry Collins, Toolmaker, Lucas Electrical Ltd.\n* Alan George Cook, Garden Supervisor, [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew \"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\").\n* Marion Violet Cornwall, Cashier, Mitcheldean, [Rank Xerox](/wiki/Rank_Xerox \"Rank Xerox\") Manufacturing Operations.\n* Esther Coxon, Local Organiser, Gateshead Metropolitan District, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service \"Women's Royal Voluntary Service\").\n* William Cree, Foreman Grade 1, North Eastern Electricity Board.\n* Frederick Croome, lately Development Worker, Calverton Colliery, South Nottinghamshire Area, National Coal Board.\n* Ronald Charles Cross, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police.\n* Marjorie Claire Mary Culley, Member, Bristol City, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* Robert Alan Cunningham, Bus Driver, [Ulsterbus](/wiki/Ulsterbus \"Ulsterbus\") Ltd.\n* Phyllis Delphia Cutts. For services to the community, particularly to Barnsley Hospitals.\n* Matthew William Daley, Driver, Hartlepool, Eastern Region, British Rail.\n* Elias Davies, Gatekeeper, Grand Lodge, [Penrhyn Castle](/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle \"Penrhyn Castle\"), The National Trust.\n* May Davies, Foster Parent, Mid\\-Glamorgan County Council.\n* Ronald John Davies, Chargehand, Shrewsbury Tool \\& Die Company Ltd.\n* Thomas Davies, Foreman Blockmaker, [Royal Doulton](/wiki/Royal_Doulton \"Royal Doulton\") Tableware Ltd.\n* Kenneth Norman Denham. For services to the [National Association of Boy's Clubs](/wiki/National_Association_of_Boy%27s_Clubs \"National Association of Boy's Clubs\") in Chesham, Buckinghamshire.\n* John Edmund David Denver, Craft Attendant, Band 2, Southern Electricity Board.\n* Ivor Gordon Dodd, Sub Officer, Cornwall County Fire Brigade.\n* Dorothy Violet Dudman, lately Driver, London H.Q., St. John Ambulance.\n* Henry Douglas Eade, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Douglas Elias George Emery, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DCM}}, Revenue Constable, Board of Customs and Excise.\n* Frank Faulkner, lately Professional and Technology Officer III, Ministry of Defence.\n* Archibald Ferguson, Chargehand Craft Auxiliary B, Scottish Development Department.\n* Sydney Finnigan, Professional and Technology Officer III, Engineering Services Branch, [Winfrith](/wiki/Winfrith \"Winfrith\"), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.\n* Anthony Allenby Ford, Gas Distribution Supervisor, Ipswich District, Eastern Region, [British Gas Corporation](/wiki/British_Gas_Corporation \"British Gas Corporation\").\n* Dennis Royal Fordham, Sewage Operations Foreman, Anglian Water Authority.\n* Gordon Gilbert Foster, Face Worker, North Nottinghamshire Area, National Coal Board.\n* Harold Foster, Porter, [Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital](/wiki/Royal_National_Orthopaedic_Hospital \"Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital\"), Stanmore.\n* Albert Franklin. For services to the Royal British Legion in Northamptonshire.\n* Barbara Simpson Fraser, Chargehand Telephone Switchboard Operator, [Dounreay](/wiki/Dounreay \"Dounreay\"), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.\n* Walter Frear. For services to the Guild of Vergers.\n* Joseph Fryer, Prison Officer, [HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wormwood_Scrubs \"HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs\").\n* George Peter Gabriele, Leader, St. Mary's Boys' Club, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Harry Gandy, Dock Foreman, [Stalbridge Dock](/wiki/Stalbridge_Dock \"Stalbridge Dock\"), Garston.\n* Fred Garner, Resident Porter, Sir Thomas More Estate, Chelsea.\n* Charles William George Gazzard, Professional and Technology Officer IV, [Meteorological Office](/wiki/Meteorological_Office \"Meteorological Office\").\n* Cecil Charles Gennery, Production Superintendent, Rists Ltd.\n* Lewis Charles Gibbs, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Bernard Gilfoyle, Bulk Tanker Driver, [Rank Hovis](/wiki/Rank_Hovis \"Rank Hovis\") Ltd.\n* Sardara Singh Gill, Foreman, Light Machine Shop, Marconi Radar Systems Ltd.\n* Trevor Edward Goodingham, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police.\n* Cecil Graham, Driver, Mobil Oil Company Ltd., Belfast.\n* Michael Harvey Gray, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary.\n* Thomas Gray, Face Worker, Holditch Colliery, Western Area, National Coal Board.\n* Nathaniel Thomas Green, Coastguard Officer 1, Sector Officer, Cromer, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard \"HM Coastguard\"), Department of Trade.\n* William James Grey, Auxiliary Constable, Royal Ulster Constabulary.\n* Rachel Vera Griffiths, District Staff, Ceredigion, Dyfed, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* Laurence Grogan, Chairman, Joint Union Negotiation Committee, [Arthur Guinness \\& Company Ltd.](/wiki/Guinness \"Guinness\"), [Transport and General Workers Union](/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers_Union \"Transport and General Workers Union\").\n* Mabel Mary Pilar Haigh, Local Organiser, Elland, West Yorkshire, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* Joan Mary Harding, for services to the community in Pensford, Bristol.\n* Arthur Hardman, Installation Inspector, Stalybridge District, North Western Electricity Board.\n* Peter Ballingall Hart, Cork Maker, [Remploy](/wiki/Remploy \"Remploy\") Ltd., Hillington.\n* Vernon Eynon Hart, Surface Labourer, St. John's Colliery, South Wales Area, National Coal Board.\n* Herbert George Harvey, lately Sergeant Major Instructor, Avon, [Army Cadet Force](/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force \"Army Cadet Force\").\n* Ronald Reginald Brook Harvey, Manager, HMS *Fisgard*, [Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes](/wiki/Navy%2C_Army_and_Air_Force_Institutes \"Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes\").\n* Stanley Hastings, Packer Leader, Strip Mill Products, Shotton Works, [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation \"British Steel Corporation\").\n* Mavis Sidonie Hedger, Chief Woman Observer, No. 7 Group Bedford, [Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps \"Royal Observer Corps\").\n* Leonard Henry, Safety Officer, Walker Yard, [Swan Hunter](/wiki/Swan_Hunter \"Swan Hunter\") Shipbuilders Ltd.\n* Mary Herbert. For services to the community in Ebbw Vale.\n* Frederick George Basil Hillier, General Foreman, [John Laing Construction Ltd](/wiki/John_Laing_Group \"John Laing Group\").\n* Bertram George Hinnells, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MM}}, Forester, Marlesford Estate, Woodbridge, Suffolk.\n* Harold James Holmes, Constable, Merseyside Police.\n* Arthur Sydney Huckfield, Foreman Toolsetter, [Abingdon King Dick](/wiki/Abingdon_King_Dick \"Abingdon King Dick\") Ltd.\n* Alfred Henry Hughes, Washmiller, Qay Quarry, Westbury Works, [Blue Circle Industries](/wiki/Blue_Circle_Industries \"Blue Circle Industries\") plc.\n* Ronald Miller Hunter, Constable, Metropolitan Police.\n* John Bowe Johnson, Chief Officer II, Medomsley Detention Centre.\n* Richard Johnson, Senior Foreman, Production Laboratory, Vickers Instruments.\n* Sydney Neven Johnson, Supervisor, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland.\n* Edward Johnston, Sports Attendant, Glencairn Secondary School, Belfast.\n* John Jones, Secretary, [Rockware Glass](/wiki/Rockware_Glass \"Rockware Glass\") Company Branch, Transport and General Workers Union.\n* Owen Jones, Forest Craftsman, [Forestry Commission](/wiki/Forestry_Commission \"Forestry Commission\").\n* William Albert Jones, Principal Range Superintendent, Ministry of Defence.\n* Ellen Kemp, lately Forewoman Cleaner, Metropolitan Police.\n* William Francis Kilfedder, Foreman, Heavy Plant Workshops, F.J.C. Lilley plc.\n* Winifred Ethel Flora Kinder. For services to the welfare of children in Cranbrook and Southborough, Kent.\n* David James Kirk, Supervisor, Coalville, British Rail.\n* Catherine Beryl Higgs Lewis. For services to the community in Bryncrug, Gwynedd.\n* Eric George Lewis, Surveyor/Relief Supervisor, South Western Region, British Gas Corporation.\n* Ernest Frederick Lewis, Storeman, [Gaynes Hall](/wiki/Gaynes_Hall \"Gaynes Hall\") Borstal.\n* Thomas Lloyd, lately Ship Wright, [Manchester Ship Canal Company](/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal_Company \"Manchester Ship Canal Company\").\n* William Briggs Longbottom, Assistant Engineer, Maple Mill, [Courtaulds](/wiki/Courtaulds \"Courtaulds\") Ltd.\n* Joseph Ludkin, lately State Enrolled Nurse, [Broadmoor Hospital](/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital \"Broadmoor Hospital\"), Department of Health and Social Security.\n* Grace Eleanor Luxton, Canteen Worker, Medway Towns Unit, Sea Cadets Corps.\n* James William McCafferey, Stores Supervisor, Stockport, North Western Region, British Gas Corporation.\n* Herbert David McCammond, Maintenance Officer, Northern Ireland Housing Executive.\n* Malcolm John MAcDonald, Farm Manager, Auch, Bridge of Orchy.\n* Francis McGoff, Stores Supervisor, Clinical Research Centre, Medical Research Council.\n* James Fraser McKenzie, Works Superintendent (Foreman), Water Supply Services, Lothian Regional Council.\n* Malcolm MacLeod, Crofter, South Arnish, Raasay, Kyle.\n* William McMahon, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Bhola Maharaj Mansfield, Driver/Loader, Refuse Collection Service, Manchester City Council.\n* Marjory Eileen Manton, Joint District Organiser, Horsham, West Sussex, Women's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* Joyce Marriott, Home Help, Godstone, Surrey.\n* Edward Thomas Frank Marsh, Stockman, North Cadbury, Yeovil, Somerset.\n* Edward Joseph Martin, Civilian Instructor, Crawley Unit, Sea Cadet Corps.\n* Alec Ashley Mason. For services to the Royal British Legion in Bratton, Wiltshire.\n* Olive Mason, Member, Wilmslow, [Women's Royal Voluntary Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service \"Women's Royal Voluntary Service\").\n* Joseph Edmund Megarry, Principal Officer, [Northern Ireland Prison Service](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service \"Northern Ireland Prison Service\").\n* Frederick Mellor, Trimming Sorter, Remploy Ltd., Salford.\n* Phoebe May Mertens, Foster Parent, Birmingham Social Services Department.\n* Robert Henry Messam, Fitter, [Trent Motor Traction Company Ltd](/wiki/Trentbarton \"Trentbarton\").\n* Thomas Millar, Technician IIB, British Telecom.\n* Dorothy Veronica Miller\\-Pierce, Divisional Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary \"Metropolitan Special Constabulary\").\n* Geraldine Olive Mitchell. For services to the community in Thames Ditton, Surrey.\n* Irene Monaghan, lately Housekeeper, Sheffield City Council.\n* John Timothy Moriarty, Sub\\-Officer, [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade \"London Fire Brigade\").\n* Margaret Agnes Muir, for services to the community, particularly the deaf, in Dumfries.\n* Maurice Newberry, Sergeant, [Royal Ulster Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\").\n* Joseph Richard Newby, Resident Engineer and Caretaker, [Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Shrewsbury_College_of_Arts_and_Technology \"Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology\").\n* Hilda Joan Noakes. For services to the British Red Cross Society in Berkshire.\n* Mary Ellen O'Brien, Chief Paperkeeper, Home Office.\n* Mary Ellen O'Hanlon, Nursing Auxiliary, [Daisy Hill Hospital](/wiki/Daisy_Hill_Hospital \"Daisy Hill Hospital\"), Newry.\n* Marjorie Alice Osgood. For services to the community in Stubbington, Hampshire.\n* Eric William Palmer, Export Despatch Supervisor, B.D.H. Chemicals Ltd. For services to Export.\n* John Edward Parker, Experimental Worker Grade II, Ministry of Defence.\n* Alexander Cargill Paton, Station Officer, Forth Marine Rescue Sub\\-Centre, HM Coastguard, Department of Trade.\n* Florence May Payne. For services to the community, particularly local hospitals, in Suffolk.\n* William George Henry Payne, Chargehand, Despatch Department, Firsteel Ltd.\n* Ronald Pearson, Assistant Gantryman, Strip Mill Products, Llanwern Works, British Steel Corporation.\n* Albert Edward John Peel. For charitable services to the Swansea and West Wales Cancer Aid Society.\n* Edgar Donald Peel, Chief Petty Officer (Pumpman), Esso Petroleum Company Ltd.\n* Graham John Penny, Constable, [South Wales Constabulary](/wiki/South_Wales_Constabulary \"South Wales Constabulary\").\n* Frank John Perkins, Steward 2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Sydney William Phillips, Works Convenor, Chester Division, Aircraft Group, [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\").\n* Clifford Charles Pocknell, Sub\\-Officer, Hereford and Worcester Fire Brigade.\n* Kenneth Pratt, Sub\\-Officer, [Devon Fire Brigade](/wiki/Devon_Fire_Brigade \"Devon Fire Brigade\").\n* Roma Violet June Prebble, Chief Observer (W), No. 1 Group Maidstone, [Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps \"Royal Observer Corps\").\n* Thomas Primrose, Constable, [Strathclyde Police](/wiki/Strathclyde_Police \"Strathclyde Police\").\n* Leslie William Pugh, Senior Messenger, Department of the Environment.\n* Ernest James Noel Radway, Process Supervisor, Chemical Plants, Springfields Works, [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd](/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd \"British Nuclear Fuels Ltd\").\n* William John Buchanan Ramsay, Constable, [Ministry of Defence Police](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police \"Ministry of Defence Police\").\n* James Johnstone Reddiex, Senior Operator, Hot Strip Mill, Strip Mill Products, Ravenscraig Works, British Steel Corporation.\n* James Arthur Reed, Supervisor, Access Control, Airport Security, Heathrow Airport, [British Airports Authority](/wiki/British_Airports_Authority \"British Airports Authority\").\n* Harold William Reeve, Principal Quality Engineer, Quality Department, Stevenage Division, Dynamics Group, British Aerospace pic.\n* William Percy Revell, Craftsman, Department of the Environment.\n* Glyn Thelwell Roberts. Highways Superintendent, Melton Borough Council.\n* Leslie Roberts, Chargeman, Cannon Street, South Eastern Division, Southern Region, British Rail.\n* Wilfred Robinson. For services to [Ellesmere Port Boat Museum](/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_Boat_Museum \"Ellesmere Port Boat Museum\").\n* Joseph Robson, Craftsman (Fitting\\-Plant/ Vehicles), Central and South West Scotland Area, South of Scotland Electricity Board.\n* Robert Robson, Bridges Supervising Foreman, Highways Department, Northumberland County Council.\n* Phyllis Harrison Roderick. For services to the Order of St. John in Wales.\n* Muriel Ellen Rogerson. For services to the community in Wawne, Humberside.\n* Diana Patricia Ross, Cleaner, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.\n* William George Albert Russett, Craftsman (Electrician), [Rutherford Laboratory](/wiki/Rutherford_Laboratory \"Rutherford Laboratory\"), Scientific and Engineering Research Council.\n* Constance Irene Scholes. For services to the South East Regional Association for the Deaf.\n* Sydney Richard Shea, Development Department Assistant, Hugh Mackay \\& Co. Ltd.\n* Charles Fergus Simpson, Sergeant, Royal Ulster Constabulary.\n* Edward Smith, Civilian Driving Instructor, [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police \"Greater Manchester Police\").\n* Henry Gordon Smith, Storekeeper, Transport Department, Tingley, North Eastern Region, British Gas Corporation.\n* Reginald Frank Philip Smith, Waterman and Turncock, Oadby Reservoir, Leicester, [Severn Trent Water Authority](/wiki/Severn_Trent_Water_Authority \"Severn Trent Water Authority\").\n* Ronald James Smith, Foreman Warehouseman, Sterling Wharfage Co. Ltd.\n* Alice Southworth, Clothing Organiser, Darwen, Woman's Royal Voluntary Service.\n* John William Borthwick Soutter, Driver/Handyman, Scottish Office.\n* Peter Stagey, Experimental Worker II, Ministry of Defence.\n* Hector Robert Steele, Assistant Commandant, Irvine B.R. Company, St. Andrews Ambulance Corps.\n* Sybil Alice Heath Stevens, School Crossing Patrol, Metropolitan Police.\n* Alfred Stewart, Craneman, Belfast Harbour Authority.\n* Miles Stott, lately Superintendent, [Guildhall, Londonderry](/wiki/Guildhall%2C_Derry \"Guildhall, Derry\").\n* Ada Street, for charitable services to diabetic research.\n* Rita Stuart, Cook, [Fleming Cottage Hospital](/wiki/Fleming_Cottage_Hospital \"Fleming Cottage Hospital\"), Aberlour\\-on\\-Spey.\n* Charles Summerhayes, Constable, Metropolitan Police.\n* Peter Sutherland, Superintendent Depot Services, Ministry of Defence.\n* Antony Benedict Sutton, Surveyor Senior Grade, [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey \"Ordnance Survey\").\n* Walter Geoffrey Swift, Museum Foreman, Merseyside County Museum.\n* Betty Symons, Process and General Supervisory Grade \"C\", Ministry of Defence.\n* Timothy Neave Taylor, Auxiliary in Charge, Mablethorpe, HM Coastguard.\n* George Henry Terry, Professional and Technology Officer IV, [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)\").\n* John Weston Thomas, Harp Maker, Wolfs Castle, Haverfordwest.\n* Albert Ernest Thompson, Technician III, [National Maritime Museum](/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum \"National Maritime Museum\").\n* Ebenezer Turner, Coalman, S.A. Williams, Dudley.\n* William Wallace, Senior Railman, Glasgow, British Rail.\n* Ellis Thomas Wells, Sheet Metal Worker, Warton Division Aircraft Group, British Aerospace pic.\n* Bertie Cyril William Westrop, Progress Controller, Plessey Avionics \\& Communications Ltd.\n* Tom Whalley, Decorating Manager, J. E. Heath Ltd.\n* Raymond John Wheeler, Production Worker I, Ministry of Defence.\n* Maisie Emily Wiley, House Foreman, Central Premises, British Broadcasting Corporation.\n* Henry William John Willett, Office Keeper II, Department of Industry.\n* Percy Williams, Manager of Transport Property Maintenance, A. Darlington (Heswall) Ltd.\n* William Frederick Williams, Chairman, Longmynd Adventure Camp, Shropshire.\n* Thomas William Willingale, Model Shop Controller, Racal Mobilcal Ltd. For services to Export.\n* Frederick John Edgar Willis, Senior Paper Keeper, [Lord Chancellor's Department](/wiki/Lord_Chancellor%27s_Department \"Lord Chancellor's Department\").\n* Edward Thomas Willman, Ambulance Driver, [Avonmouth Docks](/wiki/Avonmouth_Docks \"Avonmouth Docks\"), Port of Bristol Authority.\n* Henry Wilkinson Wilson, Ship Plater, Tyne Shiprepair Ltd.\n* Kenneth Winter, Relief Signalman (G.P.R.) Class 2, Western Region, British Rail.\n* Sydney Wood, Coal Merchant, Newton Aycliffe New Town.\n* Arthur Richard Woolley, lately Fireman, London Fire Brigade.\n* John Anthony Wragg, Craftsman 1, Department of Employment.\n* William John Francis Young, lately Examiner II (Industrial), Ministry of Defence.",
"Overseas Territories\n* Rudolph Hodge. For public services in the [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands \"British Virgin Islands\").\n* Koon\\-fat Hung, Senior Customs Officer, Customs and Excise Service, Hong Kong.\n* Wanda Wan\\-wah Lee, Health Auxiliary, Medical and Health Department, Hong Kong.\n* Raphael Felipe Mifsud, Telecommunications Officer, Telephone Department, Gibraltar.\n* Pedro do Rozario, Principal Officer, Correctional Services Department, Hong Kong.\n* Frank Harold Warwick, Technical Officer, Public Works Department, Gibraltar.",
"Australian States\nState of Queensland\n* Helen Louisa Alice Bunyan. For service to the community.\n* Robert George Patrick Davis. For service to the community.\n* Lorraine Daphne Decker. For service to sport.\n* Noel Lisle Land. For service to the Returned Services League and the community.\n* Myrine Esma Maker. For service to the community.\n* Elizabeth Ann Marchant. For service to the community.\n* Paul Eliott Newman. For service to the community.\n* Edith Olive Perry. For service to the community.\n* Grainger Goyne Rothwell. For service to the community.\n* Noel Paul Stanaway. For service to boating.",
"State of South Australia\n* George William Battye. For service to the community.\n* Alfreda Olive Day. For service to the arts.\n* Charles John Gardner. For services to the Returned Services League.\n* Leslie Raymund Hill. For services to local history.\n* David Thomas Lloyd. For services to the community.\n* Shirley Nolan. For services to ancillary school organisations.\n* Robert Stanley Edmund Robins. For services to Cleland Conservation Park.",
"State of Western Australia\n* Joseph James Higgins. For services to the community.\n* Patrine Howden, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For service to the community.\n* Kathleen Mary Johnson. For service to nursing.\n* Carmel Olive Moore. For service to the community.\n* Christopher George Seymour. For service to the community.\n* Brenda Patricia Warwick Wittenoom. For service to the community.",
"State of Tasmania\n* Kenneth Hume Hawkins. For service to local government.\n* Miriam Evelyn O'Toole. For service to the community.\n* Ivan Short. For service to sport and local government.",
"Bar to the British Empire Medal\nUnited Kingdom\n* Sidney John Hooper, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, lately Resident Engineer, [British Insurance Association Headquarters](/wiki/Association_of_British_Insurers \"Association of British Insurers\")."
] |
Australia
---------
### Knight Bachelor
* [Robert David Garrick Agnew](/wiki/Garrick_Agnew "Garrick Agnew"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For service to industry and commerce.
* Harold George Aston, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For service to industry.
* [James Schofield Balderstone](/wiki/James_Schofield_Balderstone "James Schofield Balderstone"). For service to primary industry and commerce.
* The Honourable Mr. Justice [Richard Arthur Blackburn](/wiki/Richard_Arthur_Blackburn "Richard Arthur Blackburn"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For service to law.
* Harold Alexander Cuthbertson. For service to industry and the community.
* [Ivor Henry Thomas Hele](/wiki/Ivor_Hele "Ivor Hele"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For service to the arts.
* Reginald Byron Leonard, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG, OBE}}. For service to the community.
### Order of the Bath
#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Civil Division
* Professor [Peter Thomas Fink](/wiki/Peter_Thomas_Fink "Peter Thomas Fink"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For public service.
* Donald Neil Sanders. For public service and service to banking.
### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
* The Honourable Sir [Edward Stratten Williams](/wiki/Edward_Stratten_Williams "Edward Stratten Williams"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KBE}}. For service to sport, particularly the [XIIth Commonwealth Games](/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games "1982 Commonwealth Games").
* Senator the Honourable [Harold William Young](/wiki/Harold_Young_%28politician%29 "Harold Young (politician)"). For parliamentary service.
#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
* [Elizabeth Durack](/wiki/Elizabeth_Durack "Elizabeth Durack"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, (Mrs. Clancy). For service to art and literature.
* The Honourable Mr. Justice [Michael Donald Kirby](/wiki/Michael_Donald_Kirby "Michael Donald Kirby"). For service to law.
* [Denis Ashton Warner](/wiki/Denis_Ashton_Warner "Denis Ashton Warner"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For service to journalism.
### Order of the British Empire
#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Civil Division
* Professor [Leonie Judith Kramer](/wiki/Leonie_Judith_Kramer "Leonie Judith Kramer"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For service to literature and the public service.
#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
Military Division
* Lieutenant General [Phillip Harvey Bennett](/wiki/Phillip_Harvey_Bennett "Phillip Harvey Bennett"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=AO, DSO}}, (57004\), [Chief of General Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Army_%28Australia%29 "Chief of Army (Australia)").
Civil Division
* The Most Reverend [John Basil Rowland Grindrod](/wiki/John_Basil_Rowland_Grindrod "John Basil Rowland Grindrod"). For service to religion.
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
* Rear Admiral Daryall Frederick Lynam (0710\), Royal Australian Navy.
* Brigadier John Ashby Hooper (335028\), [Australian Staff Corps](/wiki/Australian_Staff_Corps "Australian Staff Corps").
* Brigadier Keith Henry Kirkland (235027\), Australian Staff Corps.
Civil Division
* Edward Jack Brighton. For service to banking.
* Doctor [Pierre Patrick Gorman](/wiki/Pierre_Gorman "Pierre Gorman"). For service to disabled people.
* [Charles Christopher Halton](/wiki/Charles_Halton_%28public_servant%29 "Charles Halton (public servant)"). For public service.
* [Ian William Johnson](/wiki/Ian_Johnson_%28cricketer%29 "Ian Johnson (cricketer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For service to sport administration, particularly to cricket.
* [William Allan McKinnon](/wiki/Bill_McKinnon_%28public_servant%29 "Bill McKinnon (public servant)"). For public service.
* Doctor Spiro Moraitis, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For service to the ethnic community.
* [Lois O'Donoghue](/wiki/Lois_O%27Donoghue "Lois O'Donoghue"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=AM}}, (Mrs. Smart). For service to the Aboriginal community.
* [John Peter Sim](/wiki/Peter_Sim "Peter Sim"). For parliamentary service.
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Military Division
* Commander David Edward Clinch (0212\), Royal Australian Navy.
* Lieutenant Colonel David Ernest Francis Bullard, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ED}}, (3159602\), [Royal Australian Infantry](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Infantry "Royal Australian Infantry").
* Lieutenant Colonel Alexander John George (214766\), Royal Australian Infantry.
* Wing Commander Frank Edward Burtt (017778\), Royal Australian Air Force.
* Wing Commander Richard Neil Kelloway (0221393\), Royal Australian Air Force.
Civil Division
* Joan Letitia Arnold (Mrs. Thompson). For service to music.
* Doctor Susan Caroline Bambrick. For service to education in energy and resource economics.
* Neville James Bargwanna. For service to the meat industry.
* Andrew William Barr, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, DFC}}. For service to the oilseed industry.
* Frank Henry Bedford. For community service.
* [Thomas Kevin Bourke](/wiki/Kevin_Bourke "Kevin Bourke"). For service to broadcasting engineering.
* Keith Oscar Bradshaw. For public service.
* Percy Rollo Brett. For public service.
* Nancie Ailsa, Lady Cameron. For community service.
* Kenneth Francis Cole, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ED}}. For service to the oil industry and the community.
* Doctor Alban Harvey Gee. For service to medicine.
* Ronald Solley Gilbert. For public service.
* John Dawson Gitsham. For service to industry.
* [Reginald Roy Grundy](/wiki/Reg_Grundy "Reg Grundy"). For service to television.
* Frederic Peter Johns. For service to industry and the community.
* Doctor Peter James Bunworth Landy. For service to medicine.
* John Harold McCracken. For community service.
* Richard Brian McGruther. For service to sports administration and the community.
* Elizabeth Dorothy Manley. For service to advertising and to the community.
* Noel John Mason. For service to manufacturing and industrial relations.
* Edward Leo O'Brien. For service to the wool industry.
* Ronald Gordon Pate. For service to scouting and the community.
* Doctor Margaret Betty Raphael (Mrs. Burlace). For service to medicine and health care.
* Jonathan William Sanders. For services to yachting.
* Johannes Carl Schmidt. For service to industry and the community.
* Valerie Gwendoline Rhoda Swane. For service to horticulture.
* Edmund Marks Wolfe Visbord. For public service.
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Military Division
Royal Australian Navy
* Lieutenant Commander Colin Clive Blennerhassett (02167\).
* Lieutenant Commander Norman Allan McPherson (C61671\).
Australian Army
* Captain (Temporary Major) John Neville Gratton (3176078\), [Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Ordnance_Corps "Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps").
* Major Robert Vincent McEvoy (43740\), [Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery "Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery").
* Major Geoffrey Alan Nugent Morris (311582\), [Royal Australian Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers "Royal Australian Engineers").
* Major Kenneth James Willoughby, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ED}}, (258968\), Royal Australian Infantry.
* Major Raymond Wilson (34287\), Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery.
Royal Australian Air Force
* Squadron Leader David Alan Davis (0221282\).
* Squadron Leader Denis Marshall Greenwood (014435\).
* Flight Lieutenant Helene Jones (N317026\).
* Squadron Leader Adrian John Kemble (043498\).
Civil Division
* Doctor Robert John Andrews. For service to disabled people.
* Gwendoline Mary Atherden. For service to the community.
* Michael George Barbouttis. For service to the Greek community.
* James Husband Barr Bell. For service to the building industry and the community.
* Stanley Lewis Brown. For service to broadcasting, and to music.
* Paul Coffa. For service to weightlifting.
* Ralph Francis Collins. For service to music broadcasting.
* [Lisa Gaye Curry](/wiki/Lisa_Curry "Lisa Curry"). For service to swimming.
* Harry Neville Cox. For community service.
* Clarence Mervyn Cutler. For community service.
* Herbert Henry Dawson. For service to country music and the community.
* [Francois Robert de Castella](/wiki/Robert_de_Castella "Robert de Castella"). For service to athletics.
* Harold Leslie Dougherty. For public service.
* Donald Herbert Burnett Dyer. For service to public relations, industry and the community.
* Phyllis Mary Evans. For service to education.
* William John Murchie Ewing. For service to accountancy and the community.
* [Michelle Jan Ford](/wiki/Michelle_Jan_Ford "Michelle Jan Ford"). For service to swimming.
* Edward Roy Freeman, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DFC}}. For service to veterans.
* Alexander Frederick Fulcher. For service to cycling.
* Brian Huntly Gordon. For community service.
* Frederick Molyneux Gregory. For service to the community.
* Ruth Mary Gullett. For service to the National Estate.
* Nellie Blanche Hatton. For service to golf.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Laurence Jack Haydon (Retired List), {{post\-nominals\|list\=ED}}. For community service.
* Merval Hannah Hoare. For service to literature.
* John Barnett Hollander. For service to baseball.
* Robert Alexander Dunlop Hood. For service to local government and the community.
* Dorothy Houghton. For service to the community and local government.
* Councillor Chilvers James Hutchings. For service to the community and local government.
* Paul Lorimer Johnstone. For service to the community and to education.
* Leonard Charles Lather. For public service.
* Harry Wheatley Le Marchant. For community service.
* Doctor Ronald Awstun Lewis. For service to medicine and the community.
* Keith William Logan. For community service.
* Francis Bernard Long. For public service.
* Allan Huistean McIntosh. For service to mining and the Aboriginal community.
* Ethel Maud Martin. For service to music.
* Alistair Gollan McKittrick Matheson. For service to religion and the community.
* Thomas Milner. For service to shipping and the community.
* Robert Neil Minniken. For service to sports administration.
* Stephen Charles Murphy. For service to local government.
* Leith Dothea Myerson. For community service.
* [Decima Clara Norman](/wiki/Decima_Norman "Decima Norman") (Mrs. Hamilton). For service to sport.
* Henry Max O'Halloran. For service to the community and to local government.
* Patricia Harrington Pinnell. For service to nursing and health.
* Keith Frank Poole. For service to bowls.
* Ethel Emily Ruth Preddey. For service to sport, journalism and broadcasting.
* Allan Douglas Preece. For service to primary industry.
* The Reverend Michael James Rafter. For service to religion and the ethnic community.
* Nora Barry, Lady Randall. For community service.
* Jean Ethel Rogerson. For service to education and the community.
* Trevor Ernest Rowe. For public service.
* Eric Grant Gordon Rowley. For service to the dairy industry.
* Patrick Reginald William Smith. For public service.
* Robert Latimer Southern. For public service.
* Vera Isabella Summers. For service to nursing and health.
* Walter Albert Thompson. For service to journalism and the community.
* Elizabeth Magdaline Toomey. For service to nursing and health.
* Doctor Colin Hart Wall. For service to dentistry.
* Joan Mary Wright. For service to conservation and the environment.
* John Archibald Lewis Youl. For service to local government and to the community.
### Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)
* Lyall Leslie Gillespie. For public service.
* John Richard Hunter. For public service.
* Gordon William Russell. For public service.
* Kenneth Lawrence Wells. For public service.
### British Empire Medal (BEM)
Military Division
Royal Australian Navy
* Chief Petty Officer Bruce Harvey Goulding (R94801\).
* Chief Petty Officer Noel Terence Hughes (R62021\).
Australian Army
* Staff Sergeant Lionel George Bowen (29356\), [Royal Australian Corps of Transport](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Corps_of_Transport "Royal Australian Corps of Transport").
* Staff Sergeant William Thomas Drennan (28837\), Royal Australian Infantry.
* Staff Sergeant Kevin Shaun Heath (55732\), [Royal Australian Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Corps_of_Signals "Royal Australian Corps of Signals").
* Corporal Kim Gordon Mahony (2240486\), Royal Australian Infantry.
* Sergeant Lionel Ronald Wilson (16962\), [Royal Australian Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal Australian Army Medical Corps").
Royal Australian Air Force
* Flight Sergeant Desmond Noel Godfrey (A110867\).
* Flight Sergeant Michael Ray Hose (A316552\).
* Sergeant Bruce Vincent Roberts (A223047\).
Civil Division
* Melva Hazel Susie Anderson. For community service.
* Ella Esther Barry. For community service.
* Anna Bauze. For service to the Lithuanian community.
* James Wiltshire Bigg. For public services.
* Mary Jean Burrell. For community service.
* Anthony Leslie James Cawdell. For service to disabled people.
* Francis Maxwell Corby. For community service.
* Feliks Jan Dangel. For service to the community, particularly Polish migrants.
* Ernest Arthur Davis. For service to local government and the community.
* Mary Juliet Dawes. For community service.
* Margaret Mary Jane Dobson. For community service.
* Peter Francis. For service to conservation and the environment.
* Charles Alexander Fuller. For community service.
* Arthur Herbert Elliot Godwin. For service to veterans.
* Clyde William Harvey. For service to veterans and the community.
* Frederick Stanley Hawkins. For community service.
* June Charles Hill. For public service.
* Vernon Walter Hinley. For public service and service to the community.
* Reginald James Hopgood. For service to sport.
* Gordon Albert Hume. For public service and service to youth.
* Mary Concord Hunter. For community service.
* Joyce Johnson. For community service.
* Mary Johnson. For service to youth and the community.
* Guy Maxwell Johnston. For service to veterans.
* Marion Dorothy Johnston. For community service.
* Stanley Owen Keen. For public service.
* Robert Humphrey Maconachie. For community service.
* Raymond Sylvester McInnes. For public service.
* Mary Agnes Markham. For public service and service to the community.
* Cecil Charles Mundy. For public service.
* Vida Ruby Victoria Newman. For community service.
* Jean Bonney Nichols. For community service.
* Stanley Nicol. For community service in fire prevention.
* Miriam Delma Nott. For community service.
* Vernon Henry Osborn. For public service.
* Jessie Louise Potter. For public service.
* Joan Gladys Rawson. For community service in the field of animal welfare.
* Norman Sturdee Read. For service to youth through model railways.
* Norma Ruth Ruskin. For community service.
* Robert James Knox Semple. For service to pipe band music.
* Sydney Shaw. For community service.
* Harold James Sims. For service to the Ambulance Service.
* Myra Jean Southwell. For community service.
* William Henry Stoops. For service to veterans.
* Elisabeth Marian Tait. For community service.
* Alfred Lionel Tidbury. For service to veterans.
* Kenneth Alfred Vinnicombe. For community service.
* Royce Elgar Wham. For public service.
* Laurie Irene Witherdin. For public service.
* John Boleslaw Wolny. For public service.
* Jack James Young. For service to youth.
### Air Force Cross (AFC)
Australian Army
* Captain Leigh Francis Collins, (359230\), [Australian Army Aviation Corps](/wiki/Australian_Army_Aviation_Corps "Australian Army Aviation Corps").
Royal Australian Air Force
* Squadron Leader Peter John Criss (0224939\).
* Squadron Leader Richard John Seager (0223545\).
* Flight Lieutenant Lindsay Roy Ward (0120589\).
### Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
Royal Australian Navy
* Lieutenant Kim Eric Baddams (0114003\).
Royal Australian Air Force
* Flight Lieutenant Arnis Adam Delvins (048706\).
* Sergeant Michael Richard Morris (A225575\).
* Flight Lieutenant Hendrick Antonius Maria Van Beuntngen (057953\).
|
[
"Australia\n---------",
"### Knight Bachelor",
"* [Robert David Garrick Agnew](/wiki/Garrick_Agnew \"Garrick Agnew\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For service to industry and commerce.\n* Harold George Aston, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For service to industry.\n* [James Schofield Balderstone](/wiki/James_Schofield_Balderstone \"James Schofield Balderstone\"). For service to primary industry and commerce.\n* The Honourable Mr. Justice [Richard Arthur Blackburn](/wiki/Richard_Arthur_Blackburn \"Richard Arthur Blackburn\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For service to law.\n* Harold Alexander Cuthbertson. For service to industry and the community.\n* [Ivor Henry Thomas Hele](/wiki/Ivor_Hele \"Ivor Hele\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For service to the arts.\n* Reginald Byron Leonard, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG, OBE}}. For service to the community.",
"### Order of the Bath",
"#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)",
"Civil Division\n* Professor [Peter Thomas Fink](/wiki/Peter_Thomas_Fink \"Peter Thomas Fink\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For public service.\n* Donald Neil Sanders. For public service and service to banking.",
"### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)",
"* The Honourable Sir [Edward Stratten Williams](/wiki/Edward_Stratten_Williams \"Edward Stratten Williams\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KBE}}. For service to sport, particularly the [XIIth Commonwealth Games](/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games \"1982 Commonwealth Games\").\n* Senator the Honourable [Harold William Young](/wiki/Harold_Young_%28politician%29 \"Harold Young (politician)\"). For parliamentary service.",
"#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)",
"* [Elizabeth Durack](/wiki/Elizabeth_Durack \"Elizabeth Durack\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, (Mrs. Clancy). For service to art and literature.\n* The Honourable Mr. Justice [Michael Donald Kirby](/wiki/Michael_Donald_Kirby \"Michael Donald Kirby\"). For service to law.\n* [Denis Ashton Warner](/wiki/Denis_Ashton_Warner \"Denis Ashton Warner\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For service to journalism.",
"### Order of the British Empire",
"#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)",
"Civil Division\n* Professor [Leonie Judith Kramer](/wiki/Leonie_Judith_Kramer \"Leonie Judith Kramer\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For service to literature and the public service.",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)",
"Military Division\n* Lieutenant General [Phillip Harvey Bennett](/wiki/Phillip_Harvey_Bennett \"Phillip Harvey Bennett\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AO, DSO}}, (57004\\), [Chief of General Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Army_%28Australia%29 \"Chief of Army (Australia)\").",
"Civil Division\n* The Most Reverend [John Basil Rowland Grindrod](/wiki/John_Basil_Rowland_Grindrod \"John Basil Rowland Grindrod\"). For service to religion.",
"#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)",
"Military Division\n* Rear Admiral Daryall Frederick Lynam (0710\\), Royal Australian Navy.\n* Brigadier John Ashby Hooper (335028\\), [Australian Staff Corps](/wiki/Australian_Staff_Corps \"Australian Staff Corps\").\n* Brigadier Keith Henry Kirkland (235027\\), Australian Staff Corps.",
"Civil Division\n* Edward Jack Brighton. For service to banking.\n* Doctor [Pierre Patrick Gorman](/wiki/Pierre_Gorman \"Pierre Gorman\"). For service to disabled people.\n* [Charles Christopher Halton](/wiki/Charles_Halton_%28public_servant%29 \"Charles Halton (public servant)\"). For public service.\n* [Ian William Johnson](/wiki/Ian_Johnson_%28cricketer%29 \"Ian Johnson (cricketer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For service to sport administration, particularly to cricket.\n* [William Allan McKinnon](/wiki/Bill_McKinnon_%28public_servant%29 \"Bill McKinnon (public servant)\"). For public service.\n* Doctor Spiro Moraitis, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For service to the ethnic community.\n* [Lois O'Donoghue](/wiki/Lois_O%27Donoghue \"Lois O'Donoghue\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AM}}, (Mrs. Smart). For service to the Aboriginal community.\n* [John Peter Sim](/wiki/Peter_Sim \"Peter Sim\"). For parliamentary service.",
"#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)",
"Military Division\n* Commander David Edward Clinch (0212\\), Royal Australian Navy.\n* Lieutenant Colonel David Ernest Francis Bullard, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ED}}, (3159602\\), [Royal Australian Infantry](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Infantry \"Royal Australian Infantry\").\n* Lieutenant Colonel Alexander John George (214766\\), Royal Australian Infantry.\n* Wing Commander Frank Edward Burtt (017778\\), Royal Australian Air Force.\n* Wing Commander Richard Neil Kelloway (0221393\\), Royal Australian Air Force.",
"Civil Division\n* Joan Letitia Arnold (Mrs. Thompson). For service to music.\n* Doctor Susan Caroline Bambrick. For service to education in energy and resource economics.\n* Neville James Bargwanna. For service to the meat industry.\n* Andrew William Barr, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, DFC}}. For service to the oilseed industry.\n* Frank Henry Bedford. For community service.\n* [Thomas Kevin Bourke](/wiki/Kevin_Bourke \"Kevin Bourke\"). For service to broadcasting engineering.\n* Keith Oscar Bradshaw. For public service.\n* Percy Rollo Brett. For public service.\n* Nancie Ailsa, Lady Cameron. For community service.\n* Kenneth Francis Cole, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ED}}. For service to the oil industry and the community.\n* Doctor Alban Harvey Gee. For service to medicine.\n* Ronald Solley Gilbert. For public service.\n* John Dawson Gitsham. For service to industry.\n* [Reginald Roy Grundy](/wiki/Reg_Grundy \"Reg Grundy\"). For service to television.\n* Frederic Peter Johns. For service to industry and the community.\n* Doctor Peter James Bunworth Landy. For service to medicine.\n* John Harold McCracken. For community service.\n* Richard Brian McGruther. For service to sports administration and the community.\n* Elizabeth Dorothy Manley. For service to advertising and to the community.\n* Noel John Mason. For service to manufacturing and industrial relations.\n* Edward Leo O'Brien. For service to the wool industry.\n* Ronald Gordon Pate. For service to scouting and the community.\n* Doctor Margaret Betty Raphael (Mrs. Burlace). For service to medicine and health care.\n* Jonathan William Sanders. For services to yachting.\n* Johannes Carl Schmidt. For service to industry and the community.\n* Valerie Gwendoline Rhoda Swane. For service to horticulture.\n* Edmund Marks Wolfe Visbord. For public service.",
"#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Australian Navy\n* Lieutenant Commander Colin Clive Blennerhassett (02167\\).\n* Lieutenant Commander Norman Allan McPherson (C61671\\).",
"Australian Army\n* Captain (Temporary Major) John Neville Gratton (3176078\\), [Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Ordnance_Corps \"Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps\").\n* Major Robert Vincent McEvoy (43740\\), [Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery \"Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery\").\n* Major Geoffrey Alan Nugent Morris (311582\\), [Royal Australian Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers \"Royal Australian Engineers\").\n* Major Kenneth James Willoughby, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ED}}, (258968\\), Royal Australian Infantry.\n* Major Raymond Wilson (34287\\), Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery.",
"Royal Australian Air Force\n* Squadron Leader David Alan Davis (0221282\\).\n* Squadron Leader Denis Marshall Greenwood (014435\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Helene Jones (N317026\\).\n* Squadron Leader Adrian John Kemble (043498\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Doctor Robert John Andrews. For service to disabled people.\n* Gwendoline Mary Atherden. For service to the community.\n* Michael George Barbouttis. For service to the Greek community.\n* James Husband Barr Bell. For service to the building industry and the community.\n* Stanley Lewis Brown. For service to broadcasting, and to music.\n* Paul Coffa. For service to weightlifting.\n* Ralph Francis Collins. For service to music broadcasting.\n* [Lisa Gaye Curry](/wiki/Lisa_Curry \"Lisa Curry\"). For service to swimming.\n* Harry Neville Cox. For community service.\n* Clarence Mervyn Cutler. For community service.\n* Herbert Henry Dawson. For service to country music and the community.\n* [Francois Robert de Castella](/wiki/Robert_de_Castella \"Robert de Castella\"). For service to athletics.\n* Harold Leslie Dougherty. For public service.\n* Donald Herbert Burnett Dyer. For service to public relations, industry and the community.\n* Phyllis Mary Evans. For service to education.\n* William John Murchie Ewing. For service to accountancy and the community.\n* [Michelle Jan Ford](/wiki/Michelle_Jan_Ford \"Michelle Jan Ford\"). For service to swimming.\n* Edward Roy Freeman, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DFC}}. For service to veterans.\n* Alexander Frederick Fulcher. For service to cycling.\n* Brian Huntly Gordon. For community service.\n* Frederick Molyneux Gregory. For service to the community.\n* Ruth Mary Gullett. For service to the National Estate.\n* Nellie Blanche Hatton. For service to golf.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Laurence Jack Haydon (Retired List), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ED}}. For community service.\n* Merval Hannah Hoare. For service to literature.\n* John Barnett Hollander. For service to baseball.\n* Robert Alexander Dunlop Hood. For service to local government and the community.\n* Dorothy Houghton. For service to the community and local government.\n* Councillor Chilvers James Hutchings. For service to the community and local government.\n* Paul Lorimer Johnstone. For service to the community and to education.\n* Leonard Charles Lather. For public service.\n* Harry Wheatley Le Marchant. For community service.\n* Doctor Ronald Awstun Lewis. For service to medicine and the community.\n* Keith William Logan. For community service.\n* Francis Bernard Long. For public service.\n* Allan Huistean McIntosh. For service to mining and the Aboriginal community.\n* Ethel Maud Martin. For service to music.\n* Alistair Gollan McKittrick Matheson. For service to religion and the community.\n* Thomas Milner. For service to shipping and the community.\n* Robert Neil Minniken. For service to sports administration.\n* Stephen Charles Murphy. For service to local government.\n* Leith Dothea Myerson. For community service.\n* [Decima Clara Norman](/wiki/Decima_Norman \"Decima Norman\") (Mrs. Hamilton). For service to sport.\n* Henry Max O'Halloran. For service to the community and to local government.\n* Patricia Harrington Pinnell. For service to nursing and health.\n* Keith Frank Poole. For service to bowls.\n* Ethel Emily Ruth Preddey. For service to sport, journalism and broadcasting.\n* Allan Douglas Preece. For service to primary industry.\n* The Reverend Michael James Rafter. For service to religion and the ethnic community.\n* Nora Barry, Lady Randall. For community service.\n* Jean Ethel Rogerson. For service to education and the community.\n* Trevor Ernest Rowe. For public service.\n* Eric Grant Gordon Rowley. For service to the dairy industry.\n* Patrick Reginald William Smith. For public service.\n* Robert Latimer Southern. For public service.\n* Vera Isabella Summers. For service to nursing and health.\n* Walter Albert Thompson. For service to journalism and the community.\n* Elizabeth Magdaline Toomey. For service to nursing and health.\n* Doctor Colin Hart Wall. For service to dentistry.\n* Joan Mary Wright. For service to conservation and the environment.\n* John Archibald Lewis Youl. For service to local government and to the community.",
"### Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)",
"* Lyall Leslie Gillespie. For public service.\n* John Richard Hunter. For public service.\n* Gordon William Russell. For public service.\n* Kenneth Lawrence Wells. For public service.",
"### British Empire Medal (BEM)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Australian Navy\n* Chief Petty Officer Bruce Harvey Goulding (R94801\\).\n* Chief Petty Officer Noel Terence Hughes (R62021\\).",
"Australian Army\n* Staff Sergeant Lionel George Bowen (29356\\), [Royal Australian Corps of Transport](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Corps_of_Transport \"Royal Australian Corps of Transport\").\n* Staff Sergeant William Thomas Drennan (28837\\), Royal Australian Infantry.\n* Staff Sergeant Kevin Shaun Heath (55732\\), [Royal Australian Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Corps_of_Signals \"Royal Australian Corps of Signals\").\n* Corporal Kim Gordon Mahony (2240486\\), Royal Australian Infantry.\n* Sergeant Lionel Ronald Wilson (16962\\), [Royal Australian Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal Australian Army Medical Corps\").",
"Royal Australian Air Force\n* Flight Sergeant Desmond Noel Godfrey (A110867\\).\n* Flight Sergeant Michael Ray Hose (A316552\\).\n* Sergeant Bruce Vincent Roberts (A223047\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Melva Hazel Susie Anderson. For community service.\n* Ella Esther Barry. For community service.\n* Anna Bauze. For service to the Lithuanian community.\n* James Wiltshire Bigg. For public services.\n* Mary Jean Burrell. For community service.\n* Anthony Leslie James Cawdell. For service to disabled people.\n* Francis Maxwell Corby. For community service.\n* Feliks Jan Dangel. For service to the community, particularly Polish migrants.\n* Ernest Arthur Davis. For service to local government and the community.\n* Mary Juliet Dawes. For community service.\n* Margaret Mary Jane Dobson. For community service.\n* Peter Francis. For service to conservation and the environment.\n* Charles Alexander Fuller. For community service.\n* Arthur Herbert Elliot Godwin. For service to veterans.\n* Clyde William Harvey. For service to veterans and the community.\n* Frederick Stanley Hawkins. For community service.\n* June Charles Hill. For public service.\n* Vernon Walter Hinley. For public service and service to the community.\n* Reginald James Hopgood. For service to sport.\n* Gordon Albert Hume. For public service and service to youth.\n* Mary Concord Hunter. For community service.\n* Joyce Johnson. For community service.\n* Mary Johnson. For service to youth and the community.\n* Guy Maxwell Johnston. For service to veterans.\n* Marion Dorothy Johnston. For community service.\n* Stanley Owen Keen. For public service.\n* Robert Humphrey Maconachie. For community service.\n* Raymond Sylvester McInnes. For public service.\n* Mary Agnes Markham. For public service and service to the community.\n* Cecil Charles Mundy. For public service.\n* Vida Ruby Victoria Newman. For community service.\n* Jean Bonney Nichols. For community service.\n* Stanley Nicol. For community service in fire prevention.\n* Miriam Delma Nott. For community service.\n* Vernon Henry Osborn. For public service.\n* Jessie Louise Potter. For public service.\n* Joan Gladys Rawson. For community service in the field of animal welfare.\n* Norman Sturdee Read. For service to youth through model railways.\n* Norma Ruth Ruskin. For community service.\n* Robert James Knox Semple. For service to pipe band music.\n* Sydney Shaw. For community service.\n* Harold James Sims. For service to the Ambulance Service.\n* Myra Jean Southwell. For community service.\n* William Henry Stoops. For service to veterans.\n* Elisabeth Marian Tait. For community service.\n* Alfred Lionel Tidbury. For service to veterans.\n* Kenneth Alfred Vinnicombe. For community service.\n* Royce Elgar Wham. For public service.\n* Laurie Irene Witherdin. For public service.\n* John Boleslaw Wolny. For public service.\n* Jack James Young. For service to youth.",
"### Air Force Cross (AFC)",
"Australian Army\n* Captain Leigh Francis Collins, (359230\\), [Australian Army Aviation Corps](/wiki/Australian_Army_Aviation_Corps \"Australian Army Aviation Corps\").",
"Royal Australian Air Force\n* Squadron Leader Peter John Criss (0224939\\).\n* Squadron Leader Richard John Seager (0223545\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Lindsay Roy Ward (0120589\\).",
"### Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air",
"Royal Australian Navy\n* Lieutenant Kim Eric Baddams (0114003\\).",
"Royal Australian Air Force\n* Flight Lieutenant Arnis Adam Delvins (048706\\).\n* Sergeant Michael Richard Morris (A225575\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Hendrick Antonius Maria Van Beuntngen (057953\\)."
] |
### Order of the British Empire
#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Civil Division
* Professor [Leonie Judith Kramer](/wiki/Leonie_Judith_Kramer "Leonie Judith Kramer"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For service to literature and the public service.
#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
Military Division
* Lieutenant General [Phillip Harvey Bennett](/wiki/Phillip_Harvey_Bennett "Phillip Harvey Bennett"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=AO, DSO}}, (57004\), [Chief of General Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Army_%28Australia%29 "Chief of Army (Australia)").
Civil Division
* The Most Reverend [John Basil Rowland Grindrod](/wiki/John_Basil_Rowland_Grindrod "John Basil Rowland Grindrod"). For service to religion.
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
* Rear Admiral Daryall Frederick Lynam (0710\), Royal Australian Navy.
* Brigadier John Ashby Hooper (335028\), [Australian Staff Corps](/wiki/Australian_Staff_Corps "Australian Staff Corps").
* Brigadier Keith Henry Kirkland (235027\), Australian Staff Corps.
Civil Division
* Edward Jack Brighton. For service to banking.
* Doctor [Pierre Patrick Gorman](/wiki/Pierre_Gorman "Pierre Gorman"). For service to disabled people.
* [Charles Christopher Halton](/wiki/Charles_Halton_%28public_servant%29 "Charles Halton (public servant)"). For public service.
* [Ian William Johnson](/wiki/Ian_Johnson_%28cricketer%29 "Ian Johnson (cricketer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For service to sport administration, particularly to cricket.
* [William Allan McKinnon](/wiki/Bill_McKinnon_%28public_servant%29 "Bill McKinnon (public servant)"). For public service.
* Doctor Spiro Moraitis, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. For service to the ethnic community.
* [Lois O'Donoghue](/wiki/Lois_O%27Donoghue "Lois O'Donoghue"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=AM}}, (Mrs. Smart). For service to the Aboriginal community.
* [John Peter Sim](/wiki/Peter_Sim "Peter Sim"). For parliamentary service.
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Military Division
* Commander David Edward Clinch (0212\), Royal Australian Navy.
* Lieutenant Colonel David Ernest Francis Bullard, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ED}}, (3159602\), [Royal Australian Infantry](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Infantry "Royal Australian Infantry").
* Lieutenant Colonel Alexander John George (214766\), Royal Australian Infantry.
* Wing Commander Frank Edward Burtt (017778\), Royal Australian Air Force.
* Wing Commander Richard Neil Kelloway (0221393\), Royal Australian Air Force.
Civil Division
* Joan Letitia Arnold (Mrs. Thompson). For service to music.
* Doctor Susan Caroline Bambrick. For service to education in energy and resource economics.
* Neville James Bargwanna. For service to the meat industry.
* Andrew William Barr, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MC, DFC}}. For service to the oilseed industry.
* Frank Henry Bedford. For community service.
* [Thomas Kevin Bourke](/wiki/Kevin_Bourke "Kevin Bourke"). For service to broadcasting engineering.
* Keith Oscar Bradshaw. For public service.
* Percy Rollo Brett. For public service.
* Nancie Ailsa, Lady Cameron. For community service.
* Kenneth Francis Cole, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ED}}. For service to the oil industry and the community.
* Doctor Alban Harvey Gee. For service to medicine.
* Ronald Solley Gilbert. For public service.
* John Dawson Gitsham. For service to industry.
* [Reginald Roy Grundy](/wiki/Reg_Grundy "Reg Grundy"). For service to television.
* Frederic Peter Johns. For service to industry and the community.
* Doctor Peter James Bunworth Landy. For service to medicine.
* John Harold McCracken. For community service.
* Richard Brian McGruther. For service to sports administration and the community.
* Elizabeth Dorothy Manley. For service to advertising and to the community.
* Noel John Mason. For service to manufacturing and industrial relations.
* Edward Leo O'Brien. For service to the wool industry.
* Ronald Gordon Pate. For service to scouting and the community.
* Doctor Margaret Betty Raphael (Mrs. Burlace). For service to medicine and health care.
* Jonathan William Sanders. For services to yachting.
* Johannes Carl Schmidt. For service to industry and the community.
* Valerie Gwendoline Rhoda Swane. For service to horticulture.
* Edmund Marks Wolfe Visbord. For public service.
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Military Division
Royal Australian Navy
* Lieutenant Commander Colin Clive Blennerhassett (02167\).
* Lieutenant Commander Norman Allan McPherson (C61671\).
Australian Army
* Captain (Temporary Major) John Neville Gratton (3176078\), [Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Ordnance_Corps "Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps").
* Major Robert Vincent McEvoy (43740\), [Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery "Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery").
* Major Geoffrey Alan Nugent Morris (311582\), [Royal Australian Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers "Royal Australian Engineers").
* Major Kenneth James Willoughby, {{post\-nominals\|list\=ED}}, (258968\), Royal Australian Infantry.
* Major Raymond Wilson (34287\), Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery.
Royal Australian Air Force
* Squadron Leader David Alan Davis (0221282\).
* Squadron Leader Denis Marshall Greenwood (014435\).
* Flight Lieutenant Helene Jones (N317026\).
* Squadron Leader Adrian John Kemble (043498\).
Civil Division
* Doctor Robert John Andrews. For service to disabled people.
* Gwendoline Mary Atherden. For service to the community.
* Michael George Barbouttis. For service to the Greek community.
* James Husband Barr Bell. For service to the building industry and the community.
* Stanley Lewis Brown. For service to broadcasting, and to music.
* Paul Coffa. For service to weightlifting.
* Ralph Francis Collins. For service to music broadcasting.
* [Lisa Gaye Curry](/wiki/Lisa_Curry "Lisa Curry"). For service to swimming.
* Harry Neville Cox. For community service.
* Clarence Mervyn Cutler. For community service.
* Herbert Henry Dawson. For service to country music and the community.
* [Francois Robert de Castella](/wiki/Robert_de_Castella "Robert de Castella"). For service to athletics.
* Harold Leslie Dougherty. For public service.
* Donald Herbert Burnett Dyer. For service to public relations, industry and the community.
* Phyllis Mary Evans. For service to education.
* William John Murchie Ewing. For service to accountancy and the community.
* [Michelle Jan Ford](/wiki/Michelle_Jan_Ford "Michelle Jan Ford"). For service to swimming.
* Edward Roy Freeman, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DFC}}. For service to veterans.
* Alexander Frederick Fulcher. For service to cycling.
* Brian Huntly Gordon. For community service.
* Frederick Molyneux Gregory. For service to the community.
* Ruth Mary Gullett. For service to the National Estate.
* Nellie Blanche Hatton. For service to golf.
* Lieutenant\-Colonel Laurence Jack Haydon (Retired List), {{post\-nominals\|list\=ED}}. For community service.
* Merval Hannah Hoare. For service to literature.
* John Barnett Hollander. For service to baseball.
* Robert Alexander Dunlop Hood. For service to local government and the community.
* Dorothy Houghton. For service to the community and local government.
* Councillor Chilvers James Hutchings. For service to the community and local government.
* Paul Lorimer Johnstone. For service to the community and to education.
* Leonard Charles Lather. For public service.
* Harry Wheatley Le Marchant. For community service.
* Doctor Ronald Awstun Lewis. For service to medicine and the community.
* Keith William Logan. For community service.
* Francis Bernard Long. For public service.
* Allan Huistean McIntosh. For service to mining and the Aboriginal community.
* Ethel Maud Martin. For service to music.
* Alistair Gollan McKittrick Matheson. For service to religion and the community.
* Thomas Milner. For service to shipping and the community.
* Robert Neil Minniken. For service to sports administration.
* Stephen Charles Murphy. For service to local government.
* Leith Dothea Myerson. For community service.
* [Decima Clara Norman](/wiki/Decima_Norman "Decima Norman") (Mrs. Hamilton). For service to sport.
* Henry Max O'Halloran. For service to the community and to local government.
* Patricia Harrington Pinnell. For service to nursing and health.
* Keith Frank Poole. For service to bowls.
* Ethel Emily Ruth Preddey. For service to sport, journalism and broadcasting.
* Allan Douglas Preece. For service to primary industry.
* The Reverend Michael James Rafter. For service to religion and the ethnic community.
* Nora Barry, Lady Randall. For community service.
* Jean Ethel Rogerson. For service to education and the community.
* Trevor Ernest Rowe. For public service.
* Eric Grant Gordon Rowley. For service to the dairy industry.
* Patrick Reginald William Smith. For public service.
* Robert Latimer Southern. For public service.
* Vera Isabella Summers. For service to nursing and health.
* Walter Albert Thompson. For service to journalism and the community.
* Elizabeth Magdaline Toomey. For service to nursing and health.
* Doctor Colin Hart Wall. For service to dentistry.
* Joan Mary Wright. For service to conservation and the environment.
* John Archibald Lewis Youl. For service to local government and to the community.
|
[
"### Order of the British Empire",
"#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)",
"Civil Division\n* Professor [Leonie Judith Kramer](/wiki/Leonie_Judith_Kramer \"Leonie Judith Kramer\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For service to literature and the public service.",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)",
"Military Division\n* Lieutenant General [Phillip Harvey Bennett](/wiki/Phillip_Harvey_Bennett \"Phillip Harvey Bennett\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AO, DSO}}, (57004\\), [Chief of General Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Army_%28Australia%29 \"Chief of Army (Australia)\").",
"Civil Division\n* The Most Reverend [John Basil Rowland Grindrod](/wiki/John_Basil_Rowland_Grindrod \"John Basil Rowland Grindrod\"). For service to religion.",
"#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)",
"Military Division\n* Rear Admiral Daryall Frederick Lynam (0710\\), Royal Australian Navy.\n* Brigadier John Ashby Hooper (335028\\), [Australian Staff Corps](/wiki/Australian_Staff_Corps \"Australian Staff Corps\").\n* Brigadier Keith Henry Kirkland (235027\\), Australian Staff Corps.",
"Civil Division\n* Edward Jack Brighton. For service to banking.\n* Doctor [Pierre Patrick Gorman](/wiki/Pierre_Gorman \"Pierre Gorman\"). For service to disabled people.\n* [Charles Christopher Halton](/wiki/Charles_Halton_%28public_servant%29 \"Charles Halton (public servant)\"). For public service.\n* [Ian William Johnson](/wiki/Ian_Johnson_%28cricketer%29 \"Ian Johnson (cricketer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For service to sport administration, particularly to cricket.\n* [William Allan McKinnon](/wiki/Bill_McKinnon_%28public_servant%29 \"Bill McKinnon (public servant)\"). For public service.\n* Doctor Spiro Moraitis, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}. For service to the ethnic community.\n* [Lois O'Donoghue](/wiki/Lois_O%27Donoghue \"Lois O'Donoghue\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=AM}}, (Mrs. Smart). For service to the Aboriginal community.\n* [John Peter Sim](/wiki/Peter_Sim \"Peter Sim\"). For parliamentary service.",
"#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)",
"Military Division\n* Commander David Edward Clinch (0212\\), Royal Australian Navy.\n* Lieutenant Colonel David Ernest Francis Bullard, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ED}}, (3159602\\), [Royal Australian Infantry](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Infantry \"Royal Australian Infantry\").\n* Lieutenant Colonel Alexander John George (214766\\), Royal Australian Infantry.\n* Wing Commander Frank Edward Burtt (017778\\), Royal Australian Air Force.\n* Wing Commander Richard Neil Kelloway (0221393\\), Royal Australian Air Force.",
"Civil Division\n* Joan Letitia Arnold (Mrs. Thompson). For service to music.\n* Doctor Susan Caroline Bambrick. For service to education in energy and resource economics.\n* Neville James Bargwanna. For service to the meat industry.\n* Andrew William Barr, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MC, DFC}}. For service to the oilseed industry.\n* Frank Henry Bedford. For community service.\n* [Thomas Kevin Bourke](/wiki/Kevin_Bourke \"Kevin Bourke\"). For service to broadcasting engineering.\n* Keith Oscar Bradshaw. For public service.\n* Percy Rollo Brett. For public service.\n* Nancie Ailsa, Lady Cameron. For community service.\n* Kenneth Francis Cole, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ED}}. For service to the oil industry and the community.\n* Doctor Alban Harvey Gee. For service to medicine.\n* Ronald Solley Gilbert. For public service.\n* John Dawson Gitsham. For service to industry.\n* [Reginald Roy Grundy](/wiki/Reg_Grundy \"Reg Grundy\"). For service to television.\n* Frederic Peter Johns. For service to industry and the community.\n* Doctor Peter James Bunworth Landy. For service to medicine.\n* John Harold McCracken. For community service.\n* Richard Brian McGruther. For service to sports administration and the community.\n* Elizabeth Dorothy Manley. For service to advertising and to the community.\n* Noel John Mason. For service to manufacturing and industrial relations.\n* Edward Leo O'Brien. For service to the wool industry.\n* Ronald Gordon Pate. For service to scouting and the community.\n* Doctor Margaret Betty Raphael (Mrs. Burlace). For service to medicine and health care.\n* Jonathan William Sanders. For services to yachting.\n* Johannes Carl Schmidt. For service to industry and the community.\n* Valerie Gwendoline Rhoda Swane. For service to horticulture.\n* Edmund Marks Wolfe Visbord. For public service.",
"#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Australian Navy\n* Lieutenant Commander Colin Clive Blennerhassett (02167\\).\n* Lieutenant Commander Norman Allan McPherson (C61671\\).",
"Australian Army\n* Captain (Temporary Major) John Neville Gratton (3176078\\), [Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Ordnance_Corps \"Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps\").\n* Major Robert Vincent McEvoy (43740\\), [Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery \"Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery\").\n* Major Geoffrey Alan Nugent Morris (311582\\), [Royal Australian Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers \"Royal Australian Engineers\").\n* Major Kenneth James Willoughby, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ED}}, (258968\\), Royal Australian Infantry.\n* Major Raymond Wilson (34287\\), Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery.",
"Royal Australian Air Force\n* Squadron Leader David Alan Davis (0221282\\).\n* Squadron Leader Denis Marshall Greenwood (014435\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Helene Jones (N317026\\).\n* Squadron Leader Adrian John Kemble (043498\\).",
"Civil Division\n* Doctor Robert John Andrews. For service to disabled people.\n* Gwendoline Mary Atherden. For service to the community.\n* Michael George Barbouttis. For service to the Greek community.\n* James Husband Barr Bell. For service to the building industry and the community.\n* Stanley Lewis Brown. For service to broadcasting, and to music.\n* Paul Coffa. For service to weightlifting.\n* Ralph Francis Collins. For service to music broadcasting.\n* [Lisa Gaye Curry](/wiki/Lisa_Curry \"Lisa Curry\"). For service to swimming.\n* Harry Neville Cox. For community service.\n* Clarence Mervyn Cutler. For community service.\n* Herbert Henry Dawson. For service to country music and the community.\n* [Francois Robert de Castella](/wiki/Robert_de_Castella \"Robert de Castella\"). For service to athletics.\n* Harold Leslie Dougherty. For public service.\n* Donald Herbert Burnett Dyer. For service to public relations, industry and the community.\n* Phyllis Mary Evans. For service to education.\n* William John Murchie Ewing. For service to accountancy and the community.\n* [Michelle Jan Ford](/wiki/Michelle_Jan_Ford \"Michelle Jan Ford\"). For service to swimming.\n* Edward Roy Freeman, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DFC}}. For service to veterans.\n* Alexander Frederick Fulcher. For service to cycling.\n* Brian Huntly Gordon. For community service.\n* Frederick Molyneux Gregory. For service to the community.\n* Ruth Mary Gullett. For service to the National Estate.\n* Nellie Blanche Hatton. For service to golf.\n* Lieutenant\\-Colonel Laurence Jack Haydon (Retired List), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=ED}}. For community service.\n* Merval Hannah Hoare. For service to literature.\n* John Barnett Hollander. For service to baseball.\n* Robert Alexander Dunlop Hood. For service to local government and the community.\n* Dorothy Houghton. For service to the community and local government.\n* Councillor Chilvers James Hutchings. For service to the community and local government.\n* Paul Lorimer Johnstone. For service to the community and to education.\n* Leonard Charles Lather. For public service.\n* Harry Wheatley Le Marchant. For community service.\n* Doctor Ronald Awstun Lewis. For service to medicine and the community.\n* Keith William Logan. For community service.\n* Francis Bernard Long. For public service.\n* Allan Huistean McIntosh. For service to mining and the Aboriginal community.\n* Ethel Maud Martin. For service to music.\n* Alistair Gollan McKittrick Matheson. For service to religion and the community.\n* Thomas Milner. For service to shipping and the community.\n* Robert Neil Minniken. For service to sports administration.\n* Stephen Charles Murphy. For service to local government.\n* Leith Dothea Myerson. For community service.\n* [Decima Clara Norman](/wiki/Decima_Norman \"Decima Norman\") (Mrs. Hamilton). For service to sport.\n* Henry Max O'Halloran. For service to the community and to local government.\n* Patricia Harrington Pinnell. For service to nursing and health.\n* Keith Frank Poole. For service to bowls.\n* Ethel Emily Ruth Preddey. For service to sport, journalism and broadcasting.\n* Allan Douglas Preece. For service to primary industry.\n* The Reverend Michael James Rafter. For service to religion and the ethnic community.\n* Nora Barry, Lady Randall. For community service.\n* Jean Ethel Rogerson. For service to education and the community.\n* Trevor Ernest Rowe. For public service.\n* Eric Grant Gordon Rowley. For service to the dairy industry.\n* Patrick Reginald William Smith. For public service.\n* Robert Latimer Southern. For public service.\n* Vera Isabella Summers. For service to nursing and health.\n* Walter Albert Thompson. For service to journalism and the community.\n* Elizabeth Magdaline Toomey. For service to nursing and health.\n* Doctor Colin Hart Wall. For service to dentistry.\n* Joan Mary Wright. For service to conservation and the environment.\n* John Archibald Lewis Youl. For service to local government and to the community."
] |
Biography
---------
Crabb is a founder member of Pop Will Eat Itself. He, and [Clint Mansell](/wiki/Clint_Mansell "Clint Mansell") were the main songwriters. Drummer until the release of *Box Frenzy* in 1987, after which he became vocalist and co\-frontman with Mansell. He worked with PWEI until 1995, and then formed Golden Claw Musics.
### Golden Claw Musics
Golden Claw Musics was the main musical project of Crabb after he left Pop Will Eat Itself in 1995\. In 1993, he remixed Pop Will Eat Itself's "Get the Girl, Kill the Baddies" as a [B\-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side "A-side and B-side") called "Part Man Part Machine", prompting him to release more of his ambient material. A [remix](/wiki/Remix "Remix") of Pop Will Eat Itself's song "Cape Connection" was released on the limited 2CD edition of the album, *Two Fingers, My Friends!*. Crabb released the album *All Blue Review*, as well as an accompanying single for "Digging the Dancing Weed", with [Eno](/wiki/Brian_Eno "Brian Eno") engineer Marcus Dravs on [Infectious Records](/wiki/Infectious_Records "Infectious Records") in July 1994\. Despite Crabb leaving PWEI to focus on Golden Claw Musics, they have not released any more material to date.
### Current projects
After the Golden Claw Musics project, Crabb disappeared from the [music industry](/wiki/Music_industry "Music industry"), although he made appearances on former PWEI members' albums. In 2005, PWEI played a few reformation shows in the UK, which led to formation of [Vileevils](/wiki/Vileevils "Vileevils") with [Fuzz Townshend](/wiki/Fuzz_Townshend "Fuzz Townshend") and Adam Mole. Vile Evils disbanded in February 2010 after releasing four singles on US label dPulse.
Crabb has recently remixed KMFDM, Revolting Cocks (2009\), and US Grammy winner Kevin Max (2010\).
Crabb recently put together a new version of Pop Will Eat Itself to celebrate the band's 25th year in 2011\. In July 2011, a new line\-up of PWEI was announced, featuring Crabb as the only original member. In October 2011, the album *[New Noise Designed by a Sadist](/wiki/New_Noise_Designed_by_a_Sadist "New Noise Designed by a Sadist")* was released on Cooking Vinyl, to be followed by a UK tour.
In June 2013 it was announced Crabb had joined the industrial collective [Primitive Race](/wiki/Primitive_Race "Primitive Race"). The group have since released an EP and an album, both with prominent input from Crabb.
In late 2014, Crabb began work on a new solo project known as Je Suis Crabbi. The first release under the name was the EP *crabbi.net/ep1* in May 2015, available exclusively through the official Pop Will Eat Itself store.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Crabb is a founder member of Pop Will Eat Itself. He, and [Clint Mansell](/wiki/Clint_Mansell \"Clint Mansell\") were the main songwriters. Drummer until the release of *Box Frenzy* in 1987, after which he became vocalist and co\\-frontman with Mansell. He worked with PWEI until 1995, and then formed Golden Claw Musics.",
"### Golden Claw Musics",
"Golden Claw Musics was the main musical project of Crabb after he left Pop Will Eat Itself in 1995\\. In 1993, he remixed Pop Will Eat Itself's \"Get the Girl, Kill the Baddies\" as a [B\\-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side \"A-side and B-side\") called \"Part Man Part Machine\", prompting him to release more of his ambient material. A [remix](/wiki/Remix \"Remix\") of Pop Will Eat Itself's song \"Cape Connection\" was released on the limited 2CD edition of the album, *Two Fingers, My Friends!*. Crabb released the album *All Blue Review*, as well as an accompanying single for \"Digging the Dancing Weed\", with [Eno](/wiki/Brian_Eno \"Brian Eno\") engineer Marcus Dravs on [Infectious Records](/wiki/Infectious_Records \"Infectious Records\") in July 1994\\. Despite Crabb leaving PWEI to focus on Golden Claw Musics, they have not released any more material to date.",
"### Current projects",
"After the Golden Claw Musics project, Crabb disappeared from the [music industry](/wiki/Music_industry \"Music industry\"), although he made appearances on former PWEI members' albums. In 2005, PWEI played a few reformation shows in the UK, which led to formation of [Vileevils](/wiki/Vileevils \"Vileevils\") with [Fuzz Townshend](/wiki/Fuzz_Townshend \"Fuzz Townshend\") and Adam Mole. Vile Evils disbanded in February 2010 after releasing four singles on US label dPulse.",
"Crabb has recently remixed KMFDM, Revolting Cocks (2009\\), and US Grammy winner Kevin Max (2010\\).",
"Crabb recently put together a new version of Pop Will Eat Itself to celebrate the band's 25th year in 2011\\. In July 2011, a new line\\-up of PWEI was announced, featuring Crabb as the only original member. In October 2011, the album *[New Noise Designed by a Sadist](/wiki/New_Noise_Designed_by_a_Sadist \"New Noise Designed by a Sadist\")* was released on Cooking Vinyl, to be followed by a UK tour.",
"In June 2013 it was announced Crabb had joined the industrial collective [Primitive Race](/wiki/Primitive_Race \"Primitive Race\"). The group have since released an EP and an album, both with prominent input from Crabb.",
"In late 2014, Crabb began work on a new solo project known as Je Suis Crabbi. The first release under the name was the EP *crabbi.net/ep1* in May 2015, available exclusively through the official Pop Will Eat Itself store.",
""
] |
Utilities
---------
### Electricity
In Baarle\-Hertog and Zondereigen the electricity is delivered by {{ill\|Eandis\|nl}} from Belgium.
In Baarle\-Nassau and its parish of Ulicoten the power is provided by [TenneT](/wiki/TenneT "TenneT") from the Netherlands. The village of Castelré is powered by Eandis in Belgium.
### Cable (radio, television and internet)
Until 2012, the Flemish company [Telenet](/wiki/Telenet "Telenet") provided both Dutch and Flemish television to Baarle. Since then, Telenet may not offer more services to the Dutch section of Baarle, because the cable, which belongs to Eandis, was bought out by the Dutch company [Reggefiber](/wiki/Reggefiber "Reggefiber"). They have locked the cable distribution and provides fiber to the Dutch network. That means that the Dutch area of Baarle is now serviced by Dutch providers (such as [KPN](/wiki/KPN "KPN"), [Tele2](/wiki/Tele2 "Tele2") and [Telfort](/wiki/Telfort "Telfort")) can provide service, but Flemish providers can no longer be used (such as receivers of Flemish commercial broadcasters, for example [VTM](/wiki/VTM_%28TV_channel%29 "VTM (TV channel)")).
In the Belgian area of Baarle there have been few changes. Telenet continues to offer service to the area, the Dutch commercial broadcasters (such as [RTL 4](/wiki/RTL_4 "RTL 4")) have removed the analogue cable offerings and these stations only provide digital reception. These are only available through cable (and thus through Telenet); other Belgian providers of radio, TV and internet are accessed via [ADSL](/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line "Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line"). They have no Dutch commercial broadcasters included within their package.
### Gas
* [Enexis](/wiki/Enexis "Enexis") (from the Netherlands)
### Water
* [Brabant Water](/wiki/Brabant_Water "Brabant Water") (from the Netherlands)
### Waste disposal
Many streets are visited by a rubbish collector twice per week (1× Dutch, 1× Belgian). The recycling centre on Smederijstraat can be used by the whole population of Baarle\-Nassau and Baarle\-Hertog.
### Post
The mail is delivered by [PostNL](/wiki/PostNL "PostNL") in the Dutch area and [bpost](/wiki/Bpost "Bpost") in the Belgian area.
|
[
"Utilities\n---------",
"### Electricity",
"In Baarle\\-Hertog and Zondereigen the electricity is delivered by {{ill\\|Eandis\\|nl}} from Belgium.",
"In Baarle\\-Nassau and its parish of Ulicoten the power is provided by [TenneT](/wiki/TenneT \"TenneT\") from the Netherlands. The village of Castelré is powered by Eandis in Belgium.",
"### Cable (radio, television and internet)",
"Until 2012, the Flemish company [Telenet](/wiki/Telenet \"Telenet\") provided both Dutch and Flemish television to Baarle. Since then, Telenet may not offer more services to the Dutch section of Baarle, because the cable, which belongs to Eandis, was bought out by the Dutch company [Reggefiber](/wiki/Reggefiber \"Reggefiber\"). They have locked the cable distribution and provides fiber to the Dutch network. That means that the Dutch area of Baarle is now serviced by Dutch providers (such as [KPN](/wiki/KPN \"KPN\"), [Tele2](/wiki/Tele2 \"Tele2\") and [Telfort](/wiki/Telfort \"Telfort\")) can provide service, but Flemish providers can no longer be used (such as receivers of Flemish commercial broadcasters, for example [VTM](/wiki/VTM_%28TV_channel%29 \"VTM (TV channel)\")).",
"In the Belgian area of Baarle there have been few changes. Telenet continues to offer service to the area, the Dutch commercial broadcasters (such as [RTL 4](/wiki/RTL_4 \"RTL 4\")) have removed the analogue cable offerings and these stations only provide digital reception. These are only available through cable (and thus through Telenet); other Belgian providers of radio, TV and internet are accessed via [ADSL](/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line \"Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line\"). They have no Dutch commercial broadcasters included within their package.",
"### Gas",
"* [Enexis](/wiki/Enexis \"Enexis\") (from the Netherlands)",
"### Water",
"* [Brabant Water](/wiki/Brabant_Water \"Brabant Water\") (from the Netherlands)",
"### Waste disposal",
"Many streets are visited by a rubbish collector twice per week (1× Dutch, 1× Belgian). The recycling centre on Smederijstraat can be used by the whole population of Baarle\\-Nassau and Baarle\\-Hertog.",
"### Post",
"The mail is delivered by [PostNL](/wiki/PostNL \"PostNL\") in the Dutch area and [bpost](/wiki/Bpost \"Bpost\") in the Belgian area.",
""
] |
Types of masks
--------------
Masks in Mexico vary tremendously, with masks for the same dances changing from one village to the next. These masks depict human beings, including famous people, animals, supernatural beings, abstract concepts, aliens and fantastic creatures. Some masks combine elements from different categories.Lechuga 1995, p.137
Masks range from the crude to ones with detail to make them seem like real faces. Most masks are scaled to fit the human face, with dancers looking out through slits just above the painted eyes. The smallest masks measure between ten and fifteen centimeters wide with the rest of the face, including the mouth, covered by cloth.Lechuga 1995, p.131 Other masks are much larger than the face, with the wearer looking out the mouth of the mask.Lechuga 1995, p.132 Some masks have movable parts such as lips, tongue and eyelids to make them more animated.MAPFRE 1991, p. 45
Masks have depicted the three races of Mexican history, indigenous, European and African. Masks with Asian features can sometimes be found along the Pacific coast, where immigrants from China and the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") settled.Lechuga 1995, p.138 The majority of Mexican masks depict human male faces, especially those for Carnival, Holy Week, Day of the Dead and local saint festivals.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p. 16 Many of the human masks are realistic, and faithfully reproduce various facial types. Others are so stylized that facial figures are only suggested. Expressions vary depending on the character being portrayed.
### Materials
[thumb\|Skull masks and other items made with a strong type of papier\-mâché called [cartonería](/wiki/Cartoner%C3%ADa "Cartonería").](/wiki/File:Mexican_paper_mache_figures_01.jpg "Mexican paper mache figures 01.jpg")
Masks vary by the kinds of materials used to make them. Wood is the most popular material for masks. Clay masks were used in the pre\-Hispanic period and can still be found in [Metepec](/wiki/Metepec%2C_State_of_Mexico "Metepec, State of Mexico") (Locos masks), some for Tastoanes in [Jalisco](/wiki/Jalisco "Jalisco") and many of the dances in Michoacán.
Leather masks can cover the face or the entire head, such as those of the fariséos of the Mayo and Yaqui. On these masks, facial features are generally painted on and cuts are made for the eyes. These masks may be supported by wood frames. In some cases, the mask is the dried and preserved face of an animal. Some of the most traditional Carnival masks are made with a kind of molded leather called “suela,” which is soaked and molded to the wearer's face. One example of these are those used by Carnival dancers in Huejotzingo, which are supported by a wire frame with a beard of human hair. Examples of cloth masks include those of El Doctor, [Querétaro](/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro "Querétaro"), which are made with cloth strips handled like papier\-mâché. Another type is made by stretching felt over a mold. Cloth masks which are translucent are used for those who are non\-believers as they have not yet “seen the light of Christ” in pastorela plays. Papier\-mâché (cartonería) masks, made in [Celaya](/wiki/Celaya "Celaya"), [Guanajuato](/wiki/Guanajuato "Guanajuato") and [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City"), are generally used by children for Carnival and Independence Day festivities. Cardboard is sometimes used, as a flat piece with eyes and mouth. Among the Afro\-Mexicans in Oaxaca, these masks are carefully decorated with grains of corn to create teeth, horse hair for beards, and deer horns to create images of the devil. Wax masks are made by molding the material to the wearer's face directly.
### Masks depicting Europeans
[thumb\|Mural of Chinelos dancers with masks in [San Andrés Totoltepec](/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Totoltepec "San Andrés Totoltepec"), Tlalpan, Mexico City](/wiki/File:TotoltepecMural01.JPG "TotoltepecMural01.JPG")
[thumb\|left\|Masked dancer in mariachi costume at the [Mexico City Alebrije Parade](/wiki/Mexico_City_Alebrije_Parade "Mexico City Alebrije Parade").](/wiki/File:DancerJuarez.JPG "DancerJuarez.JPG")
Masks depicting European faces relate to Mexico's colonial history mostly and can represent the Spanish, the French, a king, a Christian fighting a Moor, a hacienda owner and more. These masks depict characters to be feared, respected but also mocked.
Dances reenacting history most often contain this kind of mask, the most popular of which is a dance called Moors and Christians. Masks related to this dance vary widely with facial expressions from the serene to the terrifying.Lechuga 1995, p.54\-59 The dances tell of stories of Christians fighting Muslims in Spain, France, or the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land"). Masks depicting the Christians generally have European features, with dark hair and a beard. The skin color is white or light pink, with red paint on the cheeks and sometimes other parts of the face. In some areas of Guerrero, Puebla and [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz "Veracruz"), the faces are red, since light skin burns easily in the tropical sun. Dancers playing Moors also have European masks, but to distinguish them they wear large turbans. In some areas of Guerrero, red faces depict the Moors. In many versions, [Saint James Matamoros](/wiki/Saint_James_Matamoros "Saint James Matamoros") also appears in the drama, distinguished by a more elaborate headdress and a hobby horse fastened to the waist.
This dance has evolved into several variations to tell stories of other combat such as [David vs. Goliath](/wiki/David_vs._Goliath "David vs. Goliath"), but the most common alternative relates to the Conquest of Mexico called Dance of the Marquis, Tastoanes or Comanches. In general, those playing the Spanish wear masks, while those playing the indigenous do not. Cortes is usually portrayed with abundant masses of dark hair and beard due to the historical descriptions of the first Europeans seen by the indigenous.
European characters appear in pastorelas or Christmas plays, common in central Mexico. One central character is Bartolo, a shepherd whose mask is that of a clean\-shaven European male. Another is a hermit, with a mask of an old man with long beard and hair.
Dances which parody Europeans, especially rich [hacienda](/wiki/Hacienda "Hacienda") owners, are most commonly performed for Carnival. One of the most widespread of these is the Chinelos, danced in the State of Morelos. In Tlaxcala, for the Dance of the Catrines (Dandies) performers wear masks with pale skin tones and hold up umbrellas as a petition for rain. Wearing top hats and coats, they also make fun of wealthy landowners.
### Masks depicting women
[alt\=A group of dancers in a grassy field, with audience nearby, and a sign reading "Danza del Torito de Romita Guanajuato" in back; one dancer is wearing a bull mask with horns; one dancer is wearing a dress and a mask with a woman's round face; two more dancers are behind her in a black\-and\-white striped suit and a red costume.\|thumb\|La Borracha confronts el Torito in the Danza del Torito, as performed in Gardena CA in 2024](/wiki/File:DanzadelToritodeRomita.jpg "DanzadelToritodeRomita.jpg")
Since women almost never participate in traditional dances, scenes that involve female characters are played by young men wearing masks. Masks for female characters usually portray a modest and virtuous woman who abides by society's norms. La Malinche, interpreter for Cortés, is most often shown this way, but sometimes can be depicted as a sexy woman, with a mask that shows gaudy makeup. Other non\-conformist women include antisocial characters such as “Las Viudas” (The Widows) of Carnival in Nezquipayac and La Borracha (The Drunk Woman) from the Danza del Torito in Guanajuato. Masks for these characters are unflattering. Another example is the La Marignuilla (Little Mary) of the [Purépecha](/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people "Purépecha people"), who imitates city women, whose life is considered immoral by the indigenous. This mask depicts thick make up and wears a tight dress.
### Masks depicting animals
[thumb\|left\|[Jaguar/tiger mask](http://danzadelostecuanes.blogspot.mx/2015/04/mascaras-de-tecuanes-por-oscar-cortes.html) from Guerrero on display at the [Museo de Arte Popular](/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Popular "Museo de Arte Popular") in Mexico City](/wiki/File:JagMaskMAPDF.JPG "JagMaskMAPDF.JPG")
[thumb\|Bull mask by Oaxacan artisan Isidoro Cruz Hernandez](/wiki/File:Bull_mask_by_Isidoro_Cruz_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg "Bull mask by Isidoro Cruz Hernández.jpg")
Since pre\-Hispanic contact almost all of the animals native to the country have been represented in masks, including monkeys, [armadillos](/wiki/Armadillo "Armadillo"), [coatis](/wiki/Coati "Coati"), rabbits, boars, vultures, fish, alligators, lizards and more.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p.42 After the Conquest, animals introduced by the Spanish were added such as bulls, goats, sheep, cats, pigs and roosters. Some dances focus on one species and others include a variety, with masks that can be stylized or made with realistic detail.
One important creature depicted with masks is the serpent. This animal has been associated with water since the pre\-Hispanic period, especially lightning and rivers. Today, however, it mostly appears on devil masks, especially in Guerrero, Michoacán, [Colima](/wiki/Colima "Colima") and Guanajuato because of the influence of Christianity. One exception is the dance of the Head of the Serpent performed by the [Huaves](/wiki/Huave_people "Huave people") in [San Mateo del Mar](/wiki/San_Mateo_del_Mar "San Mateo del Mar"), Oaxaca, where the serpent is a character with its own mask made of wood and painted green.Lechuga 1995, p.43
Another prominent animal is the [jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar "Jaguar") or [ocelot](/wiki/Ocelot "Ocelot"), often mislabeled as a “tiger” in the various dances that feature it. This character appears in Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas and Tabasco in dances such as Tecuanes, Tlacololeros, Tejonrones, El Calalá or El Pochó. The behavior of this tiger character varies from fighting to being pursued by hunters, but the symbolism is most often related to the agricultural cycle and the rainy season on which it depends.Mauldin 1999, p. 4\-5Lechuga 1995, p. 47 Tiger masks typically range from small to the size of the human face, with some far larger where the dancer looks out through the jaws. The mask may cover only the face or be a leather or cloth helmet and complement a full costume.Lechuga 1995, p. 49
### Masks depicting old people
[thumb\|150px\|Mask of a Viejitos dancer at the [Carnival of Santa Marta Acatitla, Iztapalapa](/wiki/Carnivals_of_Iztapalapa "Carnivals of Iztapalapa"), Mexico City](/wiki/File:SantaMartaCarnival2013_32.JPG "SantaMartaCarnival2013 32.JPG")
Dances with old men or women characters have dancers that are masked, with origins to the pre\-Hispanic period.Mauldin 1999, p. 5 These masked dancers may represent the elders of the village or the ancestors. In the [Valley of Mexico](/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico "Valley of Mexico"), an old man can represent the god of fire, [Huehueteotl](/wiki/Huehueteotl "Huehueteotl"), especially in relation to the [New Fire Ceremony](/wiki/New_Fire_Ceremony "New Fire Ceremony").Lechuga 1995, p.33 In a version of the dance in Michoacán, the depiction of the elderly is dignified, with the [Danza de los Viejitos](/wiki/Danza_de_los_Viejitos "Danza de los Viejitos") performed on major days of the Catholic calendar, especially between Christmas and [Candlemas](/wiki/Candlemas "Candlemas").
However, dancers with masks of an old man can also have a comic function, as a kind of side show to the main event, performing singly or in pairs. They often control crowds and sometimes have their own performances. This role of an old man as a clown dates back to before the Conquest.
The masks used by these dancers vary, with deep lines present in masks from Tabasco and Michoacán. In Guerrero, Puebla and Veracruz, where the depiction is more comical, the masks tend to have glossier skin tones.
Other dancers with older characters include the version of the [Mixtecs](/wiki/Mixtec_people "Mixtec people") in [Cuilapan de Guerrero](/wiki/Cuilapan_de_Guerrero "Cuilapan de Guerrero"), Oaxaca. This is danced in July and August, with the head dancer distinguished by a mask with an exceptionally long nose. In the pascola dance in northwest Mexico, one character is called the “old man of the festival.” However this character's mask can have a human face or animal features such as those of the monkey or goat.Lechuga 1995, p.37
### Masks depicting Afro\-Mexicans
A number of dances in several parts of Mexico include or feature masks imitating African or black faces. These have their origins with the importation of African slaves by the Spanish. These slaves had contact with the indigenous peoples, often as intermediaries between them and the Spanish overlords.Lechuga 1995, p.75 This experience was incorporated in indigenous dances, with the dancers called “negritos” (little black ones). Negrito masks vary by region. Those from the Costa Chica region of Oaxaca and [Guerrero](/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Guerrero "Costa Chica of Guerrero") have realistic or exaggerated Negroid features, and other from the [Sierra de Juarez of Oaxaca](/wiki/Sierra_Ju%C3%A1rez%2C_Oaxaca "Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca") are more primitive with small tusks protruding from the mouth. Those from Michoacán have fine features and a gentle expression. Sheepskin is often added to suggest hair. The masks are worn as part of a costume which usually has the dancer elegantly dressed, with colorful fabrics and headdresses. In the colonial period, blacks had a wide range of occupations so this was portrayed in dances. Although most of the Africans intermarried with the rest of the population, the masks remain.
### Masks depicting devils and other fantastic creatures
[thumb\|Traditional devils mask for the Pascuarela Play of Tócuaro, Michoacan](/wiki/File:DevMaskPasMAPDF.JPG "DevMaskPasMAPDF.JPG")
In addition to masks depicting humans and animals, other masks deal with the fantastic, abstract and supernatural. In the [Nahua](/wiki/Nahua_peoples "Nahua peoples") community of [Zitlala](/wiki/Zitlala "Zitlala"), Guerrero, the mask for a ceremonial jester is red, with lizards on the cheek and sometimes the nose. Masks to indicate the indigenous in the Tastoanes dance often originally had scorpions painted on them, but evolved to include hooked noses and other grotesque features. Today the noses are made of wood and images of bikini\-clad women are painted on.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p.8\-9 Skull masks have their origins in the pre\-Hispanic period. The depiction of death in pre\-Hispanic Mexico was not fearful but rather a part of life. Skull masks represent death still, and can be basic white or have fanciful decorations. Some are serious and others are laughing.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p. 65 Some masked characters represent abstract concepts such as time and the Seven Deadly Sins.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p. 66
However, the most common fantastic masks are those which depict the devils, demons and Satan himself. These vary from near normal human faces to those with wild and/or grotesque features, along with human features, animal features or both.Mauldin 1999, p. 6 Depictions of old pre\-Hispanic gods remain in masks. [Tlaloc](/wiki/Tlaloc "Tlaloc") was commonly depicted as having serpents around his eyes and the fangs of a viper. These elements can be found in devil masks today. [Tezcatlipoca](/wiki/Tezcatlipoca "Tezcatlipoca") was a night god whose colors were black and red. These colors are also applied to devil masks.
Depictions of demons and devils have been adopted in various dances and rituals from morality plays to satires. Satan appears in dances such as Los Tecuanes and Moors and Christians as well as in Carnival celebrations. Christmas pageants called pastorelas have masked devil characters that try to keep shepherds from seeing the [Baby Jesus](/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_Dios_of_Mexico "Niño Dios of Mexico") .Lechuga 1995, p. 64
|
[
"Types of masks\n--------------",
"Masks in Mexico vary tremendously, with masks for the same dances changing from one village to the next. These masks depict human beings, including famous people, animals, supernatural beings, abstract concepts, aliens and fantastic creatures. Some masks combine elements from different categories.Lechuga 1995, p.137",
"Masks range from the crude to ones with detail to make them seem like real faces. Most masks are scaled to fit the human face, with dancers looking out through slits just above the painted eyes. The smallest masks measure between ten and fifteen centimeters wide with the rest of the face, including the mouth, covered by cloth.Lechuga 1995, p.131 Other masks are much larger than the face, with the wearer looking out the mouth of the mask.Lechuga 1995, p.132 Some masks have movable parts such as lips, tongue and eyelids to make them more animated.MAPFRE 1991, p. 45",
"Masks have depicted the three races of Mexican history, indigenous, European and African. Masks with Asian features can sometimes be found along the Pacific coast, where immigrants from China and the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\") settled.Lechuga 1995, p.138 The majority of Mexican masks depict human male faces, especially those for Carnival, Holy Week, Day of the Dead and local saint festivals.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p. 16 Many of the human masks are realistic, and faithfully reproduce various facial types. Others are so stylized that facial figures are only suggested. Expressions vary depending on the character being portrayed.",
"### Materials",
"[thumb\\|Skull masks and other items made with a strong type of papier\\-mâché called [cartonería](/wiki/Cartoner%C3%ADa \"Cartonería\").](/wiki/File:Mexican_paper_mache_figures_01.jpg \"Mexican paper mache figures 01.jpg\")\nMasks vary by the kinds of materials used to make them. Wood is the most popular material for masks. Clay masks were used in the pre\\-Hispanic period and can still be found in [Metepec](/wiki/Metepec%2C_State_of_Mexico \"Metepec, State of Mexico\") (Locos masks), some for Tastoanes in [Jalisco](/wiki/Jalisco \"Jalisco\") and many of the dances in Michoacán.",
"Leather masks can cover the face or the entire head, such as those of the fariséos of the Mayo and Yaqui. On these masks, facial features are generally painted on and cuts are made for the eyes. These masks may be supported by wood frames. In some cases, the mask is the dried and preserved face of an animal. Some of the most traditional Carnival masks are made with a kind of molded leather called “suela,” which is soaked and molded to the wearer's face. One example of these are those used by Carnival dancers in Huejotzingo, which are supported by a wire frame with a beard of human hair. Examples of cloth masks include those of El Doctor, [Querétaro](/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro \"Querétaro\"), which are made with cloth strips handled like papier\\-mâché. Another type is made by stretching felt over a mold. Cloth masks which are translucent are used for those who are non\\-believers as they have not yet “seen the light of Christ” in pastorela plays. Papier\\-mâché (cartonería) masks, made in [Celaya](/wiki/Celaya \"Celaya\"), [Guanajuato](/wiki/Guanajuato \"Guanajuato\") and [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\"), are generally used by children for Carnival and Independence Day festivities. Cardboard is sometimes used, as a flat piece with eyes and mouth. Among the Afro\\-Mexicans in Oaxaca, these masks are carefully decorated with grains of corn to create teeth, horse hair for beards, and deer horns to create images of the devil. Wax masks are made by molding the material to the wearer's face directly.",
"### Masks depicting Europeans",
"[thumb\\|Mural of Chinelos dancers with masks in [San Andrés Totoltepec](/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Totoltepec \"San Andrés Totoltepec\"), Tlalpan, Mexico City](/wiki/File:TotoltepecMural01.JPG \"TotoltepecMural01.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Masked dancer in mariachi costume at the [Mexico City Alebrije Parade](/wiki/Mexico_City_Alebrije_Parade \"Mexico City Alebrije Parade\").](/wiki/File:DancerJuarez.JPG \"DancerJuarez.JPG\")\nMasks depicting European faces relate to Mexico's colonial history mostly and can represent the Spanish, the French, a king, a Christian fighting a Moor, a hacienda owner and more. These masks depict characters to be feared, respected but also mocked.",
"Dances reenacting history most often contain this kind of mask, the most popular of which is a dance called Moors and Christians. Masks related to this dance vary widely with facial expressions from the serene to the terrifying.Lechuga 1995, p.54\\-59 The dances tell of stories of Christians fighting Muslims in Spain, France, or the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\"). Masks depicting the Christians generally have European features, with dark hair and a beard. The skin color is white or light pink, with red paint on the cheeks and sometimes other parts of the face. In some areas of Guerrero, Puebla and [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz \"Veracruz\"), the faces are red, since light skin burns easily in the tropical sun. Dancers playing Moors also have European masks, but to distinguish them they wear large turbans. In some areas of Guerrero, red faces depict the Moors. In many versions, [Saint James Matamoros](/wiki/Saint_James_Matamoros \"Saint James Matamoros\") also appears in the drama, distinguished by a more elaborate headdress and a hobby horse fastened to the waist.",
"This dance has evolved into several variations to tell stories of other combat such as [David vs. Goliath](/wiki/David_vs._Goliath \"David vs. Goliath\"), but the most common alternative relates to the Conquest of Mexico called Dance of the Marquis, Tastoanes or Comanches. In general, those playing the Spanish wear masks, while those playing the indigenous do not. Cortes is usually portrayed with abundant masses of dark hair and beard due to the historical descriptions of the first Europeans seen by the indigenous.",
"European characters appear in pastorelas or Christmas plays, common in central Mexico. One central character is Bartolo, a shepherd whose mask is that of a clean\\-shaven European male. Another is a hermit, with a mask of an old man with long beard and hair.",
"Dances which parody Europeans, especially rich [hacienda](/wiki/Hacienda \"Hacienda\") owners, are most commonly performed for Carnival. One of the most widespread of these is the Chinelos, danced in the State of Morelos. In Tlaxcala, for the Dance of the Catrines (Dandies) performers wear masks with pale skin tones and hold up umbrellas as a petition for rain. Wearing top hats and coats, they also make fun of wealthy landowners.",
"### Masks depicting women",
"[alt\\=A group of dancers in a grassy field, with audience nearby, and a sign reading \"Danza del Torito de Romita Guanajuato\" in back; one dancer is wearing a bull mask with horns; one dancer is wearing a dress and a mask with a woman's round face; two more dancers are behind her in a black\\-and\\-white striped suit and a red costume.\\|thumb\\|La Borracha confronts el Torito in the Danza del Torito, as performed in Gardena CA in 2024](/wiki/File:DanzadelToritodeRomita.jpg \"DanzadelToritodeRomita.jpg\")\nSince women almost never participate in traditional dances, scenes that involve female characters are played by young men wearing masks. Masks for female characters usually portray a modest and virtuous woman who abides by society's norms. La Malinche, interpreter for Cortés, is most often shown this way, but sometimes can be depicted as a sexy woman, with a mask that shows gaudy makeup. Other non\\-conformist women include antisocial characters such as “Las Viudas” (The Widows) of Carnival in Nezquipayac and La Borracha (The Drunk Woman) from the Danza del Torito in Guanajuato. Masks for these characters are unflattering. Another example is the La Marignuilla (Little Mary) of the [Purépecha](/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people \"Purépecha people\"), who imitates city women, whose life is considered immoral by the indigenous. This mask depicts thick make up and wears a tight dress.",
"### Masks depicting animals",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Jaguar/tiger mask](http://danzadelostecuanes.blogspot.mx/2015/04/mascaras-de-tecuanes-por-oscar-cortes.html) from Guerrero on display at the [Museo de Arte Popular](/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Popular \"Museo de Arte Popular\") in Mexico City](/wiki/File:JagMaskMAPDF.JPG \"JagMaskMAPDF.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Bull mask by Oaxacan artisan Isidoro Cruz Hernandez](/wiki/File:Bull_mask_by_Isidoro_Cruz_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg \"Bull mask by Isidoro Cruz Hernández.jpg\")\nSince pre\\-Hispanic contact almost all of the animals native to the country have been represented in masks, including monkeys, [armadillos](/wiki/Armadillo \"Armadillo\"), [coatis](/wiki/Coati \"Coati\"), rabbits, boars, vultures, fish, alligators, lizards and more.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p.42 After the Conquest, animals introduced by the Spanish were added such as bulls, goats, sheep, cats, pigs and roosters. Some dances focus on one species and others include a variety, with masks that can be stylized or made with realistic detail.",
"One important creature depicted with masks is the serpent. This animal has been associated with water since the pre\\-Hispanic period, especially lightning and rivers. Today, however, it mostly appears on devil masks, especially in Guerrero, Michoacán, [Colima](/wiki/Colima \"Colima\") and Guanajuato because of the influence of Christianity. One exception is the dance of the Head of the Serpent performed by the [Huaves](/wiki/Huave_people \"Huave people\") in [San Mateo del Mar](/wiki/San_Mateo_del_Mar \"San Mateo del Mar\"), Oaxaca, where the serpent is a character with its own mask made of wood and painted green.Lechuga 1995, p.43",
"Another prominent animal is the [jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar \"Jaguar\") or [ocelot](/wiki/Ocelot \"Ocelot\"), often mislabeled as a “tiger” in the various dances that feature it. This character appears in Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas and Tabasco in dances such as Tecuanes, Tlacololeros, Tejonrones, El Calalá or El Pochó. The behavior of this tiger character varies from fighting to being pursued by hunters, but the symbolism is most often related to the agricultural cycle and the rainy season on which it depends.Mauldin 1999, p. 4\\-5Lechuga 1995, p. 47 Tiger masks typically range from small to the size of the human face, with some far larger where the dancer looks out through the jaws. The mask may cover only the face or be a leather or cloth helmet and complement a full costume.Lechuga 1995, p. 49",
"### Masks depicting old people",
"[thumb\\|150px\\|Mask of a Viejitos dancer at the [Carnival of Santa Marta Acatitla, Iztapalapa](/wiki/Carnivals_of_Iztapalapa \"Carnivals of Iztapalapa\"), Mexico City](/wiki/File:SantaMartaCarnival2013_32.JPG \"SantaMartaCarnival2013 32.JPG\")\nDances with old men or women characters have dancers that are masked, with origins to the pre\\-Hispanic period.Mauldin 1999, p. 5 These masked dancers may represent the elders of the village or the ancestors. In the [Valley of Mexico](/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico \"Valley of Mexico\"), an old man can represent the god of fire, [Huehueteotl](/wiki/Huehueteotl \"Huehueteotl\"), especially in relation to the [New Fire Ceremony](/wiki/New_Fire_Ceremony \"New Fire Ceremony\").Lechuga 1995, p.33 In a version of the dance in Michoacán, the depiction of the elderly is dignified, with the [Danza de los Viejitos](/wiki/Danza_de_los_Viejitos \"Danza de los Viejitos\") performed on major days of the Catholic calendar, especially between Christmas and [Candlemas](/wiki/Candlemas \"Candlemas\").",
"However, dancers with masks of an old man can also have a comic function, as a kind of side show to the main event, performing singly or in pairs. They often control crowds and sometimes have their own performances. This role of an old man as a clown dates back to before the Conquest.",
"The masks used by these dancers vary, with deep lines present in masks from Tabasco and Michoacán. In Guerrero, Puebla and Veracruz, where the depiction is more comical, the masks tend to have glossier skin tones.",
"Other dancers with older characters include the version of the [Mixtecs](/wiki/Mixtec_people \"Mixtec people\") in [Cuilapan de Guerrero](/wiki/Cuilapan_de_Guerrero \"Cuilapan de Guerrero\"), Oaxaca. This is danced in July and August, with the head dancer distinguished by a mask with an exceptionally long nose. In the pascola dance in northwest Mexico, one character is called the “old man of the festival.” However this character's mask can have a human face or animal features such as those of the monkey or goat.Lechuga 1995, p.37",
"### Masks depicting Afro\\-Mexicans",
"A number of dances in several parts of Mexico include or feature masks imitating African or black faces. These have their origins with the importation of African slaves by the Spanish. These slaves had contact with the indigenous peoples, often as intermediaries between them and the Spanish overlords.Lechuga 1995, p.75 This experience was incorporated in indigenous dances, with the dancers called “negritos” (little black ones). Negrito masks vary by region. Those from the Costa Chica region of Oaxaca and [Guerrero](/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Guerrero \"Costa Chica of Guerrero\") have realistic or exaggerated Negroid features, and other from the [Sierra de Juarez of Oaxaca](/wiki/Sierra_Ju%C3%A1rez%2C_Oaxaca \"Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca\") are more primitive with small tusks protruding from the mouth. Those from Michoacán have fine features and a gentle expression. Sheepskin is often added to suggest hair. The masks are worn as part of a costume which usually has the dancer elegantly dressed, with colorful fabrics and headdresses. In the colonial period, blacks had a wide range of occupations so this was portrayed in dances. Although most of the Africans intermarried with the rest of the population, the masks remain.",
"### Masks depicting devils and other fantastic creatures",
"[thumb\\|Traditional devils mask for the Pascuarela Play of Tócuaro, Michoacan](/wiki/File:DevMaskPasMAPDF.JPG \"DevMaskPasMAPDF.JPG\")\nIn addition to masks depicting humans and animals, other masks deal with the fantastic, abstract and supernatural. In the [Nahua](/wiki/Nahua_peoples \"Nahua peoples\") community of [Zitlala](/wiki/Zitlala \"Zitlala\"), Guerrero, the mask for a ceremonial jester is red, with lizards on the cheek and sometimes the nose. Masks to indicate the indigenous in the Tastoanes dance often originally had scorpions painted on them, but evolved to include hooked noses and other grotesque features. Today the noses are made of wood and images of bikini\\-clad women are painted on.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p.8\\-9 Skull masks have their origins in the pre\\-Hispanic period. The depiction of death in pre\\-Hispanic Mexico was not fearful but rather a part of life. Skull masks represent death still, and can be basic white or have fanciful decorations. Some are serious and others are laughing.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p. 65 Some masked characters represent abstract concepts such as time and the Seven Deadly Sins.Lechuga, Sayer 1995, p. 66",
"However, the most common fantastic masks are those which depict the devils, demons and Satan himself. These vary from near normal human faces to those with wild and/or grotesque features, along with human features, animal features or both.Mauldin 1999, p. 6 Depictions of old pre\\-Hispanic gods remain in masks. [Tlaloc](/wiki/Tlaloc \"Tlaloc\") was commonly depicted as having serpents around his eyes and the fangs of a viper. These elements can be found in devil masks today. [Tezcatlipoca](/wiki/Tezcatlipoca \"Tezcatlipoca\") was a night god whose colors were black and red. These colors are also applied to devil masks.",
"Depictions of demons and devils have been adopted in various dances and rituals from morality plays to satires. Satan appears in dances such as Los Tecuanes and Moors and Christians as well as in Carnival celebrations. Christmas pageants called pastorelas have masked devil characters that try to keep shepherds from seeing the [Baby Jesus](/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_Dios_of_Mexico \"Niño Dios of Mexico\") .Lechuga 1995, p. 64",
""
] |
Opinion of the court
--------------------
On August 17, 2006, Judge Gladys Kessler issued a landmark 1,683\-page opinion holding the tobacco companies liable for conspiracy and violations of RICO by fraudulently covering up the health risks associated with cigarettes and for marketing their products to children.9F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2006\).{{Cite news\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2006/08/17/news/companies/tobacco\_ruling/\|title\=Judge rules against Big Tobacco\|date\=August 18, 2006\|work\=CNN Money\|access\-date\=Aug 13, 2017}} Kessler wrote that the tobacco companies "have marketed and sold their lethal product with zeal, with deception, with a single\-minded focus on their financial success, and without regard for the human tragedy or social costs that success exacted."
Because the DC Circuit held that RICO permits only forward\-looking remedies to prevent and restrain future violations, Judge Kessler ruled that the tobacco companies could not be made to fund the smoking cessation and awareness programs. The ruling ordered the following injunctive relief:
### Prohibition of Brand Descriptors
The court found that the only way to restrain defendants from their longstanding and continuing fraudulent efforts to deceive smokers, potential smokers, and the American public about "light" and "low tar" cigarettes was to prohibit them from using any descriptor which conveys a health message. Accordingly, Judge Kessler enjoined defendants from using any descriptors indicating lower tar delivery—including, but not limited to, "low tar," "light," "mild," "medium" and "ultra\-light"—which create the false impression that such cigarettes are less harmful to smokers.
### Corrective Communications
The trial record established that defendants had made false, deceptive, and misleading public statements about cigarettes, and the court found that an injunction ordering them to issue corrective statements is appropriate and necessary to prevent and restrain them from making fraudulent public statements on smoking and health matters in the future.
Judge Kessler ordered defendants to make corrective statements about: (1\) addiction, (2\) the adverse health effects of smoking), (3\) the adverse health effects of exposure to second\-hand smoke, (4\) the manipulation of the cigarettes to enhance nicotine delivery, and (5\) the health benefits of "light" and "low tar" cigarettes. Defendants were required to publish these statements in newspapers and disseminate them through television, advertisements, onsets, in retail displays, and on their corporate websites.
### Disclosure of Documents and Disaggregated Marketing Data
The court determined that defendants' suppression and concealment of information was integral to their efforts to defraud the American public, and that defendants had failed to disclose, and created false controversy over the existence of, information they possessed about cigarettes.
Judge Kessler ordered that the tobacco companies must create and maintain document depositories and websites which provide the government and the public with access to all industry documents disclosed in the litigation. Additionally, defendants must provide their disaggregated marketing data to the government to ensure transparency of their marketing efforts, particularly those directed towards youth.
|
[
"Opinion of the court\n--------------------",
"On August 17, 2006, Judge Gladys Kessler issued a landmark 1,683\\-page opinion holding the tobacco companies liable for conspiracy and violations of RICO by fraudulently covering up the health risks associated with cigarettes and for marketing their products to children.9F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2006\\).{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2006/08/17/news/companies/tobacco\\_ruling/\\|title\\=Judge rules against Big Tobacco\\|date\\=August 18, 2006\\|work\\=CNN Money\\|access\\-date\\=Aug 13, 2017}} Kessler wrote that the tobacco companies \"have marketed and sold their lethal product with zeal, with deception, with a single\\-minded focus on their financial success, and without regard for the human tragedy or social costs that success exacted.\"",
"Because the DC Circuit held that RICO permits only forward\\-looking remedies to prevent and restrain future violations, Judge Kessler ruled that the tobacco companies could not be made to fund the smoking cessation and awareness programs. The ruling ordered the following injunctive relief:",
"### Prohibition of Brand Descriptors",
"The court found that the only way to restrain defendants from their longstanding and continuing fraudulent efforts to deceive smokers, potential smokers, and the American public about \"light\" and \"low tar\" cigarettes was to prohibit them from using any descriptor which conveys a health message. Accordingly, Judge Kessler enjoined defendants from using any descriptors indicating lower tar delivery—including, but not limited to, \"low tar,\" \"light,\" \"mild,\" \"medium\" and \"ultra\\-light\"—which create the false impression that such cigarettes are less harmful to smokers.",
"### Corrective Communications",
"The trial record established that defendants had made false, deceptive, and misleading public statements about cigarettes, and the court found that an injunction ordering them to issue corrective statements is appropriate and necessary to prevent and restrain them from making fraudulent public statements on smoking and health matters in the future.",
"Judge Kessler ordered defendants to make corrective statements about: (1\\) addiction, (2\\) the adverse health effects of smoking), (3\\) the adverse health effects of exposure to second\\-hand smoke, (4\\) the manipulation of the cigarettes to enhance nicotine delivery, and (5\\) the health benefits of \"light\" and \"low tar\" cigarettes. Defendants were required to publish these statements in newspapers and disseminate them through television, advertisements, onsets, in retail displays, and on their corporate websites.",
"### Disclosure of Documents and Disaggregated Marketing Data",
"The court determined that defendants' suppression and concealment of information was integral to their efforts to defraud the American public, and that defendants had failed to disclose, and created false controversy over the existence of, information they possessed about cigarettes.",
"Judge Kessler ordered that the tobacco companies must create and maintain document depositories and websites which provide the government and the public with access to all industry documents disclosed in the litigation. Additionally, defendants must provide their disaggregated marketing data to the government to ensure transparency of their marketing efforts, particularly those directed towards youth.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
{{Location map\+
\|Egypt
\|caption\= Geographic location:
{{Coord\|29\|52\|6\.6\|N\|31\|13\|7\.08\|E\|type:landmark\_region:EG\|name\=Mastaba of Hesy\-re, Necropolis of Saqqara in Egypt}}
\|width\=160
\|float\=right
}}
### Location
Hesy\-re's mastabe (**S2405**) is located in the northern part of [Saqqara](/wiki/Saqqara "Saqqara"), about 260 metres northeast of the [pyramid complex](/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser "Pyramid of Djoser") of King [Djoser](/wiki/Djoser "Djoser") in tomb sector **G2\-G3**. The tomb is squeezed in between about a dozen other official graves, which date from between the [Protodynastic period](/wiki/Naqada_III "Naqada III") and the [Fourth Dynasty](/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt "Fourth dynasty of Egypt"), which are themselves packed close together.
### Size and materials
The mastaba of Hesy\-re was originally about 43 metres long and at least 5 metres high; it is oriented only ca. \+11° off a north\-south axis. Black, baked mudbrick was used as the building material. Interior rooms, including corridors and the exterior walls of the mastaba were originally carefully covered in white [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") plaster. The exterior walls were also decorated with an imitation of a palace facade. The entire monument is a massive mudbrick building, completed with grey [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite") door frames and decorative cedar wood panels.
### Exterior and interior architecture
[thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|Plan of the Mastaba of Hesy\-re](/wiki/File:Mastaba_of_Hesy-Ra.jpg "Mastaba of Hesy-Ra.jpg")
The 'official' entrance is located on the east side. A wall stands in front of the east wall of the mastaba, forming a narrow corridor. This corridor leads south and then turns to the west after 16 metres in order to run along the south side of the mastaba. There it widens into a kind of anteroom, which was blocked up immediately after completion. The north side of the anteroom was decorated with a frieze at the time of excavation depicting people, livestock and a [crocodile](/wiki/Crocodile "Crocodile"). This is now in the Cairo museum. Slight remains indicate that the south side of the anteroom may also have been decorated. The anteroom led on to the [serdab](/wiki/Serdab "Serdab"), which extended in a southerly direction and contained the stone base of a [ka](/wiki/Ka_%28Egyptian_soul%29 "Ka (Egyptian soul)")\-statue which was not preserved. The corridor led on from the serdab in a westerly direction. Another corridor branches off to the north after 6 metres, where it terminates in a 23 metre long passage. This was originally sealed with six blocks of [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite"), but grave robbers destroyed these in antiquity. After this first branch, the entrance corridor continued another 4 metres to the west, where it turned off to the north and ended in a 37 metre long niched gallery. The niches were painted and contained eleven decorated wooden panels.
In the centre of the mastaba is an isolated, elongated niched room, which was walled with mudbricks; Quibell suggested that the room was either installed for religious/magical practice or because of an alteration to the plan of the building in the course of construction.
Near the west end of the mastaba, an isolated vertical shaft sinks 21 metres down to the underground grave chambers. These are oriented to the south and divided into three levels. The top level contains two main passages which lead to several rooms and magazines. The west passage divides into two and ends in stairs which descend to the other two levels and lead to unfinished passages. The actual grave chamber had already been plundered when it was discovered.
### Wood panels
[thumb\|160px\|Hesy\-re as a young man at the beginning of his career.J. E. Quibell: *Excavations at Saqqara 1911–1912\. The Tomb of Hesy*. Cairo 1913, table 29; Obj. No. 2\.](/wiki/File:Hesire.svg "Hesire.svg")
The most significant objects from the grave of Hesy\-re are the decorated Lebanese cedar panels. From the very fact that cedar wood was imported and worked in such quantity, it seems that Hesy\-re was not just a high\-ranking and influential man, but also very rich. Typical Egyptian woods like palm and [sycomore](/wiki/Sycomore "Sycomore") were only suitable for very limited work, since they are very soft. For steles, ship planks, and architectural elements, it was necessary to use to use better wood, like the Lebanon cedarwood.
The panels of Hesy\-re were originally 1\.14 metres high and 0\.57 metres wide. Of the eleven panels which were found, six were nearly whole, while only fragments could be recovered from the other five. They were found in the niches of a palace facade and each was fastened by a square peg to a small rectangular opening in the wall of the niche. Today the panels are on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
All the wooden panels are decorated with reliefs of high artistic quality. They preserve figural depictions of Hesy\-re, who is shown standing in an official role or sitting at an offering table. While his face is shown in profile, his body is shown in a 3/4 view, so that all parts of his body can be seen. This style of perspective is entirely typical of the relief art of the Old Kingdom, as is the fact that Hesy\-re's angular face with a false beard is modelled on that of his king Djoser. With each portrait, Hesy\-re appears older: in the first panel, Hesy\-re is depicted as a young, upstanding man and already has the high rank of "royal scribe" and "royal confidant." On the last relief, Hesy\-re is depicted as a very old man sitting at an offering table. Here he is probably shown at the high point of his career, bearing titles such as Elder of Qed\-Hetep and Chief of [Pe](/wiki/Buto "Buto").
The inscriptions accompanying the portraits name the high offices and titles which Hesy\-re held. In addition, the normal numerous offering are listed, such as bread (Egypt. *ta*), beer (*henket*), incense (*senetjer*) and meat (*kaw*).
These panels are almost without parallel in Egyptian art. The closest example is the stele of the high official [Merka](/wiki/Merka_%28ancient_Egyptian%29 "Merka (ancient Egyptian)") from Saqqara, which dates to the end of the [First Dynasty](/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt "First Dynasty of Egypt"). In his grave, a single stele depicting Merka sitting down and including his titles, was found in a niche in the facade of the tomb. The main differences from Hesy\-re's panels are the number of them (Merka had only one) and the fact that Merka's stele was carved in stone.Stan Hendricks. "Les grands mastabas de la Ire dynastie a Saqqara." *Archeo\-Nil* 19 (2008\), fig. 5 on p. 65
#### Individual panels
##### CG 1426
Relief "Cairo Museum CG 1426" is well\-preserved. It shows Hesy\-re sitting at an offering table. All other panels show him standing opposite it (at least in the well preserved ones). In this panel, he wears a long tight garment, which covers his left shoulder but leaves the right one free. On the left shoulder is some kind of knot. The garment reaches down to his ankles. In his left hand, Hesy\-re holds two rods. Scribal utensils hang from his right shoulder. These consist of an inkpot with two holes for red and black paint, a reed writing stick and a bag. Hesy\-re's right arm is extended toward the offering table. The offering table reaches up to his left. On the actual offering plate are eight loaves of bread. Directly above the table is a short offering list, including wine, incense, cool water, beef(?) meat and antelope meat. In the upper part of the relief is a full list of Hesy\-re's titles: Chief dentist,Dilwyn Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* (\= *BAR international series.* Vol. 866\). Archaeopress, Oxford 2000, {{ISBN\|1\-84171\-069\-5}}, p. 318, No. 1412 (The translation and reading of the title is not certain, but is accepted by a large portion of academics. Other possibilities are Chief of Ivory or Arrow carver). Heka Priest of Mehyt, Elder of Qed\-hetep,D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 905, No. 3320\. He who sees [Min](/wiki/Min_%28god%29 "Min (god)"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 423, No. 1566\. Acquaintance of the King, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, Great one of the Headscarf (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 384, No. 1421 (the translation of the title is not certain). Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, Great one of [Buto](/wiki/Buto "Buto"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.*Oxford 2000, p. 385, No. 1424 Foremost of the Couriers (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 495, No. 1853 (The translation of the title is very uncertain). Great One of the Ten of [Upper Egypt](/wiki/Upper_Egypt "Upper Egypt"), Priest of [Horus](/wiki/Horus "Horus") of the Harpoon\-place of Buto (?).D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 556, No. 2059 (The translation of the title is very unclear).
##### CG 1427
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1427" is very fully preserved. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a large wig. In his left hand he holds scribal utensils: an inkpot with two openings for red and black ink, and a rod in which his writing brushes would be stored. He also holds a long rod in this hand. In the other hand, which hangs at his side, he holds a Kherep sceptre, a symbol of power. In the space above Hesy\-re is a selection of his titles: Elder of Qed\-hetep, Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, King's Acquaintance, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, and Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt. Above the titles is an empty space, which was probably originally incorporated into the niche of the mastaba and thus not visible. A slot is also visible, which was used to fasten the panel to the wall.
##### CG 1428
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1428" is almost completely preserved, although it has some damage in the lower and upper parts. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with ringlets. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, which consist of an inkpot with two openings for red and black paint, a bag and a long rod, which would hold writing brushes. Both arms hang at his sides and Hesy\-re seems not to hold anything in his hands, although the right hand is largely destroyed. In front of Hesy\-re is a short offering list, which includes beef, poultry, drinks (e.g. wine) and incense. In the upper part of the panel are Hesy\-re's titles: Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt, Heka Priest of Mehyt, Father of Min, He who sees Min, Overseer of the Royal Scribes,D. Jones: *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, pp. 467\-68, No. 1739\. and Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King.
##### CG 1429
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1429" is largely preserved. Hesy\-re is shown standing. In his left hand he holds a long rod, in his right a khereb sceptre. Hesy\-re wears a shoulder\-length wig and a short loincloth. The lower part of the image is largely lost. Above the image is a portion of his titulature, which is identical to panel CG 1427\.
##### CG 1430
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1430" is now about 86 cm high and 41 cm wide. The lower part is lost. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with locks. In his left hand, he holds a rod to his chest. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, of which the inkpot with red and black ink holes are most visible. In front of Hesy\-re is a short offering list. Above is the titulature of Hesy\-re, which is identical to panel CG 1427\.
Hesy\-Ra CG1426\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1426
Hesy\-Ra CG1427\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1427
Hesy\-Ra CG1428\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1428
Hesy\-Ra CG1429\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1429
Hesy\-Ra CG1430\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1430
### Wall paintings
The niches in which the panels were found were plastered and painted with geometric designs. At the time of the excavation the colours were still clearly recognisable: red, green, black, yellow and white. The aforementioned palace facade does not really form the outer wall of the west wall, since a free\-standing wall stands opposite it. The inner side of this wall was originally completely decorated with paint. The paintings of the west wall can be separated into three registers: the lowest consisted of a smooth red band with black spaces above and below.
[thumb\|160px\|Clay seal fragment with the [Horus name](/wiki/Horus_name "Horus name") "Netjerichet" (both at far left and far right).J. E. Quibell: *Excavations at Saqqara 1911–1912\. The Tomb of Hesy*. Cairo 1913, table 28; Obj. No. 23\.](/wiki/File:Djosersiegel.png "Djosersiegel.png")
Above this was a series of reed motifs with various green and yellow patterns. Above this was another red band. On the east wall, the lowest register consisted of a green and yellow diamond pattern. Above this was a painted depiction of the grave offerings of Hesy\-re, which include offerings like bread, poultry, dates and wine; in addition there were images of oil and ornamental vessels as well as equipment for hunting and writing. Various types of beds and couches and a table with feet, whose upper side is decorated with a soiled snake, decorated the west wall. Each of these objects was accompanied by a short inscription, which were also painted, and describe the objects and the contents of the vessels.
Above the depictions of the grave offerings is a pattern of ten lined designs in red, white and black. To protect these valuable wall paintings, the mastaba has been closed to any further excavation. Unfortunately, large parts of the decoration had already been destroyed by the elements and fire damage from grave robbers' torches.
### Objects discovered
Numerous smashed ornamental and storage vessels were discovered. The majority were made of [alabaster](/wiki/Alabaster "Alabaster"), [breccia](/wiki/Breccia "Breccia") or [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") and seem to have had inscriptions in black paint. Broken jug seals were also found. Among these were two [cylinder sealings](/wiki/Cylinder_seal "Cylinder seal") with the [Horus name](/wiki/Horus_name "Horus name") of King [Djoser](/wiki/Djoser "Djoser") "Hor\-Netjerikhet", which allows the tomb to be dated to this reign. The few remaining intact clay pots contained the valuable "[Seti\-shemai](/wiki/Seti-shemai "Seti-shemai")" oil, among other things. Among the bones found in the tomb were two skulls and other body parts, which J. E. Quibell believed to derive from two different people. Since the skeletal remains have been lost in the meanwhile, certainty is not possible.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"{{Location map\\+\n\\|Egypt\n\\|caption\\= Geographic location: \n {{Coord\\|29\\|52\\|6\\.6\\|N\\|31\\|13\\|7\\.08\\|E\\|type:landmark\\_region:EG\\|name\\=Mastaba of Hesy\\-re, Necropolis of Saqqara in Egypt}}\n\\|width\\=160\n\\|float\\=right\n}}",
"### Location",
"Hesy\\-re's mastabe (**S2405**) is located in the northern part of [Saqqara](/wiki/Saqqara \"Saqqara\"), about 260 metres northeast of the [pyramid complex](/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser \"Pyramid of Djoser\") of King [Djoser](/wiki/Djoser \"Djoser\") in tomb sector **G2\\-G3**. The tomb is squeezed in between about a dozen other official graves, which date from between the [Protodynastic period](/wiki/Naqada_III \"Naqada III\") and the [Fourth Dynasty](/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt \"Fourth dynasty of Egypt\"), which are themselves packed close together.",
"### Size and materials",
"The mastaba of Hesy\\-re was originally about 43 metres long and at least 5 metres high; it is oriented only ca. \\+11° off a north\\-south axis. Black, baked mudbrick was used as the building material. Interior rooms, including corridors and the exterior walls of the mastaba were originally carefully covered in white [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\") plaster. The exterior walls were also decorated with an imitation of a palace facade. The entire monument is a massive mudbrick building, completed with grey [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") door frames and decorative cedar wood panels.",
"### Exterior and interior architecture",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|Plan of the Mastaba of Hesy\\-re](/wiki/File:Mastaba_of_Hesy-Ra.jpg \"Mastaba of Hesy-Ra.jpg\")\nThe 'official' entrance is located on the east side. A wall stands in front of the east wall of the mastaba, forming a narrow corridor. This corridor leads south and then turns to the west after 16 metres in order to run along the south side of the mastaba. There it widens into a kind of anteroom, which was blocked up immediately after completion. The north side of the anteroom was decorated with a frieze at the time of excavation depicting people, livestock and a [crocodile](/wiki/Crocodile \"Crocodile\"). This is now in the Cairo museum. Slight remains indicate that the south side of the anteroom may also have been decorated. The anteroom led on to the [serdab](/wiki/Serdab \"Serdab\"), which extended in a southerly direction and contained the stone base of a [ka](/wiki/Ka_%28Egyptian_soul%29 \"Ka (Egyptian soul)\")\\-statue which was not preserved. The corridor led on from the serdab in a westerly direction. Another corridor branches off to the north after 6 metres, where it terminates in a 23 metre long passage. This was originally sealed with six blocks of [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\"), but grave robbers destroyed these in antiquity. After this first branch, the entrance corridor continued another 4 metres to the west, where it turned off to the north and ended in a 37 metre long niched gallery. The niches were painted and contained eleven decorated wooden panels.",
"In the centre of the mastaba is an isolated, elongated niched room, which was walled with mudbricks; Quibell suggested that the room was either installed for religious/magical practice or because of an alteration to the plan of the building in the course of construction.",
"Near the west end of the mastaba, an isolated vertical shaft sinks 21 metres down to the underground grave chambers. These are oriented to the south and divided into three levels. The top level contains two main passages which lead to several rooms and magazines. The west passage divides into two and ends in stairs which descend to the other two levels and lead to unfinished passages. The actual grave chamber had already been plundered when it was discovered.",
"### Wood panels",
"[thumb\\|160px\\|Hesy\\-re as a young man at the beginning of his career.J. E. Quibell: *Excavations at Saqqara 1911–1912\\. The Tomb of Hesy*. Cairo 1913, table 29; Obj. No. 2\\.](/wiki/File:Hesire.svg \"Hesire.svg\")\nThe most significant objects from the grave of Hesy\\-re are the decorated Lebanese cedar panels. From the very fact that cedar wood was imported and worked in such quantity, it seems that Hesy\\-re was not just a high\\-ranking and influential man, but also very rich. Typical Egyptian woods like palm and [sycomore](/wiki/Sycomore \"Sycomore\") were only suitable for very limited work, since they are very soft. For steles, ship planks, and architectural elements, it was necessary to use to use better wood, like the Lebanon cedarwood.",
"The panels of Hesy\\-re were originally 1\\.14 metres high and 0\\.57 metres wide. Of the eleven panels which were found, six were nearly whole, while only fragments could be recovered from the other five. They were found in the niches of a palace facade and each was fastened by a square peg to a small rectangular opening in the wall of the niche. Today the panels are on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.",
"All the wooden panels are decorated with reliefs of high artistic quality. They preserve figural depictions of Hesy\\-re, who is shown standing in an official role or sitting at an offering table. While his face is shown in profile, his body is shown in a 3/4 view, so that all parts of his body can be seen. This style of perspective is entirely typical of the relief art of the Old Kingdom, as is the fact that Hesy\\-re's angular face with a false beard is modelled on that of his king Djoser. With each portrait, Hesy\\-re appears older: in the first panel, Hesy\\-re is depicted as a young, upstanding man and already has the high rank of \"royal scribe\" and \"royal confidant.\" On the last relief, Hesy\\-re is depicted as a very old man sitting at an offering table. Here he is probably shown at the high point of his career, bearing titles such as Elder of Qed\\-Hetep and Chief of [Pe](/wiki/Buto \"Buto\").",
"The inscriptions accompanying the portraits name the high offices and titles which Hesy\\-re held. In addition, the normal numerous offering are listed, such as bread (Egypt. *ta*), beer (*henket*), incense (*senetjer*) and meat (*kaw*).",
"These panels are almost without parallel in Egyptian art. The closest example is the stele of the high official [Merka](/wiki/Merka_%28ancient_Egyptian%29 \"Merka (ancient Egyptian)\") from Saqqara, which dates to the end of the [First Dynasty](/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"First Dynasty of Egypt\"). In his grave, a single stele depicting Merka sitting down and including his titles, was found in a niche in the facade of the tomb. The main differences from Hesy\\-re's panels are the number of them (Merka had only one) and the fact that Merka's stele was carved in stone.Stan Hendricks. \"Les grands mastabas de la Ire dynastie a Saqqara.\" *Archeo\\-Nil* 19 (2008\\), fig. 5 on p. 65",
"#### Individual panels",
"##### CG 1426",
"Relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1426\" is well\\-preserved. It shows Hesy\\-re sitting at an offering table. All other panels show him standing opposite it (at least in the well preserved ones). In this panel, he wears a long tight garment, which covers his left shoulder but leaves the right one free. On the left shoulder is some kind of knot. The garment reaches down to his ankles. In his left hand, Hesy\\-re holds two rods. Scribal utensils hang from his right shoulder. These consist of an inkpot with two holes for red and black paint, a reed writing stick and a bag. Hesy\\-re's right arm is extended toward the offering table. The offering table reaches up to his left. On the actual offering plate are eight loaves of bread. Directly above the table is a short offering list, including wine, incense, cool water, beef(?) meat and antelope meat. In the upper part of the relief is a full list of Hesy\\-re's titles: Chief dentist,Dilwyn Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* (\\= *BAR international series.* Vol. 866\\). Archaeopress, Oxford 2000, {{ISBN\\|1\\-84171\\-069\\-5}}, p. 318, No. 1412 (The translation and reading of the title is not certain, but is accepted by a large portion of academics. Other possibilities are Chief of Ivory or Arrow carver). Heka Priest of Mehyt, Elder of Qed\\-hetep,D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 905, No. 3320\\. He who sees [Min](/wiki/Min_%28god%29 \"Min (god)\"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 423, No. 1566\\. Acquaintance of the King, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, Great one of the Headscarf (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 384, No. 1421 (the translation of the title is not certain). Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, Great one of [Buto](/wiki/Buto \"Buto\"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.*Oxford 2000, p. 385, No. 1424 Foremost of the Couriers (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 495, No. 1853 (The translation of the title is very uncertain). Great One of the Ten of [Upper Egypt](/wiki/Upper_Egypt \"Upper Egypt\"), Priest of [Horus](/wiki/Horus \"Horus\") of the Harpoon\\-place of Buto (?).D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 556, No. 2059 (The translation of the title is very unclear).",
"##### CG 1427",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1427\" is very fully preserved. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a large wig. In his left hand he holds scribal utensils: an inkpot with two openings for red and black ink, and a rod in which his writing brushes would be stored. He also holds a long rod in this hand. In the other hand, which hangs at his side, he holds a Kherep sceptre, a symbol of power. In the space above Hesy\\-re is a selection of his titles: Elder of Qed\\-hetep, Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, King's Acquaintance, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, and Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt. Above the titles is an empty space, which was probably originally incorporated into the niche of the mastaba and thus not visible. A slot is also visible, which was used to fasten the panel to the wall.",
"##### CG 1428",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1428\" is almost completely preserved, although it has some damage in the lower and upper parts. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with ringlets. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, which consist of an inkpot with two openings for red and black paint, a bag and a long rod, which would hold writing brushes. Both arms hang at his sides and Hesy\\-re seems not to hold anything in his hands, although the right hand is largely destroyed. In front of Hesy\\-re is a short offering list, which includes beef, poultry, drinks (e.g. wine) and incense. In the upper part of the panel are Hesy\\-re's titles: Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt, Heka Priest of Mehyt, Father of Min, He who sees Min, Overseer of the Royal Scribes,D. Jones: *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, pp. 467\\-68, No. 1739\\. and Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King.",
"##### CG 1429",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1429\" is largely preserved. Hesy\\-re is shown standing. In his left hand he holds a long rod, in his right a khereb sceptre. Hesy\\-re wears a shoulder\\-length wig and a short loincloth. The lower part of the image is largely lost. Above the image is a portion of his titulature, which is identical to panel CG 1427\\.",
"##### CG 1430",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1430\" is now about 86 cm high and 41 cm wide. The lower part is lost. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with locks. In his left hand, he holds a rod to his chest. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, of which the inkpot with red and black ink holes are most visible. In front of Hesy\\-re is a short offering list. Above is the titulature of Hesy\\-re, which is identical to panel CG 1427\\.",
"",
"Hesy\\-Ra CG1426\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1426\nHesy\\-Ra CG1427\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1427\nHesy\\-Ra CG1428\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1428\nHesy\\-Ra CG1429\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1429\nHesy\\-Ra CG1430\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1430",
"",
"### Wall paintings",
"The niches in which the panels were found were plastered and painted with geometric designs. At the time of the excavation the colours were still clearly recognisable: red, green, black, yellow and white. The aforementioned palace facade does not really form the outer wall of the west wall, since a free\\-standing wall stands opposite it. The inner side of this wall was originally completely decorated with paint. The paintings of the west wall can be separated into three registers: the lowest consisted of a smooth red band with black spaces above and below.",
"[thumb\\|160px\\|Clay seal fragment with the [Horus name](/wiki/Horus_name \"Horus name\") \"Netjerichet\" (both at far left and far right).J. E. Quibell: *Excavations at Saqqara 1911–1912\\. The Tomb of Hesy*. Cairo 1913, table 28; Obj. No. 23\\.](/wiki/File:Djosersiegel.png \"Djosersiegel.png\")",
"Above this was a series of reed motifs with various green and yellow patterns. Above this was another red band. On the east wall, the lowest register consisted of a green and yellow diamond pattern. Above this was a painted depiction of the grave offerings of Hesy\\-re, which include offerings like bread, poultry, dates and wine; in addition there were images of oil and ornamental vessels as well as equipment for hunting and writing. Various types of beds and couches and a table with feet, whose upper side is decorated with a soiled snake, decorated the west wall. Each of these objects was accompanied by a short inscription, which were also painted, and describe the objects and the contents of the vessels.",
"Above the depictions of the grave offerings is a pattern of ten lined designs in red, white and black. To protect these valuable wall paintings, the mastaba has been closed to any further excavation. Unfortunately, large parts of the decoration had already been destroyed by the elements and fire damage from grave robbers' torches.",
"### Objects discovered",
"Numerous smashed ornamental and storage vessels were discovered. The majority were made of [alabaster](/wiki/Alabaster \"Alabaster\"), [breccia](/wiki/Breccia \"Breccia\") or [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") and seem to have had inscriptions in black paint. Broken jug seals were also found. Among these were two [cylinder sealings](/wiki/Cylinder_seal \"Cylinder seal\") with the [Horus name](/wiki/Horus_name \"Horus name\") of King [Djoser](/wiki/Djoser \"Djoser\") \"Hor\\-Netjerikhet\", which allows the tomb to be dated to this reign. The few remaining intact clay pots contained the valuable \"[Seti\\-shemai](/wiki/Seti-shemai \"Seti-shemai\")\" oil, among other things. Among the bones found in the tomb were two skulls and other body parts, which J. E. Quibell believed to derive from two different people. Since the skeletal remains have been lost in the meanwhile, certainty is not possible.",
""
] |
### Wood panels
[thumb\|160px\|Hesy\-re as a young man at the beginning of his career.J. E. Quibell: *Excavations at Saqqara 1911–1912\. The Tomb of Hesy*. Cairo 1913, table 29; Obj. No. 2\.](/wiki/File:Hesire.svg "Hesire.svg")
The most significant objects from the grave of Hesy\-re are the decorated Lebanese cedar panels. From the very fact that cedar wood was imported and worked in such quantity, it seems that Hesy\-re was not just a high\-ranking and influential man, but also very rich. Typical Egyptian woods like palm and [sycomore](/wiki/Sycomore "Sycomore") were only suitable for very limited work, since they are very soft. For steles, ship planks, and architectural elements, it was necessary to use to use better wood, like the Lebanon cedarwood.
The panels of Hesy\-re were originally 1\.14 metres high and 0\.57 metres wide. Of the eleven panels which were found, six were nearly whole, while only fragments could be recovered from the other five. They were found in the niches of a palace facade and each was fastened by a square peg to a small rectangular opening in the wall of the niche. Today the panels are on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
All the wooden panels are decorated with reliefs of high artistic quality. They preserve figural depictions of Hesy\-re, who is shown standing in an official role or sitting at an offering table. While his face is shown in profile, his body is shown in a 3/4 view, so that all parts of his body can be seen. This style of perspective is entirely typical of the relief art of the Old Kingdom, as is the fact that Hesy\-re's angular face with a false beard is modelled on that of his king Djoser. With each portrait, Hesy\-re appears older: in the first panel, Hesy\-re is depicted as a young, upstanding man and already has the high rank of "royal scribe" and "royal confidant." On the last relief, Hesy\-re is depicted as a very old man sitting at an offering table. Here he is probably shown at the high point of his career, bearing titles such as Elder of Qed\-Hetep and Chief of [Pe](/wiki/Buto "Buto").
The inscriptions accompanying the portraits name the high offices and titles which Hesy\-re held. In addition, the normal numerous offering are listed, such as bread (Egypt. *ta*), beer (*henket*), incense (*senetjer*) and meat (*kaw*).
These panels are almost without parallel in Egyptian art. The closest example is the stele of the high official [Merka](/wiki/Merka_%28ancient_Egyptian%29 "Merka (ancient Egyptian)") from Saqqara, which dates to the end of the [First Dynasty](/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt "First Dynasty of Egypt"). In his grave, a single stele depicting Merka sitting down and including his titles, was found in a niche in the facade of the tomb. The main differences from Hesy\-re's panels are the number of them (Merka had only one) and the fact that Merka's stele was carved in stone.Stan Hendricks. "Les grands mastabas de la Ire dynastie a Saqqara." *Archeo\-Nil* 19 (2008\), fig. 5 on p. 65
#### Individual panels
##### CG 1426
Relief "Cairo Museum CG 1426" is well\-preserved. It shows Hesy\-re sitting at an offering table. All other panels show him standing opposite it (at least in the well preserved ones). In this panel, he wears a long tight garment, which covers his left shoulder but leaves the right one free. On the left shoulder is some kind of knot. The garment reaches down to his ankles. In his left hand, Hesy\-re holds two rods. Scribal utensils hang from his right shoulder. These consist of an inkpot with two holes for red and black paint, a reed writing stick and a bag. Hesy\-re's right arm is extended toward the offering table. The offering table reaches up to his left. On the actual offering plate are eight loaves of bread. Directly above the table is a short offering list, including wine, incense, cool water, beef(?) meat and antelope meat. In the upper part of the relief is a full list of Hesy\-re's titles: Chief dentist,Dilwyn Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* (\= *BAR international series.* Vol. 866\). Archaeopress, Oxford 2000, {{ISBN\|1\-84171\-069\-5}}, p. 318, No. 1412 (The translation and reading of the title is not certain, but is accepted by a large portion of academics. Other possibilities are Chief of Ivory or Arrow carver). Heka Priest of Mehyt, Elder of Qed\-hetep,D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 905, No. 3320\. He who sees [Min](/wiki/Min_%28god%29 "Min (god)"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 423, No. 1566\. Acquaintance of the King, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, Great one of the Headscarf (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 384, No. 1421 (the translation of the title is not certain). Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, Great one of [Buto](/wiki/Buto "Buto"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.*Oxford 2000, p. 385, No. 1424 Foremost of the Couriers (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 495, No. 1853 (The translation of the title is very uncertain). Great One of the Ten of [Upper Egypt](/wiki/Upper_Egypt "Upper Egypt"), Priest of [Horus](/wiki/Horus "Horus") of the Harpoon\-place of Buto (?).D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 556, No. 2059 (The translation of the title is very unclear).
##### CG 1427
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1427" is very fully preserved. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a large wig. In his left hand he holds scribal utensils: an inkpot with two openings for red and black ink, and a rod in which his writing brushes would be stored. He also holds a long rod in this hand. In the other hand, which hangs at his side, he holds a Kherep sceptre, a symbol of power. In the space above Hesy\-re is a selection of his titles: Elder of Qed\-hetep, Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, King's Acquaintance, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, and Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt. Above the titles is an empty space, which was probably originally incorporated into the niche of the mastaba and thus not visible. A slot is also visible, which was used to fasten the panel to the wall.
##### CG 1428
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1428" is almost completely preserved, although it has some damage in the lower and upper parts. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with ringlets. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, which consist of an inkpot with two openings for red and black paint, a bag and a long rod, which would hold writing brushes. Both arms hang at his sides and Hesy\-re seems not to hold anything in his hands, although the right hand is largely destroyed. In front of Hesy\-re is a short offering list, which includes beef, poultry, drinks (e.g. wine) and incense. In the upper part of the panel are Hesy\-re's titles: Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt, Heka Priest of Mehyt, Father of Min, He who sees Min, Overseer of the Royal Scribes,D. Jones: *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, pp. 467\-68, No. 1739\. and Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King.
##### CG 1429
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1429" is largely preserved. Hesy\-re is shown standing. In his left hand he holds a long rod, in his right a khereb sceptre. Hesy\-re wears a shoulder\-length wig and a short loincloth. The lower part of the image is largely lost. Above the image is a portion of his titulature, which is identical to panel CG 1427\.
##### CG 1430
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1430" is now about 86 cm high and 41 cm wide. The lower part is lost. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with locks. In his left hand, he holds a rod to his chest. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, of which the inkpot with red and black ink holes are most visible. In front of Hesy\-re is a short offering list. Above is the titulature of Hesy\-re, which is identical to panel CG 1427\.
Hesy\-Ra CG1426\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1426
Hesy\-Ra CG1427\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1427
Hesy\-Ra CG1428\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1428
Hesy\-Ra CG1429\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1429
Hesy\-Ra CG1430\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1430
|
[
"### Wood panels",
"[thumb\\|160px\\|Hesy\\-re as a young man at the beginning of his career.J. E. Quibell: *Excavations at Saqqara 1911–1912\\. The Tomb of Hesy*. Cairo 1913, table 29; Obj. No. 2\\.](/wiki/File:Hesire.svg \"Hesire.svg\")\nThe most significant objects from the grave of Hesy\\-re are the decorated Lebanese cedar panels. From the very fact that cedar wood was imported and worked in such quantity, it seems that Hesy\\-re was not just a high\\-ranking and influential man, but also very rich. Typical Egyptian woods like palm and [sycomore](/wiki/Sycomore \"Sycomore\") were only suitable for very limited work, since they are very soft. For steles, ship planks, and architectural elements, it was necessary to use to use better wood, like the Lebanon cedarwood.",
"The panels of Hesy\\-re were originally 1\\.14 metres high and 0\\.57 metres wide. Of the eleven panels which were found, six were nearly whole, while only fragments could be recovered from the other five. They were found in the niches of a palace facade and each was fastened by a square peg to a small rectangular opening in the wall of the niche. Today the panels are on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.",
"All the wooden panels are decorated with reliefs of high artistic quality. They preserve figural depictions of Hesy\\-re, who is shown standing in an official role or sitting at an offering table. While his face is shown in profile, his body is shown in a 3/4 view, so that all parts of his body can be seen. This style of perspective is entirely typical of the relief art of the Old Kingdom, as is the fact that Hesy\\-re's angular face with a false beard is modelled on that of his king Djoser. With each portrait, Hesy\\-re appears older: in the first panel, Hesy\\-re is depicted as a young, upstanding man and already has the high rank of \"royal scribe\" and \"royal confidant.\" On the last relief, Hesy\\-re is depicted as a very old man sitting at an offering table. Here he is probably shown at the high point of his career, bearing titles such as Elder of Qed\\-Hetep and Chief of [Pe](/wiki/Buto \"Buto\").",
"The inscriptions accompanying the portraits name the high offices and titles which Hesy\\-re held. In addition, the normal numerous offering are listed, such as bread (Egypt. *ta*), beer (*henket*), incense (*senetjer*) and meat (*kaw*).",
"These panels are almost without parallel in Egyptian art. The closest example is the stele of the high official [Merka](/wiki/Merka_%28ancient_Egyptian%29 \"Merka (ancient Egyptian)\") from Saqqara, which dates to the end of the [First Dynasty](/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"First Dynasty of Egypt\"). In his grave, a single stele depicting Merka sitting down and including his titles, was found in a niche in the facade of the tomb. The main differences from Hesy\\-re's panels are the number of them (Merka had only one) and the fact that Merka's stele was carved in stone.Stan Hendricks. \"Les grands mastabas de la Ire dynastie a Saqqara.\" *Archeo\\-Nil* 19 (2008\\), fig. 5 on p. 65",
"#### Individual panels",
"##### CG 1426",
"Relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1426\" is well\\-preserved. It shows Hesy\\-re sitting at an offering table. All other panels show him standing opposite it (at least in the well preserved ones). In this panel, he wears a long tight garment, which covers his left shoulder but leaves the right one free. On the left shoulder is some kind of knot. The garment reaches down to his ankles. In his left hand, Hesy\\-re holds two rods. Scribal utensils hang from his right shoulder. These consist of an inkpot with two holes for red and black paint, a reed writing stick and a bag. Hesy\\-re's right arm is extended toward the offering table. The offering table reaches up to his left. On the actual offering plate are eight loaves of bread. Directly above the table is a short offering list, including wine, incense, cool water, beef(?) meat and antelope meat. In the upper part of the relief is a full list of Hesy\\-re's titles: Chief dentist,Dilwyn Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* (\\= *BAR international series.* Vol. 866\\). Archaeopress, Oxford 2000, {{ISBN\\|1\\-84171\\-069\\-5}}, p. 318, No. 1412 (The translation and reading of the title is not certain, but is accepted by a large portion of academics. Other possibilities are Chief of Ivory or Arrow carver). Heka Priest of Mehyt, Elder of Qed\\-hetep,D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 905, No. 3320\\. He who sees [Min](/wiki/Min_%28god%29 \"Min (god)\"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 423, No. 1566\\. Acquaintance of the King, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, Great one of the Headscarf (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 384, No. 1421 (the translation of the title is not certain). Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, Great one of [Buto](/wiki/Buto \"Buto\"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.*Oxford 2000, p. 385, No. 1424 Foremost of the Couriers (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 495, No. 1853 (The translation of the title is very uncertain). Great One of the Ten of [Upper Egypt](/wiki/Upper_Egypt \"Upper Egypt\"), Priest of [Horus](/wiki/Horus \"Horus\") of the Harpoon\\-place of Buto (?).D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 556, No. 2059 (The translation of the title is very unclear).",
"##### CG 1427",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1427\" is very fully preserved. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a large wig. In his left hand he holds scribal utensils: an inkpot with two openings for red and black ink, and a rod in which his writing brushes would be stored. He also holds a long rod in this hand. In the other hand, which hangs at his side, he holds a Kherep sceptre, a symbol of power. In the space above Hesy\\-re is a selection of his titles: Elder of Qed\\-hetep, Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, King's Acquaintance, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, and Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt. Above the titles is an empty space, which was probably originally incorporated into the niche of the mastaba and thus not visible. A slot is also visible, which was used to fasten the panel to the wall.",
"##### CG 1428",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1428\" is almost completely preserved, although it has some damage in the lower and upper parts. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with ringlets. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, which consist of an inkpot with two openings for red and black paint, a bag and a long rod, which would hold writing brushes. Both arms hang at his sides and Hesy\\-re seems not to hold anything in his hands, although the right hand is largely destroyed. In front of Hesy\\-re is a short offering list, which includes beef, poultry, drinks (e.g. wine) and incense. In the upper part of the panel are Hesy\\-re's titles: Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt, Heka Priest of Mehyt, Father of Min, He who sees Min, Overseer of the Royal Scribes,D. Jones: *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, pp. 467\\-68, No. 1739\\. and Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King.",
"##### CG 1429",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1429\" is largely preserved. Hesy\\-re is shown standing. In his left hand he holds a long rod, in his right a khereb sceptre. Hesy\\-re wears a shoulder\\-length wig and a short loincloth. The lower part of the image is largely lost. Above the image is a portion of his titulature, which is identical to panel CG 1427\\.",
"##### CG 1430",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1430\" is now about 86 cm high and 41 cm wide. The lower part is lost. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with locks. In his left hand, he holds a rod to his chest. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, of which the inkpot with red and black ink holes are most visible. In front of Hesy\\-re is a short offering list. Above is the titulature of Hesy\\-re, which is identical to panel CG 1427\\.",
"",
"Hesy\\-Ra CG1426\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1426\nHesy\\-Ra CG1427\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1427\nHesy\\-Ra CG1428\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1428\nHesy\\-Ra CG1429\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1429\nHesy\\-Ra CG1430\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1430",
"",
""
] |
#### Individual panels
##### CG 1426
Relief "Cairo Museum CG 1426" is well\-preserved. It shows Hesy\-re sitting at an offering table. All other panels show him standing opposite it (at least in the well preserved ones). In this panel, he wears a long tight garment, which covers his left shoulder but leaves the right one free. On the left shoulder is some kind of knot. The garment reaches down to his ankles. In his left hand, Hesy\-re holds two rods. Scribal utensils hang from his right shoulder. These consist of an inkpot with two holes for red and black paint, a reed writing stick and a bag. Hesy\-re's right arm is extended toward the offering table. The offering table reaches up to his left. On the actual offering plate are eight loaves of bread. Directly above the table is a short offering list, including wine, incense, cool water, beef(?) meat and antelope meat. In the upper part of the relief is a full list of Hesy\-re's titles: Chief dentist,Dilwyn Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* (\= *BAR international series.* Vol. 866\). Archaeopress, Oxford 2000, {{ISBN\|1\-84171\-069\-5}}, p. 318, No. 1412 (The translation and reading of the title is not certain, but is accepted by a large portion of academics. Other possibilities are Chief of Ivory or Arrow carver). Heka Priest of Mehyt, Elder of Qed\-hetep,D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 905, No. 3320\. He who sees [Min](/wiki/Min_%28god%29 "Min (god)"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 423, No. 1566\. Acquaintance of the King, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, Great one of the Headscarf (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 384, No. 1421 (the translation of the title is not certain). Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, Great one of [Buto](/wiki/Buto "Buto"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.*Oxford 2000, p. 385, No. 1424 Foremost of the Couriers (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 495, No. 1853 (The translation of the title is very uncertain). Great One of the Ten of [Upper Egypt](/wiki/Upper_Egypt "Upper Egypt"), Priest of [Horus](/wiki/Horus "Horus") of the Harpoon\-place of Buto (?).D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 556, No. 2059 (The translation of the title is very unclear).
##### CG 1427
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1427" is very fully preserved. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a large wig. In his left hand he holds scribal utensils: an inkpot with two openings for red and black ink, and a rod in which his writing brushes would be stored. He also holds a long rod in this hand. In the other hand, which hangs at his side, he holds a Kherep sceptre, a symbol of power. In the space above Hesy\-re is a selection of his titles: Elder of Qed\-hetep, Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, King's Acquaintance, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, and Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt. Above the titles is an empty space, which was probably originally incorporated into the niche of the mastaba and thus not visible. A slot is also visible, which was used to fasten the panel to the wall.
##### CG 1428
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1428" is almost completely preserved, although it has some damage in the lower and upper parts. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with ringlets. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, which consist of an inkpot with two openings for red and black paint, a bag and a long rod, which would hold writing brushes. Both arms hang at his sides and Hesy\-re seems not to hold anything in his hands, although the right hand is largely destroyed. In front of Hesy\-re is a short offering list, which includes beef, poultry, drinks (e.g. wine) and incense. In the upper part of the panel are Hesy\-re's titles: Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt, Heka Priest of Mehyt, Father of Min, He who sees Min, Overseer of the Royal Scribes,D. Jones: *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, pp. 467\-68, No. 1739\. and Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King.
##### CG 1429
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1429" is largely preserved. Hesy\-re is shown standing. In his left hand he holds a long rod, in his right a khereb sceptre. Hesy\-re wears a shoulder\-length wig and a short loincloth. The lower part of the image is largely lost. Above the image is a portion of his titulature, which is identical to panel CG 1427\.
##### CG 1430
The relief "Cairo Museum CG 1430" is now about 86 cm high and 41 cm wide. The lower part is lost. Hesy\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with locks. In his left hand, he holds a rod to his chest. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, of which the inkpot with red and black ink holes are most visible. In front of Hesy\-re is a short offering list. Above is the titulature of Hesy\-re, which is identical to panel CG 1427\.
Hesy\-Ra CG1426\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1426
Hesy\-Ra CG1427\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1427
Hesy\-Ra CG1428\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1428
Hesy\-Ra CG1429\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1429
Hesy\-Ra CG1430\.jpg\|Cairo Museum CG 1430
|
[
"#### Individual panels",
"##### CG 1426",
"Relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1426\" is well\\-preserved. It shows Hesy\\-re sitting at an offering table. All other panels show him standing opposite it (at least in the well preserved ones). In this panel, he wears a long tight garment, which covers his left shoulder but leaves the right one free. On the left shoulder is some kind of knot. The garment reaches down to his ankles. In his left hand, Hesy\\-re holds two rods. Scribal utensils hang from his right shoulder. These consist of an inkpot with two holes for red and black paint, a reed writing stick and a bag. Hesy\\-re's right arm is extended toward the offering table. The offering table reaches up to his left. On the actual offering plate are eight loaves of bread. Directly above the table is a short offering list, including wine, incense, cool water, beef(?) meat and antelope meat. In the upper part of the relief is a full list of Hesy\\-re's titles: Chief dentist,Dilwyn Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* (\\= *BAR international series.* Vol. 866\\). Archaeopress, Oxford 2000, {{ISBN\\|1\\-84171\\-069\\-5}}, p. 318, No. 1412 (The translation and reading of the title is not certain, but is accepted by a large portion of academics. Other possibilities are Chief of Ivory or Arrow carver). Heka Priest of Mehyt, Elder of Qed\\-hetep,D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 905, No. 3320\\. He who sees [Min](/wiki/Min_%28god%29 \"Min (god)\"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 423, No. 1566\\. Acquaintance of the King, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, Great one of the Headscarf (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 384, No. 1421 (the translation of the title is not certain). Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, Great one of [Buto](/wiki/Buto \"Buto\"),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.*Oxford 2000, p. 385, No. 1424 Foremost of the Couriers (?),D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, p. 495, No. 1853 (The translation of the title is very uncertain). Great One of the Ten of [Upper Egypt](/wiki/Upper_Egypt \"Upper Egypt\"), Priest of [Horus](/wiki/Horus \"Horus\") of the Harpoon\\-place of Buto (?).D. Jones. *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, II.* Oxford 2000, p. 556, No. 2059 (The translation of the title is very unclear).",
"##### CG 1427",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1427\" is very fully preserved. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a large wig. In his left hand he holds scribal utensils: an inkpot with two openings for red and black ink, and a rod in which his writing brushes would be stored. He also holds a long rod in this hand. In the other hand, which hangs at his side, he holds a Kherep sceptre, a symbol of power. In the space above Hesy\\-re is a selection of his titles: Elder of Qed\\-hetep, Father of Min, Overseer of the Cult Building of Mehyt, King's Acquaintance, Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King, and Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt. Above the titles is an empty space, which was probably originally incorporated into the niche of the mastaba and thus not visible. A slot is also visible, which was used to fasten the panel to the wall.",
"##### CG 1428",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1428\" is almost completely preserved, although it has some damage in the lower and upper parts. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with ringlets. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, which consist of an inkpot with two openings for red and black paint, a bag and a long rod, which would hold writing brushes. Both arms hang at his sides and Hesy\\-re seems not to hold anything in his hands, although the right hand is largely destroyed. In front of Hesy\\-re is a short offering list, which includes beef, poultry, drinks (e.g. wine) and incense. In the upper part of the panel are Hesy\\-re's titles: Great One of the Ten of Upper Egypt, Heka Priest of Mehyt, Father of Min, He who sees Min, Overseer of the Royal Scribes,D. Jones: *An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, I.* Oxford 2000, pp. 467\\-68, No. 1739\\. and Overseer of the Craftsmen of the King.",
"##### CG 1429",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1429\" is largely preserved. Hesy\\-re is shown standing. In his left hand he holds a long rod, in his right a khereb sceptre. Hesy\\-re wears a shoulder\\-length wig and a short loincloth. The lower part of the image is largely lost. Above the image is a portion of his titulature, which is identical to panel CG 1427\\.",
"##### CG 1430",
"The relief \"Cairo Museum CG 1430\" is now about 86 cm high and 41 cm wide. The lower part is lost. Hesy\\-re is depicted standing. He wears a short wig with locks. In his left hand, he holds a rod to his chest. Scribal utensils hang over his right shoulder, of which the inkpot with red and black ink holes are most visible. In front of Hesy\\-re is a short offering list. Above is the titulature of Hesy\\-re, which is identical to panel CG 1427\\.",
"",
"Hesy\\-Ra CG1426\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1426\nHesy\\-Ra CG1427\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1427\nHesy\\-Ra CG1428\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1428\nHesy\\-Ra CG1429\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1429\nHesy\\-Ra CG1430\\.jpg\\|Cairo Museum CG 1430",
"",
""
] |
Sports and GT cars
------------------
Maserati won the Targa Florio in 1937, 1938, 1939 and 1940\. The first two wins were achieved by [Giovanni Rocco](/wiki/Giovanni_Rocco "Giovanni Rocco") with a [Maserati 6CM](/wiki/Maserati_6CM "Maserati 6CM") and the last two by [Luigi Villoresi](/wiki/Luigi_Villoresi "Luigi Villoresi") with a 6CM in 1939 and a [4CL](/wiki/Maserati_4CL_and_4CLT "Maserati 4CL and 4CLT") in 1940\.
Maserati's post\-war factory effort in sports car racing began in 1954 for the second season of the [World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/World_Sportscar_Championship "World Sportscar Championship"). The factory raced as Officine Alfieri Maserati.
### World Sports Car Championship
[thumb\|Maserati placed second in the [1956 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1956_World_Sportscar_Championship "1956 World Sportscar Championship") with the [300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S "Maserati 300S")](/wiki/File:Maserati_300S_2-seater_sport_1955_2993cc.JPG "Maserati 300S 2-seater sport 1955 2993cc.JPG")
Maserati scored points in all but one year of the first era of the [World Sports Car Championship](/wiki/World_Sports_Car_Championship "World Sports Car Championship") from 1953 to 1961\. Both factory\-entered and privately\-entered cars were eligible to score points for the manufacturer. At the end of 1957 Maserati retired the factory team from racing though they continued to build cars for privateers.
In the [1953 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1953_World_Sportscar_Championship "1953 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed thirteenth.
In the [1954 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1954_World_Sportscar_Championship "1954 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati entered the [Maserati A6GCS](/wiki/Maserati_A6 "Maserati A6") and placed fifth.
In the [1955 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1955_World_Sportscar_Championship "1955 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed fourth.
In the [1956 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1956_World_Sportscar_Championship "1956 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed second including a win at the 1000 km Buenos Aires and the 1000 km at the [Nürburgring](/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring "Nürburgring").
The win at [1956 1000 km Buenos Aires](/wiki/1956_1000_km_Buenos_Aires "1956 1000 km Buenos Aires") was a [Maserati 300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S "Maserati 300S") sports car driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss "Stirling Moss") and [Carlos Menditéguy](/wiki/Carlos_Mendit%C3%A9guy "Carlos Menditéguy").
In the [1957 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1957_World_Sportscar_Championship "1957 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati again placed second. This time with wins at [Sebring](/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring "12 Hours of Sebring") and [Rabelöfsbanan](/wiki/Rabel%C3%B6fsbanan "Rabelöfsbanan")
In the [1959 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1959_World_Sportscar_Championship "1959 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed fourth.
In the [1960 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1960_World_Sportscar_Championship "1960 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed third. With a win at the [ADAC](/wiki/ADAC "ADAC") [1000 km Nürburgring](/wiki/1000_km_N%C3%BCrburgring "1000 km Nürburgring") for a [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 "Maserati Tipo 61") driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss "Stirling Moss") and [Dan Gurney](/wiki/Dan_Gurney "Dan Gurney").
In the [1961 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1961_World_Sportscar_Championship "1961 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed second. With a repeat win at the [ADAC](/wiki/ADAC "ADAC") [1000 km Nürburgring](/wiki/1000_km_N%C3%BCrburgring "1000 km Nürburgring") for a [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 "Maserati Tipo 61") this time driven by [Lloyd Casner](/wiki/Lloyd_Casner "Lloyd Casner") and [Masten Gregory](/wiki/Masten_Gregory "Masten Gregory").
### FIA GT Championship
Maserati returned to sportscar racing in 2004, entering the [Maserati MC12](/wiki/Maserati_MC12 "Maserati MC12") in the [FIA GT Championship](/wiki/2004_FIA_GT_Championship "2004 FIA GT Championship"). Since 2005 the MC12 fielded by [Vitaphone Racing Team](/wiki/Vitaphone_Racing_Team "Vitaphone Racing Team") won five teams' championships and four drivers' championships in a row.
### FIA GT1 World Championship
[Michael Bartels](/wiki/Michael_Bartels "Michael Bartels") and [Andrea Bertolini](/wiki/Andrea_Bertolini "Andrea Bertolini") won the inaugural GT1 World Championship for Drivers in the [2010 FIA GT1 World Championship](/wiki/2010_FIA_GT1_World_Championship "2010 FIA GT1 World Championship") driving a [Maserati MC12](/wiki/Maserati_MC12 "Maserati MC12") for the [Vitaphone Racing Team](/wiki/Vitaphone_Racing_Team "Vitaphone Racing Team"). The Vitaphone Racing Team won the GT1 World Championship for Teams.
### List of Maserati sports and GT racing cars
* [Maserati A6GCS](/wiki/Maserati_A6 "Maserati A6") Sports Car
* [Maserati 350S](/wiki/Maserati_350S "Maserati 350S") Sports Car.
* [Maserati 300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S "Maserati 300S") Sports Car.
* [Maserati 250S](/wiki/Maserati_250S "Maserati 250S") Sports Car.
* [Maserati 200S](/wiki/Maserati_200S "Maserati 200S") Sports Car.
* [Maserati 150S](/wiki/Maserati_150S "Maserati 150S") Sports Car.
* [Maserati 450S](/wiki/Maserati_450S "Maserati 450S") Sports Car.
* [Maserati Tipo 60](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_60 "Maserati Tipo 60") Sports Car
* [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 "Maserati Tipo 61") the "Birdcage" Sports Car
* [Maserati Tipo 63](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_63 "Maserati Tipo 63")
* [Maserati Tipo 64](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_64 "Maserati Tipo 64")
* [Maserati Tipo 65](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_65 "Maserati Tipo 65")
* [Maserati Tipo 151](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_151 "Maserati Tipo 151")
* [Maserati Barchetta](/wiki/Maserati_Barchetta "Maserati Barchetta") Sports Car
* [Maserati Ghibli](/wiki/Maserati_Ghibli "Maserati Ghibli") II Open Cup GT Car
* [Maserati Trofeo](/wiki/Maserati_Coup%C3%A9%23Trofeo "Maserati Coupé#Trofeo") series GT Car.
* [Maserati Trofeo Light](/wiki/Maserati_Coup%C3%A9%23Trofeo "Maserati Coupé#Trofeo") [GT3](/wiki/FIA_GT3_European_Championship "FIA GT3 European Championship") Racing Car
* [Maserati Trofeo GranSport](/wiki/Maserati_Coup%C3%A9%23Trofeo "Maserati Coupé#Trofeo") series GT Car.
* [Maserati MC12](/wiki/Maserati_MC12 "Maserati MC12") [GT1](/wiki/FIA_GT1_World_Championship "FIA GT1 World Championship") Racing Car
* [Maserati GranTurismo](/wiki/Maserati_GranTurismo "Maserati GranTurismo") GT4
* [Maserati GranTurismo](/wiki/Maserati_GranTurismo "Maserati GranTurismo") GT3
* [Maserati MC20](/wiki/Maserati_MC20 "Maserati MC20") GT2
|
[
"Sports and GT cars\n------------------",
"Maserati won the Targa Florio in 1937, 1938, 1939 and 1940\\. The first two wins were achieved by [Giovanni Rocco](/wiki/Giovanni_Rocco \"Giovanni Rocco\") with a [Maserati 6CM](/wiki/Maserati_6CM \"Maserati 6CM\") and the last two by [Luigi Villoresi](/wiki/Luigi_Villoresi \"Luigi Villoresi\") with a 6CM in 1939 and a [4CL](/wiki/Maserati_4CL_and_4CLT \"Maserati 4CL and 4CLT\") in 1940\\.",
"Maserati's post\\-war factory effort in sports car racing began in 1954 for the second season of the [World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/World_Sportscar_Championship \"World Sportscar Championship\"). The factory raced as Officine Alfieri Maserati.",
"### World Sports Car Championship",
"[thumb\\|Maserati placed second in the [1956 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1956_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1956 World Sportscar Championship\") with the [300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S \"Maserati 300S\")](/wiki/File:Maserati_300S_2-seater_sport_1955_2993cc.JPG \"Maserati 300S 2-seater sport 1955 2993cc.JPG\")\nMaserati scored points in all but one year of the first era of the [World Sports Car Championship](/wiki/World_Sports_Car_Championship \"World Sports Car Championship\") from 1953 to 1961\\. Both factory\\-entered and privately\\-entered cars were eligible to score points for the manufacturer. At the end of 1957 Maserati retired the factory team from racing though they continued to build cars for privateers.",
"In the [1953 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1953_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1953 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed thirteenth.",
"In the [1954 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1954_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1954 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati entered the [Maserati A6GCS](/wiki/Maserati_A6 \"Maserati A6\") and placed fifth.",
"In the [1955 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1955_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1955 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed fourth.",
"In the [1956 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1956_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1956 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed second including a win at the 1000 km Buenos Aires and the 1000 km at the [Nürburgring](/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring \"Nürburgring\"). \nThe win at [1956 1000 km Buenos Aires](/wiki/1956_1000_km_Buenos_Aires \"1956 1000 km Buenos Aires\") was a [Maserati 300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S \"Maserati 300S\") sports car driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss \"Stirling Moss\") and [Carlos Menditéguy](/wiki/Carlos_Mendit%C3%A9guy \"Carlos Menditéguy\").",
"In the [1957 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1957_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1957 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati again placed second. This time with wins at [Sebring](/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring \"12 Hours of Sebring\") and [Rabelöfsbanan](/wiki/Rabel%C3%B6fsbanan \"Rabelöfsbanan\")",
"In the [1959 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1959_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1959 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed fourth.",
"In the [1960 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1960_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1960 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed third. With a win at the [ADAC](/wiki/ADAC \"ADAC\") [1000 km Nürburgring](/wiki/1000_km_N%C3%BCrburgring \"1000 km Nürburgring\") for a [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 \"Maserati Tipo 61\") driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss \"Stirling Moss\") and [Dan Gurney](/wiki/Dan_Gurney \"Dan Gurney\").",
"In the [1961 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1961_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1961 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed second. With a repeat win at the [ADAC](/wiki/ADAC \"ADAC\") [1000 km Nürburgring](/wiki/1000_km_N%C3%BCrburgring \"1000 km Nürburgring\") for a [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 \"Maserati Tipo 61\") this time driven by [Lloyd Casner](/wiki/Lloyd_Casner \"Lloyd Casner\") and [Masten Gregory](/wiki/Masten_Gregory \"Masten Gregory\").",
"### FIA GT Championship",
"Maserati returned to sportscar racing in 2004, entering the [Maserati MC12](/wiki/Maserati_MC12 \"Maserati MC12\") in the [FIA GT Championship](/wiki/2004_FIA_GT_Championship \"2004 FIA GT Championship\"). Since 2005 the MC12 fielded by [Vitaphone Racing Team](/wiki/Vitaphone_Racing_Team \"Vitaphone Racing Team\") won five teams' championships and four drivers' championships in a row.",
"### FIA GT1 World Championship",
"[Michael Bartels](/wiki/Michael_Bartels \"Michael Bartels\") and [Andrea Bertolini](/wiki/Andrea_Bertolini \"Andrea Bertolini\") won the inaugural GT1 World Championship for Drivers in the [2010 FIA GT1 World Championship](/wiki/2010_FIA_GT1_World_Championship \"2010 FIA GT1 World Championship\") driving a [Maserati MC12](/wiki/Maserati_MC12 \"Maserati MC12\") for the [Vitaphone Racing Team](/wiki/Vitaphone_Racing_Team \"Vitaphone Racing Team\"). The Vitaphone Racing Team won the GT1 World Championship for Teams.",
"### List of Maserati sports and GT racing cars",
"* [Maserati A6GCS](/wiki/Maserati_A6 \"Maserati A6\") Sports Car\n* [Maserati 350S](/wiki/Maserati_350S \"Maserati 350S\") Sports Car.\n* [Maserati 300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S \"Maserati 300S\") Sports Car.\n* [Maserati 250S](/wiki/Maserati_250S \"Maserati 250S\") Sports Car.\n* [Maserati 200S](/wiki/Maserati_200S \"Maserati 200S\") Sports Car.\n* [Maserati 150S](/wiki/Maserati_150S \"Maserati 150S\") Sports Car.\n* [Maserati 450S](/wiki/Maserati_450S \"Maserati 450S\") Sports Car.\n* [Maserati Tipo 60](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_60 \"Maserati Tipo 60\") Sports Car\n* [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 \"Maserati Tipo 61\") the \"Birdcage\" Sports Car\n* [Maserati Tipo 63](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_63 \"Maserati Tipo 63\")\n* [Maserati Tipo 64](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_64 \"Maserati Tipo 64\")\n* [Maserati Tipo 65](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_65 \"Maserati Tipo 65\")\n* [Maserati Tipo 151](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_151 \"Maserati Tipo 151\")\n* [Maserati Barchetta](/wiki/Maserati_Barchetta \"Maserati Barchetta\") Sports Car\n* [Maserati Ghibli](/wiki/Maserati_Ghibli \"Maserati Ghibli\") II Open Cup GT Car\n* [Maserati Trofeo](/wiki/Maserati_Coup%C3%A9%23Trofeo \"Maserati Coupé#Trofeo\") series GT Car.\n* [Maserati Trofeo Light](/wiki/Maserati_Coup%C3%A9%23Trofeo \"Maserati Coupé#Trofeo\") [GT3](/wiki/FIA_GT3_European_Championship \"FIA GT3 European Championship\") Racing Car\n* [Maserati Trofeo GranSport](/wiki/Maserati_Coup%C3%A9%23Trofeo \"Maserati Coupé#Trofeo\") series GT Car.\n* [Maserati MC12](/wiki/Maserati_MC12 \"Maserati MC12\") [GT1](/wiki/FIA_GT1_World_Championship \"FIA GT1 World Championship\") Racing Car\n* [Maserati GranTurismo](/wiki/Maserati_GranTurismo \"Maserati GranTurismo\") GT4\n* [Maserati GranTurismo](/wiki/Maserati_GranTurismo \"Maserati GranTurismo\") GT3\n* [Maserati MC20](/wiki/Maserati_MC20 \"Maserati MC20\") GT2"
] |
### World Sports Car Championship
[thumb\|Maserati placed second in the [1956 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1956_World_Sportscar_Championship "1956 World Sportscar Championship") with the [300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S "Maserati 300S")](/wiki/File:Maserati_300S_2-seater_sport_1955_2993cc.JPG "Maserati 300S 2-seater sport 1955 2993cc.JPG")
Maserati scored points in all but one year of the first era of the [World Sports Car Championship](/wiki/World_Sports_Car_Championship "World Sports Car Championship") from 1953 to 1961\. Both factory\-entered and privately\-entered cars were eligible to score points for the manufacturer. At the end of 1957 Maserati retired the factory team from racing though they continued to build cars for privateers.
In the [1953 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1953_World_Sportscar_Championship "1953 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed thirteenth.
In the [1954 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1954_World_Sportscar_Championship "1954 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati entered the [Maserati A6GCS](/wiki/Maserati_A6 "Maserati A6") and placed fifth.
In the [1955 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1955_World_Sportscar_Championship "1955 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed fourth.
In the [1956 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1956_World_Sportscar_Championship "1956 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed second including a win at the 1000 km Buenos Aires and the 1000 km at the [Nürburgring](/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring "Nürburgring").
The win at [1956 1000 km Buenos Aires](/wiki/1956_1000_km_Buenos_Aires "1956 1000 km Buenos Aires") was a [Maserati 300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S "Maserati 300S") sports car driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss "Stirling Moss") and [Carlos Menditéguy](/wiki/Carlos_Mendit%C3%A9guy "Carlos Menditéguy").
In the [1957 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1957_World_Sportscar_Championship "1957 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati again placed second. This time with wins at [Sebring](/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring "12 Hours of Sebring") and [Rabelöfsbanan](/wiki/Rabel%C3%B6fsbanan "Rabelöfsbanan")
In the [1959 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1959_World_Sportscar_Championship "1959 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed fourth.
In the [1960 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1960_World_Sportscar_Championship "1960 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed third. With a win at the [ADAC](/wiki/ADAC "ADAC") [1000 km Nürburgring](/wiki/1000_km_N%C3%BCrburgring "1000 km Nürburgring") for a [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 "Maserati Tipo 61") driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss "Stirling Moss") and [Dan Gurney](/wiki/Dan_Gurney "Dan Gurney").
In the [1961 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1961_World_Sportscar_Championship "1961 World Sportscar Championship") Maserati placed second. With a repeat win at the [ADAC](/wiki/ADAC "ADAC") [1000 km Nürburgring](/wiki/1000_km_N%C3%BCrburgring "1000 km Nürburgring") for a [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 "Maserati Tipo 61") this time driven by [Lloyd Casner](/wiki/Lloyd_Casner "Lloyd Casner") and [Masten Gregory](/wiki/Masten_Gregory "Masten Gregory").
|
[
"### World Sports Car Championship",
"[thumb\\|Maserati placed second in the [1956 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1956_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1956 World Sportscar Championship\") with the [300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S \"Maserati 300S\")](/wiki/File:Maserati_300S_2-seater_sport_1955_2993cc.JPG \"Maserati 300S 2-seater sport 1955 2993cc.JPG\")\nMaserati scored points in all but one year of the first era of the [World Sports Car Championship](/wiki/World_Sports_Car_Championship \"World Sports Car Championship\") from 1953 to 1961\\. Both factory\\-entered and privately\\-entered cars were eligible to score points for the manufacturer. At the end of 1957 Maserati retired the factory team from racing though they continued to build cars for privateers.",
"In the [1953 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1953_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1953 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed thirteenth.",
"In the [1954 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1954_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1954 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati entered the [Maserati A6GCS](/wiki/Maserati_A6 \"Maserati A6\") and placed fifth.",
"In the [1955 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1955_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1955 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed fourth.",
"In the [1956 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1956_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1956 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed second including a win at the 1000 km Buenos Aires and the 1000 km at the [Nürburgring](/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring \"Nürburgring\"). \nThe win at [1956 1000 km Buenos Aires](/wiki/1956_1000_km_Buenos_Aires \"1956 1000 km Buenos Aires\") was a [Maserati 300S](/wiki/Maserati_300S \"Maserati 300S\") sports car driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss \"Stirling Moss\") and [Carlos Menditéguy](/wiki/Carlos_Mendit%C3%A9guy \"Carlos Menditéguy\").",
"In the [1957 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1957_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1957 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati again placed second. This time with wins at [Sebring](/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring \"12 Hours of Sebring\") and [Rabelöfsbanan](/wiki/Rabel%C3%B6fsbanan \"Rabelöfsbanan\")",
"In the [1959 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1959_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1959 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed fourth.",
"In the [1960 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1960_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1960 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed third. With a win at the [ADAC](/wiki/ADAC \"ADAC\") [1000 km Nürburgring](/wiki/1000_km_N%C3%BCrburgring \"1000 km Nürburgring\") for a [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 \"Maserati Tipo 61\") driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss \"Stirling Moss\") and [Dan Gurney](/wiki/Dan_Gurney \"Dan Gurney\").",
"In the [1961 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1961_World_Sportscar_Championship \"1961 World Sportscar Championship\") Maserati placed second. With a repeat win at the [ADAC](/wiki/ADAC \"ADAC\") [1000 km Nürburgring](/wiki/1000_km_N%C3%BCrburgring \"1000 km Nürburgring\") for a [Maserati Tipo 61](/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61 \"Maserati Tipo 61\") this time driven by [Lloyd Casner](/wiki/Lloyd_Casner \"Lloyd Casner\") and [Masten Gregory](/wiki/Masten_Gregory \"Masten Gregory\").",
""
] |
Career
------
### 2011–2017: Early career
Prasanth Varma began his career in 2011 by directing a short film *Deenamma Jeevitham.*{{Cite news\|last\=Dundoo\|first\=Sangeetha Devi\|date\=6 February 2018\|title\='Awe' is an experiment that got bigger and bigger\|language\=en\-IN\|newspaper\=\[\[The Hindu]]\|url\-access\=subscription\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet\-prashant\-varma\-the\-director\-of\-the\-soon\-to\-release\-awe/article22667677\.ece\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|issn\=0971\-751X\|archive\-date\=29 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529160110/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet\-prashant\-varma\-the\-director\-of\-the\-soon\-to\-release\-awe/article22667677\.ecee/article22667677\.ece\|url\-status\=live}} He then directed [ad films](/wiki/Television_advertisement "Television advertisement") and a few [short films](/wiki/Short_film "Short film"), including *A Silent Melody* (2014\) and *Dialogue in the Dark* (2017\). In 2015, he directed a five\-episode web series, *Not Out*, starring [Brian Lara](/wiki/Brian_Lara "Brian Lara"), which premiered on [YuppTV](/wiki/YuppTV "YuppTV").{{Cite web\|date\=5 November 2015\|title\=YuppTV Launches Its First Original Content with a Web Series Starring Cricket Legend \- Brian Lara is NOT OUT!\|url\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151105005603/en/YuppTV\-Launches\-Its\-First\-Original\-Content\-with\-a\-Web\-Series\-Starring\-Cricket\-Legend\-\-\-Brian\-Lara\-is\-NOT\-OUT%21\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|website\=businesswire.com\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=24 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204106/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151105005603/en/YuppTV\-Launches\-Its\-First\-Original\-Content\-with\-a\-Web\-Series\-Starring\-Cricket\-Legend\-\-\-Brian\-Lara\-is\-NOT\-OUT!\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|date\=5 November 2015\|title\=Yupp TV launches first web series with Brian Lara\|url\=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott\-services/yupp\-tv\-launches\-first\-web\-series\-with\-brian\-lara\-151105\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|website\=Indian Television Dot Com\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=24 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204134/https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott\-services/yupp\-tv\-launches\-first\-web\-series\-with\-brian\-lara\-151105\|url\-status\=live}} In an interview with *[Idlebrain.com](/wiki/Idlebrain.com "Idlebrain.com")*, Prasanth Varma named [Singeetam Srinivasa Rao](/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao "Singeetam Srinivasa Rao") as his biggest inspiration, admiring how he never repeated himself in his work. He is also influenced by [Christopher Nolan](/wiki/Christopher_Nolan "Christopher Nolan"), [K. Viswanath](/wiki/K._Viswanath "K. Viswanath"), and [Mani Ratnam](/wiki/Mani_Ratnam "Mani Ratnam").{{Cite web \|date\=14 February 2018 \|title\=Interview with Prasanth Varma about Awe \|url\=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/prasanthvarma\-awe.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722033733/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/prasanthvarma\-awe.html \|archive\-date\=22 July 2021 \|access\-date\= \|website\=\[\[Idlebrain.com]]}}
### 2018–present: Directorial debut and critical acclaim
In 2017, Prashanth Varma presented the storyline of [*Awe*](/wiki/Awe_%28film%29 "Awe (film)") to actor [Nani](/wiki/Nani_%28actor%29 "Nani (actor)"), securing its production through Wall Poster Cinema alongside [Prashanti Tipirneni](/wiki/Prashanti_Tipirneni "Prashanti Tipirneni"). Released in 2018, the film marked his directorial debut and garnered acclaim for its subversive depiction of psychological and social issues, including [child abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse "Child abuse"), [sexual abuse](/wiki/Sexual_abuse "Sexual abuse"), and [drug abuse](/wiki/Drug_abuse "Drug abuse"). Critics, including [Baradwaj Rangan](/wiki/Baradwaj_Rangan "Baradwaj Rangan"), praised his narrative and direction, with special emphasis on the portrayal of lesbian characters in the movie.{{Cite web\|date\=1 March 2018\|title\=Awe Movie Review by Baradwaj Rangan \- Filmcompanion\|url\=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu\-review/awe\-movie\-review\-baradwaj\-rangan/\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|website\=Film Companion\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=24 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu\-review/awe\-movie\-review\-baradwaj\-rangan/\|url\-status\=live}} The film's success also highlighted Varma's ability to effectively integrate visual effects into storytelling, a skill he honed through hands\-on experience in his early career.
Following *Awe*, Varma continued to explore diverse genres. His next release, [*Kalki*](/wiki/Kalki_%282019_Telugu_film%29 "Kalki (2019 Telugu film)") (2019\), starring [Rajasekhar](/wiki/Rajasekhar_%28actor%29 "Rajasekhar (actor)") and produced by C. Kalyan, was originally conceived as a [web series](/wiki/Web_series "Web series"). However, Varma adapted the screenplay into a feature film format, a process that took eight months.{{Cite web\|title\=Interview with Prasanth Varma about Kalki by Maya Nelluri \- Telugu cinema director\|url\=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/prasanthvarma\-kalki.html\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|website\=idlebrain.com\|archive\-date\=6 April 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406215748/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/prasanthvarma\-kalki.html\|url\-status\=live}} *Kalki* received mixed reviews from critics.
Prasanth Varma's third release was *[Zombie Reddy](/wiki/Zombie_Reddy "Zombie Reddy")* (2021\),{{Citation\|title\=Zombie Reddy Movie Review: A desi zombie film complete with factionism and lots of drama\|newspaper\=The Times of India \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie\-reviews/zombie\-reddy/movie\-review/80704272\.cms\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|archive\-date\=29 September 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929030224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie\-reviews/zombie\-reddy/movie\-review/80704272\.cms\|url\-status\=live}} originally scheduled for 2020 but delayed due to the [COVID\-19 lockdown in India](/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India "COVID-19 lockdown in India"). Marketed as the first [zombie film](/wiki/Zombie_film "Zombie film") in [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema"),{{Cite web \|date\=5 December 2020 \|title\=Teaser of Prasanth Varma's Zombie Reddy: The First Bite Is Pretty Cool, And Has Corona References Too \|url\=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu\-features/telugu\-movies\-teaser\-of\-prasanth\-varma\-zombie\-reddy\-the\-first\-bite\-is\-pretty\-cool\-corona/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205070822/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu\-features/telugu\-movies\-teaser\-of\-prasanth\-varma\-zombie\-reddy\-the\-first\-bite\-is\-pretty\-cool\-corona/ \|archive\-date\=5 December 2020 \|access\-date\=6 December 2020 \|website\=Film Companion}} it received positive reviews and performed well at the box office. Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of *[The Hindu](/wiki/The_Hindu "The Hindu")* wrote that "In one stroke, director Prasanth Varma juxtaposes different worlds—a pandemic looming large, zombies, Rayalaseema faction rivalry—to hilarious effect"{{Cite news\|last\=Dundoo\|first\=Sangeetha Devi\|date\=5 February 2021\|title\='Zombie Reddy' movie review: When the zombies attack Seema\|newspaper\=\[\[The Hindu]]\|url\-access\=subscription\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/zombie\-reddy\-review\-when\-zombies\-attack\-seema/article33759119\.ece\|access\-date\=8 February 2021\|issn\=0971\-751X\|archive\-date\=7 February 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207161609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/zombie\-reddy\-review\-when\-zombies\-attack\-seema/article33759119\.ece\|url\-status\=live}}
On 29 May 2021, he announced his next film *[Hanu\-Man](/wiki/Hanu-Man "Hanu-Man").*{{Cite web\|date\=29 May 2021\|title\=Hanu\-Man: Awe director Prasanth Varma announces Telugu cinema's first superhero film\|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu\-cinema/hanuman\-awe\-director\-prasanth\-varma\-announces\-telugu\-cinema\-s\-first\-superhero\-film\-101622273853216\.html\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|website\=Hindustan Times\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=6 October 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054907/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu\-cinema/hanuman\-awe\-director\-prasanth\-varma\-announces\-telugu\-cinema\-s\-first\-superhero\-film\-101622273853216\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The film is marketed as the first [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema") [Superhero film](/wiki/Superhero_film "Superhero film").{{Cite web\|date\=29 May 2021\|title\=Director Prasanth Varma announces next Telugu film, 'Hanu\-Man'\|url\=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director\-prasanth\-varma\-announces\-next\-telugu\-film\-hanu\-man\-149749\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|website\=The News Minute\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=24 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205610/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director\-prasanth\-varma\-announces\-next\-telugu\-film\-hanu\-man\-149749\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite magazine\|author\=Janani K.\|date\=29 May 2021\|title\=Director Prasanth Varma announces Telugu's first superhero film Hanu\-Man. Watch\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional\-cinema/story/director\-prasanth\-varma\-announces\-telugu\-s\-first\-superhero\-film\-hanu\-man\-watch\-1808322\-2021\-05\-29\|access\-date\=22 June 2021\|magazine\=India Today\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=6 October 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006160729/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional\-cinema/story/director\-prasanth\-varma\-announces\-telugu\-s\-first\-superhero\-film\-hanu\-man\-watch\-1808322\-2021\-05\-29\|url\-status\=live}} Starring [Teja Sajja](/wiki/Teja_Sajja "Teja Sajja") as Hanumanthu and [Amritha Aiyer](/wiki/Amritha_Aiyer "Amritha Aiyer") as Meenakshi, the film was released on 12 January 2024, coinciding with [Sankranti](/wiki/Makar_Sankranti "Makar Sankranti"). It served as the first installment of the Prasanth Varma Cinematic Universe (PVCU), inspired by [Indian mythology](/wiki/Hindu_mythology "Hindu mythology"). The film received highly positive reviews for its direction, screenwriting, performances, visualization, background score, VFX, production design and action sequences. With a global box office gross of over ₹350 crore, it became the [highest\-grossing Telugu film of 2024](/wiki/List_of_Telugu_films_of_2024 "List of Telugu films of 2024"), the [highest\-grossing Indian film of 2024](/wiki/List_of_Indian_films_of_2024 "List of Indian films of 2024") and the [eight highest\-grossing Telugu film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Telugu_films "List of highest-grossing Telugu films") of all time.{{Cite web\|url\=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman\-director\-prasanth\-varma\-next\-movie\-is\-adhira\-121705060736108\.html\|title\=Prasanth Varma Next Movie: ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ తర్వాతి చిత్రం ఏదో తెలుసా! 'జై హనుమాన్' కంటే ముందే మరో సూపర్ హీరో మూవీ\|website\=Hindustan Times Telugu\|language\=te\|quote\=ఈ మూవీని ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ తెరకెక్కించిన విధానం, నరేషన్, పీఎఫ్ఎక్స్, ఎలివేషన్లు, హనుమంతుడిని చూపించిన విధానం, నటీనటుల పర్ఫార్మెన్స్, బ్యాక్గ్రౌండ్ మ్యూజిక్ ఇలా అన్ని విషయాల్లో హనుమాన్కు మంచి టాక్ వస్తోంది.\|access\-date\=28 January 2024\|archive\-date\=23 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181741/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman\-director\-prasanth\-varma\-next\-movie\-is\-adhira\-121705060736108\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|date\=27 January 2024\|title\=HanuMan director Prasanth Varma says he 'wasted a lot of time' waiting for stars like Ram Charan, Allu Arjun and Jr NTR: 'Even if Tom Cruise comes to me…'\|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman\-director\-prasanth\-varma\-says\-he\-wasted\-a\-lot\-of\-time\-waiting\-for\-stars\-like\-ram\-charan\-allu\-arjun\-and\-jr\-ntr\-even\-if\-tom\-cruise\-comes\-to\-me\-9130130/\|access\-date\=27 January 2024\|website\=\[\[The Indian Express]]\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=27 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127082117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman\-director\-prasanth\-varma\-says\-he\-wasted\-a\-lot\-of\-time\-waiting\-for\-stars\-like\-ram\-charan\-allu\-arjun\-and\-jr\-ntr\-even\-if\-tom\-cruise\-comes\-to\-me\-9130130/\|url\-status\=live}}
### Scriptsville
In 2018, Prasanth Varma founded Scriptsville with his sister Sneha Sameera to enhance screenwriting in [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema"). Scriptsville aims to help new and unrecognized writers gain recognition and proper credit.
The idea for Scriptsville came from Prasanth's understanding of the industry's need for professional script development and writer recognition. After the success of his debut film *Awe*, Prasanth and Sameera launched Scriptsville to offer a platform for both emerging and established writers. They invited writers to submit their ideas and received over a thousand submissions, from which a few promising stories were chosen for development. Initially, Scriptsville began with ten writers—five full\-time and five working remotely or part\-time.
Scriptsville has played a role in developing several scripts, including those for Prasanth's film *Kalki*. The organization assists with dialogues, screenplay structure, and solving script issues. They also plan to sell scripts to directors and producers to promote quality writing.
As of May 2023, Scriptsville continues to work on new films and web series, advancing its goal to improve screenwriting in Telugu cinema.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 2011–2017: Early career",
"Prasanth Varma began his career in 2011 by directing a short film *Deenamma Jeevitham.*{{Cite news\\|last\\=Dundoo\\|first\\=Sangeetha Devi\\|date\\=6 February 2018\\|title\\='Awe' is an experiment that got bigger and bigger\\|language\\=en\\-IN\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet\\-prashant\\-varma\\-the\\-director\\-of\\-the\\-soon\\-to\\-release\\-awe/article22667677\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X\\|archive\\-date\\=29 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529160110/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet\\-prashant\\-varma\\-the\\-director\\-of\\-the\\-soon\\-to\\-release\\-awe/article22667677\\.ecee/article22667677\\.ece\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He then directed [ad films](/wiki/Television_advertisement \"Television advertisement\") and a few [short films](/wiki/Short_film \"Short film\"), including *A Silent Melody* (2014\\) and *Dialogue in the Dark* (2017\\). In 2015, he directed a five\\-episode web series, *Not Out*, starring [Brian Lara](/wiki/Brian_Lara \"Brian Lara\"), which premiered on [YuppTV](/wiki/YuppTV \"YuppTV\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=5 November 2015\\|title\\=YuppTV Launches Its First Original Content with a Web Series Starring Cricket Legend \\- Brian Lara is NOT OUT!\\|url\\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151105005603/en/YuppTV\\-Launches\\-Its\\-First\\-Original\\-Content\\-with\\-a\\-Web\\-Series\\-Starring\\-Cricket\\-Legend\\-\\-\\-Brian\\-Lara\\-is\\-NOT\\-OUT%21\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|website\\=businesswire.com\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204106/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151105005603/en/YuppTV\\-Launches\\-Its\\-First\\-Original\\-Content\\-with\\-a\\-Web\\-Series\\-Starring\\-Cricket\\-Legend\\-\\-\\-Brian\\-Lara\\-is\\-NOT\\-OUT!\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=5 November 2015\\|title\\=Yupp TV launches first web series with Brian Lara\\|url\\=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott\\-services/yupp\\-tv\\-launches\\-first\\-web\\-series\\-with\\-brian\\-lara\\-151105\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|website\\=Indian Television Dot Com\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204134/https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott\\-services/yupp\\-tv\\-launches\\-first\\-web\\-series\\-with\\-brian\\-lara\\-151105\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In an interview with *[Idlebrain.com](/wiki/Idlebrain.com \"Idlebrain.com\")*, Prasanth Varma named [Singeetam Srinivasa Rao](/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao \"Singeetam Srinivasa Rao\") as his biggest inspiration, admiring how he never repeated himself in his work. He is also influenced by [Christopher Nolan](/wiki/Christopher_Nolan \"Christopher Nolan\"), [K. Viswanath](/wiki/K._Viswanath \"K. Viswanath\"), and [Mani Ratnam](/wiki/Mani_Ratnam \"Mani Ratnam\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=14 February 2018 \\|title\\=Interview with Prasanth Varma about Awe \\|url\\=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/prasanthvarma\\-awe.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722033733/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/prasanthvarma\\-awe.html \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2021 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=\\[\\[Idlebrain.com]]}}",
"### 2018–present: Directorial debut and critical acclaim",
"In 2017, Prashanth Varma presented the storyline of [*Awe*](/wiki/Awe_%28film%29 \"Awe (film)\") to actor [Nani](/wiki/Nani_%28actor%29 \"Nani (actor)\"), securing its production through Wall Poster Cinema alongside [Prashanti Tipirneni](/wiki/Prashanti_Tipirneni \"Prashanti Tipirneni\"). Released in 2018, the film marked his directorial debut and garnered acclaim for its subversive depiction of psychological and social issues, including [child abuse](/wiki/Child_abuse \"Child abuse\"), [sexual abuse](/wiki/Sexual_abuse \"Sexual abuse\"), and [drug abuse](/wiki/Drug_abuse \"Drug abuse\"). Critics, including [Baradwaj Rangan](/wiki/Baradwaj_Rangan \"Baradwaj Rangan\"), praised his narrative and direction, with special emphasis on the portrayal of lesbian characters in the movie.{{Cite web\\|date\\=1 March 2018\\|title\\=Awe Movie Review by Baradwaj Rangan \\- Filmcompanion\\|url\\=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu\\-review/awe\\-movie\\-review\\-baradwaj\\-rangan/\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|website\\=Film Companion\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu\\-review/awe\\-movie\\-review\\-baradwaj\\-rangan/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The film's success also highlighted Varma's ability to effectively integrate visual effects into storytelling, a skill he honed through hands\\-on experience in his early career.",
"Following *Awe*, Varma continued to explore diverse genres. His next release, [*Kalki*](/wiki/Kalki_%282019_Telugu_film%29 \"Kalki (2019 Telugu film)\") (2019\\), starring [Rajasekhar](/wiki/Rajasekhar_%28actor%29 \"Rajasekhar (actor)\") and produced by C. Kalyan, was originally conceived as a [web series](/wiki/Web_series \"Web series\"). However, Varma adapted the screenplay into a feature film format, a process that took eight months.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Interview with Prasanth Varma about Kalki by Maya Nelluri \\- Telugu cinema director\\|url\\=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/prasanthvarma\\-kalki.html\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|website\\=idlebrain.com\\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406215748/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/prasanthvarma\\-kalki.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Kalki* received mixed reviews from critics.",
"Prasanth Varma's third release was *[Zombie Reddy](/wiki/Zombie_Reddy \"Zombie Reddy\")* (2021\\),{{Citation\\|title\\=Zombie Reddy Movie Review: A desi zombie film complete with factionism and lots of drama\\|newspaper\\=The Times of India \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie\\-reviews/zombie\\-reddy/movie\\-review/80704272\\.cms\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929030224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie\\-reviews/zombie\\-reddy/movie\\-review/80704272\\.cms\\|url\\-status\\=live}} originally scheduled for 2020 but delayed due to the [COVID\\-19 lockdown in India](/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India \"COVID-19 lockdown in India\"). Marketed as the first [zombie film](/wiki/Zombie_film \"Zombie film\") in [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\"),{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 December 2020 \\|title\\=Teaser of Prasanth Varma's Zombie Reddy: The First Bite Is Pretty Cool, And Has Corona References Too \\|url\\=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu\\-features/telugu\\-movies\\-teaser\\-of\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-zombie\\-reddy\\-the\\-first\\-bite\\-is\\-pretty\\-cool\\-corona/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205070822/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu\\-features/telugu\\-movies\\-teaser\\-of\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-zombie\\-reddy\\-the\\-first\\-bite\\-is\\-pretty\\-cool\\-corona/ \\|archive\\-date\\=5 December 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2020 \\|website\\=Film Companion}} it received positive reviews and performed well at the box office. Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of *[The Hindu](/wiki/The_Hindu \"The Hindu\")* wrote that \"In one stroke, director Prasanth Varma juxtaposes different worlds—a pandemic looming large, zombies, Rayalaseema faction rivalry—to hilarious effect\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Dundoo\\|first\\=Sangeetha Devi\\|date\\=5 February 2021\\|title\\='Zombie Reddy' movie review: When the zombies attack Seema\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/zombie\\-reddy\\-review\\-when\\-zombies\\-attack\\-seema/article33759119\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X\\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207161609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/zombie\\-reddy\\-review\\-when\\-zombies\\-attack\\-seema/article33759119\\.ece\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 29 May 2021, he announced his next film *[Hanu\\-Man](/wiki/Hanu-Man \"Hanu-Man\").*{{Cite web\\|date\\=29 May 2021\\|title\\=Hanu\\-Man: Awe director Prasanth Varma announces Telugu cinema's first superhero film\\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu\\-cinema/hanuman\\-awe\\-director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-announces\\-telugu\\-cinema\\-s\\-first\\-superhero\\-film\\-101622273853216\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|website\\=Hindustan Times\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054907/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu\\-cinema/hanuman\\-awe\\-director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-announces\\-telugu\\-cinema\\-s\\-first\\-superhero\\-film\\-101622273853216\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The film is marketed as the first [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\") [Superhero film](/wiki/Superhero_film \"Superhero film\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=29 May 2021\\|title\\=Director Prasanth Varma announces next Telugu film, 'Hanu\\-Man'\\|url\\=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-announces\\-next\\-telugu\\-film\\-hanu\\-man\\-149749\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|website\\=The News Minute\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205610/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-announces\\-next\\-telugu\\-film\\-hanu\\-man\\-149749\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite magazine\\|author\\=Janani K.\\|date\\=29 May 2021\\|title\\=Director Prasanth Varma announces Telugu's first superhero film Hanu\\-Man. Watch\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional\\-cinema/story/director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-announces\\-telugu\\-s\\-first\\-superhero\\-film\\-hanu\\-man\\-watch\\-1808322\\-2021\\-05\\-29\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2021\\|magazine\\=India Today\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006160729/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional\\-cinema/story/director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-announces\\-telugu\\-s\\-first\\-superhero\\-film\\-hanu\\-man\\-watch\\-1808322\\-2021\\-05\\-29\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Starring [Teja Sajja](/wiki/Teja_Sajja \"Teja Sajja\") as Hanumanthu and [Amritha Aiyer](/wiki/Amritha_Aiyer \"Amritha Aiyer\") as Meenakshi, the film was released on 12 January 2024, coinciding with [Sankranti](/wiki/Makar_Sankranti \"Makar Sankranti\"). It served as the first installment of the Prasanth Varma Cinematic Universe (PVCU), inspired by [Indian mythology](/wiki/Hindu_mythology \"Hindu mythology\"). The film received highly positive reviews for its direction, screenwriting, performances, visualization, background score, VFX, production design and action sequences. With a global box office gross of over ₹350 crore, it became the [highest\\-grossing Telugu film of 2024](/wiki/List_of_Telugu_films_of_2024 \"List of Telugu films of 2024\"), the [highest\\-grossing Indian film of 2024](/wiki/List_of_Indian_films_of_2024 \"List of Indian films of 2024\") and the [eight highest\\-grossing Telugu film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Telugu_films \"List of highest-grossing Telugu films\") of all time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman\\-director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-next\\-movie\\-is\\-adhira\\-121705060736108\\.html\\|title\\=Prasanth Varma Next Movie: ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ తర్వాతి చిత్రం ఏదో తెలుసా! 'జై హనుమాన్' కంటే ముందే మరో సూపర్ హీరో మూవీ\\|website\\=Hindustan Times Telugu\\|language\\=te\\|quote\\=ఈ మూవీని ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ తెరకెక్కించిన విధానం, నరేషన్, పీఎఫ్ఎక్స్, ఎలివేషన్లు, హనుమంతుడిని చూపించిన విధానం, నటీనటుల పర్ఫార్మెన్స్, బ్యాక్గ్రౌండ్ మ్యూజిక్ ఇలా అన్ని విషయాల్లో హనుమాన్కు మంచి టాక్ వస్తోంది.\\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2024\\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181741/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman\\-director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-next\\-movie\\-is\\-adhira\\-121705060736108\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=27 January 2024\\|title\\=HanuMan director Prasanth Varma says he 'wasted a lot of time' waiting for stars like Ram Charan, Allu Arjun and Jr NTR: 'Even if Tom Cruise comes to me…'\\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman\\-director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-says\\-he\\-wasted\\-a\\-lot\\-of\\-time\\-waiting\\-for\\-stars\\-like\\-ram\\-charan\\-allu\\-arjun\\-and\\-jr\\-ntr\\-even\\-if\\-tom\\-cruise\\-comes\\-to\\-me\\-9130130/\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2024\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Indian Express]]\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127082117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman\\-director\\-prasanth\\-varma\\-says\\-he\\-wasted\\-a\\-lot\\-of\\-time\\-waiting\\-for\\-stars\\-like\\-ram\\-charan\\-allu\\-arjun\\-and\\-jr\\-ntr\\-even\\-if\\-tom\\-cruise\\-comes\\-to\\-me\\-9130130/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Scriptsville",
"In 2018, Prasanth Varma founded Scriptsville with his sister Sneha Sameera to enhance screenwriting in [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\"). Scriptsville aims to help new and unrecognized writers gain recognition and proper credit.",
"The idea for Scriptsville came from Prasanth's understanding of the industry's need for professional script development and writer recognition. After the success of his debut film *Awe*, Prasanth and Sameera launched Scriptsville to offer a platform for both emerging and established writers. They invited writers to submit their ideas and received over a thousand submissions, from which a few promising stories were chosen for development. Initially, Scriptsville began with ten writers—five full\\-time and five working remotely or part\\-time.",
"Scriptsville has played a role in developing several scripts, including those for Prasanth's film *Kalki*. The organization assists with dialogues, screenplay structure, and solving script issues. They also plan to sell scripts to directors and producers to promote quality writing.",
"As of May 2023, Scriptsville continues to work on new films and web series, advancing its goal to improve screenwriting in Telugu cinema.",
""
] |
Career
------
Baker started his career as a stage actor in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and assisted [Norman Mailer](/wiki/Norman_Mailer "Norman Mailer") in the stage adaptation of Mailer's novel *The Deer Park*. Once he moved to [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles "Hollywood, Los Angeles"), he acted in a series of [B movies](/wiki/B_movie "B movie"). He also continued to do stage work, directing the 1973 premiere of *The Grabbing of the Fairy*, a [masque](/wiki/Masque "Masque") by [Michael McClure](/wiki/Michael_McClure "Michael McClure").
He produced and directed his own film, *Bongo Wolf's Revenge*{{cite web\|title\=Bongo Wolf's Revenge (1970\)\|url\=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/4695\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526010726/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/4695\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2009\-05\-26\|publisher\=\[\[British Film Institute]]}} in 1970\. The cast included [Severn Darden](/wiki/Severn_Darden "Severn Darden") and [P. J. Proby](/wiki/P._J._Proby "P. J. Proby"). A number of people from Jim Morrison's circle of friends worked on the production including Paul Ferrara, Babe Hill and Frank Lisciandro and music was provided by [Mike Bloomfield](/wiki/Mike_Bloomfield "Mike Bloomfield") and [The Doors](/wiki/The_Doors "The Doors").
Andy Warhol cast Baker in one of his films, [*I, A Man*](/wiki/I%2C_a_Man "I, a Man") (reportedly as a replacement for Morrison, who dropped out) and one of his co\-stars was [Valerie Solanas](/wiki/Valerie_Solanas "Valerie Solanas"), who later shot Warhol in his office at [The Factory](/wiki/The_Factory "The Factory").
### Relationship with Jim Morrison
The relationship he had with Morrison and Morrison's long term girlfriend [Pamela Courson](/wiki/Pamela_Courson "Pamela Courson") was described in a memoir, *Blue Centre Light*, and an extract was published in *[High Times](/wiki/High_Times "High Times")* in June 1981\. The stormy friendship between the three of them is depicted in the stage play *[The Lizard King](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-29-ca-2446-story.html)*, written by [Jay Jeff Jones](/wiki/New_Yorkshire_Writing "New Yorkshire Writing"), which was produced in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") in 1991\.
Clay Wilcox took the role of Baker and Jim Morrison was played by [Stephen Nichols](/wiki/Stephen_Nichols "Stephen Nichols").
In November 1969, Morrison found himself in trouble with the law after harassing airline staff during a flight to Phoenix, Arizona to see [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones") in concert. Both he and fellow traveller Baker were charged with "interfering with the flight of an intercontinental aircraft and public drunkenness".
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Baker started his career as a stage actor in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and assisted [Norman Mailer](/wiki/Norman_Mailer \"Norman Mailer\") in the stage adaptation of Mailer's novel *The Deer Park*. Once he moved to [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\"), he acted in a series of [B movies](/wiki/B_movie \"B movie\"). He also continued to do stage work, directing the 1973 premiere of *The Grabbing of the Fairy*, a [masque](/wiki/Masque \"Masque\") by [Michael McClure](/wiki/Michael_McClure \"Michael McClure\").",
"He produced and directed his own film, *Bongo Wolf's Revenge*{{cite web\\|title\\=Bongo Wolf's Revenge (1970\\)\\|url\\=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/4695\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526010726/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/4695\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Film Institute]]}} in 1970\\. The cast included [Severn Darden](/wiki/Severn_Darden \"Severn Darden\") and [P. J. Proby](/wiki/P._J._Proby \"P. J. Proby\"). A number of people from Jim Morrison's circle of friends worked on the production including Paul Ferrara, Babe Hill and Frank Lisciandro and music was provided by [Mike Bloomfield](/wiki/Mike_Bloomfield \"Mike Bloomfield\") and [The Doors](/wiki/The_Doors \"The Doors\"). \nAndy Warhol cast Baker in one of his films, [*I, A Man*](/wiki/I%2C_a_Man \"I, a Man\") (reportedly as a replacement for Morrison, who dropped out) and one of his co\\-stars was [Valerie Solanas](/wiki/Valerie_Solanas \"Valerie Solanas\"), who later shot Warhol in his office at [The Factory](/wiki/The_Factory \"The Factory\").",
"### Relationship with Jim Morrison",
"The relationship he had with Morrison and Morrison's long term girlfriend [Pamela Courson](/wiki/Pamela_Courson \"Pamela Courson\") was described in a memoir, *Blue Centre Light*, and an extract was published in *[High Times](/wiki/High_Times \"High Times\")* in June 1981\\. The stormy friendship between the three of them is depicted in the stage play *[The Lizard King](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-29-ca-2446-story.html)*, written by [Jay Jeff Jones](/wiki/New_Yorkshire_Writing \"New Yorkshire Writing\"), which was produced in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") in 1991\\.",
"Clay Wilcox took the role of Baker and Jim Morrison was played by [Stephen Nichols](/wiki/Stephen_Nichols \"Stephen Nichols\").",
"In November 1969, Morrison found himself in trouble with the law after harassing airline staff during a flight to Phoenix, Arizona to see [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\") in concert. Both he and fellow traveller Baker were charged with \"interfering with the flight of an intercontinental aircraft and public drunkenness\".",
""
] |
Background
----------
Dumas House was part of the 1955 plan to centralise all WA Government departments near [Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Perth "Parliament House, Perth"), based on the [Stephenson\-Hepburn Report](/wiki/Stephenson-Hepburn_Report "Stephenson-Hepburn Report").{{cite web \|url\=http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Content/PdfLoader.aspx?id\=e158fee4\-89d5\-4037\-a80e\-f96e7e7f0316\&type\=assessment \|title\=Register of Heritage Places Assessment Documentation \|accessdate\=10 April 2016 \|format\=PDF \|date\=8 August 2000 \|work\= }} Several such plans had been proposed since the late 1920s, but post\-[World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") state finances and resources were unable to support the proposals. Public Works Department architects G. Finn, E. Van Mens and P. Maidment won a national competition to design the five office buildings that would house the departments. Dumas House was completed in 1965, and was the only building constructed on the site out of the five planned.
Originally called "Government Building", Dumas House was opened by Premier [David Brand](/wiki/David_Brand "David Brand") on 4 March 1966\. Brand's speech at the opening focused on the building's importance to the state:
> It is a big building, and I think a handsome one. But this is not the important point at today's ceremony. As I see it, this building is important not only because it provides essential office accommodation of a good standard essential for workers but because it is a symbol of a great era of progress for Western Australia. It is one of the signs of the beginning of a new age of development \- aided by science, aided by an unprecedented inflow of capital funds, aided by great enthusiasm for the harnessing of our enormous resources and spurred on by the enterprise of thousands of people, partnerships, groups and companies from one end of the State to the other. I
> believe history will look back on the 'sixties as one of the landmarks in the story of our State.
In 1968, the state government scrapped its plans for five office buildings on the site for two reasons: increased traffic caused by the first building was such that the traffic for five buildings would have been unbearable, and politicians believed that five buildings on such a prominent site would give the appearance of "dominance by the bureaucracy \- a '[big brother](/wiki/Big_Brother_%28Nineteen_Eighty-Four%29 "Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)")' complex".
The building was named "Dumas House" in February 1978, in honour of [Russell Dumas](/wiki/Russell_Dumas "Russell Dumas"), who was the Director of Works and Buildings for the [Public Works Department](/wiki/Public_Works_Department_%28Western_Australia%29 "Public Works Department (Western Australia)") between 1941 and 1953\.
Dumas House is an example of the post\-war [International Style of architecture](/wiki/International_Style_%28architecture%29 "International Style (architecture)"), with a modular grid building plan, glazed panelling and an open piazza. The International style was adapted for Australian conditions by adding horizontal slabs that project from the sides of the building and provide shade. The building's construction, including fittings, cost $4,900,000\.
The building is owned by the Department of Housing and Works of the [Government of Western Australia](/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia "Government of Western Australia").
In 1985, consideration was given to the presence of [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos "Asbestos") in the construction of the building.{{Citation \| author1\=Ian Silver Partnership \| title\=Dumas House asbestos treatment : cost indications, 29th November, 1985 \| publication\-date\=1985 \| publisher\=The Partnership \| url\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18994709 \| accessdate\=28 March 2012 }}{{Citation \| author1\=Western Australia. Commission for Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare. Special Working Party on Asbestos in Dumas House \| title\=The management of asbestos in Dumas House \| publication\-date\=1985 \| publisher\=Commission for Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare \| url\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34205106 \| accessdate\=28 March 2012 }} Extensive refurbishment of the building's interior was undertaken in 2012,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/News/Building\_Management\_and\_Works/Refurbishment\_complete\_at\_Dumas\_House.aspx \|title\=Refurbishment complete at Dumas House \|accessdate\=10 April 2016 \|date\=12 December 2012 \|publisher\=Department of Finance \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421012911/https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/News/Building\_Management\_and\_Works/Refurbishment\_complete\_at\_Dumas\_House.aspx \|archive\-date\=21 April 2016 \|url\-status\=dead }} and façade restoration works in 2015–2018\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/News/Building\_Management\_and\_Works/Dumas\_House\_Facade.aspx \|title\=Facelift for Government office icon \|accessdate\=10 April 2016 \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=Department of Finance \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413023949/https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/News/Building\_Management\_and\_Works/Dumas\_House\_Facade.aspx\|archive\-date\=13 April 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/suppliers/sika\-australia/dumas\-house \| title\=Dumas House, Sika Australia \|date\=28 July 2022 \|website\=Architecture \& Design \|access\-date\=10 October 2022\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803071957/https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/suppliers/sika\-australia/dumas\-house \|archive\-date\=3 August 2022}}
The Perth [weather radar](/wiki/Weather_radar "Weather radar") was once housed on its roof.{{cite web\|url\=http://mirror.bom.gov.au/weather/radar/info/WA.info.shtml\#S12\|title\=Western Australia Radar Site Information\|publisher\=Australian Bureau Of Meteorology\|accessdate\=5 July 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703162619/http://mirror.bom.gov.au/weather/radar/info/WA.info.shtml\#S12\|archive\-date\=3 July 2009\|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"Dumas House was part of the 1955 plan to centralise all WA Government departments near [Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Perth \"Parliament House, Perth\"), based on the [Stephenson\\-Hepburn Report](/wiki/Stephenson-Hepburn_Report \"Stephenson-Hepburn Report\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Content/PdfLoader.aspx?id\\=e158fee4\\-89d5\\-4037\\-a80e\\-f96e7e7f0316\\&type\\=assessment \\|title\\=Register of Heritage Places Assessment Documentation \\|accessdate\\=10 April 2016 \\|format\\=PDF \\|date\\=8 August 2000 \\|work\\= }} Several such plans had been proposed since the late 1920s, but post\\-[World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") state finances and resources were unable to support the proposals. Public Works Department architects G. Finn, E. Van Mens and P. Maidment won a national competition to design the five office buildings that would house the departments. Dumas House was completed in 1965, and was the only building constructed on the site out of the five planned.",
"Originally called \"Government Building\", Dumas House was opened by Premier [David Brand](/wiki/David_Brand \"David Brand\") on 4 March 1966\\. Brand's speech at the opening focused on the building's importance to the state:",
"> It is a big building, and I think a handsome one. But this is not the important point at today's ceremony. As I see it, this building is important not only because it provides essential office accommodation of a good standard essential for workers but because it is a symbol of a great era of progress for Western Australia. It is one of the signs of the beginning of a new age of development \\- aided by science, aided by an unprecedented inflow of capital funds, aided by great enthusiasm for the harnessing of our enormous resources and spurred on by the enterprise of thousands of people, partnerships, groups and companies from one end of the State to the other. I\n> believe history will look back on the 'sixties as one of the landmarks in the story of our State.",
"",
"In 1968, the state government scrapped its plans for five office buildings on the site for two reasons: increased traffic caused by the first building was such that the traffic for five buildings would have been unbearable, and politicians believed that five buildings on such a prominent site would give the appearance of \"dominance by the bureaucracy \\- a '[big brother](/wiki/Big_Brother_%28Nineteen_Eighty-Four%29 \"Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)\")' complex\".",
"The building was named \"Dumas House\" in February 1978, in honour of [Russell Dumas](/wiki/Russell_Dumas \"Russell Dumas\"), who was the Director of Works and Buildings for the [Public Works Department](/wiki/Public_Works_Department_%28Western_Australia%29 \"Public Works Department (Western Australia)\") between 1941 and 1953\\.",
"Dumas House is an example of the post\\-war [International Style of architecture](/wiki/International_Style_%28architecture%29 \"International Style (architecture)\"), with a modular grid building plan, glazed panelling and an open piazza. The International style was adapted for Australian conditions by adding horizontal slabs that project from the sides of the building and provide shade. The building's construction, including fittings, cost $4,900,000\\.",
"The building is owned by the Department of Housing and Works of the [Government of Western Australia](/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia \"Government of Western Australia\").",
"In 1985, consideration was given to the presence of [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos \"Asbestos\") in the construction of the building.{{Citation \\| author1\\=Ian Silver Partnership \\| title\\=Dumas House asbestos treatment : cost indications, 29th November, 1985 \\| publication\\-date\\=1985 \\| publisher\\=The Partnership \\| url\\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18994709 \\| accessdate\\=28 March 2012 }}{{Citation \\| author1\\=Western Australia. Commission for Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare. Special Working Party on Asbestos in Dumas House \\| title\\=The management of asbestos in Dumas House \\| publication\\-date\\=1985 \\| publisher\\=Commission for Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare \\| url\\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34205106 \\| accessdate\\=28 March 2012 }} Extensive refurbishment of the building's interior was undertaken in 2012,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/News/Building\\_Management\\_and\\_Works/Refurbishment\\_complete\\_at\\_Dumas\\_House.aspx \\|title\\=Refurbishment complete at Dumas House \\|accessdate\\=10 April 2016 \\|date\\=12 December 2012 \\|publisher\\=Department of Finance \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421012911/https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/News/Building\\_Management\\_and\\_Works/Refurbishment\\_complete\\_at\\_Dumas\\_House.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=21 April 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and façade restoration works in 2015–2018\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/News/Building\\_Management\\_and\\_Works/Dumas\\_House\\_Facade.aspx \\|title\\=Facelift for Government office icon \\|accessdate\\=10 April 2016 \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=Department of Finance \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413023949/https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/News/Building\\_Management\\_and\\_Works/Dumas\\_House\\_Facade.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/suppliers/sika\\-australia/dumas\\-house \\| title\\=Dumas House, Sika Australia \\|date\\=28 July 2022 \\|website\\=Architecture \\& Design \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803071957/https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/suppliers/sika\\-australia/dumas\\-house \\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2022}}",
"The Perth [weather radar](/wiki/Weather_radar \"Weather radar\") was once housed on its roof.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mirror.bom.gov.au/weather/radar/info/WA.info.shtml\\#S12\\|title\\=Western Australia Radar Site Information\\|publisher\\=Australian Bureau Of Meteorology\\|accessdate\\=5 July 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703162619/http://mirror.bom.gov.au/weather/radar/info/WA.info.shtml\\#S12\\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Hara started appearing in magazines and [TV commercials](/wiki/TV_commercials "TV commercials") after being scouted as a model in 1996\. She made her acting debut one year later in *[Beach Boys](/wiki/Beach_Boys_%28TV_series%29 "Beach Boys (TV series)")* with [Takashi Sorimachi](/wiki/Takashi_Sorimachi "Takashi Sorimachi"). She took on various supporting roles before winning the lead role in the 2000 [NTV](/wiki/Nippon_Television "Nippon Television") [drama](/wiki/Drama "Drama"), *Cinderella wa Nemuranai*.
Hara’s first film role was with [Yukie Nakama](/wiki/Yukie_Nakama "Yukie Nakama") and [Hideaki Itō](/wiki/Hideaki_It%C5%8D "Hideaki Itō") in the 2001 film *[Love Song](/wiki/Love_Song_%28Japanese_film%29 "Love Song (Japanese film)")*. In the same year, she appeared with [Yūko Takeuchi](/wiki/Y%C5%ABko_Takeuchi "Yūko Takeuchi") and [SMAP](/wiki/SMAP "SMAP") leader [Masahiro Nakai](/wiki/Masahiro_Nakai "Masahiro Nakai") in the TV [medical drama](/wiki/Medical_drama "Medical drama"), *Shiroi Kage*.
In 2002, she had to learn [sign language](/wiki/Sign_language "Sign language") to prepare for her role as a [deaf\-mute](/wiki/Deaf-mute "Deaf-mute") in *Shiawase no Shippo*. Hara was then cast as Miyuki Kobayakawa in the [live action](/wiki/Live_action "Live action") version of *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest_%28manga%29 "You're Under Arrest (manga)")*. In 2005 she was cast alongside [Yūki Amami](/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_Amami "Yūki Amami") and [Mirai Shida](/wiki/Mirai_Shida "Mirai Shida") in the dark grade school drama, *[Jyoou no Kyoushitsu](/wiki/Jyoou_no_Kyoushitsu "Jyoou no Kyoushitsu")*.
In 2005 alone, she appeared in five films, including *[Hinokio](/wiki/Hinokio "Hinokio")* and *Semishigure*. She made her first voice acting performance in the critically acclaimed [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") [animated film](/wiki/Animated_film "Animated film"), *[Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo](/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Leapt_Through_Time%232006_animated_film "The Girl Who Leapt Through Time#2006 animated film")* in 2006\.
On April 25, 2007, [NHK](/wiki/NHK "NHK") announced that Hara would be part of its 77th [Asadora](/wiki/Asadora "Asadora"), *Chiritotechin*.{{cite web \| work\=Tokyograph.com \| title\='Chiritotechin' cast announced \| url\=http://www.tokyograph.com/news/id\-962}} Hara’s role as [freelance writer](/wiki/Freelancer "Freelancer") Natsuko Ogata in *Chiritotechin* was her first in a morning drama, and her longest, as the series ran for 151 episodes from October 1, 2007 to March 29, 2008\.
She often works with [Kazushige Nagashima](/wiki/Kazushige_Nagashima "Kazushige Nagashima"), [Zaizen Naomi](/wiki/Zaizen_Naomi "Zaizen Naomi"), [Emi Wakui](/wiki/Emi_Wakui "Emi Wakui"), [Hideaki Itō](/wiki/Hideaki_It%C5%8D "Hideaki Itō"), [Yōko Nogiwa](/wiki/Y%C5%8Dko_Nogiwa "Yōko Nogiwa"), and [Yumiko Shaku](/wiki/Yumiko_Shaku "Yumiko Shaku"), and is often cast as a teacher, lawyer, or nurse.
She usually appears in TV dramas and specials, variety shows and cultural events. She also remains active as endorser. Aside from co\-starring with [Hiroshi Abe](/wiki/Hiroshi_Abe_%28actor%29 "Hiroshi Abe (actor)") in Sekisuiheim commercials, she is also doing promotional work for energy drink [Lipovitan](/wiki/Lipovitan "Lipovitan") Fine (with [Shun Oguri](/wiki/Shun_Oguri "Shun Oguri")).
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Hara started appearing in magazines and [TV commercials](/wiki/TV_commercials \"TV commercials\") after being scouted as a model in 1996\\. She made her acting debut one year later in *[Beach Boys](/wiki/Beach_Boys_%28TV_series%29 \"Beach Boys (TV series)\")* with [Takashi Sorimachi](/wiki/Takashi_Sorimachi \"Takashi Sorimachi\"). She took on various supporting roles before winning the lead role in the 2000 [NTV](/wiki/Nippon_Television \"Nippon Television\") [drama](/wiki/Drama \"Drama\"), *Cinderella wa Nemuranai*.",
"Hara’s first film role was with [Yukie Nakama](/wiki/Yukie_Nakama \"Yukie Nakama\") and [Hideaki Itō](/wiki/Hideaki_It%C5%8D \"Hideaki Itō\") in the 2001 film *[Love Song](/wiki/Love_Song_%28Japanese_film%29 \"Love Song (Japanese film)\")*. In the same year, she appeared with [Yūko Takeuchi](/wiki/Y%C5%ABko_Takeuchi \"Yūko Takeuchi\") and [SMAP](/wiki/SMAP \"SMAP\") leader [Masahiro Nakai](/wiki/Masahiro_Nakai \"Masahiro Nakai\") in the TV [medical drama](/wiki/Medical_drama \"Medical drama\"), *Shiroi Kage*.",
"In 2002, she had to learn [sign language](/wiki/Sign_language \"Sign language\") to prepare for her role as a [deaf\\-mute](/wiki/Deaf-mute \"Deaf-mute\") in *Shiawase no Shippo*. Hara was then cast as Miyuki Kobayakawa in the [live action](/wiki/Live_action \"Live action\") version of *[You're Under Arrest](/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest_%28manga%29 \"You're Under Arrest (manga)\")*. In 2005 she was cast alongside [Yūki Amami](/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_Amami \"Yūki Amami\") and [Mirai Shida](/wiki/Mirai_Shida \"Mirai Shida\") in the dark grade school drama, *[Jyoou no Kyoushitsu](/wiki/Jyoou_no_Kyoushitsu \"Jyoou no Kyoushitsu\")*.",
"In 2005 alone, she appeared in five films, including *[Hinokio](/wiki/Hinokio \"Hinokio\")* and *Semishigure*. She made her first voice acting performance in the critically acclaimed [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") [animated film](/wiki/Animated_film \"Animated film\"), *[Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo](/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Leapt_Through_Time%232006_animated_film \"The Girl Who Leapt Through Time#2006 animated film\")* in 2006\\.",
"On April 25, 2007, [NHK](/wiki/NHK \"NHK\") announced that Hara would be part of its 77th [Asadora](/wiki/Asadora \"Asadora\"), *Chiritotechin*.{{cite web \\| work\\=Tokyograph.com \\| title\\='Chiritotechin' cast announced \\| url\\=http://www.tokyograph.com/news/id\\-962}} Hara’s role as [freelance writer](/wiki/Freelancer \"Freelancer\") Natsuko Ogata in *Chiritotechin* was her first in a morning drama, and her longest, as the series ran for 151 episodes from October 1, 2007 to March 29, 2008\\.",
"She often works with [Kazushige Nagashima](/wiki/Kazushige_Nagashima \"Kazushige Nagashima\"), [Zaizen Naomi](/wiki/Zaizen_Naomi \"Zaizen Naomi\"), [Emi Wakui](/wiki/Emi_Wakui \"Emi Wakui\"), [Hideaki Itō](/wiki/Hideaki_It%C5%8D \"Hideaki Itō\"), [Yōko Nogiwa](/wiki/Y%C5%8Dko_Nogiwa \"Yōko Nogiwa\"), and [Yumiko Shaku](/wiki/Yumiko_Shaku \"Yumiko Shaku\"), and is often cast as a teacher, lawyer, or nurse.",
"She usually appears in TV dramas and specials, variety shows and cultural events. She also remains active as endorser. Aside from co\\-starring with [Hiroshi Abe](/wiki/Hiroshi_Abe_%28actor%29 \"Hiroshi Abe (actor)\") in Sekisuiheim commercials, she is also doing promotional work for energy drink [Lipovitan](/wiki/Lipovitan \"Lipovitan\") Fine (with [Shun Oguri](/wiki/Shun_Oguri \"Shun Oguri\")).",
""
] |
All\-Ireland final
------------------
### Overview
Sunday 4 September was the date of the 1966 All\-Ireland senior hurling final between [Cork](/wiki/Cork_GAA "Cork GAA") and [Kilkenny](/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA "Kilkenny GAA"). It was Cork's first appearance in a final in ten years while Kilkenny were lining out in their first championship decider since 1964\. Furthermore, it was the first championship meeting of these two great rivals in nineteen years.
In the build\-up to the game there was speculation in the Cork camp that 45\-year\-old [Christy Ring](/wiki/Christy_Ring "Christy Ring"), the man regarded by players and commentators alike as the greatest player of all\-time would come out of retirement to play on the Cork team. During his playing days he had won a record eight All\-Ireland medals, however, this record was equaled by [Tipperary](/wiki/Tipperary_GAA "Tipperary GAA")’s [John Doyle](/wiki/John_Doyle_%28Tipperary_hurler%29 "John Doyle (Tipperary hurler)") in 1965\. While many saw it as an impossibility that Ring would play or even by named as a substitute, many more were determined that he should line out in an effort to capture a ninth winners’ medal. In the end Ring didn't play, and one of the youngest Cork teams of all\-time turned out and they were firm underdogs compared to a vastly experienced Kilkenny side. The majority of the Cork team had never played in [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park "Croke Park") before, while their captain, [Gerald McCarthy](/wiki/Gerald_McCarthy_%28hurler%29 "Gerald McCarthy (hurler)"), was still an under\-21 player. For Kilkenny, Croke Park was a virtual home from home.
The weather on the day featured heavy showers before the match resulting in a greasy surface. Coupled with this was that there was also a strong breeze blowing up the field towards [Hill 16](/wiki/Hill_16_%28Croke_Park%29 "Hill 16 (Croke Park)").
Before the game itself there were some special celebrations to mark the [golden jubilee](/wiki/Golden_jubilee "Golden jubilee") of the [Easter Rising](/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") in 1916\. 500 survivors of the insurrection were specially invited by GAA Central Council to attend the game and, appropriately, they were seated in section R of the Hogan Stand. They were uniquely honoured when the Artane Boys Band played [Pádraig Pearse](/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse "Pádraig Pearse")’s song O Ró sé do bheatha bhaile prior to the [national anthem](/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann "Amhrán na bhFiann").
### Match report
With the pre\-match festivities completed the game began. The opening minutes saw both sides fighting tooth and nail together with end to end action. The Kilkenny defence were put under pressure in the opening three minutes with goalkeeper [Ollie Walsh](/wiki/Ollie_Walsh "Ollie Walsh") making a number of great saves. In spite of this pressure from Cork it was [John Teehan](/wiki/John_Teehan "John Teehan") of Kilkenny who recorded the first score after four minutes. [Eddie Keher](/wiki/Eddie_Keher "Eddie Keher") converted a free shortly after to put Kilkenny two points ahead. Both sides shot four wides over the course of the next few minutes before Keher landed another free to give his team a three point lead. After sixteen minutes of play Cork registered their first score courtesy of a free by [Seánie Barry](/wiki/Se%C3%A1nie_Barry "Seánie Barry"). Keher and Barry shot two more wides for their respective teams shortly after, before the former converted two more points to give Kilkenny a five points to one point lead.
After twenty\-two minutes Cork were awarded a free on the twenty\-one yard line. Seánie Barry lined up to take it as [Telefís Éireann](/wiki/RT%C3%89 "RTÉ") commentator [Michael O'Hehir](/wiki/Michael_O%27Hehir "Michael O'Hehir") wondered if he would be ‘satisfied with a point’. Barry went for a goal but it was stopped on the line and batted out, however, it was batted out to the waiting [Colm Sheehan](/wiki/Colm_Sheehan "Colm Sheehan") who sent the sliothar crashing to the Kilkenny net. In the space of a few minutes Cork were back in the game and only trailed by a single point after a long period of Kilkenny dominance. Eddie Keher increased this deficit to two points when he pointed another free on the twenty\-five\-minute mark. Shortly after the puck out the sliothar broke to Cork's [Charlie McCarthy](/wiki/Charlie_McCarthy_%28hurler%29 "Charlie McCarthy (hurler)") who recorded one of the scores of the day when his ground shot went straight over the bar for another point. Kilkenny fought back straight after the puck out as [Pa Dillon](/wiki/Pa_Dillon "Pa Dillon") went through for a goal. The sliothar ended up in the Cork net, however, the referee had blown his whistle for a free just a fraction of a second before the sliothar was struck. [Seán Buckley](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Buckley_%28hurler%29 "Seán Buckley (hurler)") restored Kilkenny's lead to two points as a result of the free before [Justin McCarthy](/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_%28hurler%29 "Justin McCarthy (hurler)")’s sideline cut when wide. Eddie Keher missed another point, however, less than a minute later he was clear for a goal, however, that too went wide. The half\-time whistle sounded after [Paddy Barry](/wiki/Paddy_Barry_%28St._Vincent%27s%29 "Paddy Barry (St. Vincent's)")’s puck out with Kilkenny leading by 0–7 to 1–2\.
Not long after the restart Cork leveled the scores courtesy of a Gerald McCarthy point and a pointed free from Seánie Barry. Kilkenny's sharpshooter Eddie Keher put his team a point ahead shortly after as he converted yet another free. For the second time in the game Cork took the upper hand against the run of play when Colm Sheehan captured his second goal of the game. In spite of all Kilkenny's dominance in the first\-half Cork were now in the lead by 2–4 to 0–8\. Seánie Barry stretched Cork's lead to three points in the forty\-second minute of play before Eddie Keher scored his seventh point of the day to reduce the deficit to two points. [Joe Dunphy](/wiki/Joe_Dunphy "Joe Dunphy") narrowed the gap to the bare minimum with another point as the game turned into a tense affair once again. Just as Kilkenny were clawing their way back Cork got another run of luck against the run of play. A [John O'Halloran](/wiki/John_O%27Halloran "John O'Halloran") shot hit off the crossbar and landed into the Kilkenny net to give Cork a third goal and a 3–5 to 0–10 lead.
Cork got a huge lift after this goal and registered three further unanswered points courtesy of one form Seánie Barry and two from Justin McCarthy. Kilkenny were not finished yet as [Tom Walsh](/wiki/Tom_Walsh_%28Thomastown_hurler%29 "Tom Walsh (Thomastown hurler)") scored a late, late goal to give the score line some respectability, however, it was too late. Deep into injury time [John Bennett](/wiki/John_Bennett_%28hurler%29 "John Bennett (hurler)") captured the last score of the game as he gave Cork a 3–9 to 1–10 lead. The full\-time whistle was blown immediately after the puck out and Cork had captured their twentieth All\-Ireland title.
### Statistics
{{football box
\|date\=1966\-09\-04
15:15 \[\[Western European Summer Time\|BST]]
\|team1\=\[\[Cork GAA\|Cork]]
\|score\=3\-9 – 1\-10
\|team2\=\[\[Kilkenny GAA\|Kilkenny]]
\|report\=
\|goals1\=C. Sheehan (2\-0\), S. Barry (0\-4\), J. O’Halloran (1\-0\), J. McCarthy (0\-2\), C. McCarthy (0\-1\), G. McCarthy (0\-1\), J. Bennett (0\-1\).
\|goals2\=E. Keher (0\-7\), T. Walsh (1\-0\), J. Teehan (0\-1\), S. Buckley (0\-1\), J. Dunphy (0\-1\).
\|stadium\=\[\[Croke Park]], \[\[Dublin]]
\|attendance\=68,249
\|referee\= \[\[Jimmy Hatton\|J. Hatton]] (Wicklow)
}}
| {{Football kit \| pattern\_la \= \| pattern\_b \= \_collarwhite \| pattern\_ra \= \| leftarm \= FF0000 \| body \= FF0000 \| rightarm \= FF0000 \| shorts \= FFFFFF \| socks \= FF0000 \| title \= Cork }} | {{Football kit \| pattern\_la \=\_black\_stripes \|pattern\_b \=\_blackstripes \|pattern\_ra \=\_black\_stripes \|leftarm \= FFC125 \|body \= FFC125 \|rightarm \= FFC125 \|shorts \= FFFFFF \|socks \= FFC125 \| title \= Kilkenny }} |
| --- | --- |
|
[
"All\\-Ireland final\n------------------",
"### Overview",
"Sunday 4 September was the date of the 1966 All\\-Ireland senior hurling final between [Cork](/wiki/Cork_GAA \"Cork GAA\") and [Kilkenny](/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA \"Kilkenny GAA\"). It was Cork's first appearance in a final in ten years while Kilkenny were lining out in their first championship decider since 1964\\. Furthermore, it was the first championship meeting of these two great rivals in nineteen years.",
"In the build\\-up to the game there was speculation in the Cork camp that 45\\-year\\-old [Christy Ring](/wiki/Christy_Ring \"Christy Ring\"), the man regarded by players and commentators alike as the greatest player of all\\-time would come out of retirement to play on the Cork team. During his playing days he had won a record eight All\\-Ireland medals, however, this record was equaled by [Tipperary](/wiki/Tipperary_GAA \"Tipperary GAA\")’s [John Doyle](/wiki/John_Doyle_%28Tipperary_hurler%29 \"John Doyle (Tipperary hurler)\") in 1965\\. While many saw it as an impossibility that Ring would play or even by named as a substitute, many more were determined that he should line out in an effort to capture a ninth winners’ medal. In the end Ring didn't play, and one of the youngest Cork teams of all\\-time turned out and they were firm underdogs compared to a vastly experienced Kilkenny side. The majority of the Cork team had never played in [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park \"Croke Park\") before, while their captain, [Gerald McCarthy](/wiki/Gerald_McCarthy_%28hurler%29 \"Gerald McCarthy (hurler)\"), was still an under\\-21 player. For Kilkenny, Croke Park was a virtual home from home.",
"The weather on the day featured heavy showers before the match resulting in a greasy surface. Coupled with this was that there was also a strong breeze blowing up the field towards [Hill 16](/wiki/Hill_16_%28Croke_Park%29 \"Hill 16 (Croke Park)\").",
"Before the game itself there were some special celebrations to mark the [golden jubilee](/wiki/Golden_jubilee \"Golden jubilee\") of the [Easter Rising](/wiki/Easter_Rising \"Easter Rising\") in 1916\\. 500 survivors of the insurrection were specially invited by GAA Central Council to attend the game and, appropriately, they were seated in section R of the Hogan Stand. They were uniquely honoured when the Artane Boys Band played [Pádraig Pearse](/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse \"Pádraig Pearse\")’s song O Ró sé do bheatha bhaile prior to the [national anthem](/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann \"Amhrán na bhFiann\").",
"### Match report",
"With the pre\\-match festivities completed the game began. The opening minutes saw both sides fighting tooth and nail together with end to end action. The Kilkenny defence were put under pressure in the opening three minutes with goalkeeper [Ollie Walsh](/wiki/Ollie_Walsh \"Ollie Walsh\") making a number of great saves. In spite of this pressure from Cork it was [John Teehan](/wiki/John_Teehan \"John Teehan\") of Kilkenny who recorded the first score after four minutes. [Eddie Keher](/wiki/Eddie_Keher \"Eddie Keher\") converted a free shortly after to put Kilkenny two points ahead. Both sides shot four wides over the course of the next few minutes before Keher landed another free to give his team a three point lead. After sixteen minutes of play Cork registered their first score courtesy of a free by [Seánie Barry](/wiki/Se%C3%A1nie_Barry \"Seánie Barry\"). Keher and Barry shot two more wides for their respective teams shortly after, before the former converted two more points to give Kilkenny a five points to one point lead.",
"After twenty\\-two minutes Cork were awarded a free on the twenty\\-one yard line. Seánie Barry lined up to take it as [Telefís Éireann](/wiki/RT%C3%89 \"RTÉ\") commentator [Michael O'Hehir](/wiki/Michael_O%27Hehir \"Michael O'Hehir\") wondered if he would be ‘satisfied with a point’. Barry went for a goal but it was stopped on the line and batted out, however, it was batted out to the waiting [Colm Sheehan](/wiki/Colm_Sheehan \"Colm Sheehan\") who sent the sliothar crashing to the Kilkenny net. In the space of a few minutes Cork were back in the game and only trailed by a single point after a long period of Kilkenny dominance. Eddie Keher increased this deficit to two points when he pointed another free on the twenty\\-five\\-minute mark. Shortly after the puck out the sliothar broke to Cork's [Charlie McCarthy](/wiki/Charlie_McCarthy_%28hurler%29 \"Charlie McCarthy (hurler)\") who recorded one of the scores of the day when his ground shot went straight over the bar for another point. Kilkenny fought back straight after the puck out as [Pa Dillon](/wiki/Pa_Dillon \"Pa Dillon\") went through for a goal. The sliothar ended up in the Cork net, however, the referee had blown his whistle for a free just a fraction of a second before the sliothar was struck. [Seán Buckley](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Buckley_%28hurler%29 \"Seán Buckley (hurler)\") restored Kilkenny's lead to two points as a result of the free before [Justin McCarthy](/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_%28hurler%29 \"Justin McCarthy (hurler)\")’s sideline cut when wide. Eddie Keher missed another point, however, less than a minute later he was clear for a goal, however, that too went wide. The half\\-time whistle sounded after [Paddy Barry](/wiki/Paddy_Barry_%28St._Vincent%27s%29 \"Paddy Barry (St. Vincent's)\")’s puck out with Kilkenny leading by 0–7 to 1–2\\.",
"Not long after the restart Cork leveled the scores courtesy of a Gerald McCarthy point and a pointed free from Seánie Barry. Kilkenny's sharpshooter Eddie Keher put his team a point ahead shortly after as he converted yet another free. For the second time in the game Cork took the upper hand against the run of play when Colm Sheehan captured his second goal of the game. In spite of all Kilkenny's dominance in the first\\-half Cork were now in the lead by 2–4 to 0–8\\. Seánie Barry stretched Cork's lead to three points in the forty\\-second minute of play before Eddie Keher scored his seventh point of the day to reduce the deficit to two points. [Joe Dunphy](/wiki/Joe_Dunphy \"Joe Dunphy\") narrowed the gap to the bare minimum with another point as the game turned into a tense affair once again. Just as Kilkenny were clawing their way back Cork got another run of luck against the run of play. A [John O'Halloran](/wiki/John_O%27Halloran \"John O'Halloran\") shot hit off the crossbar and landed into the Kilkenny net to give Cork a third goal and a 3–5 to 0–10 lead.",
"Cork got a huge lift after this goal and registered three further unanswered points courtesy of one form Seánie Barry and two from Justin McCarthy. Kilkenny were not finished yet as [Tom Walsh](/wiki/Tom_Walsh_%28Thomastown_hurler%29 \"Tom Walsh (Thomastown hurler)\") scored a late, late goal to give the score line some respectability, however, it was too late. Deep into injury time [John Bennett](/wiki/John_Bennett_%28hurler%29 \"John Bennett (hurler)\") captured the last score of the game as he gave Cork a 3–9 to 1–10 lead. The full\\-time whistle was blown immediately after the puck out and Cork had captured their twentieth All\\-Ireland title.",
"### Statistics",
"{{football box\n\\|date\\=1966\\-09\\-04 \n15:15 \\[\\[Western European Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\|team1\\=\\[\\[Cork GAA\\|Cork]]\n\\|score\\=3\\-9 – 1\\-10\n\\|team2\\=\\[\\[Kilkenny GAA\\|Kilkenny]]\n\\|report\\=\n\\|goals1\\=C. Sheehan (2\\-0\\), S. Barry (0\\-4\\), J. O’Halloran (1\\-0\\), J. McCarthy (0\\-2\\), C. McCarthy (0\\-1\\), G. McCarthy (0\\-1\\), J. Bennett (0\\-1\\).\n\\|goals2\\=E. Keher (0\\-7\\), T. Walsh (1\\-0\\), J. Teehan (0\\-1\\), S. Buckley (0\\-1\\), J. Dunphy (0\\-1\\).\n\\|stadium\\=\\[\\[Croke Park]], \\[\\[Dublin]]\n\\|attendance\\=68,249\n\\|referee\\= \\[\\[Jimmy Hatton\\|J. Hatton]] (Wicklow)\n}}",
"",
"| {{Football kit \\| pattern\\_la \\= \\| pattern\\_b \\= \\_collarwhite \\| pattern\\_ra \\= \\| leftarm \\= FF0000 \\| body \\= FF0000 \\| rightarm \\= FF0000 \\| shorts \\= FFFFFF \\| socks \\= FF0000 \\| title \\= Cork }} | {{Football kit \\| pattern\\_la \\=\\_black\\_stripes \\|pattern\\_b \\=\\_blackstripes \\|pattern\\_ra \\=\\_black\\_stripes \\|leftarm \\= FFC125 \\|body \\= FFC125 \\|rightarm \\= FFC125 \\|shorts \\= FFFFFF \\|socks \\= FFC125 \\| title \\= Kilkenny }} |\n| --- | --- |",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
The play is set in [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy"), and bases its characters on actual historical figures of the early seventh century A.D.
As the play opens, Lombard soldiers are fleeing the battlefield, after defeat by the forces of [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna "Ravenna"). The Swiss mercenary Andrucho, the title character, observes and comments upon the action. The King of the Lombards enters with his courtiers, including his cowardly and defeated general Timentes. (Andrucho, an unsubtle soldier, functions as something like the King's jester; the King calls him his "bandog," and allows the Swiss to criticize the courtiers with little restraint.) The King demands that Timentes rally the troops and lead a counterattack. Andrucho and the old courtier Clephis speak up critically; Clephis in particular advises the King to replace Timentes with the banished nobleman Arioldus. The Lombard troops themselves cry out and demand Arioldus for their commander.
The second scene shows Arioldus at his country estate; he lives in retirement with his books, glad to be away from the royal court. Andrucho comes to visit him; their conversation reveals that the Swiss mercenary is actually Aribert, another banished Lombard nobleman. Suddenly, courtiers begin arriving at Arioldus's house, assuring him of their (previously invisible) support and affection. Clearly, a change is in the wind. The King arrives, reverses Arioldus's banishment, and appoints him general of the army. The common troops are revitalized, and Arioldus wins a quick (offstage) victory over the army of Ravenna.
Arioldus comes away from his victory with a young female captive called Eurinia. An honorable man, Arioldus protects the virtue of his captive; but she quickly becomes a focus of courtly gossip. When the King meets her, he is strongly taken with her beauty; Arioldus wants to shield Eurinia, but the King commands both of them to attend at his court.
The early scenes in the play delineate two factions: the virtuous courtiers, Arioldus, Clephis, and Andrucho/Aribert, are opposed to the more amoral, cynical and self\-interested courtiers, Antharis, Asprandus, and Iseas. Antharis and Clephis are old rivals; but their children, respectively son Alcidonus and daughter Selina, are in love and secretly married – though parental opposition forces them to conceal the fact and live apart.
Timentes comes to be the play's clown substitute, its focus for broad humor. Andrucho and other courtiers convince Timentes that he is being pursued by an angry mob. To hide, Timentes climbs into an empty coffin, and faints from fear. He is thought dead, until he recovers consciousness and climbs back out of the coffin. Later, Timentes gains a false courage through drunkenness.
At court, the King attempts to seduce Eurinia; she resists and stand upon her honor, but the hot\-blooded King rapes her. Arioldus learns of the crime, and faces a conflict between his personal honor and his oath of loyalty to the King. The two men confront each other over the issue – but the King is penitent, in his own limited way; he tries to repair matters by arranging a marriage between Arioldus and his sister, the princess Panopia. Arioldus rejects this; and the King offers to fight him, even providing Arioldus a pardon in advance, in case Arioldus kills him. The two are about to fight, when the eavesdropping Andrucho interrupts and prevents them.
The young lovers Alcidonus and Selina are surprised in a clandestine meeting, and separated by their fathers. Antharis, ignorant of their marriage, tries to squelch their affair by telling his son a giant lie – that Alcidonus is a bastard, and Selina's half\-brother. The two lovers meet over this distressing news; believing themselves guilty of incest, they decide on suicide. They share a vial of poison. Their bodies are found, and Antharis is driven mad by the consequences of his deception. But the prudent Clephis, anticipating trouble, made sure that what the lovers thought was poison was only a sleeping potion. The lovers recover, though Antharis does not.
The drama concludes in a large revelation scene, in which Arioldus, Andrucho, and Panopia manipulate the King into a positive resolution. A faked assassination attempt reminds the King that he is not invulnerable. Andrucho is revealed as Aribert, and redeemed from banishment; Eurinia is revealed as Aribert's daughter Eugenia. Years before, the King had loved Eugenia; now, he marries her as a way of repairing the damage he has done to her. Arioldus and Panopia also marry, yielding the requisite happy ending of the tragicomic form.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"The play is set in [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy \"Lombardy\"), and bases its characters on actual historical figures of the early seventh century A.D.",
"As the play opens, Lombard soldiers are fleeing the battlefield, after defeat by the forces of [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna \"Ravenna\"). The Swiss mercenary Andrucho, the title character, observes and comments upon the action. The King of the Lombards enters with his courtiers, including his cowardly and defeated general Timentes. (Andrucho, an unsubtle soldier, functions as something like the King's jester; the King calls him his \"bandog,\" and allows the Swiss to criticize the courtiers with little restraint.) The King demands that Timentes rally the troops and lead a counterattack. Andrucho and the old courtier Clephis speak up critically; Clephis in particular advises the King to replace Timentes with the banished nobleman Arioldus. The Lombard troops themselves cry out and demand Arioldus for their commander.",
"The second scene shows Arioldus at his country estate; he lives in retirement with his books, glad to be away from the royal court. Andrucho comes to visit him; their conversation reveals that the Swiss mercenary is actually Aribert, another banished Lombard nobleman. Suddenly, courtiers begin arriving at Arioldus's house, assuring him of their (previously invisible) support and affection. Clearly, a change is in the wind. The King arrives, reverses Arioldus's banishment, and appoints him general of the army. The common troops are revitalized, and Arioldus wins a quick (offstage) victory over the army of Ravenna.",
"Arioldus comes away from his victory with a young female captive called Eurinia. An honorable man, Arioldus protects the virtue of his captive; but she quickly becomes a focus of courtly gossip. When the King meets her, he is strongly taken with her beauty; Arioldus wants to shield Eurinia, but the King commands both of them to attend at his court.",
"The early scenes in the play delineate two factions: the virtuous courtiers, Arioldus, Clephis, and Andrucho/Aribert, are opposed to the more amoral, cynical and self\\-interested courtiers, Antharis, Asprandus, and Iseas. Antharis and Clephis are old rivals; but their children, respectively son Alcidonus and daughter Selina, are in love and secretly married – though parental opposition forces them to conceal the fact and live apart.",
"Timentes comes to be the play's clown substitute, its focus for broad humor. Andrucho and other courtiers convince Timentes that he is being pursued by an angry mob. To hide, Timentes climbs into an empty coffin, and faints from fear. He is thought dead, until he recovers consciousness and climbs back out of the coffin. Later, Timentes gains a false courage through drunkenness.",
"At court, the King attempts to seduce Eurinia; she resists and stand upon her honor, but the hot\\-blooded King rapes her. Arioldus learns of the crime, and faces a conflict between his personal honor and his oath of loyalty to the King. The two men confront each other over the issue – but the King is penitent, in his own limited way; he tries to repair matters by arranging a marriage between Arioldus and his sister, the princess Panopia. Arioldus rejects this; and the King offers to fight him, even providing Arioldus a pardon in advance, in case Arioldus kills him. The two are about to fight, when the eavesdropping Andrucho interrupts and prevents them.",
"The young lovers Alcidonus and Selina are surprised in a clandestine meeting, and separated by their fathers. Antharis, ignorant of their marriage, tries to squelch their affair by telling his son a giant lie – that Alcidonus is a bastard, and Selina's half\\-brother. The two lovers meet over this distressing news; believing themselves guilty of incest, they decide on suicide. They share a vial of poison. Their bodies are found, and Antharis is driven mad by the consequences of his deception. But the prudent Clephis, anticipating trouble, made sure that what the lovers thought was poison was only a sleeping potion. The lovers recover, though Antharis does not.",
"The drama concludes in a large revelation scene, in which Arioldus, Andrucho, and Panopia manipulate the King into a positive resolution. A faked assassination attempt reminds the King that he is not invulnerable. Andrucho is revealed as Aribert, and redeemed from banishment; Eurinia is revealed as Aribert's daughter Eugenia. Years before, the King had loved Eugenia; now, he marries her as a way of repairing the damage he has done to her. Arioldus and Panopia also marry, yielding the requisite happy ending of the tragicomic form.",
""
] |
Life and work
-------------
Jaroslav Heyrovský was born in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") on December 20, 1890, the fifth child of Leopold Heyrovský, Professor of [Roman Law](/wiki/Roman_Law "Roman Law") at the [Charles University in Prague](/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague "Charles University in Prague"), and his wife Clara, née Hanl von Kirchtreu.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.steinbauer.biz/familytree/Rodokmeny.htm\#\_Toc219631234\|title \= O předcích}} He obtained his early education at secondary school until 1909 when he began his study of [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry "Chemistry"), [physics](/wiki/Physics "Physics"), and [mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics "Mathematics") at the [Charles University](/wiki/Charles_University "Charles University") in Prague. From 1910 to 1914 he continued his studies at [University College London](/wiki/University_College_London "University College London"), under Professors Sir [William Ramsay](/wiki/William_Ramsay "William Ramsay"), W. C. McC. Lewis, and [F. G. Donnan](/wiki/Frederick_G._Donnan "Frederick G. Donnan"), taking his B.Sc. degree in 1913\. He was particularly interested in working with Professor Donnan, on electrochemistry.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2023}}
During the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") Heyrovský worked in a military hospital as a dispensing chemist and [radiologist](/wiki/Radiology "Radiology"), which enabled him to continue his studies and to take his Ph.D. degree in Prague in 1918 and [D.Sc.](/wiki/Higher_doctorate "Higher doctorate") in London in 1921\.
Heyrovský started his university career as assistant to Professor B. Brauner in the Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Charles University, Prague; he was promoted to Associate Professor in 1922 and in 1926 he became the university's first professor of physical chemistry.
Heyrovský's invention of the polarographic method dates from 1922 and he concentrated his whole further scientific activity on the development of this new branch of [electrochemistry](/wiki/Electrochemistry "Electrochemistry"). He formed a school of Czech polarographers in the university, and was himself in the forefront of polarographic research. In 1950 Heyrovský was appointed as the Director of the newly established Polarographic Institute, which was incorporated into the [Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Czechoslovak_Academy_of_Sciences "Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences") in 1952\.
In 1926 Professor Heyrovský married Marie (Mary) Koranová, and the couple had two children, a daughter, Jitka, and a son, Michael.
Jaroslav Heyrovský died on March 27, 1967\. He was interred in the [Vyšehrad cemetery](/wiki/Vy%C5%A1ehrad_cemetery "Vyšehrad cemetery") in Prague.
|
[
"Life and work\n-------------",
"Jaroslav Heyrovský was born in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") on December 20, 1890, the fifth child of Leopold Heyrovský, Professor of [Roman Law](/wiki/Roman_Law \"Roman Law\") at the [Charles University in Prague](/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague \"Charles University in Prague\"), and his wife Clara, née Hanl von Kirchtreu.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.steinbauer.biz/familytree/Rodokmeny.htm\\#\\_Toc219631234\\|title \\= O předcích}} He obtained his early education at secondary school until 1909 when he began his study of [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry \"Chemistry\"), [physics](/wiki/Physics \"Physics\"), and [mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\") at the [Charles University](/wiki/Charles_University \"Charles University\") in Prague. From 1910 to 1914 he continued his studies at [University College London](/wiki/University_College_London \"University College London\"), under Professors Sir [William Ramsay](/wiki/William_Ramsay \"William Ramsay\"), W. C. McC. Lewis, and [F. G. Donnan](/wiki/Frederick_G._Donnan \"Frederick G. Donnan\"), taking his B.Sc. degree in 1913\\. He was particularly interested in working with Professor Donnan, on electrochemistry.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2023}}",
"During the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") Heyrovský worked in a military hospital as a dispensing chemist and [radiologist](/wiki/Radiology \"Radiology\"), which enabled him to continue his studies and to take his Ph.D. degree in Prague in 1918 and [D.Sc.](/wiki/Higher_doctorate \"Higher doctorate\") in London in 1921\\.",
"Heyrovský started his university career as assistant to Professor B. Brauner in the Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Charles University, Prague; he was promoted to Associate Professor in 1922 and in 1926 he became the university's first professor of physical chemistry.",
"Heyrovský's invention of the polarographic method dates from 1922 and he concentrated his whole further scientific activity on the development of this new branch of [electrochemistry](/wiki/Electrochemistry \"Electrochemistry\"). He formed a school of Czech polarographers in the university, and was himself in the forefront of polarographic research. In 1950 Heyrovský was appointed as the Director of the newly established Polarographic Institute, which was incorporated into the [Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Czechoslovak_Academy_of_Sciences \"Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences\") in 1952\\.",
"In 1926 Professor Heyrovský married Marie (Mary) Koranová, and the couple had two children, a daughter, Jitka, and a son, Michael.",
"Jaroslav Heyrovský died on March 27, 1967\\. He was interred in the [Vyšehrad cemetery](/wiki/Vy%C5%A1ehrad_cemetery \"Vyšehrad cemetery\") in Prague.",
""
] |
Mixed martial arts career
-------------------------
### PRIDE
Almeida made his professional MMA debut on December 9, 2000, at [PRIDE 12](/wiki/2000_in_Pride_FC%23Pride_12:Cold_Fury "Cold Fury") against [Akira Shoji](/wiki/Akira_Shoji "Akira Shoji"). Almeida won his debut fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/522\-pride\-12\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida\-vs\-akira\-mr\-pride\-shoji \| title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Akira Shoji, Pride 12 \| MMA Bout }}
Almeida made a one\-off return to [PRIDE](/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championship "Pride Fighting Championship") on May 23, 2004, against [Ryo Chonan](/wiki/Ryo_Chonan "Ryo Chonan") at [Pride:Bushido 3](/wiki/2004_in_Pride_FC%23Pride_FC:Bushido_3 "Bushido 3"). Almeida won via unanimous decision.
### UFC
Almeida made his UFC debut on May 4, 2001, at [UFC 31](/wiki/UFC_31 "UFC 31") against [Matt Lindland](/wiki/Matt_Lindland "Matt Lindland") in a [light heavyweight](/wiki/Light_Heavyweight_%28MMA%29 "Light Heavyweight (MMA)") match. Referee [Mario Yamasaki](/wiki/Mario_Yamasaki "Mario Yamasaki") ended the fight in the third round after repeated illegal upkicks from Almeida, giving him a loss via disqualification.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/1349\-ufc\-31\-matt\-the\-law\-lindland\-vs\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida \| title\=Matt Lindland vs. Ricardo Almeida, UFC 31 \| MMA Bout }}
His next fight was against [Eugene Jackson](/wiki/Eugene_Jackson_%28fighter%29 "Eugene Jackson (fighter)") on September 28, 2001, at [UFC 33](/wiki/UFC_33 "UFC 33") in his [middleweight](/wiki/Middleweight_%28MMA%29 "Middleweight (MMA)") debut. Almeida won the fight via [triangle choke](/wiki/Triangle_choke "Triangle choke") in the first round.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/2883\-ufc\-33\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida\-vs\-eugene\-the\-wolf\-jackson \| title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Eugene Jackson, UFC 33 \| MMA Bout }}
His next fight would be his last with the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") for 6 years, fighting [Andrei Semenov](/wiki/Andrei_Semenov_%28fighter%29 "Andrei Semenov (fighter)") at [UFC 35](/wiki/UFC_35 "UFC 35") on January 11, 2002\. Almeida lost the fight via [TKO](/wiki/Knockout%23Technical_knockout "Knockout#Technical knockout") in the second round after Semenov landed hard punches in his [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") debut.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/2775\-ufc\-35\-andrei\-white\-shark\-semenov\-vs\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida \| title\=Andrey Semenov vs. Ricardo Almeida, UFC 35 \| MMA Bout }}
Almeida left the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") in 2002 for [Pancrase](/wiki/Pancrase "Pancrase").
### Pancrase
In his [Pancrase](/wiki/Pancrase "Pancrase") debut, Almeida fought Osami Shibuya on November 30, 2002, at [Pancrase: Spirit 8](/wiki/2002_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:Spirit_8 "Spirit 8"). He won the fight via [rear naked choke](/wiki/Rear_naked_choke "Rear naked choke") in the first round.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4345\-pancrase\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida\-vs\-osami\-shibuya \| title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Osami Shibuya, Pancrase 113 \| MMA Bout }}
His next fight was against [Ikuhisa Minowa](/wiki/Ikuhisa_Minowa "Ikuhisa Minowa") on February 16, 2003, at [Pancrase: Hybrid 2](/wiki/2003_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:Hybrid_2 "Hybrid 2"). He won the fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4344\-pancrase\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida\-vs\-minowaman\-ikuhisa\-minowa \| title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Ikuhisa Minowa, Pancrase 116 \| MMA Bout }}
His next fight was against [Yuki Sasaki](/wiki/Yuki_Sasaki_%28mixed_martial_artist%29 "Yuki Sasaki (mixed martial artist)") on April 12, 2003, at [Pancrase: Hybrid 4](/wiki/2003_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:Hybrid_4 "Hybrid 4"). He won the fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4343\-pancrase\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida\-vs\-yuki\-sasaki \| title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Yuki Sasaki, Pancrase 118 \| MMA Bout }}
His next fight was against [Kazuo Misaki](/wiki/Kazuo_Misaki "Kazuo Misaki") on August 31, 2003, at [Pancrase: 10th Anniversary Show](/wiki/2003_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:10th_Anniversary_Show "10th Anniversary Show"). He won the fight via majority decision.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4342\-pancrase\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida\-vs\-kazuo\-grabaka\-hitman\-misaki \| title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Kazuo Misaki, Pancrase 124 \| MMA Bout }}
After winning 4 fights in a row with [Pancrase](/wiki/Pancrase "Pancrase"), Almeida was booked for a title fight against [Nate Marquardt](/wiki/Nate_Marquardt "Nate Marquardt") to become the next [Middleweight King Of Pancrase](/wiki/List_of_Pancrase_champions%23Middleweight_Championship "List of Pancrase champions#Middleweight Championship"). They fought on November 30, 2003, at [Pancrase: Hybrid 10](/wiki/2003_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:Hybrid_10 "Hybrid 10"). Almeida tackled Marquardt and was able to lock in a [guillotine choke](/wiki/Guillotine_choke "Guillotine choke") and submit Marquardt in the first round, becoming the new [Middleweight King Of Pancrase](/wiki/List_of_Pancrase_champions%23Middleweight_Championship "List of Pancrase champions#Middleweight Championship").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4341\-pancrase\-ricardo\-cachorro\-almeida\-vs\-nate\-the\-great\-marquardt \| title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Nate Marquardt, Pancrase 127 \| MMA Bout }} Controversy began after Almeida did not release the choke for a few seconds after Marquardt tapped and the referee stepped in. This frustrated Marquardt which caused him to throw a punch at Almeida. Almeida's cornermen intervened in the conflict, with [Renzo Gracie](/wiki/Renzo_Gracie "Renzo Gracie") kicking Marquardt in the face. Both men reconciled and apologised shortly after the incident.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2011/7/23/2289754/mma\-history\-nate\-marquardt\-vs\-ricardo\-almeida\-controversy \| title\=MMA History: The Nate Marquardt vs. Ricardo Almeida Controversy \| date\=23 July 2011 }}
He vacated the title in July 2004 and announced his retirement.
### Hiatus
Almeida retired for a four\-year period after a six\-fight win streak to focus on running his Jiu\-Jitsu school in [Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey](/wiki/Hamilton_Township%2C_Mercer_County%2C_New_Jersey "Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa\=news.detail\&gid\=9829\|title\=The Official Website of the Ultimate Fighting Championship® (UFC)\|work\=ufc.com}}
### Return to UFC
Almeida came out of retirement and returned to the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") in 2008\.
His return bout in the UFC occurred at [UFC 81](/wiki/UFC_81 "UFC 81"), where he won by submitting Rob Yundt via [guillotine choke](/wiki/Guillotine_choke "Guillotine choke") at 1:08 in the first round.
Almeida's next fight was against top fighter [Patrick Cote](/wiki/Patrick_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_%28fighter%29 "Patrick Côté (fighter)") at [UFC 86](/wiki/UFC_86 "UFC 86"), where he lost a close split decision.
Almeida returned at [UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann](/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night:Condit_vs._Kampmann "Condit vs. Kampmann"), this time on the preliminary card, to face [Matt Horwich](/wiki/Matt_Horwich "Matt Horwich"), winning by unanimous decision.
His next fight took place on August 8 in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") against [Kendall Grove](/wiki/Kendall_Grove "Kendall Grove") at [UFC 101](/wiki/UFC_101 "UFC 101"). Almeida won by outgrappling his opponent for the majority of the bout and controlling the fight to earn a unanimous decision victory.
He was scheduled to fight [Jon Fitch](/wiki/Jon_Fitch "Jon Fitch") at [UFC 106](/wiki/UFC_106 "UFC 106") but had to withdraw due to a knee injury suffered while training.{{cite web\|url\=http://mma.fanhouse.com/2009/10/22/ricardo\-almeida\-withdraws\-from\-ufc\-106\-fight\-vs\-jon\-fitch/\|title\=Sports News \& latest headlines from AOL\|work\=AOL.com}}{{Dead link\|date\=July 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
Almeida faced [Matt Brown](/wiki/Matt_Brown_%28fighter%29 "Matt Brown (fighter)") on March 27, 2010, at [UFC 111](/wiki/UFC_111 "UFC 111") in his welterweight debut.{{cite web\|url\=http://mmajunkie.com/news/17462/ricardo\-almeida\-vs\-matt\-brown\-slotted\-for\-ufc\-111\-in\-march.mma\|title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Matt Brown slotted for UFC 111 in March\|date\=2009\-01\-07\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111033804/http://mmajunkie.com/news/17462/ricardo\-almeida\-vs\-matt\-brown\-slotted\-for\-ufc\-111\-in\-march.mma\|archive\-date\=2010\-01\-11}} Almeida defeated Brown by [rear naked choke](/wiki/Rear_naked_choke "Rear naked choke") at 2:30 in round 2\.
Almeida faced former [UFC Welterweight Champion](/wiki/List_of_UFC_champions%23Welterweight_Championship "List of UFC champions#Welterweight Championship") and [UFC Hall of Famer](/wiki/UFC_hall_of_fame%23UFC_Hall_of_Fame_inductees "UFC hall of fame#UFC Hall of Fame inductees") [Matt Hughes](/wiki/Matt_Hughes_%28fighter%29 "Matt Hughes (fighter)") on August 7, 2010, at [UFC 117](/wiki/UFC_117 "UFC 117") and lost via technical submission due to a [Dave Schultz](/wiki/Dave_Schultz_%28amateur_wrestler%29 "Dave Schultz (amateur wrestler)") [front headlock](/wiki/Headlock "Headlock").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/8/9/1613467/bloody\-elbow\-judo\-chop\-matt\-hughes\|title\=Bloody Elbow Judo Chop: Matt Hughes Unleashes the "Dave Schultz Front Headlock" on Ricardo Almeida at UFC 117\|author\=Nate Wilcox\|work\=Bloody Elbow\|date\=9 August 2010\|access\-date\=14 August 2010\|archive\-date\=17 August 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817175537/http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/8/9/1613467/bloody\-elbow\-judo\-chop\-matt\-hughes\|url\-status\=dead}}
Almeida faced [T. J. Grant](/wiki/T._J._Grant "T. J. Grant") on December 11, 2010, at [UFC 124](/wiki/UFC_124 "UFC 124").{{cite web\|url\=http://mmajunkie.com/news/20916/ricardo\-almeida\-vs\-t\-j\-grant\-targeted\-for\-ufc\-124\-in\-montreal.mma\|title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. T.J. Grant targeted for UFC 124 in Montreal\|publisher\=mmajunkie.com\|date\=2010\-10\-06\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009010807/http://mmajunkie.com/news/20916/ricardo\-almeida\-vs\-t\-j\-grant\-targeted\-for\-ufc\-124\-in\-montreal.mma\|archive\-date\=2010\-10\-09}} Almeida defeated Grant by unanimous decision.
Almeida faced [Mike Pyle](/wiki/Mike_Pyle_%28fighter%29 "Mike Pyle (fighter)") on March 19, 2011, at [UFC 128](/wiki/UFC_128 "UFC 128").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmafighting.com/2010/12/25/m/\|title\=Ricardo Almeida vs Mike Pyle Targeted for UFC 128 \-\- MMA Fighting\|publisher\=mmafighting.com\|date\=December 25, 2010}} He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
### Retirement
Almeida retired for the second time on March 30, 2011, saying that he could not focus 100 percent on fighting, citing his family, his son (who was diagnosed with autism), and teaching at his academies as other areas of his life that needed attention.{{cite web \|url\=http://mmaweekly.com/ufc\-welterweight\-ricardo\-almeida\-announces\-his\-retirement\-from\-mma/ \|title\=UFC Welterweight Ricardo Almeida Announces His Retirement from MMA \|publisher\=MMAWeekly.com \|date\=March 30, 2011}} He added that he would continue to support the UFC and teammates such as [Frankie Edgar](/wiki/Frankie_Edgar "Frankie Edgar"), [Kris McCray](/wiki/Kris_McCray "Kris McCray"), [Eddie Alvarez](/wiki/Eddie_Alvarez "Eddie Alvarez"), and [Corey Anderson](/wiki/Corey_Anderson_%28fighter%29 "Corey Anderson (fighter)").
### MMA judge
A week after his retirement, Almeida became a professional MMA judge in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2011/4/7/2096157/recently\-retired\-ufc\-fighter\-ricardo\-almeida\-now\-a\-professional\-mma \|title\=Recently Retired UFC Fighter, Ricardo Almeida, Now a Professional MMA Judge in New Jersey \|last\=Tabuena \|first\=Andre \|date\=2011\-04\-07 \|work\=bloodyelbow.com \|access\-date\=2011\-04\-07}} On May 5, 2012, he made his major\-event debut as a judge at the [UFC on FOX 3](/wiki/UFC_on_Fox:Diaz_vs._Miller "Diaz vs. Miller") card at the [Izod Center](/wiki/Izod_Center "Izod Center") at the [Meadowlands Sports Complex](/wiki/Meadowlands_Sports_Complex "Meadowlands Sports Complex").{{cite web\|title\=Dana White Would Like to See More Ex\-Fighters Become Officials\|date\=3 May 2012\|url\=http://www.mmafighting.com/ufc/2012/5/3/2997285/dana\-white\-would\-like\-to\-see\-more\-ex\-fighters\-become\-officials\|publisher\=MMA Fighting\|access\-date\=3 May 2012}}
|
[
"Mixed martial arts career\n-------------------------",
"### PRIDE",
"Almeida made his professional MMA debut on December 9, 2000, at [PRIDE 12](/wiki/2000_in_Pride_FC%23Pride_12:Cold_Fury \"Cold Fury\") against [Akira Shoji](/wiki/Akira_Shoji \"Akira Shoji\"). Almeida won his debut fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/522\\-pride\\-12\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida\\-vs\\-akira\\-mr\\-pride\\-shoji \\| title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Akira Shoji, Pride 12 \\| MMA Bout }}",
"Almeida made a one\\-off return to [PRIDE](/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championship \"Pride Fighting Championship\") on May 23, 2004, against [Ryo Chonan](/wiki/Ryo_Chonan \"Ryo Chonan\") at [Pride:Bushido 3](/wiki/2004_in_Pride_FC%23Pride_FC:Bushido_3 \"Bushido 3\"). Almeida won via unanimous decision.",
"### UFC",
"Almeida made his UFC debut on May 4, 2001, at [UFC 31](/wiki/UFC_31 \"UFC 31\") against [Matt Lindland](/wiki/Matt_Lindland \"Matt Lindland\") in a [light heavyweight](/wiki/Light_Heavyweight_%28MMA%29 \"Light Heavyweight (MMA)\") match. Referee [Mario Yamasaki](/wiki/Mario_Yamasaki \"Mario Yamasaki\") ended the fight in the third round after repeated illegal upkicks from Almeida, giving him a loss via disqualification.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/1349\\-ufc\\-31\\-matt\\-the\\-law\\-lindland\\-vs\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida \\| title\\=Matt Lindland vs. Ricardo Almeida, UFC 31 \\| MMA Bout }}",
"His next fight was against [Eugene Jackson](/wiki/Eugene_Jackson_%28fighter%29 \"Eugene Jackson (fighter)\") on September 28, 2001, at [UFC 33](/wiki/UFC_33 \"UFC 33\") in his [middleweight](/wiki/Middleweight_%28MMA%29 \"Middleweight (MMA)\") debut. Almeida won the fight via [triangle choke](/wiki/Triangle_choke \"Triangle choke\") in the first round.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/2883\\-ufc\\-33\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida\\-vs\\-eugene\\-the\\-wolf\\-jackson \\| title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Eugene Jackson, UFC 33 \\| MMA Bout }}",
"His next fight would be his last with the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") for 6 years, fighting [Andrei Semenov](/wiki/Andrei_Semenov_%28fighter%29 \"Andrei Semenov (fighter)\") at [UFC 35](/wiki/UFC_35 \"UFC 35\") on January 11, 2002\\. Almeida lost the fight via [TKO](/wiki/Knockout%23Technical_knockout \"Knockout#Technical knockout\") in the second round after Semenov landed hard punches in his [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") debut.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/2775\\-ufc\\-35\\-andrei\\-white\\-shark\\-semenov\\-vs\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida \\| title\\=Andrey Semenov vs. Ricardo Almeida, UFC 35 \\| MMA Bout }}",
"Almeida left the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") in 2002 for [Pancrase](/wiki/Pancrase \"Pancrase\").",
"### Pancrase",
"In his [Pancrase](/wiki/Pancrase \"Pancrase\") debut, Almeida fought Osami Shibuya on November 30, 2002, at [Pancrase: Spirit 8](/wiki/2002_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:Spirit_8 \"Spirit 8\"). He won the fight via [rear naked choke](/wiki/Rear_naked_choke \"Rear naked choke\") in the first round.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4345\\-pancrase\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida\\-vs\\-osami\\-shibuya \\| title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Osami Shibuya, Pancrase 113 \\| MMA Bout }}",
"His next fight was against [Ikuhisa Minowa](/wiki/Ikuhisa_Minowa \"Ikuhisa Minowa\") on February 16, 2003, at [Pancrase: Hybrid 2](/wiki/2003_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:Hybrid_2 \"Hybrid 2\"). He won the fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4344\\-pancrase\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida\\-vs\\-minowaman\\-ikuhisa\\-minowa \\| title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Ikuhisa Minowa, Pancrase 116 \\| MMA Bout }}",
"His next fight was against [Yuki Sasaki](/wiki/Yuki_Sasaki_%28mixed_martial_artist%29 \"Yuki Sasaki (mixed martial artist)\") on April 12, 2003, at [Pancrase: Hybrid 4](/wiki/2003_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:Hybrid_4 \"Hybrid 4\"). He won the fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4343\\-pancrase\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida\\-vs\\-yuki\\-sasaki \\| title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Yuki Sasaki, Pancrase 118 \\| MMA Bout }}",
"His next fight was against [Kazuo Misaki](/wiki/Kazuo_Misaki \"Kazuo Misaki\") on August 31, 2003, at [Pancrase: 10th Anniversary Show](/wiki/2003_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:10th_Anniversary_Show \"10th Anniversary Show\"). He won the fight via majority decision.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4342\\-pancrase\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida\\-vs\\-kazuo\\-grabaka\\-hitman\\-misaki \\| title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Kazuo Misaki, Pancrase 124 \\| MMA Bout }}",
"After winning 4 fights in a row with [Pancrase](/wiki/Pancrase \"Pancrase\"), Almeida was booked for a title fight against [Nate Marquardt](/wiki/Nate_Marquardt \"Nate Marquardt\") to become the next [Middleweight King Of Pancrase](/wiki/List_of_Pancrase_champions%23Middleweight_Championship \"List of Pancrase champions#Middleweight Championship\"). They fought on November 30, 2003, at [Pancrase: Hybrid 10](/wiki/2003_in_Pancrase%23Pancrase:Hybrid_10 \"Hybrid 10\"). Almeida tackled Marquardt and was able to lock in a [guillotine choke](/wiki/Guillotine_choke \"Guillotine choke\") and submit Marquardt in the first round, becoming the new [Middleweight King Of Pancrase](/wiki/List_of_Pancrase_champions%23Middleweight_Championship \"List of Pancrase champions#Middleweight Championship\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/4341\\-pancrase\\-ricardo\\-cachorro\\-almeida\\-vs\\-nate\\-the\\-great\\-marquardt \\| title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Nate Marquardt, Pancrase 127 \\| MMA Bout }} Controversy began after Almeida did not release the choke for a few seconds after Marquardt tapped and the referee stepped in. This frustrated Marquardt which caused him to throw a punch at Almeida. Almeida's cornermen intervened in the conflict, with [Renzo Gracie](/wiki/Renzo_Gracie \"Renzo Gracie\") kicking Marquardt in the face. Both men reconciled and apologised shortly after the incident.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2011/7/23/2289754/mma\\-history\\-nate\\-marquardt\\-vs\\-ricardo\\-almeida\\-controversy \\| title\\=MMA History: The Nate Marquardt vs. Ricardo Almeida Controversy \\| date\\=23 July 2011 }}",
"He vacated the title in July 2004 and announced his retirement.",
"### Hiatus",
"Almeida retired for a four\\-year period after a six\\-fight win streak to focus on running his Jiu\\-Jitsu school in [Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey](/wiki/Hamilton_Township%2C_Mercer_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa\\=news.detail\\&gid\\=9829\\|title\\=The Official Website of the Ultimate Fighting Championship® (UFC)\\|work\\=ufc.com}}",
"### Return to UFC",
"Almeida came out of retirement and returned to the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") in 2008\\.",
"His return bout in the UFC occurred at [UFC 81](/wiki/UFC_81 \"UFC 81\"), where he won by submitting Rob Yundt via [guillotine choke](/wiki/Guillotine_choke \"Guillotine choke\") at 1:08 in the first round.",
"Almeida's next fight was against top fighter [Patrick Cote](/wiki/Patrick_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_%28fighter%29 \"Patrick Côté (fighter)\") at [UFC 86](/wiki/UFC_86 \"UFC 86\"), where he lost a close split decision.",
"Almeida returned at [UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann](/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night:Condit_vs._Kampmann \"Condit vs. Kampmann\"), this time on the preliminary card, to face [Matt Horwich](/wiki/Matt_Horwich \"Matt Horwich\"), winning by unanimous decision.",
"His next fight took place on August 8 in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") against [Kendall Grove](/wiki/Kendall_Grove \"Kendall Grove\") at [UFC 101](/wiki/UFC_101 \"UFC 101\"). Almeida won by outgrappling his opponent for the majority of the bout and controlling the fight to earn a unanimous decision victory.",
"He was scheduled to fight [Jon Fitch](/wiki/Jon_Fitch \"Jon Fitch\") at [UFC 106](/wiki/UFC_106 \"UFC 106\") but had to withdraw due to a knee injury suffered while training.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mma.fanhouse.com/2009/10/22/ricardo\\-almeida\\-withdraws\\-from\\-ufc\\-106\\-fight\\-vs\\-jon\\-fitch/\\|title\\=Sports News \\& latest headlines from AOL\\|work\\=AOL.com}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"Almeida faced [Matt Brown](/wiki/Matt_Brown_%28fighter%29 \"Matt Brown (fighter)\") on March 27, 2010, at [UFC 111](/wiki/UFC_111 \"UFC 111\") in his welterweight debut.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mmajunkie.com/news/17462/ricardo\\-almeida\\-vs\\-matt\\-brown\\-slotted\\-for\\-ufc\\-111\\-in\\-march.mma\\|title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Matt Brown slotted for UFC 111 in March\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-07\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111033804/http://mmajunkie.com/news/17462/ricardo\\-almeida\\-vs\\-matt\\-brown\\-slotted\\-for\\-ufc\\-111\\-in\\-march.mma\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-11}} Almeida defeated Brown by [rear naked choke](/wiki/Rear_naked_choke \"Rear naked choke\") at 2:30 in round 2\\.",
"Almeida faced former [UFC Welterweight Champion](/wiki/List_of_UFC_champions%23Welterweight_Championship \"List of UFC champions#Welterweight Championship\") and [UFC Hall of Famer](/wiki/UFC_hall_of_fame%23UFC_Hall_of_Fame_inductees \"UFC hall of fame#UFC Hall of Fame inductees\") [Matt Hughes](/wiki/Matt_Hughes_%28fighter%29 \"Matt Hughes (fighter)\") on August 7, 2010, at [UFC 117](/wiki/UFC_117 \"UFC 117\") and lost via technical submission due to a [Dave Schultz](/wiki/Dave_Schultz_%28amateur_wrestler%29 \"Dave Schultz (amateur wrestler)\") [front headlock](/wiki/Headlock \"Headlock\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/8/9/1613467/bloody\\-elbow\\-judo\\-chop\\-matt\\-hughes\\|title\\=Bloody Elbow Judo Chop: Matt Hughes Unleashes the \"Dave Schultz Front Headlock\" on Ricardo Almeida at UFC 117\\|author\\=Nate Wilcox\\|work\\=Bloody Elbow\\|date\\=9 August 2010\\|access\\-date\\=14 August 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817175537/http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/8/9/1613467/bloody\\-elbow\\-judo\\-chop\\-matt\\-hughes\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Almeida faced [T. J. Grant](/wiki/T._J._Grant \"T. J. Grant\") on December 11, 2010, at [UFC 124](/wiki/UFC_124 \"UFC 124\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mmajunkie.com/news/20916/ricardo\\-almeida\\-vs\\-t\\-j\\-grant\\-targeted\\-for\\-ufc\\-124\\-in\\-montreal.mma\\|title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. T.J. Grant targeted for UFC 124 in Montreal\\|publisher\\=mmajunkie.com\\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009010807/http://mmajunkie.com/news/20916/ricardo\\-almeida\\-vs\\-t\\-j\\-grant\\-targeted\\-for\\-ufc\\-124\\-in\\-montreal.mma\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-09}} Almeida defeated Grant by unanimous decision.",
"Almeida faced [Mike Pyle](/wiki/Mike_Pyle_%28fighter%29 \"Mike Pyle (fighter)\") on March 19, 2011, at [UFC 128](/wiki/UFC_128 \"UFC 128\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmafighting.com/2010/12/25/m/\\|title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs Mike Pyle Targeted for UFC 128 \\-\\- MMA Fighting\\|publisher\\=mmafighting.com\\|date\\=December 25, 2010}} He lost the fight via unanimous decision.",
"### Retirement",
"Almeida retired for the second time on March 30, 2011, saying that he could not focus 100 percent on fighting, citing his family, his son (who was diagnosed with autism), and teaching at his academies as other areas of his life that needed attention.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mmaweekly.com/ufc\\-welterweight\\-ricardo\\-almeida\\-announces\\-his\\-retirement\\-from\\-mma/ \\|title\\=UFC Welterweight Ricardo Almeida Announces His Retirement from MMA \\|publisher\\=MMAWeekly.com \\|date\\=March 30, 2011}} He added that he would continue to support the UFC and teammates such as [Frankie Edgar](/wiki/Frankie_Edgar \"Frankie Edgar\"), [Kris McCray](/wiki/Kris_McCray \"Kris McCray\"), [Eddie Alvarez](/wiki/Eddie_Alvarez \"Eddie Alvarez\"), and [Corey Anderson](/wiki/Corey_Anderson_%28fighter%29 \"Corey Anderson (fighter)\").",
"### MMA judge",
"A week after his retirement, Almeida became a professional MMA judge in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2011/4/7/2096157/recently\\-retired\\-ufc\\-fighter\\-ricardo\\-almeida\\-now\\-a\\-professional\\-mma \\|title\\=Recently Retired UFC Fighter, Ricardo Almeida, Now a Professional MMA Judge in New Jersey \\|last\\=Tabuena \\|first\\=Andre \\|date\\=2011\\-04\\-07 \\|work\\=bloodyelbow.com \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-07}} On May 5, 2012, he made his major\\-event debut as a judge at the [UFC on FOX 3](/wiki/UFC_on_Fox:Diaz_vs._Miller \"Diaz vs. Miller\") card at the [Izod Center](/wiki/Izod_Center \"Izod Center\") at the [Meadowlands Sports Complex](/wiki/Meadowlands_Sports_Complex \"Meadowlands Sports Complex\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Dana White Would Like to See More Ex\\-Fighters Become Officials\\|date\\=3 May 2012\\|url\\=http://www.mmafighting.com/ufc/2012/5/3/2997285/dana\\-white\\-would\\-like\\-to\\-see\\-more\\-ex\\-fighters\\-become\\-officials\\|publisher\\=MMA Fighting\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2012}}",
""
] |
### Return to UFC
Almeida came out of retirement and returned to the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") in 2008\.
His return bout in the UFC occurred at [UFC 81](/wiki/UFC_81 "UFC 81"), where he won by submitting Rob Yundt via [guillotine choke](/wiki/Guillotine_choke "Guillotine choke") at 1:08 in the first round.
Almeida's next fight was against top fighter [Patrick Cote](/wiki/Patrick_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_%28fighter%29 "Patrick Côté (fighter)") at [UFC 86](/wiki/UFC_86 "UFC 86"), where he lost a close split decision.
Almeida returned at [UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann](/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night:Condit_vs._Kampmann "Condit vs. Kampmann"), this time on the preliminary card, to face [Matt Horwich](/wiki/Matt_Horwich "Matt Horwich"), winning by unanimous decision.
His next fight took place on August 8 in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") against [Kendall Grove](/wiki/Kendall_Grove "Kendall Grove") at [UFC 101](/wiki/UFC_101 "UFC 101"). Almeida won by outgrappling his opponent for the majority of the bout and controlling the fight to earn a unanimous decision victory.
He was scheduled to fight [Jon Fitch](/wiki/Jon_Fitch "Jon Fitch") at [UFC 106](/wiki/UFC_106 "UFC 106") but had to withdraw due to a knee injury suffered while training.{{cite web\|url\=http://mma.fanhouse.com/2009/10/22/ricardo\-almeida\-withdraws\-from\-ufc\-106\-fight\-vs\-jon\-fitch/\|title\=Sports News \& latest headlines from AOL\|work\=AOL.com}}{{Dead link\|date\=July 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
Almeida faced [Matt Brown](/wiki/Matt_Brown_%28fighter%29 "Matt Brown (fighter)") on March 27, 2010, at [UFC 111](/wiki/UFC_111 "UFC 111") in his welterweight debut.{{cite web\|url\=http://mmajunkie.com/news/17462/ricardo\-almeida\-vs\-matt\-brown\-slotted\-for\-ufc\-111\-in\-march.mma\|title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Matt Brown slotted for UFC 111 in March\|date\=2009\-01\-07\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111033804/http://mmajunkie.com/news/17462/ricardo\-almeida\-vs\-matt\-brown\-slotted\-for\-ufc\-111\-in\-march.mma\|archive\-date\=2010\-01\-11}} Almeida defeated Brown by [rear naked choke](/wiki/Rear_naked_choke "Rear naked choke") at 2:30 in round 2\.
Almeida faced former [UFC Welterweight Champion](/wiki/List_of_UFC_champions%23Welterweight_Championship "List of UFC champions#Welterweight Championship") and [UFC Hall of Famer](/wiki/UFC_hall_of_fame%23UFC_Hall_of_Fame_inductees "UFC hall of fame#UFC Hall of Fame inductees") [Matt Hughes](/wiki/Matt_Hughes_%28fighter%29 "Matt Hughes (fighter)") on August 7, 2010, at [UFC 117](/wiki/UFC_117 "UFC 117") and lost via technical submission due to a [Dave Schultz](/wiki/Dave_Schultz_%28amateur_wrestler%29 "Dave Schultz (amateur wrestler)") [front headlock](/wiki/Headlock "Headlock").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/8/9/1613467/bloody\-elbow\-judo\-chop\-matt\-hughes\|title\=Bloody Elbow Judo Chop: Matt Hughes Unleashes the "Dave Schultz Front Headlock" on Ricardo Almeida at UFC 117\|author\=Nate Wilcox\|work\=Bloody Elbow\|date\=9 August 2010\|access\-date\=14 August 2010\|archive\-date\=17 August 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817175537/http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/8/9/1613467/bloody\-elbow\-judo\-chop\-matt\-hughes\|url\-status\=dead}}
Almeida faced [T. J. Grant](/wiki/T._J._Grant "T. J. Grant") on December 11, 2010, at [UFC 124](/wiki/UFC_124 "UFC 124").{{cite web\|url\=http://mmajunkie.com/news/20916/ricardo\-almeida\-vs\-t\-j\-grant\-targeted\-for\-ufc\-124\-in\-montreal.mma\|title\=Ricardo Almeida vs. T.J. Grant targeted for UFC 124 in Montreal\|publisher\=mmajunkie.com\|date\=2010\-10\-06\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009010807/http://mmajunkie.com/news/20916/ricardo\-almeida\-vs\-t\-j\-grant\-targeted\-for\-ufc\-124\-in\-montreal.mma\|archive\-date\=2010\-10\-09}} Almeida defeated Grant by unanimous decision.
Almeida faced [Mike Pyle](/wiki/Mike_Pyle_%28fighter%29 "Mike Pyle (fighter)") on March 19, 2011, at [UFC 128](/wiki/UFC_128 "UFC 128").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmafighting.com/2010/12/25/m/\|title\=Ricardo Almeida vs Mike Pyle Targeted for UFC 128 \-\- MMA Fighting\|publisher\=mmafighting.com\|date\=December 25, 2010}} He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
|
[
"### Return to UFC",
"Almeida came out of retirement and returned to the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") in 2008\\.",
"His return bout in the UFC occurred at [UFC 81](/wiki/UFC_81 \"UFC 81\"), where he won by submitting Rob Yundt via [guillotine choke](/wiki/Guillotine_choke \"Guillotine choke\") at 1:08 in the first round.",
"Almeida's next fight was against top fighter [Patrick Cote](/wiki/Patrick_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_%28fighter%29 \"Patrick Côté (fighter)\") at [UFC 86](/wiki/UFC_86 \"UFC 86\"), where he lost a close split decision.",
"Almeida returned at [UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann](/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night:Condit_vs._Kampmann \"Condit vs. Kampmann\"), this time on the preliminary card, to face [Matt Horwich](/wiki/Matt_Horwich \"Matt Horwich\"), winning by unanimous decision.",
"His next fight took place on August 8 in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") against [Kendall Grove](/wiki/Kendall_Grove \"Kendall Grove\") at [UFC 101](/wiki/UFC_101 \"UFC 101\"). Almeida won by outgrappling his opponent for the majority of the bout and controlling the fight to earn a unanimous decision victory.",
"He was scheduled to fight [Jon Fitch](/wiki/Jon_Fitch \"Jon Fitch\") at [UFC 106](/wiki/UFC_106 \"UFC 106\") but had to withdraw due to a knee injury suffered while training.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mma.fanhouse.com/2009/10/22/ricardo\\-almeida\\-withdraws\\-from\\-ufc\\-106\\-fight\\-vs\\-jon\\-fitch/\\|title\\=Sports News \\& latest headlines from AOL\\|work\\=AOL.com}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"Almeida faced [Matt Brown](/wiki/Matt_Brown_%28fighter%29 \"Matt Brown (fighter)\") on March 27, 2010, at [UFC 111](/wiki/UFC_111 \"UFC 111\") in his welterweight debut.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mmajunkie.com/news/17462/ricardo\\-almeida\\-vs\\-matt\\-brown\\-slotted\\-for\\-ufc\\-111\\-in\\-march.mma\\|title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. Matt Brown slotted for UFC 111 in March\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-07\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111033804/http://mmajunkie.com/news/17462/ricardo\\-almeida\\-vs\\-matt\\-brown\\-slotted\\-for\\-ufc\\-111\\-in\\-march.mma\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-11}} Almeida defeated Brown by [rear naked choke](/wiki/Rear_naked_choke \"Rear naked choke\") at 2:30 in round 2\\.",
"Almeida faced former [UFC Welterweight Champion](/wiki/List_of_UFC_champions%23Welterweight_Championship \"List of UFC champions#Welterweight Championship\") and [UFC Hall of Famer](/wiki/UFC_hall_of_fame%23UFC_Hall_of_Fame_inductees \"UFC hall of fame#UFC Hall of Fame inductees\") [Matt Hughes](/wiki/Matt_Hughes_%28fighter%29 \"Matt Hughes (fighter)\") on August 7, 2010, at [UFC 117](/wiki/UFC_117 \"UFC 117\") and lost via technical submission due to a [Dave Schultz](/wiki/Dave_Schultz_%28amateur_wrestler%29 \"Dave Schultz (amateur wrestler)\") [front headlock](/wiki/Headlock \"Headlock\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/8/9/1613467/bloody\\-elbow\\-judo\\-chop\\-matt\\-hughes\\|title\\=Bloody Elbow Judo Chop: Matt Hughes Unleashes the \"Dave Schultz Front Headlock\" on Ricardo Almeida at UFC 117\\|author\\=Nate Wilcox\\|work\\=Bloody Elbow\\|date\\=9 August 2010\\|access\\-date\\=14 August 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817175537/http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/8/9/1613467/bloody\\-elbow\\-judo\\-chop\\-matt\\-hughes\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Almeida faced [T. J. Grant](/wiki/T._J._Grant \"T. J. Grant\") on December 11, 2010, at [UFC 124](/wiki/UFC_124 \"UFC 124\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mmajunkie.com/news/20916/ricardo\\-almeida\\-vs\\-t\\-j\\-grant\\-targeted\\-for\\-ufc\\-124\\-in\\-montreal.mma\\|title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs. T.J. Grant targeted for UFC 124 in Montreal\\|publisher\\=mmajunkie.com\\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009010807/http://mmajunkie.com/news/20916/ricardo\\-almeida\\-vs\\-t\\-j\\-grant\\-targeted\\-for\\-ufc\\-124\\-in\\-montreal.mma\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-09}} Almeida defeated Grant by unanimous decision.",
"Almeida faced [Mike Pyle](/wiki/Mike_Pyle_%28fighter%29 \"Mike Pyle (fighter)\") on March 19, 2011, at [UFC 128](/wiki/UFC_128 \"UFC 128\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmafighting.com/2010/12/25/m/\\|title\\=Ricardo Almeida vs Mike Pyle Targeted for UFC 128 \\-\\- MMA Fighting\\|publisher\\=mmafighting.com\\|date\\=December 25, 2010}} He lost the fight via unanimous decision.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Previous patrols
[thumb\|left\|[F\-86E](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre "North American F-86 Sabre") supplied with the *Cavallino Rampante*](/wiki/File:Cavallino_Rampante_F-86.jpg "Cavallino Rampante F-86.jpg")
In [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") the first acrobatic flight school was founded in 1930 at the [Udine\-Campoformido Airport](/wiki/Udine-Campoformido_Airport "Udine-Campoformido Airport") on the initiative of Colonel [Rino Corso Fougier](/wiki/Rino_Corso_Fougier "Rino Corso Fougier"), commander of the 1st [Fighter Wing](/wiki/Wing_%28military_aviation_unit%29 "Wing (military aviation unit)"): the first formation consisted of five [Fiat C.R.20](/wiki/Fiat_C.R.20 "Fiat C.R.20") and already on 8 June 1930 at first air show, called "Wing Day", these planes performed in a "bomb", a figure similar to the current bomb.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aeronautica\-italiana.it/Storia%20Frecce%20Tricolori.html\|title\=Storia delle Frecce Tricolori\|access\-date\=15 October 2019\|language\=it}}
In the years before the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") the patrol of the *[Regia Aeronautica](/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica "Regia Aeronautica")* participated in various events (to note is that in 1932 [Breda Ba.19](/wiki/Breda_Ba.19 "Breda Ba.19") was used, in 1934 [Fiat CR.30](/wiki/Fiat_CR.30 "Fiat CR.30") and from 1936 [Fiat CR.32](/wiki/Fiat_CR.32 "Fiat CR.32")), among which in 1938 the inauguration of the [Milan\-Linate Airport](/wiki/Linate_Airport "Linate Airport") during which the Chief Patrol was Bruno Sartori, [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Silver Medal of Military Valor").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pisatoday.it/guida/frecce\-tricolori\-storia\-pattuglia\-acrobatica\-aeronautica\-italiana.html\|title\=La storia delle Frecce Tricolori\|access\-date\=15 October 2019\|language\=it\|archive\-date\=15 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015073122/http://www.pisatoday.it/guida/frecce\-tricolori\-storia\-pattuglia\-acrobatica\-aeronautica\-italiana.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
After the inevitable parenthesis of the 1939\-1945 period the acrobatic patrol was dissolved and reformed after the war, even if not officially classified as an acrobatic patrol. It was in fact the 51st Fighter Wing, equipped with [US P\-51D Mustang](/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang "North American P-51 Mustang") and British [Spitfire Mk.IX](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire "Supermarine Spitfire") aircraft, the first to perform with three Spitfires at [Padua Airport](/wiki/Padua_Airport "Padua Airport") in September 1947\. The enthusiasm of these pilots was soon followed by some of their colleagues of the 5th Wing, which formed another aerobatic team based on Spitfire aircraft.[Caliaro 2005](/wiki/%23Caliaro2005 "#Caliaro2005"), pp. 14\-15\.
In 1950 a patrol called *Cavallino Rampante* (Prancing Horse) formed, consisting of four pilots of the 4th Wing equipped with [D.H.100 Vampire](/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire "De Havilland Vampire") aircraft. In parallel with this department, in 1953 the *Guizzo* (Wriggle) was established, coming from the 5th Wing and operating on [F\-84G Thunderjet](/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet "Republic F-84 Thunderjet") aircraft. This unit participated by gaining considerable success at various shows throughout Europe, thanks also to the return of the acrobatic manoeuvre called "bomb": the four pilots at the top of a looping in formation swooped down in opposite directions, calling the plane only near the ground.[Caliaro 2005](/wiki/%23Caliaro2005 "#Caliaro2005"), pp. 15\-16\. The notoriety of Guizzo grew to such an extent that in 1955 he was given a film called *The four of the thundering jet* (in honour of the Thunderjet), and it was thanks to this film that the department officially changed its name to *Getti Tonanti* (Thundering Jets), continuing to perform until 1956, when they were replaced by the *Tigri Bianche* (White Tigers) of the 51st Fighter Wing, always mounted on F\-84G.
After a successful year, this new acrobatic team gave way to the reborn *Cavallino Rampante* and its new [F\-86E Saber](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre "North American F-86 Sabre"), which will begin operations on May 19, 1957 at the [Turin Airport](/wiki/Turin_Airport "Turin Airport"), reaching its peak with the exhibition at the international exhibition of aeronautics and space in [Paris Air Show](/wiki/Paris_Air_Show "Paris Air Show"). Many artistic victories also derived from the fact that, for the first time in Italy, a white smoke generator was used, with which the acrobatic figures were particularly highlighted.[Caliaro 2005](/wiki/%23Caliaro2005 "#Caliaro2005"), pp. 17\-18\. 1957 also saw the entry into the scene of two new acrobatic departments: the *Diavoli Rossi* (Red Devils) and the *Lanceri Neri* (Black Lancers). The former were on staff at the 6th Fighter Wing, and with their [F\-84F Thunderstreak](/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak "Republic F-84F Thunderstreak") they achieved a great consensus among the population, as shown by their tour in the United States of America; the latter instead came from the 2nd Aerobrigata, demonstrating, with the help of the F\-86E, great operational ability, which led them to fly also in [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") in 1959 in the presence of the Shah [Mohammad Reza Pahlavi](/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi").
In 1959 the Getti Tonanti line\-up equipped with F\-84F was also reconstituted, whose livery will be modified in 1960 with the five circles of the Olympic flag on the occasion of the [1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics "1960 Summer Olympics") held in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").
### Birth of the Frecce Tricolori
[thumb\|The {{Lang\|it\|Frecce Tricolori}}, with the smoke trails representing the [national colours of Italy](/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy "National colours of Italy"), during the celebrations of the *[Festa della Repubblica](/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica "Festa della Repubblica")* in 2011](/wiki/File:Frecce_Tricolori_-_RIAT_2011_%286404769015%29.jpg "Frecce Tricolori - RIAT 2011 (6404769015).jpg")
Towards the end of 1960, it was decided to end this shifting between the various flocks and to found a department whose specific purpose was to form the national aerobatic team, selecting the best pilots of the various departments.
Major Mario Squarcina, leader of the *Diavoli Rossi* was thus commissioned by the General Staff of the Italian Air Force to establish the *Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale* (National Aerobatic Patrol) composed of pilots from all the Air Force departments. The 313th Aerobatic Training Group was founded on 1 March 1961 at the [Rivolto Air Base](/wiki/Rivolto_Air_Base "Rivolto Air Base"). On the same day, 6 North American [F\-86 Sabers](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre "North American F-86 Sabre") of the 4th Air Brigade took off from [Grosseto](/wiki/Grosseto_Airport "Grosseto Airport") to Rivolto. On 1 May 1961 the first official release of the *Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale* (P.A.N.) with the high program of 4 \+ 1 F86 Saber on the airport of Trento \- Gardolo, on the occasion of the Air Show of the local Aero Club. Three days later, on May 3, there was an incident in a flight, during which a pilot died.{{cite web\|url\=https://storiadellefreccetricolori.it/3\-marzo\-1961\-la\-nascita\-della\-pan/\|title\=3 marzo 1961: la nascita della P.A.N.\|date\=18 March 2018 \|access\-date\=15 October 2019\|language\=it}}
[thumb\|left\|The {{Lang\|it\|Frecce Tricolori}} fly over the [Victor Emmanuel II Monument](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument "Victor Emmanuel II Monument") during the celebrations of the *[Festa della Repubblica](/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica "Festa della Repubblica")* in 2022](/wiki/File:Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg "Frecce Tricolori 2022.jpg")
The {{Lang\|it\|Frecce Tricolori}} flew on [North American F\-86 Sabre](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre "North American F-86 Sabre") until 1963\. The staff, initially not as numerous as today, was enlarged in 1963 to nine elements plus the soloist, adding the possibility of using coloured fumes. The following year the [Fiat G.91PAN](/wiki/Fiat_G.91 "Fiat G.91") fighter\-bombers arrived, then moved to the current [Aermacchi MB\-339 A/PAN MLU](/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-339 "Aermacchi MB-339") in 1982\.
On 28 August 1988, the PAN was the protagonist of the [Ramstein air show disaster](/wiki/Ramstein_air_show_disaster "Ramstein air show disaster"), one of the worst air show disasters in history, in which 67 spectators and three pilots died and 346 spectators sustained serious injuries. Two of the three dead pilots, Mario Naldini and Ivo Nutarelli, were supposed to testify at the trial for the [Itavia Flight 870](/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870 "Itavia Flight 870") a few days later. This was the cause of various suspicions and conspiracy theories about what happened that day.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/02/01/ustica\-denuncia\-choc\-lincidente\-alle\-frecce\-tricolori\-ramstein\-sabotaggio/188298/ \|title\=Ustica, la denuncia choc: "L'incidente alle frecce tricolori fu un sabotaggio"\|date\=February 2012 \|language\=it\|access\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508065015/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/02/01/ustica\-denuncia\-choc\-lincidente\-alle\-frecce\-tricolori\-ramstein\-sabotaggio/188298/\|archive\-date\=8 May 2017}}
In 2000 they reached 50,000 flying hours on the [Aermacchi MB\-339](/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-339 "Aermacchi MB-339").[Aeronautica Militare official site](http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/SitoAM/Default.asp?idnot=12999&idsez=668&idarg=&idente=246)
In 2005 they won the award for best exhibition at the [Royal International Air Tattoo](/wiki/Royal_International_Air_Tattoo "Royal International Air Tattoo") at [Fairford](/wiki/Fairford "Fairford"), [England](/wiki/England "England"). They were the first non\-[Russian](/wiki/Russian_Federation "Russian Federation") unit to receive the [Russian Silver Medal for Aeronautical Merit](/wiki/List_of_orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_the_Russian_Federation "List of orders, decorations, and medals of the Russian Federation").[Aeronautica Militare official site](http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/SitoAM/Default.asp?idnot=13728&idsez=1531&idarg=&idente=1398)[Aeronautica Militare official site](http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/SitoAM/Images/fn13728-4.jpg) On 8 September 2007 the {{Lang\|it\|Frecce Tricolori}} took part at the funeral of [Luciano Pavarotti](/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti "Luciano Pavarotti") in [Modena](/wiki/Modena "Modena") and honoured him with a [fly\-past](/wiki/Fly-past "Fly-past") leaving green\-white\-red smoke trails.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.estense.com/?module\=displaystory\&story\_id\=25350\&format\=html\|title\=estense.com\|access\-date\=11 February 2017}}
The replacement (scheduled for 2017\) of the MB\-339PAN with [Alenia Aermacchi M.345 HET](/wiki/Aermacchi_M-345 "Aermacchi M-345") (High\-Efficiency Trainer), announced in 2013, was blocked in 2014, reconfirmed in 2016 with entry into service scheduled for 2020;{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.quotidianomotori.com/volo/aermacchi\-m\-345\-het\-frecce\-tricolori/\|title\=Aermacchi M\-345 HET, il nuovo aereo delle Frecce Tricolori\|date\=22 April 2019 \|language\=it\|access\-date\=29 June 2019}} however, as of 2024 the team was still flying the MB\-339PAN.
On 12 September 2024, the Italian Air Force announced that Frecce Tricolori would use [Alenia Aermacchi M\-346 Master](/wiki/Alenia_Aermacchi_M-346_Master "Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master") as their new aircraft. {{Cite web \|title\= \|url\=https://x.com/ItalianAirForce/status/1834257868364632118?t\=BBTXrVzvgXbLLRpfS8c4Nw\&s\=19 \|website\=X. com}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Previous patrols",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[F\\-86E](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre \"North American F-86 Sabre\") supplied with the *Cavallino Rampante*](/wiki/File:Cavallino_Rampante_F-86.jpg \"Cavallino Rampante F-86.jpg\")",
"In [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") the first acrobatic flight school was founded in 1930 at the [Udine\\-Campoformido Airport](/wiki/Udine-Campoformido_Airport \"Udine-Campoformido Airport\") on the initiative of Colonel [Rino Corso Fougier](/wiki/Rino_Corso_Fougier \"Rino Corso Fougier\"), commander of the 1st [Fighter Wing](/wiki/Wing_%28military_aviation_unit%29 \"Wing (military aviation unit)\"): the first formation consisted of five [Fiat C.R.20](/wiki/Fiat_C.R.20 \"Fiat C.R.20\") and already on 8 June 1930 at first air show, called \"Wing Day\", these planes performed in a \"bomb\", a figure similar to the current bomb.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aeronautica\\-italiana.it/Storia%20Frecce%20Tricolori.html\\|title\\=Storia delle Frecce Tricolori\\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2019\\|language\\=it}}",
"In the years before the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") the patrol of the *[Regia Aeronautica](/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica \"Regia Aeronautica\")* participated in various events (to note is that in 1932 [Breda Ba.19](/wiki/Breda_Ba.19 \"Breda Ba.19\") was used, in 1934 [Fiat CR.30](/wiki/Fiat_CR.30 \"Fiat CR.30\") and from 1936 [Fiat CR.32](/wiki/Fiat_CR.32 \"Fiat CR.32\")), among which in 1938 the inauguration of the [Milan\\-Linate Airport](/wiki/Linate_Airport \"Linate Airport\") during which the Chief Patrol was Bruno Sartori, [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Silver Medal of Military Valor\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pisatoday.it/guida/frecce\\-tricolori\\-storia\\-pattuglia\\-acrobatica\\-aeronautica\\-italiana.html\\|title\\=La storia delle Frecce Tricolori\\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2019\\|language\\=it\\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015073122/http://www.pisatoday.it/guida/frecce\\-tricolori\\-storia\\-pattuglia\\-acrobatica\\-aeronautica\\-italiana.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"After the inevitable parenthesis of the 1939\\-1945 period the acrobatic patrol was dissolved and reformed after the war, even if not officially classified as an acrobatic patrol. It was in fact the 51st Fighter Wing, equipped with [US P\\-51D Mustang](/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang \"North American P-51 Mustang\") and British [Spitfire Mk.IX](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire \"Supermarine Spitfire\") aircraft, the first to perform with three Spitfires at [Padua Airport](/wiki/Padua_Airport \"Padua Airport\") in September 1947\\. The enthusiasm of these pilots was soon followed by some of their colleagues of the 5th Wing, which formed another aerobatic team based on Spitfire aircraft.[Caliaro 2005](/wiki/%23Caliaro2005 \"#Caliaro2005\"), pp. 14\\-15\\.",
"In 1950 a patrol called *Cavallino Rampante* (Prancing Horse) formed, consisting of four pilots of the 4th Wing equipped with [D.H.100 Vampire](/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire \"De Havilland Vampire\") aircraft. In parallel with this department, in 1953 the *Guizzo* (Wriggle) was established, coming from the 5th Wing and operating on [F\\-84G Thunderjet](/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet \"Republic F-84 Thunderjet\") aircraft. This unit participated by gaining considerable success at various shows throughout Europe, thanks also to the return of the acrobatic manoeuvre called \"bomb\": the four pilots at the top of a looping in formation swooped down in opposite directions, calling the plane only near the ground.[Caliaro 2005](/wiki/%23Caliaro2005 \"#Caliaro2005\"), pp. 15\\-16\\. The notoriety of Guizzo grew to such an extent that in 1955 he was given a film called *The four of the thundering jet* (in honour of the Thunderjet), and it was thanks to this film that the department officially changed its name to *Getti Tonanti* (Thundering Jets), continuing to perform until 1956, when they were replaced by the *Tigri Bianche* (White Tigers) of the 51st Fighter Wing, always mounted on F\\-84G.",
"After a successful year, this new acrobatic team gave way to the reborn *Cavallino Rampante* and its new [F\\-86E Saber](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre \"North American F-86 Sabre\"), which will begin operations on May 19, 1957 at the [Turin Airport](/wiki/Turin_Airport \"Turin Airport\"), reaching its peak with the exhibition at the international exhibition of aeronautics and space in [Paris Air Show](/wiki/Paris_Air_Show \"Paris Air Show\"). Many artistic victories also derived from the fact that, for the first time in Italy, a white smoke generator was used, with which the acrobatic figures were particularly highlighted.[Caliaro 2005](/wiki/%23Caliaro2005 \"#Caliaro2005\"), pp. 17\\-18\\. 1957 also saw the entry into the scene of two new acrobatic departments: the *Diavoli Rossi* (Red Devils) and the *Lanceri Neri* (Black Lancers). The former were on staff at the 6th Fighter Wing, and with their [F\\-84F Thunderstreak](/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak \"Republic F-84F Thunderstreak\") they achieved a great consensus among the population, as shown by their tour in the United States of America; the latter instead came from the 2nd Aerobrigata, demonstrating, with the help of the F\\-86E, great operational ability, which led them to fly also in [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") in 1959 in the presence of the Shah [Mohammad Reza Pahlavi](/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi \"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi\").",
"In 1959 the Getti Tonanti line\\-up equipped with F\\-84F was also reconstituted, whose livery will be modified in 1960 with the five circles of the Olympic flag on the occasion of the [1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics \"1960 Summer Olympics\") held in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").",
"### Birth of the Frecce Tricolori",
"[thumb\\|The {{Lang\\|it\\|Frecce Tricolori}}, with the smoke trails representing the [national colours of Italy](/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy \"National colours of Italy\"), during the celebrations of the *[Festa della Repubblica](/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica \"Festa della Repubblica\")* in 2011](/wiki/File:Frecce_Tricolori_-_RIAT_2011_%286404769015%29.jpg \"Frecce Tricolori - RIAT 2011 (6404769015).jpg\")",
"Towards the end of 1960, it was decided to end this shifting between the various flocks and to found a department whose specific purpose was to form the national aerobatic team, selecting the best pilots of the various departments.",
"Major Mario Squarcina, leader of the *Diavoli Rossi* was thus commissioned by the General Staff of the Italian Air Force to establish the *Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale* (National Aerobatic Patrol) composed of pilots from all the Air Force departments. The 313th Aerobatic Training Group was founded on 1 March 1961 at the [Rivolto Air Base](/wiki/Rivolto_Air_Base \"Rivolto Air Base\"). On the same day, 6 North American [F\\-86 Sabers](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre \"North American F-86 Sabre\") of the 4th Air Brigade took off from [Grosseto](/wiki/Grosseto_Airport \"Grosseto Airport\") to Rivolto. On 1 May 1961 the first official release of the *Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale* (P.A.N.) with the high program of 4 \\+ 1 F86 Saber on the airport of Trento \\- Gardolo, on the occasion of the Air Show of the local Aero Club. Three days later, on May 3, there was an incident in a flight, during which a pilot died.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://storiadellefreccetricolori.it/3\\-marzo\\-1961\\-la\\-nascita\\-della\\-pan/\\|title\\=3 marzo 1961: la nascita della P.A.N.\\|date\\=18 March 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2019\\|language\\=it}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The {{Lang\\|it\\|Frecce Tricolori}} fly over the [Victor Emmanuel II Monument](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument \"Victor Emmanuel II Monument\") during the celebrations of the *[Festa della Repubblica](/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica \"Festa della Repubblica\")* in 2022](/wiki/File:Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg \"Frecce Tricolori 2022.jpg\")\nThe {{Lang\\|it\\|Frecce Tricolori}} flew on [North American F\\-86 Sabre](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre \"North American F-86 Sabre\") until 1963\\. The staff, initially not as numerous as today, was enlarged in 1963 to nine elements plus the soloist, adding the possibility of using coloured fumes. The following year the [Fiat G.91PAN](/wiki/Fiat_G.91 \"Fiat G.91\") fighter\\-bombers arrived, then moved to the current [Aermacchi MB\\-339 A/PAN MLU](/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-339 \"Aermacchi MB-339\") in 1982\\.",
"On 28 August 1988, the PAN was the protagonist of the [Ramstein air show disaster](/wiki/Ramstein_air_show_disaster \"Ramstein air show disaster\"), one of the worst air show disasters in history, in which 67 spectators and three pilots died and 346 spectators sustained serious injuries. Two of the three dead pilots, Mario Naldini and Ivo Nutarelli, were supposed to testify at the trial for the [Itavia Flight 870](/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870 \"Itavia Flight 870\") a few days later. This was the cause of various suspicions and conspiracy theories about what happened that day.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/02/01/ustica\\-denuncia\\-choc\\-lincidente\\-alle\\-frecce\\-tricolori\\-ramstein\\-sabotaggio/188298/ \\|title\\=Ustica, la denuncia choc: \"L'incidente alle frecce tricolori fu un sabotaggio\"\\|date\\=February 2012 \\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508065015/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/02/01/ustica\\-denuncia\\-choc\\-lincidente\\-alle\\-frecce\\-tricolori\\-ramstein\\-sabotaggio/188298/\\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2017}}",
"In 2000 they reached 50,000 flying hours on the [Aermacchi MB\\-339](/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-339 \"Aermacchi MB-339\").[Aeronautica Militare official site](http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/SitoAM/Default.asp?idnot=12999&idsez=668&idarg=&idente=246)",
"In 2005 they won the award for best exhibition at the [Royal International Air Tattoo](/wiki/Royal_International_Air_Tattoo \"Royal International Air Tattoo\") at [Fairford](/wiki/Fairford \"Fairford\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). They were the first non\\-[Russian](/wiki/Russian_Federation \"Russian Federation\") unit to receive the [Russian Silver Medal for Aeronautical Merit](/wiki/List_of_orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_the_Russian_Federation \"List of orders, decorations, and medals of the Russian Federation\").[Aeronautica Militare official site](http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/SitoAM/Default.asp?idnot=13728&idsez=1531&idarg=&idente=1398)[Aeronautica Militare official site](http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/SitoAM/Images/fn13728-4.jpg) On 8 September 2007 the {{Lang\\|it\\|Frecce Tricolori}} took part at the funeral of [Luciano Pavarotti](/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti \"Luciano Pavarotti\") in [Modena](/wiki/Modena \"Modena\") and honoured him with a [fly\\-past](/wiki/Fly-past \"Fly-past\") leaving green\\-white\\-red smoke trails.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.estense.com/?module\\=displaystory\\&story\\_id\\=25350\\&format\\=html\\|title\\=estense.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2017}}",
"The replacement (scheduled for 2017\\) of the MB\\-339PAN with [Alenia Aermacchi M.345 HET](/wiki/Aermacchi_M-345 \"Aermacchi M-345\") (High\\-Efficiency Trainer), announced in 2013, was blocked in 2014, reconfirmed in 2016 with entry into service scheduled for 2020;{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.quotidianomotori.com/volo/aermacchi\\-m\\-345\\-het\\-frecce\\-tricolori/\\|title\\=Aermacchi M\\-345 HET, il nuovo aereo delle Frecce Tricolori\\|date\\=22 April 2019 \\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2019}} however, as of 2024 the team was still flying the MB\\-339PAN.",
"On 12 September 2024, the Italian Air Force announced that Frecce Tricolori would use [Alenia Aermacchi M\\-346 Master](/wiki/Alenia_Aermacchi_M-346_Master \"Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master\") as their new aircraft. {{Cite web \\|title\\= \\|url\\=https://x.com/ItalianAirForce/status/1834257868364632118?t\\=BBTXrVzvgXbLLRpfS8c4Nw\\&s\\=19 \\|website\\=X. com}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Saxon and earlier
Within the manor is evidence of [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age") habitation, and some signs of [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic") activity.{{Cite news \|title\=Soulton Hall on Twitter \|language\=en \|newspaper\=Twitter \|url\=https://twitter.com/SoultonHall/status/822811990376726529 \|access\-date\=2017\-02\-11}}
{{multiple image
\| direction \= vertical
\| align \= right
\| footer \= Early documentary accounts of the Manor of Soulton
\| image1 \= Ddb1086soulton.png
\| alt1 \= 1086 entry in Domesday Book
\| caption1 \= 1086 entry in Domesday Book
\| image2 \= 1299 grant of manor of Soulton.jpg
\| alt2 \= A grant of the manor of Soulton in 1299
\| caption2 \= A grant of the manor of Soulton in 1299
}}
The name of the manor is Saxon and means either 'settlement with a plough' or 'settlement with reeds' or possibly 'settlement in/near a gully' .{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xlYKAQAAMAAJ\&q\=%22soulton\+hall%22 \|title\=English Place\-Name Society \|date\=1990\-01\-01 \|publisher\=The University Press \|isbn\=9780904889147 \|language\=en}}
The [manor](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism") of Soulton existed at the time of the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book "Domesday Book") in 1086 (see: [PASE Domesday](http://domesday.pase.ac.uk/?SearchField_1=Vill&Text_1=soulton&TenantType_1=&SearchField_2=&Text_2=&grouping=&sizeGroup=Default&qr=1&tab=tbl&col=c1)) and is recorded as "Svltune". The Domesday Book records the manor as having previously been freely held by Brihtric — most likely the same Brihtric who was the brother of [Eadric Streona](/wiki/Eadric_Streona "Eadric Streona") the [Ealdorman of Mercia](/wiki/Ealdorman_of_Mercia "Ealdorman of Mercia") from 1007 to 1017\. Both Brihtric and Eadric were slain by [King Cnut](/wiki/King_Cnut "King Cnut") on [Christmas Day](/wiki/Christmas_Day "Christmas Day"), 1017\.{{Cite web \|last\=Hall \|first\=Soulton \|title\=‘1086 and All That’ – Back to the Domesday Book – Soulton Hall \|url\=https://soultonhall.co.uk/2024/1086\-and\-all\-that\-back\-to\-the\-domesday\-book/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-17 \|language\=en\-GB}}
Based on its Domesday Book entry there are likely to have been buildings on or near to the site of the extant hall prior to the Norman Conquest, but these have yet to be identified archaeologically, and may not have survived the building of the mound.
### Post\-Norman
A [Norman](/wiki/Norman_architecture "Norman architecture") castle was constructed approximately 300 meters to the north\-east of the extant hall either during the [Anarchy](/wiki/The_Anarchy "The Anarchy") of the early 1100s,{{NHLE\|num\=1017236\|desc\=Soulton moated site and formal garden remains\|accessdate\=2017\-02\-11}} or later, certainly by the 1250s.
The location is marked by a mound which can still be seen. This site is located around the point at which the roadway crosses a narrow gap in some wet terrain which would likely have had a strategic reason for establishing a fortification in that location.
A grant of the manor in 1299 indicates that some of the ancient marker posts marking the boundary with [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales") formed part of the boundary of the manor.
The manor supported the clergy of the King's Chapel of St Michael in [Shrewsbury Castle](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Castle "Shrewsbury Castle").
### Post\-1556
#### Civil War
[alt\=Charles I in arms\|thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|King [King Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England") passed within sight of the house in the earliest days if the Civil War, and made a temporary capital nearby at Shrewsbury.](/wiki/File:King_Charles_I_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg "King Charles I by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg")
In September 1642, [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England") passed within sight of Soulton Hall, and subsequently set up a temporary capital at [Shrewsbury](/wiki/Shrewsbury "Shrewsbury").{{Cite web \|title\=Charles I \- Civil War {{!}} Britannica \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles\-I\-king\-of\-Great\-Britain\-and\-Ireland/Civil\-War \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-15 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}}
In 1643, the first Parliamentary garrison in Shropshire was declared at nearby Wem.{{Cite book \|last\=Garbett \|first\=Samuel \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jcsuAAAAMAAJ\&dq\=%22wem%22\+crows\+nest\+prince\+rupert\+civil\+war\&pg\=PA221 \|title\=The History of Wem: And \[other] ... Townships \[in Shropshire] ... \|date\=1818 \|publisher\=Franklin \|language\=en}} On 17\-18 October, the Royalists responded by sending a large force to the district, described as follows:
> 3 cannon, 2 drakes, one great mortarpiece that carried a 30ln. bullet, had 120 odd wagons and carriages laden with bread, biskett, bare and other provisions and theire armye being formydable as consistynge of neer 5,000\.{{Cite web \|title\=Shropshire's History Advanced Search {{!}} Shropshire's History Advanced Search \|url\=http://search.shropshirehistory.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCS\_MSA13505/ \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-08 \|language\=en\-US}}
The Royalist attackers only formed up on one side, approaching Wem only from Soulton Road. The engagement does not seem to have been seriously interested in taking Wem with the commander, Lord Capel, light\-heartedly smoking his pipe half a mile from the town on that road. The town was not taken and the manoeuvre lasted less than a day resulting in this couplet.
> The women of Wem and a few musketeers.
Beat the Lord Capel and all his Cavaliers.{{Cite web \|title\=Wem \|work\=North Shropshire \|publisher\=Shropshire Tourism \|url\=http://www.northshropshire.co.uk/town/wem.html \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-08\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710234329/http://www.northshropshire.co.uk/town/wem.html\|archive\-date\=2019\-07\-10}}
[alt\=a courtly portrate of a young man \|thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|[Prince Rupert of the Rhine](/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine "Prince Rupert of the Rhine") was repeatedly in the area of Soulton in the early phases of the English Civil War.It](/wiki/File:Gerrit_van_Honthorst_%28c.1590-1592-1656%29_%28attributed_to%29_-_Prince_Rupert%2C_Count_Palatine_-_NPG_4519_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg "Gerrit van Honthorst (c.1590-1592-1656) (attributed to) - Prince Rupert, Count Palatine - NPG 4519 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg") has been suggested that Hill's statecraft involved the accumulation of state papers and culturally important texts at Soulton, some of which then passed via the Alkington Cotton into the [Cotton Library](/wiki/Cotton_library "Cotton library") (which goes on to hold the [Beowulf](/wiki/Beowulf "Beowulf") manuscript and copies of [Magna Carta](/wiki/Magna_Carta "Magna Carta")) and this, alongside the repeated traditional memorialization of Sir Rowland Hill with Magna Carta offers a potential explanation{{Cite web \|last\=Hall \|first\=Soulton \|title\=Wemian Article: Wem’s Civil War – Soulton Hall \|url\=https://soultonhall.co.uk/2024/wemian\-article\-on\-wems\-civil\-war/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-17 \|language\=en\-GB}} for the battle of Wem in the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War") during which Soulton was ransacked.{{Cite web \|title\=Clare Ashford \- Mark Elliott sits in (14/12/2023\) \- BBC Sounds \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0gtsptf \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-14 \|website\=www.bbc.co.uk \|language\=en\-GB}}
The following February of 1643, [Prince Rupert](/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine "Prince Rupert of the Rhine") is recorded as being repeatedly in the district.{{Cite journal \|last\=Worton \|first\=Jonathan \|date\=June 2015 \|title\=The Royalist and Parliamentarian – War Effort in Shropshire During the First and Second English Civil Wars, 1642\-1648 \|url\=https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10034/612966/Main%20article.pdf?sequence\=1 \|journal\=}}{{Cite web \|title\=Prees Heath History \|url\=https://www.preesheathcommonreserve.co.uk/prees\_heath\_history.html \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-15 \|website\=www.preesheathcommonreserve.co.uk \|language\=en}}
#### Restoration
In the late 17th century Soulton had passed to Thomas Hill, who attended [Oriel College, Oxford](/wiki/Oriel_College%2C_Oxford "Oriel College, Oxford"){{Cite book \|last1\=University of Oxford. Oriel College \|url\=http://archive.org/details/registrumoriele01shadgoog \|title\=Registrum orielense; an account of the members of Oriel College, Oxford \|last2\=Shadwell \|first2\=Charles Lancelot \|date\=1893 \|publisher\=London, H. Frowde \|others\=Harvard University}} matriculating in 1662, and went on to be made [High Sheriff of Shropshire](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Shropshire "High Sheriff of Shropshire") in 1680\.{{London Gazette
\| issue \= 1562
\| date \= 4 November 1680
\| page \= 1
\| nolink \= y
}} He was later made a commissioner in an act of Parliament in 1698\.{{Cite web \|title\=William III, 1698: An Act for granting to His Majesty the Summ...for disbanding the Army providing for the Navy and for other necessary Occasions. \[Chapter IX. Rot. Parl. 10 Gul. III.p.2\.] {{!}} British History Online \|url\=https://www.british\-history.ac.uk/statutes\-realm/vol7/pp469\-501 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-15 \|website\=www.british\-history.ac.uk}} He was buried in Wem Church with his wife Elizabeth, a member of the [Corbet family](/wiki/Corbet_family "Corbet family").{{Cite book \|last\=Cadbury Research Library Birmingham University \|title\=XMYT \- The Mytton Papers \- \[1730s\-1740s] MYT/7/1519A \- 240 \- Wem}}
Another member of the family, Richard Hill was admitted to [Grays Inn](/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn "Gray's Inn") in 1657\.{{Cite book \|last\=Foster \|first\=Joseph \|url\=http://archive.org/details/cu31924029785452 \|title\=The register of admissions to Gray's Inn, 1521\-1889 \|date\=1889 \|location\=London \|publisher\=Hansard Pub. Union \|via\=Cornell University Library}}
Soulton Hall became the venue of an abortive witch trial some time around 1660\. The suspected [witch](/wiki/Witchcraft "Witchcraft") under accusation by local townsfolk of Wem was brought before Thomas Hill of Soulton, as [justice](/wiki/Justice "Justice") of the district. The accused was spared any judicial processing as a witch and that allegation was dismissed, in contrast to the harsh persecutions of the time.
##### Eighteenth century and later
[thumb\|Franklin's design for the First Great Seal of America, inspired by the Geneva Bible](/wiki/File:FirstCommitteeGreatSealReverseLossingDrawing.jpg "FirstCommitteeGreatSealReverseLossingDrawing.jpg")
There are records that [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin "Benjamin Franklin") was in communication with the family and was aware of the place.{{Cite web \|title\=Founders Online: To Benjamin Franklin from Benjamin Vaughan, 9 January 1782 \|url\=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01\-36\-02\-0277 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-15 \|website\=founders.archives.gov \|language\=en}}
There is an 1801 bridge on which [Thomas Telford](/wiki/Thomas_Telford "Thomas Telford") worked on the B5065, known as Soulton Bridge.{{NHLE\|num\=1237047\|desc\=\|accessdate\=10 February 2017}}{{Cite web \|last\=Stuff \|first\=Good \|title\=Soulton Bridge, Wem Rural, Shropshire \|url\=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101237047\-soulton\-bridge\-wem\-rural \|website\=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}
There are also the remains of a water mill active from at least the 1300s until the mid\-to\-late 1800s near Soulton Wood.
The manor is still owned by the wider family of the original family of Sir Rowland Hill via female descent.{{Cite web \|last\=Hall \|first\=Soulton \|title\=813th Quit Rents Ceremony – Soulton Hall \|url\=https://soultonhall.co.uk/2024/2024\-quit\-rents/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-17 \|language\=en\-GB}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Saxon and earlier",
"Within the manor is evidence of [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\") habitation, and some signs of [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") activity.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Soulton Hall on Twitter \\|language\\=en \\|newspaper\\=Twitter \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/SoultonHall/status/822811990376726529 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-11}}",
"{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| footer \\= Early documentary accounts of the Manor of Soulton\n\\| image1 \\= Ddb1086soulton.png\n\\| alt1 \\= 1086 entry in Domesday Book\n\\| caption1 \\= 1086 entry in Domesday Book\n\\| image2 \\= 1299 grant of manor of Soulton.jpg\n\\| alt2 \\= A grant of the manor of Soulton in 1299\n\\| caption2 \\= A grant of the manor of Soulton in 1299\n}}",
"The name of the manor is Saxon and means either 'settlement with a plough' or 'settlement with reeds' or possibly 'settlement in/near a gully' .{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xlYKAQAAMAAJ\\&q\\=%22soulton\\+hall%22 \\|title\\=English Place\\-Name Society \\|date\\=1990\\-01\\-01 \\|publisher\\=The University Press \\|isbn\\=9780904889147 \\|language\\=en}}",
"The [manor](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\") of Soulton existed at the time of the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\") in 1086 (see: [PASE Domesday](http://domesday.pase.ac.uk/?SearchField_1=Vill&Text_1=soulton&TenantType_1=&SearchField_2=&Text_2=&grouping=&sizeGroup=Default&qr=1&tab=tbl&col=c1)) and is recorded as \"Svltune\". The Domesday Book records the manor as having previously been freely held by Brihtric — most likely the same Brihtric who was the brother of [Eadric Streona](/wiki/Eadric_Streona \"Eadric Streona\") the [Ealdorman of Mercia](/wiki/Ealdorman_of_Mercia \"Ealdorman of Mercia\") from 1007 to 1017\\. Both Brihtric and Eadric were slain by [King Cnut](/wiki/King_Cnut \"King Cnut\") on [Christmas Day](/wiki/Christmas_Day \"Christmas Day\"), 1017\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hall \\|first\\=Soulton \\|title\\=‘1086 and All That’ – Back to the Domesday Book – Soulton Hall \\|url\\=https://soultonhall.co.uk/2024/1086\\-and\\-all\\-that\\-back\\-to\\-the\\-domesday\\-book/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-17 \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"Based on its Domesday Book entry there are likely to have been buildings on or near to the site of the extant hall prior to the Norman Conquest, but these have yet to be identified archaeologically, and may not have survived the building of the mound.",
"### Post\\-Norman",
"A [Norman](/wiki/Norman_architecture \"Norman architecture\") castle was constructed approximately 300 meters to the north\\-east of the extant hall either during the [Anarchy](/wiki/The_Anarchy \"The Anarchy\") of the early 1100s,{{NHLE\\|num\\=1017236\\|desc\\=Soulton moated site and formal garden remains\\|accessdate\\=2017\\-02\\-11}} or later, certainly by the 1250s.",
"The location is marked by a mound which can still be seen. This site is located around the point at which the roadway crosses a narrow gap in some wet terrain which would likely have had a strategic reason for establishing a fortification in that location.",
"A grant of the manor in 1299 indicates that some of the ancient marker posts marking the boundary with [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") formed part of the boundary of the manor.",
"The manor supported the clergy of the King's Chapel of St Michael in [Shrewsbury Castle](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Castle \"Shrewsbury Castle\").",
"### Post\\-1556",
"#### Civil War",
"[alt\\=Charles I in arms\\|thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|King [King Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") passed within sight of the house in the earliest days if the Civil War, and made a temporary capital nearby at Shrewsbury.](/wiki/File:King_Charles_I_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg \"King Charles I by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg\")",
"In September 1642, [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") passed within sight of Soulton Hall, and subsequently set up a temporary capital at [Shrewsbury](/wiki/Shrewsbury \"Shrewsbury\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Charles I \\- Civil War {{!}} Britannica \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles\\-I\\-king\\-of\\-Great\\-Britain\\-and\\-Ireland/Civil\\-War \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-15 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"In 1643, the first Parliamentary garrison in Shropshire was declared at nearby Wem.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Garbett \\|first\\=Samuel \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jcsuAAAAMAAJ\\&dq\\=%22wem%22\\+crows\\+nest\\+prince\\+rupert\\+civil\\+war\\&pg\\=PA221 \\|title\\=The History of Wem: And \\[other] ... Townships \\[in Shropshire] ... \\|date\\=1818 \\|publisher\\=Franklin \\|language\\=en}} On 17\\-18 October, the Royalists responded by sending a large force to the district, described as follows:\n> 3 cannon, 2 drakes, one great mortarpiece that carried a 30ln. bullet, had 120 odd wagons and carriages laden with bread, biskett, bare and other provisions and theire armye being formydable as consistynge of neer 5,000\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Shropshire's History Advanced Search {{!}} Shropshire's History Advanced Search \\|url\\=http://search.shropshirehistory.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCS\\_MSA13505/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-08 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"The Royalist attackers only formed up on one side, approaching Wem only from Soulton Road. The engagement does not seem to have been seriously interested in taking Wem with the commander, Lord Capel, light\\-heartedly smoking his pipe half a mile from the town on that road. The town was not taken and the manoeuvre lasted less than a day resulting in this couplet.\n> The women of Wem and a few musketeers.",
"",
"Beat the Lord Capel and all his Cavaliers.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Wem \\|work\\=North Shropshire \\|publisher\\=Shropshire Tourism \\|url\\=http://www.northshropshire.co.uk/town/wem.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-08\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710234329/http://www.northshropshire.co.uk/town/wem.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-10}}",
"[alt\\=a courtly portrate of a young man \\|thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|[Prince Rupert of the Rhine](/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine \"Prince Rupert of the Rhine\") was repeatedly in the area of Soulton in the early phases of the English Civil War.It](/wiki/File:Gerrit_van_Honthorst_%28c.1590-1592-1656%29_%28attributed_to%29_-_Prince_Rupert%2C_Count_Palatine_-_NPG_4519_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg \"Gerrit van Honthorst (c.1590-1592-1656) (attributed to) - Prince Rupert, Count Palatine - NPG 4519 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg\") has been suggested that Hill's statecraft involved the accumulation of state papers and culturally important texts at Soulton, some of which then passed via the Alkington Cotton into the [Cotton Library](/wiki/Cotton_library \"Cotton library\") (which goes on to hold the [Beowulf](/wiki/Beowulf \"Beowulf\") manuscript and copies of [Magna Carta](/wiki/Magna_Carta \"Magna Carta\")) and this, alongside the repeated traditional memorialization of Sir Rowland Hill with Magna Carta offers a potential explanation{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hall \\|first\\=Soulton \\|title\\=Wemian Article: Wem’s Civil War – Soulton Hall \\|url\\=https://soultonhall.co.uk/2024/wemian\\-article\\-on\\-wems\\-civil\\-war/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-17 \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} for the battle of Wem in the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\") during which Soulton was ransacked.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Clare Ashford \\- Mark Elliott sits in (14/12/2023\\) \\- BBC Sounds \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0gtsptf \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-14 \\|website\\=www.bbc.co.uk \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"The following February of 1643, [Prince Rupert](/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine \"Prince Rupert of the Rhine\") is recorded as being repeatedly in the district.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Worton \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=June 2015 \\|title\\=The Royalist and Parliamentarian – War Effort in Shropshire During the First and Second English Civil Wars, 1642\\-1648 \\|url\\=https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10034/612966/Main%20article.pdf?sequence\\=1 \\|journal\\=}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Prees Heath History \\|url\\=https://www.preesheathcommonreserve.co.uk/prees\\_heath\\_history.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-15 \\|website\\=www.preesheathcommonreserve.co.uk \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Restoration",
"In the late 17th century Soulton had passed to Thomas Hill, who attended [Oriel College, Oxford](/wiki/Oriel_College%2C_Oxford \"Oriel College, Oxford\"){{Cite book \\|last1\\=University of Oxford. Oriel College \\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/registrumoriele01shadgoog \\|title\\=Registrum orielense; an account of the members of Oriel College, Oxford \\|last2\\=Shadwell \\|first2\\=Charles Lancelot \\|date\\=1893 \\|publisher\\=London, H. Frowde \\|others\\=Harvard University}} matriculating in 1662, and went on to be made [High Sheriff of Shropshire](/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Shropshire \"High Sheriff of Shropshire\") in 1680\\.{{London Gazette\n\\| issue \\= 1562\n\\| date \\= 4 November 1680\n\\| page \\= 1\n\\| nolink \\= y\n}} He was later made a commissioner in an act of Parliament in 1698\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=William III, 1698: An Act for granting to His Majesty the Summ...for disbanding the Army providing for the Navy and for other necessary Occasions. \\[Chapter IX. Rot. Parl. 10 Gul. III.p.2\\.] {{!}} British History Online \\|url\\=https://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/statutes\\-realm/vol7/pp469\\-501 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-15 \\|website\\=www.british\\-history.ac.uk}} He was buried in Wem Church with his wife Elizabeth, a member of the [Corbet family](/wiki/Corbet_family \"Corbet family\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Cadbury Research Library Birmingham University \\|title\\=XMYT \\- The Mytton Papers \\- \\[1730s\\-1740s] MYT/7/1519A \\- 240 \\- Wem}}",
"Another member of the family, Richard Hill was admitted to [Grays Inn](/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn \"Gray's Inn\") in 1657\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Foster \\|first\\=Joseph \\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/cu31924029785452 \\|title\\=The register of admissions to Gray's Inn, 1521\\-1889 \\|date\\=1889 \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Hansard Pub. Union \\|via\\=Cornell University Library}}",
"Soulton Hall became the venue of an abortive witch trial some time around 1660\\. The suspected [witch](/wiki/Witchcraft \"Witchcraft\") under accusation by local townsfolk of Wem was brought before Thomas Hill of Soulton, as [justice](/wiki/Justice \"Justice\") of the district. The accused was spared any judicial processing as a witch and that allegation was dismissed, in contrast to the harsh persecutions of the time.",
"##### Eighteenth century and later",
"[thumb\\|Franklin's design for the First Great Seal of America, inspired by the Geneva Bible](/wiki/File:FirstCommitteeGreatSealReverseLossingDrawing.jpg \"FirstCommitteeGreatSealReverseLossingDrawing.jpg\")",
"There are records that [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin \"Benjamin Franklin\") was in communication with the family and was aware of the place.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Founders Online: To Benjamin Franklin from Benjamin Vaughan, 9 January 1782 \\|url\\=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01\\-36\\-02\\-0277 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-15 \\|website\\=founders.archives.gov \\|language\\=en}}",
"There is an 1801 bridge on which [Thomas Telford](/wiki/Thomas_Telford \"Thomas Telford\") worked on the B5065, known as Soulton Bridge.{{NHLE\\|num\\=1237047\\|desc\\=\\|accessdate\\=10 February 2017}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Stuff \\|first\\=Good \\|title\\=Soulton Bridge, Wem Rural, Shropshire \\|url\\=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101237047\\-soulton\\-bridge\\-wem\\-rural \\|website\\=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}",
"There are also the remains of a water mill active from at least the 1300s until the mid\\-to\\-late 1800s near Soulton Wood.",
"The manor is still owned by the wider family of the original family of Sir Rowland Hill via female descent.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hall \\|first\\=Soulton \\|title\\=813th Quit Rents Ceremony – Soulton Hall \\|url\\=https://soultonhall.co.uk/2024/2024\\-quit\\-rents/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-17 \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Stendig decided to start his own business in 1955\. After a chance encounter at a bar, he connected with Finnish furniture company Asko, who invited him to [Lahti](/wiki/Lahti "Lahti"), Finland, to work with the company's designers on developing marketable furniture to be sold on the American market.{{Cite news\|last1\=Sollo\|first1\=John\|last2\=Greenberg\|first2\=Cara\|year\=2000\|title\=Adventures in the Furniture Trade\|pages\=31–35\|work\=The Modernism Magazine}} Joseph Carreiro, then Director of Dimensional and Interior Design at the Philadelphia College of Art (now [University of the Arts](/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_%28Philadelphia%29 "University of the Arts (Philadelphia)")), accompanied him on the trip as a design consultant, and shortly after that, Stendig, Inc. began importing Finnish furniture to the United States. The partnership lasted as long as Stendig was in business and included distribution agreements for works from [Ilmari Tapiovaara](/wiki/Ilmari_Tapiovaara "Ilmari Tapiovaara"), [Tapio Wirkkala](/wiki/Tapio_Wirkkala "Tapio Wirkkala"), and [Eero Aarnio](/wiki/Eero_Aarnio "Eero Aarnio").
The company’s first showroom was in [midtown Manhattan](/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan "Midtown Manhattan") in a brownstone building at 600 Madison Avenue, which opened in 1956\. Stendig's wife Eleanore became the head of operations and stayed in the company until the couple’s retirement.
On a trip to [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich") in 1957, Stendig stumbled upon a store with Bauhaus\-inspired chrome\-and\-leather furniture by three Swiss designers—Hans Eichenberger, Kurt Thut, and Robert Haussmann—the last of whom owned and ran the shop with his brother. Until that point, their furniture was sold only in Switzerland, but Stendig became their exclusive U.S. importer thereafter.{{Cite journal\|date\=1959\|title\=Product Review\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4047227\|journal\=Design Quarterly\|volume\=44\|issue\=44 \|pages\=12–28\|doi\=10\.2307/4047227 \|jstor\=4047227 \|via\=JSTOR}}
That same year, Stendig negotiated a formal government invitation to travel to [Communist Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Communist_Czechoslovakia "Communist Czechoslovakia"), where one of the centenary [Thonet](/wiki/Gebr%C3%BCder_Thonet "Gebrüder Thonet") bentwood furniture factories was located. This trip yielded him the right to import model B9 armchair, used by [Le Corbusier](/wiki/Le_Corbusier "Le Corbusier") in the 1925 [Pavillon de l’Esprit Nouveau](/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Esprit_Nouveau "Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau"), and for which they found a signed mold at the Czech factory. He also secured the model 811 side chair,{{Cite news\|last\=Reif\|first\=Rita\|date\=May 21, 1977\|title\=It's a Standout Sit\-Down Sale\|page\=27\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/21/archives/its\-a\-standout\-sitdown\-sale.html}} often attributed to [Josef Hoffmann](/wiki/Josef_Hoffmann "Josef Hoffmann"),{{Cite book\|last\=Long\|first\=Christopher\|title\=Josef Frank: Life and Work\|publisher\=University of Chicago Press\|year\=2002\|isbn\=9780226492667\|location\=Chicago\|pages\=120}} and four other models, which ultimately contributed to a widespread appreciation of these designs in the American market.
In 1960, Stendig met Dino Gavina, founder of Gavina SpA, a furniture factory in [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna"), Italy. Soon after, Gavina came to America and obtained the distribution rights to [Marcel Breuer](/wiki/Marcel_Breuer "Marcel Breuer")’s Bauhaus\-era designs, including the Cesca, [Wassily](/wiki/Wassily_Chair "Wassily Chair"), and Laccio chairs and tables. Stendig then got the exclusive distribution of these pieces in the U.S. until [Knoll](/wiki/Knoll_%28company%29 "Knoll (company)") acquired Gavina's company in 1968\.{{Cite web\|title\=Dino Gavina\|url\=https://www.knoll.com/designer/Dino\-Gavina\|url\-status\=live\|website\=Knoll\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819144940/http://www.knoll.com/designer/Dino\-Gavina \|archive\-date\=2013\-08\-19 }}
Throughout the 1960s, Stendig gained access to several other important Italian manufacturers and became the major source for radical design for designers and architects.{{Cite book\|title\=Radical: Italian Design 1965–1985: the Dennis Freedman Collection\|publisher\=Yale University Press\|year\=2020\|isbn\=9780300247497\|editor\-last\=Strauss\|editor\-first\=Cindi\|location\=New Haven\|pages\=133}} He acquired exclusive distribution rights for the American market to models made by Poltronova, which produced designs by [Archizoom](/wiki/Archizoom_Associati "Archizoom Associati"), [Gae Aulenti](/wiki/Gae_Aulenti "Gae Aulenti"), [Ettore Sottsass](/wiki/Ettore_Sottsass "Ettore Sottsass"), [Superstudio](/wiki/Superstudio "Superstudio"),{{Cite news\|last\=Viladas\|first\=Pilar\|date\=October 3, 2010\|title\=Timeless, Page Turner\|page\=102\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage\-9803E7D7163AF930A35753C1A9669D8B63\.html}} and [Massimo Vignelli](/wiki/Massimo_Vignelli "Massimo Vignelli") and his wife, [Lella](/wiki/Lella_Vignelli "Lella Vignelli"). He also acquired Jonathan De Pas, Donato D'Urbino, and Paolo Lomazzi’s Joe chair in 1970,{{Cite news\|last\=Reif\|first\=Rita\|date\=November 10, 1970\|title\=A Glove That's Fit to Sit In\|page\=42\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/10/archives/a\-glove\-thats\-fit\-to\-sit\-in.html}} which was a favorite for magazine photoshoots.{{Cite book\|last\=Greenberg\|first\=Cara\|title\=Op to Pop: Furniture of the 1960s\|publisher\=Little, Brown and Co.\|year\=2000\|isbn\=9780821225165\|location\=Boston\|pages\=28, 104–105}}
In the early 1970s, Stendig discovered [Gufram](/wiki/Gufram "Gufram"), founded by the Gugliermetto brothers in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"), and began importing the pop designs of Giuseppe Raimondi, Guido Drocco Franco Mello and Studio65, and others, icons of the Anti\-Design movement in Italy.{{Cite news\|last\=Reif\|first\=Rita\|date\=October 21, 1974\|title\=Wit and Fancy in New Furniture from Abroad\|page\=39\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/21/archives/wit\-and\-fancy\-in\-new\-furniture\-from\-abroad.html}}{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-04\-01 \|title\=The Story Behind Everyone's Favorite Polyurethane Cactus 🌵 \|url\=https://www.elledecor.com/design\-decorate/a39528150/gufram\-cactus/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=ELLE Decor \|language\=en\-US}} In 1973, Ceretti\-DeRossi\-Rosso’s Puffo stool and [Piero Gilardi](/wiki/Piero_Gilardi "Piero Gilardi")’s foam carpets were added to the collection.{{Cite news\|last\=Reif\|first\=Rita\|date\=July 5, 1973\|title\=One of Them Looks Like a Z, Another is Like a Hat, and They're Both to Sit on\|page\=34\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/05/archives/one\-of\-them\-looks\-like\-a\-z\-another\-is\-like\-a\-hat\-and\-theyre\-both\-to.html}} Other designers represented by Stendig, Inc. over the years included the Swiss Ubald Klug, Americans [Davis Allen](/wiki/Davis_Allen "Davis Allen") and Andrew Morrison,{{Cite web \|title\=Davis Allen {{!}} Knoll \|url\=https://www.knoll.com/designer/Davis\-Allen \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=www.knoll.com \|language\=en}} and the Swede father\-and\-son duo Carl Erik and Jan Ekselius.
Stendig believed that the company’s visual identity should be at the same level as the furniture, so he hired innovative graphic designers to create promotional materials for the company. In its first years, Stendig relied on [Ivan Chermayeff](/wiki/Chermayeff_%26_Geismar_%26_Haviv "Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv") and [Tom Geismar](/wiki/Tom_Geismar "Tom Geismar"), who created the iconic S logo. Later, Massimo Vignelli took over and, in 1966, created the Stendig promotional calendar, a 3\-foot\-by\-4\-foot black\-and\-white grid of numbers and letters. The calendar was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art for its permanent collection that same year{{Cite web\|last\=Vignelli\|first\=Massimo\|title\=Stendig calendar for 1967\. 1966: MOMA\|url\=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/6500\|url\-status\=live\|website\=The Museum of Modern Art\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903034639/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/6500 \|archive\-date\=2019\-09\-03 }} and has remained in print since.
In the late 1960s, Stendig's Manhattan showroom moved to a new location at 410 East 62nd Street in a 10,000 square feet space, while the operation expanded to include showrooms in Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.
[Burlington Industries](/wiki/Burlington_Industries "Burlington Industries") acquired Stendig, Inc. in 1971, and Charles and Eleanore continued running the business for five years before retiring in 1976\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Stendig decided to start his own business in 1955\\. After a chance encounter at a bar, he connected with Finnish furniture company Asko, who invited him to [Lahti](/wiki/Lahti \"Lahti\"), Finland, to work with the company's designers on developing marketable furniture to be sold on the American market.{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Sollo\\|first1\\=John\\|last2\\=Greenberg\\|first2\\=Cara\\|year\\=2000\\|title\\=Adventures in the Furniture Trade\\|pages\\=31–35\\|work\\=The Modernism Magazine}} Joseph Carreiro, then Director of Dimensional and Interior Design at the Philadelphia College of Art (now [University of the Arts](/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_%28Philadelphia%29 \"University of the Arts (Philadelphia)\")), accompanied him on the trip as a design consultant, and shortly after that, Stendig, Inc. began importing Finnish furniture to the United States. The partnership lasted as long as Stendig was in business and included distribution agreements for works from [Ilmari Tapiovaara](/wiki/Ilmari_Tapiovaara \"Ilmari Tapiovaara\"), [Tapio Wirkkala](/wiki/Tapio_Wirkkala \"Tapio Wirkkala\"), and [Eero Aarnio](/wiki/Eero_Aarnio \"Eero Aarnio\").",
"The company’s first showroom was in [midtown Manhattan](/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan \"Midtown Manhattan\") in a brownstone building at 600 Madison Avenue, which opened in 1956\\. Stendig's wife Eleanore became the head of operations and stayed in the company until the couple’s retirement.",
"On a trip to [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zürich\") in 1957, Stendig stumbled upon a store with Bauhaus\\-inspired chrome\\-and\\-leather furniture by three Swiss designers—Hans Eichenberger, Kurt Thut, and Robert Haussmann—the last of whom owned and ran the shop with his brother. Until that point, their furniture was sold only in Switzerland, but Stendig became their exclusive U.S. importer thereafter.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=1959\\|title\\=Product Review\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4047227\\|journal\\=Design Quarterly\\|volume\\=44\\|issue\\=44 \\|pages\\=12–28\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/4047227 \\|jstor\\=4047227 \\|via\\=JSTOR}}",
"That same year, Stendig negotiated a formal government invitation to travel to [Communist Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Communist_Czechoslovakia \"Communist Czechoslovakia\"), where one of the centenary [Thonet](/wiki/Gebr%C3%BCder_Thonet \"Gebrüder Thonet\") bentwood furniture factories was located. This trip yielded him the right to import model B9 armchair, used by [Le Corbusier](/wiki/Le_Corbusier \"Le Corbusier\") in the 1925 [Pavillon de l’Esprit Nouveau](/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Esprit_Nouveau \"Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau\"), and for which they found a signed mold at the Czech factory. He also secured the model 811 side chair,{{Cite news\\|last\\=Reif\\|first\\=Rita\\|date\\=May 21, 1977\\|title\\=It's a Standout Sit\\-Down Sale\\|page\\=27\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/21/archives/its\\-a\\-standout\\-sitdown\\-sale.html}} often attributed to [Josef Hoffmann](/wiki/Josef_Hoffmann \"Josef Hoffmann\"),{{Cite book\\|last\\=Long\\|first\\=Christopher\\|title\\=Josef Frank: Life and Work\\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press\\|year\\=2002\\|isbn\\=9780226492667\\|location\\=Chicago\\|pages\\=120}} and four other models, which ultimately contributed to a widespread appreciation of these designs in the American market.",
"In 1960, Stendig met Dino Gavina, founder of Gavina SpA, a furniture factory in [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\"), Italy. Soon after, Gavina came to America and obtained the distribution rights to [Marcel Breuer](/wiki/Marcel_Breuer \"Marcel Breuer\")’s Bauhaus\\-era designs, including the Cesca, [Wassily](/wiki/Wassily_Chair \"Wassily Chair\"), and Laccio chairs and tables. Stendig then got the exclusive distribution of these pieces in the U.S. until [Knoll](/wiki/Knoll_%28company%29 \"Knoll (company)\") acquired Gavina's company in 1968\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Dino Gavina\\|url\\=https://www.knoll.com/designer/Dino\\-Gavina\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=Knoll\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819144940/http://www.knoll.com/designer/Dino\\-Gavina \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-19 }}",
"Throughout the 1960s, Stendig gained access to several other important Italian manufacturers and became the major source for radical design for designers and architects.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Radical: Italian Design 1965–1985: the Dennis Freedman Collection\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press\\|year\\=2020\\|isbn\\=9780300247497\\|editor\\-last\\=Strauss\\|editor\\-first\\=Cindi\\|location\\=New Haven\\|pages\\=133}} He acquired exclusive distribution rights for the American market to models made by Poltronova, which produced designs by [Archizoom](/wiki/Archizoom_Associati \"Archizoom Associati\"), [Gae Aulenti](/wiki/Gae_Aulenti \"Gae Aulenti\"), [Ettore Sottsass](/wiki/Ettore_Sottsass \"Ettore Sottsass\"), [Superstudio](/wiki/Superstudio \"Superstudio\"),{{Cite news\\|last\\=Viladas\\|first\\=Pilar\\|date\\=October 3, 2010\\|title\\=Timeless, Page Turner\\|page\\=102\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage\\-9803E7D7163AF930A35753C1A9669D8B63\\.html}} and [Massimo Vignelli](/wiki/Massimo_Vignelli \"Massimo Vignelli\") and his wife, [Lella](/wiki/Lella_Vignelli \"Lella Vignelli\"). He also acquired Jonathan De Pas, Donato D'Urbino, and Paolo Lomazzi’s Joe chair in 1970,{{Cite news\\|last\\=Reif\\|first\\=Rita\\|date\\=November 10, 1970\\|title\\=A Glove That's Fit to Sit In\\|page\\=42\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/10/archives/a\\-glove\\-thats\\-fit\\-to\\-sit\\-in.html}} which was a favorite for magazine photoshoots.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Greenberg\\|first\\=Cara\\|title\\=Op to Pop: Furniture of the 1960s\\|publisher\\=Little, Brown and Co.\\|year\\=2000\\|isbn\\=9780821225165\\|location\\=Boston\\|pages\\=28, 104–105}}",
"In the early 1970s, Stendig discovered [Gufram](/wiki/Gufram \"Gufram\"), founded by the Gugliermetto brothers in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"), and began importing the pop designs of Giuseppe Raimondi, Guido Drocco Franco Mello and Studio65, and others, icons of the Anti\\-Design movement in Italy.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Reif\\|first\\=Rita\\|date\\=October 21, 1974\\|title\\=Wit and Fancy in New Furniture from Abroad\\|page\\=39\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/21/archives/wit\\-and\\-fancy\\-in\\-new\\-furniture\\-from\\-abroad.html}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-01 \\|title\\=The Story Behind Everyone's Favorite Polyurethane Cactus 🌵 \\|url\\=https://www.elledecor.com/design\\-decorate/a39528150/gufram\\-cactus/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=ELLE Decor \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In 1973, Ceretti\\-DeRossi\\-Rosso’s Puffo stool and [Piero Gilardi](/wiki/Piero_Gilardi \"Piero Gilardi\")’s foam carpets were added to the collection.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Reif\\|first\\=Rita\\|date\\=July 5, 1973\\|title\\=One of Them Looks Like a Z, Another is Like a Hat, and They're Both to Sit on\\|page\\=34\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/05/archives/one\\-of\\-them\\-looks\\-like\\-a\\-z\\-another\\-is\\-like\\-a\\-hat\\-and\\-theyre\\-both\\-to.html}} Other designers represented by Stendig, Inc. over the years included the Swiss Ubald Klug, Americans [Davis Allen](/wiki/Davis_Allen \"Davis Allen\") and Andrew Morrison,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Davis Allen {{!}} Knoll \\|url\\=https://www.knoll.com/designer/Davis\\-Allen \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=www.knoll.com \\|language\\=en}} and the Swede father\\-and\\-son duo Carl Erik and Jan Ekselius.",
"Stendig believed that the company’s visual identity should be at the same level as the furniture, so he hired innovative graphic designers to create promotional materials for the company. In its first years, Stendig relied on [Ivan Chermayeff](/wiki/Chermayeff_%26_Geismar_%26_Haviv \"Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv\") and [Tom Geismar](/wiki/Tom_Geismar \"Tom Geismar\"), who created the iconic S logo. Later, Massimo Vignelli took over and, in 1966, created the Stendig promotional calendar, a 3\\-foot\\-by\\-4\\-foot black\\-and\\-white grid of numbers and letters. The calendar was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art for its permanent collection that same year{{Cite web\\|last\\=Vignelli\\|first\\=Massimo\\|title\\=Stendig calendar for 1967\\. 1966: MOMA\\|url\\=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/6500\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=The Museum of Modern Art\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903034639/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/6500 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-03 }} and has remained in print since.",
"In the late 1960s, Stendig's Manhattan showroom moved to a new location at 410 East 62nd Street in a 10,000 square feet space, while the operation expanded to include showrooms in Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.",
"[Burlington Industries](/wiki/Burlington_Industries \"Burlington Industries\") acquired Stendig, Inc. in 1971, and Charles and Eleanore continued running the business for five years before retiring in 1976\\.",
""
] |
Arena
-----
Five Flags Arena was conceived as part of a project to rehabilitate the Five Flags Theater. Construction began in 1976, and the facility opened in 1979\. The first event was a concert by [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope").
The arena can seat up to 5,200 for [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball"), although in its former primary use, [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey "Ice hockey"), actual seating capacity is only about 2,500\.
It features one side of permanent seating; the other three sides are bleachers, some for [Loras College](/wiki/Loras_College "Loras College") basketball, and most of Dubuque's major concerts.
High school graduation ceremonies for Hempstead High School and Senior High School have been held at the center.
The Five Flags Center was formerly the main convention center in Dubuque, but construction of the [Grand River Event Center](/wiki/Grand_River_Event_Center "Grand River Event Center") in 2003, moved many events away from Five Flags.
It was also the former home of the [Dubuque Fighting Saints (1980\-2001\)](/wiki/Dubuque_Fighting_Saints_%281980-2001%29 "Dubuque Fighting Saints (1980-2001)") of the [United States Hockey League](/wiki/United_States_Hockey_League "United States Hockey League") from 1980–2001 and the home of the [Dubuque Thunderbirds](/wiki/Dubuque_Thunderbirds "Dubuque Thunderbirds") hockey team of the [Central States Hockey League](/wiki/Central_States_Hockey_League "Central States Hockey League") from 2001–2010\.
Dubuque opened a new Ice Arena, the [Mystique Ice Center](/wiki/Mystique_Ice_Center "Mystique Ice Center"), which opened in Fall of 2010, and now hosts the expansion [Dubuque Fighting Saints](/wiki/Dubuque_Fighting_Saints "Dubuque Fighting Saints").
[SMG](/wiki/SMG_%28property_management%29 "SMG (property management)") took over operations of the arena in 2004, which were formerly handled by the City of Dubuque.
In 2005, the arena was closed during the summer for concession, entrance, and concourse renovation.
The [Iowa Power](/wiki/Iowa_Power "Iowa Power"), an indoor football team, started negotiations to play at the arena in August 2024\.{{Cite web \|last\=Herald \|first\=Telegraph \|date\=2024\-08\-19 \|title\=Venue: Arena football team to play in Dubuque in 2025 \|url\=https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri\-state/article\_257c9bc4\-5e36\-11ef\-83a0\-df7e7b1fd657\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-22 \|website\=TelegraphHerald.com \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Arena\n-----",
"Five Flags Arena was conceived as part of a project to rehabilitate the Five Flags Theater. Construction began in 1976, and the facility opened in 1979\\. The first event was a concert by [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\").",
"The arena can seat up to 5,200 for [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\"), although in its former primary use, [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\"), actual seating capacity is only about 2,500\\.",
"It features one side of permanent seating; the other three sides are bleachers, some for [Loras College](/wiki/Loras_College \"Loras College\") basketball, and most of Dubuque's major concerts.",
"High school graduation ceremonies for Hempstead High School and Senior High School have been held at the center.",
"The Five Flags Center was formerly the main convention center in Dubuque, but construction of the [Grand River Event Center](/wiki/Grand_River_Event_Center \"Grand River Event Center\") in 2003, moved many events away from Five Flags.",
"It was also the former home of the [Dubuque Fighting Saints (1980\\-2001\\)](/wiki/Dubuque_Fighting_Saints_%281980-2001%29 \"Dubuque Fighting Saints (1980-2001)\") of the [United States Hockey League](/wiki/United_States_Hockey_League \"United States Hockey League\") from 1980–2001 and the home of the [Dubuque Thunderbirds](/wiki/Dubuque_Thunderbirds \"Dubuque Thunderbirds\") hockey team of the [Central States Hockey League](/wiki/Central_States_Hockey_League \"Central States Hockey League\") from 2001–2010\\.",
"Dubuque opened a new Ice Arena, the [Mystique Ice Center](/wiki/Mystique_Ice_Center \"Mystique Ice Center\"), which opened in Fall of 2010, and now hosts the expansion [Dubuque Fighting Saints](/wiki/Dubuque_Fighting_Saints \"Dubuque Fighting Saints\").",
"[SMG](/wiki/SMG_%28property_management%29 \"SMG (property management)\") took over operations of the arena in 2004, which were formerly handled by the City of Dubuque.",
"In 2005, the arena was closed during the summer for concession, entrance, and concourse renovation.",
"The [Iowa Power](/wiki/Iowa_Power \"Iowa Power\"), an indoor football team, started negotiations to play at the arena in August 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Herald \\|first\\=Telegraph \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-19 \\|title\\=Venue: Arena football team to play in Dubuque in 2025 \\|url\\=https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri\\-state/article\\_257c9bc4\\-5e36\\-11ef\\-83a0\\-df7e7b1fd657\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-22 \\|website\\=TelegraphHerald.com \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### High school (2017–2021\)
Torri attended [Yorktown High School](/wiki/Yorktown_High_School_%28Arlington_County%2C_Virginia%29 "Yorktown High School (Arlington County, Virginia)") in Arlington, Virginia, from 2017–2021\. While at high school, she was coached by Torey Ortmayer{{Cite web \|last\=Newspapers \|first\=DAVE FACINOLI, Sun Gazette \|title\=Olympic silver medalist Torri Huske rates experience a success \|url\=https://www.insidenova.com/sports/olympic\-silver\-medalist\-torri\-huske\-rates\-experience\-a\-success/article\_da416176\-f5f6\-11eb\-b9eb\-3b0e93773c10\.html \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=INSIDENOVA.COM \|date\=August 6, 2021 \|language\=en}} Her team finished first once (2021\), second twice (2018–2020\) and third in the Virginia State High School League (VHSL) Class 6 High School Swimming and Diving Championships.{{Cite web \|title\=2020 Virginia Class 6 State Championships – Meet Results – Swimming World \|url\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/2020\-virginia\-class\-6\-state\-championships/high\-school/2020/February/21 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=swimmingworldmagazine.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=2019 Virginia Class 6 State Championships – Meet Results – Swimming World \|url\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/2019\-virginia\-class\-6\-state\-championships/high\-school/2019/February/15 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=swimmingworldmagazine.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=VHSL 6A State Championship \|url\=https://swimcloud.com/results/102465 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Swimcloud \|language\=en}}
At the VHSL State Championship Meet during her senior year Huske set the national high school record in the 200 Short Course Yards (SCY) Individual Medley (IM) with a time of 1:53\.73, shaving a tenth of a second from the record held by [Dagney Knutson](/wiki/Dagny_Knutson "Dagny Knutson") since 2009\. A half\-hour later, Huske reclaimed the national high school record in the 100 (SCY) butterfly with a time of 49\.95, taking down [Claire Curzan](/wiki/Claire_Curzan "Claire Curzan")'s mark of 50\.35 from 2020 and becoming the first woman to go under 50 seconds in a high school competition. She also set the 17–18 National Age Group record, breaking the 50\.19 mark set by Olivia Bray in 2019\.{{Cite web \|last\=Miller \|first\=Nicole \|date\=February 26, 2021 \|title\=Torri Huske Breaks 2 National High School Records 27 Minutes Apart \|url\=https://swimswam.com/torri\-huske\-breaks\-2\-national\-high\-school\-records\-27\-minutes\-apart/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}}
Ultimately, she set six Virginia State (SCY) records: 50m freestyle, 100m freestyle, 200m freestyle, 100m butterfly, 200m individual medley, and the 4x50 medley relay. She won 15 VHSL Class 6 High School State Championships (eight individual and seven relay).{{Cite web \|title\=2021 VHSL Class 6 State Meet \|url\=https://www.pvswim.org/2021hs/2021VHSLStateClass6\_w.html \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=pvswim.org}}{{Cite web \|title\=2020 Virginia Class 6 State Championships – Meet Results – Swimming World \|url\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/2020\-virginia\-class\-6\-state\-championships/high\-school/2020/February/21 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=swimmingworldmagazine.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=2019 Virginia Class 6 State Championships – Meet Results – Swimming World \|url\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/2019\-virginia\-class\-6\-state\-championships/high\-school/2019/February/15 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=swimmingworldmagazine.com}}
Huske was named a 2020–2021 high school All\-American swimmer by the National Interscholastic Swimming Coaches Association (NISCA) in July 2021\.Sutherland, James (August 5, 2021\). ["NISCA Announces 2020–21 High School Swimming All\-Americans"](https://swimswam.com/nisca-announces-2020-21-high-school-swimming-all-americans/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. By the end of her high school career, she had been named a 29\-time NISCA All\-American.{{Cite web \|title\=NISCA All\-America Swimming and Diving 2017 – 2018 \|url\=https://niscaonline.org/aalists/2018/allam18\.html \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=niscaonline.org}}{{Cite web \|title\=NISCA All\-America Swimming and Diving 2018 – 2019 \|url\=https://niscaonline.org/aalists/2019/allam19\.html \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=niscaonline.org}}{{Cite web \|title\=NISCA All\-America Swimming and Diving 2019 – 2020 \|url\=https://niscaonline.org/aalists/2020/allam20\.html \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=niscaonline.org}}{{Cite web \|title\=NISCA All\-America Swimming and Diving 2020 – 2021 \|url\=https://niscaonline.org/aalists/2021/allam21\.html \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=niscaonline.org}} In September 2021, [USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming") named Huske as one of the recipients of Scholastic All\-American honors for the 2020–2021 high school season. It was her fourth year receiving the honor.D'Addona, Dan (September 22, 2021\). ["USA Swimming Announces 2020–21 Scholastic All\-America Recipients, led by Torri Huske"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/usa-swimming-announces-2020-21-scholastic-all-america-recipients-led-by-torri-huske/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.Lepesant, Anne (September 22, 2021\). ["1,239 Swimmers Named To USA Swimming 2021 Scholastic All\-American Team"](https://swimswam.com/1239-swimmers-named-to-usa-swimming-2021-scholastic-all-american-team/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.
In 2022, Torri became the youngest member ever inducted into the Yorktown High School Hall of Fame.{{Cite web \|last\=Mann \|first\=Miles \|title\=Yorktown's Newly Inducted Hall Of Fame Members \|url\=https://yorktownsentry.com/10883/headlines/yorktowns\-newly\-inducted\-hall\-of\-fame\-members/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Yorktown Sentry}}
### 2019
At the [2019 US National Championships](/wiki/2019_USA_Swimming_Championships "2019 USA Swimming Championships") in [Stanford, California](/wiki/Stanford%2C_California "Stanford, California"), Huske broke the 38\-year\-old [National Age Group record](/wiki/USA_Swimming%23National_age_group_records "USA Swimming#National age group records") in the 100m butterfly for the girls 15–16 age group with a time of 57\.80, 0\.13 seconds faster than the previous record set by [Mary Meagher](/wiki/Mary_T._Meagher "Mary T. Meagher") in 1981\.Hart, Torrey (August 2, 2019\). ["Torri Huske Breaks Mary Meagher's 38\-Year\-Old 100 Fly NAG Record"](https://swimswam.com/torri-huske-breaks-mary-meaghers-38-year-old-100-fly-nag-record/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\.
#### 2019 World Junior Championships
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[2019 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships\|2019 World Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold\| 4×100 m mixed medley \| 3:44\.84 (WJ,CR) }}
{{MedalGold\| 50 m butterfly \| 25\.70 }}
{{MedalGold\| 4×100 m freestyle \| 3:37\.61 }}
{{MedalGold\| 100 m butterfly \| 57\.71 }}
{{MedalGold\| 4×100 m medley \| 3:59\.13 }}
{{MedalSilver\| 100 m freestyle \| 54\.54 }}
{{MedalBottom}}
In August 2019, Huske won six medals at the [2019 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2019_FINA_World_Junior_Swimming_Championships "2019 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships") in [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest"), [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"), five of which were gold medals and one of which was a silver medal. On August 21, Huske won a [gold medal](/wiki/Gold_medal "Gold medal") in the mixed 4×100m medley relay, swimming the butterfly leg of the relay in 58\.04 seconds and helping the relay finish in a new [world junior record](/wiki/List_of_world_junior_records_in_swimming "List of world junior records in swimming") and [Championships record](/wiki/FINA_World_Junior_Swimming_Championships%23Championships_records "FINA World Junior Swimming Championships#Championships records") time of 3:44\.84\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (August 21, 2019\). ["7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Mixed 4 x 100m Medley Relay Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100305F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\. The next day, Huske won a silver medal in the 100m freestyle with a time of 54\.54 seconds in the final that was 8\-tenths of a second behind gold medalist and fellow American Gretchen Walsh.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (August 22, 2019\). ["7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 100m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100201EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\. In the final of the 50\-meter butterfly on August 23, Huske finished ahead of American teammate [Claire Curzan](/wiki/Claire_Curzan "Claire Curzan"), who won the bronze medal, to win the gold medal with a time of 25\.70 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (August 23, 2019\). ["7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 50m Butterfly Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100204EB04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\. Huske won her fourth medal of the Championships on August 24 in the 4×100m freestyle relay, splitting a 54\.50 for the second leg to help the relay win the gold medal in a time of 3:37\.61\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (August 24, 2019\). ["7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100201F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\. On August 25, the final day of the Championships, Huske won the gold medal in the 100m butterfly with a time of 57\.71 seconds, breaking her own National Age Group record in the event.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (August 25, 2019\). ["7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 100m Butterfly Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100204EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\.Ortegon, Karl (August 25, 2019\). ["Torri Huske Clips Own 15–16 NAG Record In World Juniors 100 Fly Gold"](https://swimswam.com/torri-huske-clips-own-15-16-nag-record-in-world-juniors-100-fly-gold/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\. For her sixth medal, Huske won a gold medal in the 4×100m medley relay, swimming the butterfly leg of the relay in 57\.86 seconds and contributing to the total time of 3:59\.13\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (August 25, 2019\). ["7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 4 x 100m Medley Relay Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100205F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\.
The day before she turned sixteen, Huske won LC 100M Butterfly at the Toyota U.S. Open Winter National Championships in Atlanta, GA with a LCM time of 57\.48\.{{Cite web \|title\=2019 Toyota U.S. Open Results \|url\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\-results/us\-open\-results/2019\-toyota\-us\-open.pdf}}
Huske's swims throughout the 2019 year earned her the [Swammy Award](/wiki/Swammy_Awards "Swammy Awards") from *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")* for "Age Group Swimmer of the Year" for the girls 15–16 age group.Lepesant, Anne (December 30, 2019\). ["2019 Swammy Awards: Age Group Swimmer of the Year – 15–16"](https://swimswam.com/2019-swammy-awards-age-group-swimmer-of-the-year-15-16/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\.
### 2020
In November 2020, the Toyota US Open National Championships meet took place in nine locations due to COVID\-19 and all races were timed finals (no prelims or semi\-finals).{{Cite web \|last\=Keith \|first\=Braden \|date\=October 6, 2020 \|title\=USA Swimming Announces 9 Sites That Will Host the 2020 U.S. Open \|url\=https://swimswam.com/usa\-swimming\-announces\-9\-sites\-that\-will\-host\-the\-2020\-u\-s\-open/ \|access\-date\=September 26, 2022 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}} Finishing times were compiled across all the locations and places were awarded. Huske swam at the Richmond, VA location and across all locations finished 1st in the 100m freestyle with a time of 54\.04\.{{Cite web \|title\=2020 Toyota US Open Championships\-Compiled Results \|url\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\-results/us\-open\-results/2020\-toyota\-us\-open.pdf}} In addition, Huske also finished 2nd in the 100m butterfly (57\.36\), 2nd in the 200m individual medley (2:11\.18\), 7th in the 200m butterfly (2:14\.03\), 9th in the 50m free (25\.34\), and 28th in the 100m backstroke (1:03\.25\).
Huske committed to swim for [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") in June 2020{{Cite web \|last\=Editor \|first\=Dan D'Addona\-Swimming World Managing \|date\=2020\-06\-29 \|title\=NAG Record\-Holder Torri Huske Commits to Stanford Swimming for 2021\-22 \|url\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/nag\-record\-holder\-torri\-huske\-commits\-to\-stanford/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-29 \|website\=Swimming World News \|language\=en\-US}} and started attending in autumn 2021, competing collegiately as part of the [Stanford Cardinal](/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal "Stanford Cardinal").
#### 2020 US Olympic Trials
At the [2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials](/wiki/2020_United_States_Olympic_trials_%28swimming%29 "2020 United States Olympic trials (swimming)") in [Omaha, Nebraska](/wiki/Omaha%2C_Nebraska "Omaha, Nebraska"), Huske swam a new [Americas record](/wiki/List_of_Americas_records_in_swimming "List of Americas records in swimming"), [American record](/wiki/List_of_United_States_records_in_swimming "List of United States records in swimming"), [US Open record](/wiki/List_of_United_States_records_in_swimming "List of United States records in swimming"), and [Championships record](/wiki/United_States_Swimming_National_Championships%23Championships_records "United States Swimming National Championships#Championships records") time of 55\.78 seconds in the 100m butterfly semifinals.[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming") (June 13, 2021\). ["2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Wave II: Women's 100m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500030204EC02FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. Her new American record broke the record of 55\.98 seconds set at the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics") by [Dana Vollmer](/wiki/Dana_Vollmer "Dana Vollmer").Long, Julius (June 13, 2021\). ["Arlington swimmer sets American record in the 100m butterfly"](https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/arlington-swimmer-torri-huske-breaks-american-record-100m-butterfly). *[NBC Sports Washington](/wiki/NBC_Sports_Washington "NBC Sports Washington")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. The next day, June 14, Huske broke her own Americas, American, US Open, and Championships records from the day before, setting the new records in the final of the 100m butterfly at 55\.66 seconds and swimming the third fastest performance in the event to date.Brennan, Christine (June 14, 2021\). ["Torri Huske breaks her American record in butterfly to qualify for Tokyo Olympics"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2021/06/14/torri-huske-american-record-100-meter-butterfly-qualifies-tokyo-olympics/7695371002/). *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming") (June 14, 2021\). ["2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Wave II: Women's 100m Butterfly Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500030204EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. Huske qualified for a spot on the [2020 USA Olympic Team](/wiki/United_States_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics"), a noted accomplishment considering she was only able to train in a long course meters swimming pool once a week leading up to the Olympic Trials.Hodges, Coleman (September 5, 2021\). ["Evan Stiles On How Torri Huske Prepped For Trials With 1 LCM Practice Per Week"](https://swimswam.com/evan-stiles-on-how-torri-huske-prepped-for-trials-with-1-lcm-practice-per-week/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. During the meet Huske swam more races than any other women. In addition to the 100m butterfly, she also placed third in the 50m freestyle with a time of 24\.46 and fourth in the 200m individual medley with a time of 2:10\.38\.{{Cite web \|title\=2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials Wave II Results \|url\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\-results/olympic\-trials\-results/2020\-us\-olympic\-team\-trials\-complete\-wave\-ii\-results.pdf}} Huske also qualified for Semi\-Finals in the 100m freestyle (placing 10 overall) and the 200m freestyle (placing 11th overall).
Following her performances at the US Olympic Trials, national newspaper *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")* highlighted Huske as one of their "10 to watch", that is one of ten Olympians, selected from all sports, to keep an eye on during the 2020 Olympic Games.Brennan, Christine (July 12, 2021\). ["10 to watch: At 18, Torri Huske already holds American record in 100 fly and she's just getting started"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/christinebrennan/2021/07/12/torri-huske-team-usa-teen-stars-100-butterfly-tokyo-olympics/7916779002/). *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\.
#### 2020 Summer Olympics
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics\|2020 Summer Olympics]]}}
{{MedalSilver\| \[\[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\|4×100 m medley relay]] \| 3:51\.73 }}
{{MedalBottom}}
On day three of the 2020 Summer Olympics in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), and postponed to 2021 due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Huske competed in the [100m butterfly](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_butterfly "Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly") final. The race would end up being the fastest 100m butterfly heat in history. Four of the eight finalists swam times which were ranked in the top ten for a female in the All\-time history of the event.{{Cite web \|title\=fina.org {{!}} Official FINA Website \|url\=https://www.fina.org/swimming/www.fina.org/swimming/rankings \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=FINA – Fédération Internationale De Natation \|language\=en}} Huske finished that 100m butterfly heat in fourth, 1/100th of a second behind bronze medalist [Emma McKeon](/wiki/Emma_McKeon "Emma McKeon") of Australia.,{{Cite web\|date\=July 26, 2021\|title\=Olympic Heartbreak for Huske in Tokyo\|url\=https://www.arlnow.com/2021/07/26/olympic\-heartbreak\-for\-huske\-in\-tokyo/\|access\-date\=July 27, 2021\|website\=ARLnow.com\|language\=en}} and just 14/100ths of a second behind [Maggie Macneil](/wiki/Maggie_Mac_Neil "Maggie Mac Neil") who won the gold medal in 55\.59\.
In the final of the [4×100m mixed medley relay](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay "Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay") on day eight, Huske and her finals relay teammates of [Ryan Murphy](/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_%28swimmer%29 "Ryan Murphy (swimmer)"), [Lydia Jacoby](/wiki/Lydia_Jacoby "Lydia Jacoby"), and [Caeleb Dressel](/wiki/Caeleb_Dressel "Caeleb Dressel") placed fifth.Forde, Pat (July 31, 2021\). ["Team USA Plagued by Trust Issues in Swimming Relays"](https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/31/team-usa-relay-struggles-mixed-swimming-medley). *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated "Sports Illustrated")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. On the ninth and final day of competitive swimming at the Olympic Games, Huske competed in the [4×100m medley relay](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay "Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay") final for Team USA with teammates [Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28swimmer%29 "Regan Smith (swimmer)"), Lydia Jacoby, and [Abbey Weitzeil](/wiki/Abbey_Weitzeil "Abbey Weitzeil"). Team USA finished second with a time of 3:51\.73, just 0\.13 seconds behind Australia's Olympic\-record time of 3:51\.60, earning Huske a silver medal.{{Cite web\|date\=August 1, 2021\|title\=Olympics Latest: 6 banished for breaking COVID rules\|url\=https://www.ctpost.com/sports/article/Olympics\-Latest\-US\-pair\-knocked\-out\-of\-beach\-16355038\.php\|access\-date\=August 1, 2021\|website\=\[\[Connecticut Post]]\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=August 1, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801045212/https://www.ctpost.com/sports/article/Olympics\-Latest\-US\-pair\-knocked\-out\-of\-beach\-16355038\.php\|url\-status\=dead}}
### 2021
#### 2021–2022 fall collegiate season
In mid\-August 2021, Huske became the first collegiate swimmer to sign a sponsorship deal, with swimwear company [TYR Sport](/wiki/TYR_Sport%2C_Inc. "TYR Sport, Inc.").Rieder, David (August 13, 2021\). ["Torri Huske Becomes First College Swimmer to Sign with TYR, Thanks to New NIL Rules"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/torri-huske-becomes-first-college-swimmer-to-sign-with-tyr-thanks-to-new-nil-rules/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.Sutherland, James (August 13, 2021\). ["Stanford\-Bound Torri Huske Becomes Latest NCAA Athlete To Sign Swimwear Deal"](https://swimswam.com/stanford-bound-torri-huske-becomes-latest-ncaa-athlete-to-sign-swimwear-deal/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. Huske made her collegiate debut on October 1 in a dual meet against [San Jose State University](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University "San Jose State University"), winning the 500\-yard freestyle in a time of 4:51\.33 and the 50\-yard freestyle with a time of 22\.58 seconds for her school, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University").Edmund, Emma (October 2, 2021\). ["Regan Smith, Torri Huske Make NCAA Debuts As Stanford Defeats San José State"](https://swimswam.com/regan-smith-torri-huske-make-ncaa-debuts-as-stanford-defeats-san-jose-state/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. In the second dual meet of her career against Utah in Salt Lake City, Torri finished 2nd in the 200 butterfly to teammate Lillie Nordmann with a time of 2:02\.97\.{{Cite web \|title\=Utah vs Stanford – 10/15/2021 Results \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2021/10/15/Stanford\_vs\_Utah\_Final\_Results.pdf}} Later that meet, she won both the 100 free (50\.67\) and the 200 individual medley.
On the first day, November 18, of her first collegiate invitational, the 2021 [North Carolina State](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University") Fall Invitational, Huske won the 200\-yard individual medley with a time of 1:52\.82, won the 50\-yard freestyle in 21\.70 seconds, and helped her relay finish second in the 4x50\-yard freestyle relay.Rieder, David (November 18, 2021\). ["Torri Huske Blasts 1:52 200 IM During Busy Night at NC State Invitational"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/torri-huske-blasts-152-200-im-during-busy-night-at-nc-state-invitational/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. The next day, Huske helped her relay place second in the 4x50\-yard medley relay, won the 100\-yard butterfly in 50\.30 seconds, and helped her relay win the 4x200\-yard freestyle relay event by splitting a 1:42\.59 lead\-off leg.Lepesant, Anne (November 19, 2021\). ["2021 NC State Invitational: Day 2 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2021-nc-state-invitational-day-2-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. The third and final day of competition, Huske brought her tally of event wins to six and tally of first or second place finishes to eight by winning the 100\-yard freestyle with a time of 47\.39 seconds and helping win the 4x100\-yard freestyle relay, splitting a 46\.27 for the fourth leg of the relay.Lepesant, Anne (November 20, 2021\). ["2021 NC State Invitational: Day 3 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2021-nc-state-invitational-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.
#### 2021 World Short Course Championships
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\|2021 SC World Championships (25m)]]}}
{{MedalGold\| \[\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\|4×100 m freestyle]] \| 3:28\.52 }}
{{MedalGold\| \[\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\|4×50 m freestyle]] \| 1:34\.22 }}
{{MedalSilver\| \[\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay\|4×200 m freestyle]] \| 7:36\.53 }}
{{MedalBottom}}
On October 28, Huske was named to the [2021 World Short Course Championships](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)") team for the United States in four individual events, while the announcement of the team, including Huske, was ranked by *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")* as number two for the week's "The Week That Was" honor.["2021 FINA Short Course World Championships Roster"](https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/eventsdocuments/rosters/world-championships-world-juniors/2021-sc-world-championships-roster.pdf). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming")*. October 28, 2021\. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.Rieder, David (November 1, 2021\). ["The Week That Was: Chalmers Takes Down 13\-Year\-Old World Record"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/the-week-that-was-chalmers-takes-down-13-year-old-world-record//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. She entered to compete in the 100 meter freestyle, 50 meter butterfly, and 100 meter butterfly individual events.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 14, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m): Entries Book"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001150019FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 14, 2021\.
Day one of competition, December 16, Huske anchored the [4×100m freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_freestyle_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay") in 53\.01 seconds in the prelims heats, helping qualify the relay to the final ranked second behind the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") relay team.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 16, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F70101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\. In the final, Abbey Weitzeil substituted in for Huske and the relay won a gold medal in a time of 3:28\.52 with Huske receiving a gold medal for her prelims contributions as well.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 16, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\.Moss, Bonnie (December 16, 2021\). ["U.S. Women Win Gold on First Day of 2021 FINA World Championships (25m)"](https://www.usaswimming.org/news/2021/12/16/u.s.-women-win-gold-on-first-day-of-fina-2021-sc-world-championships). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\. The next day, Huske finished third in her heat of the prelims in the [100m freestyle](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_freestyle "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre freestyle") with a 53\.34 and qualified for the semifinals ranked eighth overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 17, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\. In the same prelims session, she split a 24\.23 on the anchor leg of the [4×50m mixed freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_50_metre_freestyle_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay") to help advance it to the final ranked fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 17, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Mixed 4x50m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190301F60101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\. For the finals relay, [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass "Kate Douglass") substituted in for Huske and the relay placed fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 17, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Mixed 4x50m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190301F60104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\. Huske, qualified for the final of the 100m freestyle in the evening, swimming a 52\.48 and ranking seventh overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 17, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Semifinals Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\.
The morning of day three, Huske swam in lane seven in prelims heat seven and qualified for the semifinals of the 50 meter butterfly ranking seventh with a 25\.43\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 18, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\. In the evening, she placed sixth in the final of the 100 meter freestyle in 51\.93 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 18, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\. Huske also qualified for the final of the 50 meter butterfly, tying in rank for fifth overall in the semifinals with [Arina Surkova](/wiki/Arina_Surkova "Arina Surkova") of [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") and Claire Curzan at 25\.20 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 18, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\. In the final of the 50 meter butterfly on day four Huske placed fourth, finishing less than four\-tenths of a second behind bronze medalist and teammate Claire Curzan.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 19, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 19, 2021\. The following morning, Huske qualified for the semifinals of the [100 meter butterfly](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_butterfly "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre butterfly") with a 56\.59 in the prelims that ranked her fourth overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 20, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\. In the [4×200 metre freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_200_metre_freestyle_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay"), Huske led\-off the relay in 1:56\.41 to help qualify the relay to the final ranking second.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 20, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x200m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F80101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\. In the evening, Huske swam a 56\.13 in the semifinals of the 100 meter butterfly and qualified for the final ranking fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 20, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\. She split a 1:54\.72 for the first leg of the 4×200 metre freestyle relay in the final, helping win the silver medal in a time of 7:36\.53\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 20, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x200m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F80104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\.
The final day of competition, day six, Huske helped qualify the [4×50 meter freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_50_metre_freestyle_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay") to the final ranking first with a split of 24\.44 for the second leg of the relay in the prelims heats.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x50m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F60101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\. In her second event of the morning, Huske split a 58\.81 for the butterfly leg of the [4×100 meter medley relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay"), helping qualify the relay for the final ranking fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190205F70101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\. Huske was substituted out on the finals relay for the 4×50 meter freestyle relay in the evening and won a gold medal for her prelims contributions when the finals relay finished first.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x50m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F60104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\.Sagendorph, Kyle (December 21, 2021\). ["U.S. Wraps with 30 Medals, Team of the Meet Honors at 2021 FINA World Championships (25m)"](https://www.usaswimming.org/news/2021/12/21/us-wraps-with-30-medals-team-of-the-meet-honors-at-2021-fina-world-championships-25m). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\. For the final of the 100 meter butterfly she swam a 55\.75 and finished fourth behind teammate and bronze medalist Claire Curzan.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\. In the final of the 4×100 meter medley relay, Claire Curzan substituted in for Huske on the butterfly leg of the relay and the relay placed fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\.
### 2022
#### 2021–2022 winter collegiate season
In January 2022 the Stanford Women's Swim and Dive Team traveled to Arizona for back\-to\-back meets against Arizona State and Arizona.{{Cite web \|title\=Top 25 \|url\=https://www.cscaa.org/top25 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=CSCAA \|language\=en\-US}} In the meet against Arizona State on January 21, Huske began the meet by winning the 1,000 freestyle (9:51\.06\), before also winning the 50 freestyle (22\.79\) and the 200 individual medley (1:58\.16\).{{Cite web \|title\=220121 Arizona State Results (PDF) \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/21/220121\_Arizona\_State\_Results.pdf \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Stanford University Athletics \|language\=en}} The next day against Arizona Huske finished 3rd in the 200 free (1:49\.07\) before swimming exhibition races in the 100 freestyle (49\.79\) and the 100 butterfly (53\.19\).{{Cite web \|title\=220122 Stanford v. Arizona Results (PDF) \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/23/final\_results\_all\_events.pdf \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Stanford University Athletics \|language\=en}} Stanford finished January by traveling to Los Angeles, CA for back\-to\-back meets against U.C.L.A and U.S.C. On January 28, Huske won the 200 butterfly (1:59\.22\) and the 100 fly (53\.19\).{{Cite web \|title\=220128 Stanford vs. UCLA (PDF) \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/28/220128\_Stanford\_vs\_UCLA.pdf \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Stanford University Athletics \|language\=en}} The following day against U.S.C. Huske finished 2nd in the 200 freestyle (1:45\.84\), the 100 free (49\.06\) and the 200 individual medley (1:58\.26\).{{Cite web \|title\=220129 Stanford v. USC (PDF) \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/29/220129\_Stanford\_v\_USC.pdf \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Stanford University Athletics \|language\=en}} Stanford finished up the dual meet season by traveling to Berkeley, CA for a meet against Cal. During the meet Huske won the 50 freestyle (22\.28\) and the 100 butterfly (51\.92\).
#### 2022 Pac\-12 Championships
The first day of the 2022 [Pac\-12 Conference](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference "Pac-12 Conference") Championships, Huske helped achieve a first\-place finish in the 4×200 yard freestyle relay with a 6:50\.21, swimming a personal best time of 1:42\.51 for the lead\-off leg of the relay.Dornan, Ben (February 23, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships: Day 1 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-1-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved February 23, 2022\. The second day, she won the 200 yard individual medley with a 1:52\.42 and helped win the 4×50 yard freestyle relay, splitting a 21\.43 for the first 50\-yard portion of the relay.De George, Matthew (February 24, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Championships: Torri Huske Romps to 200 IM Title"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-championships-torri-huske-romps-to-200-im-title/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved February 24, 2022\.Dornan, Ben (February 24, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships: Day 2 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-2-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved February 24, 2022\. In her first event of the third day, Huske won the 100 yard butterfly in 49\.43 seconds, finishing 0\.44 seconds ahead of second\-place finisher Regan Smith.Berman, Sarah (February 25, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships Day 3 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/pac-12-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved February 25, 2022\. For the 4×100 yard medley relay, her second and final event of the evening's finals session, she helped the Stanford relay team achieve the conference title in the event with a final time of 3:25\.54, splitting a 50\.28 for the butterfly leg of the relay.D'Addona, Dan (February 25, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships Day 3 Finals: Regan Smith, Kaitlyn Dobler Break Pac\-12 Records"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved February 25, 2022\. Huske achieved her first win of the fourth and final day in the 100 yard freestyle, finishing 0\.27 seconds head of the second\-place finisher with a time of 47\.07 seconds.D'Addona, Dan (February 26, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championship Day 4: Stanford Claims Conference Title"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-womens-championship-day-4-finals-live-recap//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved February 26, 2022\. Her second win of the day was in the 4×100 yard freestyle relay, where she anchored the relay to a first\-place finish in 3:09\.06 with a 46\.72\.Dornan, Ben (February 26, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-4-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved February 26, 2022\. For her performance during the meet, Huske was named the Swimmer of the Meet by the Pac\-12\.{{Cite web \|last\=SwimSwam \|date\=February 28, 2022 \|title\=Stanford's Torri Huske Named Women's Pac\-12 Swimmer of the Meet \|url\=https://swimswam.com/stanfords\-torri\-huske\-named\-womens\-pac\-12\-swimmer\-of\-the\-meet/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}}
#### 2022 NCAA Championships
At the [2022 NCAA Championships](/wiki/2022_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships "2022 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), Huske started competition on day one with a win in the 4×200 yard freestyle relay, where she helped achieve a new pool record time of 6:48\.30 with her split of 1:41\.93 for the lead\-off leg of the relay.Rieder, David (March 16, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Women's Division I Championships: Huske, Ruck, Smith, Forde Dominate for Stanford in 800 Free Relay"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ncaa-womens-division-i-championships-huske-ruck-smith-forde-dominate-for-stanford-in-800-free-relay//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved March 16, 2022\. In the morning of day two, she qualified for the final of the 200 yard individual medley ranking second with a time of 1:54\.05\.Lepesant, Anne (March 17, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 2 Prelims Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-2-prelims-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved March 17, 2022\. For the evening finals session, she achieved a second\-place finish in the 200 yard individual medley in 1:51\.81 and a sixth\-place finish in the 4×50 yard freestyle relay, splitting a 21\.76 for the lead\-off leg of the relay.Hy\-Tek (March 17, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA DI Women's Swimming \& Diving"](https://swimmeetresults.tech/NCAA-Division-I-Women-2022/). *swimmeetresults.tech*. Retrieved March 17, 2022\. The following day, she placed second in the 100 yard butterfly behind only [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass "Kate Douglass") with a time of 49\.17 seconds.D'Addona, Dan (March 18, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Women's Championships: Kate Douglass Passes Mac Neil, Huske Late to Break American Record in 100 Butterfly"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-ncaa-womens-championships-kate-douglass-passes-mac-neil-huske-late-to-break-ncaa-record-in-100-butterfly//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved March 18, 2022\. In the final of the 4×100 yard medley relay later in the same session, she split a 50\.01 for the butterfly leg of the relay to contribute to a third\-place finish in 3:25\.63\.Lepesant, Anne (March 18, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 3 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved March 18, 2022\. On the final day of competition, she won the b\-final of the 100 yard freestyle with a 46\.98 and led\-off the 4×100 yard freestyle relay in 46\.82 seconds to help achieve a second\-place finish in 3:08\.97\.Lepesant, Anne (March 19, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-4-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved March 19, 2022\.Rieder, David (March 19, 2022\). ["NCAA Women's Championships: Virginia Caps Off Dominant Meet With American Record in 400 Free Relay"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ncaa-womens-championships-virginia-caps-off-dominant-meet-with-american-record-in-400-free-relay//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved March 19, 2022\.
#### 2022 International Team Trials
In late April 2022 the International Team Trials were held in Greensboro, NC to select Team USA for the 2022 Fina LC World Championships to be held in Budapest, Hungary in June. Just a little over three weeks before the meet Huske contracted COVID, forcing her out of the pool, requiring rest, and putting her participation at the Trials at risk. Fortunately, Huske recovered quickly and participated fully at the meet.{{Cite web \|date\=April 28, 2022 \|title\=U.S. International Team Trials: Torri Huske Fights Through COVID to Nail Down 100 Fly Win; Claire Curzan Shines Again (VIDEO) \|url\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/u\-s\-international\-team\-trials\-torri\-huske\-fights\-through\-covid\-to\-nail\-down\-100\-fly\-win\-claire\-curzan\-shines\-again/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Swimming World News \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=International Team Trials – 4/26/2022 to 4/30/2022 Result \|url\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\-results/international\-team\-trials/2022\-phillips\-66\-international\-team\-trials.pdf}}
On the first day of the competition, Huske began mornings preliminary session by finishing 2nd in the 100M freestyle to Natalie Hinds with a time of 54\.16\. Later that day in finals, Huske secured a spot on the Team USA's World Championship team by winning the 100M freestyle with a time of 53\.35 ahead of Claire Curzan who placed second with a time of 53\.58\. In prelims on day two of the competition Huske finished 10th in the 200M freestyle with a time of 1:59\.14\. She also swam prelims in the 50M butterfly where she finished fourth with a time of 25\.98\. Later that day in finals she finished 2nd in the 50M butterfly with a time of 25\.68, just behind Claire Curzan time of 25\.49\. On the third day of the competition Huske place first in prelims of the 100Mbutterfly with a time of 57\.03\. In finals, Huske won her second final of the competition by winning the 100M butterfly with a time of 56\.28 to finish ahead of Claire Curzan who placed 2nd with a time of 56\.25\. On the final morning of the competition Huske finished 5th in the prelims of the 50M freestyle with a time of 24\.76\. In finals, Huske won her third event of the meet when she won the 50M free with a time of 24\.50 just 2/100s of a second ahead of Erika Brown who finished 2nd with a time of 24\.52\.
#### 2022 FINA (LC) World Championships
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[2022 World Aquatics Championships\|2022 LC World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre butterfly\|100 m butterfly]]\| 55\.64 }}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay\|4x100 m mixed medley]]\| 3:38\.79}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\|4x100 m medley]]\| 3:53\.79}}
{{MedalBronze \| \[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\|4x100 m freestyle]]\| 3:32\.58}}
{{MedalBronze \|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre freestyle\|100 m freestyle]]\|52\.92}}
{{MedalBronze \|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed freestyle relay\|4x100 m mixed Freestyle]]\|3:21\.09}}
{{MedalBottom}}
On the morning of the first day of competition at the Fina LC World Championships held in Budapest, Hungary Huske swam prelims of the 100M butterfly finishing 1st with a time of 56\.82\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Butterfly Results \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} In the evening session Huske swam the 100m butterfly again and placed first in semi\-finals with a time of 56\.29\. Later that night she swam the lead\-off leg of the women's 4x100 freestyle relay with a time of 52\.96\. Huske won her first bronze of the meet when U.S. placed 3rd in this race with an overall time of 3:32\.58\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 4x100m Freestyle \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} With her time in this race, Huske became the 3rd fastest woman in American history, and one of only four American women ever to go under 53 seconds in the 100M freestyle, the others being Simone Manuel, Mallroy Comerford, and Abbey Weitzeil.{{Cite web \|title\=All Time Top Performers \|url\=http://www.usaswimming.org/times/data\-hub/all\-time\-top\-performers \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=usaswimming.org \|language\=en}}
The next day, the second of the meet, Huske won her first gold medal of the meet by placing 1st in the 100m butterfly with a time of 55\.64, a half a second in front of second place finisher Marie Wattel of France. With this finish Huske became the 4th fastest women in World history and she also broke her own American record which she set a year earlier at the U.S. Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska.
On the fourth day of the meet Huske earned her second gold medal when she swam the fly leg of the 4x100M mixed medley relay. Her split of 56\.17 was the fastest female fly split by over a second and it helped the U.S. win with a time of 3:38\.79, which was more than two and a half seconds in front of the 2nd place Australian team which finished with a time of 3:41\.34\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Mixed 4x100m Medley Relay \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000305F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}}
On day five of the competition Huske started off swimming in the mornings prelim session by finishing 3rd in the 100M freestyle with a time of 53\.72\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Freestyle \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} In semi\-finals later that night she again finished 3rd with a time of 53\.04\.
Day six began for Huske in the morning where she swam prelims in the 50M butterfly. She finished 10th in prelims with a time of 26\.10 making it through to semi\-finals.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later that night Huske swam the first race of the evening and won her second bronze of the meet when she finished 3rd in the 100m freestyle with a time of 52\.92 behind Mollie O’Callahan of Australia and Sarah Sjostrom of Sweden.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Freestyle \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} A bit later in the session Huske swam in the semi\-final of the 50M butterfly where she finished 2nd in a time of 25\.38 breaking the Americas and American record of 25\.48 formerly owned by Kelsi Dahlia.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly Semifinals \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}}{{Cite web \|last\=Sutherland \|first\=James \|date\=June 23, 2022 \|title\=2022 World Championships: Day 6 Finals Live Recap \|url\=https://swimswam.com/2022\-world\-championships\-day\-6\-finals\-live\-recap/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}}
Huske started off swimming prelims in the morning session of day seven when she swam the 50m freestyle, finishing 8th with a time of 24\.91\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Freestyle \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} In Huske's first race of the evening session she swam the 50M butterfly final where she finished 5th with a time of 25\.45\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} To complete a busy evening session with three events, Huske swam in the 4x100 freestyle relay earning her third bronze of the meet. Huske swam the third leg of the relay with a time of 52\.50\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Mixed 4x100m Freestyle Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000301F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}}
On the eighth and last day of the meet Huske swam two events in finals, the 50M freestyle where she finished 6th with a time of 24\.64\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Freestyle Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Huske then completed her meet in the last race of the entire meet, the women's 4x100 medley relay. She earned her third gold medal when she helped the U.S. team by splitting 56\.67 on the butterfly leg.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000205F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}}
During the meet Huske swam a total of 16 races making her the busiest swimmer of the meet.{{Cite web \|last\=Sutherland \|first\=James \|date\=July 1, 2022 \|title\=Ultra Swimmer of the Month: Torri Huske \|url\=https://swimswam.com/ultra\-swimmer\-of\-the\-month\-torri\-huske/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}} With her medal count at the 2022 World Championships, Huske became one of only four American women in history to win six medals in a World Championship, the others being Katie Ledecky, Missy Franklin and Simone Manuel. In addition, for her performance named Ultra Swimmer of the Month for June 2022\.
#### 2022–2023 fall collegiate season
Huske started her sophomore competition season on October 13, 2022, in a home dual meet against Utah. She started off the meet by swimming freestyle anchor as part of a winning 4x50 y medley relay team which went 1:39\.93\.{{Cite web \|title\=Utah @ Stanford – 10/13/2022 \|url\=https://s3\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/10/14/utah\_at\_stanford\_results10142022\_full\_set\_with\_splits\_and\_reactiontimes.pdf}} In her second race of the meet, Huske faced freshman Clair Curzan in the 100y backstroke where she narrowly defeated the 2022 LC World Championships bronze medal winner in the event by .02 with a time of 52\.62\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Backstroke 100m dos \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000202EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} In her third race of the competition Huske won the 200Y breaststroke with a time of 2:14\.65\. Huske capped off the competition by swimming the third leg of the winning 4x100 freestyle relay team where she split 51\.29 and the team swam 3:20\.46\. She followed up the relay by finishing second in the 200y freestyle with a time of 1:48\.80 before winning the 100y butterfly with a time of 53\.72\.{{Cite web \|title\=Stanford @ SJSU Dual Meet – 11/4/2022 \|url\=https://s3\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/4/Stanford\-San\_Jose\_State\_results.pdf}}
On the second day of the Greensboro, North Carolina NC State/GAC Invite competition, which was held from November 17–19, Huske led off finals by swimming the backstroke leg of the 4x50y medley relay with a time of 23\.82\. Stanford placed second in the event, earning an NCAA A cut with an overall time of 1:34\.37\.{{Cite web \|title\=2022 NC State GAC Fall Invitational – Friday Finals \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/18/ncsu\_invite\_22\_friday\_finals\_results.pdf}} Later in the second day of finals Huske swam won the 100y butterfly with a time of 49\.25\. This time not only earned her another NCAA A cut, but it was also the fastest fall time in the NCAA, and fastest time in history in a non\-NCAA Championship meet.{{Cite web \|last\=Keith \|first\=Braden \|date\=December 15, 2022 \|title\=Longhorn Women on Top of Mid\-Season Mythical NCAA Swimming Championship \|url\=https://swimswam.com/longhorn\-women\-on\-top\-of\-mid\-season\-mythical\-ncaa\-swimming\-championship/ \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=Top Times Report \|url\=http://www.usaswimming.org/times/otherorganizations/ncaa\-division\-i/top\-times\-report \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|website\=usaswimming.org \|language\=en}} Huske earned a B cut in the individual 200 freestyle of the NCAA Championship meet.{{Cite web \|title\=2022 NC State GAC Fall Invitational – Full meet Results \|url\=https://s3\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/19/ncsu\_invite\_22\_full\_meet\_results.pdf}} On the third and last day of finals, Huske first race was the 100y freestyle where she won the event, while again posting an NCAA top fall time of 46\.85, and earning yet another NCAA A cut.
In the final women's event of the meet, Huske swam anchor on the Women's 4x100Y freestyle relay. She posted a split of 46\.96 and Stanford won the event with a top fall time in the NCAA with time of 3:10\.72\. Over the course of the NCAA/GAC Invite Huske earned six NCAA top times, three individual (100Y free, 100Y butterfly, and 200Y individual medley) and three relay (5x50 freestyle relay, 4x100 freestyle relay, and 4x200 freestyle relay). In addition, during the meet she qualified for her four individual NCAA A cuts (50 freestyle, 100 freestyle, 100 butterfly, 200 individual medley) and one NCAA B cut (200 freestyle).
#### 2022 FINA Short Course World Championships (25 m)
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\|2022 SC World Championships (25m)]]}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 50 metre butterfly\|50 m butterfly]]\|24\.64}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre medley relay\|4x50 m mixed medley relay]]\|1:35\.15}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\|4x100 m medley relay]]\|3:44\.35}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\|4x50 m freestyle relay]]\|1:33\.89 }}{{MedalSilver\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre butterfly\|100 m butterfly]]\|54\.75}}
{{MedalSilver\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\|4x100 m freestyle relay]]\|3:26\.29}}
{{MedalSilver\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre medley relay\|4x50 m medley relay]]\|1:42\.41}}
{{MedalBottom}}
On October 19, Huske was named to the U.S. team for the 2022 World Swimming Short Course Championships team for the United States in 100m freestyle, 50m butterfly, and 100m butterfly.{{Cite web \|last\=Sutherland \|first\=James \|date\=October 19, 2022 \|title\=USA Swimming Names 31 To 2022 Short Course World Championship Roster \|url\=https://swimswam.com/usa\-swimming\-names\-31\-to\-2022\-short\-course\-world\-championship\-roster/ \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}} On the first day of competition, December 13, at the Fina SC World Championships in Melbourne, Australia, Huske began the preliminary session by finishing fourth in the 50m butterfly with a time of 25\.11\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W50m butterfly prlim \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later that morning, Huske anchored the women's 4x100m freestyle relay with a time of 52\.74\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W4x100m free relay prelim \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F70101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The United States finished fourth in the relay with a time of 3:31\.11\. In the evening session, Huske won her semifinal heat and finished third overall in the 50m butterfly with a time of 24\.86\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-w 30m fly semifinals \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later, Huske earned her first medal of the meet (silver) when she led off in the finals of the women's 4x100m freestyle relay with a time of 51\.73,{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-W 4x100m free relay final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} the fastest leadoff split in the race. The United States team (Huske, Kate Douglass, Claire Curzan and Erika Brown) finished second while setting a new American record of 3:26\.29\. In the morning of the second day of competition Huske swam the 100m freestyle and finished sixth with a time of 52\.48\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-W 100m free prelim \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later, Huske won her second medal, and first gold of the meet. when she swam the freestyle leg of the 4x50m mixed medley in 23\.73\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\- Mixed 4x40m medley relay final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030305F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The Americans (Ryan Murphy, Nic Fink, Huske and Kate Douglass ) won the race while breaking the world, championship and American records with a time of 1:35\.15\. After just one race (men's 800m freestyle), Huske swam the semifinal in the 100m freestyle.{{Cite web \|title\=All 16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) Results By OMEGA \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/2022/16th\-fina\-world\-swimming\-championships\-25m\-live\-results \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|website\=omegatiming.com}} She swam in the first heat and moved on to finals by finishing sixth in semifinals with a time of 52\.11\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-W 100m Free Semifinals \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Huske swam three events in the evening of her busiest day of the competition. She capped off the evening by swimming the final of the women's 50m butterfly. Huske won her second gold and third medal of the meet, tying Maggie MacNeil with a time of 24\.64\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-W 50m fly final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} On the third day of the competition, Huske swam in the evening session's first event, the finals of the 100m freestyle, in which she finished fifth with a time of 52\.04\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m free final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later in the evening session, Huske won her third gold medal and fourth medal of the meet when she led off with a time of 24\.08 in the women's 4x50m freestyle relay.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W ax50m free relay final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The American team (Huske, Claire Curzan, Erika Brown and Kate Douglass) earned gold and set championship and American records with a time of 1:33\.89\. On Saturday morning, the fifth day of the competition, Huske finished second in prelims of the 100m butterfly with a time of 56\.01\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m fly prelim \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} That night, Huske won a silver medal, her fifth medal of the competition, when she swam the butterfly leg of the women's 4x50m medley relay in a time of 24\.94\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 4x50m Medley Relay Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030205F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The American team (Claire Curzan, Lilly King, Huske and Kate Douglass) finished in 1:42\.41\. Later, swimming in lane four of heat one of semifinals. Huske won her heat and finished first overall in the 100m butterfly with a time of 55\.23\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m Fly Semifinals \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} On Sunday, the sixth and last day of the competition, Huske was in the first race of the evening session, the 100m butterfly. She won her third silver, and sixth medal of the competition, while finishing second with a time of 54\.75\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m Fly Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The penultimate race of the meet was a showdown between the Americans and the Australians in the women's 4x100m medley relay. Huske won her fourth gold and seventh medal of the competition, swimming butterfly leg as she had done in the mixed 4x50 medley relay and the women's 4x50m medley relay, in 54\.53\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 4x100m Medley Relay Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030205F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The American team (Claire Curzan, Lilly King, Huske and Kate Douglass) won gold and set a world record with a time of 3:44\.35\.
Over the six\-day competition, Huske won seven medals: four golds and three silvers. No woman in the competition won more medals than did Huske. She set or helped set two world records and four American records.
During the two Fina Swimming World Championships held in 2022, long course (held in Budapest, Hungary) and short course (held in Melbourne Australia) Huske won a total of 13 medals (seven gold, three silvers and three bronzes), more than any other woman. She set or helped set two world records and six American records.
### 2024 Summer Olympics
{{see also\|Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics}}
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly\| 100 m butterfly]]\|55\.59}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\|4x100 m medley]]\|3:49\.63 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay\|4x100 m mixed medley]]\|3:37\.43 (WR)}}
{{MedalSilver\|\[\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle\| 100 m freestyle]]\|52\.29}}
{{MedalSilver\|\[\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\|4x100 m freestyle]]\|3:30\.20 (AM)}}
{{MedalBottom}}
At the [2024 Olympic Games](/wiki/2024_Olympic_Games "2024 Olympic Games"), Huske won three gold medals and two silver medals. After missing the 100\-meter butterfly podium by 0\.01 at the previous Olympics, she won the 2024 race in 55\.59, out\-touching her teammate and world record holder [Gretchen Walsh](/wiki/Gretchen_Walsh "Gretchen Walsh") by 0\.04\. She also won a surprise silver in the 100\-meter freestyle with a personal best of 52\.29 behind [Sarah Sjostrom](/wiki/Sarah_Sjostrom "Sarah Sjostrom"). Huske, Walsh, [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass "Kate Douglass"), and [Simone Manuel](/wiki/Simone_Manuel "Simone Manuel") took silver in the 4x100m freestyle relay, setting an American record of 3:30\.20; Huske swam the fastest American split of 52\.06\. She won another gold and set the world record in the 4x100m mixed medley relay with Walsh, [Ryan Murphy](/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_%28swimmer%29 "Ryan Murphy (swimmer)"), and [Nic Fink](/wiki/Nic_Fink "Nic Fink"), anchoring with a freestyle split of 51\.88, the fastest in the field. In the final swimming event of the Games, Huske anchored the women's 4x100m medley relay to another world\-record first\-place finish with [Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28swimmer%29 "Regan Smith (swimmer)"), [Lilly King](/wiki/Lilly_King "Lilly King"), and Walsh.{{Cite web \|last\=Newberry \|first\=Paul \|date\=August 3, 2024 \|title\=Torri Huske claims a starring role for U.S. team at Paris Olympics \|url\=https://www.msn.com/en\-us/sports/other/torri\-huske\-claims\-a\-starring\-role\-for\-us\-team\-at\-paris\-olympics/ar\-AA1obG1N \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-03 \|website\=www.msn.com}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### High school (2017–2021\\)",
"Torri attended [Yorktown High School](/wiki/Yorktown_High_School_%28Arlington_County%2C_Virginia%29 \"Yorktown High School (Arlington County, Virginia)\") in Arlington, Virginia, from 2017–2021\\. While at high school, she was coached by Torey Ortmayer{{Cite web \\|last\\=Newspapers \\|first\\=DAVE FACINOLI, Sun Gazette \\|title\\=Olympic silver medalist Torri Huske rates experience a success \\|url\\=https://www.insidenova.com/sports/olympic\\-silver\\-medalist\\-torri\\-huske\\-rates\\-experience\\-a\\-success/article\\_da416176\\-f5f6\\-11eb\\-b9eb\\-3b0e93773c10\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=INSIDENOVA.COM \\|date\\=August 6, 2021 \\|language\\=en}} Her team finished first once (2021\\), second twice (2018–2020\\) and third in the Virginia State High School League (VHSL) Class 6 High School Swimming and Diving Championships.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2020 Virginia Class 6 State Championships – Meet Results – Swimming World \\|url\\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/2020\\-virginia\\-class\\-6\\-state\\-championships/high\\-school/2020/February/21 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=swimmingworldmagazine.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=2019 Virginia Class 6 State Championships – Meet Results – Swimming World \\|url\\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/2019\\-virginia\\-class\\-6\\-state\\-championships/high\\-school/2019/February/15 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=swimmingworldmagazine.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=VHSL 6A State Championship \\|url\\=https://swimcloud.com/results/102465 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Swimcloud \\|language\\=en}}",
"At the VHSL State Championship Meet during her senior year Huske set the national high school record in the 200 Short Course Yards (SCY) Individual Medley (IM) with a time of 1:53\\.73, shaving a tenth of a second from the record held by [Dagney Knutson](/wiki/Dagny_Knutson \"Dagny Knutson\") since 2009\\. A half\\-hour later, Huske reclaimed the national high school record in the 100 (SCY) butterfly with a time of 49\\.95, taking down [Claire Curzan](/wiki/Claire_Curzan \"Claire Curzan\")'s mark of 50\\.35 from 2020 and becoming the first woman to go under 50 seconds in a high school competition. She also set the 17–18 National Age Group record, breaking the 50\\.19 mark set by Olivia Bray in 2019\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Miller \\|first\\=Nicole \\|date\\=February 26, 2021 \\|title\\=Torri Huske Breaks 2 National High School Records 27 Minutes Apart \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/torri\\-huske\\-breaks\\-2\\-national\\-high\\-school\\-records\\-27\\-minutes\\-apart/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Ultimately, she set six Virginia State (SCY) records: 50m freestyle, 100m freestyle, 200m freestyle, 100m butterfly, 200m individual medley, and the 4x50 medley relay. She won 15 VHSL Class 6 High School State Championships (eight individual and seven relay).{{Cite web \\|title\\=2021 VHSL Class 6 State Meet \\|url\\=https://www.pvswim.org/2021hs/2021VHSLStateClass6\\_w.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=pvswim.org}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=2020 Virginia Class 6 State Championships – Meet Results – Swimming World \\|url\\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/2020\\-virginia\\-class\\-6\\-state\\-championships/high\\-school/2020/February/21 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=swimmingworldmagazine.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=2019 Virginia Class 6 State Championships – Meet Results – Swimming World \\|url\\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/2019\\-virginia\\-class\\-6\\-state\\-championships/high\\-school/2019/February/15 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=swimmingworldmagazine.com}}",
"Huske was named a 2020–2021 high school All\\-American swimmer by the National Interscholastic Swimming Coaches Association (NISCA) in July 2021\\.Sutherland, James (August 5, 2021\\). [\"NISCA Announces 2020–21 High School Swimming All\\-Americans\"](https://swimswam.com/nisca-announces-2020-21-high-school-swimming-all-americans/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. By the end of her high school career, she had been named a 29\\-time NISCA All\\-American.{{Cite web \\|title\\=NISCA All\\-America Swimming and Diving 2017 – 2018 \\|url\\=https://niscaonline.org/aalists/2018/allam18\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=niscaonline.org}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=NISCA All\\-America Swimming and Diving 2018 – 2019 \\|url\\=https://niscaonline.org/aalists/2019/allam19\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=niscaonline.org}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=NISCA All\\-America Swimming and Diving 2019 – 2020 \\|url\\=https://niscaonline.org/aalists/2020/allam20\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=niscaonline.org}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=NISCA All\\-America Swimming and Diving 2020 – 2021 \\|url\\=https://niscaonline.org/aalists/2021/allam21\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=niscaonline.org}} In September 2021, [USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\") named Huske as one of the recipients of Scholastic All\\-American honors for the 2020–2021 high school season. It was her fourth year receiving the honor.D'Addona, Dan (September 22, 2021\\). [\"USA Swimming Announces 2020–21 Scholastic All\\-America Recipients, led by Torri Huske\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/usa-swimming-announces-2020-21-scholastic-all-america-recipients-led-by-torri-huske/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.Lepesant, Anne (September 22, 2021\\). [\"1,239 Swimmers Named To USA Swimming 2021 Scholastic All\\-American Team\"](https://swimswam.com/1239-swimmers-named-to-usa-swimming-2021-scholastic-all-american-team/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.",
"In 2022, Torri became the youngest member ever inducted into the Yorktown High School Hall of Fame.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mann \\|first\\=Miles \\|title\\=Yorktown's Newly Inducted Hall Of Fame Members \\|url\\=https://yorktownsentry.com/10883/headlines/yorktowns\\-newly\\-inducted\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-members/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Yorktown Sentry}}",
"### 2019",
"At the [2019 US National Championships](/wiki/2019_USA_Swimming_Championships \"2019 USA Swimming Championships\") in [Stanford, California](/wiki/Stanford%2C_California \"Stanford, California\"), Huske broke the 38\\-year\\-old [National Age Group record](/wiki/USA_Swimming%23National_age_group_records \"USA Swimming#National age group records\") in the 100m butterfly for the girls 15–16 age group with a time of 57\\.80, 0\\.13 seconds faster than the previous record set by [Mary Meagher](/wiki/Mary_T._Meagher \"Mary T. Meagher\") in 1981\\.Hart, Torrey (August 2, 2019\\). [\"Torri Huske Breaks Mary Meagher's 38\\-Year\\-Old 100 Fly NAG Record\"](https://swimswam.com/torri-huske-breaks-mary-meaghers-38-year-old-100-fly-nag-record/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\.",
"#### 2019 World Junior Championships",
"{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[2019 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships\\|2019 World Junior Championships]]}}\n{{MedalGold\\| 4×100 m mixed medley \\| 3:44\\.84 (WJ,CR) }}\n{{MedalGold\\| 50 m butterfly \\| 25\\.70 }}\n{{MedalGold\\| 4×100 m freestyle \\| 3:37\\.61 }}\n{{MedalGold\\| 100 m butterfly \\| 57\\.71 }}\n{{MedalGold\\| 4×100 m medley \\| 3:59\\.13 }}\n{{MedalSilver\\| 100 m freestyle \\| 54\\.54 }}\n{{MedalBottom}}",
"In August 2019, Huske won six medals at the [2019 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2019_FINA_World_Junior_Swimming_Championships \"2019 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships\") in [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\"), [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"), five of which were gold medals and one of which was a silver medal. On August 21, Huske won a [gold medal](/wiki/Gold_medal \"Gold medal\") in the mixed 4×100m medley relay, swimming the butterfly leg of the relay in 58\\.04 seconds and helping the relay finish in a new [world junior record](/wiki/List_of_world_junior_records_in_swimming \"List of world junior records in swimming\") and [Championships record](/wiki/FINA_World_Junior_Swimming_Championships%23Championships_records \"FINA World Junior Swimming Championships#Championships records\") time of 3:44\\.84\\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (August 21, 2019\\). [\"7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Mixed 4 x 100m Medley Relay Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100305F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\. The next day, Huske won a silver medal in the 100m freestyle with a time of 54\\.54 seconds in the final that was 8\\-tenths of a second behind gold medalist and fellow American Gretchen Walsh.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (August 22, 2019\\). [\"7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 100m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100201EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\. In the final of the 50\\-meter butterfly on August 23, Huske finished ahead of American teammate [Claire Curzan](/wiki/Claire_Curzan \"Claire Curzan\"), who won the bronze medal, to win the gold medal with a time of 25\\.70 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (August 23, 2019\\). [\"7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 50m Butterfly Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100204EB04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\. Huske won her fourth medal of the Championships on August 24 in the 4×100m freestyle relay, splitting a 54\\.50 for the second leg to help the relay win the gold medal in a time of 3:37\\.61\\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (August 24, 2019\\). [\"7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100201F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\. On August 25, the final day of the Championships, Huske won the gold medal in the 100m butterfly with a time of 57\\.71 seconds, breaking her own National Age Group record in the event.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (August 25, 2019\\). [\"7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 100m Butterfly Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100204EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\.Ortegon, Karl (August 25, 2019\\). [\"Torri Huske Clips Own 15–16 NAG Record In World Juniors 100 Fly Gold\"](https://swimswam.com/torri-huske-clips-own-15-16-nag-record-in-world-juniors-100-fly-gold/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\. For her sixth medal, Huske won a gold medal in the 4×100m medley relay, swimming the butterfly leg of the relay in 57\\.86 seconds and contributing to the total time of 3:59\\.13\\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (August 25, 2019\\). [\"7th FINA World Junior Swimming Championships 2019: Women's 4 x 100m Medley Relay Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301100205F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\.",
"The day before she turned sixteen, Huske won LC 100M Butterfly at the Toyota U.S. Open Winter National Championships in Atlanta, GA with a LCM time of 57\\.48\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2019 Toyota U.S. Open Results \\|url\\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\\-results/us\\-open\\-results/2019\\-toyota\\-us\\-open.pdf}}",
"Huske's swims throughout the 2019 year earned her the [Swammy Award](/wiki/Swammy_Awards \"Swammy Awards\") from *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")* for \"Age Group Swimmer of the Year\" for the girls 15–16 age group.Lepesant, Anne (December 30, 2019\\). [\"2019 Swammy Awards: Age Group Swimmer of the Year – 15–16\"](https://swimswam.com/2019-swammy-awards-age-group-swimmer-of-the-year-15-16/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\.",
"### 2020",
"In November 2020, the Toyota US Open National Championships meet took place in nine locations due to COVID\\-19 and all races were timed finals (no prelims or semi\\-finals).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Keith \\|first\\=Braden \\|date\\=October 6, 2020 \\|title\\=USA Swimming Announces 9 Sites That Will Host the 2020 U.S. Open \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/usa\\-swimming\\-announces\\-9\\-sites\\-that\\-will\\-host\\-the\\-2020\\-u\\-s\\-open/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2022 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Finishing times were compiled across all the locations and places were awarded. Huske swam at the Richmond, VA location and across all locations finished 1st in the 100m freestyle with a time of 54\\.04\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2020 Toyota US Open Championships\\-Compiled Results \\|url\\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\\-results/us\\-open\\-results/2020\\-toyota\\-us\\-open.pdf}} In addition, Huske also finished 2nd in the 100m butterfly (57\\.36\\), 2nd in the 200m individual medley (2:11\\.18\\), 7th in the 200m butterfly (2:14\\.03\\), 9th in the 50m free (25\\.34\\), and 28th in the 100m backstroke (1:03\\.25\\).",
"Huske committed to swim for [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") in June 2020{{Cite web \\|last\\=Editor \\|first\\=Dan D'Addona\\-Swimming World Managing \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-29 \\|title\\=NAG Record\\-Holder Torri Huske Commits to Stanford Swimming for 2021\\-22 \\|url\\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/nag\\-record\\-holder\\-torri\\-huske\\-commits\\-to\\-stanford/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-29 \\|website\\=Swimming World News \\|language\\=en\\-US}} and started attending in autumn 2021, competing collegiately as part of the [Stanford Cardinal](/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal \"Stanford Cardinal\").\n#### 2020 US Olympic Trials",
"At the [2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials](/wiki/2020_United_States_Olympic_trials_%28swimming%29 \"2020 United States Olympic trials (swimming)\") in [Omaha, Nebraska](/wiki/Omaha%2C_Nebraska \"Omaha, Nebraska\"), Huske swam a new [Americas record](/wiki/List_of_Americas_records_in_swimming \"List of Americas records in swimming\"), [American record](/wiki/List_of_United_States_records_in_swimming \"List of United States records in swimming\"), [US Open record](/wiki/List_of_United_States_records_in_swimming \"List of United States records in swimming\"), and [Championships record](/wiki/United_States_Swimming_National_Championships%23Championships_records \"United States Swimming National Championships#Championships records\") time of 55\\.78 seconds in the 100m butterfly semifinals.[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\") (June 13, 2021\\). [\"2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Wave II: Women's 100m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500030204EC02FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. Her new American record broke the record of 55\\.98 seconds set at the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\") by [Dana Vollmer](/wiki/Dana_Vollmer \"Dana Vollmer\").Long, Julius (June 13, 2021\\). [\"Arlington swimmer sets American record in the 100m butterfly\"](https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/arlington-swimmer-torri-huske-breaks-american-record-100m-butterfly). *[NBC Sports Washington](/wiki/NBC_Sports_Washington \"NBC Sports Washington\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. The next day, June 14, Huske broke her own Americas, American, US Open, and Championships records from the day before, setting the new records in the final of the 100m butterfly at 55\\.66 seconds and swimming the third fastest performance in the event to date.Brennan, Christine (June 14, 2021\\). [\"Torri Huske breaks her American record in butterfly to qualify for Tokyo Olympics\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2021/06/14/torri-huske-american-record-100-meter-butterfly-qualifies-tokyo-olympics/7695371002/). *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\") (June 14, 2021\\). [\"2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Wave II: Women's 100m Butterfly Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500030204EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. Huske qualified for a spot on the [2020 USA Olympic Team](/wiki/United_States_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics \"United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics\"), a noted accomplishment considering she was only able to train in a long course meters swimming pool once a week leading up to the Olympic Trials.Hodges, Coleman (September 5, 2021\\). [\"Evan Stiles On How Torri Huske Prepped For Trials With 1 LCM Practice Per Week\"](https://swimswam.com/evan-stiles-on-how-torri-huske-prepped-for-trials-with-1-lcm-practice-per-week/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. During the meet Huske swam more races than any other women. In addition to the 100m butterfly, she also placed third in the 50m freestyle with a time of 24\\.46 and fourth in the 200m individual medley with a time of 2:10\\.38\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials Wave II Results \\|url\\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\\-results/olympic\\-trials\\-results/2020\\-us\\-olympic\\-team\\-trials\\-complete\\-wave\\-ii\\-results.pdf}} Huske also qualified for Semi\\-Finals in the 100m freestyle (placing 10 overall) and the 200m freestyle (placing 11th overall).",
"Following her performances at the US Olympic Trials, national newspaper *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")* highlighted Huske as one of their \"10 to watch\", that is one of ten Olympians, selected from all sports, to keep an eye on during the 2020 Olympic Games.Brennan, Christine (July 12, 2021\\). [\"10 to watch: At 18, Torri Huske already holds American record in 100 fly and she's just getting started\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/christinebrennan/2021/07/12/torri-huske-team-usa-teen-stars-100-butterfly-tokyo-olympics/7916779002/). *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*. Retrieved November 21, 2021\\.",
"#### 2020 Summer Olympics",
"{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics\\|2020 Summer Olympics]]}}\n{{MedalSilver\\| \\[\\[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\\|4×100 m medley relay]] \\| 3:51\\.73 }}\n{{MedalBottom}}",
"On day three of the 2020 Summer Olympics in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), and postponed to 2021 due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), Huske competed in the [100m butterfly](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_butterfly \"Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly\") final. The race would end up being the fastest 100m butterfly heat in history. Four of the eight finalists swam times which were ranked in the top ten for a female in the All\\-time history of the event.{{Cite web \\|title\\=fina.org {{!}} Official FINA Website \\|url\\=https://www.fina.org/swimming/www.fina.org/swimming/rankings \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=FINA – Fédération Internationale De Natation \\|language\\=en}} Huske finished that 100m butterfly heat in fourth, 1/100th of a second behind bronze medalist [Emma McKeon](/wiki/Emma_McKeon \"Emma McKeon\") of Australia.,{{Cite web\\|date\\=July 26, 2021\\|title\\=Olympic Heartbreak for Huske in Tokyo\\|url\\=https://www.arlnow.com/2021/07/26/olympic\\-heartbreak\\-for\\-huske\\-in\\-tokyo/\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2021\\|website\\=ARLnow.com\\|language\\=en}} and just 14/100ths of a second behind [Maggie Macneil](/wiki/Maggie_Mac_Neil \"Maggie Mac Neil\") who won the gold medal in 55\\.59\\.",
"In the final of the [4×100m mixed medley relay](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay \"Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay\") on day eight, Huske and her finals relay teammates of [Ryan Murphy](/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_%28swimmer%29 \"Ryan Murphy (swimmer)\"), [Lydia Jacoby](/wiki/Lydia_Jacoby \"Lydia Jacoby\"), and [Caeleb Dressel](/wiki/Caeleb_Dressel \"Caeleb Dressel\") placed fifth.Forde, Pat (July 31, 2021\\). [\"Team USA Plagued by Trust Issues in Swimming Relays\"](https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/31/team-usa-relay-struggles-mixed-swimming-medley). *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated \"Sports Illustrated\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. On the ninth and final day of competitive swimming at the Olympic Games, Huske competed in the [4×100m medley relay](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay \"Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\") final for Team USA with teammates [Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28swimmer%29 \"Regan Smith (swimmer)\"), Lydia Jacoby, and [Abbey Weitzeil](/wiki/Abbey_Weitzeil \"Abbey Weitzeil\"). Team USA finished second with a time of 3:51\\.73, just 0\\.13 seconds behind Australia's Olympic\\-record time of 3:51\\.60, earning Huske a silver medal.{{Cite web\\|date\\=August 1, 2021\\|title\\=Olympics Latest: 6 banished for breaking COVID rules\\|url\\=https://www.ctpost.com/sports/article/Olympics\\-Latest\\-US\\-pair\\-knocked\\-out\\-of\\-beach\\-16355038\\.php\\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Connecticut Post]]\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=August 1, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801045212/https://www.ctpost.com/sports/article/Olympics\\-Latest\\-US\\-pair\\-knocked\\-out\\-of\\-beach\\-16355038\\.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### 2021",
"#### 2021–2022 fall collegiate season",
"In mid\\-August 2021, Huske became the first collegiate swimmer to sign a sponsorship deal, with swimwear company [TYR Sport](/wiki/TYR_Sport%2C_Inc. \"TYR Sport, Inc.\").Rieder, David (August 13, 2021\\). [\"Torri Huske Becomes First College Swimmer to Sign with TYR, Thanks to New NIL Rules\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/torri-huske-becomes-first-college-swimmer-to-sign-with-tyr-thanks-to-new-nil-rules/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.Sutherland, James (August 13, 2021\\). [\"Stanford\\-Bound Torri Huske Becomes Latest NCAA Athlete To Sign Swimwear Deal\"](https://swimswam.com/stanford-bound-torri-huske-becomes-latest-ncaa-athlete-to-sign-swimwear-deal/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. Huske made her collegiate debut on October 1 in a dual meet against [San Jose State University](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University \"San Jose State University\"), winning the 500\\-yard freestyle in a time of 4:51\\.33 and the 50\\-yard freestyle with a time of 22\\.58 seconds for her school, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\").Edmund, Emma (October 2, 2021\\). [\"Regan Smith, Torri Huske Make NCAA Debuts As Stanford Defeats San José State\"](https://swimswam.com/regan-smith-torri-huske-make-ncaa-debuts-as-stanford-defeats-san-jose-state/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. In the second dual meet of her career against Utah in Salt Lake City, Torri finished 2nd in the 200 butterfly to teammate Lillie Nordmann with a time of 2:02\\.97\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Utah vs Stanford – 10/15/2021 Results \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2021/10/15/Stanford\\_vs\\_Utah\\_Final\\_Results.pdf}} Later that meet, she won both the 100 free (50\\.67\\) and the 200 individual medley.",
"On the first day, November 18, of her first collegiate invitational, the 2021 [North Carolina State](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University \"North Carolina State University\") Fall Invitational, Huske won the 200\\-yard individual medley with a time of 1:52\\.82, won the 50\\-yard freestyle in 21\\.70 seconds, and helped her relay finish second in the 4x50\\-yard freestyle relay.Rieder, David (November 18, 2021\\). [\"Torri Huske Blasts 1:52 200 IM During Busy Night at NC State Invitational\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/torri-huske-blasts-152-200-im-during-busy-night-at-nc-state-invitational/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. The next day, Huske helped her relay place second in the 4x50\\-yard medley relay, won the 100\\-yard butterfly in 50\\.30 seconds, and helped her relay win the 4x200\\-yard freestyle relay event by splitting a 1:42\\.59 lead\\-off leg.Lepesant, Anne (November 19, 2021\\). [\"2021 NC State Invitational: Day 2 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2021-nc-state-invitational-day-2-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. The third and final day of competition, Huske brought her tally of event wins to six and tally of first or second place finishes to eight by winning the 100\\-yard freestyle with a time of 47\\.39 seconds and helping win the 4x100\\-yard freestyle relay, splitting a 46\\.27 for the fourth leg of the relay.Lepesant, Anne (November 20, 2021\\). [\"2021 NC State Invitational: Day 3 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2021-nc-state-invitational-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.",
"#### 2021 World Short Course Championships",
"{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\\|2021 SC World Championships (25m)]]}}\n{{MedalGold\\| \\[\\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\\|4×100 m freestyle]] \\| 3:28\\.52 }}\n{{MedalGold\\| \\[\\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\\|4×50 m freestyle]] \\| 1:34\\.22 }}\n{{MedalSilver\\| \\[\\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay\\|4×200 m freestyle]] \\| 7:36\\.53 }}\n{{MedalBottom}}",
"On October 28, Huske was named to the [2021 World Short Course Championships](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\") team for the United States in four individual events, while the announcement of the team, including Huske, was ranked by *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")* as number two for the week's \"The Week That Was\" honor.[\"2021 FINA Short Course World Championships Roster\"](https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/eventsdocuments/rosters/world-championships-world-juniors/2021-sc-world-championships-roster.pdf). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\")*. October 28, 2021\\. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.Rieder, David (November 1, 2021\\). [\"The Week That Was: Chalmers Takes Down 13\\-Year\\-Old World Record\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/the-week-that-was-chalmers-takes-down-13-year-old-world-record//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. She entered to compete in the 100 meter freestyle, 50 meter butterfly, and 100 meter butterfly individual events.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 14, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m): Entries Book\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001150019FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 14, 2021\\.",
"Day one of competition, December 16, Huske anchored the [4×100m freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_freestyle_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\") in 53\\.01 seconds in the prelims heats, helping qualify the relay to the final ranked second behind the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") relay team.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 16, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F70101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\\. In the final, Abbey Weitzeil substituted in for Huske and the relay won a gold medal in a time of 3:28\\.52 with Huske receiving a gold medal for her prelims contributions as well.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 16, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\\.Moss, Bonnie (December 16, 2021\\). [\"U.S. Women Win Gold on First Day of 2021 FINA World Championships (25m)\"](https://www.usaswimming.org/news/2021/12/16/u.s.-women-win-gold-on-first-day-of-fina-2021-sc-world-championships). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\\. The next day, Huske finished third in her heat of the prelims in the [100m freestyle](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_freestyle \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre freestyle\") with a 53\\.34 and qualified for the semifinals ranked eighth overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 17, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\\. In the same prelims session, she split a 24\\.23 on the anchor leg of the [4×50m mixed freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_50_metre_freestyle_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\") to help advance it to the final ranked fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 17, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Mixed 4x50m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190301F60101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\\. For the finals relay, [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass \"Kate Douglass\") substituted in for Huske and the relay placed fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 17, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Mixed 4x50m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190301F60104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\\. Huske, qualified for the final of the 100m freestyle in the evening, swimming a 52\\.48 and ranking seventh overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 17, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Semifinals Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\\.",
"The morning of day three, Huske swam in lane seven in prelims heat seven and qualified for the semifinals of the 50 meter butterfly ranking seventh with a 25\\.43\\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 18, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\\. In the evening, she placed sixth in the final of the 100 meter freestyle in 51\\.93 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 18, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\\. Huske also qualified for the final of the 50 meter butterfly, tying in rank for fifth overall in the semifinals with [Arina Surkova](/wiki/Arina_Surkova \"Arina Surkova\") of [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") and Claire Curzan at 25\\.20 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 18, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\\. In the final of the 50 meter butterfly on day four Huske placed fourth, finishing less than four\\-tenths of a second behind bronze medalist and teammate Claire Curzan.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 19, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 19, 2021\\. The following morning, Huske qualified for the semifinals of the [100 meter butterfly](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_butterfly \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre butterfly\") with a 56\\.59 in the prelims that ranked her fourth overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 20, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\\. In the [4×200 metre freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_200_metre_freestyle_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay\"), Huske led\\-off the relay in 1:56\\.41 to help qualify the relay to the final ranking second.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 20, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x200m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F80101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\\. In the evening, Huske swam a 56\\.13 in the semifinals of the 100 meter butterfly and qualified for the final ranking fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 20, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\\. She split a 1:54\\.72 for the first leg of the 4×200 metre freestyle relay in the final, helping win the silver medal in a time of 7:36\\.53\\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 20, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x200m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F80104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\\.",
"The final day of competition, day six, Huske helped qualify the [4×50 meter freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_50_metre_freestyle_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\") to the final ranking first with a split of 24\\.44 for the second leg of the relay in the prelims heats.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x50m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F60101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\. In her second event of the morning, Huske split a 58\\.81 for the butterfly leg of the [4×100 meter medley relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\"), helping qualify the relay for the final ranking fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190205F70101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\. Huske was substituted out on the finals relay for the 4×50 meter freestyle relay in the evening and won a gold medal for her prelims contributions when the finals relay finished first.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x50m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F60104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\.Sagendorph, Kyle (December 21, 2021\\). [\"U.S. Wraps with 30 Medals, Team of the Meet Honors at 2021 FINA World Championships (25m)\"](https://www.usaswimming.org/news/2021/12/21/us-wraps-with-30-medals-team-of-the-meet-honors-at-2021-fina-world-championships-25m). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\. For the final of the 100 meter butterfly she swam a 55\\.75 and finished fourth behind teammate and bronze medalist Claire Curzan.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\. In the final of the 4×100 meter medley relay, Claire Curzan substituted in for Huske on the butterfly leg of the relay and the relay placed fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\.",
"### 2022",
"#### 2021–2022 winter collegiate season",
"In January 2022 the Stanford Women's Swim and Dive Team traveled to Arizona for back\\-to\\-back meets against Arizona State and Arizona.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Top 25 \\|url\\=https://www.cscaa.org/top25 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=CSCAA \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In the meet against Arizona State on January 21, Huske began the meet by winning the 1,000 freestyle (9:51\\.06\\), before also winning the 50 freestyle (22\\.79\\) and the 200 individual medley (1:58\\.16\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=220121 Arizona State Results (PDF) \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/21/220121\\_Arizona\\_State\\_Results.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Stanford University Athletics \\|language\\=en}} The next day against Arizona Huske finished 3rd in the 200 free (1:49\\.07\\) before swimming exhibition races in the 100 freestyle (49\\.79\\) and the 100 butterfly (53\\.19\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=220122 Stanford v. Arizona Results (PDF) \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/23/final\\_results\\_all\\_events.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Stanford University Athletics \\|language\\=en}} Stanford finished January by traveling to Los Angeles, CA for back\\-to\\-back meets against U.C.L.A and U.S.C. On January 28, Huske won the 200 butterfly (1:59\\.22\\) and the 100 fly (53\\.19\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=220128 Stanford vs. UCLA (PDF) \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/28/220128\\_Stanford\\_vs\\_UCLA.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Stanford University Athletics \\|language\\=en}} The following day against U.S.C. Huske finished 2nd in the 200 freestyle (1:45\\.84\\), the 100 free (49\\.06\\) and the 200 individual medley (1:58\\.26\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=220129 Stanford v. USC (PDF) \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/29/220129\\_Stanford\\_v\\_USC.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Stanford University Athletics \\|language\\=en}} Stanford finished up the dual meet season by traveling to Berkeley, CA for a meet against Cal. During the meet Huske won the 50 freestyle (22\\.28\\) and the 100 butterfly (51\\.92\\).",
"#### 2022 Pac\\-12 Championships",
"The first day of the 2022 [Pac\\-12 Conference](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference \"Pac-12 Conference\") Championships, Huske helped achieve a first\\-place finish in the 4×200 yard freestyle relay with a 6:50\\.21, swimming a personal best time of 1:42\\.51 for the lead\\-off leg of the relay.Dornan, Ben (February 23, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships: Day 1 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-1-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved February 23, 2022\\. The second day, she won the 200 yard individual medley with a 1:52\\.42 and helped win the 4×50 yard freestyle relay, splitting a 21\\.43 for the first 50\\-yard portion of the relay.De George, Matthew (February 24, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Championships: Torri Huske Romps to 200 IM Title\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-championships-torri-huske-romps-to-200-im-title/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved February 24, 2022\\.Dornan, Ben (February 24, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships: Day 2 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-2-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved February 24, 2022\\. In her first event of the third day, Huske won the 100 yard butterfly in 49\\.43 seconds, finishing 0\\.44 seconds ahead of second\\-place finisher Regan Smith.Berman, Sarah (February 25, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships Day 3 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/pac-12-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved February 25, 2022\\. For the 4×100 yard medley relay, her second and final event of the evening's finals session, she helped the Stanford relay team achieve the conference title in the event with a final time of 3:25\\.54, splitting a 50\\.28 for the butterfly leg of the relay.D'Addona, Dan (February 25, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships Day 3 Finals: Regan Smith, Kaitlyn Dobler Break Pac\\-12 Records\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved February 25, 2022\\. Huske achieved her first win of the fourth and final day in the 100 yard freestyle, finishing 0\\.27 seconds head of the second\\-place finisher with a time of 47\\.07 seconds.D'Addona, Dan (February 26, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championship Day 4: Stanford Claims Conference Title\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-womens-championship-day-4-finals-live-recap//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved February 26, 2022\\. Her second win of the day was in the 4×100 yard freestyle relay, where she anchored the relay to a first\\-place finish in 3:09\\.06 with a 46\\.72\\.Dornan, Ben (February 26, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-4-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved February 26, 2022\\. For her performance during the meet, Huske was named the Swimmer of the Meet by the Pac\\-12\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=SwimSwam \\|date\\=February 28, 2022 \\|title\\=Stanford's Torri Huske Named Women's Pac\\-12 Swimmer of the Meet \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/stanfords\\-torri\\-huske\\-named\\-womens\\-pac\\-12\\-swimmer\\-of\\-the\\-meet/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### 2022 NCAA Championships",
"At the [2022 NCAA Championships](/wiki/2022_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships \"2022 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships\") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), Huske started competition on day one with a win in the 4×200 yard freestyle relay, where she helped achieve a new pool record time of 6:48\\.30 with her split of 1:41\\.93 for the lead\\-off leg of the relay.Rieder, David (March 16, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Women's Division I Championships: Huske, Ruck, Smith, Forde Dominate for Stanford in 800 Free Relay\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ncaa-womens-division-i-championships-huske-ruck-smith-forde-dominate-for-stanford-in-800-free-relay//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved March 16, 2022\\. In the morning of day two, she qualified for the final of the 200 yard individual medley ranking second with a time of 1:54\\.05\\.Lepesant, Anne (March 17, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 2 Prelims Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-2-prelims-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved March 17, 2022\\. For the evening finals session, she achieved a second\\-place finish in the 200 yard individual medley in 1:51\\.81 and a sixth\\-place finish in the 4×50 yard freestyle relay, splitting a 21\\.76 for the lead\\-off leg of the relay.Hy\\-Tek (March 17, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA DI Women's Swimming \\& Diving\"](https://swimmeetresults.tech/NCAA-Division-I-Women-2022/). *swimmeetresults.tech*. Retrieved March 17, 2022\\. The following day, she placed second in the 100 yard butterfly behind only [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass \"Kate Douglass\") with a time of 49\\.17 seconds.D'Addona, Dan (March 18, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Women's Championships: Kate Douglass Passes Mac Neil, Huske Late to Break American Record in 100 Butterfly\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-ncaa-womens-championships-kate-douglass-passes-mac-neil-huske-late-to-break-ncaa-record-in-100-butterfly//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved March 18, 2022\\. In the final of the 4×100 yard medley relay later in the same session, she split a 50\\.01 for the butterfly leg of the relay to contribute to a third\\-place finish in 3:25\\.63\\.Lepesant, Anne (March 18, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 3 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved March 18, 2022\\. On the final day of competition, she won the b\\-final of the 100 yard freestyle with a 46\\.98 and led\\-off the 4×100 yard freestyle relay in 46\\.82 seconds to help achieve a second\\-place finish in 3:08\\.97\\.Lepesant, Anne (March 19, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-4-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved March 19, 2022\\.Rieder, David (March 19, 2022\\). [\"NCAA Women's Championships: Virginia Caps Off Dominant Meet With American Record in 400 Free Relay\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ncaa-womens-championships-virginia-caps-off-dominant-meet-with-american-record-in-400-free-relay//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved March 19, 2022\\.",
"#### 2022 International Team Trials",
"In late April 2022 the International Team Trials were held in Greensboro, NC to select Team USA for the 2022 Fina LC World Championships to be held in Budapest, Hungary in June. Just a little over three weeks before the meet Huske contracted COVID, forcing her out of the pool, requiring rest, and putting her participation at the Trials at risk. Fortunately, Huske recovered quickly and participated fully at the meet.{{Cite web \\|date\\=April 28, 2022 \\|title\\=U.S. International Team Trials: Torri Huske Fights Through COVID to Nail Down 100 Fly Win; Claire Curzan Shines Again (VIDEO) \\|url\\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/u\\-s\\-international\\-team\\-trials\\-torri\\-huske\\-fights\\-through\\-covid\\-to\\-nail\\-down\\-100\\-fly\\-win\\-claire\\-curzan\\-shines\\-again/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Swimming World News \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=International Team Trials – 4/26/2022 to 4/30/2022 Result \\|url\\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\\-results/international\\-team\\-trials/2022\\-phillips\\-66\\-international\\-team\\-trials.pdf}}",
"On the first day of the competition, Huske began mornings preliminary session by finishing 2nd in the 100M freestyle to Natalie Hinds with a time of 54\\.16\\. Later that day in finals, Huske secured a spot on the Team USA's World Championship team by winning the 100M freestyle with a time of 53\\.35 ahead of Claire Curzan who placed second with a time of 53\\.58\\. In prelims on day two of the competition Huske finished 10th in the 200M freestyle with a time of 1:59\\.14\\. She also swam prelims in the 50M butterfly where she finished fourth with a time of 25\\.98\\. Later that day in finals she finished 2nd in the 50M butterfly with a time of 25\\.68, just behind Claire Curzan time of 25\\.49\\. On the third day of the competition Huske place first in prelims of the 100Mbutterfly with a time of 57\\.03\\. In finals, Huske won her second final of the competition by winning the 100M butterfly with a time of 56\\.28 to finish ahead of Claire Curzan who placed 2nd with a time of 56\\.25\\. On the final morning of the competition Huske finished 5th in the prelims of the 50M freestyle with a time of 24\\.76\\. In finals, Huske won her third event of the meet when she won the 50M free with a time of 24\\.50 just 2/100s of a second ahead of Erika Brown who finished 2nd with a time of 24\\.52\\.",
"#### 2022 FINA (LC) World Championships",
"{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[2022 World Aquatics Championships\\|2022 LC World Championships]]}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre butterfly\\|100 m butterfly]]\\| 55\\.64 }}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay\\|4x100 m mixed medley]]\\| 3:38\\.79}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\\|4x100 m medley]]\\| 3:53\\.79}}\n{{MedalBronze \\| \\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\\|4x100 m freestyle]]\\| 3:32\\.58}}\n{{MedalBronze \\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre freestyle\\|100 m freestyle]]\\|52\\.92}}\n{{MedalBronze \\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed freestyle relay\\|4x100 m mixed Freestyle]]\\|3:21\\.09}}\n{{MedalBottom}}",
"On the morning of the first day of competition at the Fina LC World Championships held in Budapest, Hungary Huske swam prelims of the 100M butterfly finishing 1st with a time of 56\\.82\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Butterfly Results \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} In the evening session Huske swam the 100m butterfly again and placed first in semi\\-finals with a time of 56\\.29\\. Later that night she swam the lead\\-off leg of the women's 4x100 freestyle relay with a time of 52\\.96\\. Huske won her first bronze of the meet when U.S. placed 3rd in this race with an overall time of 3:32\\.58\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 4x100m Freestyle \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} With her time in this race, Huske became the 3rd fastest woman in American history, and one of only four American women ever to go under 53 seconds in the 100M freestyle, the others being Simone Manuel, Mallroy Comerford, and Abbey Weitzeil.{{Cite web \\|title\\=All Time Top Performers \\|url\\=http://www.usaswimming.org/times/data\\-hub/all\\-time\\-top\\-performers \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=usaswimming.org \\|language\\=en}}",
"The next day, the second of the meet, Huske won her first gold medal of the meet by placing 1st in the 100m butterfly with a time of 55\\.64, a half a second in front of second place finisher Marie Wattel of France. With this finish Huske became the 4th fastest women in World history and she also broke her own American record which she set a year earlier at the U.S. Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska.",
"On the fourth day of the meet Huske earned her second gold medal when she swam the fly leg of the 4x100M mixed medley relay. Her split of 56\\.17 was the fastest female fly split by over a second and it helped the U.S. win with a time of 3:38\\.79, which was more than two and a half seconds in front of the 2nd place Australian team which finished with a time of 3:41\\.34\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Mixed 4x100m Medley Relay \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000305F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}}",
"On day five of the competition Huske started off swimming in the mornings prelim session by finishing 3rd in the 100M freestyle with a time of 53\\.72\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Freestyle \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} In semi\\-finals later that night she again finished 3rd with a time of 53\\.04\\.",
"Day six began for Huske in the morning where she swam prelims in the 50M butterfly. She finished 10th in prelims with a time of 26\\.10 making it through to semi\\-finals.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later that night Huske swam the first race of the evening and won her second bronze of the meet when she finished 3rd in the 100m freestyle with a time of 52\\.92 behind Mollie O’Callahan of Australia and Sarah Sjostrom of Sweden.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Freestyle \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} A bit later in the session Huske swam in the semi\\-final of the 50M butterfly where she finished 2nd in a time of 25\\.38 breaking the Americas and American record of 25\\.48 formerly owned by Kelsi Dahlia.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly Semifinals \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sutherland \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=June 23, 2022 \\|title\\=2022 World Championships: Day 6 Finals Live Recap \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/2022\\-world\\-championships\\-day\\-6\\-finals\\-live\\-recap/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Huske started off swimming prelims in the morning session of day seven when she swam the 50m freestyle, finishing 8th with a time of 24\\.91\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Freestyle \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} In Huske's first race of the evening session she swam the 50M butterfly final where she finished 5th with a time of 25\\.45\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} To complete a busy evening session with three events, Huske swam in the 4x100 freestyle relay earning her third bronze of the meet. Huske swam the third leg of the relay with a time of 52\\.50\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Mixed 4x100m Freestyle Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000301F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}}",
"On the eighth and last day of the meet Huske swam two events in finals, the 50M freestyle where she finished 6th with a time of 24\\.64\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Freestyle Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Huske then completed her meet in the last race of the entire meet, the women's 4x100 medley relay. She earned her third gold medal when she helped the U.S. team by splitting 56\\.67 on the butterfly leg.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000205F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}}",
"During the meet Huske swam a total of 16 races making her the busiest swimmer of the meet.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sutherland \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=July 1, 2022 \\|title\\=Ultra Swimmer of the Month: Torri Huske \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/ultra\\-swimmer\\-of\\-the\\-month\\-torri\\-huske/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}} With her medal count at the 2022 World Championships, Huske became one of only four American women in history to win six medals in a World Championship, the others being Katie Ledecky, Missy Franklin and Simone Manuel. In addition, for her performance named Ultra Swimmer of the Month for June 2022\\.",
"#### 2022–2023 fall collegiate season",
"Huske started her sophomore competition season on October 13, 2022, in a home dual meet against Utah. She started off the meet by swimming freestyle anchor as part of a winning 4x50 y medley relay team which went 1:39\\.93\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Utah @ Stanford – 10/13/2022 \\|url\\=https://s3\\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/10/14/utah\\_at\\_stanford\\_results10142022\\_full\\_set\\_with\\_splits\\_and\\_reactiontimes.pdf}} In her second race of the meet, Huske faced freshman Clair Curzan in the 100y backstroke where she narrowly defeated the 2022 LC World Championships bronze medal winner in the event by .02 with a time of 52\\.62\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Backstroke 100m dos \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000202EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} In her third race of the competition Huske won the 200Y breaststroke with a time of 2:14\\.65\\. Huske capped off the competition by swimming the third leg of the winning 4x100 freestyle relay team where she split 51\\.29 and the team swam 3:20\\.46\\. She followed up the relay by finishing second in the 200y freestyle with a time of 1:48\\.80 before winning the 100y butterfly with a time of 53\\.72\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Stanford @ SJSU Dual Meet – 11/4/2022 \\|url\\=https://s3\\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/4/Stanford\\-San\\_Jose\\_State\\_results.pdf}}",
"On the second day of the Greensboro, North Carolina NC State/GAC Invite competition, which was held from November 17–19, Huske led off finals by swimming the backstroke leg of the 4x50y medley relay with a time of 23\\.82\\. Stanford placed second in the event, earning an NCAA A cut with an overall time of 1:34\\.37\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2022 NC State GAC Fall Invitational – Friday Finals \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/18/ncsu\\_invite\\_22\\_friday\\_finals\\_results.pdf}} Later in the second day of finals Huske swam won the 100y butterfly with a time of 49\\.25\\. This time not only earned her another NCAA A cut, but it was also the fastest fall time in the NCAA, and fastest time in history in a non\\-NCAA Championship meet.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Keith \\|first\\=Braden \\|date\\=December 15, 2022 \\|title\\=Longhorn Women on Top of Mid\\-Season Mythical NCAA Swimming Championship \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/longhorn\\-women\\-on\\-top\\-of\\-mid\\-season\\-mythical\\-ncaa\\-swimming\\-championship/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Top Times Report \\|url\\=http://www.usaswimming.org/times/otherorganizations/ncaa\\-division\\-i/top\\-times\\-report \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|website\\=usaswimming.org \\|language\\=en}} Huske earned a B cut in the individual 200 freestyle of the NCAA Championship meet.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2022 NC State GAC Fall Invitational – Full meet Results \\|url\\=https://s3\\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/19/ncsu\\_invite\\_22\\_full\\_meet\\_results.pdf}} On the third and last day of finals, Huske first race was the 100y freestyle where she won the event, while again posting an NCAA top fall time of 46\\.85, and earning yet another NCAA A cut.",
"In the final women's event of the meet, Huske swam anchor on the Women's 4x100Y freestyle relay. She posted a split of 46\\.96 and Stanford won the event with a top fall time in the NCAA with time of 3:10\\.72\\. Over the course of the NCAA/GAC Invite Huske earned six NCAA top times, three individual (100Y free, 100Y butterfly, and 200Y individual medley) and three relay (5x50 freestyle relay, 4x100 freestyle relay, and 4x200 freestyle relay). In addition, during the meet she qualified for her four individual NCAA A cuts (50 freestyle, 100 freestyle, 100 butterfly, 200 individual medley) and one NCAA B cut (200 freestyle).",
"#### 2022 FINA Short Course World Championships (25 m)",
"{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\\|2022 SC World Championships (25m)]]}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 50 metre butterfly\\|50 m butterfly]]\\|24\\.64}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre medley relay\\|4x50 m mixed medley relay]]\\|1:35\\.15}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\\|4x100 m medley relay]]\\|3:44\\.35}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\\|4x50 m freestyle relay]]\\|1:33\\.89 }}{{MedalSilver\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre butterfly\\|100 m butterfly]]\\|54\\.75}}\n{{MedalSilver\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\\|4x100 m freestyle relay]]\\|3:26\\.29}}\n{{MedalSilver\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre medley relay\\|4x50 m medley relay]]\\|1:42\\.41}}\n{{MedalBottom}}",
"On October 19, Huske was named to the U.S. team for the 2022 World Swimming Short Course Championships team for the United States in 100m freestyle, 50m butterfly, and 100m butterfly.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sutherland \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=October 19, 2022 \\|title\\=USA Swimming Names 31 To 2022 Short Course World Championship Roster \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/usa\\-swimming\\-names\\-31\\-to\\-2022\\-short\\-course\\-world\\-championship\\-roster/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}} On the first day of competition, December 13, at the Fina SC World Championships in Melbourne, Australia, Huske began the preliminary session by finishing fourth in the 50m butterfly with a time of 25\\.11\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W50m butterfly prlim \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later that morning, Huske anchored the women's 4x100m freestyle relay with a time of 52\\.74\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W4x100m free relay prelim \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F70101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The United States finished fourth in the relay with a time of 3:31\\.11\\. In the evening session, Huske won her semifinal heat and finished third overall in the 50m butterfly with a time of 24\\.86\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-w 30m fly semifinals \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later, Huske earned her first medal of the meet (silver) when she led off in the finals of the women's 4x100m freestyle relay with a time of 51\\.73,{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-W 4x100m free relay final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} the fastest leadoff split in the race. The United States team (Huske, Kate Douglass, Claire Curzan and Erika Brown) finished second while setting a new American record of 3:26\\.29\\. In the morning of the second day of competition Huske swam the 100m freestyle and finished sixth with a time of 52\\.48\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-W 100m free prelim \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later, Huske won her second medal, and first gold of the meet. when she swam the freestyle leg of the 4x50m mixed medley in 23\\.73\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\- Mixed 4x40m medley relay final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030305F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The Americans (Ryan Murphy, Nic Fink, Huske and Kate Douglass ) won the race while breaking the world, championship and American records with a time of 1:35\\.15\\. After just one race (men's 800m freestyle), Huske swam the semifinal in the 100m freestyle.{{Cite web \\|title\\=All 16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) Results By OMEGA \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/2022/16th\\-fina\\-world\\-swimming\\-championships\\-25m\\-live\\-results \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|website\\=omegatiming.com}} She swam in the first heat and moved on to finals by finishing sixth in semifinals with a time of 52\\.11\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-W 100m Free Semifinals \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Huske swam three events in the evening of her busiest day of the competition. She capped off the evening by swimming the final of the women's 50m butterfly. Huske won her second gold and third medal of the meet, tying Maggie MacNeil with a time of 24\\.64\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-W 50m fly final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} On the third day of the competition, Huske swam in the evening session's first event, the finals of the 100m freestyle, in which she finished fifth with a time of 52\\.04\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m free final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later in the evening session, Huske won her third gold medal and fourth medal of the meet when she led off with a time of 24\\.08 in the women's 4x50m freestyle relay.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W ax50m free relay final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The American team (Huske, Claire Curzan, Erika Brown and Kate Douglass) earned gold and set championship and American records with a time of 1:33\\.89\\. On Saturday morning, the fifth day of the competition, Huske finished second in prelims of the 100m butterfly with a time of 56\\.01\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m fly prelim \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} That night, Huske won a silver medal, her fifth medal of the competition, when she swam the butterfly leg of the women's 4x50m medley relay in a time of 24\\.94\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 4x50m Medley Relay Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030205F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The American team (Claire Curzan, Lilly King, Huske and Kate Douglass) finished in 1:42\\.41\\. Later, swimming in lane four of heat one of semifinals. Huske won her heat and finished first overall in the 100m butterfly with a time of 55\\.23\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m Fly Semifinals \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} On Sunday, the sixth and last day of the competition, Huske was in the first race of the evening session, the 100m butterfly. She won her third silver, and sixth medal of the competition, while finishing second with a time of 54\\.75\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m Fly Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The penultimate race of the meet was a showdown between the Americans and the Australians in the women's 4x100m medley relay. Huske won her fourth gold and seventh medal of the competition, swimming butterfly leg as she had done in the mixed 4x50 medley relay and the women's 4x50m medley relay, in 54\\.53\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 4x100m Medley Relay Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030205F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The American team (Claire Curzan, Lilly King, Huske and Kate Douglass) won gold and set a world record with a time of 3:44\\.35\\.",
"Over the six\\-day competition, Huske won seven medals: four golds and three silvers. No woman in the competition won more medals than did Huske. She set or helped set two world records and four American records.",
"During the two Fina Swimming World Championships held in 2022, long course (held in Budapest, Hungary) and short course (held in Melbourne Australia) Huske won a total of 13 medals (seven gold, three silvers and three bronzes), more than any other woman. She set or helped set two world records and six American records.",
"### 2024 Summer Olympics",
"{{see also\\|Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics}}\n{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics\\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly\\| 100 m butterfly]]\\|55\\.59}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\\|4x100 m medley]]\\|3:49\\.63 (WR)}} \n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay\\|4x100 m mixed medley]]\\|3:37\\.43 (WR)}} \n{{MedalSilver\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle\\| 100 m freestyle]]\\|52\\.29}}\n{{MedalSilver\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\\|4x100 m freestyle]]\\|3:30\\.20 (AM)}} \n{{MedalBottom}}",
"At the [2024 Olympic Games](/wiki/2024_Olympic_Games \"2024 Olympic Games\"), Huske won three gold medals and two silver medals. After missing the 100\\-meter butterfly podium by 0\\.01 at the previous Olympics, she won the 2024 race in 55\\.59, out\\-touching her teammate and world record holder [Gretchen Walsh](/wiki/Gretchen_Walsh \"Gretchen Walsh\") by 0\\.04\\. She also won a surprise silver in the 100\\-meter freestyle with a personal best of 52\\.29 behind [Sarah Sjostrom](/wiki/Sarah_Sjostrom \"Sarah Sjostrom\"). Huske, Walsh, [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass \"Kate Douglass\"), and [Simone Manuel](/wiki/Simone_Manuel \"Simone Manuel\") took silver in the 4x100m freestyle relay, setting an American record of 3:30\\.20; Huske swam the fastest American split of 52\\.06\\. She won another gold and set the world record in the 4x100m mixed medley relay with Walsh, [Ryan Murphy](/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_%28swimmer%29 \"Ryan Murphy (swimmer)\"), and [Nic Fink](/wiki/Nic_Fink \"Nic Fink\"), anchoring with a freestyle split of 51\\.88, the fastest in the field. In the final swimming event of the Games, Huske anchored the women's 4x100m medley relay to another world\\-record first\\-place finish with [Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28swimmer%29 \"Regan Smith (swimmer)\"), [Lilly King](/wiki/Lilly_King \"Lilly King\"), and Walsh.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Newberry \\|first\\=Paul \\|date\\=August 3, 2024 \\|title\\=Torri Huske claims a starring role for U.S. team at Paris Olympics \\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/sports/other/torri\\-huske\\-claims\\-a\\-starring\\-role\\-for\\-us\\-team\\-at\\-paris\\-olympics/ar\\-AA1obG1N \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=www.msn.com}}",
""
] |
### 2021
#### 2021–2022 fall collegiate season
In mid\-August 2021, Huske became the first collegiate swimmer to sign a sponsorship deal, with swimwear company [TYR Sport](/wiki/TYR_Sport%2C_Inc. "TYR Sport, Inc.").Rieder, David (August 13, 2021\). ["Torri Huske Becomes First College Swimmer to Sign with TYR, Thanks to New NIL Rules"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/torri-huske-becomes-first-college-swimmer-to-sign-with-tyr-thanks-to-new-nil-rules/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.Sutherland, James (August 13, 2021\). ["Stanford\-Bound Torri Huske Becomes Latest NCAA Athlete To Sign Swimwear Deal"](https://swimswam.com/stanford-bound-torri-huske-becomes-latest-ncaa-athlete-to-sign-swimwear-deal/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. Huske made her collegiate debut on October 1 in a dual meet against [San Jose State University](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University "San Jose State University"), winning the 500\-yard freestyle in a time of 4:51\.33 and the 50\-yard freestyle with a time of 22\.58 seconds for her school, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University").Edmund, Emma (October 2, 2021\). ["Regan Smith, Torri Huske Make NCAA Debuts As Stanford Defeats San José State"](https://swimswam.com/regan-smith-torri-huske-make-ncaa-debuts-as-stanford-defeats-san-jose-state/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. In the second dual meet of her career against Utah in Salt Lake City, Torri finished 2nd in the 200 butterfly to teammate Lillie Nordmann with a time of 2:02\.97\.{{Cite web \|title\=Utah vs Stanford – 10/15/2021 Results \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2021/10/15/Stanford\_vs\_Utah\_Final\_Results.pdf}} Later that meet, she won both the 100 free (50\.67\) and the 200 individual medley.
On the first day, November 18, of her first collegiate invitational, the 2021 [North Carolina State](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University") Fall Invitational, Huske won the 200\-yard individual medley with a time of 1:52\.82, won the 50\-yard freestyle in 21\.70 seconds, and helped her relay finish second in the 4x50\-yard freestyle relay.Rieder, David (November 18, 2021\). ["Torri Huske Blasts 1:52 200 IM During Busy Night at NC State Invitational"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/torri-huske-blasts-152-200-im-during-busy-night-at-nc-state-invitational/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. The next day, Huske helped her relay place second in the 4x50\-yard medley relay, won the 100\-yard butterfly in 50\.30 seconds, and helped her relay win the 4x200\-yard freestyle relay event by splitting a 1:42\.59 lead\-off leg.Lepesant, Anne (November 19, 2021\). ["2021 NC State Invitational: Day 2 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2021-nc-state-invitational-day-2-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. The third and final day of competition, Huske brought her tally of event wins to six and tally of first or second place finishes to eight by winning the 100\-yard freestyle with a time of 47\.39 seconds and helping win the 4x100\-yard freestyle relay, splitting a 46\.27 for the fourth leg of the relay.Lepesant, Anne (November 20, 2021\). ["2021 NC State Invitational: Day 3 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2021-nc-state-invitational-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.
#### 2021 World Short Course Championships
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\|2021 SC World Championships (25m)]]}}
{{MedalGold\| \[\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\|4×100 m freestyle]] \| 3:28\.52 }}
{{MedalGold\| \[\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\|4×50 m freestyle]] \| 1:34\.22 }}
{{MedalSilver\| \[\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay\|4×200 m freestyle]] \| 7:36\.53 }}
{{MedalBottom}}
On October 28, Huske was named to the [2021 World Short Course Championships](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)") team for the United States in four individual events, while the announcement of the team, including Huske, was ranked by *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")* as number two for the week's "The Week That Was" honor.["2021 FINA Short Course World Championships Roster"](https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/eventsdocuments/rosters/world-championships-world-juniors/2021-sc-world-championships-roster.pdf). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming")*. October 28, 2021\. Retrieved November 20, 2021\.Rieder, David (November 1, 2021\). ["The Week That Was: Chalmers Takes Down 13\-Year\-Old World Record"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/the-week-that-was-chalmers-takes-down-13-year-old-world-record//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\. She entered to compete in the 100 meter freestyle, 50 meter butterfly, and 100 meter butterfly individual events.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 14, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m): Entries Book"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001150019FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 14, 2021\.
Day one of competition, December 16, Huske anchored the [4×100m freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_freestyle_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay") in 53\.01 seconds in the prelims heats, helping qualify the relay to the final ranked second behind the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") relay team.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 16, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F70101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\. In the final, Abbey Weitzeil substituted in for Huske and the relay won a gold medal in a time of 3:28\.52 with Huske receiving a gold medal for her prelims contributions as well.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 16, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\.Moss, Bonnie (December 16, 2021\). ["U.S. Women Win Gold on First Day of 2021 FINA World Championships (25m)"](https://www.usaswimming.org/news/2021/12/16/u.s.-women-win-gold-on-first-day-of-fina-2021-sc-world-championships). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\. The next day, Huske finished third in her heat of the prelims in the [100m freestyle](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_freestyle "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre freestyle") with a 53\.34 and qualified for the semifinals ranked eighth overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 17, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\. In the same prelims session, she split a 24\.23 on the anchor leg of the [4×50m mixed freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_50_metre_freestyle_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay") to help advance it to the final ranked fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 17, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Mixed 4x50m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190301F60101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\. For the finals relay, [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass "Kate Douglass") substituted in for Huske and the relay placed fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 17, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Mixed 4x50m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190301F60104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\. Huske, qualified for the final of the 100m freestyle in the evening, swimming a 52\.48 and ranking seventh overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 17, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Semifinals Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\.
The morning of day three, Huske swam in lane seven in prelims heat seven and qualified for the semifinals of the 50 meter butterfly ranking seventh with a 25\.43\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 18, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\. In the evening, she placed sixth in the final of the 100 meter freestyle in 51\.93 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 18, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\. Huske also qualified for the final of the 50 meter butterfly, tying in rank for fifth overall in the semifinals with [Arina Surkova](/wiki/Arina_Surkova "Arina Surkova") of [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") and Claire Curzan at 25\.20 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 18, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\. In the final of the 50 meter butterfly on day four Huske placed fourth, finishing less than four\-tenths of a second behind bronze medalist and teammate Claire Curzan.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 19, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 19, 2021\. The following morning, Huske qualified for the semifinals of the [100 meter butterfly](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_butterfly "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre butterfly") with a 56\.59 in the prelims that ranked her fourth overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 20, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\. In the [4×200 metre freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_200_metre_freestyle_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay"), Huske led\-off the relay in 1:56\.41 to help qualify the relay to the final ranking second.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 20, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x200m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F80101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\. In the evening, Huske swam a 56\.13 in the semifinals of the 100 meter butterfly and qualified for the final ranking fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 20, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\. She split a 1:54\.72 for the first leg of the 4×200 metre freestyle relay in the final, helping win the silver medal in a time of 7:36\.53\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 20, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x200m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F80104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\.
The final day of competition, day six, Huske helped qualify the [4×50 meter freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_50_metre_freestyle_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay") to the final ranking first with a split of 24\.44 for the second leg of the relay in the prelims heats.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x50m Freestyle Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F60101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\. In her second event of the morning, Huske split a 58\.81 for the butterfly leg of the [4×100 meter medley relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay "2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay"), helping qualify the relay for the final ranking fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Heats Results Summary"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190205F70101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\. Huske was substituted out on the finals relay for the 4×50 meter freestyle relay in the evening and won a gold medal for her prelims contributions when the finals relay finished first.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x50m Freestyle Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F60104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\.Sagendorph, Kyle (December 21, 2021\). ["U.S. Wraps with 30 Medals, Team of the Meet Honors at 2021 FINA World Championships (25m)"](https://www.usaswimming.org/news/2021/12/21/us-wraps-with-30-medals-team-of-the-meet-honors-at-2021-fina-world-championships-25m). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming "USA Swimming")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\. For the final of the 100 meter butterfly she swam a 55\.75 and finished fourth behind teammate and bronze medalist Claire Curzan.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\. In the final of the 4×100 meter medley relay, Claire Curzan substituted in for Huske on the butterfly leg of the relay and the relay placed fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA "FINA") (December 21, 2021\). ["15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Final Results"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing "Omega Timing")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\.
|
[
"### 2021",
"#### 2021–2022 fall collegiate season",
"In mid\\-August 2021, Huske became the first collegiate swimmer to sign a sponsorship deal, with swimwear company [TYR Sport](/wiki/TYR_Sport%2C_Inc. \"TYR Sport, Inc.\").Rieder, David (August 13, 2021\\). [\"Torri Huske Becomes First College Swimmer to Sign with TYR, Thanks to New NIL Rules\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/torri-huske-becomes-first-college-swimmer-to-sign-with-tyr-thanks-to-new-nil-rules/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.Sutherland, James (August 13, 2021\\). [\"Stanford\\-Bound Torri Huske Becomes Latest NCAA Athlete To Sign Swimwear Deal\"](https://swimswam.com/stanford-bound-torri-huske-becomes-latest-ncaa-athlete-to-sign-swimwear-deal/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. Huske made her collegiate debut on October 1 in a dual meet against [San Jose State University](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University \"San Jose State University\"), winning the 500\\-yard freestyle in a time of 4:51\\.33 and the 50\\-yard freestyle with a time of 22\\.58 seconds for her school, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\").Edmund, Emma (October 2, 2021\\). [\"Regan Smith, Torri Huske Make NCAA Debuts As Stanford Defeats San José State\"](https://swimswam.com/regan-smith-torri-huske-make-ncaa-debuts-as-stanford-defeats-san-jose-state/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. In the second dual meet of her career against Utah in Salt Lake City, Torri finished 2nd in the 200 butterfly to teammate Lillie Nordmann with a time of 2:02\\.97\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Utah vs Stanford – 10/15/2021 Results \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2021/10/15/Stanford\\_vs\\_Utah\\_Final\\_Results.pdf}} Later that meet, she won both the 100 free (50\\.67\\) and the 200 individual medley.",
"On the first day, November 18, of her first collegiate invitational, the 2021 [North Carolina State](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University \"North Carolina State University\") Fall Invitational, Huske won the 200\\-yard individual medley with a time of 1:52\\.82, won the 50\\-yard freestyle in 21\\.70 seconds, and helped her relay finish second in the 4x50\\-yard freestyle relay.Rieder, David (November 18, 2021\\). [\"Torri Huske Blasts 1:52 200 IM During Busy Night at NC State Invitational\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/torri-huske-blasts-152-200-im-during-busy-night-at-nc-state-invitational/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. The next day, Huske helped her relay place second in the 4x50\\-yard medley relay, won the 100\\-yard butterfly in 50\\.30 seconds, and helped her relay win the 4x200\\-yard freestyle relay event by splitting a 1:42\\.59 lead\\-off leg.Lepesant, Anne (November 19, 2021\\). [\"2021 NC State Invitational: Day 2 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2021-nc-state-invitational-day-2-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. The third and final day of competition, Huske brought her tally of event wins to six and tally of first or second place finishes to eight by winning the 100\\-yard freestyle with a time of 47\\.39 seconds and helping win the 4x100\\-yard freestyle relay, splitting a 46\\.27 for the fourth leg of the relay.Lepesant, Anne (November 20, 2021\\). [\"2021 NC State Invitational: Day 3 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2021-nc-state-invitational-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.",
"#### 2021 World Short Course Championships",
"{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\\|2021 SC World Championships (25m)]]}}\n{{MedalGold\\| \\[\\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\\|4×100 m freestyle]] \\| 3:28\\.52 }}\n{{MedalGold\\| \\[\\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\\|4×50 m freestyle]] \\| 1:34\\.22 }}\n{{MedalSilver\\| \\[\\[2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay\\|4×200 m freestyle]] \\| 7:36\\.53 }}\n{{MedalBottom}}",
"On October 28, Huske was named to the [2021 World Short Course Championships](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29 \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\") team for the United States in four individual events, while the announcement of the team, including Huske, was ranked by *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")* as number two for the week's \"The Week That Was\" honor.[\"2021 FINA Short Course World Championships Roster\"](https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/eventsdocuments/rosters/world-championships-world-juniors/2021-sc-world-championships-roster.pdf). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\")*. October 28, 2021\\. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\.Rieder, David (November 1, 2021\\). [\"The Week That Was: Chalmers Takes Down 13\\-Year\\-Old World Record\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/the-week-that-was-chalmers-takes-down-13-year-old-world-record//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved November 20, 2021\\. She entered to compete in the 100 meter freestyle, 50 meter butterfly, and 100 meter butterfly individual events.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 14, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m): Entries Book\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001150019FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 14, 2021\\.",
"Day one of competition, December 16, Huske anchored the [4×100m freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_freestyle_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\") in 53\\.01 seconds in the prelims heats, helping qualify the relay to the final ranked second behind the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") relay team.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 16, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F70101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\\. In the final, Abbey Weitzeil substituted in for Huske and the relay won a gold medal in a time of 3:28\\.52 with Huske receiving a gold medal for her prelims contributions as well.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 16, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\\.Moss, Bonnie (December 16, 2021\\). [\"U.S. Women Win Gold on First Day of 2021 FINA World Championships (25m)\"](https://www.usaswimming.org/news/2021/12/16/u.s.-women-win-gold-on-first-day-of-fina-2021-sc-world-championships). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\")*. Retrieved December 16, 2021\\. The next day, Huske finished third in her heat of the prelims in the [100m freestyle](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_freestyle \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre freestyle\") with a 53\\.34 and qualified for the semifinals ranked eighth overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 17, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\\. In the same prelims session, she split a 24\\.23 on the anchor leg of the [4×50m mixed freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_50_metre_freestyle_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\") to help advance it to the final ranked fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 17, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Mixed 4x50m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190301F60101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\\. For the finals relay, [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass \"Kate Douglass\") substituted in for Huske and the relay placed fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 17, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Mixed 4x50m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190301F60104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\\. Huske, qualified for the final of the 100m freestyle in the evening, swimming a 52\\.48 and ranking seventh overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 17, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Semifinals Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 17, 2021\\.",
"The morning of day three, Huske swam in lane seven in prelims heat seven and qualified for the semifinals of the 50 meter butterfly ranking seventh with a 25\\.43\\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 18, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\\. In the evening, she placed sixth in the final of the 100 meter freestyle in 51\\.93 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 18, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\\. Huske also qualified for the final of the 50 meter butterfly, tying in rank for fifth overall in the semifinals with [Arina Surkova](/wiki/Arina_Surkova \"Arina Surkova\") of [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") and Claire Curzan at 25\\.20 seconds.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 18, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 18, 2021\\. In the final of the 50 meter butterfly on day four Huske placed fourth, finishing less than four\\-tenths of a second behind bronze medalist and teammate Claire Curzan.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 19, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 50m Butterfly Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 19, 2021\\. The following morning, Huske qualified for the semifinals of the [100 meter butterfly](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_butterfly \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre butterfly\") with a 56\\.59 in the prelims that ranked her fourth overall.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 20, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\\. In the [4×200 metre freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_200_metre_freestyle_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay\"), Huske led\\-off the relay in 1:56\\.41 to help qualify the relay to the final ranking second.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 20, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x200m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F80101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\\. In the evening, Huske swam a 56\\.13 in the semifinals of the 100 meter butterfly and qualified for the final ranking fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 20, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Semifinals Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\\. She split a 1:54\\.72 for the first leg of the 4×200 metre freestyle relay in the final, helping win the silver medal in a time of 7:36\\.53\\.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 20, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x200m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F80104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 20, 2021\\.",
"The final day of competition, day six, Huske helped qualify the [4×50 meter freestyle relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_50_metre_freestyle_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\") to the final ranking first with a split of 24\\.44 for the second leg of the relay in the prelims heats.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x50m Freestyle Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F60101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\. In her second event of the morning, Huske split a 58\\.81 for the butterfly leg of the [4×100 meter medley relay](/wiki/2021_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_%2825_m%29_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay \"2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\"), helping qualify the relay for the final ranking fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Heats Results Summary\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190205F70101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\. Huske was substituted out on the finals relay for the 4×50 meter freestyle relay in the evening and won a gold medal for her prelims contributions when the finals relay finished first.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x50m Freestyle Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201F60104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\.Sagendorph, Kyle (December 21, 2021\\). [\"U.S. Wraps with 30 Medals, Team of the Meet Honors at 2021 FINA World Championships (25m)\"](https://www.usaswimming.org/news/2021/12/21/us-wraps-with-30-medals-team-of-the-meet-honors-at-2021-fina-world-championships-25m). *[USA Swimming](/wiki/USA_Swimming \"USA Swimming\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\. For the final of the 100 meter butterfly she swam a 55\\.75 and finished fourth behind teammate and bronze medalist Claire Curzan.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 100m Butterfly Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\. In the final of the 4×100 meter medley relay, Claire Curzan substituted in for Huske on the butterfly leg of the relay and the relay placed fourth.[FINA](/wiki/FINA \"FINA\") (December 21, 2021\\). [\"15th FINA World Swimming Championships 2021 Abu Dhabi (UAE): Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Final Results\"](https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf). *[Omega Timing](/wiki/Omega_Timing \"Omega Timing\")*. Retrieved December 21, 2021\\.",
""
] |
### 2022
#### 2021–2022 winter collegiate season
In January 2022 the Stanford Women's Swim and Dive Team traveled to Arizona for back\-to\-back meets against Arizona State and Arizona.{{Cite web \|title\=Top 25 \|url\=https://www.cscaa.org/top25 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=CSCAA \|language\=en\-US}} In the meet against Arizona State on January 21, Huske began the meet by winning the 1,000 freestyle (9:51\.06\), before also winning the 50 freestyle (22\.79\) and the 200 individual medley (1:58\.16\).{{Cite web \|title\=220121 Arizona State Results (PDF) \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/21/220121\_Arizona\_State\_Results.pdf \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Stanford University Athletics \|language\=en}} The next day against Arizona Huske finished 3rd in the 200 free (1:49\.07\) before swimming exhibition races in the 100 freestyle (49\.79\) and the 100 butterfly (53\.19\).{{Cite web \|title\=220122 Stanford v. Arizona Results (PDF) \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/23/final\_results\_all\_events.pdf \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Stanford University Athletics \|language\=en}} Stanford finished January by traveling to Los Angeles, CA for back\-to\-back meets against U.C.L.A and U.S.C. On January 28, Huske won the 200 butterfly (1:59\.22\) and the 100 fly (53\.19\).{{Cite web \|title\=220128 Stanford vs. UCLA (PDF) \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/28/220128\_Stanford\_vs\_UCLA.pdf \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Stanford University Athletics \|language\=en}} The following day against U.S.C. Huske finished 2nd in the 200 freestyle (1:45\.84\), the 100 free (49\.06\) and the 200 individual medley (1:58\.26\).{{Cite web \|title\=220129 Stanford v. USC (PDF) \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/29/220129\_Stanford\_v\_USC.pdf \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Stanford University Athletics \|language\=en}} Stanford finished up the dual meet season by traveling to Berkeley, CA for a meet against Cal. During the meet Huske won the 50 freestyle (22\.28\) and the 100 butterfly (51\.92\).
#### 2022 Pac\-12 Championships
The first day of the 2022 [Pac\-12 Conference](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference "Pac-12 Conference") Championships, Huske helped achieve a first\-place finish in the 4×200 yard freestyle relay with a 6:50\.21, swimming a personal best time of 1:42\.51 for the lead\-off leg of the relay.Dornan, Ben (February 23, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships: Day 1 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-1-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved February 23, 2022\. The second day, she won the 200 yard individual medley with a 1:52\.42 and helped win the 4×50 yard freestyle relay, splitting a 21\.43 for the first 50\-yard portion of the relay.De George, Matthew (February 24, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Championships: Torri Huske Romps to 200 IM Title"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-championships-torri-huske-romps-to-200-im-title/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved February 24, 2022\.Dornan, Ben (February 24, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships: Day 2 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-2-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved February 24, 2022\. In her first event of the third day, Huske won the 100 yard butterfly in 49\.43 seconds, finishing 0\.44 seconds ahead of second\-place finisher Regan Smith.Berman, Sarah (February 25, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships Day 3 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/pac-12-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved February 25, 2022\. For the 4×100 yard medley relay, her second and final event of the evening's finals session, she helped the Stanford relay team achieve the conference title in the event with a final time of 3:25\.54, splitting a 50\.28 for the butterfly leg of the relay.D'Addona, Dan (February 25, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships Day 3 Finals: Regan Smith, Kaitlyn Dobler Break Pac\-12 Records"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved February 25, 2022\. Huske achieved her first win of the fourth and final day in the 100 yard freestyle, finishing 0\.27 seconds head of the second\-place finisher with a time of 47\.07 seconds.D'Addona, Dan (February 26, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championship Day 4: Stanford Claims Conference Title"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-womens-championship-day-4-finals-live-recap//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved February 26, 2022\. Her second win of the day was in the 4×100 yard freestyle relay, where she anchored the relay to a first\-place finish in 3:09\.06 with a 46\.72\.Dornan, Ben (February 26, 2022\). ["2022 Pac\-12 Women's Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-4-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved February 26, 2022\. For her performance during the meet, Huske was named the Swimmer of the Meet by the Pac\-12\.{{Cite web \|last\=SwimSwam \|date\=February 28, 2022 \|title\=Stanford's Torri Huske Named Women's Pac\-12 Swimmer of the Meet \|url\=https://swimswam.com/stanfords\-torri\-huske\-named\-womens\-pac\-12\-swimmer\-of\-the\-meet/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}}
#### 2022 NCAA Championships
At the [2022 NCAA Championships](/wiki/2022_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships "2022 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), Huske started competition on day one with a win in the 4×200 yard freestyle relay, where she helped achieve a new pool record time of 6:48\.30 with her split of 1:41\.93 for the lead\-off leg of the relay.Rieder, David (March 16, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Women's Division I Championships: Huske, Ruck, Smith, Forde Dominate for Stanford in 800 Free Relay"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ncaa-womens-division-i-championships-huske-ruck-smith-forde-dominate-for-stanford-in-800-free-relay//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved March 16, 2022\. In the morning of day two, she qualified for the final of the 200 yard individual medley ranking second with a time of 1:54\.05\.Lepesant, Anne (March 17, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 2 Prelims Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-2-prelims-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved March 17, 2022\. For the evening finals session, she achieved a second\-place finish in the 200 yard individual medley in 1:51\.81 and a sixth\-place finish in the 4×50 yard freestyle relay, splitting a 21\.76 for the lead\-off leg of the relay.Hy\-Tek (March 17, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA DI Women's Swimming \& Diving"](https://swimmeetresults.tech/NCAA-Division-I-Women-2022/). *swimmeetresults.tech*. Retrieved March 17, 2022\. The following day, she placed second in the 100 yard butterfly behind only [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass "Kate Douglass") with a time of 49\.17 seconds.D'Addona, Dan (March 18, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Women's Championships: Kate Douglass Passes Mac Neil, Huske Late to Break American Record in 100 Butterfly"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-ncaa-womens-championships-kate-douglass-passes-mac-neil-huske-late-to-break-ncaa-record-in-100-butterfly//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved March 18, 2022\. In the final of the 4×100 yard medley relay later in the same session, she split a 50\.01 for the butterfly leg of the relay to contribute to a third\-place finish in 3:25\.63\.Lepesant, Anne (March 18, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 3 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved March 18, 2022\. On the final day of competition, she won the b\-final of the 100 yard freestyle with a 46\.98 and led\-off the 4×100 yard freestyle relay in 46\.82 seconds to help achieve a second\-place finish in 3:08\.97\.Lepesant, Anne (March 19, 2022\). ["2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-4-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam "SwimSwam")*. Retrieved March 19, 2022\.Rieder, David (March 19, 2022\). ["NCAA Women's Championships: Virginia Caps Off Dominant Meet With American Record in 400 Free Relay"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ncaa-womens-championships-virginia-caps-off-dominant-meet-with-american-record-in-400-free-relay//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World "Swimming World")*. Retrieved March 19, 2022\.
#### 2022 International Team Trials
In late April 2022 the International Team Trials were held in Greensboro, NC to select Team USA for the 2022 Fina LC World Championships to be held in Budapest, Hungary in June. Just a little over three weeks before the meet Huske contracted COVID, forcing her out of the pool, requiring rest, and putting her participation at the Trials at risk. Fortunately, Huske recovered quickly and participated fully at the meet.{{Cite web \|date\=April 28, 2022 \|title\=U.S. International Team Trials: Torri Huske Fights Through COVID to Nail Down 100 Fly Win; Claire Curzan Shines Again (VIDEO) \|url\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/u\-s\-international\-team\-trials\-torri\-huske\-fights\-through\-covid\-to\-nail\-down\-100\-fly\-win\-claire\-curzan\-shines\-again/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=Swimming World News \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=International Team Trials – 4/26/2022 to 4/30/2022 Result \|url\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\-results/international\-team\-trials/2022\-phillips\-66\-international\-team\-trials.pdf}}
On the first day of the competition, Huske began mornings preliminary session by finishing 2nd in the 100M freestyle to Natalie Hinds with a time of 54\.16\. Later that day in finals, Huske secured a spot on the Team USA's World Championship team by winning the 100M freestyle with a time of 53\.35 ahead of Claire Curzan who placed second with a time of 53\.58\. In prelims on day two of the competition Huske finished 10th in the 200M freestyle with a time of 1:59\.14\. She also swam prelims in the 50M butterfly where she finished fourth with a time of 25\.98\. Later that day in finals she finished 2nd in the 50M butterfly with a time of 25\.68, just behind Claire Curzan time of 25\.49\. On the third day of the competition Huske place first in prelims of the 100Mbutterfly with a time of 57\.03\. In finals, Huske won her second final of the competition by winning the 100M butterfly with a time of 56\.28 to finish ahead of Claire Curzan who placed 2nd with a time of 56\.25\. On the final morning of the competition Huske finished 5th in the prelims of the 50M freestyle with a time of 24\.76\. In finals, Huske won her third event of the meet when she won the 50M free with a time of 24\.50 just 2/100s of a second ahead of Erika Brown who finished 2nd with a time of 24\.52\.
#### 2022 FINA (LC) World Championships
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[2022 World Aquatics Championships\|2022 LC World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre butterfly\|100 m butterfly]]\| 55\.64 }}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay\|4x100 m mixed medley]]\| 3:38\.79}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\|4x100 m medley]]\| 3:53\.79}}
{{MedalBronze \| \[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\|4x100 m freestyle]]\| 3:32\.58}}
{{MedalBronze \|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre freestyle\|100 m freestyle]]\|52\.92}}
{{MedalBronze \|\[\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed freestyle relay\|4x100 m mixed Freestyle]]\|3:21\.09}}
{{MedalBottom}}
On the morning of the first day of competition at the Fina LC World Championships held in Budapest, Hungary Huske swam prelims of the 100M butterfly finishing 1st with a time of 56\.82\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Butterfly Results \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} In the evening session Huske swam the 100m butterfly again and placed first in semi\-finals with a time of 56\.29\. Later that night she swam the lead\-off leg of the women's 4x100 freestyle relay with a time of 52\.96\. Huske won her first bronze of the meet when U.S. placed 3rd in this race with an overall time of 3:32\.58\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 4x100m Freestyle \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} With her time in this race, Huske became the 3rd fastest woman in American history, and one of only four American women ever to go under 53 seconds in the 100M freestyle, the others being Simone Manuel, Mallroy Comerford, and Abbey Weitzeil.{{Cite web \|title\=All Time Top Performers \|url\=http://www.usaswimming.org/times/data\-hub/all\-time\-top\-performers \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=usaswimming.org \|language\=en}}
The next day, the second of the meet, Huske won her first gold medal of the meet by placing 1st in the 100m butterfly with a time of 55\.64, a half a second in front of second place finisher Marie Wattel of France. With this finish Huske became the 4th fastest women in World history and she also broke her own American record which she set a year earlier at the U.S. Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska.
On the fourth day of the meet Huske earned her second gold medal when she swam the fly leg of the 4x100M mixed medley relay. Her split of 56\.17 was the fastest female fly split by over a second and it helped the U.S. win with a time of 3:38\.79, which was more than two and a half seconds in front of the 2nd place Australian team which finished with a time of 3:41\.34\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Mixed 4x100m Medley Relay \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000305F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}}
On day five of the competition Huske started off swimming in the mornings prelim session by finishing 3rd in the 100M freestyle with a time of 53\.72\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Freestyle \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} In semi\-finals later that night she again finished 3rd with a time of 53\.04\.
Day six began for Huske in the morning where she swam prelims in the 50M butterfly. She finished 10th in prelims with a time of 26\.10 making it through to semi\-finals.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later that night Huske swam the first race of the evening and won her second bronze of the meet when she finished 3rd in the 100m freestyle with a time of 52\.92 behind Mollie O’Callahan of Australia and Sarah Sjostrom of Sweden.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Freestyle \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} A bit later in the session Huske swam in the semi\-final of the 50M butterfly where she finished 2nd in a time of 25\.38 breaking the Americas and American record of 25\.48 formerly owned by Kelsi Dahlia.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly Semifinals \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}}{{Cite web \|last\=Sutherland \|first\=James \|date\=June 23, 2022 \|title\=2022 World Championships: Day 6 Finals Live Recap \|url\=https://swimswam.com/2022\-world\-championships\-day\-6\-finals\-live\-recap/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}}
Huske started off swimming prelims in the morning session of day seven when she swam the 50m freestyle, finishing 8th with a time of 24\.91\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Freestyle \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} In Huske's first race of the evening session she swam the 50M butterfly final where she finished 5th with a time of 25\.45\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} To complete a busy evening session with three events, Huske swam in the 4x100 freestyle relay earning her third bronze of the meet. Huske swam the third leg of the relay with a time of 52\.50\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Mixed 4x100m Freestyle Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000301F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}}
On the eighth and last day of the meet Huske swam two events in finals, the 50M freestyle where she finished 6th with a time of 24\.64\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Freestyle Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Huske then completed her meet in the last race of the entire meet, the women's 4x100 medley relay. She earned her third gold medal when she helped the U.S. team by splitting 56\.67 on the butterfly leg.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000205F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}}
During the meet Huske swam a total of 16 races making her the busiest swimmer of the meet.{{Cite web \|last\=Sutherland \|first\=James \|date\=July 1, 2022 \|title\=Ultra Swimmer of the Month: Torri Huske \|url\=https://swimswam.com/ultra\-swimmer\-of\-the\-month\-torri\-huske/ \|access\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}} With her medal count at the 2022 World Championships, Huske became one of only four American women in history to win six medals in a World Championship, the others being Katie Ledecky, Missy Franklin and Simone Manuel. In addition, for her performance named Ultra Swimmer of the Month for June 2022\.
#### 2022–2023 fall collegiate season
Huske started her sophomore competition season on October 13, 2022, in a home dual meet against Utah. She started off the meet by swimming freestyle anchor as part of a winning 4x50 y medley relay team which went 1:39\.93\.{{Cite web \|title\=Utah @ Stanford – 10/13/2022 \|url\=https://s3\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/10/14/utah\_at\_stanford\_results10142022\_full\_set\_with\_splits\_and\_reactiontimes.pdf}} In her second race of the meet, Huske faced freshman Clair Curzan in the 100y backstroke where she narrowly defeated the 2022 LC World Championships bronze medal winner in the event by .02 with a time of 52\.62\.{{Cite web \|title\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Backstroke 100m dos \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000202EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} In her third race of the competition Huske won the 200Y breaststroke with a time of 2:14\.65\. Huske capped off the competition by swimming the third leg of the winning 4x100 freestyle relay team where she split 51\.29 and the team swam 3:20\.46\. She followed up the relay by finishing second in the 200y freestyle with a time of 1:48\.80 before winning the 100y butterfly with a time of 53\.72\.{{Cite web \|title\=Stanford @ SJSU Dual Meet – 11/4/2022 \|url\=https://s3\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/4/Stanford\-San\_Jose\_State\_results.pdf}}
On the second day of the Greensboro, North Carolina NC State/GAC Invite competition, which was held from November 17–19, Huske led off finals by swimming the backstroke leg of the 4x50y medley relay with a time of 23\.82\. Stanford placed second in the event, earning an NCAA A cut with an overall time of 1:34\.37\.{{Cite web \|title\=2022 NC State GAC Fall Invitational – Friday Finals \|url\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/18/ncsu\_invite\_22\_friday\_finals\_results.pdf}} Later in the second day of finals Huske swam won the 100y butterfly with a time of 49\.25\. This time not only earned her another NCAA A cut, but it was also the fastest fall time in the NCAA, and fastest time in history in a non\-NCAA Championship meet.{{Cite web \|last\=Keith \|first\=Braden \|date\=December 15, 2022 \|title\=Longhorn Women on Top of Mid\-Season Mythical NCAA Swimming Championship \|url\=https://swimswam.com/longhorn\-women\-on\-top\-of\-mid\-season\-mythical\-ncaa\-swimming\-championship/ \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=Top Times Report \|url\=http://www.usaswimming.org/times/otherorganizations/ncaa\-division\-i/top\-times\-report \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|website\=usaswimming.org \|language\=en}} Huske earned a B cut in the individual 200 freestyle of the NCAA Championship meet.{{Cite web \|title\=2022 NC State GAC Fall Invitational – Full meet Results \|url\=https://s3\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/19/ncsu\_invite\_22\_full\_meet\_results.pdf}} On the third and last day of finals, Huske first race was the 100y freestyle where she won the event, while again posting an NCAA top fall time of 46\.85, and earning yet another NCAA A cut.
In the final women's event of the meet, Huske swam anchor on the Women's 4x100Y freestyle relay. She posted a split of 46\.96 and Stanford won the event with a top fall time in the NCAA with time of 3:10\.72\. Over the course of the NCAA/GAC Invite Huske earned six NCAA top times, three individual (100Y free, 100Y butterfly, and 200Y individual medley) and three relay (5x50 freestyle relay, 4x100 freestyle relay, and 4x200 freestyle relay). In addition, during the meet she qualified for her four individual NCAA A cuts (50 freestyle, 100 freestyle, 100 butterfly, 200 individual medley) and one NCAA B cut (200 freestyle).
#### 2022 FINA Short Course World Championships (25 m)
{{MedalTableTop\|name\=no\|header\=\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\|2022 SC World Championships (25m)]]}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 50 metre butterfly\|50 m butterfly]]\|24\.64}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre medley relay\|4x50 m mixed medley relay]]\|1:35\.15}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\|4x100 m medley relay]]\|3:44\.35}}
{{MedalGold\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\|4x50 m freestyle relay]]\|1:33\.89 }}{{MedalSilver\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre butterfly\|100 m butterfly]]\|54\.75}}
{{MedalSilver\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\|4x100 m freestyle relay]]\|3:26\.29}}
{{MedalSilver\|\[\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre medley relay\|4x50 m medley relay]]\|1:42\.41}}
{{MedalBottom}}
On October 19, Huske was named to the U.S. team for the 2022 World Swimming Short Course Championships team for the United States in 100m freestyle, 50m butterfly, and 100m butterfly.{{Cite web \|last\=Sutherland \|first\=James \|date\=October 19, 2022 \|title\=USA Swimming Names 31 To 2022 Short Course World Championship Roster \|url\=https://swimswam.com/usa\-swimming\-names\-31\-to\-2022\-short\-course\-world\-championship\-roster/ \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|website\=SwimSwam \|language\=en\-US}} On the first day of competition, December 13, at the Fina SC World Championships in Melbourne, Australia, Huske began the preliminary session by finishing fourth in the 50m butterfly with a time of 25\.11\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W50m butterfly prlim \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later that morning, Huske anchored the women's 4x100m freestyle relay with a time of 52\.74\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W4x100m free relay prelim \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F70101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The United States finished fourth in the relay with a time of 3:31\.11\. In the evening session, Huske won her semifinal heat and finished third overall in the 50m butterfly with a time of 24\.86\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-w 30m fly semifinals \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later, Huske earned her first medal of the meet (silver) when she led off in the finals of the women's 4x100m freestyle relay with a time of 51\.73,{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-W 4x100m free relay final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} the fastest leadoff split in the race. The United States team (Huske, Kate Douglass, Claire Curzan and Erika Brown) finished second while setting a new American record of 3:26\.29\. In the morning of the second day of competition Huske swam the 100m freestyle and finished sixth with a time of 52\.48\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-W 100m free prelim \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later, Huske won her second medal, and first gold of the meet. when she swam the freestyle leg of the 4x50m mixed medley in 23\.73\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\- Mixed 4x40m medley relay final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030305F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The Americans (Ryan Murphy, Nic Fink, Huske and Kate Douglass ) won the race while breaking the world, championship and American records with a time of 1:35\.15\. After just one race (men's 800m freestyle), Huske swam the semifinal in the 100m freestyle.{{Cite web \|title\=All 16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) Results By OMEGA \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/2022/16th\-fina\-world\-swimming\-championships\-25m\-live\-results \|access\-date\=January 16, 2023 \|website\=omegatiming.com}} She swam in the first heat and moved on to finals by finishing sixth in semifinals with a time of 52\.11\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-W 100m Free Semifinals \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Huske swam three events in the evening of her busiest day of the competition. She capped off the evening by swimming the final of the women's 50m butterfly. Huske won her second gold and third medal of the meet, tying Maggie MacNeil with a time of 24\.64\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\-W 50m fly final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} On the third day of the competition, Huske swam in the evening session's first event, the finals of the 100m freestyle, in which she finished fifth with a time of 52\.04\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m free final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} Later in the evening session, Huske won her third gold medal and fourth medal of the meet when she led off with a time of 24\.08 in the women's 4x50m freestyle relay.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W ax50m free relay final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The American team (Huske, Claire Curzan, Erika Brown and Kate Douglass) earned gold and set championship and American records with a time of 1:33\.89\. On Saturday morning, the fifth day of the competition, Huske finished second in prelims of the 100m butterfly with a time of 56\.01\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m fly prelim \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} That night, Huske won a silver medal, her fifth medal of the competition, when she swam the butterfly leg of the women's 4x50m medley relay in a time of 24\.94\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 4x50m Medley Relay Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030205F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The American team (Claire Curzan, Lilly King, Huske and Kate Douglass) finished in 1:42\.41\. Later, swimming in lane four of heat one of semifinals. Huske won her heat and finished first overall in the 100m butterfly with a time of 55\.23\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m Fly Semifinals \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} On Sunday, the sixth and last day of the competition, Huske was in the first race of the evening session, the 100m butterfly. She won her third silver, and sixth medal of the competition, while finishing second with a time of 54\.75\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m Fly Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The penultimate race of the meet was a showdown between the Americans and the Australians in the women's 4x100m medley relay. Huske won her fourth gold and seventh medal of the competition, swimming butterfly leg as she had done in the mixed 4x50 medley relay and the women's 4x50m medley relay, in 54\.53\.{{Cite web \|title\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 4x100m Medley Relay Final \|url\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030205F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\.pdf}} The American team (Claire Curzan, Lilly King, Huske and Kate Douglass) won gold and set a world record with a time of 3:44\.35\.
Over the six\-day competition, Huske won seven medals: four golds and three silvers. No woman in the competition won more medals than did Huske. She set or helped set two world records and four American records.
During the two Fina Swimming World Championships held in 2022, long course (held in Budapest, Hungary) and short course (held in Melbourne Australia) Huske won a total of 13 medals (seven gold, three silvers and three bronzes), more than any other woman. She set or helped set two world records and six American records.
|
[
"### 2022",
"#### 2021–2022 winter collegiate season",
"In January 2022 the Stanford Women's Swim and Dive Team traveled to Arizona for back\\-to\\-back meets against Arizona State and Arizona.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Top 25 \\|url\\=https://www.cscaa.org/top25 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=CSCAA \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In the meet against Arizona State on January 21, Huske began the meet by winning the 1,000 freestyle (9:51\\.06\\), before also winning the 50 freestyle (22\\.79\\) and the 200 individual medley (1:58\\.16\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=220121 Arizona State Results (PDF) \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/21/220121\\_Arizona\\_State\\_Results.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Stanford University Athletics \\|language\\=en}} The next day against Arizona Huske finished 3rd in the 200 free (1:49\\.07\\) before swimming exhibition races in the 100 freestyle (49\\.79\\) and the 100 butterfly (53\\.19\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=220122 Stanford v. Arizona Results (PDF) \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/23/final\\_results\\_all\\_events.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Stanford University Athletics \\|language\\=en}} Stanford finished January by traveling to Los Angeles, CA for back\\-to\\-back meets against U.C.L.A and U.S.C. On January 28, Huske won the 200 butterfly (1:59\\.22\\) and the 100 fly (53\\.19\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=220128 Stanford vs. UCLA (PDF) \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/28/220128\\_Stanford\\_vs\\_UCLA.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Stanford University Athletics \\|language\\=en}} The following day against U.S.C. Huske finished 2nd in the 200 freestyle (1:45\\.84\\), the 100 free (49\\.06\\) and the 200 individual medley (1:58\\.26\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=220129 Stanford v. USC (PDF) \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/1/29/220129\\_Stanford\\_v\\_USC.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Stanford University Athletics \\|language\\=en}} Stanford finished up the dual meet season by traveling to Berkeley, CA for a meet against Cal. During the meet Huske won the 50 freestyle (22\\.28\\) and the 100 butterfly (51\\.92\\).",
"#### 2022 Pac\\-12 Championships",
"The first day of the 2022 [Pac\\-12 Conference](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference \"Pac-12 Conference\") Championships, Huske helped achieve a first\\-place finish in the 4×200 yard freestyle relay with a 6:50\\.21, swimming a personal best time of 1:42\\.51 for the lead\\-off leg of the relay.Dornan, Ben (February 23, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships: Day 1 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-1-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved February 23, 2022\\. The second day, she won the 200 yard individual medley with a 1:52\\.42 and helped win the 4×50 yard freestyle relay, splitting a 21\\.43 for the first 50\\-yard portion of the relay.De George, Matthew (February 24, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Championships: Torri Huske Romps to 200 IM Title\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-championships-torri-huske-romps-to-200-im-title/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved February 24, 2022\\.Dornan, Ben (February 24, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships: Day 2 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-2-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved February 24, 2022\\. In her first event of the third day, Huske won the 100 yard butterfly in 49\\.43 seconds, finishing 0\\.44 seconds ahead of second\\-place finisher Regan Smith.Berman, Sarah (February 25, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships Day 3 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/pac-12-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved February 25, 2022\\. For the 4×100 yard medley relay, her second and final event of the evening's finals session, she helped the Stanford relay team achieve the conference title in the event with a final time of 3:25\\.54, splitting a 50\\.28 for the butterfly leg of the relay.D'Addona, Dan (February 25, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships Day 3 Finals: Regan Smith, Kaitlyn Dobler Break Pac\\-12 Records\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved February 25, 2022\\. Huske achieved her first win of the fourth and final day in the 100 yard freestyle, finishing 0\\.27 seconds head of the second\\-place finisher with a time of 47\\.07 seconds.D'Addona, Dan (February 26, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championship Day 4: Stanford Claims Conference Title\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-pac-12-womens-championship-day-4-finals-live-recap//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved February 26, 2022\\. Her second win of the day was in the 4×100 yard freestyle relay, where she anchored the relay to a first\\-place finish in 3:09\\.06 with a 46\\.72\\.Dornan, Ben (February 26, 2022\\). [\"2022 Pac\\-12 Women's Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-pac-12-womens-championships-day-4-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved February 26, 2022\\. For her performance during the meet, Huske was named the Swimmer of the Meet by the Pac\\-12\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=SwimSwam \\|date\\=February 28, 2022 \\|title\\=Stanford's Torri Huske Named Women's Pac\\-12 Swimmer of the Meet \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/stanfords\\-torri\\-huske\\-named\\-womens\\-pac\\-12\\-swimmer\\-of\\-the\\-meet/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### 2022 NCAA Championships",
"At the [2022 NCAA Championships](/wiki/2022_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships \"2022 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships\") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), Huske started competition on day one with a win in the 4×200 yard freestyle relay, where she helped achieve a new pool record time of 6:48\\.30 with her split of 1:41\\.93 for the lead\\-off leg of the relay.Rieder, David (March 16, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Women's Division I Championships: Huske, Ruck, Smith, Forde Dominate for Stanford in 800 Free Relay\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ncaa-womens-division-i-championships-huske-ruck-smith-forde-dominate-for-stanford-in-800-free-relay//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved March 16, 2022\\. In the morning of day two, she qualified for the final of the 200 yard individual medley ranking second with a time of 1:54\\.05\\.Lepesant, Anne (March 17, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 2 Prelims Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-2-prelims-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved March 17, 2022\\. For the evening finals session, she achieved a second\\-place finish in the 200 yard individual medley in 1:51\\.81 and a sixth\\-place finish in the 4×50 yard freestyle relay, splitting a 21\\.76 for the lead\\-off leg of the relay.Hy\\-Tek (March 17, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA DI Women's Swimming \\& Diving\"](https://swimmeetresults.tech/NCAA-Division-I-Women-2022/). *swimmeetresults.tech*. Retrieved March 17, 2022\\. The following day, she placed second in the 100 yard butterfly behind only [Kate Douglass](/wiki/Kate_Douglass \"Kate Douglass\") with a time of 49\\.17 seconds.D'Addona, Dan (March 18, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Women's Championships: Kate Douglass Passes Mac Neil, Huske Late to Break American Record in 100 Butterfly\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2022-ncaa-womens-championships-kate-douglass-passes-mac-neil-huske-late-to-break-ncaa-record-in-100-butterfly//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved March 18, 2022\\. In the final of the 4×100 yard medley relay later in the same session, she split a 50\\.01 for the butterfly leg of the relay to contribute to a third\\-place finish in 3:25\\.63\\.Lepesant, Anne (March 18, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 3 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-3-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved March 18, 2022\\. On the final day of competition, she won the b\\-final of the 100 yard freestyle with a 46\\.98 and led\\-off the 4×100 yard freestyle relay in 46\\.82 seconds to help achieve a second\\-place finish in 3:08\\.97\\.Lepesant, Anne (March 19, 2022\\). [\"2022 NCAA Division I Women's Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap\"](https://swimswam.com/2022-ncaa-division-i-womens-championships-day-4-finals-live-recap/). *[SwimSwam](/wiki/SwimSwam \"SwimSwam\")*. Retrieved March 19, 2022\\.Rieder, David (March 19, 2022\\). [\"NCAA Women's Championships: Virginia Caps Off Dominant Meet With American Record in 400 Free Relay\"](https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ncaa-womens-championships-virginia-caps-off-dominant-meet-with-american-record-in-400-free-relay//). *[Swimming World](/wiki/Swimming_World \"Swimming World\")*. Retrieved March 19, 2022\\.",
"#### 2022 International Team Trials",
"In late April 2022 the International Team Trials were held in Greensboro, NC to select Team USA for the 2022 Fina LC World Championships to be held in Budapest, Hungary in June. Just a little over three weeks before the meet Huske contracted COVID, forcing her out of the pool, requiring rest, and putting her participation at the Trials at risk. Fortunately, Huske recovered quickly and participated fully at the meet.{{Cite web \\|date\\=April 28, 2022 \\|title\\=U.S. International Team Trials: Torri Huske Fights Through COVID to Nail Down 100 Fly Win; Claire Curzan Shines Again (VIDEO) \\|url\\=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/u\\-s\\-international\\-team\\-trials\\-torri\\-huske\\-fights\\-through\\-covid\\-to\\-nail\\-down\\-100\\-fly\\-win\\-claire\\-curzan\\-shines\\-again/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Swimming World News \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=International Team Trials – 4/26/2022 to 4/30/2022 Result \\|url\\=https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default\\-source/eventsdocuments/meet\\-results/international\\-team\\-trials/2022\\-phillips\\-66\\-international\\-team\\-trials.pdf}}",
"On the first day of the competition, Huske began mornings preliminary session by finishing 2nd in the 100M freestyle to Natalie Hinds with a time of 54\\.16\\. Later that day in finals, Huske secured a spot on the Team USA's World Championship team by winning the 100M freestyle with a time of 53\\.35 ahead of Claire Curzan who placed second with a time of 53\\.58\\. In prelims on day two of the competition Huske finished 10th in the 200M freestyle with a time of 1:59\\.14\\. She also swam prelims in the 50M butterfly where she finished fourth with a time of 25\\.98\\. Later that day in finals she finished 2nd in the 50M butterfly with a time of 25\\.68, just behind Claire Curzan time of 25\\.49\\. On the third day of the competition Huske place first in prelims of the 100Mbutterfly with a time of 57\\.03\\. In finals, Huske won her second final of the competition by winning the 100M butterfly with a time of 56\\.28 to finish ahead of Claire Curzan who placed 2nd with a time of 56\\.25\\. On the final morning of the competition Huske finished 5th in the prelims of the 50M freestyle with a time of 24\\.76\\. In finals, Huske won her third event of the meet when she won the 50M free with a time of 24\\.50 just 2/100s of a second ahead of Erika Brown who finished 2nd with a time of 24\\.52\\.",
"#### 2022 FINA (LC) World Championships",
"{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[2022 World Aquatics Championships\\|2022 LC World Championships]]}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre butterfly\\|100 m butterfly]]\\| 55\\.64 }}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay\\|4x100 m mixed medley]]\\| 3:38\\.79}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\\|4x100 m medley]]\\| 3:53\\.79}}\n{{MedalBronze \\| \\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\\|4x100 m freestyle]]\\| 3:32\\.58}}\n{{MedalBronze \\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre freestyle\\|100 m freestyle]]\\|52\\.92}}\n{{MedalBronze \\|\\[\\[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed freestyle relay\\|4x100 m mixed Freestyle]]\\|3:21\\.09}}\n{{MedalBottom}}",
"On the morning of the first day of competition at the Fina LC World Championships held in Budapest, Hungary Huske swam prelims of the 100M butterfly finishing 1st with a time of 56\\.82\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Butterfly Results \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} In the evening session Huske swam the 100m butterfly again and placed first in semi\\-finals with a time of 56\\.29\\. Later that night she swam the lead\\-off leg of the women's 4x100 freestyle relay with a time of 52\\.96\\. Huske won her first bronze of the meet when U.S. placed 3rd in this race with an overall time of 3:32\\.58\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 4x100m Freestyle \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} With her time in this race, Huske became the 3rd fastest woman in American history, and one of only four American women ever to go under 53 seconds in the 100M freestyle, the others being Simone Manuel, Mallroy Comerford, and Abbey Weitzeil.{{Cite web \\|title\\=All Time Top Performers \\|url\\=http://www.usaswimming.org/times/data\\-hub/all\\-time\\-top\\-performers \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=usaswimming.org \\|language\\=en}}",
"The next day, the second of the meet, Huske won her first gold medal of the meet by placing 1st in the 100m butterfly with a time of 55\\.64, a half a second in front of second place finisher Marie Wattel of France. With this finish Huske became the 4th fastest women in World history and she also broke her own American record which she set a year earlier at the U.S. Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska.",
"On the fourth day of the meet Huske earned her second gold medal when she swam the fly leg of the 4x100M mixed medley relay. Her split of 56\\.17 was the fastest female fly split by over a second and it helped the U.S. win with a time of 3:38\\.79, which was more than two and a half seconds in front of the 2nd place Australian team which finished with a time of 3:41\\.34\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Mixed 4x100m Medley Relay \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000305F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}}",
"On day five of the competition Huske started off swimming in the mornings prelim session by finishing 3rd in the 100M freestyle with a time of 53\\.72\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Freestyle \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} In semi\\-finals later that night she again finished 3rd with a time of 53\\.04\\.",
"Day six began for Huske in the morning where she swam prelims in the 50M butterfly. She finished 10th in prelims with a time of 26\\.10 making it through to semi\\-finals.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later that night Huske swam the first race of the evening and won her second bronze of the meet when she finished 3rd in the 100m freestyle with a time of 52\\.92 behind Mollie O’Callahan of Australia and Sarah Sjostrom of Sweden.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Freestyle \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} A bit later in the session Huske swam in the semi\\-final of the 50M butterfly where she finished 2nd in a time of 25\\.38 breaking the Americas and American record of 25\\.48 formerly owned by Kelsi Dahlia.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly Semifinals \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sutherland \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=June 23, 2022 \\|title\\=2022 World Championships: Day 6 Finals Live Recap \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/2022\\-world\\-championships\\-day\\-6\\-finals\\-live\\-recap/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Huske started off swimming prelims in the morning session of day seven when she swam the 50m freestyle, finishing 8th with a time of 24\\.91\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Freestyle \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} In Huske's first race of the evening session she swam the 50M butterfly final where she finished 5th with a time of 25\\.45\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Butterfly final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} To complete a busy evening session with three events, Huske swam in the 4x100 freestyle relay earning her third bronze of the meet. Huske swam the third leg of the relay with a time of 52\\.50\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Mixed 4x100m Freestyle Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000301F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}}",
"On the eighth and last day of the meet Huske swam two events in finals, the 50M freestyle where she finished 6th with a time of 24\\.64\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 50m Freestyle Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000201EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Huske then completed her meet in the last race of the entire meet, the women's 4x100 medley relay. She earned her third gold medal when she helped the U.S. team by splitting 56\\.67 on the butterfly leg.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000205F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}}",
"During the meet Huske swam a total of 16 races making her the busiest swimmer of the meet.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sutherland \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=July 1, 2022 \\|title\\=Ultra Swimmer of the Month: Torri Huske \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/ultra\\-swimmer\\-of\\-the\\-month\\-torri\\-huske/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}} With her medal count at the 2022 World Championships, Huske became one of only four American women in history to win six medals in a World Championship, the others being Katie Ledecky, Missy Franklin and Simone Manuel. In addition, for her performance named Ultra Swimmer of the Month for June 2022\\.",
"#### 2022–2023 fall collegiate season",
"Huske started her sophomore competition season on October 13, 2022, in a home dual meet against Utah. She started off the meet by swimming freestyle anchor as part of a winning 4x50 y medley relay team which went 1:39\\.93\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Utah @ Stanford – 10/13/2022 \\|url\\=https://s3\\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/10/14/utah\\_at\\_stanford\\_results10142022\\_full\\_set\\_with\\_splits\\_and\\_reactiontimes.pdf}} In her second race of the meet, Huske faced freshman Clair Curzan in the 100y backstroke where she narrowly defeated the 2022 LC World Championships bronze medal winner in the event by .02 with a time of 52\\.62\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=19th FINA World Championships Budapest (HUN) Women's 100m Backstroke 100m dos \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700000202EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} In her third race of the competition Huske won the 200Y breaststroke with a time of 2:14\\.65\\. Huske capped off the competition by swimming the third leg of the winning 4x100 freestyle relay team where she split 51\\.29 and the team swam 3:20\\.46\\. She followed up the relay by finishing second in the 200y freestyle with a time of 1:48\\.80 before winning the 100y butterfly with a time of 53\\.72\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Stanford @ SJSU Dual Meet – 11/4/2022 \\|url\\=https://s3\\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/4/Stanford\\-San\\_Jose\\_State\\_results.pdf}}",
"On the second day of the Greensboro, North Carolina NC State/GAC Invite competition, which was held from November 17–19, Huske led off finals by swimming the backstroke leg of the 4x50y medley relay with a time of 23\\.82\\. Stanford placed second in the event, earning an NCAA A cut with an overall time of 1:34\\.37\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2022 NC State GAC Fall Invitational – Friday Finals \\|url\\=https://gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/18/ncsu\\_invite\\_22\\_friday\\_finals\\_results.pdf}} Later in the second day of finals Huske swam won the 100y butterfly with a time of 49\\.25\\. This time not only earned her another NCAA A cut, but it was also the fastest fall time in the NCAA, and fastest time in history in a non\\-NCAA Championship meet.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Keith \\|first\\=Braden \\|date\\=December 15, 2022 \\|title\\=Longhorn Women on Top of Mid\\-Season Mythical NCAA Swimming Championship \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/longhorn\\-women\\-on\\-top\\-of\\-mid\\-season\\-mythical\\-ncaa\\-swimming\\-championship/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Top Times Report \\|url\\=http://www.usaswimming.org/times/otherorganizations/ncaa\\-division\\-i/top\\-times\\-report \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|website\\=usaswimming.org \\|language\\=en}} Huske earned a B cut in the individual 200 freestyle of the NCAA Championship meet.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2022 NC State GAC Fall Invitational – Full meet Results \\|url\\=https://s3\\.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/gostanford.com/documents/2022/11/19/ncsu\\_invite\\_22\\_full\\_meet\\_results.pdf}} On the third and last day of finals, Huske first race was the 100y freestyle where she won the event, while again posting an NCAA top fall time of 46\\.85, and earning yet another NCAA A cut.",
"In the final women's event of the meet, Huske swam anchor on the Women's 4x100Y freestyle relay. She posted a split of 46\\.96 and Stanford won the event with a top fall time in the NCAA with time of 3:10\\.72\\. Over the course of the NCAA/GAC Invite Huske earned six NCAA top times, three individual (100Y free, 100Y butterfly, and 200Y individual medley) and three relay (5x50 freestyle relay, 4x100 freestyle relay, and 4x200 freestyle relay). In addition, during the meet she qualified for her four individual NCAA A cuts (50 freestyle, 100 freestyle, 100 butterfly, 200 individual medley) and one NCAA B cut (200 freestyle).",
"#### 2022 FINA Short Course World Championships (25 m)",
"{{MedalTableTop\\|name\\=no\\|header\\=\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\\|2022 SC World Championships (25m)]]}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 50 metre butterfly\\|50 m butterfly]]\\|24\\.64}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre medley relay\\|4x50 m mixed medley relay]]\\|1:35\\.15}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\\|4x100 m medley relay]]\\|3:44\\.35}}\n{{MedalGold\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay\\|4x50 m freestyle relay]]\\|1:33\\.89 }}{{MedalSilver\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre butterfly\\|100 m butterfly]]\\|54\\.75}}\n{{MedalSilver\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\\|4x100 m freestyle relay]]\\|3:26\\.29}}\n{{MedalSilver\\|\\[\\[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre medley relay\\|4x50 m medley relay]]\\|1:42\\.41}}\n{{MedalBottom}}",
"On October 19, Huske was named to the U.S. team for the 2022 World Swimming Short Course Championships team for the United States in 100m freestyle, 50m butterfly, and 100m butterfly.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sutherland \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=October 19, 2022 \\|title\\=USA Swimming Names 31 To 2022 Short Course World Championship Roster \\|url\\=https://swimswam.com/usa\\-swimming\\-names\\-31\\-to\\-2022\\-short\\-course\\-world\\-championship\\-roster/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|website\\=SwimSwam \\|language\\=en\\-US}} On the first day of competition, December 13, at the Fina SC World Championships in Melbourne, Australia, Huske began the preliminary session by finishing fourth in the 50m butterfly with a time of 25\\.11\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W50m butterfly prlim \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later that morning, Huske anchored the women's 4x100m freestyle relay with a time of 52\\.74\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W4x100m free relay prelim \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F70101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The United States finished fourth in the relay with a time of 3:31\\.11\\. In the evening session, Huske won her semifinal heat and finished third overall in the 50m butterfly with a time of 24\\.86\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-w 30m fly semifinals \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0102FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later, Huske earned her first medal of the meet (silver) when she led off in the finals of the women's 4x100m freestyle relay with a time of 51\\.73,{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-W 4x100m free relay final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} the fastest leadoff split in the race. The United States team (Huske, Kate Douglass, Claire Curzan and Erika Brown) finished second while setting a new American record of 3:26\\.29\\. In the morning of the second day of competition Huske swam the 100m freestyle and finished sixth with a time of 52\\.48\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-W 100m free prelim \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later, Huske won her second medal, and first gold of the meet. when she swam the freestyle leg of the 4x50m mixed medley in 23\\.73\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\- Mixed 4x40m medley relay final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030305F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The Americans (Ryan Murphy, Nic Fink, Huske and Kate Douglass ) won the race while breaking the world, championship and American records with a time of 1:35\\.15\\. After just one race (men's 800m freestyle), Huske swam the semifinal in the 100m freestyle.{{Cite web \\|title\\=All 16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) Results By OMEGA \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/2022/16th\\-fina\\-world\\-swimming\\-championships\\-25m\\-live\\-results \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2023 \\|website\\=omegatiming.com}} She swam in the first heat and moved on to finals by finishing sixth in semifinals with a time of 52\\.11\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-W 100m Free Semifinals \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Huske swam three events in the evening of her busiest day of the competition. She capped off the evening by swimming the final of the women's 50m butterfly. Huske won her second gold and third medal of the meet, tying Maggie MacNeil with a time of 24\\.64\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)\\-W 50m fly final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EB0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} On the third day of the competition, Huske swam in the evening session's first event, the finals of the 100m freestyle, in which she finished fifth with a time of 52\\.04\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m free final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} Later in the evening session, Huske won her third gold medal and fourth medal of the meet when she led off with a time of 24\\.08 in the women's 4x50m freestyle relay.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W ax50m free relay final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030201F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The American team (Huske, Claire Curzan, Erika Brown and Kate Douglass) earned gold and set championship and American records with a time of 1:33\\.89\\. On Saturday morning, the fifth day of the competition, Huske finished second in prelims of the 100m butterfly with a time of 56\\.01\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m fly prelim \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} That night, Huske won a silver medal, her fifth medal of the competition, when she swam the butterfly leg of the women's 4x50m medley relay in a time of 24\\.94\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 4x50m Medley Relay Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030205F60104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The American team (Claire Curzan, Lilly King, Huske and Kate Douglass) finished in 1:42\\.41\\. Later, swimming in lane four of heat one of semifinals. Huske won her heat and finished first overall in the 100m butterfly with a time of 55\\.23\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m Fly Semifinals \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0102FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} On Sunday, the sixth and last day of the competition, Huske was in the first race of the evening session, the 100m butterfly. She won her third silver, and sixth medal of the competition, while finishing second with a time of 54\\.75\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 100m Fly Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030204EC0104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The penultimate race of the meet was a showdown between the Americans and the Australians in the women's 4x100m medley relay. Huske won her fourth gold and seventh medal of the competition, swimming butterfly leg as she had done in the mixed 4x50 medley relay and the women's 4x50m medley relay, in 54\\.53\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – W 4x100m Medley Relay Final \\|url\\=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011700030205F70104FFFFFFFFFF01\\.pdf}} The American team (Claire Curzan, Lilly King, Huske and Kate Douglass) won gold and set a world record with a time of 3:44\\.35\\.",
"Over the six\\-day competition, Huske won seven medals: four golds and three silvers. No woman in the competition won more medals than did Huske. She set or helped set two world records and four American records.",
"During the two Fina Swimming World Championships held in 2022, long course (held in Budapest, Hungary) and short course (held in Melbourne Australia) Huske won a total of 13 medals (seven gold, three silvers and three bronzes), more than any other woman. She set or helped set two world records and six American records.",
""
] |
Personal life and later career
------------------------------
Manly and his brother Frank moved to Washington, D.C., in 1900\.Umfleet 2009, 184 Frank Manly eventually moved to Alabama, where he taught at [Tuskegee University](/wiki/Tuskegee_University "Tuskegee University"), a noted [historically black college](/wiki/Historically_black_college "Historically black college").
While in the capital, Alex Manly married his fiancée [Caroline Sadgwar](/wiki/Caroline_Sadgwar "Caroline Sadgwar") (also referred to as Carrie Sadgwar), a graduate of [Fisk University](/wiki/Fisk_University "Fisk University") and a member of the [Fisk Jubilee Singers](/wiki/Fisk_Jubilee_Singers "Fisk Jubilee Singers").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/news/history/2023/03/15/wilmington\-carrie\-sadgwar\-connected\-to\-1898\-and\-to\-music\-history/69960491007/ \| title\=How a Wilmington woman is connected to 1898 and to music history }} Sadgwar was the daughter of Frederick Cutlar Sadgwar, a prominent businessman in Wilmington's African American community and his [Cherokee](/wiki/Cherokee_people "Cherokee people") wife;Miles 2012 her paternal great\-grandfather was a French sea captain.["Sadgwar Family Home"](http://www.aahfwilmington.org/aahmw_virtualexhibits_placemaking_3sadgwar.html), African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington, 2009, accessed 17 March 2016 She had become engaged to Manly in Wilmington. N.C., and the couple were wed at the home of North Carolina Congressman [George Henry White](/wiki/George_Henry_White "George Henry White"),["Photo: Alex Manly and wife, Caroline Sadgwar Manly, c. 1925"](https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/4183), Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina University who had moved permanently to Washington, D.C., after North Carolina passed [a suffrage amendment](/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era "Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era") in 1899 that created barriers to voter registration and excluded most black voters from the political system. White had announced that he would not run for a third term under such conditions, and instead built a law practice in the capital and also became a highly successful banker. In 1906 he moved to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), where he founded a bank, and a black residential community in New Jersey.
David became a carpenter, and taught his trade to Frederick. After the war Frederick completed his education at [Lincoln University](/wiki/Lincoln_University_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)"), a [historically black college](/wiki/Historically_black_college "Historically black college") in Pennsylvania. He returned to Wilmington and developed as a leader in the business community.
Together, the Manlys moved from Washington, D.C. to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"). They had two sons born in Philadelphia: Milo["Photo: Alex Manly and family," c. 1900](https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/4184), *Alex L. Manly Papers*, East Carolina University and Lewin. The former became an activist and fought for black property rights in Wilmington;["Photo: Milo Manly," n.d.](https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/4180), Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina UniversityUmfleet 2009, 154 he later became executive director of the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission.
In [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), Alex Manly became a member of an African\-American newspaper council. He helped found The Armstrong Association, a precursor to the [National Urban League](/wiki/National_Urban_League "National Urban League"). He suffered from losing his newspaper and worked as a painter to support his family.
His sons were marked by the family's losses as well, and descendants have said the family frequently talked about "what might have been" if Alex Manly had not been run out of Wilmington and lost his newspaper business. But Manly and his descendants persisted and were described as "among Philadelphia's most industrious and civic minded citizens."Edmonds 1979, p. 177n. Lewin Manly was less successful than his brother. He did not finish college and worked as a waiter in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia"). He married but was later divorced. But his namesake son, Lewin Manly Jr., became a successful dentist. When a Commission was appointed to study what is now known as the [Wilmington Insurrection of 1898](/wiki/Wilmington_Insurrection_of_1898 "Wilmington Insurrection of 1898"), Lewin Manly Jr. was among those who favored compensation to descendants of victims for property and economic losses.
|
[
"Personal life and later career\n------------------------------",
"Manly and his brother Frank moved to Washington, D.C., in 1900\\.Umfleet 2009, 184 Frank Manly eventually moved to Alabama, where he taught at [Tuskegee University](/wiki/Tuskegee_University \"Tuskegee University\"), a noted [historically black college](/wiki/Historically_black_college \"Historically black college\").",
"While in the capital, Alex Manly married his fiancée [Caroline Sadgwar](/wiki/Caroline_Sadgwar \"Caroline Sadgwar\") (also referred to as Carrie Sadgwar), a graduate of [Fisk University](/wiki/Fisk_University \"Fisk University\") and a member of the [Fisk Jubilee Singers](/wiki/Fisk_Jubilee_Singers \"Fisk Jubilee Singers\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/news/history/2023/03/15/wilmington\\-carrie\\-sadgwar\\-connected\\-to\\-1898\\-and\\-to\\-music\\-history/69960491007/ \\| title\\=How a Wilmington woman is connected to 1898 and to music history }} Sadgwar was the daughter of Frederick Cutlar Sadgwar, a prominent businessman in Wilmington's African American community and his [Cherokee](/wiki/Cherokee_people \"Cherokee people\") wife;Miles 2012 her paternal great\\-grandfather was a French sea captain.[\"Sadgwar Family Home\"](http://www.aahfwilmington.org/aahmw_virtualexhibits_placemaking_3sadgwar.html), African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington, 2009, accessed 17 March 2016 She had become engaged to Manly in Wilmington. N.C., and the couple were wed at the home of North Carolina Congressman [George Henry White](/wiki/George_Henry_White \"George Henry White\"),[\"Photo: Alex Manly and wife, Caroline Sadgwar Manly, c. 1925\"](https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/4183), Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina University who had moved permanently to Washington, D.C., after North Carolina passed [a suffrage amendment](/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era \"Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era\") in 1899 that created barriers to voter registration and excluded most black voters from the political system. White had announced that he would not run for a third term under such conditions, and instead built a law practice in the capital and also became a highly successful banker. In 1906 he moved to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), where he founded a bank, and a black residential community in New Jersey.",
"David became a carpenter, and taught his trade to Frederick. After the war Frederick completed his education at [Lincoln University](/wiki/Lincoln_University_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)\"), a [historically black college](/wiki/Historically_black_college \"Historically black college\") in Pennsylvania. He returned to Wilmington and developed as a leader in the business community.",
"Together, the Manlys moved from Washington, D.C. to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"). They had two sons born in Philadelphia: Milo[\"Photo: Alex Manly and family,\" c. 1900](https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/4184), *Alex L. Manly Papers*, East Carolina University and Lewin. The former became an activist and fought for black property rights in Wilmington;[\"Photo: Milo Manly,\" n.d.](https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/4180), Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina UniversityUmfleet 2009, 154 he later became executive director of the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission.",
"In [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), Alex Manly became a member of an African\\-American newspaper council. He helped found The Armstrong Association, a precursor to the [National Urban League](/wiki/National_Urban_League \"National Urban League\"). He suffered from losing his newspaper and worked as a painter to support his family.",
"His sons were marked by the family's losses as well, and descendants have said the family frequently talked about \"what might have been\" if Alex Manly had not been run out of Wilmington and lost his newspaper business. But Manly and his descendants persisted and were described as \"among Philadelphia's most industrious and civic minded citizens.\"Edmonds 1979, p. 177n. Lewin Manly was less successful than his brother. He did not finish college and worked as a waiter in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\"). He married but was later divorced. But his namesake son, Lewin Manly Jr., became a successful dentist. When a Commission was appointed to study what is now known as the [Wilmington Insurrection of 1898](/wiki/Wilmington_Insurrection_of_1898 \"Wilmington Insurrection of 1898\"), Lewin Manly Jr. was among those who favored compensation to descendants of victims for property and economic losses.",
""
] |
Controversies
-------------
### Pottker et al. v Feld et al.
As a Washington D. C. based [literary agent](/wiki/Literary_agent "Literary agent") and [book consultant](/wiki/Book_packaging "Book packaging") in the 1990s, Eringer found himself working a controversial assignment for [Clair George](/wiki/Clair_George "Clair George"), a former deputy director of Operations of the [CIA](/wiki/CIA "CIA") who was convicted on one count and later pardoned in the [Iran\-Contra](/wiki/Iran-Contra "Iran-Contra") scandal. In 1990, a [celebrity journalist](/wiki/Journalism_genres%23Celebrity_or_people_journalism "Journalism genres#Celebrity or people journalism"), [Janice Pottker](/wiki/Janice_Pottker "Janice Pottker"), published an 11,000 word article about the [Feld family](/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus%23Feld_family "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus#Feld family") in *[Regardie's](/wiki/Regardie%27s "Regardie's")* magazine. Upon reading, [Kenneth Feld](/wiki/Kenneth_Feld "Kenneth Feld") ([Ringling Bros. and Barnum \& Bailey Circus](/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus")) took umbrage to her portrayal of his parents and hired Clair George as a consultant to mitigate damages that the proposed book might cause the family and business. George in turn, assigned Eringer (1993–95\) to distract the author by encouraging her to write about other topics. Pottker suspects that the unauthorized Feld family biography became an untouchable topic in literary circles, but two of Pottker's books, *Crisis in Candyland* (1995\) and *Celebrity Washington* (1996\), were published during this time period.(p3\) In 1999, Pottker sued for $60 million, claiming, "invasion of privacy, fraud and infliction of mental distress."{{rp\|page\=2}} Citing ongoing litigation, Feld Entertainment refrained from commenting for the May 4, 2003, [60 Minutes](/wiki/60_Minutes "60 Minutes") feature and the outcome of *Pottker et al. v. Feld et al.* appears to be unresolved or sealed as of October 2014\.{{rp\|page\=5}} However, Pottker informed the *[St. Petersberg Times](/wiki/St._Petersberg_Times "St. Petersberg Times")* that she has "no plans to write about Feld or Ringling Bros. ever again."
On January 18, 2004, the St. Petersburg Times retrospectively reported that [Janice Pottker](/wiki/Janice_Pottker "Janice Pottker") had filed a complaint against the Feld family, Clair George, and Robert Eringer in 1999, seeking $120 million for invasion of privacy, interference in business relationships, infliction of emotional distress, fraud, conspiracy and breach of contractual obligations. Pottker filed the lawsuit after discovering that Ken Feld and Clair George paid Eringer to "...to steer her away from stories on Feld..." and prevent Pottker's proposed book, "Highwire" an unauthorized biography of [Irvin Feld](/wiki/Irvin_Feld "Irvin Feld") and the Feld family from being published. "I interviewed this man once in 1988, and I feel as if he's been stalking me ever since," Pottker said of Kenneth Feld.
### Monaco
Eringer vacationed in the Principality of Monaco throughout the 1980s and wrote *Monaco Cool* (1992\), while living in Monaco for two years (1988–89\). He returned to reside in Monaco on behalf of a private intelligence client in 1994 and 1995\. In late 1999, [Prince Albert II](/wiki/Albert_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco "Albert II, Prince of Monaco"), the hereditary prince, commissioned Eringer for a report on a Monaco\-based Russian businessman named Alexey Fedorichev;{{efn\|In July 1998, \[\[Vladimir Putin]] travelled from Moscow to the south of France to conduct important meetings when he was named head of the \[\[Federal Security Service\|FSB]].{{cite news \|last1\=Crawford \|first1\=David \|last2\=Bensmann \|first2\=Marcus \|url\=https://correctiv.org/en/latest\-stories/the\-system\-of\-putin/2015/07/30/putins\-early\-years \|title\=Putin's early years \|work\=\[\[Correctiv\|CORRECT!V]] \|date\=July 30, 2015 \|access\-date\=July 2, 2021 \|archive\-date\=November 18, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081447/https://correctiv.org/en/latest\-stories/the\-system\-of\-putin/2015/07/30/putins\-early\-years}}}} subsequently, the reigning monarch, [Prince Rainier III](/wiki/Rainier_III%2C_Prince_of_Monaco "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco"), declined to allow Fedorichev to invest in [ASM](/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC "AS Monaco FC"), Monaco's football club. While completing ongoing counterintelligence activities for the FBI, Eringer's additional intelligence reports on Russian activities in Monaco led to a full\-time retainer on June 16, 2002, as Prince Albert's intelligence adviser.{{efn\|According to Eringer, Graham Alan Pedder Smith (born March 13, 1940 \[\[Scotland]]) is closely related to numerous firms, including a Monaco based firm ''Sotrama'', which are associated with \[\[Vladimir Putin]] and Putin's close friends. Smith and his close associate Markus M. Hasler often operated through FIBEKO TREUHANDANSTALT. Smith is married to Isolde Reinhilde Smith and they reside at Asperguat, 9492 Eschen, \[\[Liechtenstein]]. Graham Smith was removed from the (UK) Institute of Chartered Accountants in 1992 for failing to cooperate with an inquiry because of his irregularities during the collapse of London United Insurance (LUI).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.artoftheruse.com/2015/05/graham\-smith\-of\-liechtenstein.html \|title\=GRAHAM SMITH OF LIECHTENSTEIN\|work\=ERINGER: THE ART OF THE RUSE \|date\=May 14, 2015 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=May 5, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505215201/http://www.artoftheruse.com/2015/05/graham\-smith\-of\-liechtenstein.html}}{{cite news \|last\=Eringer \|first\=Robert \|url\=http://roberteringer.com/images/ugc/uploads/photos/ColumnPutin.jpg \|title\=Putin's plunder of petrol dollars \|work\=\[\[Santa Barbara News\-Press]] \|date\=October 11, 2008 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=December 11, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211010123im\_/http://roberteringer.com/images/ugc/uploads/photos/ColumnPutin.jpg}} \[https://archive.today/20151127090340/http://recolumns.blogspot.com/2010/10/putins\-plunder.html Alternate archive]}}{{efn\|Eringer explained that he had met with persons close to Putin during the 1990s including retired \[\[KGB]] colonel Igor Prelin ({{lang\-ru\|Игорь Николаевич Прелин}}; born 1937\) and former \[\[KGB]] chief \[\[Vladimir Kryuchkov]].{{cite news \|url\=https://imgur.com/RlJ7N8i \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20220402013126/https://imgur.com/RlJ7N8i \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2022 \|title\=Эрдингер фото \|trans\-title\=Erdinger photo \|language\=ru \|work\= \|date\=November 19, 2016 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.livelib.ru/author/218300\-igor\-prelin \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20220402014027/https://www.livelib.ru/author/218300\-igor\-prelin \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2022 \|title\=Игорь Прелин \|trans\-title\=Igor Prelin \|language\=ru \|work\=livelib.ru \|date\= \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022}}}}
#### Power struggle in the Monarchy
Upon ascension in 2005, Prince Albert II announced that Monaco would shed [W. Somerset Maugham](/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham "W. Somerset Maugham")'s moniker of, "a sunny place for shady people." In his accession speech, the Prince declared that he would fight with all of his strength to ensure that money\-laundering and Monaco would no longer be synonyms in the common vernacular. The declaration caused an expansion of Eringer's scope of responsibilities, the Prince commissioned Eringer to create and direct Monaco's first intelligence service. One of the Monaco Intelligence Service's (MIS) early recommendations was to deny the renewal of [Sir Mark Thatcher](/wiki/Sir_Mark_Thatcher "Sir Mark Thatcher")'s residency card due to a troubling background check. In addition to investigations, Eringer's MIS established inter\-governmental liaison relationships with twenty foreign intelligence services, including the CIA and the (UK) Secret Intelligence Service.
Prince Albert II's original anti\-corruption cabinet appointments (December 2005\) did not last long. As described by *Nice RendezVous*, MIS vetted Cabinet Director, [Jean\-Luc Allavena](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Allavena "Jean-Luc Allavena") was dismissed in November 2006, and replaced in favor of the serving General Secretariat, Georges Lisimachio. An attempt to dismiss Eringer was made in 2006; however, Prince Albert asked him to remain, limiting his scope of operations to international intelligence liaison relationships. MIS was funded without incident throughout 2007, but Eringer's invoice for Quarter 1, 2008, went unpaid, calls and correspondence went unanswered for the remainder of the year.
Eringer filed a lawsuit for €340,000 in unpaid wages and severance in 2009, initially Monaco lawyers denied his employment, but after 100 pages of supporting evidence were presented to the court, the lawyers were forced to rescind their denial. The Palace of Monaco portrayed the court case as a blackmail attempt to "exploit the US judicial system to generate publicity to forward his extortionist agenda" by a "shakedown artist". Eringer has been described as having [mythomania](/wiki/Mythomania "Mythomania") by [Stéphane Bern](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Bern "Stéphane Bern"), the author of *Grace Kelly* (2007\), criticized for promoting conspiracy theories and called a "false spy".{{cite web\|language\=fr\|url\=https://www.drapeaurouge.fr/2013/07/26/le\-blogueur\-robert\-eringer\-condamne\-pour\-diffamation/\|title\=Le blogueur Robert Eringer condamné pour diffamation}} In 2011, it was reported that Eringer was writing an "anti\-Monaco" blog.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.albawaba.com/regional\-news/paris\-court\-rules\-against\-blogger\-attacking\-monaco\-388808 \|title\=Paris court rules against blogger attacking Monaco \|newspaper\=Al Bawaba News \|date\=August 17, 2011}}
#### Results of Monaco litigation
Lawyers for the Palace of Monaco publicly called Eringer a shakedown artist when he originally sued for $60,000 to recover back\-wages and expenditures. Eringer however, had already filed a thirty\-four page declaration, detailing his duties and findings with the [Superior Court of California, County of Santa Barbara](/wiki/California_superior_courts "California superior courts") (Case No., 1339892\), on October 5, 2009\.
The Superior Court of California ruled that "because all of Eringer's services were governmental, employing him was not a commercial act exempt from [FSIA](/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act "Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act") immunity." According to a court judgment filed on July 10, 2013, the U.S. District Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's original ruling. The court determined that "according to his own attorneys and affidavit, Eringer's assignments" for the Principality were "not the type of employment private parties can undertake" and therefore fell within the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA).
In 2011, Eringer was ordered by the [Tribunal de grande instance de Paris](/wiki/Tribunal_de_grande_instance_de_Paris "Tribunal de grande instance de Paris") to remove defamatory illustrations, photographs, and blog posts of and about Prince Albert II, lawyer Thierry Lacoste, chief of administration and accountant [Claude Palmero](/wiki/Claude_Palmero "Claude Palmero"), and chief of police André Muhlberger from his blog. In September 2012, the French justice system found Eringer guilty of criminal defamation and insult.
Ultimately, the two parties sued each other to a standstill, Eringer's suit to recover wages and expenses against the Prince and Principality is moot under the [Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976](/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act "Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act") (FSIA) and Monaco's defamation and insult suit is moot under the [SPEECH Act](/wiki/SPEECH_Act "SPEECH Act").
### Noncompliance with California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control
Eringer's Santa Barbara\-based bar, Bo Henry's Cocktail Lounge, closed for five days in March 2015 due to alcoholic beverage sales to a minor. A first offense in the bar's history, Eringer was not present at the time and chose a suspension over the $200\.00 fine to impress upon employees and customers that serving minors would not be tolerated.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.noozhawk.com/article/liquor\_license\_briefly\_suspended\_for\_santa\_barbara\_bar\|title\=Santa Barbara Bar's Liquor License Briefly Suspended\|date\=December 15, 2014 }}
|
[
"Controversies\n-------------",
"### Pottker et al. v Feld et al.",
"As a Washington D. C. based [literary agent](/wiki/Literary_agent \"Literary agent\") and [book consultant](/wiki/Book_packaging \"Book packaging\") in the 1990s, Eringer found himself working a controversial assignment for [Clair George](/wiki/Clair_George \"Clair George\"), a former deputy director of Operations of the [CIA](/wiki/CIA \"CIA\") who was convicted on one count and later pardoned in the [Iran\\-Contra](/wiki/Iran-Contra \"Iran-Contra\") scandal. In 1990, a [celebrity journalist](/wiki/Journalism_genres%23Celebrity_or_people_journalism \"Journalism genres#Celebrity or people journalism\"), [Janice Pottker](/wiki/Janice_Pottker \"Janice Pottker\"), published an 11,000 word article about the [Feld family](/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus%23Feld_family \"Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus#Feld family\") in *[Regardie's](/wiki/Regardie%27s \"Regardie's\")* magazine. Upon reading, [Kenneth Feld](/wiki/Kenneth_Feld \"Kenneth Feld\") ([Ringling Bros. and Barnum \\& Bailey Circus](/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus \"Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus\")) took umbrage to her portrayal of his parents and hired Clair George as a consultant to mitigate damages that the proposed book might cause the family and business. George in turn, assigned Eringer (1993–95\\) to distract the author by encouraging her to write about other topics. Pottker suspects that the unauthorized Feld family biography became an untouchable topic in literary circles, but two of Pottker's books, *Crisis in Candyland* (1995\\) and *Celebrity Washington* (1996\\), were published during this time period.(p3\\) In 1999, Pottker sued for $60 million, claiming, \"invasion of privacy, fraud and infliction of mental distress.\"{{rp\\|page\\=2}} Citing ongoing litigation, Feld Entertainment refrained from commenting for the May 4, 2003, [60 Minutes](/wiki/60_Minutes \"60 Minutes\") feature and the outcome of *Pottker et al. v. Feld et al.* appears to be unresolved or sealed as of October 2014\\.{{rp\\|page\\=5}} However, Pottker informed the *[St. Petersberg Times](/wiki/St._Petersberg_Times \"St. Petersberg Times\")* that she has \"no plans to write about Feld or Ringling Bros. ever again.\"",
"On January 18, 2004, the St. Petersburg Times retrospectively reported that [Janice Pottker](/wiki/Janice_Pottker \"Janice Pottker\") had filed a complaint against the Feld family, Clair George, and Robert Eringer in 1999, seeking $120 million for invasion of privacy, interference in business relationships, infliction of emotional distress, fraud, conspiracy and breach of contractual obligations. Pottker filed the lawsuit after discovering that Ken Feld and Clair George paid Eringer to \"...to steer her away from stories on Feld...\" and prevent Pottker's proposed book, \"Highwire\" an unauthorized biography of [Irvin Feld](/wiki/Irvin_Feld \"Irvin Feld\") and the Feld family from being published. \"I interviewed this man once in 1988, and I feel as if he's been stalking me ever since,\" Pottker said of Kenneth Feld.",
"### Monaco",
"Eringer vacationed in the Principality of Monaco throughout the 1980s and wrote *Monaco Cool* (1992\\), while living in Monaco for two years (1988–89\\). He returned to reside in Monaco on behalf of a private intelligence client in 1994 and 1995\\. In late 1999, [Prince Albert II](/wiki/Albert_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco \"Albert II, Prince of Monaco\"), the hereditary prince, commissioned Eringer for a report on a Monaco\\-based Russian businessman named Alexey Fedorichev;{{efn\\|In July 1998, \\[\\[Vladimir Putin]] travelled from Moscow to the south of France to conduct important meetings when he was named head of the \\[\\[Federal Security Service\\|FSB]].{{cite news \\|last1\\=Crawford \\|first1\\=David \\|last2\\=Bensmann \\|first2\\=Marcus \\|url\\=https://correctiv.org/en/latest\\-stories/the\\-system\\-of\\-putin/2015/07/30/putins\\-early\\-years \\|title\\=Putin's early years \\|work\\=\\[\\[Correctiv\\|CORRECT!V]] \\|date\\=July 30, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081447/https://correctiv.org/en/latest\\-stories/the\\-system\\-of\\-putin/2015/07/30/putins\\-early\\-years}}}} subsequently, the reigning monarch, [Prince Rainier III](/wiki/Rainier_III%2C_Prince_of_Monaco \"Rainier III, Prince of Monaco\"), declined to allow Fedorichev to invest in [ASM](/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC \"AS Monaco FC\"), Monaco's football club. While completing ongoing counterintelligence activities for the FBI, Eringer's additional intelligence reports on Russian activities in Monaco led to a full\\-time retainer on June 16, 2002, as Prince Albert's intelligence adviser.{{efn\\|According to Eringer, Graham Alan Pedder Smith (born March 13, 1940 \\[\\[Scotland]]) is closely related to numerous firms, including a Monaco based firm ''Sotrama'', which are associated with \\[\\[Vladimir Putin]] and Putin's close friends. Smith and his close associate Markus M. Hasler often operated through FIBEKO TREUHANDANSTALT. Smith is married to Isolde Reinhilde Smith and they reside at Asperguat, 9492 Eschen, \\[\\[Liechtenstein]]. Graham Smith was removed from the (UK) Institute of Chartered Accountants in 1992 for failing to cooperate with an inquiry because of his irregularities during the collapse of London United Insurance (LUI).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.artoftheruse.com/2015/05/graham\\-smith\\-of\\-liechtenstein.html \\|title\\=GRAHAM SMITH OF LIECHTENSTEIN\\|work\\=ERINGER: THE ART OF THE RUSE \\|date\\=May 14, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505215201/http://www.artoftheruse.com/2015/05/graham\\-smith\\-of\\-liechtenstein.html}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Eringer \\|first\\=Robert \\|url\\=http://roberteringer.com/images/ugc/uploads/photos/ColumnPutin.jpg \\|title\\=Putin's plunder of petrol dollars \\|work\\=\\[\\[Santa Barbara News\\-Press]] \\|date\\=October 11, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 11, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211010123im\\_/http://roberteringer.com/images/ugc/uploads/photos/ColumnPutin.jpg}} \\[https://archive.today/20151127090340/http://recolumns.blogspot.com/2010/10/putins\\-plunder.html Alternate archive]}}{{efn\\|Eringer explained that he had met with persons close to Putin during the 1990s including retired \\[\\[KGB]] colonel Igor Prelin ({{lang\\-ru\\|Игорь Николаевич Прелин}}; born 1937\\) and former \\[\\[KGB]] chief \\[\\[Vladimir Kryuchkov]].{{cite news \\|url\\=https://imgur.com/RlJ7N8i \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20220402013126/https://imgur.com/RlJ7N8i \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|title\\=Эрдингер фото \\|trans\\-title\\=Erdinger photo \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\= \\|date\\=November 19, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.livelib.ru/author/218300\\-igor\\-prelin \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20220402014027/https://www.livelib.ru/author/218300\\-igor\\-prelin \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|title\\=Игорь Прелин \\|trans\\-title\\=Igor Prelin \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=livelib.ru \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022}}}}",
"#### Power struggle in the Monarchy",
"Upon ascension in 2005, Prince Albert II announced that Monaco would shed [W. Somerset Maugham](/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham \"W. Somerset Maugham\")'s moniker of, \"a sunny place for shady people.\" In his accession speech, the Prince declared that he would fight with all of his strength to ensure that money\\-laundering and Monaco would no longer be synonyms in the common vernacular. The declaration caused an expansion of Eringer's scope of responsibilities, the Prince commissioned Eringer to create and direct Monaco's first intelligence service. One of the Monaco Intelligence Service's (MIS) early recommendations was to deny the renewal of [Sir Mark Thatcher](/wiki/Sir_Mark_Thatcher \"Sir Mark Thatcher\")'s residency card due to a troubling background check. In addition to investigations, Eringer's MIS established inter\\-governmental liaison relationships with twenty foreign intelligence services, including the CIA and the (UK) Secret Intelligence Service.",
"Prince Albert II's original anti\\-corruption cabinet appointments (December 2005\\) did not last long. As described by *Nice RendezVous*, MIS vetted Cabinet Director, [Jean\\-Luc Allavena](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Allavena \"Jean-Luc Allavena\") was dismissed in November 2006, and replaced in favor of the serving General Secretariat, Georges Lisimachio. An attempt to dismiss Eringer was made in 2006; however, Prince Albert asked him to remain, limiting his scope of operations to international intelligence liaison relationships. MIS was funded without incident throughout 2007, but Eringer's invoice for Quarter 1, 2008, went unpaid, calls and correspondence went unanswered for the remainder of the year.",
"Eringer filed a lawsuit for €340,000 in unpaid wages and severance in 2009, initially Monaco lawyers denied his employment, but after 100 pages of supporting evidence were presented to the court, the lawyers were forced to rescind their denial. The Palace of Monaco portrayed the court case as a blackmail attempt to \"exploit the US judicial system to generate publicity to forward his extortionist agenda\" by a \"shakedown artist\". Eringer has been described as having [mythomania](/wiki/Mythomania \"Mythomania\") by [Stéphane Bern](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Bern \"Stéphane Bern\"), the author of *Grace Kelly* (2007\\), criticized for promoting conspiracy theories and called a \"false spy\".{{cite web\\|language\\=fr\\|url\\=https://www.drapeaurouge.fr/2013/07/26/le\\-blogueur\\-robert\\-eringer\\-condamne\\-pour\\-diffamation/\\|title\\=Le blogueur Robert Eringer condamné pour diffamation}} In 2011, it was reported that Eringer was writing an \"anti\\-Monaco\" blog.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.albawaba.com/regional\\-news/paris\\-court\\-rules\\-against\\-blogger\\-attacking\\-monaco\\-388808 \\|title\\=Paris court rules against blogger attacking Monaco \\|newspaper\\=Al Bawaba News \\|date\\=August 17, 2011}}",
"#### Results of Monaco litigation",
"Lawyers for the Palace of Monaco publicly called Eringer a shakedown artist when he originally sued for $60,000 to recover back\\-wages and expenditures. Eringer however, had already filed a thirty\\-four page declaration, detailing his duties and findings with the [Superior Court of California, County of Santa Barbara](/wiki/California_superior_courts \"California superior courts\") (Case No., 1339892\\), on October 5, 2009\\.",
"The Superior Court of California ruled that \"because all of Eringer's services were governmental, employing him was not a commercial act exempt from [FSIA](/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act \"Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act\") immunity.\" According to a court judgment filed on July 10, 2013, the U.S. District Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's original ruling. The court determined that \"according to his own attorneys and affidavit, Eringer's assignments\" for the Principality were \"not the type of employment private parties can undertake\" and therefore fell within the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA).",
"In 2011, Eringer was ordered by the [Tribunal de grande instance de Paris](/wiki/Tribunal_de_grande_instance_de_Paris \"Tribunal de grande instance de Paris\") to remove defamatory illustrations, photographs, and blog posts of and about Prince Albert II, lawyer Thierry Lacoste, chief of administration and accountant [Claude Palmero](/wiki/Claude_Palmero \"Claude Palmero\"), and chief of police André Muhlberger from his blog. In September 2012, the French justice system found Eringer guilty of criminal defamation and insult.",
"Ultimately, the two parties sued each other to a standstill, Eringer's suit to recover wages and expenses against the Prince and Principality is moot under the [Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976](/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act \"Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act\") (FSIA) and Monaco's defamation and insult suit is moot under the [SPEECH Act](/wiki/SPEECH_Act \"SPEECH Act\").",
"### Noncompliance with California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control",
"Eringer's Santa Barbara\\-based bar, Bo Henry's Cocktail Lounge, closed for five days in March 2015 due to alcoholic beverage sales to a minor. A first offense in the bar's history, Eringer was not present at the time and chose a suspension over the $200\\.00 fine to impress upon employees and customers that serving minors would not be tolerated.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.noozhawk.com/article/liquor\\_license\\_briefly\\_suspended\\_for\\_santa\\_barbara\\_bar\\|title\\=Santa Barbara Bar's Liquor License Briefly Suspended\\|date\\=December 15, 2014 }}",
""
] |
### Monaco
Eringer vacationed in the Principality of Monaco throughout the 1980s and wrote *Monaco Cool* (1992\), while living in Monaco for two years (1988–89\). He returned to reside in Monaco on behalf of a private intelligence client in 1994 and 1995\. In late 1999, [Prince Albert II](/wiki/Albert_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco "Albert II, Prince of Monaco"), the hereditary prince, commissioned Eringer for a report on a Monaco\-based Russian businessman named Alexey Fedorichev;{{efn\|In July 1998, \[\[Vladimir Putin]] travelled from Moscow to the south of France to conduct important meetings when he was named head of the \[\[Federal Security Service\|FSB]].{{cite news \|last1\=Crawford \|first1\=David \|last2\=Bensmann \|first2\=Marcus \|url\=https://correctiv.org/en/latest\-stories/the\-system\-of\-putin/2015/07/30/putins\-early\-years \|title\=Putin's early years \|work\=\[\[Correctiv\|CORRECT!V]] \|date\=July 30, 2015 \|access\-date\=July 2, 2021 \|archive\-date\=November 18, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081447/https://correctiv.org/en/latest\-stories/the\-system\-of\-putin/2015/07/30/putins\-early\-years}}}} subsequently, the reigning monarch, [Prince Rainier III](/wiki/Rainier_III%2C_Prince_of_Monaco "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco"), declined to allow Fedorichev to invest in [ASM](/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC "AS Monaco FC"), Monaco's football club. While completing ongoing counterintelligence activities for the FBI, Eringer's additional intelligence reports on Russian activities in Monaco led to a full\-time retainer on June 16, 2002, as Prince Albert's intelligence adviser.{{efn\|According to Eringer, Graham Alan Pedder Smith (born March 13, 1940 \[\[Scotland]]) is closely related to numerous firms, including a Monaco based firm ''Sotrama'', which are associated with \[\[Vladimir Putin]] and Putin's close friends. Smith and his close associate Markus M. Hasler often operated through FIBEKO TREUHANDANSTALT. Smith is married to Isolde Reinhilde Smith and they reside at Asperguat, 9492 Eschen, \[\[Liechtenstein]]. Graham Smith was removed from the (UK) Institute of Chartered Accountants in 1992 for failing to cooperate with an inquiry because of his irregularities during the collapse of London United Insurance (LUI).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.artoftheruse.com/2015/05/graham\-smith\-of\-liechtenstein.html \|title\=GRAHAM SMITH OF LIECHTENSTEIN\|work\=ERINGER: THE ART OF THE RUSE \|date\=May 14, 2015 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=May 5, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505215201/http://www.artoftheruse.com/2015/05/graham\-smith\-of\-liechtenstein.html}}{{cite news \|last\=Eringer \|first\=Robert \|url\=http://roberteringer.com/images/ugc/uploads/photos/ColumnPutin.jpg \|title\=Putin's plunder of petrol dollars \|work\=\[\[Santa Barbara News\-Press]] \|date\=October 11, 2008 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=December 11, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211010123im\_/http://roberteringer.com/images/ugc/uploads/photos/ColumnPutin.jpg}} \[https://archive.today/20151127090340/http://recolumns.blogspot.com/2010/10/putins\-plunder.html Alternate archive]}}{{efn\|Eringer explained that he had met with persons close to Putin during the 1990s including retired \[\[KGB]] colonel Igor Prelin ({{lang\-ru\|Игорь Николаевич Прелин}}; born 1937\) and former \[\[KGB]] chief \[\[Vladimir Kryuchkov]].{{cite news \|url\=https://imgur.com/RlJ7N8i \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20220402013126/https://imgur.com/RlJ7N8i \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2022 \|title\=Эрдингер фото \|trans\-title\=Erdinger photo \|language\=ru \|work\= \|date\=November 19, 2016 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.livelib.ru/author/218300\-igor\-prelin \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20220402014027/https://www.livelib.ru/author/218300\-igor\-prelin \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2022 \|title\=Игорь Прелин \|trans\-title\=Igor Prelin \|language\=ru \|work\=livelib.ru \|date\= \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022}}}}
#### Power struggle in the Monarchy
Upon ascension in 2005, Prince Albert II announced that Monaco would shed [W. Somerset Maugham](/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham "W. Somerset Maugham")'s moniker of, "a sunny place for shady people." In his accession speech, the Prince declared that he would fight with all of his strength to ensure that money\-laundering and Monaco would no longer be synonyms in the common vernacular. The declaration caused an expansion of Eringer's scope of responsibilities, the Prince commissioned Eringer to create and direct Monaco's first intelligence service. One of the Monaco Intelligence Service's (MIS) early recommendations was to deny the renewal of [Sir Mark Thatcher](/wiki/Sir_Mark_Thatcher "Sir Mark Thatcher")'s residency card due to a troubling background check. In addition to investigations, Eringer's MIS established inter\-governmental liaison relationships with twenty foreign intelligence services, including the CIA and the (UK) Secret Intelligence Service.
Prince Albert II's original anti\-corruption cabinet appointments (December 2005\) did not last long. As described by *Nice RendezVous*, MIS vetted Cabinet Director, [Jean\-Luc Allavena](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Allavena "Jean-Luc Allavena") was dismissed in November 2006, and replaced in favor of the serving General Secretariat, Georges Lisimachio. An attempt to dismiss Eringer was made in 2006; however, Prince Albert asked him to remain, limiting his scope of operations to international intelligence liaison relationships. MIS was funded without incident throughout 2007, but Eringer's invoice for Quarter 1, 2008, went unpaid, calls and correspondence went unanswered for the remainder of the year.
Eringer filed a lawsuit for €340,000 in unpaid wages and severance in 2009, initially Monaco lawyers denied his employment, but after 100 pages of supporting evidence were presented to the court, the lawyers were forced to rescind their denial. The Palace of Monaco portrayed the court case as a blackmail attempt to "exploit the US judicial system to generate publicity to forward his extortionist agenda" by a "shakedown artist". Eringer has been described as having [mythomania](/wiki/Mythomania "Mythomania") by [Stéphane Bern](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Bern "Stéphane Bern"), the author of *Grace Kelly* (2007\), criticized for promoting conspiracy theories and called a "false spy".{{cite web\|language\=fr\|url\=https://www.drapeaurouge.fr/2013/07/26/le\-blogueur\-robert\-eringer\-condamne\-pour\-diffamation/\|title\=Le blogueur Robert Eringer condamné pour diffamation}} In 2011, it was reported that Eringer was writing an "anti\-Monaco" blog.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.albawaba.com/regional\-news/paris\-court\-rules\-against\-blogger\-attacking\-monaco\-388808 \|title\=Paris court rules against blogger attacking Monaco \|newspaper\=Al Bawaba News \|date\=August 17, 2011}}
#### Results of Monaco litigation
Lawyers for the Palace of Monaco publicly called Eringer a shakedown artist when he originally sued for $60,000 to recover back\-wages and expenditures. Eringer however, had already filed a thirty\-four page declaration, detailing his duties and findings with the [Superior Court of California, County of Santa Barbara](/wiki/California_superior_courts "California superior courts") (Case No., 1339892\), on October 5, 2009\.
The Superior Court of California ruled that "because all of Eringer's services were governmental, employing him was not a commercial act exempt from [FSIA](/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act "Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act") immunity." According to a court judgment filed on July 10, 2013, the U.S. District Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's original ruling. The court determined that "according to his own attorneys and affidavit, Eringer's assignments" for the Principality were "not the type of employment private parties can undertake" and therefore fell within the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA).
In 2011, Eringer was ordered by the [Tribunal de grande instance de Paris](/wiki/Tribunal_de_grande_instance_de_Paris "Tribunal de grande instance de Paris") to remove defamatory illustrations, photographs, and blog posts of and about Prince Albert II, lawyer Thierry Lacoste, chief of administration and accountant [Claude Palmero](/wiki/Claude_Palmero "Claude Palmero"), and chief of police André Muhlberger from his blog. In September 2012, the French justice system found Eringer guilty of criminal defamation and insult.
Ultimately, the two parties sued each other to a standstill, Eringer's suit to recover wages and expenses against the Prince and Principality is moot under the [Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976](/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act "Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act") (FSIA) and Monaco's defamation and insult suit is moot under the [SPEECH Act](/wiki/SPEECH_Act "SPEECH Act").
|
[
"### Monaco",
"Eringer vacationed in the Principality of Monaco throughout the 1980s and wrote *Monaco Cool* (1992\\), while living in Monaco for two years (1988–89\\). He returned to reside in Monaco on behalf of a private intelligence client in 1994 and 1995\\. In late 1999, [Prince Albert II](/wiki/Albert_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco \"Albert II, Prince of Monaco\"), the hereditary prince, commissioned Eringer for a report on a Monaco\\-based Russian businessman named Alexey Fedorichev;{{efn\\|In July 1998, \\[\\[Vladimir Putin]] travelled from Moscow to the south of France to conduct important meetings when he was named head of the \\[\\[Federal Security Service\\|FSB]].{{cite news \\|last1\\=Crawford \\|first1\\=David \\|last2\\=Bensmann \\|first2\\=Marcus \\|url\\=https://correctiv.org/en/latest\\-stories/the\\-system\\-of\\-putin/2015/07/30/putins\\-early\\-years \\|title\\=Putin's early years \\|work\\=\\[\\[Correctiv\\|CORRECT!V]] \\|date\\=July 30, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 18, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081447/https://correctiv.org/en/latest\\-stories/the\\-system\\-of\\-putin/2015/07/30/putins\\-early\\-years}}}} subsequently, the reigning monarch, [Prince Rainier III](/wiki/Rainier_III%2C_Prince_of_Monaco \"Rainier III, Prince of Monaco\"), declined to allow Fedorichev to invest in [ASM](/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC \"AS Monaco FC\"), Monaco's football club. While completing ongoing counterintelligence activities for the FBI, Eringer's additional intelligence reports on Russian activities in Monaco led to a full\\-time retainer on June 16, 2002, as Prince Albert's intelligence adviser.{{efn\\|According to Eringer, Graham Alan Pedder Smith (born March 13, 1940 \\[\\[Scotland]]) is closely related to numerous firms, including a Monaco based firm ''Sotrama'', which are associated with \\[\\[Vladimir Putin]] and Putin's close friends. Smith and his close associate Markus M. Hasler often operated through FIBEKO TREUHANDANSTALT. Smith is married to Isolde Reinhilde Smith and they reside at Asperguat, 9492 Eschen, \\[\\[Liechtenstein]]. Graham Smith was removed from the (UK) Institute of Chartered Accountants in 1992 for failing to cooperate with an inquiry because of his irregularities during the collapse of London United Insurance (LUI).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.artoftheruse.com/2015/05/graham\\-smith\\-of\\-liechtenstein.html \\|title\\=GRAHAM SMITH OF LIECHTENSTEIN\\|work\\=ERINGER: THE ART OF THE RUSE \\|date\\=May 14, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505215201/http://www.artoftheruse.com/2015/05/graham\\-smith\\-of\\-liechtenstein.html}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Eringer \\|first\\=Robert \\|url\\=http://roberteringer.com/images/ugc/uploads/photos/ColumnPutin.jpg \\|title\\=Putin's plunder of petrol dollars \\|work\\=\\[\\[Santa Barbara News\\-Press]] \\|date\\=October 11, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 11, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211010123im\\_/http://roberteringer.com/images/ugc/uploads/photos/ColumnPutin.jpg}} \\[https://archive.today/20151127090340/http://recolumns.blogspot.com/2010/10/putins\\-plunder.html Alternate archive]}}{{efn\\|Eringer explained that he had met with persons close to Putin during the 1990s including retired \\[\\[KGB]] colonel Igor Prelin ({{lang\\-ru\\|Игорь Николаевич Прелин}}; born 1937\\) and former \\[\\[KGB]] chief \\[\\[Vladimir Kryuchkov]].{{cite news \\|url\\=https://imgur.com/RlJ7N8i \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20220402013126/https://imgur.com/RlJ7N8i \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|title\\=Эрдингер фото \\|trans\\-title\\=Erdinger photo \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\= \\|date\\=November 19, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.livelib.ru/author/218300\\-igor\\-prelin \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20220402014027/https://www.livelib.ru/author/218300\\-igor\\-prelin \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|title\\=Игорь Прелин \\|trans\\-title\\=Igor Prelin \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=livelib.ru \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022}}}}",
"#### Power struggle in the Monarchy",
"Upon ascension in 2005, Prince Albert II announced that Monaco would shed [W. Somerset Maugham](/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham \"W. Somerset Maugham\")'s moniker of, \"a sunny place for shady people.\" In his accession speech, the Prince declared that he would fight with all of his strength to ensure that money\\-laundering and Monaco would no longer be synonyms in the common vernacular. The declaration caused an expansion of Eringer's scope of responsibilities, the Prince commissioned Eringer to create and direct Monaco's first intelligence service. One of the Monaco Intelligence Service's (MIS) early recommendations was to deny the renewal of [Sir Mark Thatcher](/wiki/Sir_Mark_Thatcher \"Sir Mark Thatcher\")'s residency card due to a troubling background check. In addition to investigations, Eringer's MIS established inter\\-governmental liaison relationships with twenty foreign intelligence services, including the CIA and the (UK) Secret Intelligence Service.",
"Prince Albert II's original anti\\-corruption cabinet appointments (December 2005\\) did not last long. As described by *Nice RendezVous*, MIS vetted Cabinet Director, [Jean\\-Luc Allavena](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Allavena \"Jean-Luc Allavena\") was dismissed in November 2006, and replaced in favor of the serving General Secretariat, Georges Lisimachio. An attempt to dismiss Eringer was made in 2006; however, Prince Albert asked him to remain, limiting his scope of operations to international intelligence liaison relationships. MIS was funded without incident throughout 2007, but Eringer's invoice for Quarter 1, 2008, went unpaid, calls and correspondence went unanswered for the remainder of the year.",
"Eringer filed a lawsuit for €340,000 in unpaid wages and severance in 2009, initially Monaco lawyers denied his employment, but after 100 pages of supporting evidence were presented to the court, the lawyers were forced to rescind their denial. The Palace of Monaco portrayed the court case as a blackmail attempt to \"exploit the US judicial system to generate publicity to forward his extortionist agenda\" by a \"shakedown artist\". Eringer has been described as having [mythomania](/wiki/Mythomania \"Mythomania\") by [Stéphane Bern](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Bern \"Stéphane Bern\"), the author of *Grace Kelly* (2007\\), criticized for promoting conspiracy theories and called a \"false spy\".{{cite web\\|language\\=fr\\|url\\=https://www.drapeaurouge.fr/2013/07/26/le\\-blogueur\\-robert\\-eringer\\-condamne\\-pour\\-diffamation/\\|title\\=Le blogueur Robert Eringer condamné pour diffamation}} In 2011, it was reported that Eringer was writing an \"anti\\-Monaco\" blog.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.albawaba.com/regional\\-news/paris\\-court\\-rules\\-against\\-blogger\\-attacking\\-monaco\\-388808 \\|title\\=Paris court rules against blogger attacking Monaco \\|newspaper\\=Al Bawaba News \\|date\\=August 17, 2011}}",
"#### Results of Monaco litigation",
"Lawyers for the Palace of Monaco publicly called Eringer a shakedown artist when he originally sued for $60,000 to recover back\\-wages and expenditures. Eringer however, had already filed a thirty\\-four page declaration, detailing his duties and findings with the [Superior Court of California, County of Santa Barbara](/wiki/California_superior_courts \"California superior courts\") (Case No., 1339892\\), on October 5, 2009\\.",
"The Superior Court of California ruled that \"because all of Eringer's services were governmental, employing him was not a commercial act exempt from [FSIA](/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act \"Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act\") immunity.\" According to a court judgment filed on July 10, 2013, the U.S. District Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's original ruling. The court determined that \"according to his own attorneys and affidavit, Eringer's assignments\" for the Principality were \"not the type of employment private parties can undertake\" and therefore fell within the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA).",
"In 2011, Eringer was ordered by the [Tribunal de grande instance de Paris](/wiki/Tribunal_de_grande_instance_de_Paris \"Tribunal de grande instance de Paris\") to remove defamatory illustrations, photographs, and blog posts of and about Prince Albert II, lawyer Thierry Lacoste, chief of administration and accountant [Claude Palmero](/wiki/Claude_Palmero \"Claude Palmero\"), and chief of police André Muhlberger from his blog. In September 2012, the French justice system found Eringer guilty of criminal defamation and insult.",
"Ultimately, the two parties sued each other to a standstill, Eringer's suit to recover wages and expenses against the Prince and Principality is moot under the [Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976](/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act \"Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act\") (FSIA) and Monaco's defamation and insult suit is moot under the [SPEECH Act](/wiki/SPEECH_Act \"SPEECH Act\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was born in the 16th century, his family hailing from the [Serb clan](/wiki/Serb_clan "Serb clan") of [Piva](/wiki/Piva%2C_Montenegro "Piva, Montenegro") in [Old Herzegovina](/wiki/Old_Herzegovina "Old Herzegovina"). He was a close kinsman of [Mehmed\-paša Sokolović](/wiki/Mehmed-pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87 "Mehmed-paša Sokolović"), the Ottoman Grand Vizier.
Prior to the re\-establishment of the Patriarchate, the Serbs were under the jurisdiction of the [Archbishopric of Ohrid](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid "Archbishopric of Ohrid"). Metropolitan of Smederevo Pavle was one of many that did not recognize the current status of Serb Orthodox in the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") and sought to make the Serbian Church independent once again. Makarije became the first Patriarch of the renewed [Serbian Patriarchate of Peć](/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87 "Serbian Patriarchate of Peć") in 1557\. The Ottoman Sultan gave Makarije the same rights as the [Patriarch of Constantinople](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople "Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople").
The jurisdiction of the Patriarchate was the land of the medieval Serbian state, with [Bačka](/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka "Bačka"), [Banat](/wiki/Banat "Banat"), [Baranja](/wiki/Baranya_%28region%29 "Baranya (region)"), [Srem](/wiki/Srem "Srem"), [Slavonia](/wiki/Slavonia "Slavonia"), [Bosanska Krajina](/wiki/Bosanska_Krajina "Bosanska Krajina"), [Bosna](/wiki/Bosnia_%28region%29 "Bosnia (region)"), [Lika](/wiki/Lika "Lika"), [Krbava](/wiki/Krbava "Krbava") and [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia"), and had more than 40 eparchies, with the newly founded [Eparchy of Trebinje](/wiki/Eparchy_of_Zahumlje_and_Herzegovina "Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina"), [Eparchy of Požega](/wiki/Eparchy_of_Po%C5%BEega "Eparchy of Požega"), etc.
Among renewed monasteries were [Banja Monastery](/wiki/Banja_Monastery "Banja Monastery") in [Priboj](/wiki/Priboj "Priboj"), [Gračanica](/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_monastery "Gračanica monastery"), [Studenica](/wiki/Studenica_monastery "Studenica monastery"), the [Patriarchal Monastery of Peć](/wiki/Patriarchal_Monastery_of_Pe%C4%87 "Patriarchal Monastery of Peć"), and Budisavci{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.kosovo.net/ebudisavci.html\|title \= Budisavci}} in [Kosovo and Metohia](/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohia "Kosovo and Metohia"). This renewal started a renaissance of the [Serb culture](/wiki/Serb_culture "Serb culture") in arts and literature.
Because of illness, he was succeeded in 1571, by his fraternal nephew [Antonije Sokolović](/wiki/Antonije_Sokolovi%C4%87 "Antonije Sokolović"). He died in 1574\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was born in the 16th century, his family hailing from the [Serb clan](/wiki/Serb_clan \"Serb clan\") of [Piva](/wiki/Piva%2C_Montenegro \"Piva, Montenegro\") in [Old Herzegovina](/wiki/Old_Herzegovina \"Old Herzegovina\"). He was a close kinsman of [Mehmed\\-paša Sokolović](/wiki/Mehmed-pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87 \"Mehmed-paša Sokolović\"), the Ottoman Grand Vizier.",
"Prior to the re\\-establishment of the Patriarchate, the Serbs were under the jurisdiction of the [Archbishopric of Ohrid](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid \"Archbishopric of Ohrid\"). Metropolitan of Smederevo Pavle was one of many that did not recognize the current status of Serb Orthodox in the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") and sought to make the Serbian Church independent once again. Makarije became the first Patriarch of the renewed [Serbian Patriarchate of Peć](/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87 \"Serbian Patriarchate of Peć\") in 1557\\. The Ottoman Sultan gave Makarije the same rights as the [Patriarch of Constantinople](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople \"Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople\").",
"The jurisdiction of the Patriarchate was the land of the medieval Serbian state, with [Bačka](/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka \"Bačka\"), [Banat](/wiki/Banat \"Banat\"), [Baranja](/wiki/Baranya_%28region%29 \"Baranya (region)\"), [Srem](/wiki/Srem \"Srem\"), [Slavonia](/wiki/Slavonia \"Slavonia\"), [Bosanska Krajina](/wiki/Bosanska_Krajina \"Bosanska Krajina\"), [Bosna](/wiki/Bosnia_%28region%29 \"Bosnia (region)\"), [Lika](/wiki/Lika \"Lika\"), [Krbava](/wiki/Krbava \"Krbava\") and [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\"), and had more than 40 eparchies, with the newly founded [Eparchy of Trebinje](/wiki/Eparchy_of_Zahumlje_and_Herzegovina \"Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina\"), [Eparchy of Požega](/wiki/Eparchy_of_Po%C5%BEega \"Eparchy of Požega\"), etc.",
"Among renewed monasteries were [Banja Monastery](/wiki/Banja_Monastery \"Banja Monastery\") in [Priboj](/wiki/Priboj \"Priboj\"), [Gračanica](/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_monastery \"Gračanica monastery\"), [Studenica](/wiki/Studenica_monastery \"Studenica monastery\"), the [Patriarchal Monastery of Peć](/wiki/Patriarchal_Monastery_of_Pe%C4%87 \"Patriarchal Monastery of Peć\"), and Budisavci{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kosovo.net/ebudisavci.html\\|title \\= Budisavci}} in [Kosovo and Metohia](/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohia \"Kosovo and Metohia\"). This renewal started a renaissance of the [Serb culture](/wiki/Serb_culture \"Serb culture\") in arts and literature.",
"Because of illness, he was succeeded in 1571, by his fraternal nephew [Antonije Sokolović](/wiki/Antonije_Sokolovi%C4%87 \"Antonije Sokolović\"). He died in 1574\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
[Wiradjuri](/wiki/Wiradjuri "Wiradjuri") Land
The Wiradjuri Aboriginal people lived in the Mudgee area for many thousands of years before Europeans arrived. The name Mudgee is derived from the Wiradjuri term Moothi meaning "Nest in the Hills".
Early European occupation of the area
James Blackman was the first European settler to cross the [Cudgegong River](/wiki/Cudgegong_River "Cudgegong River") in 1821 followed by Lieutenant [William Lawson](/wiki/William_Lawson_%28explorer%29 "William Lawson (explorer)") who was then commandant of [Bathurst](/wiki/Bathurst%2C_New_South_Wales "Bathurst, New South Wales"). [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson%2C_New_South_Wales "Lawson, New South Wales") would later take up 6,000 acres (2,428 hectares) in the area. George and Henry Cox, sons of [William Cox](/wiki/William_Cox_%28pioneer%29 "William Cox (pioneer)"), were the first settlers on the Cudgegong River when they established the [Menah](/wiki/Menah "Menah") run, 3 kilometres north of the current town. The European settlers were soon in conflict with the Wiradjuri over a range of issues including killing of livestock and animals such as kangaroos and possums which were major food sources for the indigenous people. Martial law was declared in 1824 leading to significant losses by the Wiradjuri.
While the site of Mudgee was surveyed for a village in 1823, Menah was the original settlement having a police station and a lock\-up by 1833\. [Robert Hoddle](/wiki/Robert_Hoddle "Robert Hoddle") designed the village which was gazetted in 1838\. John Blackman built a slab hut, the first dwelling in Mudgee and its general store. By 1841, there were 36 dwellings, three hotels, a hospital, a post office, two stores and an Anglican church. An Anglican school was established in that decade as well.
In 1851, the population of Mudgee was 200\. However, the population soon exploded with the discovery of gold in New South Wales. While no gold was found in Mudgee itself, the town prospered as gold was discovered in nearby [Hargraves](/wiki/Hargraves%2C_New_South_Wales "Hargraves, New South Wales"), [Gulgong](/wiki/Gulgong "Gulgong"), [Hill End](/wiki/Hill_End%2C_New_South_Wales "Hill End, New South Wales") and [Windeyer](/wiki/Windeyer%2C_New_South_Wales "Windeyer, New South Wales"), some temporarily reaching populations of 20,000\. . . As the gold mines petered out in the latter half of the 19th century, Mudgee was sustained by the strength of its wool industry as well as the nascent wine industry established by a German immigrant, Adam Roth, in the 1850s.
Family ownership of Binnawee farm
Henry Cox was the son of William Cox, who was responsible for the construction on the first road across the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Blue Mountains (New South Wales)"). Henry Cox became the first grantee of the land now known as Binnawee, bought at a cost of 244 pounds and registered in 1834\. This grant adjoined further of his crown grants to the east and to the north. In 1852 Henry Cox sold the Cullenbone property, including Binnawee, to William Lewis, whose father Richard Lewis had worked with Henry's father on the road construction project as Chief Superintendent. Throughout the 1850s Lewis took up several runs on the [Castlereagh River](/wiki/Castlereagh_River "Castlereagh River"). Perhaps buoyed by his prosperity, Lewis is believed to have built the Georgian two\-storey homestead which was initially called "LoisAlle".
By 1862 Lewis was insolvent and all of his real estate interests seized and sold. "LoisAlle" was purchased by the Blackmen brothers of Mudgee, cousins of Lewis' wife. William Richard and Samuel Alfred Blackman, sons of Mudgee pioneers, William and Sarah Blackman, became prominent landowners in the Mudgee district. In 1869 William bought out Samuel's share in the property and lived there during the 1870s, occasionally leasing the house and portions of adjoining land.
In 1878 Blackman sold the property to George Henry Cox of Burrundulla, a prominent pastoralist in Mudgee (and nephew of the original grantee \- he was also Henry Cox's son\-in\-law since he had married his cousin Henrietta). George Henry Cox absorbed the property into his adjoining landholding known as Piambong and the house and lands were leased. From 1883 to 1886 the house was occupied by George Henry Cox's eldest son, George Henry Frederick Cox. In the late 1890s the house was occupied by John Turner McRae, a nephew by marriage and manager of Piambong. Legal documentation in 1898 refers to him as John Turner McRae as of "Binnawee", although it is not known precisely when or by whom the property was given this name.
Shortly before his death in 1901, George Henry Cox transferred the property to his son\-in\-law George Stewart. In 1900 the widower Stewart and his four children took up residence at Binnawee where he was assisted by his sisters\-in\-law, Lucy and Alice Cox. Referred to as the "squire of Binnawee" George played a prominent role in the political, commercial and social life of the Mudgee district. He was an alderman of the Municipality of Cudgegong for twenty\-one years, including four years as mayor from 1905 to 1908, and also served as a Justice of the Peace, coroner and magistrate. He was also a pillar of Mudgee's Saint John's Anglican Church.
In 1923 Stewart leased Binnawee to Dr Charles Lester and his son, Bruce, and moved to [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") where he died in 1926\. Charles Lester was born in Mudgee in 1865, and graduated from medical studies at the [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh") in 1888\. He married Mary Bruce before returning to Mudgee to establish his medical practice in the early 1890s. Also a qualified pharmacist, Charles operated his medical practice and pharmacy in premises in Church Street, Mudgee, later known as Mercer's and Gawthorne's Pharmacy. Charles left Mudgee and established a practice in Macquarie Street in 1924\.
Bruce Lester, also a qualified pharmacist, was a member of the [6th Light Horse Division](/wiki/6th_Light_Horse_Regiment_%28Australia%29 "6th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), serving for four years in the Middle East. In 1920 he selected Kobi, a block of 225 acres adjacent to Binnawee, which was formerly part of an 1823 grant to Captain Henry Steel. In 1923 Bruce married Mabel Hume, by whom he had one son, David. Bruce and Mabel Lester lived at Binnawee which was run primarily as a sheep property with some cattle. Charles and Bruce Lester also bred racehorses, while Bruce was a competent amateur jockey, frequently riding in the Bligh Picnic Races.
In 1944 Bruce Lester became ill and, as there was a shortage of manpower due to the war, 16\-year\-old son David took over the management of the property. In 1948 Bruce Lester purchased the Binnawee homestead portion from George Stewart's trustees and the property was eventually expanded to some {{Convert\|2500\|acres\|ha\|abbr\=}} . In 1950 David married Mary Grant and built a new homestead on Binnawee in 1955\. Gradually reduced to {{Convert\|120\|ha\|acres\|abbr\=}} over the years, Binnawee retains some sheep and cattle. In partnership with their daughters \- Elizabeth Ganguly, Anne Lofts, and Robyn Holdaway \- David and Mary have recently planted olive groves.
Architectural context of house and homestead
The historic Binnawee Homestead building is the earliest surviving two\-storeyed house in the Mudgee district: Burrandulla homestead was constructed in 1864 and Havilah homestead in 1872\. Bleak House in Lawson Street, Mudgee dates from {{circa}} 1860\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[Wiradjuri](/wiki/Wiradjuri \"Wiradjuri\") Land\nThe Wiradjuri Aboriginal people lived in the Mudgee area for many thousands of years before Europeans arrived. The name Mudgee is derived from the Wiradjuri term Moothi meaning \"Nest in the Hills\".\nEarly European occupation of the area\nJames Blackman was the first European settler to cross the [Cudgegong River](/wiki/Cudgegong_River \"Cudgegong River\") in 1821 followed by Lieutenant [William Lawson](/wiki/William_Lawson_%28explorer%29 \"William Lawson (explorer)\") who was then commandant of [Bathurst](/wiki/Bathurst%2C_New_South_Wales \"Bathurst, New South Wales\"). [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson%2C_New_South_Wales \"Lawson, New South Wales\") would later take up 6,000 acres (2,428 hectares) in the area. George and Henry Cox, sons of [William Cox](/wiki/William_Cox_%28pioneer%29 \"William Cox (pioneer)\"), were the first settlers on the Cudgegong River when they established the [Menah](/wiki/Menah \"Menah\") run, 3 kilometres north of the current town. The European settlers were soon in conflict with the Wiradjuri over a range of issues including killing of livestock and animals such as kangaroos and possums which were major food sources for the indigenous people. Martial law was declared in 1824 leading to significant losses by the Wiradjuri.\nWhile the site of Mudgee was surveyed for a village in 1823, Menah was the original settlement having a police station and a lock\\-up by 1833\\. [Robert Hoddle](/wiki/Robert_Hoddle \"Robert Hoddle\") designed the village which was gazetted in 1838\\. John Blackman built a slab hut, the first dwelling in Mudgee and its general store. By 1841, there were 36 dwellings, three hotels, a hospital, a post office, two stores and an Anglican church. An Anglican school was established in that decade as well.",
"In 1851, the population of Mudgee was 200\\. However, the population soon exploded with the discovery of gold in New South Wales. While no gold was found in Mudgee itself, the town prospered as gold was discovered in nearby [Hargraves](/wiki/Hargraves%2C_New_South_Wales \"Hargraves, New South Wales\"), [Gulgong](/wiki/Gulgong \"Gulgong\"), [Hill End](/wiki/Hill_End%2C_New_South_Wales \"Hill End, New South Wales\") and [Windeyer](/wiki/Windeyer%2C_New_South_Wales \"Windeyer, New South Wales\"), some temporarily reaching populations of 20,000\\. . . As the gold mines petered out in the latter half of the 19th century, Mudgee was sustained by the strength of its wool industry as well as the nascent wine industry established by a German immigrant, Adam Roth, in the 1850s.",
"Family ownership of Binnawee farm\nHenry Cox was the son of William Cox, who was responsible for the construction on the first road across the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Blue Mountains (New South Wales)\"). Henry Cox became the first grantee of the land now known as Binnawee, bought at a cost of 244 pounds and registered in 1834\\. This grant adjoined further of his crown grants to the east and to the north. In 1852 Henry Cox sold the Cullenbone property, including Binnawee, to William Lewis, whose father Richard Lewis had worked with Henry's father on the road construction project as Chief Superintendent. Throughout the 1850s Lewis took up several runs on the [Castlereagh River](/wiki/Castlereagh_River \"Castlereagh River\"). Perhaps buoyed by his prosperity, Lewis is believed to have built the Georgian two\\-storey homestead which was initially called \"LoisAlle\".\nBy 1862 Lewis was insolvent and all of his real estate interests seized and sold. \"LoisAlle\" was purchased by the Blackmen brothers of Mudgee, cousins of Lewis' wife. William Richard and Samuel Alfred Blackman, sons of Mudgee pioneers, William and Sarah Blackman, became prominent landowners in the Mudgee district. In 1869 William bought out Samuel's share in the property and lived there during the 1870s, occasionally leasing the house and portions of adjoining land.",
"In 1878 Blackman sold the property to George Henry Cox of Burrundulla, a prominent pastoralist in Mudgee (and nephew of the original grantee \\- he was also Henry Cox's son\\-in\\-law since he had married his cousin Henrietta). George Henry Cox absorbed the property into his adjoining landholding known as Piambong and the house and lands were leased. From 1883 to 1886 the house was occupied by George Henry Cox's eldest son, George Henry Frederick Cox. In the late 1890s the house was occupied by John Turner McRae, a nephew by marriage and manager of Piambong. Legal documentation in 1898 refers to him as John Turner McRae as of \"Binnawee\", although it is not known precisely when or by whom the property was given this name.",
"Shortly before his death in 1901, George Henry Cox transferred the property to his son\\-in\\-law George Stewart. In 1900 the widower Stewart and his four children took up residence at Binnawee where he was assisted by his sisters\\-in\\-law, Lucy and Alice Cox. Referred to as the \"squire of Binnawee\" George played a prominent role in the political, commercial and social life of the Mudgee district. He was an alderman of the Municipality of Cudgegong for twenty\\-one years, including four years as mayor from 1905 to 1908, and also served as a Justice of the Peace, coroner and magistrate. He was also a pillar of Mudgee's Saint John's Anglican Church.",
"In 1923 Stewart leased Binnawee to Dr Charles Lester and his son, Bruce, and moved to [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") where he died in 1926\\. Charles Lester was born in Mudgee in 1865, and graduated from medical studies at the [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\") in 1888\\. He married Mary Bruce before returning to Mudgee to establish his medical practice in the early 1890s. Also a qualified pharmacist, Charles operated his medical practice and pharmacy in premises in Church Street, Mudgee, later known as Mercer's and Gawthorne's Pharmacy. Charles left Mudgee and established a practice in Macquarie Street in 1924\\.",
"Bruce Lester, also a qualified pharmacist, was a member of the [6th Light Horse Division](/wiki/6th_Light_Horse_Regiment_%28Australia%29 \"6th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), serving for four years in the Middle East. In 1920 he selected Kobi, a block of 225 acres adjacent to Binnawee, which was formerly part of an 1823 grant to Captain Henry Steel. In 1923 Bruce married Mabel Hume, by whom he had one son, David. Bruce and Mabel Lester lived at Binnawee which was run primarily as a sheep property with some cattle. Charles and Bruce Lester also bred racehorses, while Bruce was a competent amateur jockey, frequently riding in the Bligh Picnic Races.",
"In 1944 Bruce Lester became ill and, as there was a shortage of manpower due to the war, 16\\-year\\-old son David took over the management of the property. In 1948 Bruce Lester purchased the Binnawee homestead portion from George Stewart's trustees and the property was eventually expanded to some {{Convert\\|2500\\|acres\\|ha\\|abbr\\=}} . In 1950 David married Mary Grant and built a new homestead on Binnawee in 1955\\. Gradually reduced to {{Convert\\|120\\|ha\\|acres\\|abbr\\=}} over the years, Binnawee retains some sheep and cattle. In partnership with their daughters \\- Elizabeth Ganguly, Anne Lofts, and Robyn Holdaway \\- David and Mary have recently planted olive groves.",
"Architectural context of house and homestead\nThe historic Binnawee Homestead building is the earliest surviving two\\-storeyed house in the Mudgee district: Burrandulla homestead was constructed in 1864 and Havilah homestead in 1872\\. Bleak House in Lawson Street, Mudgee dates from {{circa}} 1860\\.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
[thumb\|One of the outbuildings](/wiki/File:1780_-_Binnawee_Homestead_and_Outbuildings_-_Binnawee_Outbuildings_%285053370b6%29.jpg "1780 - Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings - Binnawee Outbuildings (5053370b6).jpg")
Binnawee Homestead is located on part of a crown grant of {{Convert\|976\|acres\|ha\|abbr\=}} on Macdonald's Creek at Cullenbone, several kilometres north\-west of Mudgee, across the Parishes of Munna and Piambong in the County of Wellington. Although the property is operated as a working farm, the curtilage of this listing closely surrounds the group of mid\-19th century buildings, of which the focal point is the historic Binnawee Homestead.
Homestead
Thought to have been constructed {{circa\|1855}}, the homestead building is substantial but unpretentious. Its Georgian style owes much to earlier Australian vernacular design and it was most likely designed by the builder or copied from a pattern book.
Facing south\-east with front and rear elevations of five [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)"), the house is a compact rectangle with a deceptively asymmetrical exterior. The fenestration of the front elevation is balanced, but at the rear the windows on both the lower and upper levels are irregularly placed to accommodate the off\-centre stair. Consequently, the two rooms on the south\-western corner on both the ground and first floors are relatively small.
The light red bricks are, for the most part, in good condition. The south\-eastern elevation is in [Flemish bond](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork"), while the rear and two sides are in colonial or garden wall bond. All windows and doors feature flat gauged arches with tuck pointing.
The steeply pitched [hipped roof](/wiki/Hipped_roof "Hipped roof"), which retains the original shingles under the unpainted [corrugated iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron"), is pierced by two tall, corbelled brick [chimneys](/wiki/Chimneys "Chimneys") servicing five fireplaces. A timber\-floored [verandah](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda"), {{Convert\|1\.8\|m\|ft\|abbr\=}} deep, surrounds the ground floor, while its concave profile roof is supported by flat, stop\-chamfered timber [columns](/wiki/Columns "Columns"). On the ground floor of the front elevation two sets of shuttered [French doors](/wiki/French_doors "French doors") flank each side of the central front door. All windows are six\-pane [sashes](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") and featured shutters, although the windows at the front are slightly larger than those on the rear and sides. Many windows retain the original glazing and feature the remains of stencilled floral patterns.
The impressive double front doors, capped by a three\-paned stencilled [fanlight](/wiki/Fanlight "Fanlight") are painted red on the exterior. Each door features a single panel with heavy [bolection](/wiki/Bolection "Bolection") mouldings and a semi\-circular headed top. Stained and lacquered on the interior, each door has two panels with a semi\-circular headed top on the upper panel. Both the front and rear doors have substantial drawback rimlocks.
Although the house is relatively small there is a distinction between the principal rooms at the front and secondary rooms at the rear on both floors. Although the [skirtings](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard") are a standard size throughout, [architraves](/wiki/Architraves "Architraves") and doors are smaller in the four rear rooms. Ceiling height is a uniform {{Convert\|2\.88\|m\|ft\|abbr\=}} metres.
Downstairs, the front rooms were used by the Lesters as a dining room and a living room, although previously the living room had been the principal bedroom. The dining room features an elaborate wallpaper and [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze"), while the substantial [cornice](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") in the dining room, picked out in several tones, is possibly a later installation. The study and the breakfast room occupy the two smaller rooms at the rear, with the breakfast room featuring a particularly fine Edwardian frieze of alpine scenery.
The stair is narrow and steep, starting in a spiral ninety\-degree turn, with a straight flight to a landing and a short return flight to the upper landing. The squared [balusters](/wiki/Balusters "Balusters"), [handrail](/wiki/Handrail "Handrail") and turned [newels](/wiki/Newels "Newels") are typical of a mid\-Victorian stair. The [fretwork](/wiki/Fretwork "Fretwork") on the side of the steps and the panelling underneath the stair are the only two instances of ornamentation in what is a relatively austere interior.
Of the four rooms upstairs, the bedroom in the eastern corner, over the living room, is the largest room in the house and was originally the upstairs parlour. With windows facing the south\-east and north\-east, this room is well lit and has expansive views. Bruce and Mabel Lester created a small lobby on the south\-western end of this room by erecting a partition wall, so as to give greater privacy to the two front rooms.
The joinery throughout is lacquered cedar but regrettably all five of the classical yet sober mantelpieces have been painted. The mantelpieces upstairs are smaller and vary slightly from their downstairs counterparts. All walls and even some ceilings are papered and reflect a variety of periods; several layers of paper can be discerned on some walls. Ceilings are mostly square\-set, with only the hallway and dining room featuring cornices.
Floor coverings consist of bare boards and rugs of varying sizes, while some stunning linos with intricate geometric patterns remain in place in several rooms.
Binnawee was allegedly the second house in the Mudgee district to have electric [lighting](/wiki/Lighting "Lighting") and several rooms retain the original pull\-cords. An American Delco 32 volt generator was installed by the Lesters in 1923 and it is still housed in a building adjacent to the house.
In 1967 Binnawee homestead received a National Trust "B" classification, and under the current system holds a "recorded" listing. It was also on the former [Register of the National Estate](/wiki/Register_of_the_National_Estate "Register of the National Estate").
Kitchen block
A walkway, covered in semi\-circular corrugated iron, leads from the rear verandah of the homestead to the kitchen block several metres away. Believed to have been the original homestead, the kitchen block is built in brick in Flemish garden wall bond, and contains two rooms under a gabled roof with two small rooms under a [skillion](/wiki/Skillion_roof "Skillion roof") section at the rear. As none of the rooms have ceilings, the original shingles are still clearly visible under the corrugated iron roof. Of particular interest is the door opening from the covered way into the kitchen. It was once a tradition, begun in the time of the Stewarts, for visitors who spent more than a week at Binnawee to carve their initials into the door; consequently, there are hundreds of initials, with, no doubt, many associated stories.
This building was badly damaged by storms in 2001\. The roof, timber structures and a large quantity of its soft brick walls are missing. While it would be desirable to reconstruct these missing elements to protect the remains, such a reconstructed building would have a high ratio of new fabric. Meanwhile, the kitchen building is considered to be a ruin, and not subject to the Minimum Standards of Maintenance and Repair The kitchen building should be managed so that its decay is retarded.
Workshop
Located several metres to the north\-east of the house is a building of random rubble construction which is uncharacteristic of the rest of the buildings in the homestead complex. Used as a dairy and later as a workshop by the Lesters, it was built as a conservatory in the early 1900s by George Stewart's sisters\-in\-law, Lucy and Alice Cox, who lived at Binnawee with the Stewart family. The clay for the bricks and the stone for the rubble workshop were probably sourced from the property.
Stables
The stables are located two hundred metres to the north\-west of the rear of the house. The original gabled brick section with a loft is constructed in Flemish garden wall bond and is presumed to be contemporary with the kitchen block. The building has been expanded at various times with drop slab additions. The roof, originally shingled, is mostly corrugated iron sheeting, while some sections retain flat galvanised iron tiles.
Workman's cottage
Several metres south of the stables is a small gabled workman's cottage, constructed in non\-reinforced concrete and rendered in [ashlar](/wiki/Ashlar "Ashlar"), which dates from {{circa\|1923}}. The workman's cottage, and early concrete structure, has survived remarkably well.
Shearing shed
The rambling shearing [shed](/wiki/Shed "Shed"), {{Convert\|400\|m\|yards\|abbr\=}} west of the house, is considerably ancient in parts. Partly clad in timber and corrugated iron and constructed in several stages, it has been extended by both Bruce and David Lester.
Well
A 19th\-century well survives intact adjacent to the creek below the homestead.
Dog kennels, formerly stables
Low or intrusive significance.
Machinery shed
Low or intrusive significance.
### Condition
The homestead has not been occupied since 1970 and has endured some storm damage to first floor windows. In a poor to fair condition, the homestead requires urgent attention before further deterioration occurs. The detached kitchen block is in a poor condition, having been substantially damaged during storms in 2001\. The stables and shearing shed are in fair condition, but the stables require some structural work; both buildings remain in regular use. The workshop and the workman's cottage are both in poor condition and require structural work.
As there has been a continual European presence on the property since the early days of European settlement in the Mudgee district, the environs of the homestead and outbuildings would have considerable archaeological potential.
The homestead especially has retained its integrity since construction and the majority of the homestead's outbuildings remain relatively untouched. The kitchen block, which was probably the original homestead building, was badly damaged by storms in 2001 and requires urgent repairs and conservation work.
### Modifications and dates
The homestead remains virtually intact since its construction {{circa\|1855}} (estimate Philip Cox/Howard Tanner). A detached [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard "Weatherboard") bathroom was added to a side verandah in the 1920s and is non\-intrusive. Modifications on the interior include the installation of a 32 volt electric lighting system in 1923, the installation of a partition wall upstairs in the 1930s (easily removed) and the replacement of a lath and plaster ceiling by a timber\-lined ceiling in the early 1900s in the living room; the dining room cornice may have been a later installation.
All outbuildings, except for the kitchen, are relatively intact. The stables have received slab additions on two sides, and the shearing shed, which has been expanded and renovated from time to time.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"[thumb\\|One of the outbuildings](/wiki/File:1780_-_Binnawee_Homestead_and_Outbuildings_-_Binnawee_Outbuildings_%285053370b6%29.jpg \"1780 - Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings - Binnawee Outbuildings (5053370b6).jpg\")\nBinnawee Homestead is located on part of a crown grant of {{Convert\\|976\\|acres\\|ha\\|abbr\\=}} on Macdonald's Creek at Cullenbone, several kilometres north\\-west of Mudgee, across the Parishes of Munna and Piambong in the County of Wellington. Although the property is operated as a working farm, the curtilage of this listing closely surrounds the group of mid\\-19th century buildings, of which the focal point is the historic Binnawee Homestead.",
"Homestead\nThought to have been constructed {{circa\\|1855}}, the homestead building is substantial but unpretentious. Its Georgian style owes much to earlier Australian vernacular design and it was most likely designed by the builder or copied from a pattern book.\nFacing south\\-east with front and rear elevations of five [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\"), the house is a compact rectangle with a deceptively asymmetrical exterior. The fenestration of the front elevation is balanced, but at the rear the windows on both the lower and upper levels are irregularly placed to accommodate the off\\-centre stair. Consequently, the two rooms on the south\\-western corner on both the ground and first floors are relatively small.",
"The light red bricks are, for the most part, in good condition. The south\\-eastern elevation is in [Flemish bond](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\"), while the rear and two sides are in colonial or garden wall bond. All windows and doors feature flat gauged arches with tuck pointing.",
"The steeply pitched [hipped roof](/wiki/Hipped_roof \"Hipped roof\"), which retains the original shingles under the unpainted [corrugated iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\"), is pierced by two tall, corbelled brick [chimneys](/wiki/Chimneys \"Chimneys\") servicing five fireplaces. A timber\\-floored [verandah](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\"), {{Convert\\|1\\.8\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=}} deep, surrounds the ground floor, while its concave profile roof is supported by flat, stop\\-chamfered timber [columns](/wiki/Columns \"Columns\"). On the ground floor of the front elevation two sets of shuttered [French doors](/wiki/French_doors \"French doors\") flank each side of the central front door. All windows are six\\-pane [sashes](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") and featured shutters, although the windows at the front are slightly larger than those on the rear and sides. Many windows retain the original glazing and feature the remains of stencilled floral patterns.",
"The impressive double front doors, capped by a three\\-paned stencilled [fanlight](/wiki/Fanlight \"Fanlight\") are painted red on the exterior. Each door features a single panel with heavy [bolection](/wiki/Bolection \"Bolection\") mouldings and a semi\\-circular headed top. Stained and lacquered on the interior, each door has two panels with a semi\\-circular headed top on the upper panel. Both the front and rear doors have substantial drawback rimlocks.",
"Although the house is relatively small there is a distinction between the principal rooms at the front and secondary rooms at the rear on both floors. Although the [skirtings](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\") are a standard size throughout, [architraves](/wiki/Architraves \"Architraves\") and doors are smaller in the four rear rooms. Ceiling height is a uniform {{Convert\\|2\\.88\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=}} metres.",
"Downstairs, the front rooms were used by the Lesters as a dining room and a living room, although previously the living room had been the principal bedroom. The dining room features an elaborate wallpaper and [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\"), while the substantial [cornice](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") in the dining room, picked out in several tones, is possibly a later installation. The study and the breakfast room occupy the two smaller rooms at the rear, with the breakfast room featuring a particularly fine Edwardian frieze of alpine scenery.",
"The stair is narrow and steep, starting in a spiral ninety\\-degree turn, with a straight flight to a landing and a short return flight to the upper landing. The squared [balusters](/wiki/Balusters \"Balusters\"), [handrail](/wiki/Handrail \"Handrail\") and turned [newels](/wiki/Newels \"Newels\") are typical of a mid\\-Victorian stair. The [fretwork](/wiki/Fretwork \"Fretwork\") on the side of the steps and the panelling underneath the stair are the only two instances of ornamentation in what is a relatively austere interior.",
"Of the four rooms upstairs, the bedroom in the eastern corner, over the living room, is the largest room in the house and was originally the upstairs parlour. With windows facing the south\\-east and north\\-east, this room is well lit and has expansive views. Bruce and Mabel Lester created a small lobby on the south\\-western end of this room by erecting a partition wall, so as to give greater privacy to the two front rooms.",
"The joinery throughout is lacquered cedar but regrettably all five of the classical yet sober mantelpieces have been painted. The mantelpieces upstairs are smaller and vary slightly from their downstairs counterparts. All walls and even some ceilings are papered and reflect a variety of periods; several layers of paper can be discerned on some walls. Ceilings are mostly square\\-set, with only the hallway and dining room featuring cornices.",
"Floor coverings consist of bare boards and rugs of varying sizes, while some stunning linos with intricate geometric patterns remain in place in several rooms.",
"Binnawee was allegedly the second house in the Mudgee district to have electric [lighting](/wiki/Lighting \"Lighting\") and several rooms retain the original pull\\-cords. An American Delco 32 volt generator was installed by the Lesters in 1923 and it is still housed in a building adjacent to the house.",
"In 1967 Binnawee homestead received a National Trust \"B\" classification, and under the current system holds a \"recorded\" listing. It was also on the former [Register of the National Estate](/wiki/Register_of_the_National_Estate \"Register of the National Estate\").",
"Kitchen block\nA walkway, covered in semi\\-circular corrugated iron, leads from the rear verandah of the homestead to the kitchen block several metres away. Believed to have been the original homestead, the kitchen block is built in brick in Flemish garden wall bond, and contains two rooms under a gabled roof with two small rooms under a [skillion](/wiki/Skillion_roof \"Skillion roof\") section at the rear. As none of the rooms have ceilings, the original shingles are still clearly visible under the corrugated iron roof. Of particular interest is the door opening from the covered way into the kitchen. It was once a tradition, begun in the time of the Stewarts, for visitors who spent more than a week at Binnawee to carve their initials into the door; consequently, there are hundreds of initials, with, no doubt, many associated stories.\nThis building was badly damaged by storms in 2001\\. The roof, timber structures and a large quantity of its soft brick walls are missing. While it would be desirable to reconstruct these missing elements to protect the remains, such a reconstructed building would have a high ratio of new fabric. Meanwhile, the kitchen building is considered to be a ruin, and not subject to the Minimum Standards of Maintenance and Repair The kitchen building should be managed so that its decay is retarded.",
"Workshop\nLocated several metres to the north\\-east of the house is a building of random rubble construction which is uncharacteristic of the rest of the buildings in the homestead complex. Used as a dairy and later as a workshop by the Lesters, it was built as a conservatory in the early 1900s by George Stewart's sisters\\-in\\-law, Lucy and Alice Cox, who lived at Binnawee with the Stewart family. The clay for the bricks and the stone for the rubble workshop were probably sourced from the property.\nStables\nThe stables are located two hundred metres to the north\\-west of the rear of the house. The original gabled brick section with a loft is constructed in Flemish garden wall bond and is presumed to be contemporary with the kitchen block. The building has been expanded at various times with drop slab additions. The roof, originally shingled, is mostly corrugated iron sheeting, while some sections retain flat galvanised iron tiles.\nWorkman's cottage\nSeveral metres south of the stables is a small gabled workman's cottage, constructed in non\\-reinforced concrete and rendered in [ashlar](/wiki/Ashlar \"Ashlar\"), which dates from {{circa\\|1923}}. The workman's cottage, and early concrete structure, has survived remarkably well.\nShearing shed\nThe rambling shearing [shed](/wiki/Shed \"Shed\"), {{Convert\\|400\\|m\\|yards\\|abbr\\=}} west of the house, is considerably ancient in parts. Partly clad in timber and corrugated iron and constructed in several stages, it has been extended by both Bruce and David Lester.\nWell\nA 19th\\-century well survives intact adjacent to the creek below the homestead.\nDog kennels, formerly stables\nLow or intrusive significance.\nMachinery shed\nLow or intrusive significance.\n### Condition",
"The homestead has not been occupied since 1970 and has endured some storm damage to first floor windows. In a poor to fair condition, the homestead requires urgent attention before further deterioration occurs. The detached kitchen block is in a poor condition, having been substantially damaged during storms in 2001\\. The stables and shearing shed are in fair condition, but the stables require some structural work; both buildings remain in regular use. The workshop and the workman's cottage are both in poor condition and require structural work.",
"As there has been a continual European presence on the property since the early days of European settlement in the Mudgee district, the environs of the homestead and outbuildings would have considerable archaeological potential.",
"The homestead especially has retained its integrity since construction and the majority of the homestead's outbuildings remain relatively untouched. The kitchen block, which was probably the original homestead building, was badly damaged by storms in 2001 and requires urgent repairs and conservation work.",
"### Modifications and dates",
"The homestead remains virtually intact since its construction {{circa\\|1855}} (estimate Philip Cox/Howard Tanner). A detached [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard \"Weatherboard\") bathroom was added to a side verandah in the 1920s and is non\\-intrusive. Modifications on the interior include the installation of a 32 volt electric lighting system in 1923, the installation of a partition wall upstairs in the 1930s (easily removed) and the replacement of a lath and plaster ceiling by a timber\\-lined ceiling in the early 1900s in the living room; the dining room cornice may have been a later installation.",
"All outbuildings, except for the kitchen, are relatively intact. The stables have received slab additions on two sides, and the shearing shed, which has been expanded and renovated from time to time.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
[thumb\|Heritage boundaries](/wiki/File:1780_-_Binnawee_Homestead_and_Outbuildings_-_SHR_Plan_2183_%285053370b100%29.jpg "1780 - Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings - SHR Plan 2183 (5053370b100).jpg")
The Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings are of State significance as a picturesquely diverse yet cohesive group of mid\-nineteenth century rural buildings. This group is representative of the pastoral history of the State, providing evidence of the aspirations and wealth of mid\-nineteenth century graziers, while being rare in its intactness. The homestead building is a fine and rare example of an intact mid 19th century, Georgian two\-storey house, while the working outbuildings include stables, shearing shed and working man's cottage and are constructed in a variety of materials, including brick, clay rubble, slab and reinforced concrete. The Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings are of State significance for their research potential in providing information about mid\-nineteenth century building materials and techniques. Also, because the farm has been in constant habitation and use since the early nineteenth century, there is archaeological potential. The homestead especially has retained its integrity since construction while the majority of the homestead's outbuildings remain relatively untouched.
The Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings are considered to be of local significance for having been owned and/or occupied by many people prominent in local and/ or State affairs. William Lewis, the Blackman brothers, Charles Lester, Bruce Lester and David Lester are prominent local identities. Henry Cox is widely known as a pioneer of [Mulgoa](/wiki/Mulgoa%2C_New_South_Wales "Mulgoa, New South Wales") and Mudgee, while [George Henry Cox](/wiki/George_Cox_%28New_South_Wales_politician%29 "George Cox (New South Wales politician)"), MLA and MLC, was a prominent grazier and one of the longest\-serving parliamentarians in NSW history. The Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings are of social significance to the local Mudgee community as an intact representative of a pioneering farming settlement in the district and a fine early group of buildings. The homestead is the earliest surviving two\-storeyed residence in the district and the only one with distinctly Georgian origins.
Binnawee Homestead was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 9 June 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**
The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of State significance as a remarkably intact grouping of mid\-nineteenth century rural buildings that represent the pastoral history of the State and evidence the aspirations, rise and wealth of mid\-nineteenth century graziers. The homestead, dated c.1855, is also of local significance as the earliest surviving two\-storeyed house in the Mudgee district.
**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**
The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of local significance for having been owned and/or occupied by many people prominent in local and/ or State affairs. William Lewis, the Blackman brothers, Charles Lester, Bruce Lester and David Lester are prominent local identities. Henry Cox is more widely known as a pioneer of Mulgoa and Mudgee, while George Henry Cox, MLA and MLC, was a prominent grazier and one of the longest serving parliamentarians in NSW history.
**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**
The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of State aesthetic significance firstly for the homestead building which is a fine and rare example of a mid 19th century, Georgian two\-storey house which is remarkably intact in its architectural design and form. Although based on a standard pattern book design, the symmetrical and asymmetrical attributes of the Homestead are aesthetically pleasing. Secondly, in the immediate vicinity of the homestead there is an intact collection of farming outbuildings constructed in a variety of materials, including brick, clay rubble, slab and reinforced concrete, and which make a picturesquely diverse yet cohesive group of rural buildings.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of local social significance to the Mudgee community as an intact representative of a pioneering farming settlement in the district.
**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of State significance for their research potential in providing information about mid\-nineteenth century building materials and techniques. The relationship of the homestead complex to the nearby Macdonald's Creek \- the source of much of its water \- may also be a source of research potential. Also, because the farm has been in constant habitation and use since the early nineteenth century, there is high archaeological potential on the site.
**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The Binnawee homestead building is of State significance for its rarity as a virtually intact, in situ homestead building from the mid\-1850s. Its rarity is enhanced by the survival of its accompanying group of working buildings, including stables, shearing shed and working man's cottage, some of which are still in use. It is of local significance for having few equivalents in building medium or style in the greater [Central West](/wiki/Central_West_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Central West (New South Wales)") region. It is the only house in the district to have distinctly Georgian origins.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**
The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of State significance as highly representative of the pastoral history of the district and state and the aspirations, rise and wealth of the early graziers.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"[thumb\\|Heritage boundaries](/wiki/File:1780_-_Binnawee_Homestead_and_Outbuildings_-_SHR_Plan_2183_%285053370b100%29.jpg \"1780 - Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings - SHR Plan 2183 (5053370b100).jpg\")\nThe Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings are of State significance as a picturesquely diverse yet cohesive group of mid\\-nineteenth century rural buildings. This group is representative of the pastoral history of the State, providing evidence of the aspirations and wealth of mid\\-nineteenth century graziers, while being rare in its intactness. The homestead building is a fine and rare example of an intact mid 19th century, Georgian two\\-storey house, while the working outbuildings include stables, shearing shed and working man's cottage and are constructed in a variety of materials, including brick, clay rubble, slab and reinforced concrete. The Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings are of State significance for their research potential in providing information about mid\\-nineteenth century building materials and techniques. Also, because the farm has been in constant habitation and use since the early nineteenth century, there is archaeological potential. The homestead especially has retained its integrity since construction while the majority of the homestead's outbuildings remain relatively untouched.",
"The Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings are considered to be of local significance for having been owned and/or occupied by many people prominent in local and/ or State affairs. William Lewis, the Blackman brothers, Charles Lester, Bruce Lester and David Lester are prominent local identities. Henry Cox is widely known as a pioneer of [Mulgoa](/wiki/Mulgoa%2C_New_South_Wales \"Mulgoa, New South Wales\") and Mudgee, while [George Henry Cox](/wiki/George_Cox_%28New_South_Wales_politician%29 \"George Cox (New South Wales politician)\"), MLA and MLC, was a prominent grazier and one of the longest\\-serving parliamentarians in NSW history. The Binnawee Homestead and Outbuildings are of social significance to the local Mudgee community as an intact representative of a pioneering farming settlement in the district and a fine early group of buildings. The homestead is the earliest surviving two\\-storeyed residence in the district and the only one with distinctly Georgian origins.",
"Binnawee Homestead was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 9 June 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**",
"The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of State significance as a remarkably intact grouping of mid\\-nineteenth century rural buildings that represent the pastoral history of the State and evidence the aspirations, rise and wealth of mid\\-nineteenth century graziers. The homestead, dated c.1855, is also of local significance as the earliest surviving two\\-storeyed house in the Mudgee district.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**",
"The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of local significance for having been owned and/or occupied by many people prominent in local and/ or State affairs. William Lewis, the Blackman brothers, Charles Lester, Bruce Lester and David Lester are prominent local identities. Henry Cox is more widely known as a pioneer of Mulgoa and Mudgee, while George Henry Cox, MLA and MLC, was a prominent grazier and one of the longest serving parliamentarians in NSW history.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**",
"The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of State aesthetic significance firstly for the homestead building which is a fine and rare example of a mid 19th century, Georgian two\\-storey house which is remarkably intact in its architectural design and form. Although based on a standard pattern book design, the symmetrical and asymmetrical attributes of the Homestead are aesthetically pleasing. Secondly, in the immediate vicinity of the homestead there is an intact collection of farming outbuildings constructed in a variety of materials, including brick, clay rubble, slab and reinforced concrete, and which make a picturesquely diverse yet cohesive group of rural buildings.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of local social significance to the Mudgee community as an intact representative of a pioneering farming settlement in the district.",
"**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of State significance for their research potential in providing information about mid\\-nineteenth century building materials and techniques. The relationship of the homestead complex to the nearby Macdonald's Creek \\- the source of much of its water \\- may also be a source of research potential. Also, because the farm has been in constant habitation and use since the early nineteenth century, there is high archaeological potential on the site.",
"**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The Binnawee homestead building is of State significance for its rarity as a virtually intact, in situ homestead building from the mid\\-1850s. Its rarity is enhanced by the survival of its accompanying group of working buildings, including stables, shearing shed and working man's cottage, some of which are still in use. It is of local significance for having few equivalents in building medium or style in the greater [Central West](/wiki/Central_West_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Central West (New South Wales)\") region. It is the only house in the district to have distinctly Georgian origins.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**",
"The Binnawee Homestead and outbuildings are of State significance as highly representative of the pastoral history of the district and state and the aspirations, rise and wealth of the early graziers.",
""
] |
The Theocracy and Tibet Rulers
------------------------------
During the first half of the Twentieth Century and the Early Cold War era, Tibet lived under a theocratic system of governance. Despite the system of governance revolving around a religious ruler as the key figure in the government, there seems to be a clear distinction between the religious and secular components that make up government.Central Intelligence Agency, "Tibet and China," April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System. pp. 1 The Tibetan religion and its theocracy system of governance shared a coordinated leadership between the Dalai and Panchen Lamas.Central Intelligence Agency, "Tibet and China," April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System. pp.1 However, between the two institutions, the Panchen Lamas seems to be the superior. This situation could be traced to the fourteenth century, when Tibetan religious institutions developed, nurtured, and shaped. The Dalai and Panchen Lamas are both religious figures and offices. From time to time, a selection committee carefully nominates an individual to occupy the religious office, as when it becomes vacant following the demise of an incumbent leader. Such individuals are carefully searched and selected, believed to be reincarnate of a former and reverend religious leader. In a direct relation to the establishment of the Dalai Lema was in connection to the emergence of a Buddhist leader, who “instituted the Tibetan church reforms and consolidated the position of a new sect.”Central Intelligence Agency, "Tibet and China," April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System, pp.2 As a highly revered during the period he lived, an infant was discovered to be his reincarnation after his demise, thus marking the establishment of the institution of the Delai Lama. During the 1950s the occupant of the Delai Lama office was said to be the 14th reincarnate.Central Intelligence Agency, "Tibet and China," April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System. pp.2 With regards to the Panchen Lama institution, its establishment was in connection with the Dalai Lama. The Panchen Lama emerged directly as an offshoot from the Dela Lam, initially as a tutor to the infant and fifth reincarnation of the Dalai Lama around the seventeenth century. The Panchen Lama institution was established out of gratitude as a “mark of reverend to an aged tutor." He was regarded as a reincarnation of Buddha and was granted a monastery that was relatively on a smaller scale than that of the Dalai Lama monastery. Following this development, both the Dalai and Panchen Lamas began to share spiritual authority among the Tibetans, which continued to the 1950s.
As revered political and religious leaders, the actions of the Dalai and Panchen lamas had implications and influence in Tibet and its political struggle with China. By March 1959, the situation in Tibet was coming to a head.Tenzin Sonam, "CIA Secrets Documents, The Shadow Circus, The CIA in Tibet," YouTube video, 1:08:47, Posted Jan 17, 2018, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=k14ttZafgt0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k14ttZafgt0) . In Lassa, news spread that the Dalai lama had been invited to the local Chinese military camp to attend a theatrical show. He was to come alone without his bodyguards. This would prompt the people of Tibet to gather around the Dalai Lama's Palace, show support and solidarity, but ultimately determined to protect him. This development and subsequence uprising, as a form of resistance against the Sino\-China government of Tibet would influence the Dalai Lama to flee his country, stating that his presence in Tibet under the Sino\-China government would worsen situation and development in Tibet. On the 31st of March 1959, the Dalai entered India after negotiations with the CIA and the Indian government, where he sought asylum as a religious leader of Tibet in exiled. The Dalai Lama's decision to escape probably influenced other resistant Tibetans to flee and go in exile.Central Intelligence Agency, "Tibet and China," April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System. pp. 34 A development that would shape the guerilla warfare and paramilitary operation on the southern border of the Tibet region.
Gyalo Thondup, the Dalai Lama's brother, was subsequently exiled to India and initiated contact with the Americans. Gyalo reached out to the Americans who were intrigued with the opportunity to create a ‘running sore for the reds,’ as a part of its global anti\-communist campaign. These contacts made by the Dalai's brother eventually led to a more than 2\-decade long campaign against the Chinese government supported by the CIA.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet.htm\|title\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet\|date\=2006\-06\-12\|website\=HistoryNet\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} His American contacts enabled Tibetans to go over first to Saipan and then to the U.S. for training. They were trained for 5 months on combat maneuvers.{{Cite web \|url \= http://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet.htm \|title \= CIA's Secret War in Tibet \|website \= historynet.com \|date \= 2006\-06\-12 \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=2017\-02\-07}} These teams selected and then trained Tibetan soldiers in the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains") of the United States;{{cite book \|last1 \= Conboy \|first1 \= Kenneth \|last2 \= Morrison \|first2 \= James \|title \= The CIA's secret war in Tibet \|year\=2002 \|publisher \= \[\[University Press of Kansas]] \|location\=Lawrence \|isbn \= 978\-0\-7006\-1788\-3 }} as well as at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale "Camp Hale") in [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado").{{cite book \|title \= Freeing Tibet: 50 years of struggle, resilience, and hope \|last1 \= Roberts \|first1 \= John B \|last2 \= Roberts \|first2 \= Elizabeth A. \|year \= 2009 \|publisher\=AMACOM Books \|location\=\[\[New York, NY]] \|isbn \= 978\-0\-8144\-0983\-1 \|page \= 43 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=BSb\-a72RyQMC\&q\=Camp%20Hale%20tibet%20CIA\&pg\=PA43 \|access\-date \= 5 March 2012}}{{cite book \|title \= Buddha's warriors: the story of the CIA\-backed Tibetan freedom fighters, the Chinese invasion, and the ultimate fall of Tibet \|last\=Dunham \|first\=Mikel \|year\=2004 \|publisher\=Penguin \|location\=New York, NY \|isbn \= 978\-1\-58542\-348\-4 \|page\=315 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=bVMn6TwcMZ4C\&q\=Camp%20Hale%20tibet%20CIA\&pg\=PA315 \|access\-date \= 5 March 2012}} The SAD teams then advised and led these [commandos](/wiki/Commando "Commando") against the Chinese, both from [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") and India. In addition, SAD Paramilitary Officers were responsible for the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso "Tenzin Gyatso")'s clandestine escape to India, narrowly escaping capture by the Chinese government. The Dalai Lama had also gotten very ill during the journey and almost did not make it to India.
### 1951
The Tibetan government was alarmed at the gains the Chinese Communist forces were making. As a response they expelled the representative of the Nationalist government from Lhasa. The Tibetan authorities were aware of the potential conflict with China. China then moved their forces into an eastern part of Tibet and demanded Tibetan forces to cooperate. The Tibetan military forces surrendered. After negotiating, Tibetan representatives signed an agreement with the Chinese Communist government. The agreement was intended provide a peaceful liberation of Tibet. By reaching this agreement, the Chinese Communist forces were now allowed to enter Tibet without further fighting.[https://cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf](https://cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf) This document consisted of a preamble and 17 articles, which would serve as the basis for governing the Chinese position in Tibet for the next eight years. The document opens with the assertion that now, Tibet had returned "to the big family of the motherland", that being the CCP. Furthermore, within the document, there was an article which related to "reforms." This article suggests that CCP would not force them on the Tibetan population, but in accordance with the wishes of the CCP, the Tibetan government would undertake its own reforms. The document also indicated that people within Tibet who had "imperialist" loyalties may remain in their positions, given that they sever their old, anti\-CCP ties.{{Cite web \|title\=Tibet and China (Background Paper) \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp82r00025r000100060022\-5 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-06 \|website\=www.cia.gov}} In exchange, the Chinese would not alter or affect the current government in Tibet, nor affect the status and authority of the Dalai Lama and [Panchen Lama](/wiki/Panchen_Lama "Panchen Lama").{{cite web \|author\=Central Intelligence Agency \|date\=27 April 1959 \|title\=Tibet and China \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf \|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017 \|access\-date\=10 February 2017 \|website\=CIA Reading Room \|publisher\=CIA \|pages\=24–35}} The aforementioned agreement actually indicated that Tibetan local troops would be recognized as a part of the Chinese Communist forces. This was not implanted in large part, but many high\-ranking officials of Tibetan origin were given high ranking positions in the Chinese military. In October 1951, 12,000 troops from the [PLA](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") entered Tibet. Initially, China wanted to send 45,000 troops, but Tibet refused the request, threatening to send the Dalai Lama to India if their refusal was not respected. However, the Tibetans were convinced the Chinese forces in Tibet were not capable of pressing the issue at the time.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82\-00457R008300510002\-6\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123045047/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82\-00457R008300510002\-6\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=1\. Plans of Tibetan Government 2\. Chinese Communist Strength in Tibet\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} The composition of the 12,000 soldiers that were sent included 10,000 infantrymen, an animal transport battalion, a battalion of army engineers, and approximately 50 technicians who specialized in the areas of geology, surveying, telecommunications, cultural, propaganda, and party affairs.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\-RDP82\-00457R009600210006\-1\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133454/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp82\-00457r009600210006\-1\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=1\. Chinese Communist Troops in Tibet, 2\. Chinese Communist Program for Tibet\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} Additionally, violence directed toward the Tibetan people originated from Beijing. According to an archive document from the National Security Archive at the George Washington University, "Beijing has pursued...suppressing violent protests, arresting scores of ethnic Tibetans in the Qinghai province, which borders Tibet, sentencing one to prison for 13 years, and renewing accusations that the Dalai Lama is encouraging anti\-Beijing actions."
Along with the agreement that Tibet was promised the right to local self\-government in all internal matters. The Chinese central government in no shape or form was to alter the existing political system or the established status and authority of the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama. Thus, the religious institution of Tibet would be protected. [https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf)
A memo distributed by the CIA on November 20 detailed that the Chinese military, as of October 10, 1951, had arrested over 200 Tibetan people (29 women) for refusing to sell supplies along with desecrating a monastery (Gatza Monastery) in search of weapons. The Chinese military utilized various propaganda to establish a campaign of pacification to suppress growing resentment held by the Tibetan people over Chinese subjugation.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\-RDP82\-00457R009400440004\-0\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123030911/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp82\-00457r009400440004\-0\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Anti\=Communist Activities in Lhasa\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}}
In December, the CIA distributed a report regarding the activities of PLA troops in Tibet. The report contained details regarding new troop activity in Tibet, troop movement, and the PLA's plan to construct a highway connecting Tibet and China. In addition to the information mentioned above, the report outlined China's plan to relocate the Panchen Lama back into Tibet, create military ties between China and Tibet, and build military training facilities within Tibet by March 1952\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82\-00457R009600210006\-1\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133521/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82\-00457R009600210006\-1\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Chinese Communist Troops in Tibet\|date\=1951\-12\-08\|website\=cia.gov}}
### 1952
The State Department received communication from Thondup in May that revealed an assortment of information concerning the situation in Tibet. The CIA used the line of communication with Thondup to cultivate a credible source of intelligence on the ground and administer possible operations moving forward. Thondup described mounting Tibetan hostility toward the occupying Chinese Communist forces and the recent armed conflict in Lhasa between Tibetan demonstrators and Chinese Communist military police. From the intelligence, the CIA learned of the 10,000\-15,000 Chinese troops stationed in Tibet. A dire food shortage also exacerbated tensions as Tibetans found it increasingly difficult provide food for the people. Furthermore, the communication with Thondup revealed the workings of covert actions from Tibetans who refused to follow the Dalai Lama's acceptance of Chinese Communist occupation. The CIA and the State Department both expressed optimism with the circumstances in Tibet and Lhasa, believing that they could maneuver accordingly.Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, China and Japan, Volume XIV, PART 1 611\.93B/5–1452 No. 26 Memorandum by the Acting Director of the Office of Chinese Affairs (Perkins) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Allison) May 14, 1952\.
In September 1952, a CIA intelligence report noted the difficulty in continuing to support the Tibetan resistance when the Chinese Communist government and the massive People's Liberation Army (PLA) fully occupied the country. As a result of this Chinese domination over the Tibetans, direct diplomatic relations between Tibet and India ceased. A daily Hindi newspaper reported that this move had ended 16 years of direct contact between the governments of India and Tibet. India was able to have direct communications until that point because China's authority in Tibet was still limited. In the final paragraph of the article, the newspaper writes, "The Chinese occupation of Tibet a year ago has changed this relationship. The cause was inevitable, and India had no choice but to accept this arrangement because the Chinese Communists now have complete control of the foreign affairs of Tibet". Previously, India had provided a link for United States' support to the Tibetan resistance. In December 1952, the CIA produced an Information Report (Classification: Secret) containing two items in the subject line: 1\) Anti\-Communist Activities, Tibet, and 2\) Chinese Communist Activities, Tibet. The document shows that the agency was closely scrutinizing both Tibetan and Chinese groups and individuals at the time, as well as any other obtained intelligence. The report defines the anti\-Communist Tibetan People's Party and identified geographic areas where the Party's support was strongest. Thirty\-six year old Lhopto Rimpochhe was named as the leader of the "warrior monks." The document goes on to report on intelligence regarding a petition sent to the Chinese authorities in Lhasa by Ragashar Shape, Tibetan Defense Minister,{{Cite book \|title \= Tibet: An Unfinished Story \|last\=Halper \|first\=Lezlee Brown and Stefan \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=2014 \|isbn \= 978\-0\-19\-936836\-5 \|location\=New York, New York \|page \= 119 }} that went ignored. The Shape petition included the following points: the Dalai Lama should continue to rule unchallenged; monastery estates should not be confiscated; Tibetans should thank the Chinese for liberation but kindly ask them to leave and, in return, the Tibetan people would never ask for military assistance from the Chinese; and persuading the Chinese to "please buy the \[Tibetan] wool." The document then proceeded to provide intelligence on various undesired actions taken by the Chinese including forcing the Dalai Lama to give a speech that threatened the death and kidnapping of over 200 children with the purpose of retraining them (one was even beheaded as a warning to the others not to cry and complain), and the installation of a puppet governor at Kham. Next, the document listed nine names of Tibetans acting as informers against the Chinese. Lastly, Chinese forces in Tibet were addressed—numbers of troops, names, and leadership transition information.{{Cite web \|url \= https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82\-00457R015700080003\-1\.pdf \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123043530/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82\-00457R015700080003\-1\.pdf \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-date \= January 23, 2017 \|title\=Anti\-Communist Activities, Tibet 2\. Chinese Communist Activities, Tibet \|date \= December 31, 1952 \|website \= cia.gov \|access\-date \= February 9, 2017}} A 1952 CIA report on psychological vulnerabilities in Tibet suggested that small Chinese groups were learning the Tibetan language to remain in control.{{Cite web \|title\=INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp80\-00809a000500740167\-3 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=www.cia.gov}}
### 1953
By February 1953, the Chinese government was attempting a military build\-up in Tibet. Airfields could specifically be an advantage as Tibet could then be used as a refueling station between China and India allowing for China to fly extended combat missions over India and target its northern cities. Additionally, as the highest geographical point, Tibet could maintain an aerial advantage over the region. A CIA information report dated July 31, 1953, reveals the CIA was closely monitoring Chinese projects in Tibet. The report notes that earlier that year Chinese soldiers "attempted to build airfields at Lhasa," the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and [Gartok](/wiki/Gartok "Gartok"), now called Gharyarsa. However, the Dalai Lama disapproved of the project, and the soldiers ceased construction of the airfields. In May 1953, over 1,000 Chinese soldiers marched to the [Chumbi Valley](/wiki/Chumbi_Valley "Chumbi Valley") with five field artillery pieces. These soldiers increased Chinese presence in Tibet to approximately 20,000 soldiers—all mainly stationed in Chumbi Valley, Bartok, Rudog, and north of Lhasa.{{cite web \|title\=Chinese Communist Troops in Tibet \|url \= https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp82\-00457r009600210006\-1 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133454/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp82\-00457r009600210006\-1 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-date \= January 23, 2017 \|website \= cia.gov \|access\-date\=24 January 2017}} In October 1953, the Chinese government placed travel restrictions in Tibet, resulting in a substantial westwardly diversion the wool trade. Concurrently, the Chinese were using Tibetan labor to create new roadways that would be controlled by the Chinese, which resulted in the Chinese controlling nearly all travel within Tibet.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP80\-00810A003200120003\-0\.pdf\|title\=Travel Restrictions, Western Tibet 2\. Road Construction, Tibet 3\. Headquarters of K. I. Singh\|website\=Central Intelligence Agency\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123191703/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP80\-00810A003200120003\-0\.pdf\|archive\-date\=23 January 2017\|access\-date\=19 March 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} In December 1953 China communicated to the Indian Ambassador their position on Tibet;{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP80R01443R000300080003\-9\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119133217/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP80R01443R000300080003\-9\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 19, 2017\|title\=Sino\-Indian Treaty of 29 April 1954 on Tibet\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} the Chinese gave nine demands to the Indian Ambassador. Their demands included that they do not tolerate any further Indian interest in Tibet and that no objection must be made by India to Chinese construction of fortifications in Tibet near the Indian and Nepalese borders. Another of the demands stated that India must have a strong policy to abolish illegal activities of foreign agents working on the Indian side of the border.
### 1954
In April 1954, after four months of negotiating, India and China agreed to the Sino\-Indian Treaty. This treaty discussed how China would not allow the continuum of interest in Tibet by India. The Indian borders were to be equal between Tibet and border people. India was to devise a robust policy targeting illegal activities in the border areas. Civilians and soldiers were to be left alone when crossing the border into Nepal. Finally, India was not allowed to support any person that may question the sensitive issue of Tibet to the United Nations (UN). China allowed India to retain their three trade agencies in Tibet in exchange for three trade agencies for China in India while also allowing India to maintain three trade posts in Tibet at Yatung, Gyantse, and Gartok. In exchange, India was to allow China to keep three trade posts in New Delhi, Calcutta and Kalimpong. The borders were opened for those who wished to visit religious shrines, but China ordered India to withdraw armed forces. China also ordered India to hand over postal, telegraph, and telephone facilities it had been operating in Tibet. A group of Kazakhs were invited to the Tibetan capital of Lhasa to discuss the political status of the group. The trade between Tibet and China started really strong.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP80\-00810A002600620010\-4\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123090008/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP80\-00810A002600620010\-4\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=1\. Kazakh Group in Tibet 2\. Trade and Transport in Tibet\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} China positively influenced the Tibetan economy by introducing silver dollars to Tibet. The products were generally unloaded in Tibet by plane, and from there they were taken on a camel caravan. Tibetans typically utilized camels during cold weather. However, horses, mules, and donkeys were also used to transport products in fair weather.
### 1955–1957
In 1955, a group of local Tibetan leaders secretly plotted an armed uprising, and rebellion broke out in 1956, with the rebels besieging several Chinese government agencies, killing hundreds of Chinese government staff, and killing many [Han Chinese](/wiki/Han_Chinese "Han Chinese") people.
The Tibetan\-Chinese relationship became strained. In April 1957 Chinese Communist postponed Tibetan reforms until sometime after 1962\. Outraged, “rebellions continued to occur in the eastern part of the region” [https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf). Other surrounding tribes began to fight alongside the Tibetan people in an effort to combat the Chinese.
In May 1957, a rebel organization and rebel fighting force were established and began exterminating communist officials, discombobulating communication lines, and bombarding institutions and Chinese army troops deployed in the region. This coincides (chronologically) with the creation of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region, an organization created to help the Chinese undermine the religious and political systems of Tibet. The Chinese bombed an ancient monastery in February 1956, killing thousands of monks and ordinary citizens.{{cite web \|last1\=Bageant \|first1\=Joe \|title\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet \|url \= http://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet.htm \|website\=History Net \|date\=12 June 2006 \|publisher\=World History Group \|access\-date \= 2016\-10\-02 }} The Tibetans knew that they could not fight off the Chinese on their own so they called in help from an outside source. It was in the shared interest of both Tibet and the United States to limit the power of the Chinese within Tibet's borders. Americans thought that this would be a great opportunity to prevent the spread of Communism throughout Southeast Asia. Starting in 1956, the CIA initiated a large scale clandestine operation against the communist Chinese.{{Cite web\|last\=Online\|first\=Asia Times\|title\=Asia Times Online \|url\=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JC26Ad02\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830180220/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JC26Ad02\.html\|url\-status\=unfit\|archive\-date\=2017\-08\-30\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-10\|website\=www.atimes.com}} During December 1956, the Dalai Lama had left Tibet to attend a Buddhist celebration in India.
A briefing for the DCI from 1959 mentions that "as far back as 1956, we began to receive reports indicating the spread of Tibetan revolt against Chinese communists through areas inhabited by Khamba tribes in eastern Tibet."{{cite web\|title\=Notes For DCI Briefing of Senate Foreign Relation Committee on 28 April 1959 Tibet\|url\= https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060012\-6\.pdf \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123081256/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060012\-6\.pdf \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= January 23, 2017 \|website\=CIA.gov\|access\-date\=7 February 2017}} Eastern Tibet already had resentment against Lhasa, like many citizens that live on the periphery of states do against capitals. Citizens of Eastern Tibet were especially bothered by the notion of being ruled by people even further away in Beijing. By May 1957, a rebel organization with its own fighting force was established with the support of the CIA. This was the first time that many Tibetans had seen a white man in person. They subsequently received training for the next five months. Some of the things that they learned while training included the use of modern weaponry, guerrilla tactics, espionage, codes, and operation of hand\-cranked radio transmitter/receivers. Tibetans took this training very seriously and can be quoted stating that they "lived to kill Chinese." Because they viewed Chinese as a direct threat to their religion, they viewed animal life as more sacred than the life of the Chinese communists against whom they rebelled.{{Citation\|last\=Jonathan Smith\|title\=The Shadow Circus: The CIA in Tibet\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=R\_5LOPYzddY\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} In late 1958, in a Spartan\-like setting nestled 10,000 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, the CIA trained more Tibetans at Camp Hale with a total of 259 Tibetans trained over five years in tactics representative of guerrilla warfare. The CIA established a secret military training camp called Camp Hale, located near Leadville, Colorado, where the Tibetans were trained to sabotage operations against the Communist Chinese. One of the reasons for the location of Camp Hale was its elevation—10,000 feet above sea level. The altitude preference was thought to mimic the terrain and climate of the Himalayas. The camp shut down in 1966, despite the conclusion of program training occurring already in 1961\. Units from eastern Tibet that were the most dedicated to their religion, had the most battlefield success against Communists. Years later, the CIA equipped fighters in Afghanistan who were the most effective, were also the most religiously devoted. It could be that the CIA's most successful propaganda pointed to the secularism of Communism, or simply that followers of a religion have a motivating factor that is difficult to replicate elsewhere. Sadly for the case of Eastern Tibet, the stiffest resistance also meant the stiffest reprisals by the PLO.
### 1958–1960
In 1958, with the rebellion in [Kham](/wiki/Kham "Kham") ongoing, two of these fighters, Athar and Lhotse, attempted to meet with the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama") to determine whether he would cooperate with their activities. However, their request for an audience was refused by Lord Chamberlain, Phala Thubten Wonden, who believed such a meeting would be unwise. According to [Tsering Shakya](/wiki/Tsering_Shakya "Tsering Shakya"), "Phala never told the Dalai Lama or the [Kashag](/wiki/Kashag "Kashag") of the arrival of Athar and Lhotse. Nor did he inform the Dalai Lama of American willingness to provide aid".Shakya, Tsering, [*The dragon in the land of snows: a history of modern Tibet since 1947*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C), London: Pimlico, 1999\. {{ISBN\|0\-7126\-6533\-1}}. Cf. Pg. 177
In 2005, multiple documents pertaining to the CIA's involvement within foreign countries were released. The Tibetan situation was highly important to the Central Intelligence Agency. They documented different aspects of the situation in Tibet and the history of their involvement with the Chinese government. In an un\-classified document, "*Notes for DCI Briefing of Senate and Foreign Relations Committee on 28 April 1958,*" the background of the situation os provided along with the US policy toward the situation. The US maintained their lack of stance towards the Chinese and the Tibetans. The US did not come out with statement against the Chinese Nationalists, maintaining "strategic silence on status of Tibet."{{Cite web \|title\=TIBET {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp82r00025r000100060024\-3 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=www.cia.gov}}
The situation in Tibet by the late 1950s revealed a strategic and economic interest in maneuvering against the Chinese Communists. Providing aid to the Tibetans continued to occur in the reports flowing in and out of the CIA. Several reports documented the economic needs of Tibetans and compared them to the known resources of the Chinese Communists in the Tibetan Army District. Control of the few networks of roads traversing the mountainous terrain granted the Chinese Communists access to the resources they needed to sustain military occupation. This was problematic for the Americans who needed a way to provide any aid to the Tibetan resistance movements. However, the reports weighing the logistics and costs of supplying aid to the Tibetans revealed that American interests were fueled by opposition to the Chinese Communists rather than a support of Tibetan liberation. The report ultimately concluded that the economic effort required to support troops in Tibet would only have a "modest if not almost negligible impact on the economy of Communist China.""Transmittal of Paper on Impact of the Tibetan Campaign on the Economy of Communist China \| CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)" (PDF). www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017\-02\-05\.
Gompo Tashi leader of a Tibetan band of resistance fighters receiving support from the CIA established his headquarters in Triguthang. Thousands of Tibetan resistance fighters gathered there, calling themselves the "Tensung Dhanglang Magar (Voluntary Force for the Defense of Buddhism). Two CIA trained Tibetan radio operators were witnessing and messaging the CIA. This led to the CIA establishing training of Tibetan Guerilla fighters at Camp Hale in Colorado. The CIA would make numerous supply drops throughout the year to the resistance fighters. The first drop included 15000 Lee\-Enfield rifles.HistoryNet Staff (2/9/2024\) CIA’s Secret War in Tibet. HistoryNet Retrieved from [https://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet/](https://www.historynet.com/cias-secret-war-in-tibet/).
In March 1959 the Dalai Lama was invited to attend a function in Lhasa by the Chinese. The Tibetan people were worried that the Dalai Lama would be abducted by the Chinese. As a response “violent anti\-Chinese demonstrations occurred throughout the city”[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf). This led to the [1959 Tibetan uprising](/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising "1959 Tibetan uprising"). Since they had feared he risked kidnapping, they decided to protect him by moving him to an area that was located just outside Lhasa.
```
After his relocation, Chinese Communist Authorities claimed that the Dalai Lama had been kidnapped by the Tibetan rebels. This would be an issue because of that same month, the Dalai Lama had been named as a delegate to the National Peoples Congress. This attack on Chinese to protect the Dalai Lama prompted the Chinese to retaliate as they believed the treaty had been broken.
```
{{cite web \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf \|website\=CIA.GOV \|access\-date\=3 May 2024}}
A 1959 DCI briefing highlights the measures in which citizens took to protect the Dalai Lama. The report says, "Thousands of Tibetan demonstrators then took the Dalai Lama into protective custody in his summer palace just outside Lhasa". Chinese military forces killed tens of thousands of Tibetans along with thousands more fleeing behind the Dalai Lama. During this revolt, supporters were reported to have "knocked out a Chinese outpost manned by 80 soldiers, interrupted communications with Peiping, and plastered walls of Lhasa with posters declaring 'independent kingdom of Tibet.'" The Chinese attempted to make the Dalai Lama stop the uprising, but they could not, which then led to his flight to India. The Dalai's clandestine departure to India started on March 17, 1959, involved him wearing a disguise where he dressed as a soldier and moved with a column of troops to the Indian border. Resistance fighters smuggled him out of the Potala and through rebel\-held territory. Two troops who met the Dalai Lama's escort along the way were trained by the CIA and they reached back to their American contacts via radio to secure permission for the Dalai Lama and his troops to enter India. Permission was granted. Prior to his flight to India (due to shots being fired outside the palace), the Dalai Lama and the Tibet representative were sending letters back and forth to each other in hopes of avoiding an attack. The Dalai Lama continued fighting for independence for Tibet outside India. Finally, with the hope of halting Chinese aggression and demands, India recognized Tibet as part of China.
[thumb\|right\|In 1959, the CIA opened a secret facility to train Tibetan recruits at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale "Camp Hale") near [Leadville, Colorado](/wiki/Leadville%2C_Colorado "Leadville, Colorado"){{Cite web\|last\=Mirsky\|first\=Jonathan\|title\=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War\|url\=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\-cancelled\-war\-tibet/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106073533/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\-cancelled\-war\-tibet/\|archive\-date\=2020\-11\-06\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-10\|website\=The New York Review of Books\|date\=9 April 2013 \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:DSCN3059_camphaleruins_e_600.jpg "DSCN3059 camphaleruins e 600.jpg")
In 1959, the Dalai Lama and approximately 100,000 followers fled to India and Nepal. The rebels continued to attack Chinese government officials, disrupting communication lines, and targeting Chinese troops. Following a mass uprising in [Lhasa](/wiki/Lhasa "Lhasa") in 1959 during the celebration of the [Tibetan New Year](/wiki/Tibetan_New_Year "Tibetan New Year") and the ensuing Chinese military response, the Dalai Lama went into exile in India. At this point, the Chinese began changing their policy of working through institutions to build the Communist Party in Tibet. They began to replace the government with Communist\-sponsored leaders. By this time the rebels were under constant Chinese attack and losing the remaining ground that they controlled. A declassified DCI briefing of the Senate Foreign Relation Committee offered some further elaboration on the Dalai Lama's position in India. The Dalai Lama remained insistent on wanting to establish a free Tibet which threatened his asylum in India. Prime Minister Nehru vowed to protect the Dalai Lama's right to practice his spirituality but would not condone any anti\-communist politics coming from the Dalai Lama. He granted the Dalai Lama asylum on March 31 following a secret meeting with the Dalai Lama's brother. Nehru's main reason for this was that India had previously recognized Tibet as a part of China. The evidence seemed to imply that popular Indian sentiment and reactions to this policy caused Nehru to become more sympathetic toward Tibet, yet unfortunately the rest of this section was redacted from the public record. In response to Nehru granting the Dalai Lama asylum, Peiping accused Nehru of encouraging "vicious attacks on China." After the Chinese government continued to place pressure on him, Nehru spoke out against China and stated that Peiping's "charges against India are so fantastic that I find it difficult to deal with them."
From 1959 to 1960, the CIA parachuted four groups of [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale "Camp Hale") trainees to meet up with the Tibetan resistance. In Autumn of 1959, the CIA parachuted the second group of sixteen men into Chagra Pembar to meet up with the resistance. By January 1960 the CIA parachuted the fourth and last team into Tibet. Along with these air drops, the CIA also provided pallets of lethal aid to the resistance including rifles, mortars, grenades, and machine guns. All the CIA trained Tibetans from Camp Hale left with personal weapons, wireless sets, and a cyanide tablet strapped onto each man's left wrist.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\-cancelled\-war\-tibet/\|title\=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War\|last\=Mirsky\|first\=Jonathan\|website\=The New York Review of Books\|date\=9 April 2013\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-07}}
[thumb\|Map of transportation network in Communist China in 1959\.](/wiki/File:Communist_China-Selected_Roads.pdf "Communist China-Selected Roads.pdf")
The resistance movement did accomplish the job of bringing great cost and distraction to the Chinese government. CIA estimates in 1959 were that the Chinese had around 60,000 troops in Tibet and needed 256 tons of supplies daily. Due to there only being 3 viable transport routes into Tibet,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\-6\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123213952/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\-6\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign (43\.2492\) \|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} the CIA also estimated that if they could get the Chinese to double the needed supplies, then the existing infrastructure would not be able to keep up with supply without supplementary airlifts or construction to repair existing routes. The CIA estimated that even with these supplemental airlifts, it would cause substantial disruption in other air services and the Chinese could not expect to supply double its commitments long\-term. The [Lanzhou\-Lhasa highway](/wiki/China_National_Highway_109 "China National Highway 109") was the ideal logistical land supply route at 2,148 km long. The CIA took into consideration factors including road construction, width, grades, curves, bottlenecks, and road conditions impacted by weather. The CIA estimated China could support up to 90,000 troops in Tibet for a few months, but only 60,000 for an extended deployment. In order to support 90,000 troops in the region, China would have to use the Lan\-chou\-Lhasa highway to its capacity and would require around 7,000 supply trucks per month. However, such heavy usage of the road was estimated to cause substantial damage. The CIA also considered how a build\-up of Chinese troops would affect the railroads and determined that, although congestion could impose some burden on the supply chain, there would be no significant effect on the lines. However, if one of the lines failed due to a washout or other reason, supplies would have to be trucked into the staging areas, which the CIA determined would be a time\-consuming operation. However, two to three trains per day to the staging areas would be able to provide enough supplies to sustain 180,000 troops in Tibet. Petroleum usage in Tibet was estimated at 2\.7% of China's total availability, with a total usage of around 200,000 tons for the year.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/cia\-rdp70t00666r000100100020\-2\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123014212/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP70T00666R000100100020\-2\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Transmittal of Paper on Impact of the Tibetan Campaign on the Economy of Communist China {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-05}}
In 1959, CIA issued assessment documents that highlighted the background, logistical issues, and the international fallout in regard to Tibet. One paper, entitled "Tibet and China (Background Papers)," described the history and geography of Tibet. The CIA assessed that the economy of Tibet had not changed despite eight years of Chinese rule.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Tibet and China (Background Information)\|last\=CIA}} The agency concluded that rebellions against Chinese communists would continue in Tibet throughout the years, but believed that the rebellions could not damage the hold that China had on Tibet. The CIA believed that the Chinese aggression in Tibet had severely damaged China's standing within Afro\-Asian countries. By invading a sovereign nation and forcing the Dalai Lama into exile, China had gone against the image as a neutral peacemaker in the region that they had been cultivating since the Bandung Conference in 1955\.{{cite web \|author1\=Central Intelligence Agency \|title\=Tibet and China: Background Paper \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017 \|date\=April 27, 1959}} In the briefing note, the CIA stated that the governments of neutral Asian countries, notably India and Burma, had encouraged press and popular opposition to Chinese aggression in Tibet. This was despite the fact that the governments did not formally sanction China for their actions. The background paper specified that one of the strongest reaction to China was from Malaya in which the Foreign Minister condemned the action and likened it to Soviet harsh responses in Hungary. Prince Norodom Sihanouk from Cambodia also showed his sympathy to Tibet and "expressing surprise" that Prime Minister Nehru did not take firmer action against Peking. There were protests on China's repression in Tibet as shown in the section of the press in some countries such as Burma, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Japan, and the United Arab Republic.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Tibet and China (Background Paper)\|last\=Central Intelligence Agency\|date\=27 April 1959\|website\=Central Intelligence Agency\|access\-date\=23 February 2019}} The CIA also noted that the Chinese government reported there to be "only about 20,000" resistance forces still living in parts of southern and remote regions of Tibet and west China and that they would abandon their previous cautious policy to enforce assimilation of Tibetans.{{Cite web \|title\=TIBET {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp79r00890a001100040012\-8 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-10 \|website\=www.cia.gov}} Another report, "Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign," studied the strengths, weaknesses, and power of the Chinese military in Tibet. The report concluded that the Chinese military had hundreds of thousands of soldiers at its disposal and had a good supply of aircraft, but identified the supply roads as a major weakness.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\-6\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123213952/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\-6\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign\|last\=CIA\|website\=cia.gov}} The documents remained classified until the early 2000s.
The CIA Tibetan Task Force continued the operation against Chinese forces alongside the Tibetan guerrilla army for another 15 years, until 1974\. This is the same time that the monthly payments made to the Dalai Lama by the United States ceased. The goal was to keep Tibet autonomous both within Tibet and in the international community.
### 1960–1972
As stated by Palden Wangyal, a veteran guerrilla fighter, the rebels were directly paid by the Americans to attack Chinese government facilities and installations in Tibet:
{{blockquote\|"Our soldiers attacked Chinese trucks and seized some documents of the Chinese government. After that, the Americans increased our pay scale".{{cite book\|last\=McGranahan\|first\=Carole\|title\=Arrested histories Tibet, the CIA, and memories of a forgotten war\|year\=2010\|publisher\=\[\[Duke University Press]]\|location\=Durham \[NC]\|isbn\=978\-0\-8223\-9297\-2\|page\=152}} }}
[thumb\|right\|Flag of the [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk "Chushi Gangdruk"), a prominent Tibetan guerrilla organization backed by the CIA](/wiki/File:Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg "Chushi Gangdruk-flag.svg")
Some CIA trainees ended up commanding an army of 2,000 resistance fighters dubbed the [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk "Chushi Gangdruk"), or "Four Rivers, Six Gorges".{{cite news\|last\=Paul Salopek\|title\=The Cia's Secret War In Tibet\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/01/26/the\-cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet/\|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\|date\=January 26, 1997}} These fighters were specialized in ambushing Chinese targets from elevated bases in the mountains of [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal").
It was also during these years in which the CIA was beginning to upgrade their aerial intelligence system. Previously, the only aerial intelligence the CIA had ever had were the U\-2's created for the [OXCART](/wiki/Lockheed_A-12 "Lockheed A-12") program in 1960\. Even though the mission was a success, there were significant risks that came with it, including detection as\-well as the possibility of pilot loss. Newer research done by the CIA during this time allowed for the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles ([UAV's](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned aerial vehicle")) as intelligence collection platforms. The agency program codenamed [Aquiline](/wiki/Project_AQUILINE "Project AQUILINE") (which means of or like the eagle) was the first operation to test this new concept. Its possibilities were to replace in\-place agent operations, while being able to capture photography of inside of a country like the Soviet Union. Operation Aquiline never ended up becoming operational during this time, but did provide the perfect concept as a forerunner to today's UAV's of multi capabilities.{{Cite web \|title\=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=www.cia.gov}}
Furthermore, the CIA was attempting to assist the Tibetan rebels enhancing their ability to move troops and materials. The CIA conducted studies on how the Tibetan resistance movement could best counter the Chinese Communists. Therefore, the CIA worked with the leaders of the campaign to garner more support for the resistance as well as manage the logistics of the movement of these troops. The CIA examined the difficulty in moving the additional forces necessary to counter the Chinese. This logistical conundrum meant that the CIA was giving recommendations for the capacity and ability of roadways to support the troop movements. Without this logistical support, the Tibetans could not sufficiently counter the Chinese Communists.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\-RDP80\-00809A000700210056\-2\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118235801/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp80\-00809a000700210056\-2\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 18, 2017\|title\=Political \- Diplomatic Relations, International Affairs\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} However, a declassified CIA document from July 1958 outlined the agency's assessment of the possibility that Communists would infiltrate Tibetan society, and completely assimilate all aspects of Tibetan life into the culture of Communist China.
The CIA was aware of China's attempts at enacting cultural assimilation in Tibet and, therefore, they wanted to take measures to counteract that possibility. However, according to the document, the possibility of the "complete integration," of "political, social, and economic" aspects of Tibetan life was not substantial.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\-RDP79\-01006A000100090001\-7\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120192857/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp79\-01006a000100090001\-7\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2017\|title\=Resistance in Tibet\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}}
The CIA's involvement in the Tibetan resistance was part of a broader geopolitical strategy aimed at countering Communist expansionism and influence in Asia during the Cold War. By supporting Tibetan rebels, the CIA sought to undermine Chinese Communist control in Tibet and prevent the spread of communism in the region, aligning with broader U.S. foreign policy objectives in containing communist regimes globally.{{Cite journal \|last\=Garratt \|first\=Kevin \|date\=July 2000 \|title\=''The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947''. Tsering Shakya \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.2307/2667501 \|journal\=The China Journal \|volume\=44 \|pages\=194–196 \|doi\=10\.2307/2667501 \|jstor\=2667501 \|issn\=1324\-9347}}
By early 1960, the camp at Chagra Pembar had grown considerably larger since it was established the year prior. Its position was strategic for being between Lhasa and China, and eastern Tibet, overall, was noted by the CIA for being "a favorable milieu for guerilla warfare."[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf) This strategic positioning combined with the increase in Tibetan guerillas made Chagra Pembar a target for China. Chagra Pembar was bombed by Chinese forces early in the year over the course of several days, which killed thousands, including both guerillas and civilians. "Only five of the Chagra Pembar parachutists survived; the rest died in the Chinese attacks or were hunted down later." Another camp, Nira Tsogeng, located near the Indian region of Ladakh, was also targeted by the Chinese in this attack. This attack was especially disheartening, as the CIA had dropped 430 pallets of weapons and other supplies to the 4,000 Tibetan fighters at the camp. Many at Nira Tsogeng who survived the initial bombings would later succumb to dehydration due to being saddled with their dependents and some 30,000 animals as they attempted to cross the arid Ladakh plain.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet.htm\|title\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet\|date\=2006\-06\-12\|website\=HistoryNet\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09}}
In the summer of 1960, the CIA funded a rebellion within the region of Upper Mustang, and which was gathered by a Resistance Fighter under Bapa Gen Yeshe who ended up gathering up to 2100 fighter which was a mix of many Tibetans fleeing to the camp. The gathering rebellion was still not supplied well with many of the resistance fighters dying of cold and starvation due to CIA reluctance to send supplies with the U\-2 due to the U\-2 Spy plane inside of Soviet territory in May 1960\.{{Cite web \|last\=Staff \|first\=HistoryNet \|date\=2006\-06\-12 \|title\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet \|url\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=HistoryNet \|language\=en\-US}} However, in spring of 1961 the CIA sent a cache of supplies to the resistance as well as seven men teams through Nepal.
In late 1961, the resistance forces were facing pressure from the CIA to gather more intelligence on the Chinese. Later called the "blue satchel raid", CIA Operations Officer John Kenneth Knaus described the raid as, "one of the greatest intelligence hauls in the history of the agency.” {{Citation \|title\=CIA Secrets Documentary \- The Shadow Circus The CIA in Tibet \| date\=7 February 2018 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=k14ttZafgt0 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-10 \|language\=en}} This raid obtained documents that allowed the CIA a glimpse into the reality of the Chinese government who noted their difficulties in continuing “The Great Leap Forward” and with Tibet. This changed the focus of the CIA as they informed the Tibetans not to attack the Chinese but rather to gather intelligence on their enemy. Despite these orders from the CIA, yearly raids during the winter months continued on Chinese encampments and harassment of communist outposts, troops and convoys continued.
Long before the current Chinese occupation, Tibet had a longstanding tradition of independence. The memo cites numerous historical accounts of Chinese attempts at conquering and controlling Tibet, none of which ended in success or the integration of Tibet into Chinese society. The documents also mention the problematic "terrain, climate, and location" of Tibet. Tibet contains protruding mountains, massive plateaus, deep river valleys, and gaping gorges that make communication and military operations extremely arduous. The topography of the region enhanced the isolation felt by large swaths of the population, allowing for guerrilla warfare to thrive and causing "political fragmentation among the Kham," the southeastern region of Tibet. Because most Tibetans are peasants and not monks or nobles, they have experience with the terrain and are often nomads. This nomadic propensity consequently effects how they maintain their independent spirit The Chinese focused substantial resources on keeping roads and supply lines functioning, a difficult task in Tibet's challenging landscape. Other CIA documents reaffirm this notion, by recognizing the enormous cost of resupplying operatives and keeping supply chains moving in the country.
The July 1958 document also cites the structure of Tibetan society as a primary source of trouble for the Chinese. Tibetan society revolves around the Lamaist Church, and its spiritual leader the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama was not merely a spiritual guide, but a political and ideological leader. Tibetan monasteries were more than just houses of worship, they were the economic and political centers of Tibetan society, which allowed the clergy to wield considerable power. The clergy was conservative and extremely traditionalistic. This traditionalism meant that any deviation from traditional Tibetan life was strictly opposed. Altogether, the author suggests that the socialization of Tibet may be "prolonged" despite the substantial investments of the Chinese to integrate the area. Tibetan's spirit for independence, the country's fractured and isolated population, the harsh Chinese policies, and the Chinese military occupation all contribute to the problems that the Chinese have had in controlling the country.
The [McMahon Line](/wiki/McMahon_Line "McMahon Line"), proposed in 1914 by British colonial administrator [Henry McMahon](/wiki/Henry_McMahon "Henry McMahon"), is the demarcation line between Tibet and the North\-east region of India, stretches along the crest ridge of the Himalayas. The Chinese, however, refuse to accept the McMahon Line as the legal boundary. Nevertheless, India remains adamant that it stands. With this disagreement, the Chinese believe that they have grounds for charging Indian troops with the invasion of their territory.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp79r00890a001100090004\-2\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123000931/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp79r00890a001100090004\-2\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Sino\-Indian Border Dispute}} Tibet is predominantly composed of rugged terrain, with plateaus, mountains and deep river valleys. However, the land has never been surveyed, and no markers have been placed thus providing room for disagreement.
In 1972, before the seismic head of state meeting between Chairman Mao and President Nixon, the CIA cut off all support to the Tibetan resistance as American foreign policy objectives shifted to normalizing diplomatic relations with China (see [Nixon's visit to China](/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China "1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China")). As a result, each of the 1,500 CIA\-trained rebels received 10,000 rupees to buy land in India or to open a business instead of fighting the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") of China. Additionally, the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") decided that the training of Tibetan guerrillas by the CIA would have to cease because the risk of damaging [Sino\-American relations](/wiki/Sino-American_relations "Sino-American relations") would be too high and costly.{{cite web\|last\=Stephen Talty\|title\=The Dalai Lama's Great Escape\|url\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/12/31/dalai\-lamas\-escape\-from\-tibet\-and\-the\-cias\-role.html\|website\=\[\[The Daily Beast]]\|date\=Dec 31, 2010}}
This rebellion was one of the greatest intelligence successes of the Cold War because of the significant amount of Chinese military documents captured by Tibetan fighters and given to the CIA. In the End of this operation may it be success it also failed due to the death of the resistance by the words of the Dali lama Himself telling them to stop fighting due to the stopping of Cia support to the Mustang Insurgency in 1974\.
The CIA is alleged to have been involved in another failed revolt in October 1987 resulting in unrest and the continuation of Chinese repression until May 1993\.
|
[
"The Theocracy and Tibet Rulers\n------------------------------",
"During the first half of the Twentieth Century and the Early Cold War era, Tibet lived under a theocratic system of governance. Despite the system of governance revolving around a religious ruler as the key figure in the government, there seems to be a clear distinction between the religious and secular components that make up government.Central Intelligence Agency, \"Tibet and China,\" April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System. pp. 1 The Tibetan religion and its theocracy system of governance shared a coordinated leadership between the Dalai and Panchen Lamas.Central Intelligence Agency, \"Tibet and China,\" April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System. pp.1 However, between the two institutions, the Panchen Lamas seems to be the superior. This situation could be traced to the fourteenth century, when Tibetan religious institutions developed, nurtured, and shaped. The Dalai and Panchen Lamas are both religious figures and offices. From time to time, a selection committee carefully nominates an individual to occupy the religious office, as when it becomes vacant following the demise of an incumbent leader. Such individuals are carefully searched and selected, believed to be reincarnate of a former and reverend religious leader. In a direct relation to the establishment of the Dalai Lema was in connection to the emergence of a Buddhist leader, who “instituted the Tibetan church reforms and consolidated the position of a new sect.”Central Intelligence Agency, \"Tibet and China,\" April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System, pp.2 As a highly revered during the period he lived, an infant was discovered to be his reincarnation after his demise, thus marking the establishment of the institution of the Delai Lama. During the 1950s the occupant of the Delai Lama office was said to be the 14th reincarnate.Central Intelligence Agency, \"Tibet and China,\" April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System. pp.2 With regards to the Panchen Lama institution, its establishment was in connection with the Dalai Lama. The Panchen Lama emerged directly as an offshoot from the Dela Lam, initially as a tutor to the infant and fifth reincarnation of the Dalai Lama around the seventeenth century. The Panchen Lama institution was established out of gratitude as a “mark of reverend to an aged tutor.\" He was regarded as a reincarnation of Buddha and was granted a monastery that was relatively on a smaller scale than that of the Dalai Lama monastery. Following this development, both the Dalai and Panchen Lamas began to share spiritual authority among the Tibetans, which continued to the 1950s.",
"As revered political and religious leaders, the actions of the Dalai and Panchen lamas had implications and influence in Tibet and its political struggle with China. By March 1959, the situation in Tibet was coming to a head.Tenzin Sonam, \"CIA Secrets Documents, The Shadow Circus, The CIA in Tibet,\" YouTube video, 1:08:47, Posted Jan 17, 2018, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=k14ttZafgt0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k14ttZafgt0) . In Lassa, news spread that the Dalai lama had been invited to the local Chinese military camp to attend a theatrical show. He was to come alone without his bodyguards. This would prompt the people of Tibet to gather around the Dalai Lama's Palace, show support and solidarity, but ultimately determined to protect him. This development and subsequence uprising, as a form of resistance against the Sino\\-China government of Tibet would influence the Dalai Lama to flee his country, stating that his presence in Tibet under the Sino\\-China government would worsen situation and development in Tibet. On the 31st of March 1959, the Dalai entered India after negotiations with the CIA and the Indian government, where he sought asylum as a religious leader of Tibet in exiled. The Dalai Lama's decision to escape probably influenced other resistant Tibetans to flee and go in exile.Central Intelligence Agency, \"Tibet and China,\" April 27, 1959, Document ID: CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5, Declassified Documents Reference System. pp. 34 A development that would shape the guerilla warfare and paramilitary operation on the southern border of the Tibet region.",
"Gyalo Thondup, the Dalai Lama's brother, was subsequently exiled to India and initiated contact with the Americans. Gyalo reached out to the Americans who were intrigued with the opportunity to create a ‘running sore for the reds,’ as a part of its global anti\\-communist campaign. These contacts made by the Dalai's brother eventually led to a more than 2\\-decade long campaign against the Chinese government supported by the CIA.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet.htm\\|title\\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet\\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=HistoryNet\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} His American contacts enabled Tibetans to go over first to Saipan and then to the U.S. for training. They were trained for 5 months on combat maneuvers.{{Cite web \\|url \\= http://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet.htm \\|title \\= CIA's Secret War in Tibet \\|website \\= historynet.com \\|date \\= 2006\\-06\\-12 \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-07}} These teams selected and then trained Tibetan soldiers in the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\") of the United States;{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Conboy \\|first1 \\= Kenneth \\|last2 \\= Morrison \\|first2 \\= James \\|title \\= The CIA's secret war in Tibet \\|year\\=2002 \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[University Press of Kansas]] \\|location\\=Lawrence \\|isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-7006\\-1788\\-3 }} as well as at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale \"Camp Hale\") in [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\").{{cite book \\|title \\= Freeing Tibet: 50 years of struggle, resilience, and hope \\|last1 \\= Roberts \\|first1 \\= John B \\|last2 \\= Roberts \\|first2 \\= Elizabeth A. \\|year \\= 2009 \\|publisher\\=AMACOM Books \\|location\\=\\[\\[New York, NY]] \\|isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-8144\\-0983\\-1 \\|page \\= 43 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=BSb\\-a72RyQMC\\&q\\=Camp%20Hale%20tibet%20CIA\\&pg\\=PA43 \\|access\\-date \\= 5 March 2012}}{{cite book \\|title \\= Buddha's warriors: the story of the CIA\\-backed Tibetan freedom fighters, the Chinese invasion, and the ultimate fall of Tibet \\|last\\=Dunham \\|first\\=Mikel \\|year\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=Penguin \\|location\\=New York, NY \\|isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-58542\\-348\\-4 \\|page\\=315 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bVMn6TwcMZ4C\\&q\\=Camp%20Hale%20tibet%20CIA\\&pg\\=PA315 \\|access\\-date \\= 5 March 2012}} The SAD teams then advised and led these [commandos](/wiki/Commando \"Commando\") against the Chinese, both from [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\") and India. In addition, SAD Paramilitary Officers were responsible for the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso \"Tenzin Gyatso\")'s clandestine escape to India, narrowly escaping capture by the Chinese government. The Dalai Lama had also gotten very ill during the journey and almost did not make it to India.",
"### 1951",
"The Tibetan government was alarmed at the gains the Chinese Communist forces were making. As a response they expelled the representative of the Nationalist government from Lhasa. The Tibetan authorities were aware of the potential conflict with China. China then moved their forces into an eastern part of Tibet and demanded Tibetan forces to cooperate. The Tibetan military forces surrendered. After negotiating, Tibetan representatives signed an agreement with the Chinese Communist government. The agreement was intended provide a peaceful liberation of Tibet. By reaching this agreement, the Chinese Communist forces were now allowed to enter Tibet without further fighting.[https://cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf](https://cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf) This document consisted of a preamble and 17 articles, which would serve as the basis for governing the Chinese position in Tibet for the next eight years. The document opens with the assertion that now, Tibet had returned \"to the big family of the motherland\", that being the CCP. Furthermore, within the document, there was an article which related to \"reforms.\" This article suggests that CCP would not force them on the Tibetan population, but in accordance with the wishes of the CCP, the Tibetan government would undertake its own reforms. The document also indicated that people within Tibet who had \"imperialist\" loyalties may remain in their positions, given that they sever their old, anti\\-CCP ties.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tibet and China (Background Paper) \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp82r00025r000100060022\\-5 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-06 \\|website\\=www.cia.gov}} In exchange, the Chinese would not alter or affect the current government in Tibet, nor affect the status and authority of the Dalai Lama and [Panchen Lama](/wiki/Panchen_Lama \"Panchen Lama\").{{cite web \\|author\\=Central Intelligence Agency \\|date\\=27 April 1959 \\|title\\=Tibet and China \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2017 \\|website\\=CIA Reading Room \\|publisher\\=CIA \\|pages\\=24–35}} The aforementioned agreement actually indicated that Tibetan local troops would be recognized as a part of the Chinese Communist forces. This was not implanted in large part, but many high\\-ranking officials of Tibetan origin were given high ranking positions in the Chinese military. In October 1951, 12,000 troops from the [PLA](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") entered Tibet. Initially, China wanted to send 45,000 troops, but Tibet refused the request, threatening to send the Dalai Lama to India if their refusal was not respected. However, the Tibetans were convinced the Chinese forces in Tibet were not capable of pressing the issue at the time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82\\-00457R008300510002\\-6\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123045047/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82\\-00457R008300510002\\-6\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=1\\. Plans of Tibetan Government 2\\. Chinese Communist Strength in Tibet\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} The composition of the 12,000 soldiers that were sent included 10,000 infantrymen, an animal transport battalion, a battalion of army engineers, and approximately 50 technicians who specialized in the areas of geology, surveying, telecommunications, cultural, propaganda, and party affairs.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\\-RDP82\\-00457R009600210006\\-1\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133454/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp82\\-00457r009600210006\\-1\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=1\\. Chinese Communist Troops in Tibet, 2\\. Chinese Communist Program for Tibet\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} Additionally, violence directed toward the Tibetan people originated from Beijing. According to an archive document from the National Security Archive at the George Washington University, \"Beijing has pursued...suppressing violent protests, arresting scores of ethnic Tibetans in the Qinghai province, which borders Tibet, sentencing one to prison for 13 years, and renewing accusations that the Dalai Lama is encouraging anti\\-Beijing actions.\"",
"Along with the agreement that Tibet was promised the right to local self\\-government in all internal matters. The Chinese central government in no shape or form was to alter the existing political system or the established status and authority of the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama. Thus, the religious institution of Tibet would be protected. [https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf)",
"A memo distributed by the CIA on November 20 detailed that the Chinese military, as of October 10, 1951, had arrested over 200 Tibetan people (29 women) for refusing to sell supplies along with desecrating a monastery (Gatza Monastery) in search of weapons. The Chinese military utilized various propaganda to establish a campaign of pacification to suppress growing resentment held by the Tibetan people over Chinese subjugation.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\\-RDP82\\-00457R009400440004\\-0\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123030911/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp82\\-00457r009400440004\\-0\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Anti\\=Communist Activities in Lhasa\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}}",
"In December, the CIA distributed a report regarding the activities of PLA troops in Tibet. The report contained details regarding new troop activity in Tibet, troop movement, and the PLA's plan to construct a highway connecting Tibet and China. In addition to the information mentioned above, the report outlined China's plan to relocate the Panchen Lama back into Tibet, create military ties between China and Tibet, and build military training facilities within Tibet by March 1952\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82\\-00457R009600210006\\-1\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133521/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82\\-00457R009600210006\\-1\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Chinese Communist Troops in Tibet\\|date\\=1951\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=cia.gov}}",
"### 1952",
"The State Department received communication from Thondup in May that revealed an assortment of information concerning the situation in Tibet. The CIA used the line of communication with Thondup to cultivate a credible source of intelligence on the ground and administer possible operations moving forward. Thondup described mounting Tibetan hostility toward the occupying Chinese Communist forces and the recent armed conflict in Lhasa between Tibetan demonstrators and Chinese Communist military police. From the intelligence, the CIA learned of the 10,000\\-15,000 Chinese troops stationed in Tibet. A dire food shortage also exacerbated tensions as Tibetans found it increasingly difficult provide food for the people. Furthermore, the communication with Thondup revealed the workings of covert actions from Tibetans who refused to follow the Dalai Lama's acceptance of Chinese Communist occupation. The CIA and the State Department both expressed optimism with the circumstances in Tibet and Lhasa, believing that they could maneuver accordingly.Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, China and Japan, Volume XIV, PART 1 611\\.93B/5–1452 No. 26 Memorandum by the Acting Director of the Office of Chinese Affairs (Perkins) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Allison) May 14, 1952\\.",
"In September 1952, a CIA intelligence report noted the difficulty in continuing to support the Tibetan resistance when the Chinese Communist government and the massive People's Liberation Army (PLA) fully occupied the country. As a result of this Chinese domination over the Tibetans, direct diplomatic relations between Tibet and India ceased. A daily Hindi newspaper reported that this move had ended 16 years of direct contact between the governments of India and Tibet. India was able to have direct communications until that point because China's authority in Tibet was still limited. In the final paragraph of the article, the newspaper writes, \"The Chinese occupation of Tibet a year ago has changed this relationship. The cause was inevitable, and India had no choice but to accept this arrangement because the Chinese Communists now have complete control of the foreign affairs of Tibet\". Previously, India had provided a link for United States' support to the Tibetan resistance. In December 1952, the CIA produced an Information Report (Classification: Secret) containing two items in the subject line: 1\\) Anti\\-Communist Activities, Tibet, and 2\\) Chinese Communist Activities, Tibet. The document shows that the agency was closely scrutinizing both Tibetan and Chinese groups and individuals at the time, as well as any other obtained intelligence. The report defines the anti\\-Communist Tibetan People's Party and identified geographic areas where the Party's support was strongest. Thirty\\-six year old Lhopto Rimpochhe was named as the leader of the \"warrior monks.\" The document goes on to report on intelligence regarding a petition sent to the Chinese authorities in Lhasa by Ragashar Shape, Tibetan Defense Minister,{{Cite book \\|title \\= Tibet: An Unfinished Story \\|last\\=Halper \\|first\\=Lezlee Brown and Stefan \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=2014 \\|isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-19\\-936836\\-5 \\|location\\=New York, New York \\|page \\= 119 }} that went ignored. The Shape petition included the following points: the Dalai Lama should continue to rule unchallenged; monastery estates should not be confiscated; Tibetans should thank the Chinese for liberation but kindly ask them to leave and, in return, the Tibetan people would never ask for military assistance from the Chinese; and persuading the Chinese to \"please buy the \\[Tibetan] wool.\" The document then proceeded to provide intelligence on various undesired actions taken by the Chinese including forcing the Dalai Lama to give a speech that threatened the death and kidnapping of over 200 children with the purpose of retraining them (one was even beheaded as a warning to the others not to cry and complain), and the installation of a puppet governor at Kham. Next, the document listed nine names of Tibetans acting as informers against the Chinese. Lastly, Chinese forces in Tibet were addressed—numbers of troops, names, and leadership transition information.{{Cite web \\|url \\= https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82\\-00457R015700080003\\-1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123043530/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82\\-00457R015700080003\\-1\\.pdf \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-date \\= January 23, 2017 \\|title\\=Anti\\-Communist Activities, Tibet 2\\. Chinese Communist Activities, Tibet \\|date \\= December 31, 1952 \\|website \\= cia.gov \\|access\\-date \\= February 9, 2017}} A 1952 CIA report on psychological vulnerabilities in Tibet suggested that small Chinese groups were learning the Tibetan language to remain in control.{{Cite web \\|title\\=INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp80\\-00809a000500740167\\-3 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=www.cia.gov}}",
"### 1953",
"By February 1953, the Chinese government was attempting a military build\\-up in Tibet. Airfields could specifically be an advantage as Tibet could then be used as a refueling station between China and India allowing for China to fly extended combat missions over India and target its northern cities. Additionally, as the highest geographical point, Tibet could maintain an aerial advantage over the region. A CIA information report dated July 31, 1953, reveals the CIA was closely monitoring Chinese projects in Tibet. The report notes that earlier that year Chinese soldiers \"attempted to build airfields at Lhasa,\" the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and [Gartok](/wiki/Gartok \"Gartok\"), now called Gharyarsa. However, the Dalai Lama disapproved of the project, and the soldiers ceased construction of the airfields. In May 1953, over 1,000 Chinese soldiers marched to the [Chumbi Valley](/wiki/Chumbi_Valley \"Chumbi Valley\") with five field artillery pieces. These soldiers increased Chinese presence in Tibet to approximately 20,000 soldiers—all mainly stationed in Chumbi Valley, Bartok, Rudog, and north of Lhasa.{{cite web \\|title\\=Chinese Communist Troops in Tibet \\|url \\= https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp82\\-00457r009600210006\\-1 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133454/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp82\\-00457r009600210006\\-1 \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-date \\= January 23, 2017 \\|website \\= cia.gov \\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2017}} In October 1953, the Chinese government placed travel restrictions in Tibet, resulting in a substantial westwardly diversion the wool trade. Concurrently, the Chinese were using Tibetan labor to create new roadways that would be controlled by the Chinese, which resulted in the Chinese controlling nearly all travel within Tibet.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP80\\-00810A003200120003\\-0\\.pdf\\|title\\=Travel Restrictions, Western Tibet 2\\. Road Construction, Tibet 3\\. Headquarters of K. I. Singh\\|website\\=Central Intelligence Agency\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123191703/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP80\\-00810A003200120003\\-0\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2017\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In December 1953 China communicated to the Indian Ambassador their position on Tibet;{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP80R01443R000300080003\\-9\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119133217/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP80R01443R000300080003\\-9\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 19, 2017\\|title\\=Sino\\-Indian Treaty of 29 April 1954 on Tibet\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} the Chinese gave nine demands to the Indian Ambassador. Their demands included that they do not tolerate any further Indian interest in Tibet and that no objection must be made by India to Chinese construction of fortifications in Tibet near the Indian and Nepalese borders. Another of the demands stated that India must have a strong policy to abolish illegal activities of foreign agents working on the Indian side of the border.",
"### 1954",
"In April 1954, after four months of negotiating, India and China agreed to the Sino\\-Indian Treaty. This treaty discussed how China would not allow the continuum of interest in Tibet by India. The Indian borders were to be equal between Tibet and border people. India was to devise a robust policy targeting illegal activities in the border areas. Civilians and soldiers were to be left alone when crossing the border into Nepal. Finally, India was not allowed to support any person that may question the sensitive issue of Tibet to the United Nations (UN). China allowed India to retain their three trade agencies in Tibet in exchange for three trade agencies for China in India while also allowing India to maintain three trade posts in Tibet at Yatung, Gyantse, and Gartok. In exchange, India was to allow China to keep three trade posts in New Delhi, Calcutta and Kalimpong. The borders were opened for those who wished to visit religious shrines, but China ordered India to withdraw armed forces. China also ordered India to hand over postal, telegraph, and telephone facilities it had been operating in Tibet. A group of Kazakhs were invited to the Tibetan capital of Lhasa to discuss the political status of the group. The trade between Tibet and China started really strong.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP80\\-00810A002600620010\\-4\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123090008/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP80\\-00810A002600620010\\-4\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=1\\. Kazakh Group in Tibet 2\\. Trade and Transport in Tibet\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} China positively influenced the Tibetan economy by introducing silver dollars to Tibet. The products were generally unloaded in Tibet by plane, and from there they were taken on a camel caravan. Tibetans typically utilized camels during cold weather. However, horses, mules, and donkeys were also used to transport products in fair weather.",
"### 1955–1957",
"In 1955, a group of local Tibetan leaders secretly plotted an armed uprising, and rebellion broke out in 1956, with the rebels besieging several Chinese government agencies, killing hundreds of Chinese government staff, and killing many [Han Chinese](/wiki/Han_Chinese \"Han Chinese\") people.",
"The Tibetan\\-Chinese relationship became strained. In April 1957 Chinese Communist postponed Tibetan reforms until sometime after 1962\\. Outraged, “rebellions continued to occur in the eastern part of the region” [https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf). Other surrounding tribes began to fight alongside the Tibetan people in an effort to combat the Chinese.",
"In May 1957, a rebel organization and rebel fighting force were established and began exterminating communist officials, discombobulating communication lines, and bombarding institutions and Chinese army troops deployed in the region. This coincides (chronologically) with the creation of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region, an organization created to help the Chinese undermine the religious and political systems of Tibet. The Chinese bombed an ancient monastery in February 1956, killing thousands of monks and ordinary citizens.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bageant \\|first1\\=Joe \\|title\\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet \\|url \\= http://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet.htm \\|website\\=History Net \\|date\\=12 June 2006 \\|publisher\\=World History Group \\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-10\\-02 }} The Tibetans knew that they could not fight off the Chinese on their own so they called in help from an outside source. It was in the shared interest of both Tibet and the United States to limit the power of the Chinese within Tibet's borders. Americans thought that this would be a great opportunity to prevent the spread of Communism throughout Southeast Asia. Starting in 1956, the CIA initiated a large scale clandestine operation against the communist Chinese.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Online\\|first\\=Asia Times\\|title\\=Asia Times Online \\|url\\=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JC26Ad02\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830180220/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JC26Ad02\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=unfit\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-30\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-10\\|website\\=www.atimes.com}} During December 1956, the Dalai Lama had left Tibet to attend a Buddhist celebration in India.",
"A briefing for the DCI from 1959 mentions that \"as far back as 1956, we began to receive reports indicating the spread of Tibetan revolt against Chinese communists through areas inhabited by Khamba tribes in eastern Tibet.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Notes For DCI Briefing of Senate Foreign Relation Committee on 28 April 1959 Tibet\\|url\\= https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060012\\-6\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123081256/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060012\\-6\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= January 23, 2017 \\|website\\=CIA.gov\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2017}} Eastern Tibet already had resentment against Lhasa, like many citizens that live on the periphery of states do against capitals. Citizens of Eastern Tibet were especially bothered by the notion of being ruled by people even further away in Beijing. By May 1957, a rebel organization with its own fighting force was established with the support of the CIA. This was the first time that many Tibetans had seen a white man in person. They subsequently received training for the next five months. Some of the things that they learned while training included the use of modern weaponry, guerrilla tactics, espionage, codes, and operation of hand\\-cranked radio transmitter/receivers. Tibetans took this training very seriously and can be quoted stating that they \"lived to kill Chinese.\" Because they viewed Chinese as a direct threat to their religion, they viewed animal life as more sacred than the life of the Chinese communists against whom they rebelled.{{Citation\\|last\\=Jonathan Smith\\|title\\=The Shadow Circus: The CIA in Tibet\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=R\\_5LOPYzddY\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} In late 1958, in a Spartan\\-like setting nestled 10,000 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, the CIA trained more Tibetans at Camp Hale with a total of 259 Tibetans trained over five years in tactics representative of guerrilla warfare. The CIA established a secret military training camp called Camp Hale, located near Leadville, Colorado, where the Tibetans were trained to sabotage operations against the Communist Chinese. One of the reasons for the location of Camp Hale was its elevation—10,000 feet above sea level. The altitude preference was thought to mimic the terrain and climate of the Himalayas. The camp shut down in 1966, despite the conclusion of program training occurring already in 1961\\. Units from eastern Tibet that were the most dedicated to their religion, had the most battlefield success against Communists. Years later, the CIA equipped fighters in Afghanistan who were the most effective, were also the most religiously devoted. It could be that the CIA's most successful propaganda pointed to the secularism of Communism, or simply that followers of a religion have a motivating factor that is difficult to replicate elsewhere. Sadly for the case of Eastern Tibet, the stiffest resistance also meant the stiffest reprisals by the PLO.",
"### 1958–1960",
"In 1958, with the rebellion in [Kham](/wiki/Kham \"Kham\") ongoing, two of these fighters, Athar and Lhotse, attempted to meet with the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\") to determine whether he would cooperate with their activities. However, their request for an audience was refused by Lord Chamberlain, Phala Thubten Wonden, who believed such a meeting would be unwise. According to [Tsering Shakya](/wiki/Tsering_Shakya \"Tsering Shakya\"), \"Phala never told the Dalai Lama or the [Kashag](/wiki/Kashag \"Kashag\") of the arrival of Athar and Lhotse. Nor did he inform the Dalai Lama of American willingness to provide aid\".Shakya, Tsering, [*The dragon in the land of snows: a history of modern Tibet since 1947*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C), London: Pimlico, 1999\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-7126\\-6533\\-1}}. Cf. Pg. 177",
"In 2005, multiple documents pertaining to the CIA's involvement within foreign countries were released. The Tibetan situation was highly important to the Central Intelligence Agency. They documented different aspects of the situation in Tibet and the history of their involvement with the Chinese government. In an un\\-classified document, \"*Notes for DCI Briefing of Senate and Foreign Relations Committee on 28 April 1958,*\" the background of the situation os provided along with the US policy toward the situation. The US maintained their lack of stance towards the Chinese and the Tibetans. The US did not come out with statement against the Chinese Nationalists, maintaining \"strategic silence on status of Tibet.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=TIBET {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp82r00025r000100060024\\-3 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=www.cia.gov}}",
"The situation in Tibet by the late 1950s revealed a strategic and economic interest in maneuvering against the Chinese Communists. Providing aid to the Tibetans continued to occur in the reports flowing in and out of the CIA. Several reports documented the economic needs of Tibetans and compared them to the known resources of the Chinese Communists in the Tibetan Army District. Control of the few networks of roads traversing the mountainous terrain granted the Chinese Communists access to the resources they needed to sustain military occupation. This was problematic for the Americans who needed a way to provide any aid to the Tibetan resistance movements. However, the reports weighing the logistics and costs of supplying aid to the Tibetans revealed that American interests were fueled by opposition to the Chinese Communists rather than a support of Tibetan liberation. The report ultimately concluded that the economic effort required to support troops in Tibet would only have a \"modest if not almost negligible impact on the economy of Communist China.\"\"Transmittal of Paper on Impact of the Tibetan Campaign on the Economy of Communist China \\| CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)\" (PDF). www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017\\-02\\-05\\.",
"Gompo Tashi leader of a Tibetan band of resistance fighters receiving support from the CIA established his headquarters in Triguthang. Thousands of Tibetan resistance fighters gathered there, calling themselves the \"Tensung Dhanglang Magar (Voluntary Force for the Defense of Buddhism). Two CIA trained Tibetan radio operators were witnessing and messaging the CIA. This led to the CIA establishing training of Tibetan Guerilla fighters at Camp Hale in Colorado. The CIA would make numerous supply drops throughout the year to the resistance fighters. The first drop included 15000 Lee\\-Enfield rifles.HistoryNet Staff (2/9/2024\\) CIA’s Secret War in Tibet. HistoryNet Retrieved from [https://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet/](https://www.historynet.com/cias-secret-war-in-tibet/).",
"In March 1959 the Dalai Lama was invited to attend a function in Lhasa by the Chinese. The Tibetan people were worried that the Dalai Lama would be abducted by the Chinese. As a response “violent anti\\-Chinese demonstrations occurred throughout the city”[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf). This led to the [1959 Tibetan uprising](/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising \"1959 Tibetan uprising\"). Since they had feared he risked kidnapping, they decided to protect him by moving him to an area that was located just outside Lhasa.",
"```\n After his relocation, Chinese Communist Authorities claimed that the Dalai Lama had been kidnapped by the Tibetan rebels. This would be an issue because of that same month, the Dalai Lama had been named as a delegate to the National Peoples Congress. This attack on Chinese to protect the Dalai Lama prompted the Chinese to retaliate as they believed the treaty had been broken.\n```",
"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf \\|website\\=CIA.GOV \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2024}}",
"A 1959 DCI briefing highlights the measures in which citizens took to protect the Dalai Lama. The report says, \"Thousands of Tibetan demonstrators then took the Dalai Lama into protective custody in his summer palace just outside Lhasa\". Chinese military forces killed tens of thousands of Tibetans along with thousands more fleeing behind the Dalai Lama. During this revolt, supporters were reported to have \"knocked out a Chinese outpost manned by 80 soldiers, interrupted communications with Peiping, and plastered walls of Lhasa with posters declaring 'independent kingdom of Tibet.'\" The Chinese attempted to make the Dalai Lama stop the uprising, but they could not, which then led to his flight to India. The Dalai's clandestine departure to India started on March 17, 1959, involved him wearing a disguise where he dressed as a soldier and moved with a column of troops to the Indian border. Resistance fighters smuggled him out of the Potala and through rebel\\-held territory. Two troops who met the Dalai Lama's escort along the way were trained by the CIA and they reached back to their American contacts via radio to secure permission for the Dalai Lama and his troops to enter India. Permission was granted. Prior to his flight to India (due to shots being fired outside the palace), the Dalai Lama and the Tibet representative were sending letters back and forth to each other in hopes of avoiding an attack. The Dalai Lama continued fighting for independence for Tibet outside India. Finally, with the hope of halting Chinese aggression and demands, India recognized Tibet as part of China.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|In 1959, the CIA opened a secret facility to train Tibetan recruits at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale \"Camp Hale\") near [Leadville, Colorado](/wiki/Leadville%2C_Colorado \"Leadville, Colorado\"){{Cite web\\|last\\=Mirsky\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|title\\=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War\\|url\\=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\\-cancelled\\-war\\-tibet/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106073533/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\\-cancelled\\-war\\-tibet/\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-06\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-10\\|website\\=The New York Review of Books\\|date\\=9 April 2013 \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:DSCN3059_camphaleruins_e_600.jpg \"DSCN3059 camphaleruins e 600.jpg\")\nIn 1959, the Dalai Lama and approximately 100,000 followers fled to India and Nepal. The rebels continued to attack Chinese government officials, disrupting communication lines, and targeting Chinese troops. Following a mass uprising in [Lhasa](/wiki/Lhasa \"Lhasa\") in 1959 during the celebration of the [Tibetan New Year](/wiki/Tibetan_New_Year \"Tibetan New Year\") and the ensuing Chinese military response, the Dalai Lama went into exile in India. At this point, the Chinese began changing their policy of working through institutions to build the Communist Party in Tibet. They began to replace the government with Communist\\-sponsored leaders. By this time the rebels were under constant Chinese attack and losing the remaining ground that they controlled. A declassified DCI briefing of the Senate Foreign Relation Committee offered some further elaboration on the Dalai Lama's position in India. The Dalai Lama remained insistent on wanting to establish a free Tibet which threatened his asylum in India. Prime Minister Nehru vowed to protect the Dalai Lama's right to practice his spirituality but would not condone any anti\\-communist politics coming from the Dalai Lama. He granted the Dalai Lama asylum on March 31 following a secret meeting with the Dalai Lama's brother. Nehru's main reason for this was that India had previously recognized Tibet as a part of China. The evidence seemed to imply that popular Indian sentiment and reactions to this policy caused Nehru to become more sympathetic toward Tibet, yet unfortunately the rest of this section was redacted from the public record. In response to Nehru granting the Dalai Lama asylum, Peiping accused Nehru of encouraging \"vicious attacks on China.\" After the Chinese government continued to place pressure on him, Nehru spoke out against China and stated that Peiping's \"charges against India are so fantastic that I find it difficult to deal with them.\"",
"From 1959 to 1960, the CIA parachuted four groups of [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale \"Camp Hale\") trainees to meet up with the Tibetan resistance. In Autumn of 1959, the CIA parachuted the second group of sixteen men into Chagra Pembar to meet up with the resistance. By January 1960 the CIA parachuted the fourth and last team into Tibet. Along with these air drops, the CIA also provided pallets of lethal aid to the resistance including rifles, mortars, grenades, and machine guns. All the CIA trained Tibetans from Camp Hale left with personal weapons, wireless sets, and a cyanide tablet strapped onto each man's left wrist.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\\-cancelled\\-war\\-tibet/\\|title\\=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War\\|last\\=Mirsky\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|website\\=The New York Review of Books\\|date\\=9 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-07}}\n[thumb\\|Map of transportation network in Communist China in 1959\\.](/wiki/File:Communist_China-Selected_Roads.pdf \"Communist China-Selected Roads.pdf\")\nThe resistance movement did accomplish the job of bringing great cost and distraction to the Chinese government. CIA estimates in 1959 were that the Chinese had around 60,000 troops in Tibet and needed 256 tons of supplies daily. Due to there only being 3 viable transport routes into Tibet,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\\-6\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123213952/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\\-6\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign (43\\.2492\\) \\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} the CIA also estimated that if they could get the Chinese to double the needed supplies, then the existing infrastructure would not be able to keep up with supply without supplementary airlifts or construction to repair existing routes. The CIA estimated that even with these supplemental airlifts, it would cause substantial disruption in other air services and the Chinese could not expect to supply double its commitments long\\-term. The [Lanzhou\\-Lhasa highway](/wiki/China_National_Highway_109 \"China National Highway 109\") was the ideal logistical land supply route at 2,148 km long. The CIA took into consideration factors including road construction, width, grades, curves, bottlenecks, and road conditions impacted by weather. The CIA estimated China could support up to 90,000 troops in Tibet for a few months, but only 60,000 for an extended deployment. In order to support 90,000 troops in the region, China would have to use the Lan\\-chou\\-Lhasa highway to its capacity and would require around 7,000 supply trucks per month. However, such heavy usage of the road was estimated to cause substantial damage. The CIA also considered how a build\\-up of Chinese troops would affect the railroads and determined that, although congestion could impose some burden on the supply chain, there would be no significant effect on the lines. However, if one of the lines failed due to a washout or other reason, supplies would have to be trucked into the staging areas, which the CIA determined would be a time\\-consuming operation. However, two to three trains per day to the staging areas would be able to provide enough supplies to sustain 180,000 troops in Tibet. Petroleum usage in Tibet was estimated at 2\\.7% of China's total availability, with a total usage of around 200,000 tons for the year.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/cia\\-rdp70t00666r000100100020\\-2\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123014212/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP70T00666R000100100020\\-2\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Transmittal of Paper on Impact of the Tibetan Campaign on the Economy of Communist China {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-05}}",
"In 1959, CIA issued assessment documents that highlighted the background, logistical issues, and the international fallout in regard to Tibet. One paper, entitled \"Tibet and China (Background Papers),\" described the history and geography of Tibet. The CIA assessed that the economy of Tibet had not changed despite eight years of Chinese rule.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Tibet and China (Background Information)\\|last\\=CIA}} The agency concluded that rebellions against Chinese communists would continue in Tibet throughout the years, but believed that the rebellions could not damage the hold that China had on Tibet. The CIA believed that the Chinese aggression in Tibet had severely damaged China's standing within Afro\\-Asian countries. By invading a sovereign nation and forcing the Dalai Lama into exile, China had gone against the image as a neutral peacemaker in the region that they had been cultivating since the Bandung Conference in 1955\\.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Central Intelligence Agency \\|title\\=Tibet and China: Background Paper \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017 \\|date\\=April 27, 1959}} In the briefing note, the CIA stated that the governments of neutral Asian countries, notably India and Burma, had encouraged press and popular opposition to Chinese aggression in Tibet. This was despite the fact that the governments did not formally sanction China for their actions. The background paper specified that one of the strongest reaction to China was from Malaya in which the Foreign Minister condemned the action and likened it to Soviet harsh responses in Hungary. Prince Norodom Sihanouk from Cambodia also showed his sympathy to Tibet and \"expressing surprise\" that Prime Minister Nehru did not take firmer action against Peking. There were protests on China's repression in Tibet as shown in the section of the press in some countries such as Burma, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Japan, and the United Arab Republic.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Tibet and China (Background Paper)\\|last\\=Central Intelligence Agency\\|date\\=27 April 1959\\|website\\=Central Intelligence Agency\\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2019}} The CIA also noted that the Chinese government reported there to be \"only about 20,000\" resistance forces still living in parts of southern and remote regions of Tibet and west China and that they would abandon their previous cautious policy to enforce assimilation of Tibetans.{{Cite web \\|title\\=TIBET {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp79r00890a001100040012\\-8 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-10 \\|website\\=www.cia.gov}} Another report, \"Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign,\" studied the strengths, weaknesses, and power of the Chinese military in Tibet. The report concluded that the Chinese military had hundreds of thousands of soldiers at its disposal and had a good supply of aircraft, but identified the supply roads as a major weakness.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\\-6\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123213952/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\\-6\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign\\|last\\=CIA\\|website\\=cia.gov}} The documents remained classified until the early 2000s.",
"The CIA Tibetan Task Force continued the operation against Chinese forces alongside the Tibetan guerrilla army for another 15 years, until 1974\\. This is the same time that the monthly payments made to the Dalai Lama by the United States ceased. The goal was to keep Tibet autonomous both within Tibet and in the international community.",
"### 1960–1972",
"As stated by Palden Wangyal, a veteran guerrilla fighter, the rebels were directly paid by the Americans to attack Chinese government facilities and installations in Tibet:",
"{{blockquote\\|\"Our soldiers attacked Chinese trucks and seized some documents of the Chinese government. After that, the Americans increased our pay scale\".{{cite book\\|last\\=McGranahan\\|first\\=Carole\\|title\\=Arrested histories Tibet, the CIA, and memories of a forgotten war\\|year\\=2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Duke University Press]]\\|location\\=Durham \\[NC]\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8223\\-9297\\-2\\|page\\=152}} }}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Flag of the [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk \"Chushi Gangdruk\"), a prominent Tibetan guerrilla organization backed by the CIA](/wiki/File:Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg \"Chushi Gangdruk-flag.svg\")\nSome CIA trainees ended up commanding an army of 2,000 resistance fighters dubbed the [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk \"Chushi Gangdruk\"), or \"Four Rivers, Six Gorges\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Paul Salopek\\|title\\=The Cia's Secret War In Tibet\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/01/26/the\\-cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\|date\\=January 26, 1997}} These fighters were specialized in ambushing Chinese targets from elevated bases in the mountains of [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\").",
"It was also during these years in which the CIA was beginning to upgrade their aerial intelligence system. Previously, the only aerial intelligence the CIA had ever had were the U\\-2's created for the [OXCART](/wiki/Lockheed_A-12 \"Lockheed A-12\") program in 1960\\. Even though the mission was a success, there were significant risks that came with it, including detection as\\-well as the possibility of pilot loss. Newer research done by the CIA during this time allowed for the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles ([UAV's](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle \"Unmanned aerial vehicle\")) as intelligence collection platforms. The agency program codenamed [Aquiline](/wiki/Project_AQUILINE \"Project AQUILINE\") (which means of or like the eagle) was the first operation to test this new concept. Its possibilities were to replace in\\-place agent operations, while being able to capture photography of inside of a country like the Soviet Union. Operation Aquiline never ended up becoming operational during this time, but did provide the perfect concept as a forerunner to today's UAV's of multi capabilities.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=www.cia.gov}}",
"Furthermore, the CIA was attempting to assist the Tibetan rebels enhancing their ability to move troops and materials. The CIA conducted studies on how the Tibetan resistance movement could best counter the Chinese Communists. Therefore, the CIA worked with the leaders of the campaign to garner more support for the resistance as well as manage the logistics of the movement of these troops. The CIA examined the difficulty in moving the additional forces necessary to counter the Chinese. This logistical conundrum meant that the CIA was giving recommendations for the capacity and ability of roadways to support the troop movements. Without this logistical support, the Tibetans could not sufficiently counter the Chinese Communists.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\\-RDP80\\-00809A000700210056\\-2\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118235801/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp80\\-00809a000700210056\\-2\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2017\\|title\\=Political \\- Diplomatic Relations, International Affairs\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} However, a declassified CIA document from July 1958 outlined the agency's assessment of the possibility that Communists would infiltrate Tibetan society, and completely assimilate all aspects of Tibetan life into the culture of Communist China.",
"The CIA was aware of China's attempts at enacting cultural assimilation in Tibet and, therefore, they wanted to take measures to counteract that possibility. However, according to the document, the possibility of the \"complete integration,\" of \"political, social, and economic\" aspects of Tibetan life was not substantial.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\\-RDP79\\-01006A000100090001\\-7\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120192857/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp79\\-01006a000100090001\\-7\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2017\\|title\\=Resistance in Tibet\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}}",
"The CIA's involvement in the Tibetan resistance was part of a broader geopolitical strategy aimed at countering Communist expansionism and influence in Asia during the Cold War. By supporting Tibetan rebels, the CIA sought to undermine Chinese Communist control in Tibet and prevent the spread of communism in the region, aligning with broader U.S. foreign policy objectives in containing communist regimes globally.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Garratt \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=July 2000 \\|title\\=''The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947''. Tsering Shakya \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.2307/2667501 \\|journal\\=The China Journal \\|volume\\=44 \\|pages\\=194–196 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2667501 \\|jstor\\=2667501 \\|issn\\=1324\\-9347}}",
"By early 1960, the camp at Chagra Pembar had grown considerably larger since it was established the year prior. Its position was strategic for being between Lhasa and China, and eastern Tibet, overall, was noted by the CIA for being \"a favorable milieu for guerilla warfare.\"[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf) This strategic positioning combined with the increase in Tibetan guerillas made Chagra Pembar a target for China. Chagra Pembar was bombed by Chinese forces early in the year over the course of several days, which killed thousands, including both guerillas and civilians. \"Only five of the Chagra Pembar parachutists survived; the rest died in the Chinese attacks or were hunted down later.\" Another camp, Nira Tsogeng, located near the Indian region of Ladakh, was also targeted by the Chinese in this attack. This attack was especially disheartening, as the CIA had dropped 430 pallets of weapons and other supplies to the 4,000 Tibetan fighters at the camp. Many at Nira Tsogeng who survived the initial bombings would later succumb to dehydration due to being saddled with their dependents and some 30,000 animals as they attempted to cross the arid Ladakh plain.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet.htm\\|title\\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet\\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=HistoryNet\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09}}",
"In the summer of 1960, the CIA funded a rebellion within the region of Upper Mustang, and which was gathered by a Resistance Fighter under Bapa Gen Yeshe who ended up gathering up to 2100 fighter which was a mix of many Tibetans fleeing to the camp. The gathering rebellion was still not supplied well with many of the resistance fighters dying of cold and starvation due to CIA reluctance to send supplies with the U\\-2 due to the U\\-2 Spy plane inside of Soviet territory in May 1960\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Staff \\|first\\=HistoryNet \\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-12 \\|title\\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet \\|url\\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=HistoryNet \\|language\\=en\\-US}} However, in spring of 1961 the CIA sent a cache of supplies to the resistance as well as seven men teams through Nepal.",
"In late 1961, the resistance forces were facing pressure from the CIA to gather more intelligence on the Chinese. Later called the \"blue satchel raid\", CIA Operations Officer John Kenneth Knaus described the raid as, \"one of the greatest intelligence hauls in the history of the agency.” {{Citation \\|title\\=CIA Secrets Documentary \\- The Shadow Circus The CIA in Tibet \\| date\\=7 February 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=k14ttZafgt0 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-10 \\|language\\=en}} This raid obtained documents that allowed the CIA a glimpse into the reality of the Chinese government who noted their difficulties in continuing “The Great Leap Forward” and with Tibet. This changed the focus of the CIA as they informed the Tibetans not to attack the Chinese but rather to gather intelligence on their enemy. Despite these orders from the CIA, yearly raids during the winter months continued on Chinese encampments and harassment of communist outposts, troops and convoys continued.",
"Long before the current Chinese occupation, Tibet had a longstanding tradition of independence. The memo cites numerous historical accounts of Chinese attempts at conquering and controlling Tibet, none of which ended in success or the integration of Tibet into Chinese society. The documents also mention the problematic \"terrain, climate, and location\" of Tibet. Tibet contains protruding mountains, massive plateaus, deep river valleys, and gaping gorges that make communication and military operations extremely arduous. The topography of the region enhanced the isolation felt by large swaths of the population, allowing for guerrilla warfare to thrive and causing \"political fragmentation among the Kham,\" the southeastern region of Tibet. Because most Tibetans are peasants and not monks or nobles, they have experience with the terrain and are often nomads. This nomadic propensity consequently effects how they maintain their independent spirit The Chinese focused substantial resources on keeping roads and supply lines functioning, a difficult task in Tibet's challenging landscape. Other CIA documents reaffirm this notion, by recognizing the enormous cost of resupplying operatives and keeping supply chains moving in the country.",
"The July 1958 document also cites the structure of Tibetan society as a primary source of trouble for the Chinese. Tibetan society revolves around the Lamaist Church, and its spiritual leader the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama was not merely a spiritual guide, but a political and ideological leader. Tibetan monasteries were more than just houses of worship, they were the economic and political centers of Tibetan society, which allowed the clergy to wield considerable power. The clergy was conservative and extremely traditionalistic. This traditionalism meant that any deviation from traditional Tibetan life was strictly opposed. Altogether, the author suggests that the socialization of Tibet may be \"prolonged\" despite the substantial investments of the Chinese to integrate the area. Tibetan's spirit for independence, the country's fractured and isolated population, the harsh Chinese policies, and the Chinese military occupation all contribute to the problems that the Chinese have had in controlling the country.",
"The [McMahon Line](/wiki/McMahon_Line \"McMahon Line\"), proposed in 1914 by British colonial administrator [Henry McMahon](/wiki/Henry_McMahon \"Henry McMahon\"), is the demarcation line between Tibet and the North\\-east region of India, stretches along the crest ridge of the Himalayas. The Chinese, however, refuse to accept the McMahon Line as the legal boundary. Nevertheless, India remains adamant that it stands. With this disagreement, the Chinese believe that they have grounds for charging Indian troops with the invasion of their territory.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp79r00890a001100090004\\-2\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123000931/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp79r00890a001100090004\\-2\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Sino\\-Indian Border Dispute}} Tibet is predominantly composed of rugged terrain, with plateaus, mountains and deep river valleys. However, the land has never been surveyed, and no markers have been placed thus providing room for disagreement.",
"In 1972, before the seismic head of state meeting between Chairman Mao and President Nixon, the CIA cut off all support to the Tibetan resistance as American foreign policy objectives shifted to normalizing diplomatic relations with China (see [Nixon's visit to China](/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China \"1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China\")). As a result, each of the 1,500 CIA\\-trained rebels received 10,000 rupees to buy land in India or to open a business instead of fighting the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") of China. Additionally, the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") decided that the training of Tibetan guerrillas by the CIA would have to cease because the risk of damaging [Sino\\-American relations](/wiki/Sino-American_relations \"Sino-American relations\") would be too high and costly.{{cite web\\|last\\=Stephen Talty\\|title\\=The Dalai Lama's Great Escape\\|url\\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/12/31/dalai\\-lamas\\-escape\\-from\\-tibet\\-and\\-the\\-cias\\-role.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Daily Beast]]\\|date\\=Dec 31, 2010}}",
"This rebellion was one of the greatest intelligence successes of the Cold War because of the significant amount of Chinese military documents captured by Tibetan fighters and given to the CIA. In the End of this operation may it be success it also failed due to the death of the resistance by the words of the Dali lama Himself telling them to stop fighting due to the stopping of Cia support to the Mustang Insurgency in 1974\\.",
"The CIA is alleged to have been involved in another failed revolt in October 1987 resulting in unrest and the continuation of Chinese repression until May 1993\\.",
""
] |
### 1958–1960
In 1958, with the rebellion in [Kham](/wiki/Kham "Kham") ongoing, two of these fighters, Athar and Lhotse, attempted to meet with the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama") to determine whether he would cooperate with their activities. However, their request for an audience was refused by Lord Chamberlain, Phala Thubten Wonden, who believed such a meeting would be unwise. According to [Tsering Shakya](/wiki/Tsering_Shakya "Tsering Shakya"), "Phala never told the Dalai Lama or the [Kashag](/wiki/Kashag "Kashag") of the arrival of Athar and Lhotse. Nor did he inform the Dalai Lama of American willingness to provide aid".Shakya, Tsering, [*The dragon in the land of snows: a history of modern Tibet since 1947*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C), London: Pimlico, 1999\. {{ISBN\|0\-7126\-6533\-1}}. Cf. Pg. 177
In 2005, multiple documents pertaining to the CIA's involvement within foreign countries were released. The Tibetan situation was highly important to the Central Intelligence Agency. They documented different aspects of the situation in Tibet and the history of their involvement with the Chinese government. In an un\-classified document, "*Notes for DCI Briefing of Senate and Foreign Relations Committee on 28 April 1958,*" the background of the situation os provided along with the US policy toward the situation. The US maintained their lack of stance towards the Chinese and the Tibetans. The US did not come out with statement against the Chinese Nationalists, maintaining "strategic silence on status of Tibet."{{Cite web \|title\=TIBET {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp82r00025r000100060024\-3 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=www.cia.gov}}
The situation in Tibet by the late 1950s revealed a strategic and economic interest in maneuvering against the Chinese Communists. Providing aid to the Tibetans continued to occur in the reports flowing in and out of the CIA. Several reports documented the economic needs of Tibetans and compared them to the known resources of the Chinese Communists in the Tibetan Army District. Control of the few networks of roads traversing the mountainous terrain granted the Chinese Communists access to the resources they needed to sustain military occupation. This was problematic for the Americans who needed a way to provide any aid to the Tibetan resistance movements. However, the reports weighing the logistics and costs of supplying aid to the Tibetans revealed that American interests were fueled by opposition to the Chinese Communists rather than a support of Tibetan liberation. The report ultimately concluded that the economic effort required to support troops in Tibet would only have a "modest if not almost negligible impact on the economy of Communist China.""Transmittal of Paper on Impact of the Tibetan Campaign on the Economy of Communist China \| CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)" (PDF). www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017\-02\-05\.
Gompo Tashi leader of a Tibetan band of resistance fighters receiving support from the CIA established his headquarters in Triguthang. Thousands of Tibetan resistance fighters gathered there, calling themselves the "Tensung Dhanglang Magar (Voluntary Force for the Defense of Buddhism). Two CIA trained Tibetan radio operators were witnessing and messaging the CIA. This led to the CIA establishing training of Tibetan Guerilla fighters at Camp Hale in Colorado. The CIA would make numerous supply drops throughout the year to the resistance fighters. The first drop included 15000 Lee\-Enfield rifles.HistoryNet Staff (2/9/2024\) CIA’s Secret War in Tibet. HistoryNet Retrieved from [https://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet/](https://www.historynet.com/cias-secret-war-in-tibet/).
In March 1959 the Dalai Lama was invited to attend a function in Lhasa by the Chinese. The Tibetan people were worried that the Dalai Lama would be abducted by the Chinese. As a response “violent anti\-Chinese demonstrations occurred throughout the city”[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf). This led to the [1959 Tibetan uprising](/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising "1959 Tibetan uprising"). Since they had feared he risked kidnapping, they decided to protect him by moving him to an area that was located just outside Lhasa.
```
After his relocation, Chinese Communist Authorities claimed that the Dalai Lama had been kidnapped by the Tibetan rebels. This would be an issue because of that same month, the Dalai Lama had been named as a delegate to the National Peoples Congress. This attack on Chinese to protect the Dalai Lama prompted the Chinese to retaliate as they believed the treaty had been broken.
```
{{cite web \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf \|website\=CIA.GOV \|access\-date\=3 May 2024}}
A 1959 DCI briefing highlights the measures in which citizens took to protect the Dalai Lama. The report says, "Thousands of Tibetan demonstrators then took the Dalai Lama into protective custody in his summer palace just outside Lhasa". Chinese military forces killed tens of thousands of Tibetans along with thousands more fleeing behind the Dalai Lama. During this revolt, supporters were reported to have "knocked out a Chinese outpost manned by 80 soldiers, interrupted communications with Peiping, and plastered walls of Lhasa with posters declaring 'independent kingdom of Tibet.'" The Chinese attempted to make the Dalai Lama stop the uprising, but they could not, which then led to his flight to India. The Dalai's clandestine departure to India started on March 17, 1959, involved him wearing a disguise where he dressed as a soldier and moved with a column of troops to the Indian border. Resistance fighters smuggled him out of the Potala and through rebel\-held territory. Two troops who met the Dalai Lama's escort along the way were trained by the CIA and they reached back to their American contacts via radio to secure permission for the Dalai Lama and his troops to enter India. Permission was granted. Prior to his flight to India (due to shots being fired outside the palace), the Dalai Lama and the Tibet representative were sending letters back and forth to each other in hopes of avoiding an attack. The Dalai Lama continued fighting for independence for Tibet outside India. Finally, with the hope of halting Chinese aggression and demands, India recognized Tibet as part of China.
[thumb\|right\|In 1959, the CIA opened a secret facility to train Tibetan recruits at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale "Camp Hale") near [Leadville, Colorado](/wiki/Leadville%2C_Colorado "Leadville, Colorado"){{Cite web\|last\=Mirsky\|first\=Jonathan\|title\=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War\|url\=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\-cancelled\-war\-tibet/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106073533/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\-cancelled\-war\-tibet/\|archive\-date\=2020\-11\-06\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-10\|website\=The New York Review of Books\|date\=9 April 2013 \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:DSCN3059_camphaleruins_e_600.jpg "DSCN3059 camphaleruins e 600.jpg")
In 1959, the Dalai Lama and approximately 100,000 followers fled to India and Nepal. The rebels continued to attack Chinese government officials, disrupting communication lines, and targeting Chinese troops. Following a mass uprising in [Lhasa](/wiki/Lhasa "Lhasa") in 1959 during the celebration of the [Tibetan New Year](/wiki/Tibetan_New_Year "Tibetan New Year") and the ensuing Chinese military response, the Dalai Lama went into exile in India. At this point, the Chinese began changing their policy of working through institutions to build the Communist Party in Tibet. They began to replace the government with Communist\-sponsored leaders. By this time the rebels were under constant Chinese attack and losing the remaining ground that they controlled. A declassified DCI briefing of the Senate Foreign Relation Committee offered some further elaboration on the Dalai Lama's position in India. The Dalai Lama remained insistent on wanting to establish a free Tibet which threatened his asylum in India. Prime Minister Nehru vowed to protect the Dalai Lama's right to practice his spirituality but would not condone any anti\-communist politics coming from the Dalai Lama. He granted the Dalai Lama asylum on March 31 following a secret meeting with the Dalai Lama's brother. Nehru's main reason for this was that India had previously recognized Tibet as a part of China. The evidence seemed to imply that popular Indian sentiment and reactions to this policy caused Nehru to become more sympathetic toward Tibet, yet unfortunately the rest of this section was redacted from the public record. In response to Nehru granting the Dalai Lama asylum, Peiping accused Nehru of encouraging "vicious attacks on China." After the Chinese government continued to place pressure on him, Nehru spoke out against China and stated that Peiping's "charges against India are so fantastic that I find it difficult to deal with them."
From 1959 to 1960, the CIA parachuted four groups of [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale "Camp Hale") trainees to meet up with the Tibetan resistance. In Autumn of 1959, the CIA parachuted the second group of sixteen men into Chagra Pembar to meet up with the resistance. By January 1960 the CIA parachuted the fourth and last team into Tibet. Along with these air drops, the CIA also provided pallets of lethal aid to the resistance including rifles, mortars, grenades, and machine guns. All the CIA trained Tibetans from Camp Hale left with personal weapons, wireless sets, and a cyanide tablet strapped onto each man's left wrist.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\-cancelled\-war\-tibet/\|title\=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War\|last\=Mirsky\|first\=Jonathan\|website\=The New York Review of Books\|date\=9 April 2013\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-07}}
[thumb\|Map of transportation network in Communist China in 1959\.](/wiki/File:Communist_China-Selected_Roads.pdf "Communist China-Selected Roads.pdf")
The resistance movement did accomplish the job of bringing great cost and distraction to the Chinese government. CIA estimates in 1959 were that the Chinese had around 60,000 troops in Tibet and needed 256 tons of supplies daily. Due to there only being 3 viable transport routes into Tibet,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\-6\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123213952/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\-6\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign (43\.2492\) \|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} the CIA also estimated that if they could get the Chinese to double the needed supplies, then the existing infrastructure would not be able to keep up with supply without supplementary airlifts or construction to repair existing routes. The CIA estimated that even with these supplemental airlifts, it would cause substantial disruption in other air services and the Chinese could not expect to supply double its commitments long\-term. The [Lanzhou\-Lhasa highway](/wiki/China_National_Highway_109 "China National Highway 109") was the ideal logistical land supply route at 2,148 km long. The CIA took into consideration factors including road construction, width, grades, curves, bottlenecks, and road conditions impacted by weather. The CIA estimated China could support up to 90,000 troops in Tibet for a few months, but only 60,000 for an extended deployment. In order to support 90,000 troops in the region, China would have to use the Lan\-chou\-Lhasa highway to its capacity and would require around 7,000 supply trucks per month. However, such heavy usage of the road was estimated to cause substantial damage. The CIA also considered how a build\-up of Chinese troops would affect the railroads and determined that, although congestion could impose some burden on the supply chain, there would be no significant effect on the lines. However, if one of the lines failed due to a washout or other reason, supplies would have to be trucked into the staging areas, which the CIA determined would be a time\-consuming operation. However, two to three trains per day to the staging areas would be able to provide enough supplies to sustain 180,000 troops in Tibet. Petroleum usage in Tibet was estimated at 2\.7% of China's total availability, with a total usage of around 200,000 tons for the year.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/cia\-rdp70t00666r000100100020\-2\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123014212/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP70T00666R000100100020\-2\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Transmittal of Paper on Impact of the Tibetan Campaign on the Economy of Communist China {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-05}}
In 1959, CIA issued assessment documents that highlighted the background, logistical issues, and the international fallout in regard to Tibet. One paper, entitled "Tibet and China (Background Papers)," described the history and geography of Tibet. The CIA assessed that the economy of Tibet had not changed despite eight years of Chinese rule.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Tibet and China (Background Information)\|last\=CIA}} The agency concluded that rebellions against Chinese communists would continue in Tibet throughout the years, but believed that the rebellions could not damage the hold that China had on Tibet. The CIA believed that the Chinese aggression in Tibet had severely damaged China's standing within Afro\-Asian countries. By invading a sovereign nation and forcing the Dalai Lama into exile, China had gone against the image as a neutral peacemaker in the region that they had been cultivating since the Bandung Conference in 1955\.{{cite web \|author1\=Central Intelligence Agency \|title\=Tibet and China: Background Paper \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017 \|date\=April 27, 1959}} In the briefing note, the CIA stated that the governments of neutral Asian countries, notably India and Burma, had encouraged press and popular opposition to Chinese aggression in Tibet. This was despite the fact that the governments did not formally sanction China for their actions. The background paper specified that one of the strongest reaction to China was from Malaya in which the Foreign Minister condemned the action and likened it to Soviet harsh responses in Hungary. Prince Norodom Sihanouk from Cambodia also showed his sympathy to Tibet and "expressing surprise" that Prime Minister Nehru did not take firmer action against Peking. There were protests on China's repression in Tibet as shown in the section of the press in some countries such as Burma, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Japan, and the United Arab Republic.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Tibet and China (Background Paper)\|last\=Central Intelligence Agency\|date\=27 April 1959\|website\=Central Intelligence Agency\|access\-date\=23 February 2019}} The CIA also noted that the Chinese government reported there to be "only about 20,000" resistance forces still living in parts of southern and remote regions of Tibet and west China and that they would abandon their previous cautious policy to enforce assimilation of Tibetans.{{Cite web \|title\=TIBET {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp79r00890a001100040012\-8 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-10 \|website\=www.cia.gov}} Another report, "Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign," studied the strengths, weaknesses, and power of the Chinese military in Tibet. The report concluded that the Chinese military had hundreds of thousands of soldiers at its disposal and had a good supply of aircraft, but identified the supply roads as a major weakness.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\-6\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123213952/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\-6\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign\|last\=CIA\|website\=cia.gov}} The documents remained classified until the early 2000s.
The CIA Tibetan Task Force continued the operation against Chinese forces alongside the Tibetan guerrilla army for another 15 years, until 1974\. This is the same time that the monthly payments made to the Dalai Lama by the United States ceased. The goal was to keep Tibet autonomous both within Tibet and in the international community.
|
[
"### 1958–1960",
"In 1958, with the rebellion in [Kham](/wiki/Kham \"Kham\") ongoing, two of these fighters, Athar and Lhotse, attempted to meet with the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\") to determine whether he would cooperate with their activities. However, their request for an audience was refused by Lord Chamberlain, Phala Thubten Wonden, who believed such a meeting would be unwise. According to [Tsering Shakya](/wiki/Tsering_Shakya \"Tsering Shakya\"), \"Phala never told the Dalai Lama or the [Kashag](/wiki/Kashag \"Kashag\") of the arrival of Athar and Lhotse. Nor did he inform the Dalai Lama of American willingness to provide aid\".Shakya, Tsering, [*The dragon in the land of snows: a history of modern Tibet since 1947*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C), London: Pimlico, 1999\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-7126\\-6533\\-1}}. Cf. Pg. 177",
"In 2005, multiple documents pertaining to the CIA's involvement within foreign countries were released. The Tibetan situation was highly important to the Central Intelligence Agency. They documented different aspects of the situation in Tibet and the history of their involvement with the Chinese government. In an un\\-classified document, \"*Notes for DCI Briefing of Senate and Foreign Relations Committee on 28 April 1958,*\" the background of the situation os provided along with the US policy toward the situation. The US maintained their lack of stance towards the Chinese and the Tibetans. The US did not come out with statement against the Chinese Nationalists, maintaining \"strategic silence on status of Tibet.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=TIBET {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp82r00025r000100060024\\-3 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=www.cia.gov}}",
"The situation in Tibet by the late 1950s revealed a strategic and economic interest in maneuvering against the Chinese Communists. Providing aid to the Tibetans continued to occur in the reports flowing in and out of the CIA. Several reports documented the economic needs of Tibetans and compared them to the known resources of the Chinese Communists in the Tibetan Army District. Control of the few networks of roads traversing the mountainous terrain granted the Chinese Communists access to the resources they needed to sustain military occupation. This was problematic for the Americans who needed a way to provide any aid to the Tibetan resistance movements. However, the reports weighing the logistics and costs of supplying aid to the Tibetans revealed that American interests were fueled by opposition to the Chinese Communists rather than a support of Tibetan liberation. The report ultimately concluded that the economic effort required to support troops in Tibet would only have a \"modest if not almost negligible impact on the economy of Communist China.\"\"Transmittal of Paper on Impact of the Tibetan Campaign on the Economy of Communist China \\| CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)\" (PDF). www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017\\-02\\-05\\.",
"Gompo Tashi leader of a Tibetan band of resistance fighters receiving support from the CIA established his headquarters in Triguthang. Thousands of Tibetan resistance fighters gathered there, calling themselves the \"Tensung Dhanglang Magar (Voluntary Force for the Defense of Buddhism). Two CIA trained Tibetan radio operators were witnessing and messaging the CIA. This led to the CIA establishing training of Tibetan Guerilla fighters at Camp Hale in Colorado. The CIA would make numerous supply drops throughout the year to the resistance fighters. The first drop included 15000 Lee\\-Enfield rifles.HistoryNet Staff (2/9/2024\\) CIA’s Secret War in Tibet. HistoryNet Retrieved from [https://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet/](https://www.historynet.com/cias-secret-war-in-tibet/).",
"In March 1959 the Dalai Lama was invited to attend a function in Lhasa by the Chinese. The Tibetan people were worried that the Dalai Lama would be abducted by the Chinese. As a response “violent anti\\-Chinese demonstrations occurred throughout the city”[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf). This led to the [1959 Tibetan uprising](/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising \"1959 Tibetan uprising\"). Since they had feared he risked kidnapping, they decided to protect him by moving him to an area that was located just outside Lhasa.",
"```\n After his relocation, Chinese Communist Authorities claimed that the Dalai Lama had been kidnapped by the Tibetan rebels. This would be an issue because of that same month, the Dalai Lama had been named as a delegate to the National Peoples Congress. This attack on Chinese to protect the Dalai Lama prompted the Chinese to retaliate as they believed the treaty had been broken.\n```",
"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf \\|website\\=CIA.GOV \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2024}}",
"A 1959 DCI briefing highlights the measures in which citizens took to protect the Dalai Lama. The report says, \"Thousands of Tibetan demonstrators then took the Dalai Lama into protective custody in his summer palace just outside Lhasa\". Chinese military forces killed tens of thousands of Tibetans along with thousands more fleeing behind the Dalai Lama. During this revolt, supporters were reported to have \"knocked out a Chinese outpost manned by 80 soldiers, interrupted communications with Peiping, and plastered walls of Lhasa with posters declaring 'independent kingdom of Tibet.'\" The Chinese attempted to make the Dalai Lama stop the uprising, but they could not, which then led to his flight to India. The Dalai's clandestine departure to India started on March 17, 1959, involved him wearing a disguise where he dressed as a soldier and moved with a column of troops to the Indian border. Resistance fighters smuggled him out of the Potala and through rebel\\-held territory. Two troops who met the Dalai Lama's escort along the way were trained by the CIA and they reached back to their American contacts via radio to secure permission for the Dalai Lama and his troops to enter India. Permission was granted. Prior to his flight to India (due to shots being fired outside the palace), the Dalai Lama and the Tibet representative were sending letters back and forth to each other in hopes of avoiding an attack. The Dalai Lama continued fighting for independence for Tibet outside India. Finally, with the hope of halting Chinese aggression and demands, India recognized Tibet as part of China.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|In 1959, the CIA opened a secret facility to train Tibetan recruits at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale \"Camp Hale\") near [Leadville, Colorado](/wiki/Leadville%2C_Colorado \"Leadville, Colorado\"){{Cite web\\|last\\=Mirsky\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|title\\=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War\\|url\\=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\\-cancelled\\-war\\-tibet/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106073533/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\\-cancelled\\-war\\-tibet/\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-06\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-10\\|website\\=The New York Review of Books\\|date\\=9 April 2013 \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:DSCN3059_camphaleruins_e_600.jpg \"DSCN3059 camphaleruins e 600.jpg\")\nIn 1959, the Dalai Lama and approximately 100,000 followers fled to India and Nepal. The rebels continued to attack Chinese government officials, disrupting communication lines, and targeting Chinese troops. Following a mass uprising in [Lhasa](/wiki/Lhasa \"Lhasa\") in 1959 during the celebration of the [Tibetan New Year](/wiki/Tibetan_New_Year \"Tibetan New Year\") and the ensuing Chinese military response, the Dalai Lama went into exile in India. At this point, the Chinese began changing their policy of working through institutions to build the Communist Party in Tibet. They began to replace the government with Communist\\-sponsored leaders. By this time the rebels were under constant Chinese attack and losing the remaining ground that they controlled. A declassified DCI briefing of the Senate Foreign Relation Committee offered some further elaboration on the Dalai Lama's position in India. The Dalai Lama remained insistent on wanting to establish a free Tibet which threatened his asylum in India. Prime Minister Nehru vowed to protect the Dalai Lama's right to practice his spirituality but would not condone any anti\\-communist politics coming from the Dalai Lama. He granted the Dalai Lama asylum on March 31 following a secret meeting with the Dalai Lama's brother. Nehru's main reason for this was that India had previously recognized Tibet as a part of China. The evidence seemed to imply that popular Indian sentiment and reactions to this policy caused Nehru to become more sympathetic toward Tibet, yet unfortunately the rest of this section was redacted from the public record. In response to Nehru granting the Dalai Lama asylum, Peiping accused Nehru of encouraging \"vicious attacks on China.\" After the Chinese government continued to place pressure on him, Nehru spoke out against China and stated that Peiping's \"charges against India are so fantastic that I find it difficult to deal with them.\"",
"From 1959 to 1960, the CIA parachuted four groups of [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale \"Camp Hale\") trainees to meet up with the Tibetan resistance. In Autumn of 1959, the CIA parachuted the second group of sixteen men into Chagra Pembar to meet up with the resistance. By January 1960 the CIA parachuted the fourth and last team into Tibet. Along with these air drops, the CIA also provided pallets of lethal aid to the resistance including rifles, mortars, grenades, and machine guns. All the CIA trained Tibetans from Camp Hale left with personal weapons, wireless sets, and a cyanide tablet strapped onto each man's left wrist.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/04/09/cias\\-cancelled\\-war\\-tibet/\\|title\\=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War\\|last\\=Mirsky\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|website\\=The New York Review of Books\\|date\\=9 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-07}}\n[thumb\\|Map of transportation network in Communist China in 1959\\.](/wiki/File:Communist_China-Selected_Roads.pdf \"Communist China-Selected Roads.pdf\")\nThe resistance movement did accomplish the job of bringing great cost and distraction to the Chinese government. CIA estimates in 1959 were that the Chinese had around 60,000 troops in Tibet and needed 256 tons of supplies daily. Due to there only being 3 viable transport routes into Tibet,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\\-6\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123213952/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\\-6\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign (43\\.2492\\) \\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} the CIA also estimated that if they could get the Chinese to double the needed supplies, then the existing infrastructure would not be able to keep up with supply without supplementary airlifts or construction to repair existing routes. The CIA estimated that even with these supplemental airlifts, it would cause substantial disruption in other air services and the Chinese could not expect to supply double its commitments long\\-term. The [Lanzhou\\-Lhasa highway](/wiki/China_National_Highway_109 \"China National Highway 109\") was the ideal logistical land supply route at 2,148 km long. The CIA took into consideration factors including road construction, width, grades, curves, bottlenecks, and road conditions impacted by weather. The CIA estimated China could support up to 90,000 troops in Tibet for a few months, but only 60,000 for an extended deployment. In order to support 90,000 troops in the region, China would have to use the Lan\\-chou\\-Lhasa highway to its capacity and would require around 7,000 supply trucks per month. However, such heavy usage of the road was estimated to cause substantial damage. The CIA also considered how a build\\-up of Chinese troops would affect the railroads and determined that, although congestion could impose some burden on the supply chain, there would be no significant effect on the lines. However, if one of the lines failed due to a washout or other reason, supplies would have to be trucked into the staging areas, which the CIA determined would be a time\\-consuming operation. However, two to three trains per day to the staging areas would be able to provide enough supplies to sustain 180,000 troops in Tibet. Petroleum usage in Tibet was estimated at 2\\.7% of China's total availability, with a total usage of around 200,000 tons for the year.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/cia\\-rdp70t00666r000100100020\\-2\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123014212/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP70T00666R000100100020\\-2\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Transmittal of Paper on Impact of the Tibetan Campaign on the Economy of Communist China {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-05}}",
"In 1959, CIA issued assessment documents that highlighted the background, logistical issues, and the international fallout in regard to Tibet. One paper, entitled \"Tibet and China (Background Papers),\" described the history and geography of Tibet. The CIA assessed that the economy of Tibet had not changed despite eight years of Chinese rule.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Tibet and China (Background Information)\\|last\\=CIA}} The agency concluded that rebellions against Chinese communists would continue in Tibet throughout the years, but believed that the rebellions could not damage the hold that China had on Tibet. The CIA believed that the Chinese aggression in Tibet had severely damaged China's standing within Afro\\-Asian countries. By invading a sovereign nation and forcing the Dalai Lama into exile, China had gone against the image as a neutral peacemaker in the region that they had been cultivating since the Bandung Conference in 1955\\.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Central Intelligence Agency \\|title\\=Tibet and China: Background Paper \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017 \\|date\\=April 27, 1959}} In the briefing note, the CIA stated that the governments of neutral Asian countries, notably India and Burma, had encouraged press and popular opposition to Chinese aggression in Tibet. This was despite the fact that the governments did not formally sanction China for their actions. The background paper specified that one of the strongest reaction to China was from Malaya in which the Foreign Minister condemned the action and likened it to Soviet harsh responses in Hungary. Prince Norodom Sihanouk from Cambodia also showed his sympathy to Tibet and \"expressing surprise\" that Prime Minister Nehru did not take firmer action against Peking. There were protests on China's repression in Tibet as shown in the section of the press in some countries such as Burma, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Japan, and the United Arab Republic.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224005/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Tibet and China (Background Paper)\\|last\\=Central Intelligence Agency\\|date\\=27 April 1959\\|website\\=Central Intelligence Agency\\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2019}} The CIA also noted that the Chinese government reported there to be \"only about 20,000\" resistance forces still living in parts of southern and remote regions of Tibet and west China and that they would abandon their previous cautious policy to enforce assimilation of Tibetans.{{Cite web \\|title\\=TIBET {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp79r00890a001100040012\\-8 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-10 \\|website\\=www.cia.gov}} Another report, \"Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign,\" studied the strengths, weaknesses, and power of the Chinese military in Tibet. The report concluded that the Chinese military had hundreds of thousands of soldiers at its disposal and had a good supply of aircraft, but identified the supply roads as a major weakness.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\\-6\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123213952/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP79T01049A001900130001\\-6\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Logistical Problems of the Tibetan Campaign\\|last\\=CIA\\|website\\=cia.gov}} The documents remained classified until the early 2000s.",
"The CIA Tibetan Task Force continued the operation against Chinese forces alongside the Tibetan guerrilla army for another 15 years, until 1974\\. This is the same time that the monthly payments made to the Dalai Lama by the United States ceased. The goal was to keep Tibet autonomous both within Tibet and in the international community.",
""
] |
### 1960–1972
As stated by Palden Wangyal, a veteran guerrilla fighter, the rebels were directly paid by the Americans to attack Chinese government facilities and installations in Tibet:
{{blockquote\|"Our soldiers attacked Chinese trucks and seized some documents of the Chinese government. After that, the Americans increased our pay scale".{{cite book\|last\=McGranahan\|first\=Carole\|title\=Arrested histories Tibet, the CIA, and memories of a forgotten war\|year\=2010\|publisher\=\[\[Duke University Press]]\|location\=Durham \[NC]\|isbn\=978\-0\-8223\-9297\-2\|page\=152}} }}
[thumb\|right\|Flag of the [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk "Chushi Gangdruk"), a prominent Tibetan guerrilla organization backed by the CIA](/wiki/File:Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg "Chushi Gangdruk-flag.svg")
Some CIA trainees ended up commanding an army of 2,000 resistance fighters dubbed the [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk "Chushi Gangdruk"), or "Four Rivers, Six Gorges".{{cite news\|last\=Paul Salopek\|title\=The Cia's Secret War In Tibet\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/01/26/the\-cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet/\|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\|date\=January 26, 1997}} These fighters were specialized in ambushing Chinese targets from elevated bases in the mountains of [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal").
It was also during these years in which the CIA was beginning to upgrade their aerial intelligence system. Previously, the only aerial intelligence the CIA had ever had were the U\-2's created for the [OXCART](/wiki/Lockheed_A-12 "Lockheed A-12") program in 1960\. Even though the mission was a success, there were significant risks that came with it, including detection as\-well as the possibility of pilot loss. Newer research done by the CIA during this time allowed for the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles ([UAV's](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned aerial vehicle")) as intelligence collection platforms. The agency program codenamed [Aquiline](/wiki/Project_AQUILINE "Project AQUILINE") (which means of or like the eagle) was the first operation to test this new concept. Its possibilities were to replace in\-place agent operations, while being able to capture photography of inside of a country like the Soviet Union. Operation Aquiline never ended up becoming operational during this time, but did provide the perfect concept as a forerunner to today's UAV's of multi capabilities.{{Cite web \|title\=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=www.cia.gov}}
Furthermore, the CIA was attempting to assist the Tibetan rebels enhancing their ability to move troops and materials. The CIA conducted studies on how the Tibetan resistance movement could best counter the Chinese Communists. Therefore, the CIA worked with the leaders of the campaign to garner more support for the resistance as well as manage the logistics of the movement of these troops. The CIA examined the difficulty in moving the additional forces necessary to counter the Chinese. This logistical conundrum meant that the CIA was giving recommendations for the capacity and ability of roadways to support the troop movements. Without this logistical support, the Tibetans could not sufficiently counter the Chinese Communists.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\-RDP80\-00809A000700210056\-2\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118235801/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp80\-00809a000700210056\-2\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 18, 2017\|title\=Political \- Diplomatic Relations, International Affairs\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}} However, a declassified CIA document from July 1958 outlined the agency's assessment of the possibility that Communists would infiltrate Tibetan society, and completely assimilate all aspects of Tibetan life into the culture of Communist China.
The CIA was aware of China's attempts at enacting cultural assimilation in Tibet and, therefore, they wanted to take measures to counteract that possibility. However, according to the document, the possibility of the "complete integration," of "political, social, and economic" aspects of Tibetan life was not substantial.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\-RDP79\-01006A000100090001\-7\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120192857/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp79\-01006a000100090001\-7\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2017\|title\=Resistance in Tibet\|website\=www.cia.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-09}}
The CIA's involvement in the Tibetan resistance was part of a broader geopolitical strategy aimed at countering Communist expansionism and influence in Asia during the Cold War. By supporting Tibetan rebels, the CIA sought to undermine Chinese Communist control in Tibet and prevent the spread of communism in the region, aligning with broader U.S. foreign policy objectives in containing communist regimes globally.{{Cite journal \|last\=Garratt \|first\=Kevin \|date\=July 2000 \|title\=''The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947''. Tsering Shakya \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.2307/2667501 \|journal\=The China Journal \|volume\=44 \|pages\=194–196 \|doi\=10\.2307/2667501 \|jstor\=2667501 \|issn\=1324\-9347}}
By early 1960, the camp at Chagra Pembar had grown considerably larger since it was established the year prior. Its position was strategic for being between Lhasa and China, and eastern Tibet, overall, was noted by the CIA for being "a favorable milieu for guerilla warfare."[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\-5\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf) This strategic positioning combined with the increase in Tibetan guerillas made Chagra Pembar a target for China. Chagra Pembar was bombed by Chinese forces early in the year over the course of several days, which killed thousands, including both guerillas and civilians. "Only five of the Chagra Pembar parachutists survived; the rest died in the Chinese attacks or were hunted down later." Another camp, Nira Tsogeng, located near the Indian region of Ladakh, was also targeted by the Chinese in this attack. This attack was especially disheartening, as the CIA had dropped 430 pallets of weapons and other supplies to the 4,000 Tibetan fighters at the camp. Many at Nira Tsogeng who survived the initial bombings would later succumb to dehydration due to being saddled with their dependents and some 30,000 animals as they attempted to cross the arid Ladakh plain.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet.htm\|title\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet\|date\=2006\-06\-12\|website\=HistoryNet\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09}}
In the summer of 1960, the CIA funded a rebellion within the region of Upper Mustang, and which was gathered by a Resistance Fighter under Bapa Gen Yeshe who ended up gathering up to 2100 fighter which was a mix of many Tibetans fleeing to the camp. The gathering rebellion was still not supplied well with many of the resistance fighters dying of cold and starvation due to CIA reluctance to send supplies with the U\-2 due to the U\-2 Spy plane inside of Soviet territory in May 1960\.{{Cite web \|last\=Staff \|first\=HistoryNet \|date\=2006\-06\-12 \|title\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet \|url\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\-secret\-war\-in\-tibet/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=HistoryNet \|language\=en\-US}} However, in spring of 1961 the CIA sent a cache of supplies to the resistance as well as seven men teams through Nepal.
In late 1961, the resistance forces were facing pressure from the CIA to gather more intelligence on the Chinese. Later called the "blue satchel raid", CIA Operations Officer John Kenneth Knaus described the raid as, "one of the greatest intelligence hauls in the history of the agency.” {{Citation \|title\=CIA Secrets Documentary \- The Shadow Circus The CIA in Tibet \| date\=7 February 2018 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=k14ttZafgt0 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-10 \|language\=en}} This raid obtained documents that allowed the CIA a glimpse into the reality of the Chinese government who noted their difficulties in continuing “The Great Leap Forward” and with Tibet. This changed the focus of the CIA as they informed the Tibetans not to attack the Chinese but rather to gather intelligence on their enemy. Despite these orders from the CIA, yearly raids during the winter months continued on Chinese encampments and harassment of communist outposts, troops and convoys continued.
Long before the current Chinese occupation, Tibet had a longstanding tradition of independence. The memo cites numerous historical accounts of Chinese attempts at conquering and controlling Tibet, none of which ended in success or the integration of Tibet into Chinese society. The documents also mention the problematic "terrain, climate, and location" of Tibet. Tibet contains protruding mountains, massive plateaus, deep river valleys, and gaping gorges that make communication and military operations extremely arduous. The topography of the region enhanced the isolation felt by large swaths of the population, allowing for guerrilla warfare to thrive and causing "political fragmentation among the Kham," the southeastern region of Tibet. Because most Tibetans are peasants and not monks or nobles, they have experience with the terrain and are often nomads. This nomadic propensity consequently effects how they maintain their independent spirit The Chinese focused substantial resources on keeping roads and supply lines functioning, a difficult task in Tibet's challenging landscape. Other CIA documents reaffirm this notion, by recognizing the enormous cost of resupplying operatives and keeping supply chains moving in the country.
The July 1958 document also cites the structure of Tibetan society as a primary source of trouble for the Chinese. Tibetan society revolves around the Lamaist Church, and its spiritual leader the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama was not merely a spiritual guide, but a political and ideological leader. Tibetan monasteries were more than just houses of worship, they were the economic and political centers of Tibetan society, which allowed the clergy to wield considerable power. The clergy was conservative and extremely traditionalistic. This traditionalism meant that any deviation from traditional Tibetan life was strictly opposed. Altogether, the author suggests that the socialization of Tibet may be "prolonged" despite the substantial investments of the Chinese to integrate the area. Tibetan's spirit for independence, the country's fractured and isolated population, the harsh Chinese policies, and the Chinese military occupation all contribute to the problems that the Chinese have had in controlling the country.
The [McMahon Line](/wiki/McMahon_Line "McMahon Line"), proposed in 1914 by British colonial administrator [Henry McMahon](/wiki/Henry_McMahon "Henry McMahon"), is the demarcation line between Tibet and the North\-east region of India, stretches along the crest ridge of the Himalayas. The Chinese, however, refuse to accept the McMahon Line as the legal boundary. Nevertheless, India remains adamant that it stands. With this disagreement, the Chinese believe that they have grounds for charging Indian troops with the invasion of their territory.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp79r00890a001100090004\-2\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123000931/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\-rdp79r00890a001100090004\-2\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 23, 2017\|title\=Sino\-Indian Border Dispute}} Tibet is predominantly composed of rugged terrain, with plateaus, mountains and deep river valleys. However, the land has never been surveyed, and no markers have been placed thus providing room for disagreement.
In 1972, before the seismic head of state meeting between Chairman Mao and President Nixon, the CIA cut off all support to the Tibetan resistance as American foreign policy objectives shifted to normalizing diplomatic relations with China (see [Nixon's visit to China](/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China "1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China")). As a result, each of the 1,500 CIA\-trained rebels received 10,000 rupees to buy land in India or to open a business instead of fighting the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") of China. Additionally, the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") decided that the training of Tibetan guerrillas by the CIA would have to cease because the risk of damaging [Sino\-American relations](/wiki/Sino-American_relations "Sino-American relations") would be too high and costly.{{cite web\|last\=Stephen Talty\|title\=The Dalai Lama's Great Escape\|url\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/12/31/dalai\-lamas\-escape\-from\-tibet\-and\-the\-cias\-role.html\|website\=\[\[The Daily Beast]]\|date\=Dec 31, 2010}}
This rebellion was one of the greatest intelligence successes of the Cold War because of the significant amount of Chinese military documents captured by Tibetan fighters and given to the CIA. In the End of this operation may it be success it also failed due to the death of the resistance by the words of the Dali lama Himself telling them to stop fighting due to the stopping of Cia support to the Mustang Insurgency in 1974\.
The CIA is alleged to have been involved in another failed revolt in October 1987 resulting in unrest and the continuation of Chinese repression until May 1993\.
|
[
"### 1960–1972",
"As stated by Palden Wangyal, a veteran guerrilla fighter, the rebels were directly paid by the Americans to attack Chinese government facilities and installations in Tibet:",
"{{blockquote\\|\"Our soldiers attacked Chinese trucks and seized some documents of the Chinese government. After that, the Americans increased our pay scale\".{{cite book\\|last\\=McGranahan\\|first\\=Carole\\|title\\=Arrested histories Tibet, the CIA, and memories of a forgotten war\\|year\\=2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Duke University Press]]\\|location\\=Durham \\[NC]\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8223\\-9297\\-2\\|page\\=152}} }}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Flag of the [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk \"Chushi Gangdruk\"), a prominent Tibetan guerrilla organization backed by the CIA](/wiki/File:Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg \"Chushi Gangdruk-flag.svg\")\nSome CIA trainees ended up commanding an army of 2,000 resistance fighters dubbed the [Chushi Gangdruk](/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk \"Chushi Gangdruk\"), or \"Four Rivers, Six Gorges\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Paul Salopek\\|title\\=The Cia's Secret War In Tibet\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/01/26/the\\-cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\|date\\=January 26, 1997}} These fighters were specialized in ambushing Chinese targets from elevated bases in the mountains of [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\").",
"It was also during these years in which the CIA was beginning to upgrade their aerial intelligence system. Previously, the only aerial intelligence the CIA had ever had were the U\\-2's created for the [OXCART](/wiki/Lockheed_A-12 \"Lockheed A-12\") program in 1960\\. Even though the mission was a success, there were significant risks that came with it, including detection as\\-well as the possibility of pilot loss. Newer research done by the CIA during this time allowed for the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles ([UAV's](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle \"Unmanned aerial vehicle\")) as intelligence collection platforms. The agency program codenamed [Aquiline](/wiki/Project_AQUILINE \"Project AQUILINE\") (which means of or like the eagle) was the first operation to test this new concept. Its possibilities were to replace in\\-place agent operations, while being able to capture photography of inside of a country like the Soviet Union. Operation Aquiline never ended up becoming operational during this time, but did provide the perfect concept as a forerunner to today's UAV's of multi capabilities.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=www.cia.gov}}",
"Furthermore, the CIA was attempting to assist the Tibetan rebels enhancing their ability to move troops and materials. The CIA conducted studies on how the Tibetan resistance movement could best counter the Chinese Communists. Therefore, the CIA worked with the leaders of the campaign to garner more support for the resistance as well as manage the logistics of the movement of these troops. The CIA examined the difficulty in moving the additional forces necessary to counter the Chinese. This logistical conundrum meant that the CIA was giving recommendations for the capacity and ability of roadways to support the troop movements. Without this logistical support, the Tibetans could not sufficiently counter the Chinese Communists.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\\-RDP80\\-00809A000700210056\\-2\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118235801/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp80\\-00809a000700210056\\-2\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2017\\|title\\=Political \\- Diplomatic Relations, International Affairs\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}} However, a declassified CIA document from July 1958 outlined the agency's assessment of the possibility that Communists would infiltrate Tibetan society, and completely assimilate all aspects of Tibetan life into the culture of Communist China.",
"The CIA was aware of China's attempts at enacting cultural assimilation in Tibet and, therefore, they wanted to take measures to counteract that possibility. However, according to the document, the possibility of the \"complete integration,\" of \"political, social, and economic\" aspects of Tibetan life was not substantial.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/CIA\\-RDP79\\-01006A000100090001\\-7\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120192857/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp79\\-01006a000100090001\\-7\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2017\\|title\\=Resistance in Tibet\\|website\\=www.cia.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-09}}",
"The CIA's involvement in the Tibetan resistance was part of a broader geopolitical strategy aimed at countering Communist expansionism and influence in Asia during the Cold War. By supporting Tibetan rebels, the CIA sought to undermine Chinese Communist control in Tibet and prevent the spread of communism in the region, aligning with broader U.S. foreign policy objectives in containing communist regimes globally.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Garratt \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=July 2000 \\|title\\=''The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947''. Tsering Shakya \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.2307/2667501 \\|journal\\=The China Journal \\|volume\\=44 \\|pages\\=194–196 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2667501 \\|jstor\\=2667501 \\|issn\\=1324\\-9347}}",
"By early 1960, the camp at Chagra Pembar had grown considerably larger since it was established the year prior. Its position was strategic for being between Lhasa and China, and eastern Tibet, overall, was noted by the CIA for being \"a favorable milieu for guerilla warfare.\"[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP82R00025R000100060022\\-5\\.pdf](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060022-5.pdf) This strategic positioning combined with the increase in Tibetan guerillas made Chagra Pembar a target for China. Chagra Pembar was bombed by Chinese forces early in the year over the course of several days, which killed thousands, including both guerillas and civilians. \"Only five of the Chagra Pembar parachutists survived; the rest died in the Chinese attacks or were hunted down later.\" Another camp, Nira Tsogeng, located near the Indian region of Ladakh, was also targeted by the Chinese in this attack. This attack was especially disheartening, as the CIA had dropped 430 pallets of weapons and other supplies to the 4,000 Tibetan fighters at the camp. Many at Nira Tsogeng who survived the initial bombings would later succumb to dehydration due to being saddled with their dependents and some 30,000 animals as they attempted to cross the arid Ladakh plain.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet.htm\\|title\\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet\\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=HistoryNet\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09}}",
"In the summer of 1960, the CIA funded a rebellion within the region of Upper Mustang, and which was gathered by a Resistance Fighter under Bapa Gen Yeshe who ended up gathering up to 2100 fighter which was a mix of many Tibetans fleeing to the camp. The gathering rebellion was still not supplied well with many of the resistance fighters dying of cold and starvation due to CIA reluctance to send supplies with the U\\-2 due to the U\\-2 Spy plane inside of Soviet territory in May 1960\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Staff \\|first\\=HistoryNet \\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-12 \\|title\\=CIA's Secret War in Tibet \\|url\\=https://www.historynet.com/cias\\-secret\\-war\\-in\\-tibet/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=HistoryNet \\|language\\=en\\-US}} However, in spring of 1961 the CIA sent a cache of supplies to the resistance as well as seven men teams through Nepal.",
"In late 1961, the resistance forces were facing pressure from the CIA to gather more intelligence on the Chinese. Later called the \"blue satchel raid\", CIA Operations Officer John Kenneth Knaus described the raid as, \"one of the greatest intelligence hauls in the history of the agency.” {{Citation \\|title\\=CIA Secrets Documentary \\- The Shadow Circus The CIA in Tibet \\| date\\=7 February 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=k14ttZafgt0 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-10 \\|language\\=en}} This raid obtained documents that allowed the CIA a glimpse into the reality of the Chinese government who noted their difficulties in continuing “The Great Leap Forward” and with Tibet. This changed the focus of the CIA as they informed the Tibetans not to attack the Chinese but rather to gather intelligence on their enemy. Despite these orders from the CIA, yearly raids during the winter months continued on Chinese encampments and harassment of communist outposts, troops and convoys continued.",
"Long before the current Chinese occupation, Tibet had a longstanding tradition of independence. The memo cites numerous historical accounts of Chinese attempts at conquering and controlling Tibet, none of which ended in success or the integration of Tibet into Chinese society. The documents also mention the problematic \"terrain, climate, and location\" of Tibet. Tibet contains protruding mountains, massive plateaus, deep river valleys, and gaping gorges that make communication and military operations extremely arduous. The topography of the region enhanced the isolation felt by large swaths of the population, allowing for guerrilla warfare to thrive and causing \"political fragmentation among the Kham,\" the southeastern region of Tibet. Because most Tibetans are peasants and not monks or nobles, they have experience with the terrain and are often nomads. This nomadic propensity consequently effects how they maintain their independent spirit The Chinese focused substantial resources on keeping roads and supply lines functioning, a difficult task in Tibet's challenging landscape. Other CIA documents reaffirm this notion, by recognizing the enormous cost of resupplying operatives and keeping supply chains moving in the country.",
"The July 1958 document also cites the structure of Tibetan society as a primary source of trouble for the Chinese. Tibetan society revolves around the Lamaist Church, and its spiritual leader the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama was not merely a spiritual guide, but a political and ideological leader. Tibetan monasteries were more than just houses of worship, they were the economic and political centers of Tibetan society, which allowed the clergy to wield considerable power. The clergy was conservative and extremely traditionalistic. This traditionalism meant that any deviation from traditional Tibetan life was strictly opposed. Altogether, the author suggests that the socialization of Tibet may be \"prolonged\" despite the substantial investments of the Chinese to integrate the area. Tibetan's spirit for independence, the country's fractured and isolated population, the harsh Chinese policies, and the Chinese military occupation all contribute to the problems that the Chinese have had in controlling the country.",
"The [McMahon Line](/wiki/McMahon_Line \"McMahon Line\"), proposed in 1914 by British colonial administrator [Henry McMahon](/wiki/Henry_McMahon \"Henry McMahon\"), is the demarcation line between Tibet and the North\\-east region of India, stretches along the crest ridge of the Himalayas. The Chinese, however, refuse to accept the McMahon Line as the legal boundary. Nevertheless, India remains adamant that it stands. With this disagreement, the Chinese believe that they have grounds for charging Indian troops with the invasion of their territory.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp79r00890a001100090004\\-2\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123000931/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia\\-rdp79r00890a001100090004\\-2\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2017\\|title\\=Sino\\-Indian Border Dispute}} Tibet is predominantly composed of rugged terrain, with plateaus, mountains and deep river valleys. However, the land has never been surveyed, and no markers have been placed thus providing room for disagreement.",
"In 1972, before the seismic head of state meeting between Chairman Mao and President Nixon, the CIA cut off all support to the Tibetan resistance as American foreign policy objectives shifted to normalizing diplomatic relations with China (see [Nixon's visit to China](/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China \"1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China\")). As a result, each of the 1,500 CIA\\-trained rebels received 10,000 rupees to buy land in India or to open a business instead of fighting the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") of China. Additionally, the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") decided that the training of Tibetan guerrillas by the CIA would have to cease because the risk of damaging [Sino\\-American relations](/wiki/Sino-American_relations \"Sino-American relations\") would be too high and costly.{{cite web\\|last\\=Stephen Talty\\|title\\=The Dalai Lama's Great Escape\\|url\\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/12/31/dalai\\-lamas\\-escape\\-from\\-tibet\\-and\\-the\\-cias\\-role.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Daily Beast]]\\|date\\=Dec 31, 2010}}",
"This rebellion was one of the greatest intelligence successes of the Cold War because of the significant amount of Chinese military documents captured by Tibetan fighters and given to the CIA. In the End of this operation may it be success it also failed due to the death of the resistance by the words of the Dali lama Himself telling them to stop fighting due to the stopping of Cia support to the Mustang Insurgency in 1974\\.",
"The CIA is alleged to have been involved in another failed revolt in October 1987 resulting in unrest and the continuation of Chinese repression until May 1993\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
In 1919, he met with his father to the [Estonian Independence War](/wiki/Estonian_Independence_War "Estonian Independence War"), where he advanced to Lieutenant in the [Danish\-Baltic Auxiliary Corps](/wiki/Danish-Baltic_Auxiliary_Corps "Danish-Baltic Auxiliary Corps"). The corps contract expired, and most of them had returned to Denmark at the end of August 1919, \[1] but some veterans Arildskov joined the [Swedish Legion](/wiki/Swedish_Legion "Swedish Legion"), a part of Admiral Alexander Koltsjak's [Russian Northwest Army](/wiki/Russian_Northwest_Army "Russian Northwest Army") under General [Nikolai Yudenich](/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich "Nikolai Yudenich"). The Northwest Army consisted of Zaren's life kosaks and other "white" Russians, a worn and ill\-equipped army who attacked Petrograd in October 1919\. A battle that became a strategically important victory for the Bolsheviks.
In 1932 he met [Frits Clausen](/wiki/Frits_Clausen "Frits Clausen") and joined his political grouping [National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark](/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark "National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark") (DNSAP). He quickly advanced through the ranks, first as district leader, later member of the party staff and eventually became a candidate for the parliamentary elections in 1943\. When DNSAP lost the election he blamed Fritz Clausen for his failures. On 5 May he started his own party, [New Denmark](/wiki/New_Denmark_%28political_party%29 "New Denmark (political party)") ({{lang\-da\|Nye Danmark}}), and on 4 June he was excluded from DNSAP.
In October 1943, he co\-founded the [Schalburg Corps](/wiki/Schalburg_Corps "Schalburg Corps") in collaboration with the [Danish People's Defence](/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Defence "Danish People's Defence"). Later he contributed to the creation of the [Landstormen](/wiki/Landstormen "Landstormen"), a [paramilitary](/wiki/Paramilitary "Paramilitary") [militia](/wiki/Militia "Militia"), who reached the size of about 200 people. On 9 January 1944 he became commander of this militia.
In July 1944, he dismantled the Schalburg Corps together with the corps administrator [Jens Peter Krandrup](/wiki/Jens_Peter_Krandrup "Jens Peter Krandrup").
After the war he was arrested, and after a trial was sentenced to eight years in prison. However he was pardoned on 9 May 1948\. He died in 1986\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"In 1919, he met with his father to the [Estonian Independence War](/wiki/Estonian_Independence_War \"Estonian Independence War\"), where he advanced to Lieutenant in the [Danish\\-Baltic Auxiliary Corps](/wiki/Danish-Baltic_Auxiliary_Corps \"Danish-Baltic Auxiliary Corps\"). The corps contract expired, and most of them had returned to Denmark at the end of August 1919, \\[1] but some veterans Arildskov joined the [Swedish Legion](/wiki/Swedish_Legion \"Swedish Legion\"), a part of Admiral Alexander Koltsjak's [Russian Northwest Army](/wiki/Russian_Northwest_Army \"Russian Northwest Army\") under General [Nikolai Yudenich](/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich \"Nikolai Yudenich\"). The Northwest Army consisted of Zaren's life kosaks and other \"white\" Russians, a worn and ill\\-equipped army who attacked Petrograd in October 1919\\. A battle that became a strategically important victory for the Bolsheviks.",
"In 1932 he met [Frits Clausen](/wiki/Frits_Clausen \"Frits Clausen\") and joined his political grouping [National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark](/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark \"National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark\") (DNSAP). He quickly advanced through the ranks, first as district leader, later member of the party staff and eventually became a candidate for the parliamentary elections in 1943\\. When DNSAP lost the election he blamed Fritz Clausen for his failures. On 5 May he started his own party, [New Denmark](/wiki/New_Denmark_%28political_party%29 \"New Denmark (political party)\") ({{lang\\-da\\|Nye Danmark}}), and on 4 June he was excluded from DNSAP.",
"In October 1943, he co\\-founded the [Schalburg Corps](/wiki/Schalburg_Corps \"Schalburg Corps\") in collaboration with the [Danish People's Defence](/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Defence \"Danish People's Defence\"). Later he contributed to the creation of the [Landstormen](/wiki/Landstormen \"Landstormen\"), a [paramilitary](/wiki/Paramilitary \"Paramilitary\") [militia](/wiki/Militia \"Militia\"), who reached the size of about 200 people. On 9 January 1944 he became commander of this militia.",
"In July 1944, he dismantled the Schalburg Corps together with the corps administrator [Jens Peter Krandrup](/wiki/Jens_Peter_Krandrup \"Jens Peter Krandrup\").",
"After the war he was arrested, and after a trial was sentenced to eight years in prison. However he was pardoned on 9 May 1948\\. He died in 1986\\.",
""
] |
Biography and works
-------------------
After her Bachelor of [Law](/wiki/Law "Law") and Doctorandus degree in [Criminology](/wiki/Criminology "Criminology"), she received her Masters at the School of Journalism at the [University of California in Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California_in_Berkeley "University of California in Berkeley"). Her main subjects were TV journalism and [photojournalism](/wiki/Photojournalism "Photojournalism").
In 2019, the new updated version of *Normal Is Over The Movie 1\.1* was completed, as the message of this independent award\-winning documentary is 'becoming more relevant'. *Normal Is Over* has its focus on humanity's wisest response to climate change, species extinction, [resource depletion](/wiki/Resource_depletion "Resource depletion"), income inequality, and the link between these issues. This independent film investigates the financial and economic paradigm underlying planetary problems.{{Cite web\|url\=https://normalisover.org/\|title\=Home \- Normalisover.org}}
Funding for the updated version has been provided by The New Normal Foundation.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thenewnormalfoundation.org/ \|title\=Home \|website\=thenewnormalfoundation.org}}
In August 2015, after 4 years of working as a one\-woman film\-crew, Scheltema completed the previous 120\-minute feature version of the film *Normal Is Over The Movie 1\.1*, which was self\-financed.
*Normal is Over* received the Grand Educational Award, Cine Eco Film Festival, Best in Show Award, Cinema Verde Film Festival, and the Honorable Mention Award, Tasmanian Eco Film Festival. It was selected to screen at 13 film festivals, like the Wild \& Scenic Film Festival USA, Princeton International Film Festival, The Santa Cruz Film Festival, Environmental Film Festival Spain, Greenmotions Film Fest, in Germany, South African Eco Film Festival, and Sonoma International Film Festival, USA.
For many years, Scheltema worked for Dutch television as a documentary film director, producer, camera person and editor: [NOS](/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting "Nederlandse Omroep Stichting") International Affairs Programme, [NCRV](/wiki/NCRV "NCRV"), [AVRO](/wiki/AVRO_%28television%29 "AVRO (television)"), [Human TV](/wiki/Human_TV "Human TV"), [TROS](/wiki/TROS "TROS"), [Veronica](/wiki/Veronica_%28TV_channel%29 "Veronica (TV channel)"), [IKON](/wiki/Interkerkelijke_Omroep_Nederland "Interkerkelijke Omroep Nederland"), [VPRO](/wiki/VPRO "VPRO"), and [BOS](/wiki/Boeddhistische_Omroep_Stichting "Boeddhistische Omroep Stichting"), Buddhist Broadcasting Station.
Many documentaries were co\-produced with TV and [non\-governmental organizations](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization "Non-governmental organization") such as [SNV](/wiki/SNV_Netherlands_Development_Organisation "SNV Netherlands Development Organisation"), [UNDP](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme "United Nations Development Programme"), [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO"), and [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International").{{Cn\|date\=October 2023}} Scheltema has always focused on social issues, sustainable development, art and the protection of the environment.
Her art series "Canvas Extreme" consists of seven 30\-minute portraits of artists filmed during the [Mandela](/wiki/Nelson_Mandela "Nelson Mandela") era in [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") and was sold to TV stations in France, Spain, Mexico, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.
Other documentaries include *Happy in Zimbabwe?*, *Portrait of a Zen couple*, and *Een Gezelig Gesprek*, and *Portrait of Nicolaas Pierson*.
Scheltema's 2009 award\-winning feature documentary *Something Unknown Is Doing We Don't Know What*{{IMDb title\|1427947\|Something Unknown Is Doing We Don't Know What}} investigates the science behind psychic experiences, featuring top scientists in the US, such as Prof. [Charles Tart](/wiki/Charles_Tart "Charles Tart"), Dr. [Dean Radin](/wiki/Dean_Radin "Dean Radin"), Dr. [Rupert Sheldrake](/wiki/Rupert_Sheldrake "Rupert Sheldrake"), and [Hal Puthoff](/wiki/Hal_Puthoff "Hal Puthoff").<http://www.somethingunknown.com/scientists.php> scientists interviewed for "Something Unknown..." This film has been selected at many film festivals, and has been distributed worldwide.{{Cn\|date\=October 2023}} Scheltema also wrote a book called *Something Unknown*, which is available on Amazon. The book has been translated into Dutch and is called "Iets Bekends Doet Iets Onverwachts".
|
[
"Biography and works\n-------------------",
"After her Bachelor of [Law](/wiki/Law \"Law\") and Doctorandus degree in [Criminology](/wiki/Criminology \"Criminology\"), she received her Masters at the School of Journalism at the [University of California in Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California_in_Berkeley \"University of California in Berkeley\"). Her main subjects were TV journalism and [photojournalism](/wiki/Photojournalism \"Photojournalism\").",
"In 2019, the new updated version of *Normal Is Over The Movie 1\\.1* was completed, as the message of this independent award\\-winning documentary is 'becoming more relevant'. *Normal Is Over* has its focus on humanity's wisest response to climate change, species extinction, [resource depletion](/wiki/Resource_depletion \"Resource depletion\"), income inequality, and the link between these issues. This independent film investigates the financial and economic paradigm underlying planetary problems.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://normalisover.org/\\|title\\=Home \\- Normalisover.org}}",
"Funding for the updated version has been provided by The New Normal Foundation.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thenewnormalfoundation.org/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=thenewnormalfoundation.org}}",
"In August 2015, after 4 years of working as a one\\-woman film\\-crew, Scheltema completed the previous 120\\-minute feature version of the film *Normal Is Over The Movie 1\\.1*, which was self\\-financed.",
"*Normal is Over* received the Grand Educational Award, Cine Eco Film Festival, Best in Show Award, Cinema Verde Film Festival, and the Honorable Mention Award, Tasmanian Eco Film Festival. It was selected to screen at 13 film festivals, like the Wild \\& Scenic Film Festival USA, Princeton International Film Festival, The Santa Cruz Film Festival, Environmental Film Festival Spain, Greenmotions Film Fest, in Germany, South African Eco Film Festival, and Sonoma International Film Festival, USA.",
"For many years, Scheltema worked for Dutch television as a documentary film director, producer, camera person and editor: [NOS](/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting \"Nederlandse Omroep Stichting\") International Affairs Programme, [NCRV](/wiki/NCRV \"NCRV\"), [AVRO](/wiki/AVRO_%28television%29 \"AVRO (television)\"), [Human TV](/wiki/Human_TV \"Human TV\"), [TROS](/wiki/TROS \"TROS\"), [Veronica](/wiki/Veronica_%28TV_channel%29 \"Veronica (TV channel)\"), [IKON](/wiki/Interkerkelijke_Omroep_Nederland \"Interkerkelijke Omroep Nederland\"), [VPRO](/wiki/VPRO \"VPRO\"), and [BOS](/wiki/Boeddhistische_Omroep_Stichting \"Boeddhistische Omroep Stichting\"), Buddhist Broadcasting Station.\nMany documentaries were co\\-produced with TV and [non\\-governmental organizations](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization \"Non-governmental organization\") such as [SNV](/wiki/SNV_Netherlands_Development_Organisation \"SNV Netherlands Development Organisation\"), [UNDP](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme \"United Nations Development Programme\"), [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\"), and [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\").{{Cn\\|date\\=October 2023}} Scheltema has always focused on social issues, sustainable development, art and the protection of the environment.",
"Her art series \"Canvas Extreme\" consists of seven 30\\-minute portraits of artists filmed during the [Mandela](/wiki/Nelson_Mandela \"Nelson Mandela\") era in [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") and was sold to TV stations in France, Spain, Mexico, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.",
"Other documentaries include *Happy in Zimbabwe?*, *Portrait of a Zen couple*, and *Een Gezelig Gesprek*, and *Portrait of Nicolaas Pierson*.",
"Scheltema's 2009 award\\-winning feature documentary *Something Unknown Is Doing We Don't Know What*{{IMDb title\\|1427947\\|Something Unknown Is Doing We Don't Know What}} investigates the science behind psychic experiences, featuring top scientists in the US, such as Prof. [Charles Tart](/wiki/Charles_Tart \"Charles Tart\"), Dr. [Dean Radin](/wiki/Dean_Radin \"Dean Radin\"), Dr. [Rupert Sheldrake](/wiki/Rupert_Sheldrake \"Rupert Sheldrake\"), and [Hal Puthoff](/wiki/Hal_Puthoff \"Hal Puthoff\").<http://www.somethingunknown.com/scientists.php> scientists interviewed for \"Something Unknown...\" This film has been selected at many film festivals, and has been distributed worldwide.{{Cn\\|date\\=October 2023}} Scheltema also wrote a book called *Something Unknown*, which is available on Amazon. The book has been translated into Dutch and is called \"Iets Bekends Doet Iets Onverwachts\".",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
[thumb\|Capuchin house in Ernen](/wiki/File:Ernen-Kapuzinerhaus.jpg "Ernen-Kapuzinerhaus.jpg")
[thumb\|Steinhaus village](/wiki/File:Steinhaus.jpg "Steinhaus.jpg")
Ernen has a population ({{as of\|{{Swiss populations YM\|CH\-VS}}\|lc\=on}}) of {{Swiss populations\|CH\-VS\|6056}}.{{Swiss populations ref\|CH\-VS}} In 2008, 5\.2% of the population were resident foreign nationals.[Swiss Federal Statistical Office \- Superweb database \- Gemeinde Statistics 1981\-2008](http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/onlinedb/superweb/login.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628151016/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/onlinedb/superweb/login.html \|date\=28 June 2010 }} {{in lang\|de}} Retrieved 19 June 2010 Over the 10 years 1999–2009, the population changed at a rate of \-8\.3%. It has changed at a rate of 0% due to migration and at a rate of \-7\.1% due to births and deaths.[Swiss Federal Statistical Office](http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/02/key.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105172441/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/02/key.html \|date\=5 January 2016 }} Retrieved 7 September 2011
Most of the population in 2000 spoke [German](/wiki/German_language "German language") (367 or 95\.3%) as their first language, [Serbo\-Croatian](/wiki/Serbo-Croatian "Serbo-Croatian") is the second most common (5 or 1\.3%) and [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language") is the third (3 or 0\.8%). There are 2 people who speak [French](/wiki/French_language "French language"), 1 person who speaks [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language").
In 2008, the sex distribution of the population was 50\.1% male and 49\.9% female. The population was made up of 252 Swiss men (47\.8% of the population) and 12 (2\.3%) non\-Swiss men. There were 245 Swiss women (46\.5%) and 18 (3\.4%) non\-Swiss women.[Ständige Wohnbevolkerung nach Geschlecht und Heimat am 31\.12\.2009\.xls](http://www.vs.ch/Navig/navig.asp?MenuID=14752) {{in lang\|de\|fr}} Retrieved 24 August 2011 Of the population in the municipality, 207 or about 53\.8% were born in Ernen and lived there in 2000\. There were 97 or 25\.2% who were born in the same canton, while 48 or 12\.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 26 or 6\.8% born outside of Switzerland.
The age distribution of the population in 2000 wa children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25\.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56\.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17\.6%.
In 2000, there were 162 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 186 married individuals, 26 widows or widowers and 11 individuals who were divorced.[STAT\-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40\.3 \- 2000](http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409212530/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German\_40%20\-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40\.3%20\-%202000/40\.3%20\-%202000\.asp?lang\=1∏\=40\&secprod\=3\&openChild\=true \|date\=9 April 2014 }} {{in lang\|de}} Retrieved 2 February 2011
In 2000, there were 231 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2\.3 persons per household. There were 64 households that consisted of only one person and 12 households with five or more people. Of a total of 172 households that answered this question, 37\.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there were 33 married couples without children, 54 married couples with children There were 11 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 4 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
In 2000, there were 81 single family homes (or 33\.9% of the total) out of a total of 239 inhabited buildings. There were 130 multi\-family buildings (54\.4%), along with 12 multi\-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (5\.0%) and 16 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6\.7%).[Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT\-TAB \- Datenwürfel für Thema 09\.2 \- Gebäude und Wohnungen](http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_09%20-%20Bau-%20und%20Wohnungswesen/09.2%20-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen/09.2%20-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen.asp?lang=1&prod=09&secprod=2&openChild=true) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907111534/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German\_09%20\-%20Bau\-%20und%20Wohnungswesen/09\.2%20\-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen/09\.2%20\-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen.asp?lang\=1∏\=09\&secprod\=2\&openChild\=true \|date\=7 September 2014 }} {{in lang\|de}} Retrieved 28 January 2011
In 2000, 163 apartments (29\.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 285 apartments (50\.6%) were seasonally occupied and 115 apartments (20\.4%) were empty. In 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 3\.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 1\.7%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:{{HDS\|2686\|Ernen}}[Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT\-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850\-2000](http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.4%20-%201850-2000/40.4%20-%201850-2000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=4&openChild=true) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930162751/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German\_40%20\-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40\.4%20\-%201850\-2000/40\.4%20\-%201850\-2000\.asp?lang\=1∏\=40\&secprod\=4\&openChild\=true \|date\=30 September 2014 }} {{in lang\|de}} Retrieved 29 January 2011
Colors\=
```
id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8)
```
ImageSize \= width:960 height:210
PlotArea \= height:150 left:100 bottom:50 right:100
AlignBars \= justify
DateFormat \= x.y
Period \= from:0 till:500
TimeAxis \= orientation:vertical
AlignBars \= justify
ScaleMajor \= gridcolor:darkgrey increment:100 start:0
ScaleMinor \= gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0
PlotData\=
```
color:yellowgreen width:40 mark:(line,white) align:center
bar:1850 from:start till:414 text:"414"
bar:1860 from:start till:492 text:"492"
bar:1870 from:start till:434 text:"434"
bar:1880 from:start till:456 text:"456"
bar:1888 from:start till:417 text:"417"
bar:1900 from:start till:355 text:"355"
bar:1910 from:start till:334 text:"334"
bar:1920 from:start till:308 text:"308"
bar:1930 from:start till:311 text:"311"
bar:1941 from:start till:319 text:"319"
bar:1950 from:start till:299 text:"299"
bar:1960 from:start till:344 text:"344"
bar:1970 from:start till:330 text:"330"
bar:1980 from:start till:317 text:"317"
bar:1990 from:start till:390 text:"390"
bar:2000 from:start till:385 text:"385"
bar:2018 from:start till:492 text:"492"
```
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"[thumb\\|Capuchin house in Ernen](/wiki/File:Ernen-Kapuzinerhaus.jpg \"Ernen-Kapuzinerhaus.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Steinhaus village](/wiki/File:Steinhaus.jpg \"Steinhaus.jpg\")\nErnen has a population ({{as of\\|{{Swiss populations YM\\|CH\\-VS}}\\|lc\\=on}}) of {{Swiss populations\\|CH\\-VS\\|6056}}.{{Swiss populations ref\\|CH\\-VS}} In 2008, 5\\.2% of the population were resident foreign nationals.[Swiss Federal Statistical Office \\- Superweb database \\- Gemeinde Statistics 1981\\-2008](http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/onlinedb/superweb/login.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628151016/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/onlinedb/superweb/login.html \\|date\\=28 June 2010 }} {{in lang\\|de}} Retrieved 19 June 2010 Over the 10 years 1999–2009, the population changed at a rate of \\-8\\.3%. It has changed at a rate of 0% due to migration and at a rate of \\-7\\.1% due to births and deaths.[Swiss Federal Statistical Office](http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/02/key.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105172441/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/02/key.html \\|date\\=5 January 2016 }} Retrieved 7 September 2011",
"Most of the population in 2000 spoke [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\") (367 or 95\\.3%) as their first language, [Serbo\\-Croatian](/wiki/Serbo-Croatian \"Serbo-Croatian\") is the second most common (5 or 1\\.3%) and [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\") is the third (3 or 0\\.8%). There are 2 people who speak [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\"), 1 person who speaks [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\").",
"In 2008, the sex distribution of the population was 50\\.1% male and 49\\.9% female. The population was made up of 252 Swiss men (47\\.8% of the population) and 12 (2\\.3%) non\\-Swiss men. There were 245 Swiss women (46\\.5%) and 18 (3\\.4%) non\\-Swiss women.[Ständige Wohnbevolkerung nach Geschlecht und Heimat am 31\\.12\\.2009\\.xls](http://www.vs.ch/Navig/navig.asp?MenuID=14752) {{in lang\\|de\\|fr}} Retrieved 24 August 2011 Of the population in the municipality, 207 or about 53\\.8% were born in Ernen and lived there in 2000\\. There were 97 or 25\\.2% who were born in the same canton, while 48 or 12\\.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 26 or 6\\.8% born outside of Switzerland.",
"The age distribution of the population in 2000 wa children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25\\.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56\\.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17\\.6%.",
"In 2000, there were 162 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 186 married individuals, 26 widows or widowers and 11 individuals who were divorced.[STAT\\-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40\\.3 \\- 2000](http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409212530/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German\\_40%20\\-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40\\.3%20\\-%202000/40\\.3%20\\-%202000\\.asp?lang\\=1∏\\=40\\&secprod\\=3\\&openChild\\=true \\|date\\=9 April 2014 }} {{in lang\\|de}} Retrieved 2 February 2011",
"In 2000, there were 231 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2\\.3 persons per household. There were 64 households that consisted of only one person and 12 households with five or more people. Of a total of 172 households that answered this question, 37\\.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there were 33 married couples without children, 54 married couples with children There were 11 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 4 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.",
"In 2000, there were 81 single family homes (or 33\\.9% of the total) out of a total of 239 inhabited buildings. There were 130 multi\\-family buildings (54\\.4%), along with 12 multi\\-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (5\\.0%) and 16 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6\\.7%).[Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT\\-TAB \\- Datenwürfel für Thema 09\\.2 \\- Gebäude und Wohnungen](http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_09%20-%20Bau-%20und%20Wohnungswesen/09.2%20-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen/09.2%20-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen.asp?lang=1&prod=09&secprod=2&openChild=true) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907111534/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German\\_09%20\\-%20Bau\\-%20und%20Wohnungswesen/09\\.2%20\\-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen/09\\.2%20\\-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen.asp?lang\\=1∏\\=09\\&secprod\\=2\\&openChild\\=true \\|date\\=7 September 2014 }} {{in lang\\|de}} Retrieved 28 January 2011",
"In 2000, 163 apartments (29\\.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 285 apartments (50\\.6%) were seasonally occupied and 115 apartments (20\\.4%) were empty. In 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 3\\.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 1\\.7%.",
"The historical population is given in the following chart:{{HDS\\|2686\\|Ernen}}[Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT\\-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850\\-2000](http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.4%20-%201850-2000/40.4%20-%201850-2000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=4&openChild=true) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930162751/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German\\_40%20\\-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40\\.4%20\\-%201850\\-2000/40\\.4%20\\-%201850\\-2000\\.asp?lang\\=1∏\\=40\\&secprod\\=4\\&openChild\\=true \\|date\\=30 September 2014 }} {{in lang\\|de}} Retrieved 29 January 2011",
"Colors\\=",
"```\n id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)\n id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8)",
"```\nImageSize \\= width:960 height:210\nPlotArea \\= height:150 left:100 bottom:50 right:100\nAlignBars \\= justify\nDateFormat \\= x.y\nPeriod \\= from:0 till:500\nTimeAxis \\= orientation:vertical\nAlignBars \\= justify\nScaleMajor \\= gridcolor:darkgrey increment:100 start:0\nScaleMinor \\= gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0\nPlotData\\=",
"```\n color:yellowgreen width:40 mark:(line,white) align:center\n bar:1850 from:start till:414 text:\"414\"\n bar:1860 from:start till:492 text:\"492\"\n bar:1870 from:start till:434 text:\"434\"\n bar:1880 from:start till:456 text:\"456\"\n bar:1888 from:start till:417 text:\"417\"\n bar:1900 from:start till:355 text:\"355\"\n bar:1910 from:start till:334 text:\"334\"\n bar:1920 from:start till:308 text:\"308\"\n bar:1930 from:start till:311 text:\"311\"\n bar:1941 from:start till:319 text:\"319\"\n bar:1950 from:start till:299 text:\"299\"\n bar:1960 from:start till:344 text:\"344\"\n bar:1970 from:start till:330 text:\"330\"\n bar:1980 from:start till:317 text:\"317\"\n bar:1990 from:start till:390 text:\"390\"\n bar:2000 from:start till:385 text:\"385\"\n bar:2018 from:start till:492 text:\"492\"",
"```",
"",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Indonesia
Kilama played in [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia")[網民倡基藍馬做港足球先生](http://m.on.cc/odn/local/20100508/odn-20100508-0508nhko07x.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706215619/http://m.on.cc/odn/local/20100508/odn\-20100508\-0508nhko07x.html \|date\=2011\-07\-06 }}, On.cc, July 5, 2010 before moving to [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"). Then his elder brother, [Roger](/wiki/Roger_Batoum "Roger Batoum"), a player who formerly played for [Rangers (HKG)](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC "Hong Kong Rangers FC") suggested to him to move to Hong Kong and join the [Hong Kong First Division](/wiki/Hong_Kong_First_Division_League "Hong Kong First Division League") club.
### Hong Kong
#### Rangers
Kilama joined [Rangers](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC "Hong Kong Rangers FC") in 2008\. Although he had an impressive performance in the first season, Rangers were nevertheless relegated. Therefore, he left the club for [Fourway Rangers](/wiki/Fourway_Athletics "Fourway Athletics").
In July 2010, Kilama was selected for the [Hong Kong League Selection](/wiki/Hong_Kong_League_XI "Hong Kong League XI") friendly against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C.") at the [Hong Kong Stadium](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stadium "Hong Kong Stadium").[港聯19人迎戰伯明翰](http://takungpao.com/news/10/07/04/WF-1281171.htm){{Dead link\|date\=November 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, Tai Kung Po, July 4, 2010
#### Sun Hei
In the 2011–12 season, Kilama moved to [Sun Hei](/wiki/Sun_Hei_SC "Sun Hei SC") from [Fourway Rangers](/wiki/Fourway_Athletics "Fourway Athletics"). On 22 October 2011, Kilama was sent off in the match against [Rangers](/wiki/Biu_Chun_Rangers "Biu Chun Rangers"). Coach Ricardo hopes he can learn from this experience.{{in lang\|zh\-hk}}文： 黎永淦 [晨曦1:0挫流浪上榜首](http://football.on.cc/football/new/20111023/fbnewb0108x0.html){{dead link\|date\=April 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} *Oriental Daily*. 23 October 2011\. On 7 January 2012, Kilama was sent off and gave away a penalty after elbowing [Pegasus](/wiki/TSW_Pegasus_FC "TSW Pegasus FC") defender [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_De_Lima_Tagliapietra "Lucas De Lima Tagliapietra"). Sun Hei lost the game 1\-3\.[晨曦打少兩個慘負飛馬](http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/sport/20120108/00286_004.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708050744/http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/sport/20120108/00286\_004\.html \|date\=2021\-07\-08 }} *Oriental Daily*. 8 January 2012\. {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
#### Eastern
Kilama moved to another [Hong Kong Premier League](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Premier_League "Hong Kong Premier League") club [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Sports_Club "Eastern Sports Club").
#### Tianjin Quanjian
In December 2015, Kilama joined [Chinese League One](/wiki/China_League_One "China League One") team [Tianjin Quanjian](/wiki/Tianjin_Quanjian_F.C. "Tianjin Quanjian F.C."), after having two impressive games against [China national team](/wiki/China_national_football_team "China national football team") for [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_football_team "Hong Kong national football team").
#### Pegasus
On 1 February 2018, Kilama joined [Pegasus](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Pegasus_FC "Hong Kong Pegasus FC") on a free transfer, returning to Hong Kong following two seasons abroad.{{cite web\|title\=由天津回歸港超 基藍馬加盟飛馬\|url\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web\_tc/article/20180201/s00006/1517465745142\|website\=Ming Pao\|access\-date\=1 February 2018\|archive\-date\=6 August 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210749/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web\_tc/article/20180201/s00006/1517465745142\|url\-status\=live}} {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
#### Tai Po
On 6 August 2018, [Tai Po](/wiki/Tai_Po_FC "Tai Po FC") announced the singing of Kilama ahead of their preseason training camp.{{cite web \|last1\=Ma \|first1\=Fei Yi \|title\=明年戰亞洲比賽大埔續增兵 獲前港腳基藍馬來投 \|url\=https://www.upower.com.hk/article/237721\-%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD%E3%80%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E7%BA%8C%E5%A2%9E%E5%85%B5\-%E7%8D%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B8%AF%E8%85%B3 \|website\=Upower \|access\-date\=6 August 2018 \|archive\-date\=6 August 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210850/https://www.upower.com.hk/article/237721\-%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD%E3%80%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E7%BA%8C%E5%A2%9E%E5%85%B5\-%E7%8D%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B8%AF%E8%85%B3 \|url\-status\=live }} {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
#### Rangers
On 16 September 2019, Kilama signed with [Rangers](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC "Hong Kong Rangers FC"), returning to the club after eight years.{{cite web \|title\=基藍馬重返流浪再跟李輝立合作 大埔借入傑志兩兵 \|url\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20190916/s00006/1568623059944/%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E3%80%91%E5%9F%BA%E8%97%8D%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%86%8D%E8%B7%9F%E6%9D%8E%E8%BC%9D%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C\-%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E5%80%9F%E5%85%A5%E5%82%91%E5%BF%97%E5%85%A9%E5%85%B5 \|website\=Ming Pao \|access\-date\=16 September 2019 \|archive\-date\=20 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320032351/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%2582%25B2/article/20190916/s00006/1568623059944/%25E3%2580%2590%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E8%25B6%2585%25E3%2580%2591%25E5%259F%25BA%25E8%2597%258D%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25BF%2594%25E6%25B5%2581%25E6%25B5%25AA%25E5%2586%258D%25E8%25B7%259F%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%25BC%259D%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C\-%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%259F%2594%25E5%2580%259F%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%2582%2591%25E5%25BF%2597%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%2585%25B5 \|url\-status\=live }} {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
On 10 September 2020, Rangers confirmed that Kilama had renewed his contract for another season.{{cite web \|title\=林嘉緯或返流浪 勢任隊長兼披10號戰下季港超 \|url\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20200910/s00006/1599730046048/%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85\-%E6%9E%97%E5%98%89%E7%B7%AF%E6%88%96%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA\-%E5%8B%A2%E4%BB%BB%E9%9A%8A%E9%95%B7%E5%85%BC%E6%8A%AB10%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85 \|website\=Ming Pao \|access\-date\=10 September 2020 \|archive\-date\=7 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140816/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20200910/s00006/1599730046048/%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85\-%E6%9E%97%E5%98%89%E7%B7%AF%E6%88%96%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA\-%E5%8B%A2%E4%BB%BB%E9%9A%8A%E9%95%B7%E5%85%BC%E6%8A%AB10%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85 \|url\-status\=live }} {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
In the 2020–21 season, Kilama featured as the main role of the Ranger's defence and he scored 1 goal in 4 matches before the league was suspended in September 2020\.
On 24 September 2023, Kilama announced his retirement from professional football. However, he then continuously played for the club in the season as the club suffered from injury crisis. He officially retired at the end of the season.
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Indonesia",
"Kilama played in [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\")[網民倡基藍馬做港足球先生](http://m.on.cc/odn/local/20100508/odn-20100508-0508nhko07x.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706215619/http://m.on.cc/odn/local/20100508/odn\\-20100508\\-0508nhko07x.html \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-06 }}, On.cc, July 5, 2010 before moving to [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"). Then his elder brother, [Roger](/wiki/Roger_Batoum \"Roger Batoum\"), a player who formerly played for [Rangers (HKG)](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC \"Hong Kong Rangers FC\") suggested to him to move to Hong Kong and join the [Hong Kong First Division](/wiki/Hong_Kong_First_Division_League \"Hong Kong First Division League\") club.",
"### Hong Kong",
"#### Rangers",
"Kilama joined [Rangers](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC \"Hong Kong Rangers FC\") in 2008\\. Although he had an impressive performance in the first season, Rangers were nevertheless relegated. Therefore, he left the club for [Fourway Rangers](/wiki/Fourway_Athletics \"Fourway Athletics\").",
"In July 2010, Kilama was selected for the [Hong Kong League Selection](/wiki/Hong_Kong_League_XI \"Hong Kong League XI\") friendly against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\") at the [Hong Kong Stadium](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stadium \"Hong Kong Stadium\").[港聯19人迎戰伯明翰](http://takungpao.com/news/10/07/04/WF-1281171.htm){{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, Tai Kung Po, July 4, 2010",
"#### Sun Hei",
"In the 2011–12 season, Kilama moved to [Sun Hei](/wiki/Sun_Hei_SC \"Sun Hei SC\") from [Fourway Rangers](/wiki/Fourway_Athletics \"Fourway Athletics\"). On 22 October 2011, Kilama was sent off in the match against [Rangers](/wiki/Biu_Chun_Rangers \"Biu Chun Rangers\"). Coach Ricardo hopes he can learn from this experience.{{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}文： 黎永淦 [晨曦1:0挫流浪上榜首](http://football.on.cc/football/new/20111023/fbnewb0108x0.html){{dead link\\|date\\=April 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} *Oriental Daily*. 23 October 2011\\. On 7 January 2012, Kilama was sent off and gave away a penalty after elbowing [Pegasus](/wiki/TSW_Pegasus_FC \"TSW Pegasus FC\") defender [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_De_Lima_Tagliapietra \"Lucas De Lima Tagliapietra\"). Sun Hei lost the game 1\\-3\\.[晨曦打少兩個慘負飛馬](http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/sport/20120108/00286_004.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708050744/http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/sport/20120108/00286\\_004\\.html \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-08 }} *Oriental Daily*. 8 January 2012\\. {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"#### Eastern",
"Kilama moved to another [Hong Kong Premier League](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Premier_League \"Hong Kong Premier League\") club [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Sports_Club \"Eastern Sports Club\").",
"#### Tianjin Quanjian",
"In December 2015, Kilama joined [Chinese League One](/wiki/China_League_One \"China League One\") team [Tianjin Quanjian](/wiki/Tianjin_Quanjian_F.C. \"Tianjin Quanjian F.C.\"), after having two impressive games against [China national team](/wiki/China_national_football_team \"China national football team\") for [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_football_team \"Hong Kong national football team\").",
"#### Pegasus",
"On 1 February 2018, Kilama joined [Pegasus](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Pegasus_FC \"Hong Kong Pegasus FC\") on a free transfer, returning to Hong Kong following two seasons abroad.{{cite web\\|title\\=由天津回歸港超 基藍馬加盟飛馬\\|url\\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web\\_tc/article/20180201/s00006/1517465745142\\|website\\=Ming Pao\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210749/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web\\_tc/article/20180201/s00006/1517465745142\\|url\\-status\\=live}} {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"#### Tai Po",
"On 6 August 2018, [Tai Po](/wiki/Tai_Po_FC \"Tai Po FC\") announced the singing of Kilama ahead of their preseason training camp.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ma \\|first1\\=Fei Yi \\|title\\=明年戰亞洲比賽大埔續增兵 獲前港腳基藍馬來投 \\|url\\=https://www.upower.com.hk/article/237721\\-%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD%E3%80%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E7%BA%8C%E5%A2%9E%E5%85%B5\\-%E7%8D%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B8%AF%E8%85%B3 \\|website\\=Upower \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210850/https://www.upower.com.hk/article/237721\\-%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD%E3%80%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E7%BA%8C%E5%A2%9E%E5%85%B5\\-%E7%8D%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B8%AF%E8%85%B3 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"#### Rangers",
"On 16 September 2019, Kilama signed with [Rangers](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC \"Hong Kong Rangers FC\"), returning to the club after eight years.{{cite web \\|title\\=基藍馬重返流浪再跟李輝立合作 大埔借入傑志兩兵 \\|url\\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20190916/s00006/1568623059944/%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E3%80%91%E5%9F%BA%E8%97%8D%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%86%8D%E8%B7%9F%E6%9D%8E%E8%BC%9D%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C\\-%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E5%80%9F%E5%85%A5%E5%82%91%E5%BF%97%E5%85%A9%E5%85%B5 \\|website\\=Ming Pao \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320032351/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%2582%25B2/article/20190916/s00006/1568623059944/%25E3%2580%2590%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E8%25B6%2585%25E3%2580%2591%25E5%259F%25BA%25E8%2597%258D%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25BF%2594%25E6%25B5%2581%25E6%25B5%25AA%25E5%2586%258D%25E8%25B7%259F%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%25BC%259D%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C\\-%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%259F%2594%25E5%2580%259F%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%2582%2591%25E5%25BF%2597%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%2585%25B5 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"On 10 September 2020, Rangers confirmed that Kilama had renewed his contract for another season.{{cite web \\|title\\=林嘉緯或返流浪 勢任隊長兼披10號戰下季港超 \\|url\\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20200910/s00006/1599730046048/%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85\\-%E6%9E%97%E5%98%89%E7%B7%AF%E6%88%96%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA\\-%E5%8B%A2%E4%BB%BB%E9%9A%8A%E9%95%B7%E5%85%BC%E6%8A%AB10%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85 \\|website\\=Ming Pao \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140816/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20200910/s00006/1599730046048/%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85\\-%E6%9E%97%E5%98%89%E7%B7%AF%E6%88%96%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA\\-%E5%8B%A2%E4%BB%BB%E9%9A%8A%E9%95%B7%E5%85%BC%E6%8A%AB10%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"In the 2020–21 season, Kilama featured as the main role of the Ranger's defence and he scored 1 goal in 4 matches before the league was suspended in September 2020\\.",
"On 24 September 2023, Kilama announced his retirement from professional football. However, he then continuously played for the club in the season as the club suffered from injury crisis. He officially retired at the end of the season.",
""
] |
### Hong Kong
#### Rangers
Kilama joined [Rangers](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC "Hong Kong Rangers FC") in 2008\. Although he had an impressive performance in the first season, Rangers were nevertheless relegated. Therefore, he left the club for [Fourway Rangers](/wiki/Fourway_Athletics "Fourway Athletics").
In July 2010, Kilama was selected for the [Hong Kong League Selection](/wiki/Hong_Kong_League_XI "Hong Kong League XI") friendly against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C.") at the [Hong Kong Stadium](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stadium "Hong Kong Stadium").[港聯19人迎戰伯明翰](http://takungpao.com/news/10/07/04/WF-1281171.htm){{Dead link\|date\=November 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, Tai Kung Po, July 4, 2010
#### Sun Hei
In the 2011–12 season, Kilama moved to [Sun Hei](/wiki/Sun_Hei_SC "Sun Hei SC") from [Fourway Rangers](/wiki/Fourway_Athletics "Fourway Athletics"). On 22 October 2011, Kilama was sent off in the match against [Rangers](/wiki/Biu_Chun_Rangers "Biu Chun Rangers"). Coach Ricardo hopes he can learn from this experience.{{in lang\|zh\-hk}}文： 黎永淦 [晨曦1:0挫流浪上榜首](http://football.on.cc/football/new/20111023/fbnewb0108x0.html){{dead link\|date\=April 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} *Oriental Daily*. 23 October 2011\. On 7 January 2012, Kilama was sent off and gave away a penalty after elbowing [Pegasus](/wiki/TSW_Pegasus_FC "TSW Pegasus FC") defender [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_De_Lima_Tagliapietra "Lucas De Lima Tagliapietra"). Sun Hei lost the game 1\-3\.[晨曦打少兩個慘負飛馬](http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/sport/20120108/00286_004.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708050744/http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/sport/20120108/00286\_004\.html \|date\=2021\-07\-08 }} *Oriental Daily*. 8 January 2012\. {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
#### Eastern
Kilama moved to another [Hong Kong Premier League](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Premier_League "Hong Kong Premier League") club [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Sports_Club "Eastern Sports Club").
#### Tianjin Quanjian
In December 2015, Kilama joined [Chinese League One](/wiki/China_League_One "China League One") team [Tianjin Quanjian](/wiki/Tianjin_Quanjian_F.C. "Tianjin Quanjian F.C."), after having two impressive games against [China national team](/wiki/China_national_football_team "China national football team") for [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_football_team "Hong Kong national football team").
#### Pegasus
On 1 February 2018, Kilama joined [Pegasus](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Pegasus_FC "Hong Kong Pegasus FC") on a free transfer, returning to Hong Kong following two seasons abroad.{{cite web\|title\=由天津回歸港超 基藍馬加盟飛馬\|url\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web\_tc/article/20180201/s00006/1517465745142\|website\=Ming Pao\|access\-date\=1 February 2018\|archive\-date\=6 August 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210749/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web\_tc/article/20180201/s00006/1517465745142\|url\-status\=live}} {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
#### Tai Po
On 6 August 2018, [Tai Po](/wiki/Tai_Po_FC "Tai Po FC") announced the singing of Kilama ahead of their preseason training camp.{{cite web \|last1\=Ma \|first1\=Fei Yi \|title\=明年戰亞洲比賽大埔續增兵 獲前港腳基藍馬來投 \|url\=https://www.upower.com.hk/article/237721\-%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD%E3%80%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E7%BA%8C%E5%A2%9E%E5%85%B5\-%E7%8D%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B8%AF%E8%85%B3 \|website\=Upower \|access\-date\=6 August 2018 \|archive\-date\=6 August 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210850/https://www.upower.com.hk/article/237721\-%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD%E3%80%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E7%BA%8C%E5%A2%9E%E5%85%B5\-%E7%8D%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B8%AF%E8%85%B3 \|url\-status\=live }} {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
#### Rangers
On 16 September 2019, Kilama signed with [Rangers](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC "Hong Kong Rangers FC"), returning to the club after eight years.{{cite web \|title\=基藍馬重返流浪再跟李輝立合作 大埔借入傑志兩兵 \|url\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20190916/s00006/1568623059944/%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E3%80%91%E5%9F%BA%E8%97%8D%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%86%8D%E8%B7%9F%E6%9D%8E%E8%BC%9D%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C\-%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E5%80%9F%E5%85%A5%E5%82%91%E5%BF%97%E5%85%A9%E5%85%B5 \|website\=Ming Pao \|access\-date\=16 September 2019 \|archive\-date\=20 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320032351/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%2582%25B2/article/20190916/s00006/1568623059944/%25E3%2580%2590%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E8%25B6%2585%25E3%2580%2591%25E5%259F%25BA%25E8%2597%258D%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25BF%2594%25E6%25B5%2581%25E6%25B5%25AA%25E5%2586%258D%25E8%25B7%259F%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%25BC%259D%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C\-%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%259F%2594%25E5%2580%259F%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%2582%2591%25E5%25BF%2597%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%2585%25B5 \|url\-status\=live }} {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
On 10 September 2020, Rangers confirmed that Kilama had renewed his contract for another season.{{cite web \|title\=林嘉緯或返流浪 勢任隊長兼披10號戰下季港超 \|url\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20200910/s00006/1599730046048/%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85\-%E6%9E%97%E5%98%89%E7%B7%AF%E6%88%96%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA\-%E5%8B%A2%E4%BB%BB%E9%9A%8A%E9%95%B7%E5%85%BC%E6%8A%AB10%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85 \|website\=Ming Pao \|access\-date\=10 September 2020 \|archive\-date\=7 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140816/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20200910/s00006/1599730046048/%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85\-%E6%9E%97%E5%98%89%E7%B7%AF%E6%88%96%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA\-%E5%8B%A2%E4%BB%BB%E9%9A%8A%E9%95%B7%E5%85%BC%E6%8A%AB10%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85 \|url\-status\=live }} {{in lang\|zh\-hk}}
In the 2020–21 season, Kilama featured as the main role of the Ranger's defence and he scored 1 goal in 4 matches before the league was suspended in September 2020\.
On 24 September 2023, Kilama announced his retirement from professional football. However, he then continuously played for the club in the season as the club suffered from injury crisis. He officially retired at the end of the season.
|
[
"### Hong Kong",
"#### Rangers",
"Kilama joined [Rangers](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC \"Hong Kong Rangers FC\") in 2008\\. Although he had an impressive performance in the first season, Rangers were nevertheless relegated. Therefore, he left the club for [Fourway Rangers](/wiki/Fourway_Athletics \"Fourway Athletics\").",
"In July 2010, Kilama was selected for the [Hong Kong League Selection](/wiki/Hong_Kong_League_XI \"Hong Kong League XI\") friendly against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\") at the [Hong Kong Stadium](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stadium \"Hong Kong Stadium\").[港聯19人迎戰伯明翰](http://takungpao.com/news/10/07/04/WF-1281171.htm){{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, Tai Kung Po, July 4, 2010",
"#### Sun Hei",
"In the 2011–12 season, Kilama moved to [Sun Hei](/wiki/Sun_Hei_SC \"Sun Hei SC\") from [Fourway Rangers](/wiki/Fourway_Athletics \"Fourway Athletics\"). On 22 October 2011, Kilama was sent off in the match against [Rangers](/wiki/Biu_Chun_Rangers \"Biu Chun Rangers\"). Coach Ricardo hopes he can learn from this experience.{{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}文： 黎永淦 [晨曦1:0挫流浪上榜首](http://football.on.cc/football/new/20111023/fbnewb0108x0.html){{dead link\\|date\\=April 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} *Oriental Daily*. 23 October 2011\\. On 7 January 2012, Kilama was sent off and gave away a penalty after elbowing [Pegasus](/wiki/TSW_Pegasus_FC \"TSW Pegasus FC\") defender [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_De_Lima_Tagliapietra \"Lucas De Lima Tagliapietra\"). Sun Hei lost the game 1\\-3\\.[晨曦打少兩個慘負飛馬](http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/sport/20120108/00286_004.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708050744/http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/sport/20120108/00286\\_004\\.html \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-08 }} *Oriental Daily*. 8 January 2012\\. {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"#### Eastern",
"Kilama moved to another [Hong Kong Premier League](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Premier_League \"Hong Kong Premier League\") club [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Sports_Club \"Eastern Sports Club\").",
"#### Tianjin Quanjian",
"In December 2015, Kilama joined [Chinese League One](/wiki/China_League_One \"China League One\") team [Tianjin Quanjian](/wiki/Tianjin_Quanjian_F.C. \"Tianjin Quanjian F.C.\"), after having two impressive games against [China national team](/wiki/China_national_football_team \"China national football team\") for [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_football_team \"Hong Kong national football team\").",
"#### Pegasus",
"On 1 February 2018, Kilama joined [Pegasus](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Pegasus_FC \"Hong Kong Pegasus FC\") on a free transfer, returning to Hong Kong following two seasons abroad.{{cite web\\|title\\=由天津回歸港超 基藍馬加盟飛馬\\|url\\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web\\_tc/article/20180201/s00006/1517465745142\\|website\\=Ming Pao\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210749/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web\\_tc/article/20180201/s00006/1517465745142\\|url\\-status\\=live}} {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"#### Tai Po",
"On 6 August 2018, [Tai Po](/wiki/Tai_Po_FC \"Tai Po FC\") announced the singing of Kilama ahead of their preseason training camp.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ma \\|first1\\=Fei Yi \\|title\\=明年戰亞洲比賽大埔續增兵 獲前港腳基藍馬來投 \\|url\\=https://www.upower.com.hk/article/237721\\-%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD%E3%80%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E7%BA%8C%E5%A2%9E%E5%85%B5\\-%E7%8D%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B8%AF%E8%85%B3 \\|website\\=Upower \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210850/https://www.upower.com.hk/article/237721\\-%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD%E3%80%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E7%BA%8C%E5%A2%9E%E5%85%B5\\-%E7%8D%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B8%AF%E8%85%B3 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"#### Rangers",
"On 16 September 2019, Kilama signed with [Rangers](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Rangers_FC \"Hong Kong Rangers FC\"), returning to the club after eight years.{{cite web \\|title\\=基藍馬重返流浪再跟李輝立合作 大埔借入傑志兩兵 \\|url\\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20190916/s00006/1568623059944/%E3%80%90%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85%E3%80%91%E5%9F%BA%E8%97%8D%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%86%8D%E8%B7%9F%E6%9D%8E%E8%BC%9D%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C\\-%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E5%80%9F%E5%85%A5%E5%82%91%E5%BF%97%E5%85%A9%E5%85%B5 \\|website\\=Ming Pao \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320032351/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%2582%25B2/article/20190916/s00006/1568623059944/%25E3%2580%2590%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E8%25B6%2585%25E3%2580%2591%25E5%259F%25BA%25E8%2597%258D%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25BF%2594%25E6%25B5%2581%25E6%25B5%25AA%25E5%2586%258D%25E8%25B7%259F%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%25BC%259D%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C\\-%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%259F%2594%25E5%2580%259F%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%2582%2591%25E5%25BF%2597%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%2585%25B5 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"On 10 September 2020, Rangers confirmed that Kilama had renewed his contract for another season.{{cite web \\|title\\=林嘉緯或返流浪 勢任隊長兼披10號戰下季港超 \\|url\\=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20200910/s00006/1599730046048/%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85\\-%E6%9E%97%E5%98%89%E7%B7%AF%E6%88%96%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA\\-%E5%8B%A2%E4%BB%BB%E9%9A%8A%E9%95%B7%E5%85%BC%E6%8A%AB10%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85 \\|website\\=Ming Pao \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140816/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20200910/s00006/1599730046048/%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85\\-%E6%9E%97%E5%98%89%E7%B7%AF%E6%88%96%E8%BF%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA\\-%E5%8B%A2%E4%BB%BB%E9%9A%8A%E9%95%B7%E5%85%BC%E6%8A%AB10%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%85 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{in lang\\|zh\\-hk}}",
"In the 2020–21 season, Kilama featured as the main role of the Ranger's defence and he scored 1 goal in 4 matches before the league was suspended in September 2020\\.",
"On 24 September 2023, Kilama announced his retirement from professional football. However, he then continuously played for the club in the season as the club suffered from injury crisis. He officially retired at the end of the season.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Preconception
In 1928, Dorothy Day's conversion to [Roman Catholicism](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") marked a pivotal moment where her religious convictions intertwined with her political aspirations. This alignment was further solidified when she crossed paths with Peter Maurin, a French immigrant, in 1933\. Maurin's arrival at Day's home sparked a meeting of minds, as they shared mutual ideas and visions. Their collaboration culminated in the establishment of the [Catholic Worker Movement](/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement "Catholic Worker Movement"), spurred by their shared commitment to nonviolent revolution. This movement officially began in 1933 with the inception of *The Catholic Worker* newspaper, a platform they envisioned during their extensive discussions and deliberations.Brock, B. L. (2007\). Women in History – Dorothy Day. *Journal of Women in Educational Leadership, 5*(2\), 3\. Retrieved from [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1064\&context\=jwel](https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=jwel)
Maurin proposed the idea to Day that the newspaper should be tailored for the unemployed. Drawing from his knowledge of [European socialism](/wiki/Social_democracy "Social democracy") and [personalist](/wiki/Personalism "Personalism") philosophy, Maurin collaborated with Day, leveraging her journalistic skills and understanding of American culture.Parrish, M. M. (2002\). Creating a Place for Learning: Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement (pp. 2\-3\). In Adult Education Research Conference 2002 Conference Proceedings (Raleigh, NC). Kansas State University Libraries, New Prairie Press. Retrieved from [https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer\=\&httpsredir\=1\&article\=2407\&context\=aerc](https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2407&context=aerc)
In the initial stages of planning the publication, there was a divergence in opinions between Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin regarding the name of the newspaper. Maurin advocated for naming it "The Catholic Radical," while Day, drawing from her background as a former Communist, believed that "The Catholic Worker" would better resonate with their intended audience.Newman, V. (2015\). The Catholic Worker Movement. *Denison Journal of Religion, 15*(3\). Retrieved from <https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/religion/vol14/iss3/> She elaborated that the term "Worker" in the paper's title included individuals engaged in physical, mental, or spiritual labor, particularly emphasizing the poor, the dispossessed, and the exploited.{{Cite web \|title\=The Life and Spirituality of Dorothy Day – Catholic Worker Movement \|url\=https://catholicworker.org/life\-and\-spirituality\-dorothy\-day/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-08 \|website\=catholicworker.org}}
### Founding and Early Expansion (1933–1938\)
*The Catholic Worker* was established in 1933 by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. The debut edition of the Catholic Worker was published on [May Day](/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day "International Workers' Day") in 1933\. This edition, printed by a religious press, saw 2,500 copies distributed. Day sold the paper for a penny each in [Union Square](/wiki/Union_Square%2C_Manhattan "Union Square, Manhattan") and Day contributed extensively to its content, writing the majority of its eight pages.Cep, C. (2020, April 13\). Dorothy Day’s Radical Faith. *The New Yorker.* Retrieved from [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/13/dorothy\-days\-radical\-faith](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/13/dorothy-days-radical-faith)
Maurin wanted the newspaper to be part of a bigger plan for Catholic social action. This plan involved a mix of learning to help people think intellectually, regardless of their background. It also included setting up places where the needy could get food, shelter, and companionship—called houses of hospitality. Maurin also thought about creating farm communities or agronomic universities. These places would give land and jobs to people who were struggling because of displacement by [industrialisation](/wiki/Industrialisation "Industrialisation").Pollak, N. J. (2005\). *On Work and War: The Words and Deeds of Dorothy Day and Simone Weil* (Master's thesis, Page 8\). Simon Fraser University, Graduate Liberal Studies Program.
While many Catholic social action movements in the U.S. focused on issues like [public morality](/wiki/Public_morality "Public morality"), [parochial schools](/wiki/Parochial_school "Parochial school"), and [birth control](/wiki/Birth_control "Birth control"), the Catholic Worker took a different approach. Since its first edition in May 1933, the Catholic Worker has discussed topics such as [racism](/wiki/Racism "Racism"), [pacifism](/wiki/Pacifism "Pacifism"), [sweatshops](/wiki/Sweatshop "Sweatshop"), [political corruption](/wiki/Political_corruption "Political corruption"), [labor unions](/wiki/Trade_union "Trade union"), [antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism"), [fascism](/wiki/Fascism "Fascism"), and [Catholic social theory](/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching "Catholic social teaching").
The readership increased significantly, and by September 1933, Day and Maurin were printing 20,000 papers.Hennessy, Dorothy Day: The World Will Be Saved by Beauty, 76\. By 1935, the circulation of the Catholic Worker had risen to 110,000\.Maddocks, M. (1982, July 12\). Books: Secular Saint. *Time.* Retrieved from [https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,925568,00\.html](https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,925568,00.html) And would reach 150,000 by 1936\.{{Cite web \|last\=Petruzzello \|first\=M. \|date\=Feb 14, 2020 \|title\=Catholic Worker Movement Roman Catholic lay movement \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/event/Catholic\-Worker\-Movement \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-08 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}}
### World War II and Pacifist Stance (1939–1945\)
During World War II, the newspaper maintained a relatively high circulation, but it decreased due to its pacifist stance. This stance led to internal conflicts within the movement. By 1938, the paper's circulation had grown to 190,000\. However, Dorothy Day's commitment to pacifism caused circulation to drop to 50,000 during the war.Brock, B. L. (2007\). Women in History – Dorothy Day. *Journal of Women in Educational Leadership, 5*(2\), 88\. Retrieved from [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1064\&context\=jwel](https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=jwel)
In her position, Day strongly opposed antisemitism and fascism. However, she also criticized the [Allies during World War II](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") for failing to acknowledge the presence of Christ in their adversaries or to recognize God's existence amidst evil. Day believed that all U.S. citizens carried culpability before God for events like those in [Hiroshima](/wiki/Little_Boy "Little Boy"). She argued that standing in solidarity with all individuals, whether they be poor, allies, or enemies, as part of the mystical [body of Christ](/wiki/Body_of_Christ "Body of Christ"), also entails sharing responsibility for their actions.Fannin, C. (2007\). Dorothy Day’s Radical Hospitality. *Center for Christian Ethics at Baylor University*, 42\. Retrieved from [https://ifl.web.baylor.edu/sites/g/files/ecbvkj771/files/2022\-12/HospitalityArticleFannin.pdf](https://ifl.web.baylor.edu/sites/g/files/ecbvkj771/files/2022-12/HospitalityArticleFannin.pdf)
### Post\-War Period and Consistent Circulation (1946\-1950s)
Following Maurin's passing in 1949, Dorothy Day assumed leadership of the movement and continued to serve as the editor of its newspaper.Duquesne University. (2024, February 22\). Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement. Retrieved from [https://guides.library.duq.edu/dorothy\-day](https://guides.library.duq.edu/dorothy-day)
During the 1950s and 1960s, Dorothy Day's engagement with labor issues diminished as her attention shifted towards pacifism and disarmament advocacy. Her commitment to nonviolence prompted her to actively protest against the nuclear arms race, the Korean War, and other major conflicts of the time. By the 1950s, Day and fellow Catholic Workers believed that mere verbal opposition to war and militarism was insufficient. They felt compelled to personally engage and take responsibility for their actions.Loughery, J., \& Randolph, B. (2021\). *Dorothy Day: Dissenting Voice of the American Century* (p. 8\). Simon \& Schuster.Chernus, I. (n.d.). American Nonviolence: The History of An Idea: CHAPTER 10 DOROTHY DAY AND THE CATHOLIC WORKER MOVEMENT. Retrieved from [https://spot.colorado.edu/\~chernus/NonviolenceBook/DorothyDay.htm](https://spot.colorado.edu/~chernus/NonviolenceBook/DorothyDay.htm)
Between 1955 and 1961, Catholic Workers in New York orchestrated acts of civil disobedience aimed at challenging the nuclear arms race, specifically targeting the compulsory annual air raid drills enforced by the [Civil Defense Act](/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Administration "Federal Civil Defense Administration").Engler, M. (2007, April 1\). The Catholic Worker Movement: A Definition. Democracy Uprising. [https://democracyuprising.com/2007/04/01/catholic\-worker\-movement/](https://democracyuprising.com/2007/04/01/catholic-worker-movement/)
Between 1947 and early 1960, circulation varied between 47,000 and 65,000 readers.Day, D. (1947, May 1\). Letter To Our Readers at the Beginning of Our Fifteenth Year. Catholic Worker. https://catholicworker.org/155\-html/
### Later Years and Continued Advocacy (1960s\-1998\)
*The Catholic Worker* covered the [Civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement "Civil rights movement") in great depth as liturgically based social action.Dick, Bailey. "The Catholic Worker's Coverage of Civil Rights and Racial Justice." *American Catholic Studies* 131, no. 4 (2020\): 1\-31\. In 1950 it published a letter from [Helen Caldwell Day Riley](/wiki/Helen_Caldwell_Day_Riley "Helen Caldwell Day Riley") that led to her founding an African American Catholic Worker house in Memphis, Tennessee.{{Cite news \|last\=Caldwell \|first\=Helen \|date\=1 July 1950 \|title\=From the Mail Bag, Down South \|url\=https://thecatholicnewsarchive.org/?a\=d\&d\=CW19500701\-01\.2\.16\&srpos\=3\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-\-en\-20\-\-1\-\-txt\-txIN\-%22holly\+springs%22\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \|access\-date\=21 April 2024 \|work\=The Catholic Worker \|pages\=7 \|volume\=XVII \|issue\=2}}
In 1980, circulation became 100,000 readers.
Day became increasingly reclusive, reducing her writing output and travel commitments. However, she remained involved in editing the newspaper until her death in 1980\.
### Modern Era (1998\-present)
*The Catholic Worker* maintains a price of one penny per copy, ensuring affordability for all readers.{{sfn\|Brock\|2007\|p\=5}} Additionally, an annual subscription is available for 25 cents, with seven issues distributed throughout the year.{{Cite web \|title\=Revisiting the Catholic Worker Movement: Dorothy Day and Anarcho\-Socialist Christianity \|url\=http://thefanzine.com/revisiting\-the\-catholic\-worker\-movement\-dorothy\-day\-and\-anarcho\-socialist\-christianity/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-08 \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-10\-01 \|title\=Catholic Workers Welcome Papal Visit {{!}} Al Jazeera America \|url\=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/24/catholic\-workers\-welcome\-papal\-visit.html \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001232631/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/24/catholic\-workers\-welcome\-papal\-visit.html \|archive\-date\=2015\-10\-01 }} However, foreign subscriptions are priced at 30 cents.{{Cite web \|last\=McGravie \|first\=Anne \|date\=1992\-09\-17 \|title\=Catholic Worker: Help Wanted \|url\=http://chicagoreader.com/news\-politics/catholic\-worker\-help\-wanted/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-08 \|website\=Chicago Reader \|language\=en\-US}}
In both 2020 and 2022, the Catholic Worker maintained around 20,000 mail subscribers. Additionally, the collective movement has expanded significantly from its origins as a newspaper and a single small house in New York to encompassing 187 communities in a decentralized network, collaborating with numerous partners worldwide.Loughery, J. (2020, June 17\). The Unlikely Catholic Activist Who Believed in Civil Disobedience 'Animated by Love'. Zocalo Public Square. Retrieved from [https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/06/17/dorothy\-day\-catholic\-activist\-civil\-disobedience\-martin\-gugino/ideas/essay/](https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/06/17/dorothy-day-catholic-activist-civil-disobedience-martin-gugino/ideas/essay/){{Cite web \|date\=2022\-02\-04 \|title\="Wherein Justice Dwelleth:" The Catholic Worker Movement and Political Theology Today \|url\=https://politicaltheology.com/symposium/wherein\-justice\-dwelleth\-the\-catholic\-worker\-movement\-and\-political\-theology\-today/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-08 \|website\=Political Theology Network \|language\=en\-US}}
According to [The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation "The Nation"), as of May 2023, it has approximately 26,000 subscribers.
According to managing editor Joanne Kennedy, they continue to manually lay out the paper instead of using digital software. Additionally, they have consciously opted against having a website or email. They have deliberately abstained from releasing a digital edition of the newspaper.{{Cite web \|last\=Hunter \|first\=Nathaniel \|date\=2024\-02\-27 \|title\=How the Catholic Worker movement stays grassroots online \|url\=https://uscatholic.org/articles/202402/how\-the\-catholic\-worker\-movement\-stays\-grassroots\-online/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-08 \|website\=U.S. Catholic \|language\=en\-US}}
Amanda W. Daloisio serves as the co\-managing editor of The Catholic Worker.{{Cite web \|title\=Amanda W. Daloisio at Catholic Women Preach \|url\=https://www.catholicwomenpreach.org/preacher/amanda\-w\-daloisio \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-09 \|website\=www.catholicwomenpreach.org}}
The development of CatholicWorker.org, a website not officially affiliated with the movement but created by Jim Allaire to serve as a digital hub for Catholic Worker communities. Despite initial skepticism within the movement about embracing technology, platforms like Instagram and Facebook have become avenues for outreach, connecting younger generations with the movement's values of social justice and hospitality.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Preconception",
"In 1928, Dorothy Day's conversion to [Roman Catholicism](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") marked a pivotal moment where her religious convictions intertwined with her political aspirations. This alignment was further solidified when she crossed paths with Peter Maurin, a French immigrant, in 1933\\. Maurin's arrival at Day's home sparked a meeting of minds, as they shared mutual ideas and visions. Their collaboration culminated in the establishment of the [Catholic Worker Movement](/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement \"Catholic Worker Movement\"), spurred by their shared commitment to nonviolent revolution. This movement officially began in 1933 with the inception of *The Catholic Worker* newspaper, a platform they envisioned during their extensive discussions and deliberations.Brock, B. L. (2007\\). Women in History – Dorothy Day. *Journal of Women in Educational Leadership, 5*(2\\), 3\\. Retrieved from [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1064\\&context\\=jwel](https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=jwel)",
"Maurin proposed the idea to Day that the newspaper should be tailored for the unemployed. Drawing from his knowledge of [European socialism](/wiki/Social_democracy \"Social democracy\") and [personalist](/wiki/Personalism \"Personalism\") philosophy, Maurin collaborated with Day, leveraging her journalistic skills and understanding of American culture.Parrish, M. M. (2002\\). Creating a Place for Learning: Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement (pp. 2\\-3\\). In Adult Education Research Conference 2002 Conference Proceedings (Raleigh, NC). Kansas State University Libraries, New Prairie Press. Retrieved from [https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer\\=\\&httpsredir\\=1\\&article\\=2407\\&context\\=aerc](https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2407&context=aerc)",
"In the initial stages of planning the publication, there was a divergence in opinions between Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin regarding the name of the newspaper. Maurin advocated for naming it \"The Catholic Radical,\" while Day, drawing from her background as a former Communist, believed that \"The Catholic Worker\" would better resonate with their intended audience.Newman, V. (2015\\). The Catholic Worker Movement. *Denison Journal of Religion, 15*(3\\). Retrieved from <https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/religion/vol14/iss3/> She elaborated that the term \"Worker\" in the paper's title included individuals engaged in physical, mental, or spiritual labor, particularly emphasizing the poor, the dispossessed, and the exploited.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Life and Spirituality of Dorothy Day – Catholic Worker Movement \\|url\\=https://catholicworker.org/life\\-and\\-spirituality\\-dorothy\\-day/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-08 \\|website\\=catholicworker.org}}",
"### Founding and Early Expansion (1933–1938\\)",
"*The Catholic Worker* was established in 1933 by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. The debut edition of the Catholic Worker was published on [May Day](/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day \"International Workers' Day\") in 1933\\. This edition, printed by a religious press, saw 2,500 copies distributed. Day sold the paper for a penny each in [Union Square](/wiki/Union_Square%2C_Manhattan \"Union Square, Manhattan\") and Day contributed extensively to its content, writing the majority of its eight pages.Cep, C. (2020, April 13\\). Dorothy Day’s Radical Faith. *The New Yorker.* Retrieved from [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/13/dorothy\\-days\\-radical\\-faith](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/13/dorothy-days-radical-faith)",
"Maurin wanted the newspaper to be part of a bigger plan for Catholic social action. This plan involved a mix of learning to help people think intellectually, regardless of their background. It also included setting up places where the needy could get food, shelter, and companionship—called houses of hospitality. Maurin also thought about creating farm communities or agronomic universities. These places would give land and jobs to people who were struggling because of displacement by [industrialisation](/wiki/Industrialisation \"Industrialisation\").Pollak, N. J. (2005\\). *On Work and War: The Words and Deeds of Dorothy Day and Simone Weil* (Master's thesis, Page 8\\). Simon Fraser University, Graduate Liberal Studies Program.",
"While many Catholic social action movements in the U.S. focused on issues like [public morality](/wiki/Public_morality \"Public morality\"), [parochial schools](/wiki/Parochial_school \"Parochial school\"), and [birth control](/wiki/Birth_control \"Birth control\"), the Catholic Worker took a different approach. Since its first edition in May 1933, the Catholic Worker has discussed topics such as [racism](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), [pacifism](/wiki/Pacifism \"Pacifism\"), [sweatshops](/wiki/Sweatshop \"Sweatshop\"), [political corruption](/wiki/Political_corruption \"Political corruption\"), [labor unions](/wiki/Trade_union \"Trade union\"), [antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\"), [fascism](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\"), and [Catholic social theory](/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching \"Catholic social teaching\").",
"The readership increased significantly, and by September 1933, Day and Maurin were printing 20,000 papers.Hennessy, Dorothy Day: The World Will Be Saved by Beauty, 76\\. By 1935, the circulation of the Catholic Worker had risen to 110,000\\.Maddocks, M. (1982, July 12\\). Books: Secular Saint. *Time.* Retrieved from [https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,925568,00\\.html](https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,925568,00.html) And would reach 150,000 by 1936\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Petruzzello \\|first\\=M. \\|date\\=Feb 14, 2020 \\|title\\=Catholic Worker Movement Roman Catholic lay movement \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/event/Catholic\\-Worker\\-Movement \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-08 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"### World War II and Pacifist Stance (1939–1945\\)",
"During World War II, the newspaper maintained a relatively high circulation, but it decreased due to its pacifist stance. This stance led to internal conflicts within the movement. By 1938, the paper's circulation had grown to 190,000\\. However, Dorothy Day's commitment to pacifism caused circulation to drop to 50,000 during the war.Brock, B. L. (2007\\). Women in History – Dorothy Day. *Journal of Women in Educational Leadership, 5*(2\\), 88\\. Retrieved from [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1064\\&context\\=jwel](https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=jwel)",
"In her position, Day strongly opposed antisemitism and fascism. However, she also criticized the [Allies during World War II](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") for failing to acknowledge the presence of Christ in their adversaries or to recognize God's existence amidst evil. Day believed that all U.S. citizens carried culpability before God for events like those in [Hiroshima](/wiki/Little_Boy \"Little Boy\"). She argued that standing in solidarity with all individuals, whether they be poor, allies, or enemies, as part of the mystical [body of Christ](/wiki/Body_of_Christ \"Body of Christ\"), also entails sharing responsibility for their actions.Fannin, C. (2007\\). Dorothy Day’s Radical Hospitality. *Center for Christian Ethics at Baylor University*, 42\\. Retrieved from [https://ifl.web.baylor.edu/sites/g/files/ecbvkj771/files/2022\\-12/HospitalityArticleFannin.pdf](https://ifl.web.baylor.edu/sites/g/files/ecbvkj771/files/2022-12/HospitalityArticleFannin.pdf)",
"### Post\\-War Period and Consistent Circulation (1946\\-1950s)",
"Following Maurin's passing in 1949, Dorothy Day assumed leadership of the movement and continued to serve as the editor of its newspaper.Duquesne University. (2024, February 22\\). Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement. Retrieved from [https://guides.library.duq.edu/dorothy\\-day](https://guides.library.duq.edu/dorothy-day)",
"During the 1950s and 1960s, Dorothy Day's engagement with labor issues diminished as her attention shifted towards pacifism and disarmament advocacy. Her commitment to nonviolence prompted her to actively protest against the nuclear arms race, the Korean War, and other major conflicts of the time. By the 1950s, Day and fellow Catholic Workers believed that mere verbal opposition to war and militarism was insufficient. They felt compelled to personally engage and take responsibility for their actions.Loughery, J., \\& Randolph, B. (2021\\). *Dorothy Day: Dissenting Voice of the American Century* (p. 8\\). Simon \\& Schuster.Chernus, I. (n.d.). American Nonviolence: The History of An Idea: CHAPTER 10 DOROTHY DAY AND THE CATHOLIC WORKER MOVEMENT. Retrieved from [https://spot.colorado.edu/\\~chernus/NonviolenceBook/DorothyDay.htm](https://spot.colorado.edu/~chernus/NonviolenceBook/DorothyDay.htm)",
"Between 1955 and 1961, Catholic Workers in New York orchestrated acts of civil disobedience aimed at challenging the nuclear arms race, specifically targeting the compulsory annual air raid drills enforced by the [Civil Defense Act](/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Administration \"Federal Civil Defense Administration\").Engler, M. (2007, April 1\\). The Catholic Worker Movement: A Definition. Democracy Uprising. [https://democracyuprising.com/2007/04/01/catholic\\-worker\\-movement/](https://democracyuprising.com/2007/04/01/catholic-worker-movement/)",
"Between 1947 and early 1960, circulation varied between 47,000 and 65,000 readers.Day, D. (1947, May 1\\). Letter To Our Readers at the Beginning of Our Fifteenth Year. Catholic Worker. https://catholicworker.org/155\\-html/",
"### Later Years and Continued Advocacy (1960s\\-1998\\)",
"*The Catholic Worker* covered the [Civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement \"Civil rights movement\") in great depth as liturgically based social action.Dick, Bailey. \"The Catholic Worker's Coverage of Civil Rights and Racial Justice.\" *American Catholic Studies* 131, no. 4 (2020\\): 1\\-31\\. In 1950 it published a letter from [Helen Caldwell Day Riley](/wiki/Helen_Caldwell_Day_Riley \"Helen Caldwell Day Riley\") that led to her founding an African American Catholic Worker house in Memphis, Tennessee.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Caldwell \\|first\\=Helen \\|date\\=1 July 1950 \\|title\\=From the Mail Bag, Down South \\|url\\=https://thecatholicnewsarchive.org/?a\\=d\\&d\\=CW19500701\\-01\\.2\\.16\\&srpos\\=3\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-en\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-txIN\\-%22holly\\+springs%22\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\- \\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2024 \\|work\\=The Catholic Worker \\|pages\\=7 \\|volume\\=XVII \\|issue\\=2}}",
"In 1980, circulation became 100,000 readers.",
"Day became increasingly reclusive, reducing her writing output and travel commitments. However, she remained involved in editing the newspaper until her death in 1980\\.",
"### Modern Era (1998\\-present)",
"*The Catholic Worker* maintains a price of one penny per copy, ensuring affordability for all readers.{{sfn\\|Brock\\|2007\\|p\\=5}} Additionally, an annual subscription is available for 25 cents, with seven issues distributed throughout the year.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Revisiting the Catholic Worker Movement: Dorothy Day and Anarcho\\-Socialist Christianity \\|url\\=http://thefanzine.com/revisiting\\-the\\-catholic\\-worker\\-movement\\-dorothy\\-day\\-and\\-anarcho\\-socialist\\-christianity/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-08 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-10\\-01 \\|title\\=Catholic Workers Welcome Papal Visit {{!}} Al Jazeera America \\|url\\=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/24/catholic\\-workers\\-welcome\\-papal\\-visit.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001232631/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/24/catholic\\-workers\\-welcome\\-papal\\-visit.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-10\\-01 }} However, foreign subscriptions are priced at 30 cents.{{Cite web \\|last\\=McGravie \\|first\\=Anne \\|date\\=1992\\-09\\-17 \\|title\\=Catholic Worker: Help Wanted \\|url\\=http://chicagoreader.com/news\\-politics/catholic\\-worker\\-help\\-wanted/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-08 \\|website\\=Chicago Reader \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In both 2020 and 2022, the Catholic Worker maintained around 20,000 mail subscribers. Additionally, the collective movement has expanded significantly from its origins as a newspaper and a single small house in New York to encompassing 187 communities in a decentralized network, collaborating with numerous partners worldwide.Loughery, J. (2020, June 17\\). The Unlikely Catholic Activist Who Believed in Civil Disobedience 'Animated by Love'. Zocalo Public Square. Retrieved from [https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/06/17/dorothy\\-day\\-catholic\\-activist\\-civil\\-disobedience\\-martin\\-gugino/ideas/essay/](https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/06/17/dorothy-day-catholic-activist-civil-disobedience-martin-gugino/ideas/essay/){{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-04 \\|title\\=\"Wherein Justice Dwelleth:\" The Catholic Worker Movement and Political Theology Today \\|url\\=https://politicaltheology.com/symposium/wherein\\-justice\\-dwelleth\\-the\\-catholic\\-worker\\-movement\\-and\\-political\\-theology\\-today/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-08 \\|website\\=Political Theology Network \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"According to [The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation \"The Nation\"), as of May 2023, it has approximately 26,000 subscribers.",
"According to managing editor Joanne Kennedy, they continue to manually lay out the paper instead of using digital software. Additionally, they have consciously opted against having a website or email. They have deliberately abstained from releasing a digital edition of the newspaper.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hunter \\|first\\=Nathaniel \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-27 \\|title\\=How the Catholic Worker movement stays grassroots online \\|url\\=https://uscatholic.org/articles/202402/how\\-the\\-catholic\\-worker\\-movement\\-stays\\-grassroots\\-online/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-08 \\|website\\=U.S. Catholic \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Amanda W. Daloisio serves as the co\\-managing editor of The Catholic Worker.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Amanda W. Daloisio at Catholic Women Preach \\|url\\=https://www.catholicwomenpreach.org/preacher/amanda\\-w\\-daloisio \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-09 \\|website\\=www.catholicwomenpreach.org}}",
"The development of CatholicWorker.org, a website not officially affiliated with the movement but created by Jim Allaire to serve as a digital hub for Catholic Worker communities. Despite initial skepticism within the movement about embracing technology, platforms like Instagram and Facebook have become avenues for outreach, connecting younger generations with the movement's values of social justice and hospitality.",
""
] |
Horizontal stabilizers
----------------------
[thumb\|A [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 "Boeing 737") uses an adjustable stabilizer, moved by a jackscrew, to provide the required pitch trim forces. Generic stabilizer illustrated.](/wiki/File:Adjustable_stabilizer.svg "Adjustable stabilizer.svg")
A horizontal stabilizer is used to maintain the aircraft in longitudinal balance, or *trim*:Daroll Stinton, *The design of the aeroplane*, "Longitudinal balance (trim)". it exerts a vertical force at a distance so the summation of pitch [moments](/wiki/Torque "Torque") about the center of gravity is zero.{{cite book \|title\=Mechanics of Flight \|first\=Warren F. \|last\=Phillips \|edition\=2nd \|year\=2010 \|publisher\=Wiley \& Sons \|location\=Hoboken, New Jersey \|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-53975\-0 \|quote\=When the controls are set so that the resultant forces and the moments about the center of gravity are all zero, the aircraft is said to be in '''trim''', which simply means static equilibrium \|page\=377 \|chapter\=4\.1 Fundamentals of Static Equilibrium and Stability}} The vertical force exerted by the stabilizer varies with flight conditions, in particular according to the aircraft [lift coefficient](/wiki/Lift_coefficient "Lift coefficient") and [wing flaps](/wiki/Flap_%28aeronautics%29 "Flap (aeronautics)") deflection which both affect the position of the [center of pressure](/wiki/Center_of_pressure_%28fluid_mechanics%29 "Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)"), and with the position of the aircraft center of gravity (which changes with aircraft loading and fuel consumption). [Transonic](/wiki/Transonic "Transonic") flight makes special demands on horizontal stabilizers; when the local speed of the air over the wing reaches the [speed of sound](/wiki/Speed_of_sound "Speed of sound") there is [a sudden move aft of the center of pressure](/wiki/Mach_tuck "Mach tuck").
Another role of a horizontal stabilizer is to provide [longitudinal static stability](/wiki/Longitudinal_static_stability "Longitudinal static stability"). Stability can be defined only when the vehicle is in trim;W.H. Phillips, *A Career at NASA Langley Research Center*, Chap.4, Flying Qualities it refers to the tendency of the aircraft to return to the trimmed condition if it is disturbed.{{cite book \|title\=Mechanics of Flight \|first\=Warren F. \|last\=Phillips \|edition\=2nd \|year\=2010 \|publisher\=Wiley \& Sons \|location\=Hoboken, New Jersey \|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-53975\-0 \|quote\="For an airplane to be statically stable in rotation, any disturbances in roll, pitch or yaw must all result in the production of a restoring moment that will return the aircraft to the original equilibrium state." \|page\=381 \|chapter\=4\.2 Pitch Stability of a Cambered Wing}} This maintains a constant aircraft attitude, with unchanging [pitch angle](/wiki/Pitch_%28aviation%29 "Pitch (aviation)") relative to the airstream, without active input from the pilot. Ensuring static stability of an aircraft with a conventional wing requires that the aircraft center of gravity be ahead of the center of pressure, so a stabilizer positioned at the rear of the aircraft will produce lift in the downwards direction.
The [elevator](/wiki/Elevator_%28aircraft%29 "Elevator (aircraft)") serves to control the pitch axis; in case of a [fully movable tail](/wiki/Stabilator "Stabilator"), the entire assembly acts as a control surface.
### Wing\-stabilizer interaction
The upwash and [downwash](/wiki/Downwash "Downwash") associated with the generation of lift is the source of aerodynamic interaction between the wing and stabilizer, which translates into a change in the effective [angle of attack](/wiki/Angle_of_attack "Angle of attack") for each surface. The influence of the wing on a tail is much more significant than the opposite effect and can be modeled using the [Prandtl lifting\-line theory](/wiki/Lifting-line_theory "Lifting-line theory"); however, an accurate estimation of the interaction between multiple surfaces requires computer simulations or [wind tunnel](/wiki/Wind_tunnel "Wind tunnel") tests.{{cite book \|title\=Mechanics of Flight \|first\=Warren F. \|last\=Phillips \|edition\=2nd \|year\=2010 \|publisher\=Wiley \& Sons \|location\=Hoboken, New Jersey \|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-53975\-0 \|page\=391 \|chapter\=4\.3 Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing\-Tail Combination}}
### Horizontal stabilizer configurations
#### Conventional tailplane
[thumb\| The adjustable horizontal stabilizer of an [Embraer 170](/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family "Embraer E-Jet family"), with markings showing nose\-up and nose\-down trim angles](/wiki/File:Trimmable_horizontal_stabiliser.JPG "Trimmable horizontal stabiliser.JPG")
{{main\|Tailplane}}
In the conventional configuration the horizontal stabilizer is a small horizontal tail or [tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane "Tailplane") located to the rear of the aircraft. This is the most common configuration.
On many aircraft, the tailplane assembly consists of a fixed surface fitted with a hinged aft [elevator](/wiki/Elevator_%28aircraft%29 "Elevator (aircraft)") surface. [Trim tabs](/wiki/Trim_tab "Trim tab") may be used to relieve pilot input forces. Alternatively, some light aircraft such as the [Piper PA\-24 Comanche](/wiki/Piper_PA-24_Comanche "Piper PA-24 Comanche") and the [Piper PA\-28 Cherokee](/wiki/Piper_PA-28_Cherokee "Piper PA-28 Cherokee") have an all\-moving stabilizer known as a [stabilator](/wiki/Stabilator "Stabilator"), with no separate elevator. Stabilators are also found in many supersonic aircraft, where a separate elevator control would cause unacceptable drag.{{cite book \|last1\=Abzug \|first1\=Malcolm J. \|last2\=Larrabee \|first2\=E. Eugene \|title\=Airplane Stability and Control: A History of the Technologies that Made Aviation Possible \|date\=23 September 2002 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-107\-32019\-2 \|page\=78 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xaYZBAAAQBAJ \|access\-date\=17 October 2022 \|language\=en \|quote\=All\-movable tail surfaces became interesting... when high Mach number theory and transonic wind\-tunnel tests disclosed poor performance of ordinary flap\-type controls.}}
Most [airliners](/wiki/Airliners "Airliners") and transport aircraft feature a large, slow\-moving *trimmable tail plane* which is combined with independently\-moving elevators. The elevators are controlled by the pilot or autopilot and primarily serve to change the aircraft's attitude, while the whole assembly is used to trim (maintaining horizontal static equilibrium) and stabilize the aircraft in the pitch axis. In the [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 "Boeing 737"), the adjustable stabilizer trim system is powered by an electrically operated [jackscrew](/wiki/Jackscrew "Jackscrew").{{cite book \|title\=Federal Register \|date\=July 1978 \|publisher\=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration \|page\=32404 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=mSnOTEFOT2gC \|access\-date\=18 October 2022 \|language\=en}}
Variants on the conventional configuration include the [T\-tail](/wiki/T-tail "T-tail"), [Cruciform tail](/wiki/Cruciform_tail "Cruciform tail"), [Twin tail](/wiki/Twin_tail "Twin tail") and [Twin\-boom mounted tail](/wiki/Twin_boom "Twin boom").
#### Three\-surface aircraft
[thumb\|The [three\-surface configuration](/wiki/Three_surface_aircraft "Three surface aircraft") of the [Piaggio P\-180 Avanti](/wiki/Piaggio_P-180_Avanti "Piaggio P-180 Avanti")](/wiki/File:Piaggio_P-180_Avanti_Rennes_2010.jpg "Piaggio P-180 Avanti Rennes 2010.jpg")
{{Main\|Three\-surface aircraft}}
Three\-surface aircraft such as the [Piaggio P.180 Avanti](/wiki/Piaggio_P.180_Avanti "Piaggio P.180 Avanti") or the [Scaled Composites Triumph](/wiki/Scaled_Composites_Triumph "Scaled Composites Triumph") and [Catbird](/wiki/Scaled_Composites_Catbird "Scaled Composites Catbird"), the tailplane is a stabilizer as in conventional aircraft; the frontplane, called foreplane or canard, provides lift and serves as a balancing surface.
Some earlier three\-surface aircraft, such as the Curtiss [AEA June Bug](/wiki/AEA_June_Bug "AEA June Bug") or the [Voisin 1907 biplane](/wiki/Voisin_1907_biplane "Voisin 1907 biplane"), were of conventional layout with an additional front pitch control surface which was called "elevator" or sometimes "stabilisateur".{{citation \| title\=Les hydros Farman \|url\=http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/hydrosfarman.pdf \|date\=12 May 2003 \|work\=Dossiers historiques et technique aéronautique française \|last\=Gérard Hartmann \|quote\=le stabilisateur avant sera supprimé en cours d'année ("the front stabilizer will be removed during the year") }} Lacking elevators, the tailplanes of these aircraft were not what is now called conventional stabilizers. For example, the Voisin was a tandem\-lifting layout (main wing and rear wing) with a foreplane that was neither stabilizing nor mainly lifting; it was called an "*équilibreur*" ("balancer"),Gabriel Voisin, *Mes 10\.000 cerfs\-volants* (My 10,000 kites), page 166: "et je m'apprêtais à tirer sur mon équilibreur... puis il braqua son équilibreur vers la montée." and used as a pitch control and trim surface.
#### Canard aircraft
[thumb\|right\| The [canard configuration](/wiki/Canard_%28aeronautics%29 "Canard (aeronautics)") of the [Beechcraft Starship](/wiki/Beechcraft_Starship "Beechcraft Starship")](/wiki/File:NASA-2000Starship.jpg "NASA-2000Starship.jpg")
{{main\|Canard (aeronautics)}}
In the [canard configuration](/wiki/Canard_%28aeronautics%29 "Canard (aeronautics)"), a small wing, or *foreplane*, is located in front of the main wing. Some authors call it a stabilizer
Garrison, P; "[Three's Company](https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcn7cMVfZcC&dq=canard+stabilizer&pg=PA85)"; *Flying* **129** (12\), December 2002, pp.85\-86: "the stabilizer in the front" ... "This is the function of the stabilizer. if it's in the back it typically pushes downward, and if it's in the front it lifts upward."
Benson, T (Ed): {{citation \|title\=Airplane parts and functions \|work\=Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics \|publisher\=NASA Glenn Research Center \|url\=http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K\-12/airplane/airplane.html \|quote\=On the Wright brother's first aircraft, the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the wings.}}
US Patent [US 6064923 A](https://patents.google.com/patent/US6064923), *Aircraft with reduced wing structure loading*: "...a front stabilizer, generally known as a canard stabilizer,"{{citation \|url\=http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K\-12/airplane/airplane.html \|title\=Parts of Airplane \|work\=The Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics \|publisher\=NASA Glenn Research Center }}
or give to the foreplane alone a stabilizing role,
{{citation \|publisher\=NASA \|url\= http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K\-12/airplane/elv.html \|title\=Horizontal stabilizer \- elevator \|quote\=On some aircraft, the pitch stability and control is provided by a horizontal surface placed forward of the center of gravity}}
although as far as [pitch stability](/wiki/Longitudinal_static_stability "Longitudinal static stability") is concerned, a foreplane is generally described as a destabilizing surface,
e.g. In *AIR International* May 1999, p.311, Hoerner and Borst, *Fluid Dynamic Lift*, page 11\-29, and Page 11\-33 *Delta canard*, NASA TM 88354, *A look at handling qualities of canard configurations*, p. 14 and Kundu, *Aircraft Design*, Page 92,
the main wing providing the stabilizing moment in pitch.
{{cite book \|title\=Mechanics of Flight \|first\=Warren F. \|last\=Phillips \|edition\=2nd \|year\=2010 \|publisher\=Wiley \& Sons \|location\=Hoboken, New Jersey \|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-53975\-0 \|quote\="…it is the main wing and not the canard that provides stability for the wing\-canard configuration." \|page\=425 \|chapter\=4\.6 Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing\-Canard Combination}}
AIAA/AHS/ASEE Aircraft Design, Systems and Operations Meeting: ... \- Volume 2 \- Page 309, "Pitching\-moment results show the stabilising effect of the wing and the destabilizing effect of the canard."
F.H. Nichols,*The Effects of Wing Vertical Location and Vertical\-tail Arrangement on the Stability Characteristics of Canard Airplane Configurations*, page 9, "The body also produces a substantial destabilizing component which is adequately balanced by the large stabilizing effect of the wing."
In naturally unstable aircraft, the canard surfaces may be used as an active part of the artificial stability system, and are sometimes named horizontal stabilizers.The X\-29 ... while its canards — horizontal stabilizers to control pitch — were in front of the wings instead of on the tail" [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS\-008\-DFRC.html](http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-008-DFRC.html)
#### Tailless aircraft
[thumb\|The [tailless configuration](/wiki/Tailless_aircraft "Tailless aircraft") of [Concorde](/wiki/Concorde "Concorde")](/wiki/File:Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg "Concorde on Bristol.jpg")
{{main\|Tailless aircraft}}
Tailless aircraft lack a separate horizontal stabilizer. In a tailless aircraft, the horizontal stabilizing surface is part of the main wing.[Theory and Practice of Using Flying Wings, Apogee Components](http://www.apogeerockets.com/education/downloads/Newsletter15.pdf)[Notes on the stability and control of tailless airplanes, Jones, Robert, naca\-tn\-837, 1941](http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1771) [Longitudinal stability in tailless aircraft](/wiki/Tailless_aircraft%23Longitudinal_stability "Tailless aircraft#Longitudinal stability") is achieved by designing the aircraft so that its [aerodynamic center](/wiki/Aerodynamic_center "Aerodynamic center") is behind the center of gravity. This is generally done by modifying the wing design, for example by varying the angle of incidence in the span\-wise direction (wing [washout](/wiki/Washout_%28aviation%29 "Washout (aviation)") or [twist](/wiki/Wing_twist "Wing twist")), or by using reflexed [camber](/wiki/Camber_%28aerodynamics%29 "Camber (aerodynamics)") airfoils.
|
[
"Horizontal stabilizers\n----------------------",
"[thumb\\|A [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 \"Boeing 737\") uses an adjustable stabilizer, moved by a jackscrew, to provide the required pitch trim forces. Generic stabilizer illustrated.](/wiki/File:Adjustable_stabilizer.svg \"Adjustable stabilizer.svg\")\nA horizontal stabilizer is used to maintain the aircraft in longitudinal balance, or *trim*:Daroll Stinton, *The design of the aeroplane*, \"Longitudinal balance (trim)\". it exerts a vertical force at a distance so the summation of pitch [moments](/wiki/Torque \"Torque\") about the center of gravity is zero.{{cite book \\|title\\=Mechanics of Flight \\|first\\=Warren F. \\|last\\=Phillips \\|edition\\=2nd \\|year\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Wiley \\& Sons \\|location\\=Hoboken, New Jersey \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-53975\\-0 \\|quote\\=When the controls are set so that the resultant forces and the moments about the center of gravity are all zero, the aircraft is said to be in '''trim''', which simply means static equilibrium \\|page\\=377 \\|chapter\\=4\\.1 Fundamentals of Static Equilibrium and Stability}} The vertical force exerted by the stabilizer varies with flight conditions, in particular according to the aircraft [lift coefficient](/wiki/Lift_coefficient \"Lift coefficient\") and [wing flaps](/wiki/Flap_%28aeronautics%29 \"Flap (aeronautics)\") deflection which both affect the position of the [center of pressure](/wiki/Center_of_pressure_%28fluid_mechanics%29 \"Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)\"), and with the position of the aircraft center of gravity (which changes with aircraft loading and fuel consumption). [Transonic](/wiki/Transonic \"Transonic\") flight makes special demands on horizontal stabilizers; when the local speed of the air over the wing reaches the [speed of sound](/wiki/Speed_of_sound \"Speed of sound\") there is [a sudden move aft of the center of pressure](/wiki/Mach_tuck \"Mach tuck\").",
"Another role of a horizontal stabilizer is to provide [longitudinal static stability](/wiki/Longitudinal_static_stability \"Longitudinal static stability\"). Stability can be defined only when the vehicle is in trim;W.H. Phillips, *A Career at NASA Langley Research Center*, Chap.4, Flying Qualities it refers to the tendency of the aircraft to return to the trimmed condition if it is disturbed.{{cite book \\|title\\=Mechanics of Flight \\|first\\=Warren F. \\|last\\=Phillips \\|edition\\=2nd \\|year\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Wiley \\& Sons \\|location\\=Hoboken, New Jersey \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-53975\\-0 \\|quote\\=\"For an airplane to be statically stable in rotation, any disturbances in roll, pitch or yaw must all result in the production of a restoring moment that will return the aircraft to the original equilibrium state.\" \\|page\\=381 \\|chapter\\=4\\.2 Pitch Stability of a Cambered Wing}} This maintains a constant aircraft attitude, with unchanging [pitch angle](/wiki/Pitch_%28aviation%29 \"Pitch (aviation)\") relative to the airstream, without active input from the pilot. Ensuring static stability of an aircraft with a conventional wing requires that the aircraft center of gravity be ahead of the center of pressure, so a stabilizer positioned at the rear of the aircraft will produce lift in the downwards direction.",
"The [elevator](/wiki/Elevator_%28aircraft%29 \"Elevator (aircraft)\") serves to control the pitch axis; in case of a [fully movable tail](/wiki/Stabilator \"Stabilator\"), the entire assembly acts as a control surface.",
"### Wing\\-stabilizer interaction",
"The upwash and [downwash](/wiki/Downwash \"Downwash\") associated with the generation of lift is the source of aerodynamic interaction between the wing and stabilizer, which translates into a change in the effective [angle of attack](/wiki/Angle_of_attack \"Angle of attack\") for each surface. The influence of the wing on a tail is much more significant than the opposite effect and can be modeled using the [Prandtl lifting\\-line theory](/wiki/Lifting-line_theory \"Lifting-line theory\"); however, an accurate estimation of the interaction between multiple surfaces requires computer simulations or [wind tunnel](/wiki/Wind_tunnel \"Wind tunnel\") tests.{{cite book \\|title\\=Mechanics of Flight \\|first\\=Warren F. \\|last\\=Phillips \\|edition\\=2nd \\|year\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Wiley \\& Sons \\|location\\=Hoboken, New Jersey \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-53975\\-0 \\|page\\=391 \\|chapter\\=4\\.3 Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing\\-Tail Combination}}",
"### Horizontal stabilizer configurations",
"#### Conventional tailplane",
"[thumb\\| The adjustable horizontal stabilizer of an [Embraer 170](/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family \"Embraer E-Jet family\"), with markings showing nose\\-up and nose\\-down trim angles](/wiki/File:Trimmable_horizontal_stabiliser.JPG \"Trimmable horizontal stabiliser.JPG\")\n{{main\\|Tailplane}}",
"In the conventional configuration the horizontal stabilizer is a small horizontal tail or [tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane \"Tailplane\") located to the rear of the aircraft. This is the most common configuration.",
"On many aircraft, the tailplane assembly consists of a fixed surface fitted with a hinged aft [elevator](/wiki/Elevator_%28aircraft%29 \"Elevator (aircraft)\") surface. [Trim tabs](/wiki/Trim_tab \"Trim tab\") may be used to relieve pilot input forces. Alternatively, some light aircraft such as the [Piper PA\\-24 Comanche](/wiki/Piper_PA-24_Comanche \"Piper PA-24 Comanche\") and the [Piper PA\\-28 Cherokee](/wiki/Piper_PA-28_Cherokee \"Piper PA-28 Cherokee\") have an all\\-moving stabilizer known as a [stabilator](/wiki/Stabilator \"Stabilator\"), with no separate elevator. Stabilators are also found in many supersonic aircraft, where a separate elevator control would cause unacceptable drag.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Abzug \\|first1\\=Malcolm J. \\|last2\\=Larrabee \\|first2\\=E. Eugene \\|title\\=Airplane Stability and Control: A History of the Technologies that Made Aviation Possible \\|date\\=23 September 2002 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-107\\-32019\\-2 \\|page\\=78 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xaYZBAAAQBAJ \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|quote\\=All\\-movable tail surfaces became interesting... when high Mach number theory and transonic wind\\-tunnel tests disclosed poor performance of ordinary flap\\-type controls.}}",
"Most [airliners](/wiki/Airliners \"Airliners\") and transport aircraft feature a large, slow\\-moving *trimmable tail plane* which is combined with independently\\-moving elevators. The elevators are controlled by the pilot or autopilot and primarily serve to change the aircraft's attitude, while the whole assembly is used to trim (maintaining horizontal static equilibrium) and stabilize the aircraft in the pitch axis. In the [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 \"Boeing 737\"), the adjustable stabilizer trim system is powered by an electrically operated [jackscrew](/wiki/Jackscrew \"Jackscrew\").{{cite book \\|title\\=Federal Register \\|date\\=July 1978 \\|publisher\\=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration \\|page\\=32404 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mSnOTEFOT2gC \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2022 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Variants on the conventional configuration include the [T\\-tail](/wiki/T-tail \"T-tail\"), [Cruciform tail](/wiki/Cruciform_tail \"Cruciform tail\"), [Twin tail](/wiki/Twin_tail \"Twin tail\") and [Twin\\-boom mounted tail](/wiki/Twin_boom \"Twin boom\").",
"#### Three\\-surface aircraft",
"[thumb\\|The [three\\-surface configuration](/wiki/Three_surface_aircraft \"Three surface aircraft\") of the [Piaggio P\\-180 Avanti](/wiki/Piaggio_P-180_Avanti \"Piaggio P-180 Avanti\")](/wiki/File:Piaggio_P-180_Avanti_Rennes_2010.jpg \"Piaggio P-180 Avanti Rennes 2010.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Three\\-surface aircraft}}",
"Three\\-surface aircraft such as the [Piaggio P.180 Avanti](/wiki/Piaggio_P.180_Avanti \"Piaggio P.180 Avanti\") or the [Scaled Composites Triumph](/wiki/Scaled_Composites_Triumph \"Scaled Composites Triumph\") and [Catbird](/wiki/Scaled_Composites_Catbird \"Scaled Composites Catbird\"), the tailplane is a stabilizer as in conventional aircraft; the frontplane, called foreplane or canard, provides lift and serves as a balancing surface.",
"Some earlier three\\-surface aircraft, such as the Curtiss [AEA June Bug](/wiki/AEA_June_Bug \"AEA June Bug\") or the [Voisin 1907 biplane](/wiki/Voisin_1907_biplane \"Voisin 1907 biplane\"), were of conventional layout with an additional front pitch control surface which was called \"elevator\" or sometimes \"stabilisateur\".{{citation \\| title\\=Les hydros Farman \\|url\\=http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/hydrosfarman.pdf \\|date\\=12 May 2003 \\|work\\=Dossiers historiques et technique aéronautique française \\|last\\=Gérard Hartmann \\|quote\\=le stabilisateur avant sera supprimé en cours d'année (\"the front stabilizer will be removed during the year\") }} Lacking elevators, the tailplanes of these aircraft were not what is now called conventional stabilizers. For example, the Voisin was a tandem\\-lifting layout (main wing and rear wing) with a foreplane that was neither stabilizing nor mainly lifting; it was called an \"*équilibreur*\" (\"balancer\"),Gabriel Voisin, *Mes 10\\.000 cerfs\\-volants* (My 10,000 kites), page 166: \"et je m'apprêtais à tirer sur mon équilibreur... puis il braqua son équilibreur vers la montée.\" and used as a pitch control and trim surface.",
"#### Canard aircraft",
"[thumb\\|right\\| The [canard configuration](/wiki/Canard_%28aeronautics%29 \"Canard (aeronautics)\") of the [Beechcraft Starship](/wiki/Beechcraft_Starship \"Beechcraft Starship\")](/wiki/File:NASA-2000Starship.jpg \"NASA-2000Starship.jpg\") \n{{main\\|Canard (aeronautics)}}\nIn the [canard configuration](/wiki/Canard_%28aeronautics%29 \"Canard (aeronautics)\"), a small wing, or *foreplane*, is located in front of the main wing. Some authors call it a stabilizer\nGarrison, P; \"[Three's Company](https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcn7cMVfZcC&dq=canard+stabilizer&pg=PA85)\"; *Flying* **129** (12\\), December 2002, pp.85\\-86: \"the stabilizer in the front\" ... \"This is the function of the stabilizer. if it's in the back it typically pushes downward, and if it's in the front it lifts upward.\"\nBenson, T (Ed): {{citation \\|title\\=Airplane parts and functions \\|work\\=Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics \\|publisher\\=NASA Glenn Research Center \\|url\\=http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K\\-12/airplane/airplane.html \\|quote\\=On the Wright brother's first aircraft, the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the wings.}}\nUS Patent [US 6064923 A](https://patents.google.com/patent/US6064923), *Aircraft with reduced wing structure loading*: \"...a front stabilizer, generally known as a canard stabilizer,\"{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K\\-12/airplane/airplane.html \\|title\\=Parts of Airplane \\|work\\=The Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics \\|publisher\\=NASA Glenn Research Center }}\nor give to the foreplane alone a stabilizing role,\n{{citation \\|publisher\\=NASA \\|url\\= http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K\\-12/airplane/elv.html \\|title\\=Horizontal stabilizer \\- elevator \\|quote\\=On some aircraft, the pitch stability and control is provided by a horizontal surface placed forward of the center of gravity}} \nalthough as far as [pitch stability](/wiki/Longitudinal_static_stability \"Longitudinal static stability\") is concerned, a foreplane is generally described as a destabilizing surface,\ne.g. In *AIR International* May 1999, p.311, Hoerner and Borst, *Fluid Dynamic Lift*, page 11\\-29, and Page 11\\-33 *Delta canard*, NASA TM 88354, *A look at handling qualities of canard configurations*, p. 14 and Kundu, *Aircraft Design*, Page 92, \nthe main wing providing the stabilizing moment in pitch.\n{{cite book \\|title\\=Mechanics of Flight \\|first\\=Warren F. \\|last\\=Phillips \\|edition\\=2nd \\|year\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Wiley \\& Sons \\|location\\=Hoboken, New Jersey \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-53975\\-0 \\|quote\\=\"…it is the main wing and not the canard that provides stability for the wing\\-canard configuration.\" \\|page\\=425 \\|chapter\\=4\\.6 Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing\\-Canard Combination}}\nAIAA/AHS/ASEE Aircraft Design, Systems and Operations Meeting: ... \\- Volume 2 \\- Page 309, \"Pitching\\-moment results show the stabilising effect of the wing and the destabilizing effect of the canard.\"\nF.H. Nichols,*The Effects of Wing Vertical Location and Vertical\\-tail Arrangement on the Stability Characteristics of Canard Airplane Configurations*, page 9, \"The body also produces a substantial destabilizing component which is adequately balanced by the large stabilizing effect of the wing.\"",
"In naturally unstable aircraft, the canard surfaces may be used as an active part of the artificial stability system, and are sometimes named horizontal stabilizers.The X\\-29 ... while its canards — horizontal stabilizers to control pitch — were in front of the wings instead of on the tail\" [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS\\-008\\-DFRC.html](http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-008-DFRC.html)",
"#### Tailless aircraft",
"[thumb\\|The [tailless configuration](/wiki/Tailless_aircraft \"Tailless aircraft\") of [Concorde](/wiki/Concorde \"Concorde\")](/wiki/File:Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg \"Concorde on Bristol.jpg\")\n{{main\\|Tailless aircraft}}\nTailless aircraft lack a separate horizontal stabilizer. In a tailless aircraft, the horizontal stabilizing surface is part of the main wing.[Theory and Practice of Using Flying Wings, Apogee Components](http://www.apogeerockets.com/education/downloads/Newsletter15.pdf)[Notes on the stability and control of tailless airplanes, Jones, Robert, naca\\-tn\\-837, 1941](http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1771) [Longitudinal stability in tailless aircraft](/wiki/Tailless_aircraft%23Longitudinal_stability \"Tailless aircraft#Longitudinal stability\") is achieved by designing the aircraft so that its [aerodynamic center](/wiki/Aerodynamic_center \"Aerodynamic center\") is behind the center of gravity. This is generally done by modifying the wing design, for example by varying the angle of incidence in the span\\-wise direction (wing [washout](/wiki/Washout_%28aviation%29 \"Washout (aviation)\") or [twist](/wiki/Wing_twist \"Wing twist\")), or by using reflexed [camber](/wiki/Camber_%28aerodynamics%29 \"Camber (aerodynamics)\") airfoils.",
""
] |
Weightlifting career
--------------------
Before the [International Weightlifting Federation](/wiki/International_Weightlifting_Federation "International Weightlifting Federation") reorganized the categories in 2018, he held the world record in weightlifting's super heavyweight class in the [clean and jerk](/wiki/Clean_and_jerk "Clean and jerk"). He is also one of Iran's most noted celebrities, frequently appearing on television and in the news; his wedding, which was held in the holy city of [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca "Mecca"), in February 2003 was broadcast live on state television in Iran.{{cite news\|url\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/07/25/AR2008072503002\.html\|title\= Iran's Stars, Erased From the Billboards\|newspaper\= \[\[The Washington Post]]\|date\= 2008\-07\-26\|access\-date\= 2008\-12\-12\|author\= Erdbrink, Thomas}}
In 2002 he was voted the "Champion of Champions" of Iran and was one of 16 Iranian athletes granted a badge of courage from [Iranian President](/wiki/President_of_Iran "President of Iran") [Mohammad Khatami](/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami "Mohammad Khatami"). As a reward for setting a world record in the clean and jerk at the 2002 World Weightlifting Championships in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), Poland, Mohammad Khatami awarded him 600 million [rials](/wiki/Iranian_rial "Iranian rial") (a little more than US$60,000 at the time) to buy a house in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"). After his spectacular performance, he was offered by [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey")'s Weightlifting Federation a stipend of US$20,000 a month, as well as a luxury villa and US$10 million reward if he switched nationalities and won gold for [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") at the 2004 Athens Olympics, but he turned down their offer. Rezazadeh rejected the tempting offer saying, "I am an Iranian and love my country and people."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/aug/24oly\-lift1\.htm \|title\=World's strongest man ready for more \|access\-date\=2007\-12\-01 \|year\=2007 \|work\=Rediff.com }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympicsvideo/great\-olympic\-moments/9365980/Hossein\-Rezazadeh\-wins\-Olympic\-superheavyweight\-weightlifting\-Sydney\-2000\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726143308/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympicsvideo/great\-olympic\-moments/9365980/Hossein\-Rezazadeh\-wins\-Olympic\-superheavyweight\-weightlifting\-Sydney\-2000\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 26, 2012 \|title\=Great Olympic Moments: Iranian weightlifter Hossein Rezazadeh dominates Sydney and Athens Games \|date\=2012\-07\-06\|publisher\=www.telegraph.co.uk}}
Rezazadeh surprised many at the [2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics "2000 Summer Olympics"), earning a gold medal and breaking the decades\-old monopoly on the gold by the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") and then [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"). His gold medal was the first since 1960 by a non\-[Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") or non\-[Russian](/wiki/Russia "Russia") athlete in the over 105 [kg](/wiki/Kg "Kg") class at a non boycotted Games. He broke his records in the [clean and jerk](/wiki/Clean_and_jerk "Clean and jerk") at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") again leading up to 263\.5 kg (580\.9 pounds). His total (both lifts combined) at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") of 472\.5 kg was 17\.5 kg more than silver medalist [Viktors Ščerbatihs](/wiki/Viktors_%C5%A0%C4%8Derbatihs "Viktors Ščerbatihs"). He has been named [IWF](/wiki/International_Weightlifting_Federation "International Weightlifting Federation") World Weightlifter of the Year, and was shortlisted for weightlifter of the century.
Rezazadeh was also referred to by weightlifting commentators as "the strongest man in the world", primarily due to his world records in the olympics.
In 2006 the [Rezazadeh Stadium](/wiki/Reza_Zadeh_Stadium "Reza Zadeh Stadium") was built in Rezazadeh's hometown of [Ardabil](/wiki/Ardabil "Ardabil"). It was built to honour the achievements of Rezazadeh and is one of the most modern and innovative indoor arenas in [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") today.
In early 2008 Rezazadeh participated in a television commercial promoting a real estate agency based in Dubai. His participation surprised many of his fans and was seen as demeaning to both himself and his country, given the promotion of buying estates in a land deemed as a rival. This eventually led to the decision of the Iranian Majles to ban any sort of sponsorship from any high\-profile Iranian \- i.e. athlete, actor, singer \- for any sort of product or service, due to the direct encouragement of product consumerism.
In 2008, Rezazadeh was advised by Dr. Mohammad Ali Shahi, his physician and medical athletic trainer, not to participate in the [2008 Olympics](/wiki/2008_Olympics "2008 Olympics") due to his severe hand injuries and his high blood pressure. To his fans' surprise and disappointment he officially announced in a letter read via [National Iranian Television](/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting "Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting") that he had accepted the advice.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.aljazeera.net/sport/2008/07/2008724145844470332\.html\|title\=Iran's 'Hercules' out of Games\|work\=Al Jazeera\|access\-date\=July 24, 2008\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317063233/https://www.aljazeera.com/sport/2008/07/2008724145844470332\.html\|archive\-date\=2012\-03\-17}} The next day Rezazdeh wrote another public letter announcing his retirement from professional weightlifting. He said "I am pretty sure that my fellow country men will repeat my accomplishments again and I hope my son Abulfazl will break my own records in future".
Immediately following his retirement Rezazdeh was appointed as the Prime Counselor for Iranian national weight lifting federation.
In September 2008, Rezazadeh was named manager and head coach of Iran's national weightlifting team.{{cite news\|url\= http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index\_view.asp?code\=177293\|title\= Rezazadeh named weightlifting manager\|date\= 2008\-09\-07\|access\-date\= 2008\-12\-15\|newspaper\= \[\[Tehran Times]]}} In January 2009, he was blamed for positive results of the steroid tests of four Iranian weightlifters. Later on, one of the team members, [Saeid Alihosseini](/wiki/Saeid_Alihosseini "Saeid Alihosseini") accused him of using steroids in 2006\.{{cite news\|url\= http://isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID\=News\-1480378⟪\=P\|title\= "سارانداليف" به جاي رضازاده تست داد\|date\= 2010\-01\-26\|access\-date\= 2010\-01\-27\|publisher\= \[\[Iranian Students News Agency\|ISNA]]\|url\-status\= dead\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100129034710/http://www.isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID\=News\-1480378⟪\=P\|archive\-date\= 2010\-01\-29}} Rezazadeh has publicly vowed to fight doping in weightlifting.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index\_View.asp?code\=210410\|title \= Rezazadeh vows to fight doping\|date \= 20 December 2009}}
|
[
"Weightlifting career\n--------------------",
"Before the [International Weightlifting Federation](/wiki/International_Weightlifting_Federation \"International Weightlifting Federation\") reorganized the categories in 2018, he held the world record in weightlifting's super heavyweight class in the [clean and jerk](/wiki/Clean_and_jerk \"Clean and jerk\"). He is also one of Iran's most noted celebrities, frequently appearing on television and in the news; his wedding, which was held in the holy city of [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca \"Mecca\"), in February 2003 was broadcast live on state television in Iran.{{cite news\\|url\\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/07/25/AR2008072503002\\.html\\|title\\= Iran's Stars, Erased From the Billboards\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|date\\= 2008\\-07\\-26\\|access\\-date\\= 2008\\-12\\-12\\|author\\= Erdbrink, Thomas}}",
"In 2002 he was voted the \"Champion of Champions\" of Iran and was one of 16 Iranian athletes granted a badge of courage from [Iranian President](/wiki/President_of_Iran \"President of Iran\") [Mohammad Khatami](/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami \"Mohammad Khatami\"). As a reward for setting a world record in the clean and jerk at the 2002 World Weightlifting Championships in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"), Poland, Mohammad Khatami awarded him 600 million [rials](/wiki/Iranian_rial \"Iranian rial\") (a little more than US$60,000 at the time) to buy a house in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\"). After his spectacular performance, he was offered by [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\")'s Weightlifting Federation a stipend of US$20,000 a month, as well as a luxury villa and US$10 million reward if he switched nationalities and won gold for [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") at the 2004 Athens Olympics, but he turned down their offer. Rezazadeh rejected the tempting offer saying, \"I am an Iranian and love my country and people.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/aug/24oly\\-lift1\\.htm \\|title\\=World's strongest man ready for more \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-01 \\|year\\=2007 \\|work\\=Rediff.com }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympicsvideo/great\\-olympic\\-moments/9365980/Hossein\\-Rezazadeh\\-wins\\-Olympic\\-superheavyweight\\-weightlifting\\-Sydney\\-2000\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726143308/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympicsvideo/great\\-olympic\\-moments/9365980/Hossein\\-Rezazadeh\\-wins\\-Olympic\\-superheavyweight\\-weightlifting\\-Sydney\\-2000\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 26, 2012 \\|title\\=Great Olympic Moments: Iranian weightlifter Hossein Rezazadeh dominates Sydney and Athens Games \\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-06\\|publisher\\=www.telegraph.co.uk}}",
"Rezazadeh surprised many at the [2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics \"2000 Summer Olympics\"), earning a gold medal and breaking the decades\\-old monopoly on the gold by the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") and then [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"). His gold medal was the first since 1960 by a non\\-[Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") or non\\-[Russian](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") athlete in the over 105 [kg](/wiki/Kg \"Kg\") class at a non boycotted Games. He broke his records in the [clean and jerk](/wiki/Clean_and_jerk \"Clean and jerk\") at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") again leading up to 263\\.5 kg (580\\.9 pounds). His total (both lifts combined) at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") of 472\\.5 kg was 17\\.5 kg more than silver medalist [Viktors Ščerbatihs](/wiki/Viktors_%C5%A0%C4%8Derbatihs \"Viktors Ščerbatihs\"). He has been named [IWF](/wiki/International_Weightlifting_Federation \"International Weightlifting Federation\") World Weightlifter of the Year, and was shortlisted for weightlifter of the century.",
"Rezazadeh was also referred to by weightlifting commentators as \"the strongest man in the world\", primarily due to his world records in the olympics.",
"In 2006 the [Rezazadeh Stadium](/wiki/Reza_Zadeh_Stadium \"Reza Zadeh Stadium\") was built in Rezazadeh's hometown of [Ardabil](/wiki/Ardabil \"Ardabil\"). It was built to honour the achievements of Rezazadeh and is one of the most modern and innovative indoor arenas in [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") today.",
"In early 2008 Rezazadeh participated in a television commercial promoting a real estate agency based in Dubai. His participation surprised many of his fans and was seen as demeaning to both himself and his country, given the promotion of buying estates in a land deemed as a rival. This eventually led to the decision of the Iranian Majles to ban any sort of sponsorship from any high\\-profile Iranian \\- i.e. athlete, actor, singer \\- for any sort of product or service, due to the direct encouragement of product consumerism.",
"In 2008, Rezazadeh was advised by Dr. Mohammad Ali Shahi, his physician and medical athletic trainer, not to participate in the [2008 Olympics](/wiki/2008_Olympics \"2008 Olympics\") due to his severe hand injuries and his high blood pressure. To his fans' surprise and disappointment he officially announced in a letter read via [National Iranian Television](/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting \"Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting\") that he had accepted the advice.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.aljazeera.net/sport/2008/07/2008724145844470332\\.html\\|title\\=Iran's 'Hercules' out of Games\\|work\\=Al Jazeera\\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317063233/https://www.aljazeera.com/sport/2008/07/2008724145844470332\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-17}} The next day Rezazdeh wrote another public letter announcing his retirement from professional weightlifting. He said \"I am pretty sure that my fellow country men will repeat my accomplishments again and I hope my son Abulfazl will break my own records in future\".",
"Immediately following his retirement Rezazdeh was appointed as the Prime Counselor for Iranian national weight lifting federation.",
"In September 2008, Rezazadeh was named manager and head coach of Iran's national weightlifting team.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index\\_view.asp?code\\=177293\\|title\\= Rezazadeh named weightlifting manager\\|date\\= 2008\\-09\\-07\\|access\\-date\\= 2008\\-12\\-15\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Tehran Times]]}} In January 2009, he was blamed for positive results of the steroid tests of four Iranian weightlifters. Later on, one of the team members, [Saeid Alihosseini](/wiki/Saeid_Alihosseini \"Saeid Alihosseini\") accused him of using steroids in 2006\\.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID\\=News\\-1480378⟪\\=P\\|title\\= \"سارانداليف\" به جاي رضازاده تست داد\\|date\\= 2010\\-01\\-26\\|access\\-date\\= 2010\\-01\\-27\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Iranian Students News Agency\\|ISNA]]\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100129034710/http://www.isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID\\=News\\-1480378⟪\\=P\\|archive\\-date\\= 2010\\-01\\-29}} Rezazadeh has publicly vowed to fight doping in weightlifting.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index\\_View.asp?code\\=210410\\|title \\= Rezazadeh vows to fight doping\\|date \\= 20 December 2009}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Jack Melon ([Scott Baio](/wiki/Scott_Baio "Scott Baio")) is a gangling and awkward teenage freshman who doesn't fit in at his local high school. Distracted by a new girl in school named Felicity ([Largo Woodruff](/wiki/Largo_Woodruff "Largo Woodruff")), Jack bumps into Teddy (Jeffrey Frichner), a classmate who is a reputed [marijuana](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 "Cannabis (drug)") user and pusher. Teddy's drug habit is outed in the Spanish class that Jack and Teddy share. Mr. David ([John Herzfeld](/wiki/John_Herzfeld "John Herzfeld") in his major TV acting debut), the teacher, orders Teddy to stand up after catching him sleeping at his desk. Mr. David tells him "Don't come to class stoned!"
Later, Jack catches Teddy and Alan ([Steve Monarque](/wiki/Steve_Monarque "Steve Monarque") also in his major TV acting debut) smoking pot in the boys' room. Teddy offers him a chance to try it. Jack refuses. Alan teases him about his straight\-laced older brother Mike (Vincent Bufano). Jack, asks Mike if he had ever tried pot. Mike says he didn't like it.
Jack looks up to his older brother, but is often ignored by their father (who heads a single parent household, who praises Mike for his athletic abilities while ignoring Jack.
An argument between the normally close brothers happens the day before a swim meet. Mike explodes and tells him to stop hanging around him.
The next day at school, Jack is again approached by Teddy, who takes the joint. He doesn't feel its effects. Teddy invites him to his home for the next morning, where he presents Jack with a [bong](/wiki/Bong "Bong"). Jack gets high after a couple of hits. The experience leads to a friendship. Mr. David, noticing Jack's change in behavior, conducts class outside one day to teach his students about the dangers of marijuana. As with Teddy Mr. David outs Jack's obvious use of marijuana.
Felicity, who has noticed Jack's newfound sense of humor, now brushes him off. She recognize this isn't the real Jack. Jack's relationship deteriorates. Mike begins to notice the changes in his brother's behavior. Jack intercepts a letter from school addressed to his father about Jack's absenteeism. A confrontation erupts between the pair. Mike tries to mend fences.
Jack accepts the offer of a swim with his brother but smokes a joint prior to the outing. A boating accident occurs and endangers Mike. Jack jumps in the lake to rescue his now\-unconscious brother.
Mike wakes up in the hospital with a broken nose and no memory of what had happened. Jack confesses that he had been stoned and accepts responsibility. His brother at furious at him for ruining his career as a competitive swimmer. Their father, bursting in, demands to know what happened. As Jack gets ready to tell their father the truth, Mike interrupts him. He lies about the accident to protect his brother and says that Jack saved his life.
The next day while walking to school, Jack refuses Teddy's offer of "dynamite new smoke", then approaches Felicity and lets her know that he's off pot for good, which she is happy to see. They walk down the path together in this final scene as friends.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Jack Melon ([Scott Baio](/wiki/Scott_Baio \"Scott Baio\")) is a gangling and awkward teenage freshman who doesn't fit in at his local high school. Distracted by a new girl in school named Felicity ([Largo Woodruff](/wiki/Largo_Woodruff \"Largo Woodruff\")), Jack bumps into Teddy (Jeffrey Frichner), a classmate who is a reputed [marijuana](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 \"Cannabis (drug)\") user and pusher. Teddy's drug habit is outed in the Spanish class that Jack and Teddy share. Mr. David ([John Herzfeld](/wiki/John_Herzfeld \"John Herzfeld\") in his major TV acting debut), the teacher, orders Teddy to stand up after catching him sleeping at his desk. Mr. David tells him \"Don't come to class stoned!\"",
"Later, Jack catches Teddy and Alan ([Steve Monarque](/wiki/Steve_Monarque \"Steve Monarque\") also in his major TV acting debut) smoking pot in the boys' room. Teddy offers him a chance to try it. Jack refuses. Alan teases him about his straight\\-laced older brother Mike (Vincent Bufano). Jack, asks Mike if he had ever tried pot. Mike says he didn't like it.",
"Jack looks up to his older brother, but is often ignored by their father (who heads a single parent household, who praises Mike for his athletic abilities while ignoring Jack.",
"An argument between the normally close brothers happens the day before a swim meet. Mike explodes and tells him to stop hanging around him.",
"The next day at school, Jack is again approached by Teddy, who takes the joint. He doesn't feel its effects. Teddy invites him to his home for the next morning, where he presents Jack with a [bong](/wiki/Bong \"Bong\"). Jack gets high after a couple of hits. The experience leads to a friendship. Mr. David, noticing Jack's change in behavior, conducts class outside one day to teach his students about the dangers of marijuana. As with Teddy Mr. David outs Jack's obvious use of marijuana.",
"Felicity, who has noticed Jack's newfound sense of humor, now brushes him off. She recognize this isn't the real Jack. Jack's relationship deteriorates. Mike begins to notice the changes in his brother's behavior. Jack intercepts a letter from school addressed to his father about Jack's absenteeism. A confrontation erupts between the pair. Mike tries to mend fences.",
"Jack accepts the offer of a swim with his brother but smokes a joint prior to the outing. A boating accident occurs and endangers Mike. Jack jumps in the lake to rescue his now\\-unconscious brother.",
"Mike wakes up in the hospital with a broken nose and no memory of what had happened. Jack confesses that he had been stoned and accepts responsibility. His brother at furious at him for ruining his career as a competitive swimmer. Their father, bursting in, demands to know what happened. As Jack gets ready to tell their father the truth, Mike interrupts him. He lies about the accident to protect his brother and says that Jack saved his life.",
"The next day while walking to school, Jack refuses Teddy's offer of \"dynamite new smoke\", then approaches Felicity and lets her know that he's off pot for good, which she is happy to see. They walk down the path together in this final scene as friends.",
""
] |
Career
------
Worgul moved to [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri "Kansas City, Missouri") in 1989, and worked for *[The Kansas City Star](/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star "The Kansas City Star")* newspaper as a writer, book and features editor, and editor of *Star Magazine* from 1996 to 2006\. He was previously editor of *Kansas City Magazine.*, and prior to his work as a journalist, Worgul was a social worker and an advertising and marketing consultant.
A nationally recognized authority on the history and cultural significance of American [barbecue](/wiki/Barbecue "Barbecue") traditions, Worgul has been interviewed and/or cited in numerous national and regional newspapers and magazines on the subject, and has also appeared on two [History Channel](/wiki/History_%28U.S._TV_channel%29 "History (U.S. TV channel)") programs. From 2010 to 2020, he was Director of Marketing at [Joe's Kansas City Bar\-B\-Que](/wiki/Joe%27s_Kansas_City_Bar-B-Que "Joe's Kansas City Bar-B-Que"). Worgul is the author of *The Grand Barbecue: A Celebration of the History, Places, Personalities and Techniques of Kansas City Barbecue* (Kansas City Star Books, 2001\).
In 2003, while at *The Kansas City Star*, Worgul discovered a Toynbee Tile at the corner of 13th and Grand in downtown Kansas City. He wrote about the Kansas City Toynbee Tile and the worldwide [Toynbee Tiles](/wiki/Toynbee_Tiles "Toynbee Tiles") mystery in an award\-winning article published on *The Star's* website. The article has been cited frequently in subsequent articles about the Toynbee Tile phenomenon.
Worgul's first novel, *Thin Blue Smoke*, set in a fictional barbecue joint in [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri "Kansas City, Missouri"), is a story of love, loss, despair, redemption, squandered gifts, second chances, whiskey, God, and the secret language of rabbits. It was published in the UK by [Macmillan Publishers](/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers "Macmillan Publishers") in 2009\. The U.S. edition of *Thin Blue Smoke* was published by [Burnside Books](/wiki/Burnside_Books "Burnside Books"), now Bower House, in September 2012\. A strong sense of place permeates Worgul's writing. His writing has been compared to that of [John Irving](/wiki/John_Irving "John Irving"), [Richard Russo](/wiki/Richard_Russo "Richard Russo"), [Kent Haruf](/wiki/Kent_Haruf "Kent Haruf"), [David James Duncan](/wiki/David_James_Duncan "David James Duncan"), and [Frederick Buechner](/wiki/Frederick_Buechner "Frederick Buechner"). *Thin Blue Smoke* was a 2010 finalist for The People's Book Prize (UK). The *Englewood Review of Books* named *Thin Blue Smoke* its Novel of the Year in 2012\. And the publishing blog, GalleyCat, named the book as one of 2012's 'Most Overlooked' books.
[Matthew Quick](/wiki/Matthew_Quick "Matthew Quick"), author of the critically acclaimed novel *[Silver Linings Playbook](/wiki/Silver_Linings_Playbook "Silver Linings Playbook")*, praised *Thin Blue Smoke*, saying "As Norman Maclean's *A River Runs Through It* does for Montana fly\-fishing, Doug Worgul's *Thin Blue Smoke* makes the poetry of Kansas City barbecue accessible to all readers. More than gorgeous prose and fully developed characters – this novel offers us catharsis. Communion has never tasted so good."
[Rajiv Joseph](/wiki/Rajiv_Joseph "Rajiv Joseph"), the [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize")\-nominated playwright also praised Worgul's *Thin Blue Smoke*, saying "Emerging from this book, I want to go back, I want to live with these characters for just a little longer, I want their voices in my head. *Thin Blue Smoke* is a wandering through a community bound by their shared histories, their dreams, and the food they love. It reminds me of the best things in life. Like the good food holding these stories together, you can't believe your luck when you sit down before a full plate. And Doug Worgul has done what all great writers strive to do: make you crave for more."
A review posted on Amazon (April 2020\) said of *Thin Blue Smoke* “…the prose will draw you in like a [John Prine](/wiki/John_Prine "John Prine") song.”
In 2009, the (UK) website Mr B's Emporium of Reading Delights said *Thin Blue Smoke* was “As gentle \& positive as a novel can be in the 21st century without being naff”.
*Thin Blue Smoke* has been included on annual assigned reading lists at [The Barstow School](/wiki/The_Barstow_School "The Barstow School"). The book has also been taught at the [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri "University of Missouri") Honors College and the [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") Honors College.
The film and television rights to *Thin Blue Smoke* have been optioned.
On October 22, 2012, Worgul delivered a lecture at [The Buechner Institute](/wiki/The_Buechner_Institute "The Buechner Institute") at [King College](/wiki/King_University "King University") in Bristol, Tennessee, as part of the annual Buechner Lecture Series. In July 2013, Worgul was named to the National Advisory Board of the Buechner Institute. Other members of the Advisory Board included theologian [Walter Brueggemann](/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann "Walter Brueggemann"), novelist [Ron Hansen](/wiki/Ron_Hansen_%28novelist%29 "Ron Hansen (novelist)"), essayist and memoirist [Kathleen Norris](/wiki/Kathleen_Norris_%28poet%29 "Kathleen Norris (poet)"), author [Phyllis Tickle](/wiki/Phyllis_Tickle "Phyllis Tickle"), and author [Philip Yancey](/wiki/Philip_Yancey "Philip Yancey"). In May 2014, Worgul was a featured speaker at Buechner Fest in Charlotte, North Carolina, an event devoted to the exploration and celebration of the works of [Frederick Buechner](/wiki/Frederick_Buechner "Frederick Buechner").
In January 2019, Worgul was named the first Visiting Author in Residence at [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri "University of Missouri") Honors College.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Worgul moved to [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri \"Kansas City, Missouri\") in 1989, and worked for *[The Kansas City Star](/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star \"The Kansas City Star\")* newspaper as a writer, book and features editor, and editor of *Star Magazine* from 1996 to 2006\\. He was previously editor of *Kansas City Magazine.*, and prior to his work as a journalist, Worgul was a social worker and an advertising and marketing consultant.",
"A nationally recognized authority on the history and cultural significance of American [barbecue](/wiki/Barbecue \"Barbecue\") traditions, Worgul has been interviewed and/or cited in numerous national and regional newspapers and magazines on the subject, and has also appeared on two [History Channel](/wiki/History_%28U.S._TV_channel%29 \"History (U.S. TV channel)\") programs. From 2010 to 2020, he was Director of Marketing at [Joe's Kansas City Bar\\-B\\-Que](/wiki/Joe%27s_Kansas_City_Bar-B-Que \"Joe's Kansas City Bar-B-Que\"). Worgul is the author of *The Grand Barbecue: A Celebration of the History, Places, Personalities and Techniques of Kansas City Barbecue* (Kansas City Star Books, 2001\\).",
"In 2003, while at *The Kansas City Star*, Worgul discovered a Toynbee Tile at the corner of 13th and Grand in downtown Kansas City. He wrote about the Kansas City Toynbee Tile and the worldwide [Toynbee Tiles](/wiki/Toynbee_Tiles \"Toynbee Tiles\") mystery in an award\\-winning article published on *The Star's* website. The article has been cited frequently in subsequent articles about the Toynbee Tile phenomenon.",
"Worgul's first novel, *Thin Blue Smoke*, set in a fictional barbecue joint in [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri \"Kansas City, Missouri\"), is a story of love, loss, despair, redemption, squandered gifts, second chances, whiskey, God, and the secret language of rabbits. It was published in the UK by [Macmillan Publishers](/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers \"Macmillan Publishers\") in 2009\\. The U.S. edition of *Thin Blue Smoke* was published by [Burnside Books](/wiki/Burnside_Books \"Burnside Books\"), now Bower House, in September 2012\\. A strong sense of place permeates Worgul's writing. His writing has been compared to that of [John Irving](/wiki/John_Irving \"John Irving\"), [Richard Russo](/wiki/Richard_Russo \"Richard Russo\"), [Kent Haruf](/wiki/Kent_Haruf \"Kent Haruf\"), [David James Duncan](/wiki/David_James_Duncan \"David James Duncan\"), and [Frederick Buechner](/wiki/Frederick_Buechner \"Frederick Buechner\"). *Thin Blue Smoke* was a 2010 finalist for The People's Book Prize (UK). The *Englewood Review of Books* named *Thin Blue Smoke* its Novel of the Year in 2012\\. And the publishing blog, GalleyCat, named the book as one of 2012's 'Most Overlooked' books.",
"[Matthew Quick](/wiki/Matthew_Quick \"Matthew Quick\"), author of the critically acclaimed novel *[Silver Linings Playbook](/wiki/Silver_Linings_Playbook \"Silver Linings Playbook\")*, praised *Thin Blue Smoke*, saying \"As Norman Maclean's *A River Runs Through It* does for Montana fly\\-fishing, Doug Worgul's *Thin Blue Smoke* makes the poetry of Kansas City barbecue accessible to all readers. More than gorgeous prose and fully developed characters – this novel offers us catharsis. Communion has never tasted so good.\"",
"[Rajiv Joseph](/wiki/Rajiv_Joseph \"Rajiv Joseph\"), the [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize \"Pulitzer Prize\")\\-nominated playwright also praised Worgul's *Thin Blue Smoke*, saying \"Emerging from this book, I want to go back, I want to live with these characters for just a little longer, I want their voices in my head. *Thin Blue Smoke* is a wandering through a community bound by their shared histories, their dreams, and the food they love. It reminds me of the best things in life. Like the good food holding these stories together, you can't believe your luck when you sit down before a full plate. And Doug Worgul has done what all great writers strive to do: make you crave for more.\"",
"A review posted on Amazon (April 2020\\) said of *Thin Blue Smoke* “…the prose will draw you in like a [John Prine](/wiki/John_Prine \"John Prine\") song.”",
"In 2009, the (UK) website Mr B's Emporium of Reading Delights said *Thin Blue Smoke* was “As gentle \\& positive as a novel can be in the 21st century without being naff”.",
"*Thin Blue Smoke* has been included on annual assigned reading lists at [The Barstow School](/wiki/The_Barstow_School \"The Barstow School\"). The book has also been taught at the [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri \"University of Missouri\") Honors College and the [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\") Honors College.",
"The film and television rights to *Thin Blue Smoke* have been optioned.",
"On October 22, 2012, Worgul delivered a lecture at [The Buechner Institute](/wiki/The_Buechner_Institute \"The Buechner Institute\") at [King College](/wiki/King_University \"King University\") in Bristol, Tennessee, as part of the annual Buechner Lecture Series. In July 2013, Worgul was named to the National Advisory Board of the Buechner Institute. Other members of the Advisory Board included theologian [Walter Brueggemann](/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann \"Walter Brueggemann\"), novelist [Ron Hansen](/wiki/Ron_Hansen_%28novelist%29 \"Ron Hansen (novelist)\"), essayist and memoirist [Kathleen Norris](/wiki/Kathleen_Norris_%28poet%29 \"Kathleen Norris (poet)\"), author [Phyllis Tickle](/wiki/Phyllis_Tickle \"Phyllis Tickle\"), and author [Philip Yancey](/wiki/Philip_Yancey \"Philip Yancey\"). In May 2014, Worgul was a featured speaker at Buechner Fest in Charlotte, North Carolina, an event devoted to the exploration and celebration of the works of [Frederick Buechner](/wiki/Frederick_Buechner \"Frederick Buechner\").",
"In January 2019, Worgul was named the first Visiting Author in Residence at [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri \"University of Missouri\") Honors College.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Canterbury\-Bankstown
Brown, a goal kicking winger, was a Canterbury\-Bankstown junior and made his first grade debut in [1966](/wiki/1966_NSWRFL_season "1966 NSWRFL season"). He was the Berries (as the Bulldogs were then known) top try scorer in [1967](/wiki/1967_NSWRFL_season "1967 NSWRFL season") scoring 10 tries, but injury kept him out of the teams finals campaign, which famously included stopping the [St. George Dragons](/wiki/St._George_Dragons "St. George Dragons") in the preliminary final, ending the Dragons bid for a 12th straight premiership. Canterbury would go down 10–12 to the [South Sydney Rabbitohs](/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs "South Sydney Rabbitohs") in the Grand Final.
Max Brown played a further 3 seasons with Canterbury, totaling 24 tries and 6 goals from 64 games before signing to play with Manly from 1971\.
### Manly\-Warringah Sea Eagles
Brown was signed by Manly boss [Ken Arthurson](/wiki/Ken_Arthurson "Ken Arthurson") and for five years played alongside the likes of [Graham Eadie](/wiki/Graham_Eadie "Graham Eadie"), [Ken Irvine](/wiki/Ken_Irvine "Ken Irvine"), [Bob Fulton](/wiki/Bob_Fulton "Bob Fulton"), [Terry Randall](/wiki/Terry_Randall "Terry Randall"), and English hard man [Mal Reilly](/wiki/Mal_Reilly "Mal Reilly"). He was a member of the Sea Eagles first two premiership's in 1972 and 1973 over [Eastern Suburbs](/wiki/Sydney_Roosters "Sydney Roosters") and [Cronulla](/wiki/Cronulla_Sutherland_Sharks "Cronulla Sutherland Sharks") respectively and was the Sea Eagles leading goal kicker in 1972 with 29 goals.
Brown, who in an era when foul play was still rife in rugby league, wasn't one who often got involved in dirty play, though he did hit replacement Cronulla fullback [Rick Bourke](/wiki/Rick_Bourke "Rick Bourke") with a swinging arm as Bourke crossed for Cronulla's only try of the 1973 Grand Final at the [Sydney Cricket Ground](/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground "Sydney Cricket Ground"). Bourke was flattened and Brown broke his right thumb in the incident. Some 30 years later Brown was able to catch up with Bourke and apologise for the incident (the 1973 GF was known as the toughest of them all with many fights breaking out during the game).
Max Brown retired from playing after 1975\. He played 128 games in 9 seasons (64 for both Canterbury and Manly), scoring 44 tries and kicking 39 goals.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Canterbury\\-Bankstown",
"Brown, a goal kicking winger, was a Canterbury\\-Bankstown junior and made his first grade debut in [1966](/wiki/1966_NSWRFL_season \"1966 NSWRFL season\"). He was the Berries (as the Bulldogs were then known) top try scorer in [1967](/wiki/1967_NSWRFL_season \"1967 NSWRFL season\") scoring 10 tries, but injury kept him out of the teams finals campaign, which famously included stopping the [St. George Dragons](/wiki/St._George_Dragons \"St. George Dragons\") in the preliminary final, ending the Dragons bid for a 12th straight premiership. Canterbury would go down 10–12 to the [South Sydney Rabbitohs](/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs \"South Sydney Rabbitohs\") in the Grand Final.",
"Max Brown played a further 3 seasons with Canterbury, totaling 24 tries and 6 goals from 64 games before signing to play with Manly from 1971\\.",
"### Manly\\-Warringah Sea Eagles",
"Brown was signed by Manly boss [Ken Arthurson](/wiki/Ken_Arthurson \"Ken Arthurson\") and for five years played alongside the likes of [Graham Eadie](/wiki/Graham_Eadie \"Graham Eadie\"), [Ken Irvine](/wiki/Ken_Irvine \"Ken Irvine\"), [Bob Fulton](/wiki/Bob_Fulton \"Bob Fulton\"), [Terry Randall](/wiki/Terry_Randall \"Terry Randall\"), and English hard man [Mal Reilly](/wiki/Mal_Reilly \"Mal Reilly\"). He was a member of the Sea Eagles first two premiership's in 1972 and 1973 over [Eastern Suburbs](/wiki/Sydney_Roosters \"Sydney Roosters\") and [Cronulla](/wiki/Cronulla_Sutherland_Sharks \"Cronulla Sutherland Sharks\") respectively and was the Sea Eagles leading goal kicker in 1972 with 29 goals.",
"Brown, who in an era when foul play was still rife in rugby league, wasn't one who often got involved in dirty play, though he did hit replacement Cronulla fullback [Rick Bourke](/wiki/Rick_Bourke \"Rick Bourke\") with a swinging arm as Bourke crossed for Cronulla's only try of the 1973 Grand Final at the [Sydney Cricket Ground](/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground \"Sydney Cricket Ground\"). Bourke was flattened and Brown broke his right thumb in the incident. Some 30 years later Brown was able to catch up with Bourke and apologise for the incident (the 1973 GF was known as the toughest of them all with many fights breaking out during the game).",
"Max Brown retired from playing after 1975\\. He played 128 games in 9 seasons (64 for both Canterbury and Manly), scoring 44 tries and kicking 39 goals.",
""
] |
History
-------
Merlo was founded in 1911 in close to the city centre of Cuneo by Giuseppe Amilcare Merlo. In the beginning, the company worked in a small workshop \& blacksmith, famous for their ability to repair almost anything.
In 1948 the Merlo family children got involved with the company's management.
In 1964 the company took a new direction of production under the direction of Amilcare Merlo \& his sister Natalina with the formation of Merlo Group.{{Cite web \|title\=Amilcare Merlo 1934 \- 2022 \|url\=https://vertikal.net/en/news/story/40712/amilcare\-merlo\-1934\-2022 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-19 \|website\=vertikal.net \|language\=en}}
The first product from the newly formed Merlo Group was the DM Dumper in 1964\.
In 1966, the company built their first DBM self propelled concrete mixer[concrete mixers](/wiki/Concrete_mixers "Concrete mixers") featuring a fully hydrostatic drive train. In 1970 came the first Merlo off\-road [fork lift truck](/wiki/Fork_lift_truck "Fork lift truck").{{cite news \|title\= Fork Lift Truck \|url\=http://www.sjhallplant.com \|date\=17 August 2011 }}
In 1981 Merlo produced their first telescopic handler, the [SM 30](/wiki/SM_30 "SM 30"). Featuring 4 wheel drive, 4 wheel steering and 4 equal wheels the SM30 was much more advanced than the offerings from the competition which tended to utilise a rear wheel steer and unequal wheel configuration. The company continues to specialize in telescopic handlers as a market leader in design and innovation.
In 1987 the company released the Panoramic XS telescopic handler with a side engine and a low\-hinged boom at the rear of the chassis. A true 360 degree field of vision was available to the operator. Another industry first enhancing safety and operator comfort.
In 1991 the revolutionary rotating handler the ROTO was launched. With the ability to deploy stabiliser legs (early models featured 6, soon reduced to 4 when tests showed that was all that was required) these high reach machines could lift, extend and rotate like a crane. Something that was unheard of previously. Their agility, flexibility and maneuverability soon found favour with users worldwide.
The year 2000 saw the introduction of the unique Merlo Multifarmer, bring together a telescopic handler design with that of a tractor. Fitted with a rear 3 point linkage, PTO (power take off), drawbar/trailer hitch and additional hydraulic services the Multifarmer was and remains the only telescopic handler with a rear 3 point linkage.
At the agricultural exhibition Agritechnica in 2013 Merlo displayed a Hybrid powered handler. Ahead of its time it caught the eye of the DLG judges whom awarded it a Gold medal for its innovation and design.
During late 2021 Merlo previewed its all new Merlo eWorker, a fully electric compact telescopic handler. Featuring a 2\.5 ton lift capacity and 5 meters of reach this emissions free electric powered model was the first step in Merlo Group's Generation Zero programme of emission free vehicles.
November 2022 saw the passing of Amilcare Merlo, the company founder and President. A true gentlemen, innovator and engineer his funeral was attended by family, staff, local people, representatives from local government, industry, charities and organisations that Mr Merlo was connected with. The city of Cuneo came to a standstill as his funeral took place in the city centre.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Merlo was founded in 1911 in close to the city centre of Cuneo by Giuseppe Amilcare Merlo. In the beginning, the company worked in a small workshop \\& blacksmith, famous for their ability to repair almost anything.\nIn 1948 the Merlo family children got involved with the company's management.",
"In 1964 the company took a new direction of production under the direction of Amilcare Merlo \\& his sister Natalina with the formation of Merlo Group.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Amilcare Merlo 1934 \\- 2022 \\|url\\=https://vertikal.net/en/news/story/40712/amilcare\\-merlo\\-1934\\-2022 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-19 \\|website\\=vertikal.net \\|language\\=en}} \nThe first product from the newly formed Merlo Group was the DM Dumper in 1964\\.\nIn 1966, the company built their first DBM self propelled concrete mixer[concrete mixers](/wiki/Concrete_mixers \"Concrete mixers\") featuring a fully hydrostatic drive train. In 1970 came the first Merlo off\\-road [fork lift truck](/wiki/Fork_lift_truck \"Fork lift truck\").{{cite news \\|title\\= Fork Lift Truck \\|url\\=http://www.sjhallplant.com \\|date\\=17 August 2011 }}",
"In 1981 Merlo produced their first telescopic handler, the [SM 30](/wiki/SM_30 \"SM 30\"). Featuring 4 wheel drive, 4 wheel steering and 4 equal wheels the SM30 was much more advanced than the offerings from the competition which tended to utilise a rear wheel steer and unequal wheel configuration. The company continues to specialize in telescopic handlers as a market leader in design and innovation.",
"In 1987 the company released the Panoramic XS telescopic handler with a side engine and a low\\-hinged boom at the rear of the chassis. A true 360 degree field of vision was available to the operator. Another industry first enhancing safety and operator comfort. \nIn 1991 the revolutionary rotating handler the ROTO was launched. With the ability to deploy stabiliser legs (early models featured 6, soon reduced to 4 when tests showed that was all that was required) these high reach machines could lift, extend and rotate like a crane. Something that was unheard of previously. Their agility, flexibility and maneuverability soon found favour with users worldwide.",
"The year 2000 saw the introduction of the unique Merlo Multifarmer, bring together a telescopic handler design with that of a tractor. Fitted with a rear 3 point linkage, PTO (power take off), drawbar/trailer hitch and additional hydraulic services the Multifarmer was and remains the only telescopic handler with a rear 3 point linkage.\nAt the agricultural exhibition Agritechnica in 2013 Merlo displayed a Hybrid powered handler. Ahead of its time it caught the eye of the DLG judges whom awarded it a Gold medal for its innovation and design.",
"During late 2021 Merlo previewed its all new Merlo eWorker, a fully electric compact telescopic handler. Featuring a 2\\.5 ton lift capacity and 5 meters of reach this emissions free electric powered model was the first step in Merlo Group's Generation Zero programme of emission free vehicles.",
"November 2022 saw the passing of Amilcare Merlo, the company founder and President. A true gentlemen, innovator and engineer his funeral was attended by family, staff, local people, representatives from local government, industry, charities and organisations that Mr Merlo was connected with. The city of Cuneo came to a standstill as his funeral took place in the city centre.",
""
] |
Skating career
--------------
Claeys trained in Atlanta and [Janesville, Wisconsin](/wiki/Janesville%2C_Wisconsin "Janesville, Wisconsin") until she was 11 and then trained in Minnesota. She won the junior ladies' title at the [1990 U.S. Championships](/wiki/1990_United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships "1990 United States Figure Skating Championships").
Claeys began representing Belgium in the 1991–92 season. After placing fourth behind [Chen Lu](/wiki/Chen_Lu_%28figure_skater%29 "Chen Lu (figure skater)") at the [World Junior Championships](/wiki/1992_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "1992 World Junior Figure Skating Championships") in [Hull, Quebec](/wiki/Hull%2C_Quebec "Hull, Quebec"), she was named in the Belgian team to the [1992 European Championships](/wiki/1992_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1992 European Figure Skating Championships"). Making her senior ISU Championship debut, she finished 11th at the event in [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne "Lausanne"), Switzerland. She then placed seventh, between [Tonya Harding](/wiki/Tonya_Harding "Tonya Harding") and [Yuka Sato](/wiki/Yuka_Sato "Yuka Sato"), at the [1992 World Championships](/wiki/1992_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1992 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California").
In the 1992–93 season, Claeys won silver at the [1992 Skate Canada International](/wiki/1992_Skate_Canada_International "1992 Skate Canada International"), placed sixth at the [1992 NHK Trophy](/wiki/1992_NHK_Trophy "1992 NHK Trophy") and fifth at the [1992 Grand Prix International de Paris](/wiki/1992_Grand_Prix_International_de_Paris "1992 Grand Prix International de Paris"). She ranked eighth at the [1993 European Championships](/wiki/1993_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1993 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki"). At the [1993 World Championships](/wiki/1993_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1993 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"), she placed 21st in the short program and withdrew from the competition.
The 1993–94 season was less successful for Claeys. She finished 16th at the [1994 European Championships](/wiki/1994_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1994 European Figure Skating Championships") and 19th at the [1994 World Championships](/wiki/1994_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1994 European Figure Skating Championships").
Claeys represented the United States at the [1997 Winter Universiade](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1997_Winter_Universiade "Figure skating at the 1997 Winter Universiade"), where she finished sixth.
|
[
"Skating career\n--------------",
"Claeys trained in Atlanta and [Janesville, Wisconsin](/wiki/Janesville%2C_Wisconsin \"Janesville, Wisconsin\") until she was 11 and then trained in Minnesota. She won the junior ladies' title at the [1990 U.S. Championships](/wiki/1990_United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1990 United States Figure Skating Championships\").",
"Claeys began representing Belgium in the 1991–92 season. After placing fourth behind [Chen Lu](/wiki/Chen_Lu_%28figure_skater%29 \"Chen Lu (figure skater)\") at the [World Junior Championships](/wiki/1992_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1992 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") in [Hull, Quebec](/wiki/Hull%2C_Quebec \"Hull, Quebec\"), she was named in the Belgian team to the [1992 European Championships](/wiki/1992_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1992 European Figure Skating Championships\"). Making her senior ISU Championship debut, she finished 11th at the event in [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne \"Lausanne\"), Switzerland. She then placed seventh, between [Tonya Harding](/wiki/Tonya_Harding \"Tonya Harding\") and [Yuka Sato](/wiki/Yuka_Sato \"Yuka Sato\"), at the [1992 World Championships](/wiki/1992_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1992 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\").",
"In the 1992–93 season, Claeys won silver at the [1992 Skate Canada International](/wiki/1992_Skate_Canada_International \"1992 Skate Canada International\"), placed sixth at the [1992 NHK Trophy](/wiki/1992_NHK_Trophy \"1992 NHK Trophy\") and fifth at the [1992 Grand Prix International de Paris](/wiki/1992_Grand_Prix_International_de_Paris \"1992 Grand Prix International de Paris\"). She ranked eighth at the [1993 European Championships](/wiki/1993_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1993 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\"). At the [1993 World Championships](/wiki/1993_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1993 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\"), she placed 21st in the short program and withdrew from the competition.",
"The 1993–94 season was less successful for Claeys. She finished 16th at the [1994 European Championships](/wiki/1994_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1994 European Figure Skating Championships\") and 19th at the [1994 World Championships](/wiki/1994_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1994 European Figure Skating Championships\").",
"Claeys represented the United States at the [1997 Winter Universiade](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1997_Winter_Universiade \"Figure skating at the 1997 Winter Universiade\"), where she finished sixth.",
""
] |
Ealing vicarage rape
--------------------
### Attack
On 6 March 1986, a gang of burglars broke into the Saward family's home at lunchtime. Jill's father and her then\-boyfriend, David Kerr, were tied up and beaten, both suffering fractured skulls, while she was raped.{{cite news\|last\=Grice\|first\=Elizabeth\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1512403/Its\-not\-whether\-you\-can\-or\-cant\-forgive\-its\-whether\-you\-will\-or\-wont.html\|title\='It's not whether you can or can't forgive; it's whether you will or won't'\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date\=8 March 2006\|accessdate\=5 January 2017}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/jill\-saward\-ealing\-vicarage\-rape\-victim\-dies\-aged\-51\-1\-4332764\|title\=Jill Saward, Ealing vicarage rape victim, dies aged 51\|newspaper\=\[\[The Scotsman]]\|date\=5 January 2017\|accessdate\=5 January 2017}}
The incident received considerable international media coverage because the house was identified as that of the vicar of Ealing, and the attack was soon labelled by the media as the "Ealing vicarage rape".{{cite news\|last\=Bindel\|first\=Julie\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/02/women.haltemprice\|title\=A rape campaigner runs for office\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=1 July 2008\|accessdate\=5 January 2017}} Saward was effectively identified as the victim of the attack by photographs published in *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)")* four days later.
### Trial and sentences
At the trial of the perpetrators in 1987, the judge, [John Leonard](/wiki/John_Leonard_%28judge%29 "John Leonard (judge)"), gave those responsible longer sentences for the [burglary](/wiki/Burglary "Burglary") than for the rape, stating: "Because I have been told the trauma suffered by the victim was not so great, I shall take a lenient course with you".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/11954679\.John\_Leonard\|title\=John Leonard\|newspaper\=\[\[The Herald (Glasgow)\|The Herald]]\|location\=Glasgow\|date\=15 August 2002\|accessdate\=5 January 2017}} The leader of the three men, Robert Horscroft, who was not involved in the rape, received 14 years' imprisonment for burglary and assault. Martin McCall, the more violent of the two attackers, was sentenced to five years for rape and five years for aggravated burglary, while Christopher Byrne received three years for rape and five years for burglary and assault.
The sentence was criticised by senior British politicians of the time, including then\-[Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher "Margaret Thatcher") and opposition leader [Neil Kinnock](/wiki/Neil_Kinnock "Neil Kinnock"), while others complained that property was being valued more highly than a human body.{{cite news\| url\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-38516389\| title\= Jill Saward: How Ealing vicarage case changed treatment of rape victims\| last\=Wilson\| first\=Cherry\| work\=\[\[BBC News]]\| date\=5 January 2017\| accessdate\=5 January 2017}} Saward too complained about the sentences; in 1988, as a result of the case, a new law was passed that allowed appeals against [unduly lenient sentences](/wiki/Unduly_lenient_sentences "Unduly lenient sentences"), and also closed a loophole that had previously only granted rape victims anonymity after a suspect was charged with the offence.
Criminologist [Anthony Bottoms](/wiki/Anthony_Bottoms "Anthony Bottoms") described the case as "a particularly striking example of some fault lines deeply embedded within the institutional structures of the English sentencing processes" of the time.{{cite book\|title\=Hearing the Victim: Adversarial Justice, Crime Victims and the State\|last\=Bottoms\|first\=Anthony\|author\-link\=Anthony Bottoms\|chapter\=The 'duty to understand': what consequences for victim participation?\|editor\-first1\=Anthony\|editor\-last1\=Bottoms\|editor\-first2\=Julian \|editor\-last2\=Roberts\|editor\-link2\=Julian Roberts\|year\=2010\|publisher\=Routledge\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=IztzBwAAQBAJ\&q\=%22jill\+saward%22\&pg\=PA17\|page\=23\|isbn\=9781317436782}}
On his retirement in 1993, Leonard publicly apologised to Saward, saying his judgment at the trial was a "blemish – I make no bones about it".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1404335/Sir\-John\-Leonard.html\|title\=Sir John Leonard\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date\=14 August 2002\|accessdate\=5 January 2017}}{{cite news\| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\-news/2017/jan/05/jill\-saward\-campaigner\-ealing\-vicarage\-rape\-dies\-at\-51\| title\= Jill Saward, campaigner against sexual violence, dies aged 51\|last\=Sherwood\|first\=Harriet\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=5 January 2017\|accessdate\=21 May 2017}}
### Subsequent developments
Four days after the incident, *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)")* published a photograph of Saward with just her eyes blacked out, as well as an image of her home on its front page, jeopardising her anonymity.{{cite news\|last\=Gold\|first\=Tanya\|url\=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/11/what\-rise\-piers\-morgan\-tells\-us\-about\-modern\-britain\|title\=What the rise of Piers Morgan tells us about modern Britain\|newspaper\=\[\[New Statesman]]\|date\=14 November 2018\|access\-date\=18 November 2018}} The newspaper's editor, [Kelvin MacKenzie](/wiki/Kelvin_MacKenzie "Kelvin MacKenzie"), said he printed the images because a rape victim only earned the right to anonymity once a suspect had been charged with the offence. This led to the [Press Council](/wiki/Press_Council_%28UK%29 "Press Council (UK)") amending its guidelines and the closure of that legal loophole.{{cite magazine \|date\=13 January 2017 \|title\=Street of shame \|magazine\=\[\[Private Eye]] \|location\=London \|publisher\=Pressdram Ltd }}
In 1990, with the help of friend Wendy Green, Saward wrote a book about her experiences, called *Rape: My Story*. At the same time she featured in an *[Everyman](/wiki/Everyman_%28TV_series%29 "Everyman (TV series)")* programme for the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") with [Jenni Murray](/wiki/Jenni_Murray "Jenni Murray").[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/?view\=synopsis](http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/?view=synopsis){{dead link\|date\=October 2023\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} In doing so, she became the first British rape victim to waive her right to anonymity. The documentary was used to educate judges about the trauma suffered by rape victims.{{cite book\|title\=Criminology: A Reader\|chapter\=The Injudiciary\|last\=Billen\|first\=Andrew\|author\-link\=Andrew Billen\|editor\-first1\=Yvonne\|editor\-last1\=Jewkes\|editor\-first2\= Gayle \|editor\-last2\=Letherby\|page\=317\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hXGkv0ZP\_M8C\&q\=%22jill\+saward%22\&pg\=PA315\|year\=2002\|publisher\=Sage\|isbn\=9780761947110}} Originally published in *[The Observer Magazine](/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")*, 13 December 1992\.
In 1998, Saward met Horscroft, the leader of the gang but who had not been involved in the rape, and reportedly forgave him for his role in the crime. Horscroft had been freed in 1996; he died in 2012\.
Saward told Elizabeth Grice in an interview for *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")* in 2006: "Of course, sometimes I thought it might be quite nice to be full of hatred and revenge. But I think it creates a barrier and you're the one who gets damaged in the end. So, although it makes you vulnerable, forgiving is actually a release. I don't think I'd be here today without my Christian faith. That's what got me through".
|
[
"Ealing vicarage rape\n--------------------",
"### Attack",
"On 6 March 1986, a gang of burglars broke into the Saward family's home at lunchtime. Jill's father and her then\\-boyfriend, David Kerr, were tied up and beaten, both suffering fractured skulls, while she was raped.{{cite news\\|last\\=Grice\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1512403/Its\\-not\\-whether\\-you\\-can\\-or\\-cant\\-forgive\\-its\\-whether\\-you\\-will\\-or\\-wont.html\\|title\\='It's not whether you can or can't forgive; it's whether you will or won't'\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|date\\=8 March 2006\\|accessdate\\=5 January 2017}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/jill\\-saward\\-ealing\\-vicarage\\-rape\\-victim\\-dies\\-aged\\-51\\-1\\-4332764\\|title\\=Jill Saward, Ealing vicarage rape victim, dies aged 51\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Scotsman]]\\|date\\=5 January 2017\\|accessdate\\=5 January 2017}}",
"The incident received considerable international media coverage because the house was identified as that of the vicar of Ealing, and the attack was soon labelled by the media as the \"Ealing vicarage rape\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Bindel\\|first\\=Julie\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/02/women.haltemprice\\|title\\=A rape campaigner runs for office\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=1 July 2008\\|accessdate\\=5 January 2017}} Saward was effectively identified as the victim of the attack by photographs published in *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\")* four days later.",
"### Trial and sentences",
"At the trial of the perpetrators in 1987, the judge, [John Leonard](/wiki/John_Leonard_%28judge%29 \"John Leonard (judge)\"), gave those responsible longer sentences for the [burglary](/wiki/Burglary \"Burglary\") than for the rape, stating: \"Because I have been told the trauma suffered by the victim was not so great, I shall take a lenient course with you\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/11954679\\.John\\_Leonard\\|title\\=John Leonard\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Herald (Glasgow)\\|The Herald]]\\|location\\=Glasgow\\|date\\=15 August 2002\\|accessdate\\=5 January 2017}} The leader of the three men, Robert Horscroft, who was not involved in the rape, received 14 years' imprisonment for burglary and assault. Martin McCall, the more violent of the two attackers, was sentenced to five years for rape and five years for aggravated burglary, while Christopher Byrne received three years for rape and five years for burglary and assault.",
"The sentence was criticised by senior British politicians of the time, including then\\-[Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") and opposition leader [Neil Kinnock](/wiki/Neil_Kinnock \"Neil Kinnock\"), while others complained that property was being valued more highly than a human body.{{cite news\\| url\\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-38516389\\| title\\= Jill Saward: How Ealing vicarage case changed treatment of rape victims\\| last\\=Wilson\\| first\\=Cherry\\| work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\| date\\=5 January 2017\\| accessdate\\=5 January 2017}} Saward too complained about the sentences; in 1988, as a result of the case, a new law was passed that allowed appeals against [unduly lenient sentences](/wiki/Unduly_lenient_sentences \"Unduly lenient sentences\"), and also closed a loophole that had previously only granted rape victims anonymity after a suspect was charged with the offence.",
"Criminologist [Anthony Bottoms](/wiki/Anthony_Bottoms \"Anthony Bottoms\") described the case as \"a particularly striking example of some fault lines deeply embedded within the institutional structures of the English sentencing processes\" of the time.{{cite book\\|title\\=Hearing the Victim: Adversarial Justice, Crime Victims and the State\\|last\\=Bottoms\\|first\\=Anthony\\|author\\-link\\=Anthony Bottoms\\|chapter\\=The 'duty to understand': what consequences for victim participation?\\|editor\\-first1\\=Anthony\\|editor\\-last1\\=Bottoms\\|editor\\-first2\\=Julian \\|editor\\-last2\\=Roberts\\|editor\\-link2\\=Julian Roberts\\|year\\=2010\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IztzBwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=%22jill\\+saward%22\\&pg\\=PA17\\|page\\=23\\|isbn\\=9781317436782}}",
"On his retirement in 1993, Leonard publicly apologised to Saward, saying his judgment at the trial was a \"blemish – I make no bones about it\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1404335/Sir\\-John\\-Leonard.html\\|title\\=Sir John Leonard\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|date\\=14 August 2002\\|accessdate\\=5 January 2017}}{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\\-news/2017/jan/05/jill\\-saward\\-campaigner\\-ealing\\-vicarage\\-rape\\-dies\\-at\\-51\\| title\\= Jill Saward, campaigner against sexual violence, dies aged 51\\|last\\=Sherwood\\|first\\=Harriet\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=5 January 2017\\|accessdate\\=21 May 2017}}",
"### Subsequent developments",
"Four days after the incident, *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\")* published a photograph of Saward with just her eyes blacked out, as well as an image of her home on its front page, jeopardising her anonymity.{{cite news\\|last\\=Gold\\|first\\=Tanya\\|url\\=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/11/what\\-rise\\-piers\\-morgan\\-tells\\-us\\-about\\-modern\\-britain\\|title\\=What the rise of Piers Morgan tells us about modern Britain\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New Statesman]]\\|date\\=14 November 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2018}} The newspaper's editor, [Kelvin MacKenzie](/wiki/Kelvin_MacKenzie \"Kelvin MacKenzie\"), said he printed the images because a rape victim only earned the right to anonymity once a suspect had been charged with the offence. This led to the [Press Council](/wiki/Press_Council_%28UK%29 \"Press Council (UK)\") amending its guidelines and the closure of that legal loophole.{{cite magazine \\|date\\=13 January 2017 \\|title\\=Street of shame \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Private Eye]] \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Pressdram Ltd }}",
"In 1990, with the help of friend Wendy Green, Saward wrote a book about her experiences, called *Rape: My Story*. At the same time she featured in an *[Everyman](/wiki/Everyman_%28TV_series%29 \"Everyman (TV series)\")* programme for the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") with [Jenni Murray](/wiki/Jenni_Murray \"Jenni Murray\").[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/?view\\=synopsis](http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/?view=synopsis){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2023\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} In doing so, she became the first British rape victim to waive her right to anonymity. The documentary was used to educate judges about the trauma suffered by rape victims.{{cite book\\|title\\=Criminology: A Reader\\|chapter\\=The Injudiciary\\|last\\=Billen\\|first\\=Andrew\\|author\\-link\\=Andrew Billen\\|editor\\-first1\\=Yvonne\\|editor\\-last1\\=Jewkes\\|editor\\-first2\\= Gayle \\|editor\\-last2\\=Letherby\\|page\\=317\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hXGkv0ZP\\_M8C\\&q\\=%22jill\\+saward%22\\&pg\\=PA315\\|year\\=2002\\|publisher\\=Sage\\|isbn\\=9780761947110}} Originally published in *[The Observer Magazine](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\")*, 13 December 1992\\.",
"In 1998, Saward met Horscroft, the leader of the gang but who had not been involved in the rape, and reportedly forgave him for his role in the crime. Horscroft had been freed in 1996; he died in 2012\\.",
"Saward told Elizabeth Grice in an interview for *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")* in 2006: \"Of course, sometimes I thought it might be quite nice to be full of hatred and revenge. But I think it creates a barrier and you're the one who gets damaged in the end. So, although it makes you vulnerable, forgiving is actually a release. I don't think I'd be here today without my Christian faith. That's what got me through\".",
""
] |
Career
------
Before success in the music and film industries, Carruthers worked in corporate videos and in the conference and events industries. He began his directing career in the music business touring with English pop group [Take That](/wiki/Take_That "Take That") in 1993\. He also toured with [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai "Jamiroquai"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas_%28band%29 "Texas (band)"), and [Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 "Oasis (band)"). In 1996 he directed the visuals and filmed the Oasis Knebworth shows and in 1997 he was invited aboard the [Rolling Stones](/wiki/Rolling_Stones "Rolling Stones")’ [Bridges To Babylon](/wiki/Bridges_To_Babylon "Bridges To Babylon") World Tour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/dick\-carruthers\-on\-the\-art\-of\-great\-concert\-film/058102\|title\=Dick Carruthers on the art of a great concert film\|work\=Music Week}} In 2002 he joined forces with Anouk Fontaine at [Metropolis Studios](/wiki/Metropolis_Studios "Metropolis Studios") in London England working as M: Productions. Cheese Film Video Ltd. was incorporated in 2005\.
### Work with Led Zeppelin
[thumb\|left\|[Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin") being welcomed to the stage by Dick Carruthers to talk to press about the film Celebration Day at its premiere at the [Hammersmith Apollo](/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo "Hammersmith Apollo") in London](/wiki/File:Led_Zeppelin_with_Dick_Carruthers%2C_2012.jpg "Led Zeppelin with Dick Carruthers, 2012.jpg")
Carruthers was introduced to [Jimmy Page](/wiki/Jimmy_Page "Jimmy Page") following the acclaim of [The Who Live at the Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/The_Who_Live_at_the_Royal_Albert_Hall "The Who Live at the Royal Albert Hall") (2000\). Page wanted to sort through unseen footage of [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin") in its prime and spent a year and a half with Carruthers making the retrospective double\-disc [Led Zeppelin DVD](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_DVD "Led Zeppelin DVD") with vintage footage from concerts filmed in London, Paris, New York and elsewhere.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/music\-filmmaker\-dick\-carruthers\-comes\-4453759\|title\=Music filmmaker Dick Carruthers comes to Newcastle\|author\=Barbara Hodgson\|date\=4 July 2010\|work\=journallive\|access\-date\=6 January 2015\|archive\-date\=6 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106215533/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/music\-filmmaker\-dick\-carruthers\-comes\-4453759\|url\-status\=dead}} The release won numerous awards, was nominated for a BAFTA and remains one of the best selling music DVDs of all time.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist\=%22Led\+Zeppelin%22 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130630060735/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist\=%22Led\+Zeppelin%22 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 30, 2013 \|title\=RIAA \- Gold \& Platinum Searchable Database \- May 13, 2015 \|work\=riaa.com }} Carruthers continued his association with Led Zeppelin as the creative director on the Warner Home video Special Edition release of *[The Song Remains the Same](/wiki/The_Song_Remains_the_Same_%28film%29 "The Song Remains the Same (film)")* (recorded during three nights of concerts at New York’s [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden"), on the band’s 1973 concert tour of the US), adding feature extras, cuts of new songs, and surround sound.
When the band agreed to the O2 reunion (2007\), a benefit for the [Ahmet Ertegün](/wiki/Ahmet_Erteg%C3%BCn "Ahmet Ertegün") Education Fund, Carruthers was hired to direct the filming. The resulting film *[Celebration Day](/wiki/Celebration_Day_%28film%29 "Celebration Day (film)")* was released to worldwide acclaim on 17 October 2012 (UK).{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/led\-zeppelin\-concert\-film\-director\-this\-is\-how\-the\-band\-will\-be\-remembered\-20121016\|title\=Led Zeppelin Concert Film Director: 'This Is How the Band Will Be Remembered'\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|date\=16 October 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/director\-dick\-carruthers\-discusses\-led\-zeppelin\-celebration\-day/\|title\=Director Dick Carruthers Discusses Led Zeppelin's 'Celebration Day'\|work\=Ultimate Classic Rock}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.snellgroup.com/news\-and\-events/press\-releases/2632/dick\-carruthers\-earns\-uk\-music\-video\-award\-for\-led\-zeppelin\-celebration\-day\|title\=Dick Carruthers Earns UK Music Video Award for "Led Zeppelin: Celebration Day" \- Snell \- Snell\|work\=snellgroup.com}}
### Work with Oasis
Carruthers first worked with the British rock band [Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 "Oasis (band)") on their [Earls Court](/wiki/Earls_Court_Exhibition_Centre "Earls Court Exhibition Centre") shows in 1995, and the [Maine Road](/wiki/Maine_Road "Maine Road") shows in 1996, later released as *[...There and Then](/wiki/...There_and_Then "...There and Then")* (1996\). In 2000 as director on the documentary *[Familiar to Millions](/wiki/Familiar_to_Millions "Familiar to Millions")* (recorded at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium "Wembley Stadium") on 21 July 2000\),{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.editshare.com/led\-zeppelin\-celebration\-day \|title\=Edit Share November 29, 2012 \|access\-date\=January 6, 2015 \|archive\-date\=January 6, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106222220/http://www.editshare.com/led\-zeppelin\-celebration\-day \|url\-status\=dead }} as well as Standing On The Edge Of The Noise (Channel 4\), Live At Union Chapel (Channel 4\), and Glasgow Barowlands (Sky TV). To mark the tenth anniversary of its original release Carruthers also directed *[Definitely Maybe](/wiki/Definitely_Maybe "Definitely Maybe")* released on DVD in September 2004\.
Carruthers later worked with the band's guitarist, songwriter [Noel Gallagher](/wiki/Noel_Gallagher "Noel Gallagher") on his *[Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds](/wiki/Noel_Gallagher%27s_High_Flying_Birds "Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds")* debut album documentary DVD.
### Documentaries and live concerts
Other documentaries and live concerts include *[Sarah Brightman](/wiki/Sarah_Brightman "Sarah Brightman") \- [Dreamchaser in Concert](/wiki/Dreamchaser_in_Concert "Dreamchaser in Concert")* (2013\), *[Don't Believe the Truth](/wiki/Don%27t_Believe_the_Truth "Don't Believe the Truth") \- Live In Manchester* (2005\), *10 Years Of Noise and Confusion* (shot at [Glasgow Barrowlands](/wiki/Glasgow_Barrowlands "Glasgow Barrowlands")), the rockumentary film *[Lord Don't Slow Me Down](/wiki/Lord_Don%27t_Slow_Me_Down "Lord Don't Slow Me Down")* (2007\), *[Standing on the Edge of the Noise](/wiki/Standing_on_the_Edge_of_the_Noise "Standing on the Edge of the Noise")* (2008\), a [Josh Groban](/wiki/Josh_Groban "Josh Groban") (2015\) PBS TV special, and an [Imagine Dragons](/wiki/Imagine_Dragons "Imagine Dragons") (2016\) live DVD filmed at The Air Canada Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
### Work with Julian Lennon
In 2012 Carruthers worked with [Julian Lennon](/wiki/Julian_Lennon "Julian Lennon") on the feature length video documentary *Through The Picture Window* which followed Lennon's journey in the making of his album *[Everything Changes](/wiki/Everything_Changes_%28Julian_Lennon_album%29 "Everything Changes (Julian Lennon album)")* and includes interviews with [Steven Tyler](/wiki/Steven_Tyler "Steven Tyler"), [Bono](/wiki/Bono "Bono") and Paul Buchanan from [The Blue Nile](/wiki/The_Blue_Nile_%28band%29 "The Blue Nile (band)").{{Cite web\|url\=https://blogcritics.org/music\-review\-julian\-lennon\-everything\-changes/\|title\=Music Review: Julian Lennon – ‘Everything Changes’ \[2013 Reissue]\|first\=Joseph\|last\=Arellano\|date\=21 December 2013\|website\=Blogcritics.org\|access\-date\=2 August 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity\-interviews/scots\-singer\-paul\-buchanan\-insists\-2945295\|title\=Scots singer Paul Buchanan insists Julian Lennon has put his demons to bed and emerged from shadow cast by his Beatle father John\|author\=Rick Fulton\|date\=20 December 2013\|work\=dailyrecord}} *Through The Picture Window* was also released as an app in all formats with bespoke videos for all 14 tracks from the album.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.galomagazine.com/movies\-tv/through\-the\-picture\-window\-a\-second\-glimpse\-into\-what\-makes\-julian\-lennon\-through\-director\-dick\-carruthers\-eyes/\#.U\-vOQI7WqEw\|title\='Through The Picture Window': A Second Glimpse into What Makes Julian Lennon through Director Dick Carruthers' Eyes\|work\=galomagazine.com}}{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=5\-Rtm1dRcMQ\&list\=UU6iWF7yew0eS7zkr9tXDcfQ\|title\=Through The Picture Window Interview With Dick Carruthers\|date\=12 November 2013\|work\=YouTube}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/julian\-lennon\-gives\-fans\-a\-look\-through\-the\-picture\-window\-with\-new\-documentary/\|title\=Julian Lennon gives fans a look "Through the Picture Window" with new documentary\|date\=22 November 2013\|work\=cbsnews.com}}
### Work with The Script
In 2011 Carruthers directed [The Script](/wiki/The_Script "The Script")'s DVD *Homecoming: Live at the [Aviva Stadium](/wiki/Aviva_Stadium "Aviva Stadium"), Dublin*, which was part of the Irish group's [Science \& Faith Tour](/wiki/Science_%26_Faith_Tour "Science & Faith Tour") and was their biggest headline show to date (50,000 people).{{cite web\|url\=http://entertainment.ie/music/feature/The\-Script\-talk\-about\-their\-Live\-at\-the\-Aviva\-Stadium\-DVD/201/2103\.htm\|title\=Music \- The Script talk about their Live at the Aviva Stadium DVD \- entertainment.ie\|work\=entertainment.ie\|access\-date\=2015\-01\-28\|archive\-date\=2015\-01\-28\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128232506/http://entertainment.ie/music/feature/The\-Script\-talk\-about\-their\-Live\-at\-the\-Aviva\-Stadium\-DVD/201/2103\.htm\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Work with Aerosmith
In 2014 the [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith "Aerosmith") *Rocks Donington* DVD was released directed by Carruthers. The film captures the group headlining the massive [Download Festival](/wiki/Download_Festival "Download Festival") at Donington Park as they deliver a set of their greatest hits.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Before success in the music and film industries, Carruthers worked in corporate videos and in the conference and events industries. He began his directing career in the music business touring with English pop group [Take That](/wiki/Take_That \"Take That\") in 1993\\. He also toured with [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai \"Jamiroquai\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas_%28band%29 \"Texas (band)\"), and [Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 \"Oasis (band)\"). In 1996 he directed the visuals and filmed the Oasis Knebworth shows and in 1997 he was invited aboard the [Rolling Stones](/wiki/Rolling_Stones \"Rolling Stones\")’ [Bridges To Babylon](/wiki/Bridges_To_Babylon \"Bridges To Babylon\") World Tour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/dick\\-carruthers\\-on\\-the\\-art\\-of\\-great\\-concert\\-film/058102\\|title\\=Dick Carruthers on the art of a great concert film\\|work\\=Music Week}} In 2002 he joined forces with Anouk Fontaine at [Metropolis Studios](/wiki/Metropolis_Studios \"Metropolis Studios\") in London England working as M: Productions. Cheese Film Video Ltd. was incorporated in 2005\\.",
"### Work with Led Zeppelin",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\") being welcomed to the stage by Dick Carruthers to talk to press about the film Celebration Day at its premiere at the [Hammersmith Apollo](/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo \"Hammersmith Apollo\") in London](/wiki/File:Led_Zeppelin_with_Dick_Carruthers%2C_2012.jpg \"Led Zeppelin with Dick Carruthers, 2012.jpg\")\nCarruthers was introduced to [Jimmy Page](/wiki/Jimmy_Page \"Jimmy Page\") following the acclaim of [The Who Live at the Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/The_Who_Live_at_the_Royal_Albert_Hall \"The Who Live at the Royal Albert Hall\") (2000\\). Page wanted to sort through unseen footage of [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\") in its prime and spent a year and a half with Carruthers making the retrospective double\\-disc [Led Zeppelin DVD](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_DVD \"Led Zeppelin DVD\") with vintage footage from concerts filmed in London, Paris, New York and elsewhere.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/music\\-filmmaker\\-dick\\-carruthers\\-comes\\-4453759\\|title\\=Music filmmaker Dick Carruthers comes to Newcastle\\|author\\=Barbara Hodgson\\|date\\=4 July 2010\\|work\\=journallive\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=6 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106215533/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/music\\-filmmaker\\-dick\\-carruthers\\-comes\\-4453759\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The release won numerous awards, was nominated for a BAFTA and remains one of the best selling music DVDs of all time.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist\\=%22Led\\+Zeppelin%22 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130630060735/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist\\=%22Led\\+Zeppelin%22 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 30, 2013 \\|title\\=RIAA \\- Gold \\& Platinum Searchable Database \\- May 13, 2015 \\|work\\=riaa.com }} Carruthers continued his association with Led Zeppelin as the creative director on the Warner Home video Special Edition release of *[The Song Remains the Same](/wiki/The_Song_Remains_the_Same_%28film%29 \"The Song Remains the Same (film)\")* (recorded during three nights of concerts at New York’s [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\"), on the band’s 1973 concert tour of the US), adding feature extras, cuts of new songs, and surround sound.",
"When the band agreed to the O2 reunion (2007\\), a benefit for the [Ahmet Ertegün](/wiki/Ahmet_Erteg%C3%BCn \"Ahmet Ertegün\") Education Fund, Carruthers was hired to direct the filming. The resulting film *[Celebration Day](/wiki/Celebration_Day_%28film%29 \"Celebration Day (film)\")* was released to worldwide acclaim on 17 October 2012 (UK).{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/led\\-zeppelin\\-concert\\-film\\-director\\-this\\-is\\-how\\-the\\-band\\-will\\-be\\-remembered\\-20121016\\|title\\=Led Zeppelin Concert Film Director: 'This Is How the Band Will Be Remembered'\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|date\\=16 October 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/director\\-dick\\-carruthers\\-discusses\\-led\\-zeppelin\\-celebration\\-day/\\|title\\=Director Dick Carruthers Discusses Led Zeppelin's 'Celebration Day'\\|work\\=Ultimate Classic Rock}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.snellgroup.com/news\\-and\\-events/press\\-releases/2632/dick\\-carruthers\\-earns\\-uk\\-music\\-video\\-award\\-for\\-led\\-zeppelin\\-celebration\\-day\\|title\\=Dick Carruthers Earns UK Music Video Award for \"Led Zeppelin: Celebration Day\" \\- Snell \\- Snell\\|work\\=snellgroup.com}}",
"### Work with Oasis",
"Carruthers first worked with the British rock band [Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 \"Oasis (band)\") on their [Earls Court](/wiki/Earls_Court_Exhibition_Centre \"Earls Court Exhibition Centre\") shows in 1995, and the [Maine Road](/wiki/Maine_Road \"Maine Road\") shows in 1996, later released as *[...There and Then](/wiki/...There_and_Then \"...There and Then\")* (1996\\). In 2000 as director on the documentary *[Familiar to Millions](/wiki/Familiar_to_Millions \"Familiar to Millions\")* (recorded at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium \"Wembley Stadium\") on 21 July 2000\\),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.editshare.com/led\\-zeppelin\\-celebration\\-day \\|title\\=Edit Share November 29, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106222220/http://www.editshare.com/led\\-zeppelin\\-celebration\\-day \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} as well as Standing On The Edge Of The Noise (Channel 4\\), Live At Union Chapel (Channel 4\\), and Glasgow Barowlands (Sky TV). To mark the tenth anniversary of its original release Carruthers also directed *[Definitely Maybe](/wiki/Definitely_Maybe \"Definitely Maybe\")* released on DVD in September 2004\\.",
"Carruthers later worked with the band's guitarist, songwriter [Noel Gallagher](/wiki/Noel_Gallagher \"Noel Gallagher\") on his *[Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds](/wiki/Noel_Gallagher%27s_High_Flying_Birds \"Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds\")* debut album documentary DVD.",
"### Documentaries and live concerts",
"Other documentaries and live concerts include *[Sarah Brightman](/wiki/Sarah_Brightman \"Sarah Brightman\") \\- [Dreamchaser in Concert](/wiki/Dreamchaser_in_Concert \"Dreamchaser in Concert\")* (2013\\), *[Don't Believe the Truth](/wiki/Don%27t_Believe_the_Truth \"Don't Believe the Truth\") \\- Live In Manchester* (2005\\), *10 Years Of Noise and Confusion* (shot at [Glasgow Barrowlands](/wiki/Glasgow_Barrowlands \"Glasgow Barrowlands\")), the rockumentary film *[Lord Don't Slow Me Down](/wiki/Lord_Don%27t_Slow_Me_Down \"Lord Don't Slow Me Down\")* (2007\\), *[Standing on the Edge of the Noise](/wiki/Standing_on_the_Edge_of_the_Noise \"Standing on the Edge of the Noise\")* (2008\\), a [Josh Groban](/wiki/Josh_Groban \"Josh Groban\") (2015\\) PBS TV special, and an [Imagine Dragons](/wiki/Imagine_Dragons \"Imagine Dragons\") (2016\\) live DVD filmed at The Air Canada Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",
"### Work with Julian Lennon",
"In 2012 Carruthers worked with [Julian Lennon](/wiki/Julian_Lennon \"Julian Lennon\") on the feature length video documentary *Through The Picture Window* which followed Lennon's journey in the making of his album *[Everything Changes](/wiki/Everything_Changes_%28Julian_Lennon_album%29 \"Everything Changes (Julian Lennon album)\")* and includes interviews with [Steven Tyler](/wiki/Steven_Tyler \"Steven Tyler\"), [Bono](/wiki/Bono \"Bono\") and Paul Buchanan from [The Blue Nile](/wiki/The_Blue_Nile_%28band%29 \"The Blue Nile (band)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://blogcritics.org/music\\-review\\-julian\\-lennon\\-everything\\-changes/\\|title\\=Music Review: Julian Lennon – ‘Everything Changes’ \\[2013 Reissue]\\|first\\=Joseph\\|last\\=Arellano\\|date\\=21 December 2013\\|website\\=Blogcritics.org\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity\\-interviews/scots\\-singer\\-paul\\-buchanan\\-insists\\-2945295\\|title\\=Scots singer Paul Buchanan insists Julian Lennon has put his demons to bed and emerged from shadow cast by his Beatle father John\\|author\\=Rick Fulton\\|date\\=20 December 2013\\|work\\=dailyrecord}} *Through The Picture Window* was also released as an app in all formats with bespoke videos for all 14 tracks from the album.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.galomagazine.com/movies\\-tv/through\\-the\\-picture\\-window\\-a\\-second\\-glimpse\\-into\\-what\\-makes\\-julian\\-lennon\\-through\\-director\\-dick\\-carruthers\\-eyes/\\#.U\\-vOQI7WqEw\\|title\\='Through The Picture Window': A Second Glimpse into What Makes Julian Lennon through Director Dick Carruthers' Eyes\\|work\\=galomagazine.com}}{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=5\\-Rtm1dRcMQ\\&list\\=UU6iWF7yew0eS7zkr9tXDcfQ\\|title\\=Through The Picture Window Interview With Dick Carruthers\\|date\\=12 November 2013\\|work\\=YouTube}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/julian\\-lennon\\-gives\\-fans\\-a\\-look\\-through\\-the\\-picture\\-window\\-with\\-new\\-documentary/\\|title\\=Julian Lennon gives fans a look \"Through the Picture Window\" with new documentary\\|date\\=22 November 2013\\|work\\=cbsnews.com}}",
"### Work with The Script",
"In 2011 Carruthers directed [The Script](/wiki/The_Script \"The Script\")'s DVD *Homecoming: Live at the [Aviva Stadium](/wiki/Aviva_Stadium \"Aviva Stadium\"), Dublin*, which was part of the Irish group's [Science \\& Faith Tour](/wiki/Science_%26_Faith_Tour \"Science & Faith Tour\") and was their biggest headline show to date (50,000 people).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://entertainment.ie/music/feature/The\\-Script\\-talk\\-about\\-their\\-Live\\-at\\-the\\-Aviva\\-Stadium\\-DVD/201/2103\\.htm\\|title\\=Music \\- The Script talk about their Live at the Aviva Stadium DVD \\- entertainment.ie\\|work\\=entertainment.ie\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-28\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128232506/http://entertainment.ie/music/feature/The\\-Script\\-talk\\-about\\-their\\-Live\\-at\\-the\\-Aviva\\-Stadium\\-DVD/201/2103\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Work with Aerosmith",
"In 2014 the [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith \"Aerosmith\") *Rocks Donington* DVD was released directed by Carruthers. The film captures the group headlining the massive [Download Festival](/wiki/Download_Festival \"Download Festival\") at Donington Park as they deliver a set of their greatest hits.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=left
\|1900\= 603
\|1910\= 1361
\|1920\= 3834
\|1930\= 7857
\|1940\= 8162
\|1950\= 8443
\|1960\= 10268
\|1970\= 10605
\|1980\= 9539
\|1990\= 9175
\|2000\= 8664
\|2010\= 8786
\|2020\= 8908
\|footnote\=Sources:{{cite web\|title\=Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania\|url\=http://www2\.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/17216604v1p40ch02\.pdf\|work\=18th Census of the United States\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=22 November 2013}}{{cite web\|title\=Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts\|url\=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph\-2\-40\.pdf\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=22 November 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}}{{cite web\|title\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population\|url\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\-EST2012\-3\.html\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=22 November 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120100311/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\-EST2012\-3\.html\|archive\-date\=2013\-11\-20\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Census 2020\|url\=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/collingdaleboroughpennsylvania/PST045219}}{{cite web\|url\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\=P1\_001N,NAME\&for\=place:\*∈\=state:42\&key\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\|title\=Census Population API\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=Oct 12, 2022}}
}}
### 2020
| \+**Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 –Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000\.P004?g\=160XX00US4215232\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US4215232\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US4215232\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|2020}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 7,924 | 4,823 |2,820
91\.46% |
54\.89% |
31\.66%
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 386 | 3,115 |4,855
4\.46% |
35\.45% |
54\.50%
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 24 | 22 |30
0\.28% |
0\.25% |
0\.34%
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 140 | 248 |295
1\.62% |
2\.82% |
3\.31%
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 1 | 1 |0
0\.01% |
0\.01% |
0\.00%
| [Some Other Race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 10 | 19 |75
0\.12% |
0\.22% |
0\.84%
| [Mixed Race or Multi\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 102 | 284 |390
1\.18% |
3\.23% |
4\.38%
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 77 | 274 |443
0\.89% |
3\.12% |
4\.97%
| **Total** | **8,664** | **8,786** |**8,908**
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%**
As of 2010 census, the racial makeup of the borough was 55\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 36\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 2\.9% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 3\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.1% of the population [https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src\=CF](https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF){{dead link\|date\=August 2020\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}.
As of the 2000 census, there were 8,664 people, 3,188 households, and 2,183 families residing in the borough. The population density was {{convert\|9,995\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 3,404 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|3,927\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the borough was 49\.36% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 51\.274% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.29% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.62% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.24% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.20% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.89% of the population.
There were 3,188 households, out of which 33\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 16\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\.5% were non\-families. 26\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.71 and the average family size was 3\.32\.
In the borough, the population was spread out, with 28\.6% under the age of 18, 8\.3% from 18 to 24, 31\.1% from 25 to 44, 19\.0% from 45 to 64, and 13\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 94\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.4 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $40,207, and the median income for a family was $47,288\. Males had a median income of $38,015 versus $27,955 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the borough was $16,751\. About 6\.9% of families and 8\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 11\.7% of those under age 18 and 3\.3% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=left\n\\|1900\\= 603\n\\|1910\\= 1361\n\\|1920\\= 3834\n\\|1930\\= 7857\n\\|1940\\= 8162\n\\|1950\\= 8443\n\\|1960\\= 10268\n\\|1970\\= 10605\n\\|1980\\= 9539\n\\|1990\\= 9175\n\\|2000\\= 8664\n\\|2010\\= 8786\n\\|2020\\= 8908\n\\|footnote\\=Sources:{{cite web\\|title\\=Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania\\|url\\=http://www2\\.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/17216604v1p40ch02\\.pdf\\|work\\=18th Census of the United States\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2013}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph\\-2\\-40\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\\-EST2012\\-3\\.html\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120100311/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\\-EST2012\\-3\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Census 2020\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/collingdaleboroughpennsylvania/PST045219}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\\=P1\\_001N,NAME\\&for\\=place:\\*∈\\=state:42\\&key\\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\\|title\\=Census Population API\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=Oct 12, 2022}}\n}}",
"### 2020",
"",
"| \\+**Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 –Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004?g\\=160XX00US4215232\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US4215232\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US4215232\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 7,924 | 4,823 |2,820",
"91\\.46% |\n 54\\.89% |\n31\\.66%",
"| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 386 | 3,115 |4,855",
"4\\.46% |\n 35\\.45% |\n54\\.50%",
"| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 24 | 22 |30",
"0\\.28% |\n 0\\.25% |\n0\\.34%",
"| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 140 | 248 |295",
"1\\.62% |\n 2\\.82% |\n3\\.31%",
"| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 1 | 1 |0",
"0\\.01% |\n 0\\.01% |\n0\\.00%",
"| [Some Other Race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 10 | 19 |75",
"0\\.12% |\n 0\\.22% |\n0\\.84%",
"| [Mixed Race or Multi\\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 102 | 284 |390",
"1\\.18% |\n 3\\.23% |\n4\\.38%",
"| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 77 | 274 |443",
"0\\.89% |\n 3\\.12% |\n4\\.97%",
"| **Total** | **8,664** | **8,786** |**8,908**",
"**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**",
"",
"As of 2010 census, the racial makeup of the borough was 55\\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 36\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.9% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 3\\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.1% of the population [https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src\\=CF](https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF){{dead link\\|date\\=August 2020\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}.",
"As of the 2000 census, there were 8,664 people, 3,188 households, and 2,183 families residing in the borough. The population density was {{convert\\|9,995\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 3,404 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|3,927\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the borough was 49\\.36% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 51\\.274% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.29% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.62% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.24% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.20% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.89% of the population.",
"There were 3,188 households, out of which 33\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 16\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\\.5% were non\\-families. 26\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.71 and the average family size was 3\\.32\\.",
"In the borough, the population was spread out, with 28\\.6% under the age of 18, 8\\.3% from 18 to 24, 31\\.1% from 25 to 44, 19\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 94\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.4 males.",
"The median income for a household in the borough was $40,207, and the median income for a family was $47,288\\. Males had a median income of $38,015 versus $27,955 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the borough was $16,751\\. About 6\\.9% of families and 8\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 11\\.7% of those under age 18 and 3\\.3% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
### 2020
| \+**Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 –Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000\.P004?g\=160XX00US4215232\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US4215232\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US4215232\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|2020}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 7,924 | 4,823 |2,820
91\.46% |
54\.89% |
31\.66%
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 386 | 3,115 |4,855
4\.46% |
35\.45% |
54\.50%
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 24 | 22 |30
0\.28% |
0\.25% |
0\.34%
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 140 | 248 |295
1\.62% |
2\.82% |
3\.31%
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 1 | 1 |0
0\.01% |
0\.01% |
0\.00%
| [Some Other Race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 10 | 19 |75
0\.12% |
0\.22% |
0\.84%
| [Mixed Race or Multi\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 102 | 284 |390
1\.18% |
3\.23% |
4\.38%
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 77 | 274 |443
0\.89% |
3\.12% |
4\.97%
| **Total** | **8,664** | **8,786** |**8,908**
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%**
As of 2010 census, the racial makeup of the borough was 55\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 36\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 2\.9% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 3\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.1% of the population [https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src\=CF](https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF){{dead link\|date\=August 2020\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}.
As of the 2000 census, there were 8,664 people, 3,188 households, and 2,183 families residing in the borough. The population density was {{convert\|9,995\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 3,404 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|3,927\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the borough was 49\.36% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 51\.274% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.29% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.62% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.24% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.20% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.89% of the population.
There were 3,188 households, out of which 33\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 16\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\.5% were non\-families. 26\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.71 and the average family size was 3\.32\.
In the borough, the population was spread out, with 28\.6% under the age of 18, 8\.3% from 18 to 24, 31\.1% from 25 to 44, 19\.0% from 45 to 64, and 13\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 94\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.4 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $40,207, and the median income for a family was $47,288\. Males had a median income of $38,015 versus $27,955 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the borough was $16,751\. About 6\.9% of families and 8\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 11\.7% of those under age 18 and 3\.3% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"### 2020",
"",
"| \\+**Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 –Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004?g\\=160XX00US4215232\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US4215232\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Collingdale borough, Pennsylvania\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US4215232\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 7,924 | 4,823 |2,820",
"91\\.46% |\n 54\\.89% |\n31\\.66%",
"| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 386 | 3,115 |4,855",
"4\\.46% |\n 35\\.45% |\n54\\.50%",
"| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 24 | 22 |30",
"0\\.28% |\n 0\\.25% |\n0\\.34%",
"| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 140 | 248 |295",
"1\\.62% |\n 2\\.82% |\n3\\.31%",
"| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 1 | 1 |0",
"0\\.01% |\n 0\\.01% |\n0\\.00%",
"| [Some Other Race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 10 | 19 |75",
"0\\.12% |\n 0\\.22% |\n0\\.84%",
"| [Mixed Race or Multi\\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 102 | 284 |390",
"1\\.18% |\n 3\\.23% |\n4\\.38%",
"| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 77 | 274 |443",
"0\\.89% |\n 3\\.12% |\n4\\.97%",
"| **Total** | **8,664** | **8,786** |**8,908**",
"**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**",
"",
"As of 2010 census, the racial makeup of the borough was 55\\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 36\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.9% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 3\\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.1% of the population [https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src\\=CF](https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF){{dead link\\|date\\=August 2020\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}.",
"As of the 2000 census, there were 8,664 people, 3,188 households, and 2,183 families residing in the borough. The population density was {{convert\\|9,995\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 3,404 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|3,927\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the borough was 49\\.36% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 51\\.274% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.29% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.62% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.24% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.20% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.89% of the population.",
"There were 3,188 households, out of which 33\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 16\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\\.5% were non\\-families. 26\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.71 and the average family size was 3\\.32\\.",
"In the borough, the population was spread out, with 28\\.6% under the age of 18, 8\\.3% from 18 to 24, 31\\.1% from 25 to 44, 19\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 94\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.4 males.",
"The median income for a household in the borough was $40,207, and the median income for a family was $47,288\\. Males had a median income of $38,015 versus $27,955 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the borough was $16,751\\. About 6\\.9% of families and 8\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 11\\.7% of those under age 18 and 3\\.3% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Aftermath
---------
On August 3, 1967, an alliance of civil rights organizations and male priest held a dinner to tribute [Groppi](/wiki/James_Groppi "James Groppi") to honor his contributions to the local struggle for racial equity in Milwaukee and the state of Wisconsin.
On August 27, 1967, the local [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP "NAACP"), led by Father [James Groppi](/wiki/James_Groppi "James Groppi"), held a march of about a hundred into a white neighborhood in protest of the city's housing laws. They came up against a crowd of 5,000 who retaliated with racial [epithets](/wiki/Epithets "Epithets"), stones, and garbage. The following day Groppi addressed a meeting of supporters at St. Boniface Church, and prepared them for what was likely to come:
> If there is any man or woman here who is afraid of going to jail for his freedom, is afraid of getting tear gassed, or is afraid of dying, you should not have come to this meeting tonight.{{cite web \|url\=http://wuwm.com/post/1960s\-decade\-turmoil\-and\-change\-milwaukee\#stream/0 \|title\=The 1960s: A Decade of Turmoil and Change in Milwaukee \|last1\=Bach \|first1\=Bob \|date\=14 August 2016 \|website\=WUWM Milwaukee Public Radio \|access\-date\=19 August 2016 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518145033/https://www.wuwm.com/regional/2016\-08\-14/the\-1960s\-a\-decade\-of\-turmoil\-and\-change\-in\-milwaukee\#stream/0 \|url\-status\=live }}
On August 29, the curfew was lifted and Groppi led 200 members of the Milwaukee [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP "NAACP") on a march out of the ghetto and toward [Kosciuszko Park](/wiki/Lincoln_Village%2C_Milwaukee%23Kosciuszko_Park "Lincoln Village, Milwaukee#Kosciuszko Park"), in an area predominately inhabited by white residents. The mob they met had grown to 13,000 and the protesters came under sniper fire as they returned to their headquarters. It was burned down later that night or early the next morning. The Mayor issued an order banning such demonstrations, and both Groppi and Phillips were arrested.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav\=Nrc:id\-5,N:4294963828\-4294963805\&dsNavOnly\=N:1095\&dsRecordDetails\=R:CS2652 \|title\=Father Groppi 'Denial of Absolution' Collage \|website\=Wisconsin Historical Society \|date\=19 October 2012 \|access\-date\=19 August 2016 \|archive\-date\=27 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124013/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav\=Nrc:id\-5,N:4294963828\-4294963805\&dsNavOnly\=N:1095\&dsRecordDetails\=R:CS2652 \|url\-status\=live }}
On September 4, [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.") sent a telegram from [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") in support:
> What you and your courageous associates are doing in Milwaukee will certainly serve as a kind of massive nonviolence that we need in this turbulent period. You are demonstrating that it is possible to be militant and powerful without destroying life or property. Please know that you have my support and my prayers.
On September 17, Groppi made an appearance on [Face the Nation](/wiki/Face_the_Nation "Face the Nation"). This was televised on [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS").
In September, [Dick Gregory](/wiki/Dick_Gregory "Dick Gregory") had issued a formal boycott against Schlitz and many other brewing companies. On October 3, 200 demonstrators marched to Schlitz and Blatz brewery underline their protest. This was supposed to put pressure on the companies to gain support for open housing.
On April 8 of 1968, 15,000\-20,000 participated in a memorial march in downtown Milwaukee.
On May 13, [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP "NAACP") president and vice president Fred Bronson and Fortune Humphrey led 13 organizations and 450 people on a march to the Public Safety building to push for better police\-community relations. A resolution was posted by Bronson and Humphrey that asked the mayor to lay off Chief Breier to "restore sanity" in police operations and to protect the black community from being controlled by a police force.
Groppi went on to lead 200 consecutive days of protests.
Father Groppi resigned as advisor to the YC in November 1968\.
In 1968, [Henry Maier](/wiki/Henry_Maier "Henry Maier") was reelected for his 3rd term and received more than 80% of the total votes. This was the largest runaway victory that Milwaukee had ever seen.
On September 21, 1969, Groppi led a group of welfare mothers, low income African Americans, college students, Latinos and many others on a march from Milwaukee to Madison to protest the potential possibility of cuts for Wisconsin's state welfare budget.
### Legal changes
[thumb\|250px\|President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968](/wiki/File:Lbjsigningbill.jpg "Lbjsigningbill.jpg")
In the immediate aftermath of the riot and marches, little was accomplished in the way of laws, policies, and programs. Speaking of the lack of available funding for enacting proposed reforms, Mayor Maier said:
> The city of Milwaukee can no more finance the crucial problems of poverty, ignorance, disease and discrimination with the property taxes of relatively poor people than the city of Milwaukee can finance sending a man to the moon.{{rp\|392}}
However, later that year the mayor rejected federal benefits, as they required support for fair housing in the city. He argued instead that the problem was a county\-wide one. Support continued to grow for a housing measure, supported by the [League of Women Voters](/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters "League of Women Voters") and local workers unions. A petition circulated by supporters of fair housing garnered 8,000 signatures. A petition that opposed such legislation was presented to the city council with 27,000 signatures.{{rp\|393}} In December, the city passed a form of fair housing that included enough exemptions, that it only applied to about a third of the housing in the city.{{rp\|393–4}} Groppi dismissed it as "tokenism and crumbs". Phillips voted against the measure, saying it was "very much too late with very much too little".{{rp\|394}}
On April 11, 1968, a week after the [assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr."), the [US Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") passed the [Fair Housing Act](/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act "Fair Housing Act"), as part of the [Civil Rights Act of 1968](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968 "Civil Rights Act of 1968").{{cite web\|title\=Civil Rights Act of 1866 \& Civil Rights Act of 1871 – CRA – 42 U.S. Code 21 §§1981, 1981A, 1983, \& 1988\|url\=http://finduslaw.com/civil\-rights\-act\-1866\-civil\-rights\-act\-1871\-cra\-42\-us\-code\-21\-1981\-1981a\-1983\-1988\|publisher\=findUSlaw\|access\-date\=3 October 2013\|archive\-date\=5 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005023009/http://finduslaw.com/civil\-rights\-act\-1866\-civil\-rights\-act\-1871\-cra\-42\-us\-code\-21\-1981\-1981a\-1983\-1988\|url\-status\=live}} Faced with capitulation, or the violation of federal law, the [Milwaukee Common Council](/wiki/Government_of_Milwaukee%23Common_Council "Government of Milwaukee#Common Council") followed on April 30, passing an ordinance that was stronger than that required by the federal law.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav\=Nrc:id\-5,N:4294963828\-4294963805\&dsNavOnly\=N:1095\&dsRecordDetails\=R:CS431 \|title\=Desegregation and Civil Rights in Wisconsin Housing and Racism \|website\=Wisconsin Historical Society \|date\=3 August 2012 \|access\-date\=19 August 2016 \|archive\-date\=27 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827114224/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav\=Nrc:id\-5,N:4294963828\-4294963805\&dsNavOnly\=N:1095\&dsRecordDetails\=R:CS431 \|url\-status\=live }} Casting a tie\-breaking vote, council president Robert Jendusa said he hoped the measure might "heal some of the wounds of the community".{{rp\|394}}
|
[
"Aftermath\n---------",
"On August 3, 1967, an alliance of civil rights organizations and male priest held a dinner to tribute [Groppi](/wiki/James_Groppi \"James Groppi\") to honor his contributions to the local struggle for racial equity in Milwaukee and the state of Wisconsin.",
"On August 27, 1967, the local [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP \"NAACP\"), led by Father [James Groppi](/wiki/James_Groppi \"James Groppi\"), held a march of about a hundred into a white neighborhood in protest of the city's housing laws. They came up against a crowd of 5,000 who retaliated with racial [epithets](/wiki/Epithets \"Epithets\"), stones, and garbage. The following day Groppi addressed a meeting of supporters at St. Boniface Church, and prepared them for what was likely to come:",
"",
"> If there is any man or woman here who is afraid of going to jail for his freedom, is afraid of getting tear gassed, or is afraid of dying, you should not have come to this meeting tonight.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://wuwm.com/post/1960s\\-decade\\-turmoil\\-and\\-change\\-milwaukee\\#stream/0 \\|title\\=The 1960s: A Decade of Turmoil and Change in Milwaukee \\|last1\\=Bach \\|first1\\=Bob \\|date\\=14 August 2016 \\|website\\=WUWM Milwaukee Public Radio \\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518145033/https://www.wuwm.com/regional/2016\\-08\\-14/the\\-1960s\\-a\\-decade\\-of\\-turmoil\\-and\\-change\\-in\\-milwaukee\\#stream/0 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On August 29, the curfew was lifted and Groppi led 200 members of the Milwaukee [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP \"NAACP\") on a march out of the ghetto and toward [Kosciuszko Park](/wiki/Lincoln_Village%2C_Milwaukee%23Kosciuszko_Park \"Lincoln Village, Milwaukee#Kosciuszko Park\"), in an area predominately inhabited by white residents. The mob they met had grown to 13,000 and the protesters came under sniper fire as they returned to their headquarters. It was burned down later that night or early the next morning. The Mayor issued an order banning such demonstrations, and both Groppi and Phillips were arrested.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav\\=Nrc:id\\-5,N:4294963828\\-4294963805\\&dsNavOnly\\=N:1095\\&dsRecordDetails\\=R:CS2652 \\|title\\=Father Groppi 'Denial of Absolution' Collage \\|website\\=Wisconsin Historical Society \\|date\\=19 October 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124013/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav\\=Nrc:id\\-5,N:4294963828\\-4294963805\\&dsNavOnly\\=N:1095\\&dsRecordDetails\\=R:CS2652 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On September 4, [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. \"Martin Luther King Jr.\") sent a telegram from [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\") in support:",
"",
"> What you and your courageous associates are doing in Milwaukee will certainly serve as a kind of massive nonviolence that we need in this turbulent period. You are demonstrating that it is possible to be militant and powerful without destroying life or property. Please know that you have my support and my prayers.",
"On September 17, Groppi made an appearance on [Face the Nation](/wiki/Face_the_Nation \"Face the Nation\"). This was televised on [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\").",
"In September, [Dick Gregory](/wiki/Dick_Gregory \"Dick Gregory\") had issued a formal boycott against Schlitz and many other brewing companies. On October 3, 200 demonstrators marched to Schlitz and Blatz brewery underline their protest. This was supposed to put pressure on the companies to gain support for open housing.",
"On April 8 of 1968, 15,000\\-20,000 participated in a memorial march in downtown Milwaukee.",
"On May 13, [NAACP](/wiki/NAACP \"NAACP\") president and vice president Fred Bronson and Fortune Humphrey led 13 organizations and 450 people on a march to the Public Safety building to push for better police\\-community relations. A resolution was posted by Bronson and Humphrey that asked the mayor to lay off Chief Breier to \"restore sanity\" in police operations and to protect the black community from being controlled by a police force.",
"Groppi went on to lead 200 consecutive days of protests.",
"Father Groppi resigned as advisor to the YC in November 1968\\.",
"In 1968, [Henry Maier](/wiki/Henry_Maier \"Henry Maier\") was reelected for his 3rd term and received more than 80% of the total votes. This was the largest runaway victory that Milwaukee had ever seen.",
"On September 21, 1969, Groppi led a group of welfare mothers, low income African Americans, college students, Latinos and many others on a march from Milwaukee to Madison to protest the potential possibility of cuts for Wisconsin's state welfare budget.",
"### Legal changes",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968](/wiki/File:Lbjsigningbill.jpg \"Lbjsigningbill.jpg\")\nIn the immediate aftermath of the riot and marches, little was accomplished in the way of laws, policies, and programs. Speaking of the lack of available funding for enacting proposed reforms, Mayor Maier said:",
"",
"> The city of Milwaukee can no more finance the crucial problems of poverty, ignorance, disease and discrimination with the property taxes of relatively poor people than the city of Milwaukee can finance sending a man to the moon.{{rp\\|392}}",
"However, later that year the mayor rejected federal benefits, as they required support for fair housing in the city. He argued instead that the problem was a county\\-wide one. Support continued to grow for a housing measure, supported by the [League of Women Voters](/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters \"League of Women Voters\") and local workers unions. A petition circulated by supporters of fair housing garnered 8,000 signatures. A petition that opposed such legislation was presented to the city council with 27,000 signatures.{{rp\\|393}} In December, the city passed a form of fair housing that included enough exemptions, that it only applied to about a third of the housing in the city.{{rp\\|393–4}} Groppi dismissed it as \"tokenism and crumbs\". Phillips voted against the measure, saying it was \"very much too late with very much too little\".{{rp\\|394}}",
"On April 11, 1968, a week after the [assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr. \"Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.\"), the [US Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") passed the [Fair Housing Act](/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act \"Fair Housing Act\"), as part of the [Civil Rights Act of 1968](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968 \"Civil Rights Act of 1968\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Civil Rights Act of 1866 \\& Civil Rights Act of 1871 – CRA – 42 U.S. Code 21 §§1981, 1981A, 1983, \\& 1988\\|url\\=http://finduslaw.com/civil\\-rights\\-act\\-1866\\-civil\\-rights\\-act\\-1871\\-cra\\-42\\-us\\-code\\-21\\-1981\\-1981a\\-1983\\-1988\\|publisher\\=findUSlaw\\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005023009/http://finduslaw.com/civil\\-rights\\-act\\-1866\\-civil\\-rights\\-act\\-1871\\-cra\\-42\\-us\\-code\\-21\\-1981\\-1981a\\-1983\\-1988\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Faced with capitulation, or the violation of federal law, the [Milwaukee Common Council](/wiki/Government_of_Milwaukee%23Common_Council \"Government of Milwaukee#Common Council\") followed on April 30, passing an ordinance that was stronger than that required by the federal law.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav\\=Nrc:id\\-5,N:4294963828\\-4294963805\\&dsNavOnly\\=N:1095\\&dsRecordDetails\\=R:CS431 \\|title\\=Desegregation and Civil Rights in Wisconsin Housing and Racism \\|website\\=Wisconsin Historical Society \\|date\\=3 August 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827114224/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav\\=Nrc:id\\-5,N:4294963828\\-4294963805\\&dsNavOnly\\=N:1095\\&dsRecordDetails\\=R:CS431 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Casting a tie\\-breaking vote, council president Robert Jendusa said he hoped the measure might \"heal some of the wounds of the community\".{{rp\\|394}}",
""
] |
How open market operations are conducted
----------------------------------------
### United States
{{Further\|Monetary policy of the United States}}
In the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") before the financial crisis, the [Federal Reserve](/wiki/Federal_Reserve "Federal Reserve") used open market operations to keep its key policy rate, the [federal funds rate](/wiki/Federal_funds_rate "Federal funds rate"), around the target set by the [Federal Open Market Committee](/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee "Federal Open Market Committee") (FOMC) by adjusting the supply of reserve balances of commercial banks suitably. Since late 2008, however, the implementation of monetary policy has changed considerably.{{cite web \|title\=Open Market Operations \|url\=https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/openmarket.htm \|website\=www.federalreserve.gov \|access\-date\=16 August 2023 \|language\=en \|date\=July 26, 2023}} In contrast to the former so\-called limited reserves regime, the Fed implemented what the institution refers to as an ample reserves regime{{cite web \|last1\=Ihrig \|first1\=Jane \|last2\=Weinbach \|first2\=Gretchen C. \|last3\=Wolla \|first3\=Scott A. \|title\=Teaching the Linkage Between Banks and the Fed: R.I.P. Money Multiplier \|url\=https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/page1\-econ/2021/09/17/teaching\-the\-linkage\-between\-banks\-and\-the\-fed\-r\-i\-p\-money\-multiplier \|website\=research.stlouisfed.org \|publisher\=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis \|access\-date\=16 August 2023 \|language\=en \|date\=September 2021}} where the market interest rate is not adjusted via open market operations, but more directly through changes in the Fed's central administered rates, which are the interest on reserve balances rate (IORB) and the overnight reverse repurchase agreement offering rate (ON RRP rate). Open\-market operations consequently are no longer used to steer the federal funds rate. However, they still form part of the over\-all monetary policy toolbox, as they are used to always maintain an ample supply of reserves.{{cite web \|title\=The Fed Explained: What the Central Bank Does \|url\=https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/the\-fed\-explained.pdf \|website\=www.federalreserve.gov \|publisher\=Federal Reserve System Publication \|access\-date\=16 August 2023 \|date\=August 2021}}{{cite web \|last1\=Ihrig \|first1\=Jane \|last2\=Wolla \|first2\=Scott A. \|title\=The Fed’s New Monetary Policy Tools \|url\=https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/page1\-econ/2020/08/03/the\-feds\-new\-monetary\-policy\-tools \|website\=research.stlouisfed.org \|access\-date\=16 August 2023 \|language\=en \|date\=August 2020}} In 2019, the Fed announced that it would continue to use this implementation regime over the longer run. The system is also known internationally as a floor system as opposed to the former corridor system, in which open market operations are used to determine the actual market interest rate.{{cite web \|last1\=Baker \|first1\=Nick \|last2\=Rafter \|first2\=Sally \|title\=An International Perspective on Monetary Policy Implementation Systems {{!}} Bulletin – June 2022 \|url\=https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2022/jun/an\-international\-perspective\-on\-monetary\-policy\-implementation\-systems.html \|publisher\=Reserve Bank of Australia \|access\-date\=13 August 2023 \|language\=en\-AU \|date\=16 June 2022}}
The Federal Reserve has conducted open market operations since the 1920s, through the Open Market Desk at the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York "Federal Reserve Bank of New York"), under the direction of the [Federal Open Market Committee](/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee "Federal Open Market Committee").
### Eurozone
The [European Central Bank](/wiki/European_Central_Bank "European Central Bank") has similar mechanisms for their operations; it describes its methods as a four\-tiered approach with different goals: beside its main goal of steering and smoothing [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone "Eurozone") interest rates while managing the [liquidity](/wiki/Liquidity "Liquidity") situation in the market the ECB also has the aim of signalling the stance of monetary policy with its operations.
Broadly speaking, the ECB controls liquidity in the banking system via refinancing operations, which are basically [repurchase agreements](/wiki/Repurchase_agreements "Repurchase agreements"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fxpedia.com/European\_Central\_Bank \|title\=European Central Bank \|publisher\=FXPedia \|access\-date\=2011\-09\-19}} i.e. banks put up acceptable collateral with the ECB and receive a cash loan in return. These are the following main categories of refinancing operations that can be employed depending on the desired outcome:
* Regular weekly **main refinancing operations** (MRO) with maturity of one week and,
* Monthly **longer\-term refinancing operations** (LTRO) provide liquidity to the financial sector, while *[ad hoc](/wiki/Ad_hoc "Ad hoc")*
* "Fine\-tuning operations" aim to smooth interest rates caused by liquidity fluctuations in the market through reverse or [outright transactions](/wiki/Outright_Monetary_Transactions "Outright Monetary Transactions"), [foreign exchange swaps](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_swap "Foreign exchange swap"), and the collection of [fixed\-term deposits](/wiki/Fixed_deposit "Fixed deposit")
* "Structural operations" are used to adjust the central banks' longer\-term structural positions vis\-à\-vis the financial sector.
Refinancing operations are conducted via an auction mechanism. The ECB specifies the amount of liquidity it wishes to auction (called the allotted amount) and asks banks for expressions of interest. In a fixed rate tender the ECB also specifies the interest rate at which it is willing to lend money; alternatively, in a variable rate tender the interest rate is not specified and banks bid against each other (subject to a minimum bid rate specified by the ECB) to access the available liquidity.
MRO auctions are held on Mondays, with settlement (i.e., disbursal of the funds) occurring the following Wednesday. For example, at its auction on 6 October 2008, the ECB made available 250 million in EUR on 8 October at a minimum rate of 4\.25%. It received 271 million in bids, and the allotted amount (250\) was awarded at an average weighted rate of 4\.99%.
Since mid\-October 2008, however, the ECB has been following a different procedure on a temporary basis, the fixed rate MRO with "full allotment". In this case the ECB specifies the rate but not the amount of credit made available, and banks can request as much as they wish (subject as always to being able to provide sufficient collateral). This procedure was made necessary by the financial crisis of 2008 and is expected to end at some time in the future.
Though the ECB's main **refinancing operations** (*MRO*) are from repo auctions with a (bi)weekly maturity and monthly maturation, Longer\-Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs) are also issued, which traditionally mature after three months; since 2008, tenders are now offered for six months, 12 months and 36 months.{{cite news \| title \=ECB offers longer\-term finance via six\-month LTROs \| url \=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1925778/ECB\-offers\-longer\-term\-finance\-via\-six\-month\-LTROs.html\| date\=May 2008}}
### Switzerland
The [Swiss National Bank](/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank "Swiss National Bank") (SNB) currently targets the three\-month Swiss franc [LIBOR](/wiki/LIBOR "LIBOR") rate. The primary way the SNB influences the three\-month Swiss franc LIBOR rate is through open market operations, with the most important monetary policy instrument being repo transactions.{{cite web\|title\=Monetary policy instruments (situation in 2009\)\|url\=http://www.snb.ch/en/iabout/monpol/id/monpol\_instr\|publisher\=Swiss National Bank\|access\-date\=1 March 2011}}
### India
India's Open Market Operation is much influenced by the fact that it is a developing country and that the [capital flows](/wiki/Capital_flows "Capital flows") are very different from those in developed countries. Thus India's central bank, the [Reserve Bank of India](/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India "Reserve Bank of India") (RBI), has to make policies and use instruments accordingly. The RBI uses Open Market Operations (OMO) along with other monetary policy tools such as repo rate, cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio to adjust the quantum and price of money in the system. Prior to the 1991 financial reforms, RBI's major source of funding and control over credit and interest rates was the cash reserve ratio (CRR) and the SLR ([Statutory Liquidity Ratio](/wiki/Statutory_Liquidity_Ratio "Statutory Liquidity Ratio")). But after the reforms, the use of CRR as an effective tool was deemphasized and the use of open market operations increased. OMOs are more effective in adjusting \[market liquidity].
The two type of OMOs used by RBI:
1. [Outright purchase](/wiki/Outright_purchase "Outright purchase") (*{{abbr\|PEMO\|permanent open market operation}}*): Is outright buying or selling of government securities. (Permanent).
2. [Repurchase agreement](/wiki/Repurchase_agreement "Repurchase agreement") (*{{abbr\|REPO\|repurchase\-agreement open market operation}}*): Is short term, and are subject to repurchase.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.centralbanksguide.com/open\+market\+operation/ \|work\=Central Banks Guide \|title\=Open Market Operation}}
However, even after sidelining CRR as an instrument, there was still less liquidity and skewedness in the market. And thus, on the recommendations of the Narsimham Committee Report (1998\), the RBI brought together a [Liquidity Adjustment Facility](/wiki/Liquidity_Adjustment_Facility "Liquidity Adjustment Facility") (LAF). It commenced in June, 2000, and it was set up to oversee liquidity on a daily basis and to monitor market interest rates. For the LAF, two rates are set by the RBI: repo rate and reverse repo rate. The repo rate is applicable while selling securities to RBI (daily injection of liquidity), while the reverse repo rate is applicable when banks buy back those securities (daily absorption of liquidity). Also, these interest rates fixed by the RBI also help in determining other market interest rates.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gzqXdHXxxeAC\&pg\=PA645 \|title \= Economics \|first\=Paul Anthony \|last\=Samuelson \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=Tata McGraw Hill \|isbn\=978\-0\-07\-070071\-0 \|page\=645}}
India experiences large capital inflows every day, and even though the OMO and the LAF policies were able to withhold the inflows, another instrument was needed to keep the liquidity intact. Thus, on the recommendations of the Working Group of RBI on instruments of [sterilization](/wiki/Sterilization_%28economics%29 "Sterilization (economics)") (December, 2003\), a new scheme known as the market stabilization scheme (MSS) was set up. The LAF and the OMO's were dealing with day\-to\-day liquidity management, whereas the MSS was set up to sterilize the liquidity absorption and make it more enduring.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.hindu.com/biz/2004/04/05/stories/2004040500361600\.htm \|work\=The Hindu \|title\=Features of stabilization scheme}}
According to this scheme, the RBI issues additional {{abbr\|T\|Treasury}}\-bills and securities to absorb the liquidity. The money received goes into the **Market Stabilization Scheme Account** (*MSSA*). The RBI cannot use this account for paying any interest or discounts and cannot credit any premiums to this account. The government, in collaboration with the RBI, fixes a ceiling amount on the issue of these instruments.{{cite web\|url\= http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS\_SpeechesView.aspx?Id\=498 \|title\=Implementation Of Monetary Policy \|website\=Reserve Bank of India}}
|
[
"How open market operations are conducted\n----------------------------------------",
"### United States",
"{{Further\\|Monetary policy of the United States}}",
"In the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") before the financial crisis, the [Federal Reserve](/wiki/Federal_Reserve \"Federal Reserve\") used open market operations to keep its key policy rate, the [federal funds rate](/wiki/Federal_funds_rate \"Federal funds rate\"), around the target set by the [Federal Open Market Committee](/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee \"Federal Open Market Committee\") (FOMC) by adjusting the supply of reserve balances of commercial banks suitably. Since late 2008, however, the implementation of monetary policy has changed considerably.{{cite web \\|title\\=Open Market Operations \\|url\\=https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/openmarket.htm \\|website\\=www.federalreserve.gov \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2023 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=July 26, 2023}} In contrast to the former so\\-called limited reserves regime, the Fed implemented what the institution refers to as an ample reserves regime{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ihrig \\|first1\\=Jane \\|last2\\=Weinbach \\|first2\\=Gretchen C. \\|last3\\=Wolla \\|first3\\=Scott A. \\|title\\=Teaching the Linkage Between Banks and the Fed: R.I.P. Money Multiplier \\|url\\=https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/page1\\-econ/2021/09/17/teaching\\-the\\-linkage\\-between\\-banks\\-and\\-the\\-fed\\-r\\-i\\-p\\-money\\-multiplier \\|website\\=research.stlouisfed.org \\|publisher\\=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2023 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=September 2021}} where the market interest rate is not adjusted via open market operations, but more directly through changes in the Fed's central administered rates, which are the interest on reserve balances rate (IORB) and the overnight reverse repurchase agreement offering rate (ON RRP rate). Open\\-market operations consequently are no longer used to steer the federal funds rate. However, they still form part of the over\\-all monetary policy toolbox, as they are used to always maintain an ample supply of reserves.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Fed Explained: What the Central Bank Does \\|url\\=https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/the\\-fed\\-explained.pdf \\|website\\=www.federalreserve.gov \\|publisher\\=Federal Reserve System Publication \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2023 \\|date\\=August 2021}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ihrig \\|first1\\=Jane \\|last2\\=Wolla \\|first2\\=Scott A. \\|title\\=The Fed’s New Monetary Policy Tools \\|url\\=https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/page1\\-econ/2020/08/03/the\\-feds\\-new\\-monetary\\-policy\\-tools \\|website\\=research.stlouisfed.org \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2023 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=August 2020}} In 2019, the Fed announced that it would continue to use this implementation regime over the longer run. The system is also known internationally as a floor system as opposed to the former corridor system, in which open market operations are used to determine the actual market interest rate.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Baker \\|first1\\=Nick \\|last2\\=Rafter \\|first2\\=Sally \\|title\\=An International Perspective on Monetary Policy Implementation Systems {{!}} Bulletin – June 2022 \\|url\\=https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2022/jun/an\\-international\\-perspective\\-on\\-monetary\\-policy\\-implementation\\-systems.html \\|publisher\\=Reserve Bank of Australia \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2023 \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|date\\=16 June 2022}}",
"The Federal Reserve has conducted open market operations since the 1920s, through the Open Market Desk at the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York \"Federal Reserve Bank of New York\"), under the direction of the [Federal Open Market Committee](/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee \"Federal Open Market Committee\").",
"### Eurozone",
"The [European Central Bank](/wiki/European_Central_Bank \"European Central Bank\") has similar mechanisms for their operations; it describes its methods as a four\\-tiered approach with different goals: beside its main goal of steering and smoothing [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone \"Eurozone\") interest rates while managing the [liquidity](/wiki/Liquidity \"Liquidity\") situation in the market the ECB also has the aim of signalling the stance of monetary policy with its operations.",
"Broadly speaking, the ECB controls liquidity in the banking system via refinancing operations, which are basically [repurchase agreements](/wiki/Repurchase_agreements \"Repurchase agreements\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fxpedia.com/European\\_Central\\_Bank \\|title\\=European Central Bank \\|publisher\\=FXPedia \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-19}} i.e. banks put up acceptable collateral with the ECB and receive a cash loan in return. These are the following main categories of refinancing operations that can be employed depending on the desired outcome:\n* Regular weekly **main refinancing operations** (MRO) with maturity of one week and,\n* Monthly **longer\\-term refinancing operations** (LTRO) provide liquidity to the financial sector, while *[ad hoc](/wiki/Ad_hoc \"Ad hoc\")*\n* \"Fine\\-tuning operations\" aim to smooth interest rates caused by liquidity fluctuations in the market through reverse or [outright transactions](/wiki/Outright_Monetary_Transactions \"Outright Monetary Transactions\"), [foreign exchange swaps](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_swap \"Foreign exchange swap\"), and the collection of [fixed\\-term deposits](/wiki/Fixed_deposit \"Fixed deposit\")\n* \"Structural operations\" are used to adjust the central banks' longer\\-term structural positions vis\\-à\\-vis the financial sector.",
"Refinancing operations are conducted via an auction mechanism. The ECB specifies the amount of liquidity it wishes to auction (called the allotted amount) and asks banks for expressions of interest. In a fixed rate tender the ECB also specifies the interest rate at which it is willing to lend money; alternatively, in a variable rate tender the interest rate is not specified and banks bid against each other (subject to a minimum bid rate specified by the ECB) to access the available liquidity.",
"MRO auctions are held on Mondays, with settlement (i.e., disbursal of the funds) occurring the following Wednesday. For example, at its auction on 6 October 2008, the ECB made available 250 million in EUR on 8 October at a minimum rate of 4\\.25%. It received 271 million in bids, and the allotted amount (250\\) was awarded at an average weighted rate of 4\\.99%.",
"Since mid\\-October 2008, however, the ECB has been following a different procedure on a temporary basis, the fixed rate MRO with \"full allotment\". In this case the ECB specifies the rate but not the amount of credit made available, and banks can request as much as they wish (subject as always to being able to provide sufficient collateral). This procedure was made necessary by the financial crisis of 2008 and is expected to end at some time in the future.",
"Though the ECB's main **refinancing operations** (*MRO*) are from repo auctions with a (bi)weekly maturity and monthly maturation, Longer\\-Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs) are also issued, which traditionally mature after three months; since 2008, tenders are now offered for six months, 12 months and 36 months.{{cite news \\| title \\=ECB offers longer\\-term finance via six\\-month LTROs \\| url \\=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1925778/ECB\\-offers\\-longer\\-term\\-finance\\-via\\-six\\-month\\-LTROs.html\\| date\\=May 2008}}",
"### Switzerland",
"The [Swiss National Bank](/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank \"Swiss National Bank\") (SNB) currently targets the three\\-month Swiss franc [LIBOR](/wiki/LIBOR \"LIBOR\") rate. The primary way the SNB influences the three\\-month Swiss franc LIBOR rate is through open market operations, with the most important monetary policy instrument being repo transactions.{{cite web\\|title\\=Monetary policy instruments (situation in 2009\\)\\|url\\=http://www.snb.ch/en/iabout/monpol/id/monpol\\_instr\\|publisher\\=Swiss National Bank\\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2011}}",
"### India",
"India's Open Market Operation is much influenced by the fact that it is a developing country and that the [capital flows](/wiki/Capital_flows \"Capital flows\") are very different from those in developed countries. Thus India's central bank, the [Reserve Bank of India](/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India \"Reserve Bank of India\") (RBI), has to make policies and use instruments accordingly. The RBI uses Open Market Operations (OMO) along with other monetary policy tools such as repo rate, cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio to adjust the quantum and price of money in the system. Prior to the 1991 financial reforms, RBI's major source of funding and control over credit and interest rates was the cash reserve ratio (CRR) and the SLR ([Statutory Liquidity Ratio](/wiki/Statutory_Liquidity_Ratio \"Statutory Liquidity Ratio\")). But after the reforms, the use of CRR as an effective tool was deemphasized and the use of open market operations increased. OMOs are more effective in adjusting \\[market liquidity].",
"The two type of OMOs used by RBI:\n1. [Outright purchase](/wiki/Outright_purchase \"Outright purchase\") (*{{abbr\\|PEMO\\|permanent open market operation}}*): Is outright buying or selling of government securities. (Permanent).\n2. [Repurchase agreement](/wiki/Repurchase_agreement \"Repurchase agreement\") (*{{abbr\\|REPO\\|repurchase\\-agreement open market operation}}*): Is short term, and are subject to repurchase.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.centralbanksguide.com/open\\+market\\+operation/ \\|work\\=Central Banks Guide \\|title\\=Open Market Operation}}",
"However, even after sidelining CRR as an instrument, there was still less liquidity and skewedness in the market. And thus, on the recommendations of the Narsimham Committee Report (1998\\), the RBI brought together a [Liquidity Adjustment Facility](/wiki/Liquidity_Adjustment_Facility \"Liquidity Adjustment Facility\") (LAF). It commenced in June, 2000, and it was set up to oversee liquidity on a daily basis and to monitor market interest rates. For the LAF, two rates are set by the RBI: repo rate and reverse repo rate. The repo rate is applicable while selling securities to RBI (daily injection of liquidity), while the reverse repo rate is applicable when banks buy back those securities (daily absorption of liquidity). Also, these interest rates fixed by the RBI also help in determining other market interest rates.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gzqXdHXxxeAC\\&pg\\=PA645 \\|title \\= Economics \\|first\\=Paul Anthony \\|last\\=Samuelson \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Tata McGraw Hill \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-07\\-070071\\-0 \\|page\\=645}}",
"India experiences large capital inflows every day, and even though the OMO and the LAF policies were able to withhold the inflows, another instrument was needed to keep the liquidity intact. Thus, on the recommendations of the Working Group of RBI on instruments of [sterilization](/wiki/Sterilization_%28economics%29 \"Sterilization (economics)\") (December, 2003\\), a new scheme known as the market stabilization scheme (MSS) was set up. The LAF and the OMO's were dealing with day\\-to\\-day liquidity management, whereas the MSS was set up to sterilize the liquidity absorption and make it more enduring.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.hindu.com/biz/2004/04/05/stories/2004040500361600\\.htm \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|title\\=Features of stabilization scheme}}",
"According to this scheme, the RBI issues additional {{abbr\\|T\\|Treasury}}\\-bills and securities to absorb the liquidity. The money received goes into the **Market Stabilization Scheme Account** (*MSSA*). The RBI cannot use this account for paying any interest or discounts and cannot credit any premiums to this account. The government, in collaboration with the RBI, fixes a ceiling amount on the issue of these instruments.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS\\_SpeechesView.aspx?Id\\=498 \\|title\\=Implementation Of Monetary Policy \\|website\\=Reserve Bank of India}}",
""
] |
### Eurozone
The [European Central Bank](/wiki/European_Central_Bank "European Central Bank") has similar mechanisms for their operations; it describes its methods as a four\-tiered approach with different goals: beside its main goal of steering and smoothing [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone "Eurozone") interest rates while managing the [liquidity](/wiki/Liquidity "Liquidity") situation in the market the ECB also has the aim of signalling the stance of monetary policy with its operations.
Broadly speaking, the ECB controls liquidity in the banking system via refinancing operations, which are basically [repurchase agreements](/wiki/Repurchase_agreements "Repurchase agreements"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fxpedia.com/European\_Central\_Bank \|title\=European Central Bank \|publisher\=FXPedia \|access\-date\=2011\-09\-19}} i.e. banks put up acceptable collateral with the ECB and receive a cash loan in return. These are the following main categories of refinancing operations that can be employed depending on the desired outcome:
* Regular weekly **main refinancing operations** (MRO) with maturity of one week and,
* Monthly **longer\-term refinancing operations** (LTRO) provide liquidity to the financial sector, while *[ad hoc](/wiki/Ad_hoc "Ad hoc")*
* "Fine\-tuning operations" aim to smooth interest rates caused by liquidity fluctuations in the market through reverse or [outright transactions](/wiki/Outright_Monetary_Transactions "Outright Monetary Transactions"), [foreign exchange swaps](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_swap "Foreign exchange swap"), and the collection of [fixed\-term deposits](/wiki/Fixed_deposit "Fixed deposit")
* "Structural operations" are used to adjust the central banks' longer\-term structural positions vis\-à\-vis the financial sector.
Refinancing operations are conducted via an auction mechanism. The ECB specifies the amount of liquidity it wishes to auction (called the allotted amount) and asks banks for expressions of interest. In a fixed rate tender the ECB also specifies the interest rate at which it is willing to lend money; alternatively, in a variable rate tender the interest rate is not specified and banks bid against each other (subject to a minimum bid rate specified by the ECB) to access the available liquidity.
MRO auctions are held on Mondays, with settlement (i.e., disbursal of the funds) occurring the following Wednesday. For example, at its auction on 6 October 2008, the ECB made available 250 million in EUR on 8 October at a minimum rate of 4\.25%. It received 271 million in bids, and the allotted amount (250\) was awarded at an average weighted rate of 4\.99%.
Since mid\-October 2008, however, the ECB has been following a different procedure on a temporary basis, the fixed rate MRO with "full allotment". In this case the ECB specifies the rate but not the amount of credit made available, and banks can request as much as they wish (subject as always to being able to provide sufficient collateral). This procedure was made necessary by the financial crisis of 2008 and is expected to end at some time in the future.
Though the ECB's main **refinancing operations** (*MRO*) are from repo auctions with a (bi)weekly maturity and monthly maturation, Longer\-Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs) are also issued, which traditionally mature after three months; since 2008, tenders are now offered for six months, 12 months and 36 months.{{cite news \| title \=ECB offers longer\-term finance via six\-month LTROs \| url \=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1925778/ECB\-offers\-longer\-term\-finance\-via\-six\-month\-LTROs.html\| date\=May 2008}}
|
[
"### Eurozone",
"The [European Central Bank](/wiki/European_Central_Bank \"European Central Bank\") has similar mechanisms for their operations; it describes its methods as a four\\-tiered approach with different goals: beside its main goal of steering and smoothing [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone \"Eurozone\") interest rates while managing the [liquidity](/wiki/Liquidity \"Liquidity\") situation in the market the ECB also has the aim of signalling the stance of monetary policy with its operations.",
"Broadly speaking, the ECB controls liquidity in the banking system via refinancing operations, which are basically [repurchase agreements](/wiki/Repurchase_agreements \"Repurchase agreements\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fxpedia.com/European\\_Central\\_Bank \\|title\\=European Central Bank \\|publisher\\=FXPedia \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-19}} i.e. banks put up acceptable collateral with the ECB and receive a cash loan in return. These are the following main categories of refinancing operations that can be employed depending on the desired outcome:\n* Regular weekly **main refinancing operations** (MRO) with maturity of one week and,\n* Monthly **longer\\-term refinancing operations** (LTRO) provide liquidity to the financial sector, while *[ad hoc](/wiki/Ad_hoc \"Ad hoc\")*\n* \"Fine\\-tuning operations\" aim to smooth interest rates caused by liquidity fluctuations in the market through reverse or [outright transactions](/wiki/Outright_Monetary_Transactions \"Outright Monetary Transactions\"), [foreign exchange swaps](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_swap \"Foreign exchange swap\"), and the collection of [fixed\\-term deposits](/wiki/Fixed_deposit \"Fixed deposit\")\n* \"Structural operations\" are used to adjust the central banks' longer\\-term structural positions vis\\-à\\-vis the financial sector.",
"Refinancing operations are conducted via an auction mechanism. The ECB specifies the amount of liquidity it wishes to auction (called the allotted amount) and asks banks for expressions of interest. In a fixed rate tender the ECB also specifies the interest rate at which it is willing to lend money; alternatively, in a variable rate tender the interest rate is not specified and banks bid against each other (subject to a minimum bid rate specified by the ECB) to access the available liquidity.",
"MRO auctions are held on Mondays, with settlement (i.e., disbursal of the funds) occurring the following Wednesday. For example, at its auction on 6 October 2008, the ECB made available 250 million in EUR on 8 October at a minimum rate of 4\\.25%. It received 271 million in bids, and the allotted amount (250\\) was awarded at an average weighted rate of 4\\.99%.",
"Since mid\\-October 2008, however, the ECB has been following a different procedure on a temporary basis, the fixed rate MRO with \"full allotment\". In this case the ECB specifies the rate but not the amount of credit made available, and banks can request as much as they wish (subject as always to being able to provide sufficient collateral). This procedure was made necessary by the financial crisis of 2008 and is expected to end at some time in the future.",
"Though the ECB's main **refinancing operations** (*MRO*) are from repo auctions with a (bi)weekly maturity and monthly maturation, Longer\\-Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs) are also issued, which traditionally mature after three months; since 2008, tenders are now offered for six months, 12 months and 36 months.{{cite news \\| title \\=ECB offers longer\\-term finance via six\\-month LTROs \\| url \\=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1925778/ECB\\-offers\\-longer\\-term\\-finance\\-via\\-six\\-month\\-LTROs.html\\| date\\=May 2008}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### 22 Brides
In 1992, the sisters formed the indie folk duo 22 Brides, and in 1993 they put out the self\-released eight\-song CD *Selling Fruit in Cairo*. The band name 22 Brides comes from an Indian folk tale they heard when they were younger. After being spotted during one of their monthly gigs at [CBGB](/wiki/CBGB "CBGB")'s Gallery in New York, the duo signed with indie label Zero Hour Records in 1994\. On June 22, 1994, they released their self\-titled debut, consisting of remixed songs from their self\-released effort plus four new songs. The album was produced by Daniel Wise, with additional production from Godfrey Diamond, and features [Jonathan Mover](/wiki/Jonathan_Mover "Jonathan Mover") on drums and Mark Bosch on guitar.
On the year\-long tour for 22 Brides, and in advance of their second album, *[Beaker](/wiki/Beaker_%28album%29 "Beaker (album)")*, 22 Brides expanded into a four\-member band with John Skehan (guitar, bass) and Ned Stroh (drums) joining Libby Johnson (bass, keyboards, vocals) and Carrie Johnson (guitar, vocals).Jim Bessman, [“22 Brides Say ‘I Do’ To New Band Members,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=xAsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+zero+hour+records&pg=PA10) *Billboard*, August 12, 1995, pp. 10, 16\. Produced by [Adam Lasus](/wiki/Adam_Lasus "Adam Lasus"), the album had a more highly produced feel than the folk influences of the band's debut.Jim Bessman, [“Radio, Retailers Eager As Zero Hour’s 22 Brides Return To Their Folk Roots,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+zero+hour+records&pg=PA9) *Billboard*, April 18, 1998, pp. 9, 13\. Following a Zero Hour distribution deal with [Universal Records](/wiki/Universal_Records "Universal Records"), Beaker was released on Zero Hour / Universal.Melinda Newman, [“Zero Hour Makes New Distribution Deal’ White Zombie’s ‘Astro Creep’ Remixes,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=wgcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+brides+universal+records+doug+morris&pg=PA14) *Billboard*, August 10, 1996, p. 14\.
On September 9, 1997, Zero Hour released the 22 Brides EP *Blazes of Light*, which was a sampler of sorts, with songs from their first two albums, "Purified" from their upcoming third album, and a cover of [Leonard Cohen](/wiki/Leonard_Cohen "Leonard Cohen")'s "[Hallelujah](/wiki/Hallelujah_%28Leonard_Cohen_song%29 "Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)")".[“Ready To Deliver,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=AwoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+articles&pg=PA25) *Billboard*, September 27, 1997\.
The band's third LP, *Demolition Day*, was released in 1998, with a return to the more intimate sound of 22 Brides. In an effort to get back to their folk\-pop harmonizing roots, the band worked again with Daniel Wise and recorded their vocal tracks live and switched to a trio formation, with Libby Johnson on bass and vocals, Carrie Johnson on guitar and vocals, and Bill Dobrow on drums. The first single from the album "Another Distant Light" debuted on WNNX (99X) out of Atlanta. {{cite book\|title\=Billboard\|date\=April 18, 1998\|author\=Jim Bessman\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=wnnx\+22\+Brides\&pg\=PA9}}
In October 1995, 22 Brides toured with [Dick Dale](/wiki/Dick_Dale "Dick Dale"). 22 Brides played at the 1998 [Lilith Fair](/wiki/Lilith_Fair "Lilith Fair"),Mikael Wood, [“Libby Johnson: Annabella,”](http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/29455-libby-johnson-annabella/) *[Boston Phoenix](/wiki/Boston_Phoenix "Boston Phoenix")*, December 11, 2006\. and also opened for [Ani DiFranco](/wiki/Ani_DiFranco "Ani DiFranco") and [Freedy Johnston](/wiki/Freedy_Johnston "Freedy Johnston").
In 1996, [Joe Quesada](/wiki/Joe_Quesada "Joe Quesada") and [Jimmy Palmiotti](/wiki/Jimmy_Palmiotti "Jimmy Palmiotti") introduced characters based on Libby and Carrie Johnson in their comic book series *[Ash](/wiki/Ash_%28comics%29 "Ash (comics)")*. They then created a four\-book miniseries, *22 Brides*, published by [Event Comics](/wiki/Event_Comics "Event Comics"), revolving around the characters based on the sisters.Terri Horak, [“Zero Hour’s 22 Brides Find Comic Alter Ego,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=xQcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+brides+comic+book&pg=PA10) *Billboard*, July 20, 1996, pp. 10, 30\. Palmiotti later created a spinoff series, *[Painkiller Jane](/wiki/Painkiller_Jane "Painkiller Jane")*. The first issue, "The 22 Brides", was published on June 4, 2014\.Doug Zawisza, [“Painkiller Jane: The 22 Brides \#1,”](http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=user_review&id=7389) [Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources "Comic Book Resources"), June 4, 2014\.
The band recorded a cover of the [Graham Parker](/wiki/Graham_Parker "Graham Parker") song "You Can't Be Too Strong" for the 2013 tribute album *Piss \& Vinegar: The Songs of Graham Parker*.Jordan Becker, [“They Say It’s Your Birthday: Graham Parker,”](http://www.covermesongs.com/2014/11/they-say-its-your-birthday-graham-parker.html) Cover Me, November 18, 2014\.
### Solo
In 2006, after hearing Johnson's upcoming album, "Annabella", writer\-director [Bart Freundlich](/wiki/Bart_Freundlich "Bart Freundlich") decided to use four of her songs in his film *[Trust the Man](/wiki/Trust_the_Man "Trust the Man")*, starring [David Duchovny](/wiki/David_Duchovny "David Duchovny"), [Billy Crudup](/wiki/Billy_Crudup "Billy Crudup"), [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore "Julianne Moore") and [Maggie Gyllenhaal](/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal "Maggie Gyllenhaal"). He said that he re\-edited scenes around her songs. Johnson also wrote a new song, "Indelible Mark", which plays over the film's end credits, and features [Shawn Pelton](/wiki/Shawn_Pelton "Shawn Pelton") on drums. The soundtrack and Johnson's solo debut, *Annabella*, were both released on September 5, 2006, on Wrong Records.[“When Libby Met Maggie,”](http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57540/when-libby-met-maggie) *Billboard*, August 14, 2006\.Mike Joyce, [“Libby Johnson ‘Annabella’ Wrong,”](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/11/AR2007011100714.html) *[Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post "Washington Post")*, January 12, 2007\.Bill Friskics Warren, [“Libby Johnson – Annabella,”](http://nodepression.com/album-review/libby-johnson-annabella) No Depression, October 31, 2006\.*[E! Entertainment News](/wiki/E%21_News "E! News")*, October 25, 2006\. *Annabella* features [Steve Jordan](/wiki/Steve_Jordan_%28musician%29 "Steve Jordan (musician)") on drums, and guitarists Mark Bosch, [Steve Conte](/wiki/Steve_Conte "Steve Conte") and John Putnam.Scott D. Lewis, [“Libby Johnson: Annabella,”](http://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/d1168286852t13307500r5122.html) In Music We Trust, 2006\.
Johnson's solo follow\-up, *Perfect View*, was released in 2010 on Wrong Records. It was produced by Daniel Wise, with Mark Boquist on drums, Mick Hargreaves on bass, and guitarists Mark Bosch and Jimi Zhivago, as well as appearances by [Lucy Wainwright Roche](/wiki/Lucy_Wainwright_Roche "Lucy Wainwright Roche") and [Garland Jeffreys](/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys "Garland Jeffreys").Mark S. Tucker, [“FAME Review: Libby Johnson – Perfect View,”](http://www.acousticmusic.com/fame/p06168.htm) acousticmusic.com, 2010\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 22 Brides",
"In 1992, the sisters formed the indie folk duo 22 Brides, and in 1993 they put out the self\\-released eight\\-song CD *Selling Fruit in Cairo*. The band name 22 Brides comes from an Indian folk tale they heard when they were younger. After being spotted during one of their monthly gigs at [CBGB](/wiki/CBGB \"CBGB\")'s Gallery in New York, the duo signed with indie label Zero Hour Records in 1994\\. On June 22, 1994, they released their self\\-titled debut, consisting of remixed songs from their self\\-released effort plus four new songs. The album was produced by Daniel Wise, with additional production from Godfrey Diamond, and features [Jonathan Mover](/wiki/Jonathan_Mover \"Jonathan Mover\") on drums and Mark Bosch on guitar.",
"On the year\\-long tour for 22 Brides, and in advance of their second album, *[Beaker](/wiki/Beaker_%28album%29 \"Beaker (album)\")*, 22 Brides expanded into a four\\-member band with John Skehan (guitar, bass) and Ned Stroh (drums) joining Libby Johnson (bass, keyboards, vocals) and Carrie Johnson (guitar, vocals).Jim Bessman, [“22 Brides Say ‘I Do’ To New Band Members,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=xAsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+zero+hour+records&pg=PA10) *Billboard*, August 12, 1995, pp. 10, 16\\. Produced by [Adam Lasus](/wiki/Adam_Lasus \"Adam Lasus\"), the album had a more highly produced feel than the folk influences of the band's debut.Jim Bessman, [“Radio, Retailers Eager As Zero Hour’s 22 Brides Return To Their Folk Roots,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+zero+hour+records&pg=PA9) *Billboard*, April 18, 1998, pp. 9, 13\\. Following a Zero Hour distribution deal with [Universal Records](/wiki/Universal_Records \"Universal Records\"), Beaker was released on Zero Hour / Universal.Melinda Newman, [“Zero Hour Makes New Distribution Deal’ White Zombie’s ‘Astro Creep’ Remixes,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=wgcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+brides+universal+records+doug+morris&pg=PA14) *Billboard*, August 10, 1996, p. 14\\.",
"On September 9, 1997, Zero Hour released the 22 Brides EP *Blazes of Light*, which was a sampler of sorts, with songs from their first two albums, \"Purified\" from their upcoming third album, and a cover of [Leonard Cohen](/wiki/Leonard_Cohen \"Leonard Cohen\")'s \"[Hallelujah](/wiki/Hallelujah_%28Leonard_Cohen_song%29 \"Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)\")\".[“Ready To Deliver,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=AwoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+articles&pg=PA25) *Billboard*, September 27, 1997\\.",
"The band's third LP, *Demolition Day*, was released in 1998, with a return to the more intimate sound of 22 Brides. In an effort to get back to their folk\\-pop harmonizing roots, the band worked again with Daniel Wise and recorded their vocal tracks live and switched to a trio formation, with Libby Johnson on bass and vocals, Carrie Johnson on guitar and vocals, and Bill Dobrow on drums. The first single from the album \"Another Distant Light\" debuted on WNNX (99X) out of Atlanta. {{cite book\\|title\\=Billboard\\|date\\=April 18, 1998\\|author\\=Jim Bessman\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=wnnx\\+22\\+Brides\\&pg\\=PA9}}",
"In October 1995, 22 Brides toured with [Dick Dale](/wiki/Dick_Dale \"Dick Dale\"). 22 Brides played at the 1998 [Lilith Fair](/wiki/Lilith_Fair \"Lilith Fair\"),Mikael Wood, [“Libby Johnson: Annabella,”](http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/29455-libby-johnson-annabella/) *[Boston Phoenix](/wiki/Boston_Phoenix \"Boston Phoenix\")*, December 11, 2006\\. and also opened for [Ani DiFranco](/wiki/Ani_DiFranco \"Ani DiFranco\") and [Freedy Johnston](/wiki/Freedy_Johnston \"Freedy Johnston\").",
"In 1996, [Joe Quesada](/wiki/Joe_Quesada \"Joe Quesada\") and [Jimmy Palmiotti](/wiki/Jimmy_Palmiotti \"Jimmy Palmiotti\") introduced characters based on Libby and Carrie Johnson in their comic book series *[Ash](/wiki/Ash_%28comics%29 \"Ash (comics)\")*. They then created a four\\-book miniseries, *22 Brides*, published by [Event Comics](/wiki/Event_Comics \"Event Comics\"), revolving around the characters based on the sisters.Terri Horak, [“Zero Hour’s 22 Brides Find Comic Alter Ego,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=xQcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+brides+comic+book&pg=PA10) *Billboard*, July 20, 1996, pp. 10, 30\\. Palmiotti later created a spinoff series, *[Painkiller Jane](/wiki/Painkiller_Jane \"Painkiller Jane\")*. The first issue, \"The 22 Brides\", was published on June 4, 2014\\.Doug Zawisza, [“Painkiller Jane: The 22 Brides \\#1,”](http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=user_review&id=7389) [Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources \"Comic Book Resources\"), June 4, 2014\\.",
"The band recorded a cover of the [Graham Parker](/wiki/Graham_Parker \"Graham Parker\") song \"You Can't Be Too Strong\" for the 2013 tribute album *Piss \\& Vinegar: The Songs of Graham Parker*.Jordan Becker, [“They Say It’s Your Birthday: Graham Parker,”](http://www.covermesongs.com/2014/11/they-say-its-your-birthday-graham-parker.html) Cover Me, November 18, 2014\\.",
"### Solo",
"In 2006, after hearing Johnson's upcoming album, \"Annabella\", writer\\-director [Bart Freundlich](/wiki/Bart_Freundlich \"Bart Freundlich\") decided to use four of her songs in his film *[Trust the Man](/wiki/Trust_the_Man \"Trust the Man\")*, starring [David Duchovny](/wiki/David_Duchovny \"David Duchovny\"), [Billy Crudup](/wiki/Billy_Crudup \"Billy Crudup\"), [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore \"Julianne Moore\") and [Maggie Gyllenhaal](/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal \"Maggie Gyllenhaal\"). He said that he re\\-edited scenes around her songs. Johnson also wrote a new song, \"Indelible Mark\", which plays over the film's end credits, and features [Shawn Pelton](/wiki/Shawn_Pelton \"Shawn Pelton\") on drums. The soundtrack and Johnson's solo debut, *Annabella*, were both released on September 5, 2006, on Wrong Records.[“When Libby Met Maggie,”](http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57540/when-libby-met-maggie) *Billboard*, August 14, 2006\\.Mike Joyce, [“Libby Johnson ‘Annabella’ Wrong,”](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/11/AR2007011100714.html) *[Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post \"Washington Post\")*, January 12, 2007\\.Bill Friskics Warren, [“Libby Johnson – Annabella,”](http://nodepression.com/album-review/libby-johnson-annabella) No Depression, October 31, 2006\\.*[E! Entertainment News](/wiki/E%21_News \"E! News\")*, October 25, 2006\\. *Annabella* features [Steve Jordan](/wiki/Steve_Jordan_%28musician%29 \"Steve Jordan (musician)\") on drums, and guitarists Mark Bosch, [Steve Conte](/wiki/Steve_Conte \"Steve Conte\") and John Putnam.Scott D. Lewis, [“Libby Johnson: Annabella,”](http://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/d1168286852t13307500r5122.html) In Music We Trust, 2006\\.",
"Johnson's solo follow\\-up, *Perfect View*, was released in 2010 on Wrong Records. It was produced by Daniel Wise, with Mark Boquist on drums, Mick Hargreaves on bass, and guitarists Mark Bosch and Jimi Zhivago, as well as appearances by [Lucy Wainwright Roche](/wiki/Lucy_Wainwright_Roche \"Lucy Wainwright Roche\") and [Garland Jeffreys](/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys \"Garland Jeffreys\").Mark S. Tucker, [“FAME Review: Libby Johnson – Perfect View,”](http://www.acousticmusic.com/fame/p06168.htm) acousticmusic.com, 2010\\.",
""
] |
### 22 Brides
In 1992, the sisters formed the indie folk duo 22 Brides, and in 1993 they put out the self\-released eight\-song CD *Selling Fruit in Cairo*. The band name 22 Brides comes from an Indian folk tale they heard when they were younger. After being spotted during one of their monthly gigs at [CBGB](/wiki/CBGB "CBGB")'s Gallery in New York, the duo signed with indie label Zero Hour Records in 1994\. On June 22, 1994, they released their self\-titled debut, consisting of remixed songs from their self\-released effort plus four new songs. The album was produced by Daniel Wise, with additional production from Godfrey Diamond, and features [Jonathan Mover](/wiki/Jonathan_Mover "Jonathan Mover") on drums and Mark Bosch on guitar.
On the year\-long tour for 22 Brides, and in advance of their second album, *[Beaker](/wiki/Beaker_%28album%29 "Beaker (album)")*, 22 Brides expanded into a four\-member band with John Skehan (guitar, bass) and Ned Stroh (drums) joining Libby Johnson (bass, keyboards, vocals) and Carrie Johnson (guitar, vocals).Jim Bessman, [“22 Brides Say ‘I Do’ To New Band Members,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=xAsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+zero+hour+records&pg=PA10) *Billboard*, August 12, 1995, pp. 10, 16\. Produced by [Adam Lasus](/wiki/Adam_Lasus "Adam Lasus"), the album had a more highly produced feel than the folk influences of the band's debut.Jim Bessman, [“Radio, Retailers Eager As Zero Hour’s 22 Brides Return To Their Folk Roots,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+zero+hour+records&pg=PA9) *Billboard*, April 18, 1998, pp. 9, 13\. Following a Zero Hour distribution deal with [Universal Records](/wiki/Universal_Records "Universal Records"), Beaker was released on Zero Hour / Universal.Melinda Newman, [“Zero Hour Makes New Distribution Deal’ White Zombie’s ‘Astro Creep’ Remixes,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=wgcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+brides+universal+records+doug+morris&pg=PA14) *Billboard*, August 10, 1996, p. 14\.
On September 9, 1997, Zero Hour released the 22 Brides EP *Blazes of Light*, which was a sampler of sorts, with songs from their first two albums, "Purified" from their upcoming third album, and a cover of [Leonard Cohen](/wiki/Leonard_Cohen "Leonard Cohen")'s "[Hallelujah](/wiki/Hallelujah_%28Leonard_Cohen_song%29 "Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)")".[“Ready To Deliver,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=AwoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+articles&pg=PA25) *Billboard*, September 27, 1997\.
The band's third LP, *Demolition Day*, was released in 1998, with a return to the more intimate sound of 22 Brides. In an effort to get back to their folk\-pop harmonizing roots, the band worked again with Daniel Wise and recorded their vocal tracks live and switched to a trio formation, with Libby Johnson on bass and vocals, Carrie Johnson on guitar and vocals, and Bill Dobrow on drums. The first single from the album "Another Distant Light" debuted on WNNX (99X) out of Atlanta. {{cite book\|title\=Billboard\|date\=April 18, 1998\|author\=Jim Bessman\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=wnnx\+22\+Brides\&pg\=PA9}}
In October 1995, 22 Brides toured with [Dick Dale](/wiki/Dick_Dale "Dick Dale"). 22 Brides played at the 1998 [Lilith Fair](/wiki/Lilith_Fair "Lilith Fair"),Mikael Wood, [“Libby Johnson: Annabella,”](http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/29455-libby-johnson-annabella/) *[Boston Phoenix](/wiki/Boston_Phoenix "Boston Phoenix")*, December 11, 2006\. and also opened for [Ani DiFranco](/wiki/Ani_DiFranco "Ani DiFranco") and [Freedy Johnston](/wiki/Freedy_Johnston "Freedy Johnston").
In 1996, [Joe Quesada](/wiki/Joe_Quesada "Joe Quesada") and [Jimmy Palmiotti](/wiki/Jimmy_Palmiotti "Jimmy Palmiotti") introduced characters based on Libby and Carrie Johnson in their comic book series *[Ash](/wiki/Ash_%28comics%29 "Ash (comics)")*. They then created a four\-book miniseries, *22 Brides*, published by [Event Comics](/wiki/Event_Comics "Event Comics"), revolving around the characters based on the sisters.Terri Horak, [“Zero Hour’s 22 Brides Find Comic Alter Ego,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=xQcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+brides+comic+book&pg=PA10) *Billboard*, July 20, 1996, pp. 10, 30\. Palmiotti later created a spinoff series, *[Painkiller Jane](/wiki/Painkiller_Jane "Painkiller Jane")*. The first issue, "The 22 Brides", was published on June 4, 2014\.Doug Zawisza, [“Painkiller Jane: The 22 Brides \#1,”](http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=user_review&id=7389) [Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources "Comic Book Resources"), June 4, 2014\.
The band recorded a cover of the [Graham Parker](/wiki/Graham_Parker "Graham Parker") song "You Can't Be Too Strong" for the 2013 tribute album *Piss \& Vinegar: The Songs of Graham Parker*.Jordan Becker, [“They Say It’s Your Birthday: Graham Parker,”](http://www.covermesongs.com/2014/11/they-say-its-your-birthday-graham-parker.html) Cover Me, November 18, 2014\.
|
[
"### 22 Brides",
"In 1992, the sisters formed the indie folk duo 22 Brides, and in 1993 they put out the self\\-released eight\\-song CD *Selling Fruit in Cairo*. The band name 22 Brides comes from an Indian folk tale they heard when they were younger. After being spotted during one of their monthly gigs at [CBGB](/wiki/CBGB \"CBGB\")'s Gallery in New York, the duo signed with indie label Zero Hour Records in 1994\\. On June 22, 1994, they released their self\\-titled debut, consisting of remixed songs from their self\\-released effort plus four new songs. The album was produced by Daniel Wise, with additional production from Godfrey Diamond, and features [Jonathan Mover](/wiki/Jonathan_Mover \"Jonathan Mover\") on drums and Mark Bosch on guitar.",
"On the year\\-long tour for 22 Brides, and in advance of their second album, *[Beaker](/wiki/Beaker_%28album%29 \"Beaker (album)\")*, 22 Brides expanded into a four\\-member band with John Skehan (guitar, bass) and Ned Stroh (drums) joining Libby Johnson (bass, keyboards, vocals) and Carrie Johnson (guitar, vocals).Jim Bessman, [“22 Brides Say ‘I Do’ To New Band Members,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=xAsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+zero+hour+records&pg=PA10) *Billboard*, August 12, 1995, pp. 10, 16\\. Produced by [Adam Lasus](/wiki/Adam_Lasus \"Adam Lasus\"), the album had a more highly produced feel than the folk influences of the band's debut.Jim Bessman, [“Radio, Retailers Eager As Zero Hour’s 22 Brides Return To Their Folk Roots,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+zero+hour+records&pg=PA9) *Billboard*, April 18, 1998, pp. 9, 13\\. Following a Zero Hour distribution deal with [Universal Records](/wiki/Universal_Records \"Universal Records\"), Beaker was released on Zero Hour / Universal.Melinda Newman, [“Zero Hour Makes New Distribution Deal’ White Zombie’s ‘Astro Creep’ Remixes,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=wgcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+brides+universal+records+doug+morris&pg=PA14) *Billboard*, August 10, 1996, p. 14\\.",
"On September 9, 1997, Zero Hour released the 22 Brides EP *Blazes of Light*, which was a sampler of sorts, with songs from their first two albums, \"Purified\" from their upcoming third album, and a cover of [Leonard Cohen](/wiki/Leonard_Cohen \"Leonard Cohen\")'s \"[Hallelujah](/wiki/Hallelujah_%28Leonard_Cohen_song%29 \"Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)\")\".[“Ready To Deliver,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=AwoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+Brides+billboard+articles&pg=PA25) *Billboard*, September 27, 1997\\.",
"The band's third LP, *Demolition Day*, was released in 1998, with a return to the more intimate sound of 22 Brides. In an effort to get back to their folk\\-pop harmonizing roots, the band worked again with Daniel Wise and recorded their vocal tracks live and switched to a trio formation, with Libby Johnson on bass and vocals, Carrie Johnson on guitar and vocals, and Bill Dobrow on drums. The first single from the album \"Another Distant Light\" debuted on WNNX (99X) out of Atlanta. {{cite book\\|title\\=Billboard\\|date\\=April 18, 1998\\|author\\=Jim Bessman\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=wnnx\\+22\\+Brides\\&pg\\=PA9}}",
"In October 1995, 22 Brides toured with [Dick Dale](/wiki/Dick_Dale \"Dick Dale\"). 22 Brides played at the 1998 [Lilith Fair](/wiki/Lilith_Fair \"Lilith Fair\"),Mikael Wood, [“Libby Johnson: Annabella,”](http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/29455-libby-johnson-annabella/) *[Boston Phoenix](/wiki/Boston_Phoenix \"Boston Phoenix\")*, December 11, 2006\\. and also opened for [Ani DiFranco](/wiki/Ani_DiFranco \"Ani DiFranco\") and [Freedy Johnston](/wiki/Freedy_Johnston \"Freedy Johnston\").",
"In 1996, [Joe Quesada](/wiki/Joe_Quesada \"Joe Quesada\") and [Jimmy Palmiotti](/wiki/Jimmy_Palmiotti \"Jimmy Palmiotti\") introduced characters based on Libby and Carrie Johnson in their comic book series *[Ash](/wiki/Ash_%28comics%29 \"Ash (comics)\")*. They then created a four\\-book miniseries, *22 Brides*, published by [Event Comics](/wiki/Event_Comics \"Event Comics\"), revolving around the characters based on the sisters.Terri Horak, [“Zero Hour’s 22 Brides Find Comic Alter Ego,”](https://books.google.com/books?id=xQcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=22+brides+comic+book&pg=PA10) *Billboard*, July 20, 1996, pp. 10, 30\\. Palmiotti later created a spinoff series, *[Painkiller Jane](/wiki/Painkiller_Jane \"Painkiller Jane\")*. The first issue, \"The 22 Brides\", was published on June 4, 2014\\.Doug Zawisza, [“Painkiller Jane: The 22 Brides \\#1,”](http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=user_review&id=7389) [Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources \"Comic Book Resources\"), June 4, 2014\\.",
"The band recorded a cover of the [Graham Parker](/wiki/Graham_Parker \"Graham Parker\") song \"You Can't Be Too Strong\" for the 2013 tribute album *Piss \\& Vinegar: The Songs of Graham Parker*.Jordan Becker, [“They Say It’s Your Birthday: Graham Parker,”](http://www.covermesongs.com/2014/11/they-say-its-your-birthday-graham-parker.html) Cover Me, November 18, 2014\\.",
""
] |
Khmer Civil War
---------------
### Battle at Tuol Basan
After Srei Chetha ascended the throne in Tuol Basan for three months, Chan Reachea raised 30,000 troops and besieged King Korn from Tuol Basan in 1516 King Korn and his army fled to the east to set up a new fort between [Kampong Cham](/wiki/Kampong_Cham_province "Kampong Cham province") and [Prey Veng](/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province "Prey Veng Province") province in Tbong Khmum district and established a new capital called "Sralop Dountei Pichey Prey Nokor". The first two are equal to (80m) and have a height of 15 cubits, equal to the height (7\.5m) and have a total length (2\.5 km), which is a strong fortress that is not easy to break. One year after King Korn returned to Chan Reachea and set fire to the capital Tuol Basan in 1517 AD, Chan Reachea and his army withdrew to Banteay Mernchey in the same year. The two opened peace talks, not war, to allow time to gather food and increase the army, which suspended the war for three years until 1520 AD, when the King Korn army launched an attack on Chan Reachea in [Kampong Chhnang](/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_Province "Kampong Chhnang Province") province.Bhun Khol (1994\)
[Pravatti vidyā saṃrâp pathamsiksā](https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dQAQAAMAAJ&q=%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%93), Publisher: Griḥsthān Poḥbumb Phsāy Qâpraṃ, Original from University of California, Berkeley p.138
### Battle at Kampong Chhnang
After the end of the three\-year war (1517\-1520\), King Korn mobilized 120,000 troops and divided them into two divisions, the first division of which was 20,000 led by the chief. "Chao Ponhea Lumpaing" troops to set up strongholds in Samrong Tong district (now [Kampong Speu](/wiki/Kampong_Speu_Province "Kampong Speu Province") province) and the second division of 30,000 led by the mighty commander of King Korn "Ponhea Kao" to cast Fortress in Chey Sour village (now Wat Vihear Sour, [Kandal](/wiki/Kandal_Province "Kandal Province") province). After gathering a huge army of 20,000 King Korn troops led by General "Chao Ponhea Lumpaing" left Samrong Tong to launch a pre\-attack on Chan Reachea in [Kampong Chhnang](/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_Province "Kampong Chhnang Province") Province. Chan Reacha, named "Oknha Chakrei Keo" and "Oknha Vongsa Akka Reach", led 20,000 troops to fight fiercely with the sound of arrows, swords, spears and artillery roaring throughout the battle of Kampong Chhnang. The help of Chan Reachea, who was hiding in the forest, another 10,000 plus 140 elephant warriors behind the army "Chao Ponhea Lumpeang" of King Korn rushed out to attack the army. King Korn was defeated and fled to build a fort at Chaktomuk (now [Phnom Penh](/wiki/Phnom_Penh "Phnom Penh")).
### Battle at Chaktomuk
One year after the war in Kampong Chhnang, Chan Reachea ordered two commanders, "Oknha Chakrei Keo" and "Oknha Vongsa Akka Reach", to lead 30,000 troops to attack [Chaktomuk](/wiki/Chaktomuk "Chaktomuk") Fortress. 10,000 army of King Korn stood guard to protect the area, led by General "Chao Ponhea Lumpaing". Chan Reachea's army, more than twice the number of King Korn's army, defeated the Chaktomuk Battlefield in 1521 AD, and Chan Reachea's army marched on Bati district (now [Takeo](/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province "Takéo Province") province). Further, Chan Reachea later announced that all district governors in the [Kampuchea Krom](/wiki/Kampuchea_Krom "Kampuchea Krom") area must keep their troops neutral, otherwise he would fight to the death in this war.Eng Suth (1991\) [Mohaboros Khmer Documents Volume 2](http://www.elibraryofcambodia.org/moha-buros-khmer-1-dorl-7/), Publisher: Member of the Committee on History and Culture p.78
### Battle on the Four Rivers
After King Korn know that his nephew "Chao Ponhea Lumpaing" had died in [Chaktomuk](/wiki/Chaktomuk "Chaktomuk") Fortress by the army of Chan Reachea, he became very angry and sent a wrath to his general "Ponhea Kao" who threw Troops in Chey Sour village, [Kandal](/wiki/Kandal_Province "Kandal Province") province, to mobilize for immediate revenge. In 1522 AD, 30,000 Ponhea Kao troops crossed the river to the west. The first 15,000 divisions were infantry led by "Ponhea Sral" and "Javea Viang" and stationed at Boeung Pong Peay north of Phnom Penh, while Ponhea Kao himself led the 2nd Battalion 15,000 with 60 warships stormed the port of Chan Reachea at Chroy Ponlea (now Chroy Changvar) Ponhea Kao's navy was so strong that it chased Chan Reach's navy, led by "Vibol Reach" and "Protous Reach", to Prek Pnov, then Chan Reachea general "Ponhea Mern Pich" who set up a fort in Prek Taten came out to help the "Vibol Reach" and "Prothous Reach" troops. Seeing this, Ponhea Kao also used the trick of losing and retreating so that "Ponhea Mern Pich" could chase after his army. "Ponhea Sral" and "Javea Viang" embedded in Boeung Pong Peay, north of Phnom Penh fight from behind at the lastly Ponhea Mern Pich was kill in Chatomuk river (now the Ponhea Mern Pich Monastery, also known as Ta Pich, is next to the Royal Monument in front of the Cambodia Royal Palace today) and the Chaktomuk rivers were called "the Bloody river" by people at the locals.Eng Suth (1969\) [Mohaboros Khmer Documents Volume 1\-2](http://media-ifc.com/index.php?lvl=indexint_see&id=153) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163322/http://media\-ifc.com/index.php?lvl\=indexint\_see\&id\=153 \|date\=2022\-09\-20 }}, Publisher: Institut Français du Cambodge Bibliothèque Numérique Culturethèque.
### Battle at Kampong Cham (AD 1523\)
After "Ponhea Kao" won the river in front of the four troops, many days without food and tired, decided to set up camp in Kampong Siem district, [Kampong Cham](/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province "Kampong Cham Province") province, with only 10,000 troops left. On the other hand, Chan Reachea, who received the news of the death of "Ponhea Mern Pich", was shocked and very sad. He then appointed "Oknha Khleang Moeung" as the Chief of Army Staff, replacing Oknha Khleang Moeung, who was well known for his war tactics and military leadership. In 1523 AD, Chan Reach divided his army into two divisions, the first division led by himself, set out on a battleship named "Saray Andet" and 300 other warships to gather troops in the province Santuk (now [Kampong Thom](/wiki/Kampong_Thom_Province "Kampong Thom Province") province) with 55,000 and the second group of 50,000 led by "Duke Khleang Moeung" went out to attack the army "Ponhea Kao" In Kampong Siem district, [Kampong Cham](/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province "Kampong Cham Province") province, at the same time.
The news of Chan Reachea's declaration of war reached King Korn. He mobilized the remaining 80,000 troops into five divisions, the first division led by "Ponhea Prom Vieng" with 15,000 as the front line army, the second division led by "Ponhea Penh" has 10,000, the third division led by "Ponhea Nuon" has 10,000 The 4th Brigade led by "Ponhea Tun" has 10,000 as the rearline army and the 5th Brigade led by "Ponhea Phat Sral" and "Ponhea Vibol Reach" has 20,000 with 300 warships as navy to defend the fort in Kampong Siem district, the site of the battle of Kampong Cham. King Korn directly commanded 20,000 royal troops and assigned 20,000 generals "Ponhea Kao" and "Javea Viang" to lead the army, plus the royal army. 40,000 guarding the "Sralop Pichey" fort in Tbong Khmum district (now [Tbong Khmum](/wiki/Tbong_Khmum "Tbong Khmum") province), the total number of troops defending King Korn's Kampong Siem district was 65,000\. Finally, more than 100,000 of Chan Reach's troops attacked the Kampong Siem district fort of Kampong Cham in 1523\.
### Final War
After Chan Reachea and Srei Chetha waged a great war on the battlefield of Kampong Siem district, both armies damaged a lot of military equipment, so in 1523 AD, the two kings sent envoys on both sides Purchased cannons from the "[Portuguese](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal")" in [Malacca](/wiki/Malacca "Malacca") at the [Malay Peninsula](/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula"), recorded by historians in the 16th century.Mamitua Saber, Dionisio G. Orellana (1977\) [Comparative Notes on Museum Exhibits in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Macao, and the Philippines: A Report to the Ford Foundation on Travelling Symposium for Southeast Asia Museum Development, April\-May, 1971](https://books.google.com/books?id=1U4cAQAAMAAJ&q=Portuguese+cannons+to+Cambodia+16th+century), Publisher: Aga Khan Museum, Mindanao State University, Original from the University of Michigan p.354Contributor: James Richardson Logan (1851\) [The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Volume 5](https://books.google.com/books?id=PkhFAQAAMAAJ&q=Portuguese+cannons+to+Cambodia+16th+century), Publisher: Kraus Reprint, Original from Cornell University. On the other hand, Chan Reachea ordered 100 artillery pieces and 1,000 pistols to be kept in the fort, while Srei Chetha ordered 150 artillery pieces and guns 2,000 rifles, a boat carrying 150 artillery pieces and 2,000 rifles were intercepted in Peam district (Dai Viet call: Mangcom) means "Peam Khmer" in [Kampuchea Krom](/wiki/Kampuchea_Krom "Kampuchea Krom") and the provincial court sent it to Chan Reachea, so Srei Chetha did not have a weapon to supply the army.Eng Suth (2001\)
[Documents of the great Khmer man, the royal genealogy of the Khmer people according to the real manuscript](https://library.khmerstudies.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10854%20thumbnail-shelfbrowser), Publisher: Phnom Penh Publishing House of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports p.250
#### Battle at Tonle Bet (AD 1524\)
In 1524 AD, Chan Reachea raised 135,000 troops divided into four divisions, the first division led by "Ponhea Pheakdey" raised 50,000 troops to intercept The army of "Ponhea Komheng", the father\-in\-law of King Korn, who was stationed in Siem Poi district (now Siem Pang district, [Stung Treng](/wiki/Stung_Treng "Stung Treng") province) with 40,000 could not be brought to help King Korn. The 2nd Battalion led by "Ponhea Tep" raised 40,000 troops to attack the Battle of Tonle Bet in front of the road to "Sralop Pichey" 3rd Battalion led by Chan Reachea 40,000 as auxiliary troops stationed in Kampong Siem district, the 4th Division led by "Oknha Maha Montrei" 5,000 went to hide in [Prey Veng](/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province "Prey Veng Province") province. 40,000 "Ponhea Tep" troops encountered and 20,000 king Korn troops stationed on the closed river. The two armies fought in the morning until the afternoon. Then the news of the battle in Tonle Bet battlefield reached "Ponhea Kao" who was guarding in "Sralop Pichey" to Help King Korn urgently, leaving "Javea Viang Chum" with 10,000 troops to defend Sralop Pichey fortress. The army of "Ponhea Kao" went to help liberate King Korn in time, the army of "Ponhea Tep" blocked the back road next to King Korn and Ponhea Kao attacked and advanced to [Prey Veng](/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province "Prey Veng Province") province, encountering 5,000 troops of "Oknha Maha Montrei Ben" ambushed in front of Ponhea Kao, seeing this, he told King Korn to go to Sralop Picheay before he was waiting to defend himself with "Duke Ben" and Ponhea Kao threw his spear at "Duke Ben" died at that time and returned to Sralop Pichey fortress, while the army of King Korn's father\-in\-law" Ponhea Kamheng "was beaten to death by" Ponhea Pheakdey".
#### Victory of Chan Reachea (AD 1525\)
In the year 1525 AD, Chan Reach raised 140,000 troops to attack the "Sralop Pichey" fortress of Srei Chetha, which had the last guard in the fort of only 40,000 In the battle of Tbong Khmum district, Chan Reachea's army besieged Sralop Pichey for 15 days, as this fort was too high and difficult to attack. A few days later, Srei Chetha died after being beheaded by his brother\-in\-law, "Doun Keo Officer", Together with Ponhea Kao and all the factions of the 25 top officials to present to Chan Reachea with joy and victory, as promised, he promoted "Doun Keo Officer" as Ponhea Doun Keo as the Governor of Tbong Khmum District. The heads of King Korn and the 25 factions were plugged in front of the fortress of Sralop Picheay.Eng Suth (1991\) [Mohaboros Khmer Documents Volume 1\-7](http://www.elibraryofcambodia.org/moha-buros-khmer-1-dorl-7/), Publisher: Member of the Committee on History and Culture p.78
|
[
"Khmer Civil War\n---------------",
"### Battle at Tuol Basan",
"After Srei Chetha ascended the throne in Tuol Basan for three months, Chan Reachea raised 30,000 troops and besieged King Korn from Tuol Basan in 1516 King Korn and his army fled to the east to set up a new fort between [Kampong Cham](/wiki/Kampong_Cham_province \"Kampong Cham province\") and [Prey Veng](/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province \"Prey Veng Province\") province in Tbong Khmum district and established a new capital called \"Sralop Dountei Pichey Prey Nokor\". The first two are equal to (80m) and have a height of 15 cubits, equal to the height (7\\.5m) and have a total length (2\\.5 km), which is a strong fortress that is not easy to break. One year after King Korn returned to Chan Reachea and set fire to the capital Tuol Basan in 1517 AD, Chan Reachea and his army withdrew to Banteay Mernchey in the same year. The two opened peace talks, not war, to allow time to gather food and increase the army, which suspended the war for three years until 1520 AD, when the King Korn army launched an attack on Chan Reachea in [Kampong Chhnang](/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_Province \"Kampong Chhnang Province\") province.Bhun Khol (1994\\) \n [Pravatti vidyā saṃrâp pathamsiksā](https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dQAQAAMAAJ&q=%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%93), Publisher: Griḥsthān Poḥbumb Phsāy Qâpraṃ, Original from University of California, Berkeley p.138",
"### Battle at Kampong Chhnang",
"After the end of the three\\-year war (1517\\-1520\\), King Korn mobilized 120,000 troops and divided them into two divisions, the first division of which was 20,000 led by the chief. \"Chao Ponhea Lumpaing\" troops to set up strongholds in Samrong Tong district (now [Kampong Speu](/wiki/Kampong_Speu_Province \"Kampong Speu Province\") province) and the second division of 30,000 led by the mighty commander of King Korn \"Ponhea Kao\" to cast Fortress in Chey Sour village (now Wat Vihear Sour, [Kandal](/wiki/Kandal_Province \"Kandal Province\") province). After gathering a huge army of 20,000 King Korn troops led by General \"Chao Ponhea Lumpaing\" left Samrong Tong to launch a pre\\-attack on Chan Reachea in [Kampong Chhnang](/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_Province \"Kampong Chhnang Province\") Province. Chan Reacha, named \"Oknha Chakrei Keo\" and \"Oknha Vongsa Akka Reach\", led 20,000 troops to fight fiercely with the sound of arrows, swords, spears and artillery roaring throughout the battle of Kampong Chhnang. The help of Chan Reachea, who was hiding in the forest, another 10,000 plus 140 elephant warriors behind the army \"Chao Ponhea Lumpeang\" of King Korn rushed out to attack the army. King Korn was defeated and fled to build a fort at Chaktomuk (now [Phnom Penh](/wiki/Phnom_Penh \"Phnom Penh\")).",
"### Battle at Chaktomuk",
"One year after the war in Kampong Chhnang, Chan Reachea ordered two commanders, \"Oknha Chakrei Keo\" and \"Oknha Vongsa Akka Reach\", to lead 30,000 troops to attack [Chaktomuk](/wiki/Chaktomuk \"Chaktomuk\") Fortress. 10,000 army of King Korn stood guard to protect the area, led by General \"Chao Ponhea Lumpaing\". Chan Reachea's army, more than twice the number of King Korn's army, defeated the Chaktomuk Battlefield in 1521 AD, and Chan Reachea's army marched on Bati district (now [Takeo](/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province \"Takéo Province\") province). Further, Chan Reachea later announced that all district governors in the [Kampuchea Krom](/wiki/Kampuchea_Krom \"Kampuchea Krom\") area must keep their troops neutral, otherwise he would fight to the death in this war.Eng Suth (1991\\) [Mohaboros Khmer Documents Volume 2](http://www.elibraryofcambodia.org/moha-buros-khmer-1-dorl-7/), Publisher: Member of the Committee on History and Culture p.78",
"### Battle on the Four Rivers",
"After King Korn know that his nephew \"Chao Ponhea Lumpaing\" had died in [Chaktomuk](/wiki/Chaktomuk \"Chaktomuk\") Fortress by the army of Chan Reachea, he became very angry and sent a wrath to his general \"Ponhea Kao\" who threw Troops in Chey Sour village, [Kandal](/wiki/Kandal_Province \"Kandal Province\") province, to mobilize for immediate revenge. In 1522 AD, 30,000 Ponhea Kao troops crossed the river to the west. The first 15,000 divisions were infantry led by \"Ponhea Sral\" and \"Javea Viang\" and stationed at Boeung Pong Peay north of Phnom Penh, while Ponhea Kao himself led the 2nd Battalion 15,000 with 60 warships stormed the port of Chan Reachea at Chroy Ponlea (now Chroy Changvar) Ponhea Kao's navy was so strong that it chased Chan Reach's navy, led by \"Vibol Reach\" and \"Protous Reach\", to Prek Pnov, then Chan Reachea general \"Ponhea Mern Pich\" who set up a fort in Prek Taten came out to help the \"Vibol Reach\" and \"Prothous Reach\" troops. Seeing this, Ponhea Kao also used the trick of losing and retreating so that \"Ponhea Mern Pich\" could chase after his army. \"Ponhea Sral\" and \"Javea Viang\" embedded in Boeung Pong Peay, north of Phnom Penh fight from behind at the lastly Ponhea Mern Pich was kill in Chatomuk river (now the Ponhea Mern Pich Monastery, also known as Ta Pich, is next to the Royal Monument in front of the Cambodia Royal Palace today) and the Chaktomuk rivers were called \"the Bloody river\" by people at the locals.Eng Suth (1969\\) [Mohaboros Khmer Documents Volume 1\\-2](http://media-ifc.com/index.php?lvl=indexint_see&id=153) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163322/http://media\\-ifc.com/index.php?lvl\\=indexint\\_see\\&id\\=153 \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-20 }}, Publisher: Institut Français du Cambodge Bibliothèque Numérique Culturethèque.",
"### Battle at Kampong Cham (AD 1523\\)",
"After \"Ponhea Kao\" won the river in front of the four troops, many days without food and tired, decided to set up camp in Kampong Siem district, [Kampong Cham](/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province \"Kampong Cham Province\") province, with only 10,000 troops left. On the other hand, Chan Reachea, who received the news of the death of \"Ponhea Mern Pich\", was shocked and very sad. He then appointed \"Oknha Khleang Moeung\" as the Chief of Army Staff, replacing Oknha Khleang Moeung, who was well known for his war tactics and military leadership. In 1523 AD, Chan Reach divided his army into two divisions, the first division led by himself, set out on a battleship named \"Saray Andet\" and 300 other warships to gather troops in the province Santuk (now [Kampong Thom](/wiki/Kampong_Thom_Province \"Kampong Thom Province\") province) with 55,000 and the second group of 50,000 led by \"Duke Khleang Moeung\" went out to attack the army \"Ponhea Kao\" In Kampong Siem district, [Kampong Cham](/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province \"Kampong Cham Province\") province, at the same time.",
"The news of Chan Reachea's declaration of war reached King Korn. He mobilized the remaining 80,000 troops into five divisions, the first division led by \"Ponhea Prom Vieng\" with 15,000 as the front line army, the second division led by \"Ponhea Penh\" has 10,000, the third division led by \"Ponhea Nuon\" has 10,000 The 4th Brigade led by \"Ponhea Tun\" has 10,000 as the rearline army and the 5th Brigade led by \"Ponhea Phat Sral\" and \"Ponhea Vibol Reach\" has 20,000 with 300 warships as navy to defend the fort in Kampong Siem district, the site of the battle of Kampong Cham. King Korn directly commanded 20,000 royal troops and assigned 20,000 generals \"Ponhea Kao\" and \"Javea Viang\" to lead the army, plus the royal army. 40,000 guarding the \"Sralop Pichey\" fort in Tbong Khmum district (now [Tbong Khmum](/wiki/Tbong_Khmum \"Tbong Khmum\") province), the total number of troops defending King Korn's Kampong Siem district was 65,000\\. Finally, more than 100,000 of Chan Reach's troops attacked the Kampong Siem district fort of Kampong Cham in 1523\\.",
"### Final War",
"After Chan Reachea and Srei Chetha waged a great war on the battlefield of Kampong Siem district, both armies damaged a lot of military equipment, so in 1523 AD, the two kings sent envoys on both sides Purchased cannons from the \"[Portuguese](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\")\" in [Malacca](/wiki/Malacca \"Malacca\") at the [Malay Peninsula](/wiki/Malay_Peninsula \"Malay Peninsula\"), recorded by historians in the 16th century.Mamitua Saber, Dionisio G. Orellana (1977\\) [Comparative Notes on Museum Exhibits in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Macao, and the Philippines: A Report to the Ford Foundation on Travelling Symposium for Southeast Asia Museum Development, April\\-May, 1971](https://books.google.com/books?id=1U4cAQAAMAAJ&q=Portuguese+cannons+to+Cambodia+16th+century), Publisher: Aga Khan Museum, Mindanao State University, Original from the University of Michigan p.354Contributor: James Richardson Logan (1851\\) [The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Volume 5](https://books.google.com/books?id=PkhFAQAAMAAJ&q=Portuguese+cannons+to+Cambodia+16th+century), Publisher: Kraus Reprint, Original from Cornell University. On the other hand, Chan Reachea ordered 100 artillery pieces and 1,000 pistols to be kept in the fort, while Srei Chetha ordered 150 artillery pieces and guns 2,000 rifles, a boat carrying 150 artillery pieces and 2,000 rifles were intercepted in Peam district (Dai Viet call: Mangcom) means \"Peam Khmer\" in [Kampuchea Krom](/wiki/Kampuchea_Krom \"Kampuchea Krom\") and the provincial court sent it to Chan Reachea, so Srei Chetha did not have a weapon to supply the army.Eng Suth (2001\\) \n[Documents of the great Khmer man, the royal genealogy of the Khmer people according to the real manuscript](https://library.khmerstudies.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10854%20thumbnail-shelfbrowser), Publisher: Phnom Penh Publishing House of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports p.250",
"#### Battle at Tonle Bet (AD 1524\\)",
"In 1524 AD, Chan Reachea raised 135,000 troops divided into four divisions, the first division led by \"Ponhea Pheakdey\" raised 50,000 troops to intercept The army of \"Ponhea Komheng\", the father\\-in\\-law of King Korn, who was stationed in Siem Poi district (now Siem Pang district, [Stung Treng](/wiki/Stung_Treng \"Stung Treng\") province) with 40,000 could not be brought to help King Korn. The 2nd Battalion led by \"Ponhea Tep\" raised 40,000 troops to attack the Battle of Tonle Bet in front of the road to \"Sralop Pichey\" 3rd Battalion led by Chan Reachea 40,000 as auxiliary troops stationed in Kampong Siem district, the 4th Division led by \"Oknha Maha Montrei\" 5,000 went to hide in [Prey Veng](/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province \"Prey Veng Province\") province. 40,000 \"Ponhea Tep\" troops encountered and 20,000 king Korn troops stationed on the closed river. The two armies fought in the morning until the afternoon. Then the news of the battle in Tonle Bet battlefield reached \"Ponhea Kao\" who was guarding in \"Sralop Pichey\" to Help King Korn urgently, leaving \"Javea Viang Chum\" with 10,000 troops to defend Sralop Pichey fortress. The army of \"Ponhea Kao\" went to help liberate King Korn in time, the army of \"Ponhea Tep\" blocked the back road next to King Korn and Ponhea Kao attacked and advanced to [Prey Veng](/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province \"Prey Veng Province\") province, encountering 5,000 troops of \"Oknha Maha Montrei Ben\" ambushed in front of Ponhea Kao, seeing this, he told King Korn to go to Sralop Picheay before he was waiting to defend himself with \"Duke Ben\" and Ponhea Kao threw his spear at \"Duke Ben\" died at that time and returned to Sralop Pichey fortress, while the army of King Korn's father\\-in\\-law\" Ponhea Kamheng \"was beaten to death by\" Ponhea Pheakdey\".",
"#### Victory of Chan Reachea (AD 1525\\)",
"In the year 1525 AD, Chan Reach raised 140,000 troops to attack the \"Sralop Pichey\" fortress of Srei Chetha, which had the last guard in the fort of only 40,000 In the battle of Tbong Khmum district, Chan Reachea's army besieged Sralop Pichey for 15 days, as this fort was too high and difficult to attack. A few days later, Srei Chetha died after being beheaded by his brother\\-in\\-law, \"Doun Keo Officer\", Together with Ponhea Kao and all the factions of the 25 top officials to present to Chan Reachea with joy and victory, as promised, he promoted \"Doun Keo Officer\" as Ponhea Doun Keo as the Governor of Tbong Khmum District. The heads of King Korn and the 25 factions were plugged in front of the fortress of Sralop Picheay.Eng Suth (1991\\) [Mohaboros Khmer Documents Volume 1\\-7](http://www.elibraryofcambodia.org/moha-buros-khmer-1-dorl-7/), Publisher: Member of the Committee on History and Culture p.78",
""
] |
Career
------
After his schooling in London, Norris returned to manage the family business, Norris and Company, on behalf of his ailing father. After his father died in 1735, the junior Isaac became a senior partner.
### Political career
Engaged in business until 1743, Norris had acquired a large fortune, in addition to what he inherited from his father. He retired from business to devote himself to politics and public life.
Like his father before him, Norris entered into politics at an early age. He served as a councilman and alderman, a member of the [Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania "Province of Pennsylvania") in 1734, and chairman of its most important committees. He was a [Quaker](/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends "Religious Society of Friends") of the strictest sect, and endeavored to keep the policy of Pennsylvania consistent with the principles of his religion. On the prospect of war with France and Spain in 1739, he opposed the organization of volunteer companies and preparation for the defense of the province. His followers, in opposition to the war party, were known as the "Norris party," and his subsequent election to the assembly was the occasion of violent political struggles between the [Quakers](/wiki/Quakers "Quakers") and other residents of the city.
He was one of the commissioners to a treaty with the Albany Indians in 1745 and 1755, and he and his colleagues effected the purchase of several million acres comprising the southwestern part of Pennsylvania.
In 1751, he was elected speaker of the [Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania "Province of Pennsylvania"), and held that office fifteen years. In the first year of his administration, the statehouse bell was ordered from England. Norris proposed that its inscription should be: "Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof," based on the Bible's book of Leviticus, chapter 25, verse 10\.
During his speakership, the colonial representatives and the proprietaries had a long conflict about the taxation and legislative control of the Penn family estates. A leader of the Quakers, Norris joined the opponents of privilege. In a debate in the Assembly he declared, "No man shall ever stand on my grave and say, 'Curse him, here lies he who betrayed the liberties of his country!'"{{citation needed\|date\=November 2012}}
In 1754, he was selected as a member of the Pennsylvania delegation, led by [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin "Benjamin Franklin"), that attended the [Albany Congress](/wiki/Albany_Congress "Albany Congress"), a gathering of numerous colonial representatives to plan an approach to their defenses before the pending [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War "French and Indian War"), the North American front of the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War "Seven Years' War") between Great Britain and France. Together with [Benjamin Chew](/wiki/Benjamin_Chew "Benjamin Chew") and [Richard Peters)](/wiki/Richard_Peters_%28priest%29 "Richard Peters (priest)"), also of Philadelphia, he was on the committee that reviewed plans and chose Franklin's [Albany Plan](/wiki/Albany_Plan "Albany Plan") to propose to the full conference.
In 1757, Norris was appointed with [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin "Benjamin Franklin") as a commissioner to England to work for the removal of grievances related to the proprietary instructions, but declined on account of failing health. Although he opposed the encroachments of the Penns, he would not support the proposition to convert Pennsylvania into a royal province. He resigned his speakership when, in 1764, a petition to that effect passed the Assembly. Norris was reelected again.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"After his schooling in London, Norris returned to manage the family business, Norris and Company, on behalf of his ailing father. After his father died in 1735, the junior Isaac became a senior partner.",
"### Political career",
"Engaged in business until 1743, Norris had acquired a large fortune, in addition to what he inherited from his father. He retired from business to devote himself to politics and public life.",
"Like his father before him, Norris entered into politics at an early age. He served as a councilman and alderman, a member of the [Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania \"Province of Pennsylvania\") in 1734, and chairman of its most important committees. He was a [Quaker](/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends \"Religious Society of Friends\") of the strictest sect, and endeavored to keep the policy of Pennsylvania consistent with the principles of his religion. On the prospect of war with France and Spain in 1739, he opposed the organization of volunteer companies and preparation for the defense of the province. His followers, in opposition to the war party, were known as the \"Norris party,\" and his subsequent election to the assembly was the occasion of violent political struggles between the [Quakers](/wiki/Quakers \"Quakers\") and other residents of the city.",
"He was one of the commissioners to a treaty with the Albany Indians in 1745 and 1755, and he and his colleagues effected the purchase of several million acres comprising the southwestern part of Pennsylvania.",
"In 1751, he was elected speaker of the [Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania \"Province of Pennsylvania\"), and held that office fifteen years. In the first year of his administration, the statehouse bell was ordered from England. Norris proposed that its inscription should be: \"Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof,\" based on the Bible's book of Leviticus, chapter 25, verse 10\\.",
"During his speakership, the colonial representatives and the proprietaries had a long conflict about the taxation and legislative control of the Penn family estates. A leader of the Quakers, Norris joined the opponents of privilege. In a debate in the Assembly he declared, \"No man shall ever stand on my grave and say, 'Curse him, here lies he who betrayed the liberties of his country!'\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2012}}",
"In 1754, he was selected as a member of the Pennsylvania delegation, led by [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin \"Benjamin Franklin\"), that attended the [Albany Congress](/wiki/Albany_Congress \"Albany Congress\"), a gathering of numerous colonial representatives to plan an approach to their defenses before the pending [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War \"French and Indian War\"), the North American front of the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War \"Seven Years' War\") between Great Britain and France. Together with [Benjamin Chew](/wiki/Benjamin_Chew \"Benjamin Chew\") and [Richard Peters)](/wiki/Richard_Peters_%28priest%29 \"Richard Peters (priest)\"), also of Philadelphia, he was on the committee that reviewed plans and chose Franklin's [Albany Plan](/wiki/Albany_Plan \"Albany Plan\") to propose to the full conference.",
"In 1757, Norris was appointed with [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin \"Benjamin Franklin\") as a commissioner to England to work for the removal of grievances related to the proprietary instructions, but declined on account of failing health. Although he opposed the encroachments of the Penns, he would not support the proposition to convert Pennsylvania into a royal province. He resigned his speakership when, in 1764, a petition to that effect passed the Assembly. Norris was reelected again.",
""
] |
### Political career
Engaged in business until 1743, Norris had acquired a large fortune, in addition to what he inherited from his father. He retired from business to devote himself to politics and public life.
Like his father before him, Norris entered into politics at an early age. He served as a councilman and alderman, a member of the [Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania "Province of Pennsylvania") in 1734, and chairman of its most important committees. He was a [Quaker](/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends "Religious Society of Friends") of the strictest sect, and endeavored to keep the policy of Pennsylvania consistent with the principles of his religion. On the prospect of war with France and Spain in 1739, he opposed the organization of volunteer companies and preparation for the defense of the province. His followers, in opposition to the war party, were known as the "Norris party," and his subsequent election to the assembly was the occasion of violent political struggles between the [Quakers](/wiki/Quakers "Quakers") and other residents of the city.
He was one of the commissioners to a treaty with the Albany Indians in 1745 and 1755, and he and his colleagues effected the purchase of several million acres comprising the southwestern part of Pennsylvania.
In 1751, he was elected speaker of the [Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania "Province of Pennsylvania"), and held that office fifteen years. In the first year of his administration, the statehouse bell was ordered from England. Norris proposed that its inscription should be: "Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof," based on the Bible's book of Leviticus, chapter 25, verse 10\.
During his speakership, the colonial representatives and the proprietaries had a long conflict about the taxation and legislative control of the Penn family estates. A leader of the Quakers, Norris joined the opponents of privilege. In a debate in the Assembly he declared, "No man shall ever stand on my grave and say, 'Curse him, here lies he who betrayed the liberties of his country!'"{{citation needed\|date\=November 2012}}
In 1754, he was selected as a member of the Pennsylvania delegation, led by [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin "Benjamin Franklin"), that attended the [Albany Congress](/wiki/Albany_Congress "Albany Congress"), a gathering of numerous colonial representatives to plan an approach to their defenses before the pending [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War "French and Indian War"), the North American front of the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War "Seven Years' War") between Great Britain and France. Together with [Benjamin Chew](/wiki/Benjamin_Chew "Benjamin Chew") and [Richard Peters)](/wiki/Richard_Peters_%28priest%29 "Richard Peters (priest)"), also of Philadelphia, he was on the committee that reviewed plans and chose Franklin's [Albany Plan](/wiki/Albany_Plan "Albany Plan") to propose to the full conference.
In 1757, Norris was appointed with [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin "Benjamin Franklin") as a commissioner to England to work for the removal of grievances related to the proprietary instructions, but declined on account of failing health. Although he opposed the encroachments of the Penns, he would not support the proposition to convert Pennsylvania into a royal province. He resigned his speakership when, in 1764, a petition to that effect passed the Assembly. Norris was reelected again.
|
[
"### Political career",
"Engaged in business until 1743, Norris had acquired a large fortune, in addition to what he inherited from his father. He retired from business to devote himself to politics and public life.",
"Like his father before him, Norris entered into politics at an early age. He served as a councilman and alderman, a member of the [Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania \"Province of Pennsylvania\") in 1734, and chairman of its most important committees. He was a [Quaker](/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends \"Religious Society of Friends\") of the strictest sect, and endeavored to keep the policy of Pennsylvania consistent with the principles of his religion. On the prospect of war with France and Spain in 1739, he opposed the organization of volunteer companies and preparation for the defense of the province. His followers, in opposition to the war party, were known as the \"Norris party,\" and his subsequent election to the assembly was the occasion of violent political struggles between the [Quakers](/wiki/Quakers \"Quakers\") and other residents of the city.",
"He was one of the commissioners to a treaty with the Albany Indians in 1745 and 1755, and he and his colleagues effected the purchase of several million acres comprising the southwestern part of Pennsylvania.",
"In 1751, he was elected speaker of the [Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania \"Province of Pennsylvania\"), and held that office fifteen years. In the first year of his administration, the statehouse bell was ordered from England. Norris proposed that its inscription should be: \"Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof,\" based on the Bible's book of Leviticus, chapter 25, verse 10\\.",
"During his speakership, the colonial representatives and the proprietaries had a long conflict about the taxation and legislative control of the Penn family estates. A leader of the Quakers, Norris joined the opponents of privilege. In a debate in the Assembly he declared, \"No man shall ever stand on my grave and say, 'Curse him, here lies he who betrayed the liberties of his country!'\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2012}}",
"In 1754, he was selected as a member of the Pennsylvania delegation, led by [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin \"Benjamin Franklin\"), that attended the [Albany Congress](/wiki/Albany_Congress \"Albany Congress\"), a gathering of numerous colonial representatives to plan an approach to their defenses before the pending [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War \"French and Indian War\"), the North American front of the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War \"Seven Years' War\") between Great Britain and France. Together with [Benjamin Chew](/wiki/Benjamin_Chew \"Benjamin Chew\") and [Richard Peters)](/wiki/Richard_Peters_%28priest%29 \"Richard Peters (priest)\"), also of Philadelphia, he was on the committee that reviewed plans and chose Franklin's [Albany Plan](/wiki/Albany_Plan \"Albany Plan\") to propose to the full conference.",
"In 1757, Norris was appointed with [Benjamin Franklin](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin \"Benjamin Franklin\") as a commissioner to England to work for the removal of grievances related to the proprietary instructions, but declined on account of failing health. Although he opposed the encroachments of the Penns, he would not support the proposition to convert Pennsylvania into a royal province. He resigned his speakership when, in 1764, a petition to that effect passed the Assembly. Norris was reelected again.",
""
] |
Dialects
--------
### Overview
The North Frisian dialects can be grouped into two main dialectal divisions: mainland and insular dialects. Altogether, both groups have 10 dialects.{{cite web\|last\=Århammar \|first\=Nils \|title\=Das Nordfriesische, eine bedrohte Minderheitensprache in zehn Dialekten: eine Bestandsaufnahme \|language\=de \|editor\=Munske, Horst H. \|work\=Sterben die Dialekte aus? Vorträge am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich\-Alexander\-Universität Erlangen\-Nürnberg \|publisher\=University of Erlangen\-Nuremberg \|year\=2007 \|url\=http://www.opus.ub.uni\-erlangen.de/opus/volltexte/2008/952/pdf/IZD\_Arhammar\_Das\_Nordfriesische.pdf}} Since the beginning of Frisian linguistic studies in the 19th century, the following ten dialects have typically been noted as distinct:
Insular North Frisian
* [Sylt Frisian](/wiki/Sylt_Frisian "Sylt Frisian") (Söl'ring)
* Föhr\-Amrum Frisian ([Fering](/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_Frisian "Föhr Frisian"), [Öömrang](/wiki/Amrum_Frisian "Amrum Frisian"))
* [Heligolandic Frisian](/wiki/Heligolandic_Frisian "Heligolandic Frisian") (Halunder)
Mainland North Frisian
* [Wiedingharde Frisian](/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian "Wiedingharde Frisian") (Wiringhiirder)
* [Bökingharde Frisian](/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_Frisian "Bökingharde Frisian") (Mooringer)
* [Karrharde Frisian](/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian "Karrharde Frisian") (Karrharder)
* [Goesharde Frisian](/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian "Goesharde Frisian") (Gooshirder)
+ Northern Goesharde Frisian (incl. Hoorninger Fräisch \& Hoolmer Freesch)
+ Central Goesharde Frisian
+ Southern Goesharde Frisian (extinct since early 1980s)
* [Halligen Frisian](/wiki/Halligen_Frisian "Halligen Frisian") (Halifreesk)
The mainland and insular dialects clearly differ from each other because they were shaped by Frisian immigrants in different centuries. The islands of [Sylt](/wiki/Sylt "Sylt"), [Föhr](/wiki/F%C3%B6hr "Föhr") and [Amrum](/wiki/Amrum "Amrum") were colonised in around AD 800, and the mainland was settled by Frisians in AD 1100\.
There are also various influences of neighbouring languages on the dialects. On Sylt, Föhr and Amrum and in parts of the northern mainland such as Wiedingharde, there is a strong [Danish](/wiki/Danish_language "Danish language") ([South Jutlandic](/wiki/South_Jutlandic "South Jutlandic")) influence, but on [Heligoland](/wiki/Heligoland "Heligoland") and the rest of mainland North Frisia, the Low German influence is predominant. Moreover, there has historically been little exchange between the dialects and so hardly any [lingua franca](/wiki/Lingua_franca "Lingua franca") could develop and there was no cultural centre in North Frisia for which the dialect could have had a leading role.
### Samples
The sentence displayed below in many variants reads, {{"'}}Shine, old moon, shine!', cried Häwelmann, but the moon was nowhere to be seen and the stars neither; they had all already gone to bed" (based on [Theodor Storm](/wiki/Theodor_Storm "Theodor Storm")'s *Der kleine Häwelmann*).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/karte.html \|title\=Die Nordfriesen und ihre Sprache \|language\=de \|publisher\=Nordfriisk Instituut \|access\-date\=5 December 2011 \|archive\-date\=27 September 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154958/http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/karte.html \|url\-status\=dead }} Click on the map to access the regional dialects.
Insular
[Söl'ring](/wiki/S%C3%B6l%27ring "Söl'ring") (dialect of [Sylt](/wiki/Sylt "Sylt"))
{{lang\|frr\|"Ljucht, ual Muun, ljucht!" skriilt Häwelmann, man di Muun wiar narigen tö sen en uk di Stiaren ek; ja wiar al altermaal tö Bēr gingen.}}
[Fering](/wiki/Fering "Fering")\-[Öömrang](/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6mrang "Öömrang") (dialect of [Föhr](/wiki/F%C3%B6hr "Föhr") and [Amrum](/wiki/Amrum "Amrum"))
{{lang\|frr\|"Locht, ual muun, locht!" rep Heewelmaan, man a muun wiar nochhuaren tu sen an a stäären uk ei; jo wiar al altermaal tu baad gingen.}}
[Heligolandic](/wiki/Heligolandic "Heligolandic") (dialect of [Helgoland](/wiki/Helgoland "Helgoland"))
{{lang\|frr\|"Lochte, ool Muun, lochte!" rüp Heäwelman, oawers de Muun wear naarni tu sin'n en uk de Steern ni; dja wear al allemoal tu Baad gingen.}}
Mainland
[Northern Goesharde Frisian](/wiki/Northern_Goesharde_Frisian "Northern Goesharde Frisian"), Hoorninger Fräisch variety of [Langenhorn](/wiki/Langenhorn_%28Nordfriesland%29 "Langenhorn (Nordfriesland)")
{{lang\|frr\|"Jocht, uule moune, jocht!" biilked Hääwelmoon, ors e moune waas närngs to schüns än da steere ok ai; ja weern al aal to beede gingen.}}
[Wiedingharde Frisian](/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian_dialect "Wiedingharde Frisian dialect")
{{lang\|frr\|"Ljocht, uuile moone, ljocht!" biilked Hääwelmuon, män e moone was näärgen to schüns än uk e steere ai; jä würn al altomoale to beerd gingen.}}
[Halligen Frisian](/wiki/Halligen_Frisian "Halligen Frisian") (although it is spoken on the [Halligen](/wiki/Halligen "Halligen") islands, it is linguistically grouped with the mainland dialects)
{{lang\|frr\|"Jaacht, uale mööne, jaacht!" bölked Hääwelmoon, man de mööne woas näärngs to siinen än de steere uk ee; jä weern al altomaole to beed giangen.}}
[Mooring](/wiki/Mooring_dialect_%28North_Frisian%29 "Mooring dialect (North Frisian)") (dialect of [Bökingharde](/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde "Bökingharde"))
{{lang\|frr\|"Jucht, üülje moune, jucht!" biiljked Hääwelmoon, ouers e moune wus nargne tu schüns än e stääre uk ai; ja wjarn ål åltumååle tu beed lim.}}
Despite the differences between the dialects, the Fering and Öömrang are highly similar; in this example nearly identical.
Another source that highlights the differences between all of the main dialects of North Frisian (even extinct ones) are [translations of the Lord's Prayer.](https://archive.org/details/lords-prayer-northfrisian)
The following table further demonstrates the similarities and differences between the various dialects.After Walker and Wilts, p. 286
| Dialect | Father | Mother | Sister | Brother |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Söl'ring](/wiki/S%C3%B6l%27ring "Söl'ring") | {{lang\|frr\|Faađer}} | {{lang\|frr\|Mooter}} | {{lang\|frr\|Sester}} | {{lang\|frr\|Bröđer}} |
| [Fering](/wiki/Fering "Fering") | {{lang\|frr\|aatj}} | {{lang\|frr\|mam}} | {{lang\|frr\|saster}} | {{lang\|frr\|bruler}} |
| [Öömrang](/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6mrang "Öömrang") | {{lang\|frr\|bruder}} |
| [Hallig Frisian](/wiki/Hallig_Frisian "Hallig Frisian") | {{lang\|frr\|baabe}} | {{lang\|frr\|mäm}} | {{lang\|frr\|soster}} | {{lang\|frr\|bröör}} |
| [Halunder](/wiki/Heligolandic "Heligolandic") | {{lang\|frr\|Foor}} | {{lang\|frr\|Mem}} | {{lang\|frr\|Söster}} | {{lang\|frr\|Bruur}} |
| [Wiedingharder Frisian](/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian_dialect "Wiedingharde Frisian dialect") | {{lang\|frr\|tääte}} | {{lang\|frr\|määm}} | {{lang\|frr\|broor}} |
| [Karrharde Frisian](/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian "Karrharde Frisian") | {{lang\|frr\|mäm}} | {{lang\|frr\|brauder}} |
| [Bökingharde Frisian](/wiki/Mooring_dialect_%28North_Frisian%29 "Mooring dialect (North Frisian)") | {{lang\|frr\|taatje}} | {{lang\|frr\|mam}} | {{lang\|frr\|brouder}} |
| [Central Goesharde Frisian](/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian "Goesharde Frisian") | {{lang\|frr\|ate}} | {{lang\|frr\|mäm}} | {{lang\|frr\|broor}} |
| [Southern Goesharder Frisian](/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian "Goesharde Frisian") | {{lang\|frr\|fåår}}, {{lang\|frr\|fååðer}} | {{lang\|frr\|brööðer}} |
| [Nordergoesharder Frisian](/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian "Goesharde Frisian") | {{lang\|frr\|fååje}} | {{lang\|frr\|soster}} | {{lang\|frr\|brår}} |
### Extinct dialects
The [Eiderstedt Frisian](/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian "Eiderstedt Frisian") on the [Eiderstedt](/wiki/Eiderstedt "Eiderstedt") peninsula were abandoned in favour of Low German during the 17th and 18th centuries. In contrast to the northern [hundreds](/wiki/Hundred_%28county_subdivision%29 "Hundred (county subdivision)"), Eiderstedt was economically strong and wealthy and was oriented towards the southern, Low German parts of Schleswig\-Holstein. Moreover, there was a strong Dutch immigration during the 16th century.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.geschichte\-s\-h.de/vonabisz/hollaender.htm \|first\=Thomas \|last\=Steensen \|language\=de \|title\=Holländer \|work\=Geschichte in Schleswig\-Holstein \|publisher\=Gesellschaft für Schleswig\-Holsteinische Geschichte \|year\=2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118061709/http://www.geschichte\-s\-h.de/vonabisz/hollaender.htm \|archive\-date\=18 January 2015 }}
A similar situation was to be found on the island of [Strand](/wiki/Strand_%28island%29 "Strand (island)"), which was destroyed during the [Burchardi flood](/wiki/Burchardi_flood "Burchardi flood"). The population of the eastern, remaining part of Strand, the modern [Nordstrand](/wiki/Nordstrand%2C_Germany "Nordstrand, Germany"), did not succeed in rebuilding the dikes on their own. Therefore, many Frisian speaking people left their homeland on Strand or were otherwise not able to maintain their native language against mostly Dutch\-speaking immigrants. On [Pellworm](/wiki/Pellworm "Pellworm"), the western remainder of Strand, the repair of the dikes was quickly accomplished and so the Frisian language was still spoken in the 18th century, until it also vanished due to changes in population structure. The old [Strand Frisian](/wiki/Strand_Frisian "Strand Frisian") was presumably closest to Halligen Frisian.
Likewise close to Halligen Frisian was the Wyk Frisian that used to be spoken in [Wyk auf Föhr](/wiki/Wyk_auf_F%C3%B6hr "Wyk auf Föhr") until the town completely shifted to Low German. The Wyk dialect is thought to have developed from the dialects of immigrants from the Halligen and Strand island.
The dialect that most recently died out is Southern Goesharde Frisian which became extinct with the death of its last speaker in the early 1980s. Other mainland dialects are also facing extinction.
North of the German\-Danish border North Frisian was spoken only in some marsh\-farms, located directly at the border.{{cite magazine\|first\=Otto S.\|last\=Knottnerus\|title\=De vergeten Friezen \- Mislukt pamflet van Benny Siewertsen over een boeiend thema\|language\=nl\|year\=2008 \| magazine\=De Vrije Fries\|location\=Leeuwarden\|publisher\=Fryske Akademy\|isbn\=978\-90\-6171\-0165}} in reply to the pamphlet {{cite book\|first\=Benny \|last\=Siewertsen \|title\=Friserne – vore glemte forfædre \|language\=da \|year\=2004 \|location\=Lyngby \|publisher\=Slot Forlag \|isbn\=978\-87\-90476\-08\-3}}
### Self\-designation
Due to the large number of dialects there is no original native name for the North Frisian language as such. E.g. the Wiedingharde and Halligen Frisians call their language {{lang\|frr\|freesk}}, in the Bökingharde it is called {{lang\|frr\|frasch}}, and in the Goesharde likewise {{lang\|frr\|fräisch}} or {{lang\|frr\|freesch}}. While these names all translate to "Frisian" the native names of the insular dialects refer to the particular islands as in *Fering*, *Öömrang*, *Söl'ring* or *Halunder*. E.g. "Frisian" would mean *"fresk"* in the Föhr dialect.
The North Frisians eventually agreed upon the inter\-dialectal name *"friisk"* which corresponds to the West Frisian native name *"frysk"*. This designation is today mostly used when the North Frisian collectivity is addressed or in the names of official institutions such as Nordfriisk Instituut, Friisk Foriining or Friisk Gesäts. The northern section of the Interfrisian Council has however kept its name "Frasche Rädj" in the Mooring dialect.
|
[
"Dialects\n--------",
"### Overview",
"The North Frisian dialects can be grouped into two main dialectal divisions: mainland and insular dialects. Altogether, both groups have 10 dialects.{{cite web\\|last\\=Århammar \\|first\\=Nils \\|title\\=Das Nordfriesische, eine bedrohte Minderheitensprache in zehn Dialekten: eine Bestandsaufnahme \\|language\\=de \\|editor\\=Munske, Horst H. \\|work\\=Sterben die Dialekte aus? Vorträge am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich\\-Alexander\\-Universität Erlangen\\-Nürnberg \\|publisher\\=University of Erlangen\\-Nuremberg \\|year\\=2007 \\|url\\=http://www.opus.ub.uni\\-erlangen.de/opus/volltexte/2008/952/pdf/IZD\\_Arhammar\\_Das\\_Nordfriesische.pdf}} Since the beginning of Frisian linguistic studies in the 19th century, the following ten dialects have typically been noted as distinct:\n Insular North Frisian\n* [Sylt Frisian](/wiki/Sylt_Frisian \"Sylt Frisian\") (Söl'ring)\n* Föhr\\-Amrum Frisian ([Fering](/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_Frisian \"Föhr Frisian\"), [Öömrang](/wiki/Amrum_Frisian \"Amrum Frisian\"))\n* [Heligolandic Frisian](/wiki/Heligolandic_Frisian \"Heligolandic Frisian\") (Halunder)",
"Mainland North Frisian\n* [Wiedingharde Frisian](/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian \"Wiedingharde Frisian\") (Wiringhiirder)\n* [Bökingharde Frisian](/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_Frisian \"Bökingharde Frisian\") (Mooringer)\n* [Karrharde Frisian](/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian \"Karrharde Frisian\") (Karrharder)\n* [Goesharde Frisian](/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian \"Goesharde Frisian\") (Gooshirder)\n\t+ Northern Goesharde Frisian (incl. Hoorninger Fräisch \\& Hoolmer Freesch)\n\t+ Central Goesharde Frisian\n\t+ Southern Goesharde Frisian (extinct since early 1980s)\n* [Halligen Frisian](/wiki/Halligen_Frisian \"Halligen Frisian\") (Halifreesk)",
"The mainland and insular dialects clearly differ from each other because they were shaped by Frisian immigrants in different centuries. The islands of [Sylt](/wiki/Sylt \"Sylt\"), [Föhr](/wiki/F%C3%B6hr \"Föhr\") and [Amrum](/wiki/Amrum \"Amrum\") were colonised in around AD 800, and the mainland was settled by Frisians in AD 1100\\.",
"There are also various influences of neighbouring languages on the dialects. On Sylt, Föhr and Amrum and in parts of the northern mainland such as Wiedingharde, there is a strong [Danish](/wiki/Danish_language \"Danish language\") ([South Jutlandic](/wiki/South_Jutlandic \"South Jutlandic\")) influence, but on [Heligoland](/wiki/Heligoland \"Heligoland\") and the rest of mainland North Frisia, the Low German influence is predominant. Moreover, there has historically been little exchange between the dialects and so hardly any [lingua franca](/wiki/Lingua_franca \"Lingua franca\") could develop and there was no cultural centre in North Frisia for which the dialect could have had a leading role.",
"### Samples",
"The sentence displayed below in many variants reads, {{\"'}}Shine, old moon, shine!', cried Häwelmann, but the moon was nowhere to be seen and the stars neither; they had all already gone to bed\" (based on [Theodor Storm](/wiki/Theodor_Storm \"Theodor Storm\")'s *Der kleine Häwelmann*).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/karte.html \\|title\\=Die Nordfriesen und ihre Sprache \\|language\\=de \\|publisher\\=Nordfriisk Instituut \\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154958/http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/karte.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Click on the map to access the regional dialects.",
"Insular\n[Söl'ring](/wiki/S%C3%B6l%27ring \"Söl'ring\") (dialect of [Sylt](/wiki/Sylt \"Sylt\"))\n {{lang\\|frr\\|\"Ljucht, ual Muun, ljucht!\" skriilt Häwelmann, man di Muun wiar narigen tö sen en uk di Stiaren ek; ja wiar al altermaal tö Bēr gingen.}}\n[Fering](/wiki/Fering \"Fering\")\\-[Öömrang](/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6mrang \"Öömrang\") (dialect of [Föhr](/wiki/F%C3%B6hr \"Föhr\") and [Amrum](/wiki/Amrum \"Amrum\"))",
"{{lang\\|frr\\|\"Locht, ual muun, locht!\" rep Heewelmaan, man a muun wiar nochhuaren tu sen an a stäären uk ei; jo wiar al altermaal tu baad gingen.}}\n[Heligolandic](/wiki/Heligolandic \"Heligolandic\") (dialect of [Helgoland](/wiki/Helgoland \"Helgoland\"))",
"{{lang\\|frr\\|\"Lochte, ool Muun, lochte!\" rüp Heäwelman, oawers de Muun wear naarni tu sin'n en uk de Steern ni; dja wear al allemoal tu Baad gingen.}}\n Mainland\n[Northern Goesharde Frisian](/wiki/Northern_Goesharde_Frisian \"Northern Goesharde Frisian\"), Hoorninger Fräisch variety of [Langenhorn](/wiki/Langenhorn_%28Nordfriesland%29 \"Langenhorn (Nordfriesland)\")\n {{lang\\|frr\\|\"Jocht, uule moune, jocht!\" biilked Hääwelmoon, ors e moune waas närngs to schüns än da steere ok ai; ja weern al aal to beede gingen.}}\n[Wiedingharde Frisian](/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian_dialect \"Wiedingharde Frisian dialect\")",
"{{lang\\|frr\\|\"Ljocht, uuile moone, ljocht!\" biilked Hääwelmuon, män e moone was näärgen to schüns än uk e steere ai; jä würn al altomoale to beerd gingen.}}\n[Halligen Frisian](/wiki/Halligen_Frisian \"Halligen Frisian\") (although it is spoken on the [Halligen](/wiki/Halligen \"Halligen\") islands, it is linguistically grouped with the mainland dialects)",
"{{lang\\|frr\\|\"Jaacht, uale mööne, jaacht!\" bölked Hääwelmoon, man de mööne woas näärngs to siinen än de steere uk ee; jä weern al altomaole to beed giangen.}}\n[Mooring](/wiki/Mooring_dialect_%28North_Frisian%29 \"Mooring dialect (North Frisian)\") (dialect of [Bökingharde](/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde \"Bökingharde\"))",
"{{lang\\|frr\\|\"Jucht, üülje moune, jucht!\" biiljked Hääwelmoon, ouers e moune wus nargne tu schüns än e stääre uk ai; ja wjarn ål åltumååle tu beed lim.}}\nDespite the differences between the dialects, the Fering and Öömrang are highly similar; in this example nearly identical.",
"Another source that highlights the differences between all of the main dialects of North Frisian (even extinct ones) are [translations of the Lord's Prayer.](https://archive.org/details/lords-prayer-northfrisian)",
"The following table further demonstrates the similarities and differences between the various dialects.After Walker and Wilts, p. 286",
"| Dialect | Father | Mother | Sister | Brother |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Söl'ring](/wiki/S%C3%B6l%27ring \"Söl'ring\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|Faađer}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|Mooter}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|Sester}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|Bröđer}} |\n| [Fering](/wiki/Fering \"Fering\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|aatj}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|mam}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|saster}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|bruler}} |\n| [Öömrang](/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6mrang \"Öömrang\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|bruder}} |\n| [Hallig Frisian](/wiki/Hallig_Frisian \"Hallig Frisian\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|baabe}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|mäm}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|soster}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|bröör}} |\n| [Halunder](/wiki/Heligolandic \"Heligolandic\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|Foor}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|Mem}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|Söster}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|Bruur}} |\n| [Wiedingharder Frisian](/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian_dialect \"Wiedingharde Frisian dialect\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|tääte}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|määm}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|broor}} |\n| [Karrharde Frisian](/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian \"Karrharde Frisian\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|mäm}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|brauder}} |\n| [Bökingharde Frisian](/wiki/Mooring_dialect_%28North_Frisian%29 \"Mooring dialect (North Frisian)\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|taatje}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|mam}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|brouder}} |\n| [Central Goesharde Frisian](/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian \"Goesharde Frisian\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|ate}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|mäm}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|broor}} |\n| [Southern Goesharder Frisian](/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian \"Goesharde Frisian\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|fåår}}, {{lang\\|frr\\|fååðer}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|brööðer}} |\n| [Nordergoesharder Frisian](/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian \"Goesharde Frisian\") | {{lang\\|frr\\|fååje}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|soster}} | {{lang\\|frr\\|brår}} |",
"",
"### Extinct dialects",
"The [Eiderstedt Frisian](/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian \"Eiderstedt Frisian\") on the [Eiderstedt](/wiki/Eiderstedt \"Eiderstedt\") peninsula were abandoned in favour of Low German during the 17th and 18th centuries. In contrast to the northern [hundreds](/wiki/Hundred_%28county_subdivision%29 \"Hundred (county subdivision)\"), Eiderstedt was economically strong and wealthy and was oriented towards the southern, Low German parts of Schleswig\\-Holstein. Moreover, there was a strong Dutch immigration during the 16th century.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.geschichte\\-s\\-h.de/vonabisz/hollaender.htm \\|first\\=Thomas \\|last\\=Steensen \\|language\\=de \\|title\\=Holländer \\|work\\=Geschichte in Schleswig\\-Holstein \\|publisher\\=Gesellschaft für Schleswig\\-Holsteinische Geschichte \\|year\\=2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118061709/http://www.geschichte\\-s\\-h.de/vonabisz/hollaender.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2015 }}",
"A similar situation was to be found on the island of [Strand](/wiki/Strand_%28island%29 \"Strand (island)\"), which was destroyed during the [Burchardi flood](/wiki/Burchardi_flood \"Burchardi flood\"). The population of the eastern, remaining part of Strand, the modern [Nordstrand](/wiki/Nordstrand%2C_Germany \"Nordstrand, Germany\"), did not succeed in rebuilding the dikes on their own. Therefore, many Frisian speaking people left their homeland on Strand or were otherwise not able to maintain their native language against mostly Dutch\\-speaking immigrants. On [Pellworm](/wiki/Pellworm \"Pellworm\"), the western remainder of Strand, the repair of the dikes was quickly accomplished and so the Frisian language was still spoken in the 18th century, until it also vanished due to changes in population structure. The old [Strand Frisian](/wiki/Strand_Frisian \"Strand Frisian\") was presumably closest to Halligen Frisian.",
"Likewise close to Halligen Frisian was the Wyk Frisian that used to be spoken in [Wyk auf Föhr](/wiki/Wyk_auf_F%C3%B6hr \"Wyk auf Föhr\") until the town completely shifted to Low German. The Wyk dialect is thought to have developed from the dialects of immigrants from the Halligen and Strand island.",
"The dialect that most recently died out is Southern Goesharde Frisian which became extinct with the death of its last speaker in the early 1980s. Other mainland dialects are also facing extinction.",
"North of the German\\-Danish border North Frisian was spoken only in some marsh\\-farms, located directly at the border.{{cite magazine\\|first\\=Otto S.\\|last\\=Knottnerus\\|title\\=De vergeten Friezen \\- Mislukt pamflet van Benny Siewertsen over een boeiend thema\\|language\\=nl\\|year\\=2008 \\| magazine\\=De Vrije Fries\\|location\\=Leeuwarden\\|publisher\\=Fryske Akademy\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-6171\\-0165}} in reply to the pamphlet {{cite book\\|first\\=Benny \\|last\\=Siewertsen \\|title\\=Friserne – vore glemte forfædre \\|language\\=da \\|year\\=2004 \\|location\\=Lyngby \\|publisher\\=Slot Forlag \\|isbn\\=978\\-87\\-90476\\-08\\-3}}",
"### Self\\-designation",
"Due to the large number of dialects there is no original native name for the North Frisian language as such. E.g. the Wiedingharde and Halligen Frisians call their language {{lang\\|frr\\|freesk}}, in the Bökingharde it is called {{lang\\|frr\\|frasch}}, and in the Goesharde likewise {{lang\\|frr\\|fräisch}} or {{lang\\|frr\\|freesch}}. While these names all translate to \"Frisian\" the native names of the insular dialects refer to the particular islands as in *Fering*, *Öömrang*, *Söl'ring* or *Halunder*. E.g. \"Frisian\" would mean *\"fresk\"* in the Föhr dialect.",
"The North Frisians eventually agreed upon the inter\\-dialectal name *\"friisk\"* which corresponds to the West Frisian native name *\"frysk\"*. This designation is today mostly used when the North Frisian collectivity is addressed or in the names of official institutions such as Nordfriisk Instituut, Friisk Foriining or Friisk Gesäts. The northern section of the Interfrisian Council has however kept its name \"Frasche Rädj\" in the Mooring dialect.",
""
] |
Other islands
-------------
Besides the main island La Galite, there are two groups of islets or rocks, which are all inaccessible.
The Galitons de l'Ouest, or West Galitons, are {{convert\|3\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} southwest of the main island. They consist of the second largest and third largest islands of the Galite Islands, 158m high Le Galiton (area 0\.4 km2) and 137m high La Fauchelle, immediately southeast of Le Galiton. On the peak of Le Galiton is a lighthouse, 14m high. In 1980, the Ministry of Agriculture declared Le Galiton a natural reserve, to protect the [Mediterranean monk seals](/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal "Mediterranean monk seal").
The smaller Galitons de l'Est, or East Galitons, also called Les Chiens or The Dogs, are at a distance between 1 and {{convert\|2\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} northeast of the main island. This group consists of three rocks, which are, from north to south, Gallo, Pollastro and Gallina (meaning "rooster", "chicken" and "hen" in Italian). Gallo is the largest of the three and is 119 m high.
About {{convert\|25\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} to the southwest are the [Sorelle Rocks](/wiki/Sorelle_Rocks "Sorelle Rocks"), or Écueil des Sorelles, which consist of two shallow rocky patches. A lighted buoy, fitted with a [racon](/wiki/Racon "Racon"), is moored to the western patch, and another buoy to the eastern patch. A two meters high concrete block stands on the western patch.
{{convert\|13\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} to the north of the group is the submerged Banc des Mazzarilles, with depths between 21 and 49 meters.
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), La Galite hosted a small Italian naval base.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2024}} [Salvatore Todaro](/wiki/Salvatore_Todaro_%28naval_officer%29 "Salvatore Todaro (naval officer)"), an [Italian](/wiki/Italy "Italy") war hero, died on La Galite on December 14, 1942\.
Tunisian independence leader [Habib Bourguiba](/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba "Habib Bourguiba") was exiled to La Galite by the French colonial authorities from May 21, 1952 through May 20, 1954\.
|
[
"Other islands\n-------------",
"Besides the main island La Galite, there are two groups of islets or rocks, which are all inaccessible.",
"The Galitons de l'Ouest, or West Galitons, are {{convert\\|3\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} southwest of the main island. They consist of the second largest and third largest islands of the Galite Islands, 158m high Le Galiton (area 0\\.4 km2) and 137m high La Fauchelle, immediately southeast of Le Galiton. On the peak of Le Galiton is a lighthouse, 14m high. In 1980, the Ministry of Agriculture declared Le Galiton a natural reserve, to protect the [Mediterranean monk seals](/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal \"Mediterranean monk seal\").",
"The smaller Galitons de l'Est, or East Galitons, also called Les Chiens or The Dogs, are at a distance between 1 and {{convert\\|2\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} northeast of the main island. This group consists of three rocks, which are, from north to south, Gallo, Pollastro and Gallina (meaning \"rooster\", \"chicken\" and \"hen\" in Italian). Gallo is the largest of the three and is 119 m high.",
"About {{convert\\|25\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} to the southwest are the [Sorelle Rocks](/wiki/Sorelle_Rocks \"Sorelle Rocks\"), or Écueil des Sorelles, which consist of two shallow rocky patches. A lighted buoy, fitted with a [racon](/wiki/Racon \"Racon\"), is moored to the western patch, and another buoy to the eastern patch. A two meters high concrete block stands on the western patch.",
"{{convert\\|13\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} to the north of the group is the submerged Banc des Mazzarilles, with depths between 21 and 49 meters.",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), La Galite hosted a small Italian naval base.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2024}} [Salvatore Todaro](/wiki/Salvatore_Todaro_%28naval_officer%29 \"Salvatore Todaro (naval officer)\"), an [Italian](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") war hero, died on La Galite on December 14, 1942\\.",
"Tunisian independence leader [Habib Bourguiba](/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba \"Habib Bourguiba\") was exiled to La Galite by the French colonial authorities from May 21, 1952 through May 20, 1954\\.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Club
Clarke plays his hurling with his local club in [Ballygalget](/wiki/Ballygalget "Ballygalget") and has enjoyed much success. He first came to prominence in the late 1990s when the club captured three [county senior championship](/wiki/Down_Senior_Hurling_Championship "Down Senior Hurling Championship") titles in\-a\-row between 1997 and 1999\. After a period out of the limelight Ballygalget returned in 2003 with Clarke collecting another county winners' medal. It was the first of another three\-in\-a\-row for Ballygalget and for Clarke. The third of these victories was subsequently converted into an [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship "Ulster Senior Club Hurling Championship") club title following a defeat of [Cushendall](/wiki/Ruairi_Og_GAC "Ruairi Og GAC").
In 2008 Clarke won his latest county senior championship winners’ medal following an eleven\-point trouncing of [Portaferry](/wiki/Portaferry_GAA "Portaferry GAA").
### Inter\-county
Clarke first came to prominence on the inter\-county scene as a member of the [Down](/wiki/Down_GAA "Down GAA") minor hurling team in the late 1990s. He enjoyed little success in this grade and made his senior championship debut as a nineteen\-year\-old in 2000\. After some success in the 1990s the new century proved to be an unhappy time for Down's hurling team as [Antrim](/wiki/Antrim_GAA "Antrim GAA") and [Derry](/wiki/Derry_GAA "Derry GAA") reclaimed their status as the standard\-bearers in the provincial championship. Clarke lined out in further Ulster finals in 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008, however, he ended up on the losing side on all six occasions.
In 2005 a restructuring of the championship saw Down being entered in the [Christy Ring Cup](/wiki/Christy_Ring_Cup "Christy Ring Cup"), effectively a competition for the ‘second\-tier’ hurling teams. Clarke's side did well in their debut year and even reached the final of the competition. [Westmeath](/wiki/Westmeath_GAA "Westmeath GAA") provided the opposition on that occasion, however, at the full\-time whistle Down were defeated by 1–23 to 2\-18\. The team, however, have failed to build on this in recent years.
### Inter\-provincial
Clarke has also lined out with [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster_GAA "Ulster GAA") in the inter\-provincial hurling competition. He has enjoyed little success with his province as Ulster have failed to even qualify for the [Railway Cup](/wiki/Railway_Cup "Railway Cup") final in recent years.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Club",
"Clarke plays his hurling with his local club in [Ballygalget](/wiki/Ballygalget \"Ballygalget\") and has enjoyed much success. He first came to prominence in the late 1990s when the club captured three [county senior championship](/wiki/Down_Senior_Hurling_Championship \"Down Senior Hurling Championship\") titles in\\-a\\-row between 1997 and 1999\\. After a period out of the limelight Ballygalget returned in 2003 with Clarke collecting another county winners' medal. It was the first of another three\\-in\\-a\\-row for Ballygalget and for Clarke. The third of these victories was subsequently converted into an [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship \"Ulster Senior Club Hurling Championship\") club title following a defeat of [Cushendall](/wiki/Ruairi_Og_GAC \"Ruairi Og GAC\").",
"In 2008 Clarke won his latest county senior championship winners’ medal following an eleven\\-point trouncing of [Portaferry](/wiki/Portaferry_GAA \"Portaferry GAA\").",
"### Inter\\-county",
"Clarke first came to prominence on the inter\\-county scene as a member of the [Down](/wiki/Down_GAA \"Down GAA\") minor hurling team in the late 1990s. He enjoyed little success in this grade and made his senior championship debut as a nineteen\\-year\\-old in 2000\\. After some success in the 1990s the new century proved to be an unhappy time for Down's hurling team as [Antrim](/wiki/Antrim_GAA \"Antrim GAA\") and [Derry](/wiki/Derry_GAA \"Derry GAA\") reclaimed their status as the standard\\-bearers in the provincial championship. Clarke lined out in further Ulster finals in 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008, however, he ended up on the losing side on all six occasions.",
"In 2005 a restructuring of the championship saw Down being entered in the [Christy Ring Cup](/wiki/Christy_Ring_Cup \"Christy Ring Cup\"), effectively a competition for the ‘second\\-tier’ hurling teams. Clarke's side did well in their debut year and even reached the final of the competition. [Westmeath](/wiki/Westmeath_GAA \"Westmeath GAA\") provided the opposition on that occasion, however, at the full\\-time whistle Down were defeated by 1–23 to 2\\-18\\. The team, however, have failed to build on this in recent years.",
"### Inter\\-provincial",
"Clarke has also lined out with [Ulster](/wiki/Ulster_GAA \"Ulster GAA\") in the inter\\-provincial hurling competition. He has enjoyed little success with his province as Ulster have failed to even qualify for the [Railway Cup](/wiki/Railway_Cup \"Railway Cup\") final in recent years.",
""
] |
Facilities
----------
### Abierto X Obras
The refurbished refrigeration room in the former slaughterhouse is a unique space for "site\-specific" artistic work.
### Archivo Matadero
Archivo Matadero is a space for consultation and research for accessing physical and online documentation in the four archives that compose it: Archivo de Creadores de Madrid, artea, FreshMadrid and Madrid Abierto. This is a point of access to a wide array of documents on the different disciplines in which each of the archives works: the visual arts, the performing arts, architecture and urban planning and public art.
### El Taller
The facility is designed especially for meetings between artists and the public.
### Extensión Avam
Through its satellite office, the Associated Visual Artists of Madrid (AVAM) will offer specialised services to professionals in the contemporary art sector, operating in a network with the AVAM Workshops in [Pradolongo](/wiki/Pradolongo "Pradolongo").
### Calle y Plaza Matadero
Both individually and together, these spaces are used to accommodate large art events: dance, theatrical and circus performances, concerts and big art interventions in the open air. They are also the complex's main area for meeting and socialising.
### Cineteca
The Cineteca will be dedicated to the documentary film genre. It is the permanent headquarters of the Documenta Madrid film festival
### Depósito de Especies
The [water tank](/wiki/Water_tank "Water tank") of the old Legazpi slaughterhouse has been turned into a plant memorial and archive. A public garden that can be visited through the new access point at the {{ill\|Plaza de Legazpi\|es\|lt\=Legazpi}} roundabout.
### Avant Garden
The Avant Garden offers ecological and participatory activities.
### Intermediæ
Intermediæ is a public, experimental programme. The programme works with the community in the following areas: ecology, art and activism; games as a form of exploration; visual culture; archival processes and memory; and the Creative Arts Grants programme.
### Naves del Español
This staging centre is managed by Teatro Español. It is composed of three buildings joined with a main hall, which can be configured as needed and is unique in Madrid due to its formal characteristics and technical features; a theatre\-café, which also functions as a foyer or lobby to the performance space; and Room 2, for small\-format shows, next to spaces for rehearsal and training.
### Central de Diseño
Central de Diseño is a space intended to promote graphic design, product design and space design.. The centre is promoted by the Association of Designers from Madrid (DIMAD) and is run by its own
foundation (Fundación DIMAD).
### Nave 16
Nave 16 is an expository space covering more than four thousand square metres.
### Nave de Música
The Nave de Música was a space occupied by the [Red Bull Music Academy](/wiki/Red_Bull_Music_Academy "Red Bull Music Academy") until November 2011 and now hosts the centre's entire musical programme. The space includes a radio studio and a recording studio, a small stage for concerts, nine rehearsal rooms and other facilities. Covering over 4,000 m2, this space is an example of the new architecture that works with recycled and pre\-existing elements, using limited resources.
[thumb\|200px\|Casa del Lector](/wiki/File:Casa_del_Lector_%28Matadero_Madrid%29_-_diciembre_2012_14.JPG "Casa del Lector (Matadero Madrid) - diciembre 2012 14.JPG")
### La Casa del Lector
This large cultural space is an initiative of the Germán Sánchez Ruipérez Foundation, which mainly focuses on readers and books. It is open to the general public and professionals.
|
[
"Facilities\n----------",
"### Abierto X Obras",
"The refurbished refrigeration room in the former slaughterhouse is a unique space for \"site\\-specific\" artistic work.",
"### Archivo Matadero",
"Archivo Matadero is a space for consultation and research for accessing physical and online documentation in the four archives that compose it: Archivo de Creadores de Madrid, artea, FreshMadrid and Madrid Abierto. This is a point of access to a wide array of documents on the different disciplines in which each of the archives works: the visual arts, the performing arts, architecture and urban planning and public art.",
"### El Taller",
"The facility is designed especially for meetings between artists and the public.",
"### Extensión Avam",
"Through its satellite office, the Associated Visual Artists of Madrid (AVAM) will offer specialised services to professionals in the contemporary art sector, operating in a network with the AVAM Workshops in [Pradolongo](/wiki/Pradolongo \"Pradolongo\").",
"### Calle y Plaza Matadero",
"Both individually and together, these spaces are used to accommodate large art events: dance, theatrical and circus performances, concerts and big art interventions in the open air. They are also the complex's main area for meeting and socialising.",
"### Cineteca",
"The Cineteca will be dedicated to the documentary film genre. It is the permanent headquarters of the Documenta Madrid film festival",
"### Depósito de Especies",
"The [water tank](/wiki/Water_tank \"Water tank\") of the old Legazpi slaughterhouse has been turned into a plant memorial and archive. A public garden that can be visited through the new access point at the {{ill\\|Plaza de Legazpi\\|es\\|lt\\=Legazpi}} roundabout.",
"### Avant Garden",
"The Avant Garden offers ecological and participatory activities.",
"### Intermediæ",
"Intermediæ is a public, experimental programme. The programme works with the community in the following areas: ecology, art and activism; games as a form of exploration; visual culture; archival processes and memory; and the Creative Arts Grants programme.",
"### Naves del Español",
"This staging centre is managed by Teatro Español. It is composed of three buildings joined with a main hall, which can be configured as needed and is unique in Madrid due to its formal characteristics and technical features; a theatre\\-café, which also functions as a foyer or lobby to the performance space; and Room 2, for small\\-format shows, next to spaces for rehearsal and training.",
"### Central de Diseño",
"Central de Diseño is a space intended to promote graphic design, product design and space design.. The centre is promoted by the Association of Designers from Madrid (DIMAD) and is run by its own\nfoundation (Fundación DIMAD).",
"### Nave 16",
"Nave 16 is an expository space covering more than four thousand square metres.",
"### Nave de Música",
"The Nave de Música was a space occupied by the [Red Bull Music Academy](/wiki/Red_Bull_Music_Academy \"Red Bull Music Academy\") until November 2011 and now hosts the centre's entire musical programme. The space includes a radio studio and a recording studio, a small stage for concerts, nine rehearsal rooms and other facilities. Covering over 4,000 m2, this space is an example of the new architecture that works with recycled and pre\\-existing elements, using limited resources.\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Casa del Lector](/wiki/File:Casa_del_Lector_%28Matadero_Madrid%29_-_diciembre_2012_14.JPG \"Casa del Lector (Matadero Madrid) - diciembre 2012 14.JPG\")",
"### La Casa del Lector",
"This large cultural space is an initiative of the Germán Sánchez Ruipérez Foundation, which mainly focuses on readers and books. It is open to the general public and professionals.",
""
] |
"On The Psychology of the Unconscious"
--------------------------------------
The first section, **On the Psychology of the Unconscious**, includes these chapters:
1. Psychoanalysis
2. The Eros Theory
3. The Other Point of View: The Will to Power
4. The Problem of the Attitude\-Type
5. The Personal and the Collective Unconscious
6. The Synthetic or Constructive Method
7. The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious
8. General Remarks on the Therapeutic Approach
9. Conclusion.
### Sections 1\-3
Jung uses the first three parts of this essay to place [his psychological school](/wiki/Analytical_psychology "Analytical psychology") in the intellectual tradition of [Friedrich Nietzsche](/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche"), [Pierre Janet](/wiki/Pierre_Janet "Pierre Janet"), [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud"), and [Alfred Adler](/wiki/Alfred_Adler "Alfred Adler"). Jung gives a brief account of the historical development of [Psychoanalysis](/wiki/Psychoanalysis "Psychoanalysis"), particularly Freud and [Breuer's](/wiki/Josef_Breuer "Josef Breuer") [case history](/wiki/Studies_on_Hysteria "Studies on Hysteria") of [Anna O](/wiki/Anna_O. "Anna O."), and covers some of Freud's early theorizing on [neurosis](/wiki/Neurosis "Neurosis"), [the unconscious](/wiki/Unconscious_mind "Unconscious mind"), [dream interpretation](/wiki/Dream_interpretation%23Psychology "Dream interpretation#Psychology"), [wish fulfillment](/wiki/Wish_fulfillment "Wish fulfillment"), and the incest\-wish of the [Oedipus Complex](/wiki/Oedipus_Complex "Oedipus Complex").
While Freud explained neurosis through [sexual motivations](/wiki/Psychosexual_development "Psychosexual development"), [Adler](/wiki/Alfred_Adler "Alfred Adler") explained those same conflicts as arising from a [power principle](/wiki/Will_to_power%23Individual_psychology "Will to power#Individual psychology"). Jung addresses Adler's concepts of [superiority/inferiority](/wiki/Inferiority_complex "Inferiority complex") and [compensation](/wiki/Compensation_%28psychology%29 "Compensation (psychology)") and Nietzsche's writings on the [will to power](/wiki/Will_to_power "Will to power").
### Sections 4\-8
Jung moves to introduce his own theories by claiming that both Freud and Adler are largely correct, but that each of their theories interprets the world from the point\-of\-view of a particular temperament. Jung uses this as an example of his theory of [personality types](/wiki/Personality_type%23Carl_Jung "Personality type#Carl Jung") and the distinction between [introversion and extraversion](/wiki/Introversion_and_extraversion "Introversion and extraversion").
Next Jung looks at the problem of [transference](/wiki/Transference "Transference") in the therapeutic context and posits that there is more than infantile personal unconscious content being [projected](/wiki/Psychological_projection "Psychological projection"): there are [archetypal patterns of behavior and fantasy imagery](/wiki/Jungian_archetypes "Jungian archetypes"). Jung distinguishes the [personal unconscious](/wiki/Personal_unconscious "Personal unconscious") (which he relates to his concept of the [shadow](/wiki/Shadow_%28psychology%29 "Shadow (psychology)")) from the [collective unconscious](/wiki/Collective_unconscious "Collective unconscious"), which he describes variously in this essay as containing "primordial images," "inherited possibilities of human imagination," "[thought\-forms](/wiki/Theory_of_forms "Theory of forms")," "motifs," "dominants," and "archetypes." Jung explains that archetypes have a powerful emotional fascination akin to a religious experience.
Jung elaborates on his theories by going through some examples of his method of dream interpretation, and amplifying the material provided by connecting it with archetypal figures such as the shadow, the [magician/wise old man](/wiki/Wise_old_man%23jungian_psychology "Wise old man#jungian psychology"), and [the hero undertaking the night sea journey](/wiki/Hero%27s_journey "Hero's journey"). Jung maintains that there is great healing potential in a thoughtful integration of the unconscious.
|
[
"\"On The Psychology of the Unconscious\"\n--------------------------------------",
"The first section, **On the Psychology of the Unconscious**, includes these chapters:",
"1. Psychoanalysis\n2. The Eros Theory\n3. The Other Point of View: The Will to Power\n4. The Problem of the Attitude\\-Type\n5. The Personal and the Collective Unconscious\n6. The Synthetic or Constructive Method\n7. The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious\n8. General Remarks on the Therapeutic Approach\n9. Conclusion.",
"### Sections 1\\-3",
"Jung uses the first three parts of this essay to place [his psychological school](/wiki/Analytical_psychology \"Analytical psychology\") in the intellectual tradition of [Friedrich Nietzsche](/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche \"Friedrich Nietzsche\"), [Pierre Janet](/wiki/Pierre_Janet \"Pierre Janet\"), [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud \"Sigmund Freud\"), and [Alfred Adler](/wiki/Alfred_Adler \"Alfred Adler\"). Jung gives a brief account of the historical development of [Psychoanalysis](/wiki/Psychoanalysis \"Psychoanalysis\"), particularly Freud and [Breuer's](/wiki/Josef_Breuer \"Josef Breuer\") [case history](/wiki/Studies_on_Hysteria \"Studies on Hysteria\") of [Anna O](/wiki/Anna_O. \"Anna O.\"), and covers some of Freud's early theorizing on [neurosis](/wiki/Neurosis \"Neurosis\"), [the unconscious](/wiki/Unconscious_mind \"Unconscious mind\"), [dream interpretation](/wiki/Dream_interpretation%23Psychology \"Dream interpretation#Psychology\"), [wish fulfillment](/wiki/Wish_fulfillment \"Wish fulfillment\"), and the incest\\-wish of the [Oedipus Complex](/wiki/Oedipus_Complex \"Oedipus Complex\").",
"While Freud explained neurosis through [sexual motivations](/wiki/Psychosexual_development \"Psychosexual development\"), [Adler](/wiki/Alfred_Adler \"Alfred Adler\") explained those same conflicts as arising from a [power principle](/wiki/Will_to_power%23Individual_psychology \"Will to power#Individual psychology\"). Jung addresses Adler's concepts of [superiority/inferiority](/wiki/Inferiority_complex \"Inferiority complex\") and [compensation](/wiki/Compensation_%28psychology%29 \"Compensation (psychology)\") and Nietzsche's writings on the [will to power](/wiki/Will_to_power \"Will to power\").",
"### Sections 4\\-8",
"Jung moves to introduce his own theories by claiming that both Freud and Adler are largely correct, but that each of their theories interprets the world from the point\\-of\\-view of a particular temperament. Jung uses this as an example of his theory of [personality types](/wiki/Personality_type%23Carl_Jung \"Personality type#Carl Jung\") and the distinction between [introversion and extraversion](/wiki/Introversion_and_extraversion \"Introversion and extraversion\").",
"Next Jung looks at the problem of [transference](/wiki/Transference \"Transference\") in the therapeutic context and posits that there is more than infantile personal unconscious content being [projected](/wiki/Psychological_projection \"Psychological projection\"): there are [archetypal patterns of behavior and fantasy imagery](/wiki/Jungian_archetypes \"Jungian archetypes\"). Jung distinguishes the [personal unconscious](/wiki/Personal_unconscious \"Personal unconscious\") (which he relates to his concept of the [shadow](/wiki/Shadow_%28psychology%29 \"Shadow (psychology)\")) from the [collective unconscious](/wiki/Collective_unconscious \"Collective unconscious\"), which he describes variously in this essay as containing \"primordial images,\" \"inherited possibilities of human imagination,\" \"[thought\\-forms](/wiki/Theory_of_forms \"Theory of forms\"),\" \"motifs,\" \"dominants,\" and \"archetypes.\" Jung explains that archetypes have a powerful emotional fascination akin to a religious experience.",
"Jung elaborates on his theories by going through some examples of his method of dream interpretation, and amplifying the material provided by connecting it with archetypal figures such as the shadow, the [magician/wise old man](/wiki/Wise_old_man%23jungian_psychology \"Wise old man#jungian psychology\"), and [the hero undertaking the night sea journey](/wiki/Hero%27s_journey \"Hero's journey\"). Jung maintains that there is great healing potential in a thoughtful integration of the unconscious.",
""
] |
"The Relations Between the Ego and the Unconscious"
---------------------------------------------------
The second essay, **The Relations Between the Ego and the Unconscious**, is split into two parts: the first broadly is about the risks of a confrontation with the collective unconscious; and the second part is about Jung's method for a more constructive engagement with this psychic material.
This section includes:
1. The Effects of the Unconscious Upon the Conscious
* The Personal and the Collective Unconscious
* Phenomena Resulting from the Assimilation of the Unconscious
* The Persona as a Segment of the Collective Psyche
* Negative Attempts to Free the Individuality from the Collective Psyche
2. Individuation
* The Function of the Unconscious. Anima and Animus
* The Technique of Differentiation between the Ego and the Figures of the Unconscious
* The Mana\-Personality
### Part One – The Effects of the Unconscious Upon Consciousness
Jung gives some examples of how [consciousness](/wiki/Consciousness "Consciousness") becomes "inflated," which he defines as "an extension of the personality beyond individual limits, in other words, a state of being puffed up." This runs the gamut between megalomania and [self\-abnegation](/wiki/Self_abnegation "Self abnegation"). Jung stresses the importance of maintaining the distinction between the personal and the collective, to maintain the integrity of [the individual personality](/wiki/Id%2C_ego_and_super-ego%23Ego "Id, ego and super-ego#Ego") and allow it to grow in the individuation process.
Next, Jung defines his concept of [the persona](/wiki/Persona_%28psychology%29 "Persona (psychology)"), the social roles that a person performs, as a segment of the collective psyche that is incorrectly felt to be personal. Jung advises that people should free their individuality from the collective psyche but gives several examples of the dangers inherent in this process.
Jung goes through the problem of a collapse of the conscious attitude, which he calls a return to the original chaos. Different suboptimal resolutions to this crisis are explored, including a "regressive restoration of the persona," which is a retreat to a mode of being that one has already outgrown and an avoidance of future growth and risk. Another partial solution is called "identification with the collective psyche," where [the collapsed ego allows itself to be swallowed by the unconscious](/wiki/Ego_death "Ego death"). Jung points out that this is the beginning of the renewal process of the hero's journey but that people can lose themselves in the [belly of the whale](/wiki/Hero%27s_journey%23Belly_of_the_Whale "Hero's journey#Belly of the Whale").
### Part Two – Individuation
Jung calls *[individuation](/wiki/Individuation "Individuation")* a "coming to selfhood" and "self\-realization." He says that "the aim of individuation is nothing less than to divest oneself of the false wrappings of the persona on the one hand and of the suggestive power of primordial images on the other." Jung posits that the function of the unconscious is to compensate the conscious attitude, and that the two systems together form a totality called [The Self](/wiki/Self_in_Jungian_psychology "Self in Jungian psychology").
The individuation process involves allowing the unconscious to communicate with consciousness, and one main channel by which that happens is through [a dream figure that is contra\-sexual to the ego](/wiki/Anima_and_animus "Anima and animus"). Jung describes the anima as a means of relating to the unconscious, just as the persona is a means of relating to society. Jung provides some case studies to illustrate his 'technique of differentiation between the ego and the figures of the unconscious' and encourages the active production of fantasy imagery in his patients as a way of integrating the unconscious.
Jung describes how integrating the anima with the ego fills the ego with a sort of magical knowledge (*mana*), and this state of ego inflation is described as possession by the archetype of the magician (*the mana personality*). Jung advises cultivating a second, superordinate center of personality, away from the ego yet not completely unconscious, which Jung calls the Self, as a container for [this psychic energy](/wiki/Libido%23analytical_psychology "Libido#analytical psychology") from the unconscious.
|
[
"\"The Relations Between the Ego and the Unconscious\"\n---------------------------------------------------",
"The second essay, **The Relations Between the Ego and the Unconscious**, is split into two parts: the first broadly is about the risks of a confrontation with the collective unconscious; and the second part is about Jung's method for a more constructive engagement with this psychic material.",
"This section includes:",
"1. The Effects of the Unconscious Upon the Conscious\n\t* The Personal and the Collective Unconscious\n\t* Phenomena Resulting from the Assimilation of the Unconscious\n\t* The Persona as a Segment of the Collective Psyche\n\t* Negative Attempts to Free the Individuality from the Collective Psyche\n2. Individuation\n\t* The Function of the Unconscious. Anima and Animus\n\t* The Technique of Differentiation between the Ego and the Figures of the Unconscious\n\t* The Mana\\-Personality",
"### Part One – The Effects of the Unconscious Upon Consciousness",
"Jung gives some examples of how [consciousness](/wiki/Consciousness \"Consciousness\") becomes \"inflated,\" which he defines as \"an extension of the personality beyond individual limits, in other words, a state of being puffed up.\" This runs the gamut between megalomania and [self\\-abnegation](/wiki/Self_abnegation \"Self abnegation\"). Jung stresses the importance of maintaining the distinction between the personal and the collective, to maintain the integrity of [the individual personality](/wiki/Id%2C_ego_and_super-ego%23Ego \"Id, ego and super-ego#Ego\") and allow it to grow in the individuation process.",
"Next, Jung defines his concept of [the persona](/wiki/Persona_%28psychology%29 \"Persona (psychology)\"), the social roles that a person performs, as a segment of the collective psyche that is incorrectly felt to be personal. Jung advises that people should free their individuality from the collective psyche but gives several examples of the dangers inherent in this process.",
"Jung goes through the problem of a collapse of the conscious attitude, which he calls a return to the original chaos. Different suboptimal resolutions to this crisis are explored, including a \"regressive restoration of the persona,\" which is a retreat to a mode of being that one has already outgrown and an avoidance of future growth and risk. Another partial solution is called \"identification with the collective psyche,\" where [the collapsed ego allows itself to be swallowed by the unconscious](/wiki/Ego_death \"Ego death\"). Jung points out that this is the beginning of the renewal process of the hero's journey but that people can lose themselves in the [belly of the whale](/wiki/Hero%27s_journey%23Belly_of_the_Whale \"Hero's journey#Belly of the Whale\").",
"### Part Two – Individuation",
"Jung calls *[individuation](/wiki/Individuation \"Individuation\")* a \"coming to selfhood\" and \"self\\-realization.\" He says that \"the aim of individuation is nothing less than to divest oneself of the false wrappings of the persona on the one hand and of the suggestive power of primordial images on the other.\" Jung posits that the function of the unconscious is to compensate the conscious attitude, and that the two systems together form a totality called [The Self](/wiki/Self_in_Jungian_psychology \"Self in Jungian psychology\").",
"The individuation process involves allowing the unconscious to communicate with consciousness, and one main channel by which that happens is through [a dream figure that is contra\\-sexual to the ego](/wiki/Anima_and_animus \"Anima and animus\"). Jung describes the anima as a means of relating to the unconscious, just as the persona is a means of relating to society. Jung provides some case studies to illustrate his 'technique of differentiation between the ego and the figures of the unconscious' and encourages the active production of fantasy imagery in his patients as a way of integrating the unconscious.",
"Jung describes how integrating the anima with the ego fills the ego with a sort of magical knowledge (*mana*), and this state of ego inflation is described as possession by the archetype of the magician (*the mana personality*). Jung advises cultivating a second, superordinate center of personality, away from the ego yet not completely unconscious, which Jung calls the Self, as a container for [this psychic energy](/wiki/Libido%23analytical_psychology \"Libido#analytical psychology\") from the unconscious.",
""
] |
Academic
--------
{{More citations needed section\|date\=June 2021}}
| **Rankings** | |
| --- | --- |
| National by Subject ([MOE](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China")){{cite web \|date\=29 January 2013 \|title\=我校在2012全国学科评估中获得3项第一 \|url\=http://news.seu.edu.cn/s/146/t/1399/26/49/info75337\.htm \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-10 \|publisher\=SEU}} | |
| *[Art history](/wiki/Art_history "Art history")* | 1 |
| *[Biomedical engineering](/wiki/Biomedical_engineering "Biomedical engineering")* | 1 |
| *[Transport engineering](/wiki/Transport_engineering "Transport engineering")* | 1 |
| *[Architecture](/wiki/Architecture "Architecture")* | 2 |
| *[Electronic engineering](/wiki/Electronic_engineering "Electronic engineering")* | 2 |
| *[Landscape architecture](/wiki/Landscape_architecture "Landscape architecture")* | 2 |
| *[Civil engineering](/wiki/Civil_engineering "Civil engineering")* | 3 |
| *[Urban planning](/wiki/Urban_planning "Urban planning")* | 3 |
|
[200px\|left\|thumb\|Mei'an, the building of SEU School of the Arts](/wiki/File:MeiAn.jpg "MeiAn.jpg")
[200px\|left\|thumb\|Mengfang Library, built in 1923](/wiki/File:MengfangLibrary.jpg "MengfangLibrary.jpg")
Southeast University is one of 32 universities directly administered by the Chinese Department of Education, which are considered the top class universities in China. The university has 16,000 undergraduate students and 10,000 graduate students in over 30 schools and departments. The admission to SEU is very competitive. Normally the university enrolls top 2% high school students from nationwide to its undergraduate programs, and top 5% undergraduate students to its graduate program. Most students are recruited by engineering or some big schools such as School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Energy \& Environmental Engineering, School of Information Science \& Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, School of Computer Science \& Engineering, School of Economics \& Management, as well as School of Transportation Engineering. The rest students are enrolled by some smaller schools and departments like School of Automation, School of Electronic Science, and Department of Physics.
There are about 5,600 faculty members in Southeast University. Among all the faculty members, there are 8 members of Chinese Academy, 25 "[Changjiang Scholars](/wiki/Changjiang_Scholar "Changjiang Scholar")", 1 fellow of State Department Degree Committee, 9 members of State Department Degree Committee, 31 distinguished national youth research scientists, 7 members (ranking 2nd nationwide) of "863 Projects" expert committee, and 57 excellent Department of Education research scientists.
The university has 64 undergraduate programs, 206 master programs, 109 doctoral programs, as well as 15 postdoctoral research sites. In the most recent official rankings summary, 6 programs are top 5 and another 6 programs are top 10 nationwide. Especially the School of Biomedical Science \& Engineering ranks first place. The university has a top research ability. There are 10 National First\-class Academic programs, 6 potential National First\-class Academic Programs. 3 National Research Labs, 1 National Professional Lab, 2 National Engineering Research Centers, and 7 Department of Education First\-class Labs.
In 2006, the research funds for the university is 600 million Chinese Yuan, which lists the 7th place in the country.
### Rankings
{{Infobox Chinese university ranking
\| BCUR\_N \= 13
\| WS\_N \= 18
\| CUAA\_N \= 21
\| QS\_N \= 22
\| THE\_N \= 25–28
\| LINE\_1 \= 0
\| QS\_A \= \=123
\| THE\_A \= 48
\| LINE\_2 \= 0
\| ARWU\_W \= 101–150
\| QS\_W \= \=428
\| THE\_W \= 301–350
\| USNWR\_W \= 183
}}
Southeast University is one of the top 20 universities in scientific research and development in China.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hhubbs.com/redirect.php?tid\=3805\&goto\=lastpost \|title\=\[08\-21] 1996\-2005中国大学排行榜前十名更替小结!!!!!! \- 【河海水库】 \- 河风海韵\-\-河海大学BBS 河海大学,河海BBS,河海论坛,河海大学论坛,河海大学BBS,河风海韵,河海风韵,河大,江河湖海,水利院校 \- Powered by Discuz! \|access\-date\=2010\-10\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711164400/http://www.hhubbs.com/redirect.php?tid\=3805\&goto\=lastpost \|archive\-date\=11 July 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }} It has over 20 national or provincial research institutes, with a number of key research bases. Over the last decade, it has completed more than 1000 research projects, of which over 500 have been awarded the national, provincial or municipal science and technology prizes. Its research fund exceeded 1\.1 billion yuan in 2010, which placed 11th nationwide. The SEU Architecture Design and Research Institute, which is one of the few national first\-class design institutes, has undertaken various major projects. The SEU\-affiliated Zhongda Hospital was set up in 1935 and rated as "Class A Grade 3" by the Ministry of Public Health.
In 2007, Southeast University was listed 443rd among world universities.{{cite web \|url\=http://topuniversities.com/university/southeastuniversity \|title\=Southeast University \| Top Universities \|access\-date\=2010\-10\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006041758/http://www.topuniversities.com/university/southeastuniversity/ \|archive\-date\=6 October 2010 \|df\=dmy\-all }} In 2010, according to a leading scientific journal "Nature" (Nature Publishing Index 2010 China), the report ranked Southeast University as the *8th* among all domestic research institutes.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.natureasia.com/en/publishing\-index/china/2010/ \|title\=Nature Publishing Index 2010 China :: NPG Nature Asia\-Pacific \|access\-date\=2011\-08\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831131053/http://www.natureasia.com/en/publishing\-index/china/2010/ \|archive\-date\=31 August 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }}
In 2010 QS top university ranking, it was ranked: 87th overall among Asian universities,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.topuniversities.com/university\-rankings/asian\-university\-rankings/2010\|title\=QS University Rankings: Asia\|work\=Top Universities\|access\-date\=3 July 2015}} 76th in engineering and I.T. among Asian universities,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.topuniversities.com/university\-rankings/asian\-university\-rankings/2010/subject\-rankings/technology \|title\=QS World University Rankings \- Topuniversities \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119074538/http://www.topuniversities.com/university\-rankings/asian\-university\-rankings/2010/subject\-rankings/technology \|archive\-date\=19 January 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }} 301–350th in engineering and I.T worldwide.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.topuniversities.com/institution/southeast\-university/wur \|title\=Southeast University \- Topuniversities \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612134243/http://www.topuniversities.com/institution/southeast\-university/wur \|archive\-date\=12 June 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }} In 2016, Southeast University was ranked 201–300 in ARWU World University Ranking, and 20th in ARWU Field \- Engineering Ranking.{{cite web \|title\=Southeast University \|url\=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World\-University\-Rankings/Southeast\-University.html \|website\=\[\[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] \|access\-date\=5 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921215822/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World\-University\-Rankings/Southeast\-University.html \|archive\-date\=September 21, 2013 \|language\=en}} In 2017 Chinese national university ranking edited by [Wu Shulian](/wiki/Wu_Shulian "Wu Shulian"), Southeast University was placed 14th in the national university ranking in China, together with other 22 universities as China's top\-tier national universities.{{cite web\|url\=http://edu.sina.com.cn/gaokao/2016\-12\-26/doc\-ifxyxury8701224\.shtml\|title\=Wu Shulian 2017 China University Ranking\|publisher\=Sina\|access\-date\=6 December 2017\|date\=26 December 2016}}
In 2020 ARWU World University Ranking, Southeast University's global rank rose to 101–150, and national rank as 7–13\.
|
[
"Academic\n--------",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=June 2021}}",
"| **Rankings** | |\n| --- | --- |\n| National by Subject ([MOE](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China\")){{cite web \\|date\\=29 January 2013 \\|title\\=我校在2012全国学科评估中获得3项第一 \\|url\\=http://news.seu.edu.cn/s/146/t/1399/26/49/info75337\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-10 \\|publisher\\=SEU}} | |\n| *[Art history](/wiki/Art_history \"Art history\")* | 1 |\n| *[Biomedical engineering](/wiki/Biomedical_engineering \"Biomedical engineering\")* | 1 |\n| *[Transport engineering](/wiki/Transport_engineering \"Transport engineering\")* | 1 |\n| *[Architecture](/wiki/Architecture \"Architecture\")* | 2 |\n| *[Electronic engineering](/wiki/Electronic_engineering \"Electronic engineering\")* | 2 |\n| *[Landscape architecture](/wiki/Landscape_architecture \"Landscape architecture\")* | 2 |\n| *[Civil engineering](/wiki/Civil_engineering \"Civil engineering\")* | 3 |\n| *[Urban planning](/wiki/Urban_planning \"Urban planning\")* | 3 |\n|",
"[200px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Mei'an, the building of SEU School of the Arts](/wiki/File:MeiAn.jpg \"MeiAn.jpg\")\n[200px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Mengfang Library, built in 1923](/wiki/File:MengfangLibrary.jpg \"MengfangLibrary.jpg\")",
"Southeast University is one of 32 universities directly administered by the Chinese Department of Education, which are considered the top class universities in China. The university has 16,000 undergraduate students and 10,000 graduate students in over 30 schools and departments. The admission to SEU is very competitive. Normally the university enrolls top 2% high school students from nationwide to its undergraduate programs, and top 5% undergraduate students to its graduate program. Most students are recruited by engineering or some big schools such as School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Energy \\& Environmental Engineering, School of Information Science \\& Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, School of Computer Science \\& Engineering, School of Economics \\& Management, as well as School of Transportation Engineering. The rest students are enrolled by some smaller schools and departments like School of Automation, School of Electronic Science, and Department of Physics.",
"There are about 5,600 faculty members in Southeast University. Among all the faculty members, there are 8 members of Chinese Academy, 25 \"[Changjiang Scholars](/wiki/Changjiang_Scholar \"Changjiang Scholar\")\", 1 fellow of State Department Degree Committee, 9 members of State Department Degree Committee, 31 distinguished national youth research scientists, 7 members (ranking 2nd nationwide) of \"863 Projects\" expert committee, and 57 excellent Department of Education research scientists.",
"The university has 64 undergraduate programs, 206 master programs, 109 doctoral programs, as well as 15 postdoctoral research sites. In the most recent official rankings summary, 6 programs are top 5 and another 6 programs are top 10 nationwide. Especially the School of Biomedical Science \\& Engineering ranks first place. The university has a top research ability. There are 10 National First\\-class Academic programs, 6 potential National First\\-class Academic Programs. 3 National Research Labs, 1 National Professional Lab, 2 National Engineering Research Centers, and 7 Department of Education First\\-class Labs.",
"In 2006, the research funds for the university is 600 million Chinese Yuan, which lists the 7th place in the country.",
"### Rankings",
"{{Infobox Chinese university ranking\n\\| BCUR\\_N \\= 13\n\\| WS\\_N \\= 18\n\\| CUAA\\_N \\= 21\n\\| QS\\_N \\= 22\n\\| THE\\_N \\= 25–28\n\\| LINE\\_1 \\= 0\n\\| QS\\_A \\= \\=123\n\\| THE\\_A \\= 48\n\\| LINE\\_2 \\= 0\n\\| ARWU\\_W \\= 101–150\n\\| QS\\_W \\= \\=428\n\\| THE\\_W \\= 301–350\n\\| USNWR\\_W \\= 183\n}}\nSoutheast University is one of the top 20 universities in scientific research and development in China.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hhubbs.com/redirect.php?tid\\=3805\\&goto\\=lastpost \\|title\\=\\[08\\-21] 1996\\-2005中国大学排行榜前十名更替小结!!!!!! \\- 【河海水库】 \\- 河风海韵\\-\\-河海大学BBS 河海大学,河海BBS,河海论坛,河海大学论坛,河海大学BBS,河风海韵,河海风韵,河大,江河湖海,水利院校 \\- Powered by Discuz! \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711164400/http://www.hhubbs.com/redirect.php?tid\\=3805\\&goto\\=lastpost \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} It has over 20 national or provincial research institutes, with a number of key research bases. Over the last decade, it has completed more than 1000 research projects, of which over 500 have been awarded the national, provincial or municipal science and technology prizes. Its research fund exceeded 1\\.1 billion yuan in 2010, which placed 11th nationwide. The SEU Architecture Design and Research Institute, which is one of the few national first\\-class design institutes, has undertaken various major projects. The SEU\\-affiliated Zhongda Hospital was set up in 1935 and rated as \"Class A Grade 3\" by the Ministry of Public Health.",
"In 2007, Southeast University was listed 443rd among world universities.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://topuniversities.com/university/southeastuniversity \\|title\\=Southeast University \\| Top Universities \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006041758/http://www.topuniversities.com/university/southeastuniversity/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2010 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} In 2010, according to a leading scientific journal \"Nature\" (Nature Publishing Index 2010 China), the report ranked Southeast University as the *8th* among all domestic research institutes.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.natureasia.com/en/publishing\\-index/china/2010/ \\|title\\=Nature Publishing Index 2010 China :: NPG Nature Asia\\-Pacific \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831131053/http://www.natureasia.com/en/publishing\\-index/china/2010/ \\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"In 2010 QS top university ranking, it was ranked: 87th overall among Asian universities,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.topuniversities.com/university\\-rankings/asian\\-university\\-rankings/2010\\|title\\=QS University Rankings: Asia\\|work\\=Top Universities\\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2015}} 76th in engineering and I.T. among Asian universities,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.topuniversities.com/university\\-rankings/asian\\-university\\-rankings/2010/subject\\-rankings/technology \\|title\\=QS World University Rankings \\- Topuniversities \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119074538/http://www.topuniversities.com/university\\-rankings/asian\\-university\\-rankings/2010/subject\\-rankings/technology \\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} 301–350th in engineering and I.T worldwide.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.topuniversities.com/institution/southeast\\-university/wur \\|title\\=Southeast University \\- Topuniversities \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612134243/http://www.topuniversities.com/institution/southeast\\-university/wur \\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} In 2016, Southeast University was ranked 201–300 in ARWU World University Ranking, and 20th in ARWU Field \\- Engineering Ranking.{{cite web \\|title\\=Southeast University \\|url\\=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World\\-University\\-Rankings/Southeast\\-University.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921215822/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World\\-University\\-Rankings/Southeast\\-University.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2013 \\|language\\=en}} In 2017 Chinese national university ranking edited by [Wu Shulian](/wiki/Wu_Shulian \"Wu Shulian\"), Southeast University was placed 14th in the national university ranking in China, together with other 22 universities as China's top\\-tier national universities.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://edu.sina.com.cn/gaokao/2016\\-12\\-26/doc\\-ifxyxury8701224\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wu Shulian 2017 China University Ranking\\|publisher\\=Sina\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2017\\|date\\=26 December 2016}}",
"In 2020 ARWU World University Ranking, Southeast University's global rank rose to 101–150, and national rank as 7–13\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Vikram Kapoor ([Neil Nitin Mukesh](/wiki/Neil_Nitin_Mukesh "Neil Nitin Mukesh")), a renowned fashion designer, has an accident one night and one of his top models Sarah Brigenza is found dead the same night in what looks like a suicide. Vikram is paralyzed from the accident and has to use a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He returns home after years, to where his father Pratap Kapoor and stepmother Romila live.
Police suspect Sarah was murdered and Vikram becomes a suspect. The accidents were apparently arranged by Romila, who wants to acquire Pratap's assets with her real daughter Nandini. A flashback shows that Sarah and Vikram had a [one\-night stand](/wiki/One-night_stand "One-night stand"), after which Sarah, though engaged to Jimmy, wanted to be Vikram's girlfriend. After being refused, she shot herself. Vikram realized no witness would prove his innocence if Sarah was found dead there so he drove her body to her house, where it was later found.
In the present, Vikram sees Romila's ex\-boyfriend Narang Kapoor sneak into his house to meet Romila, implying that the two had planned the accidents in the house that nearly killed him. Jimmy is another suspect in Sarah's death because he was seen in CCTV footage escaping from her house right after the gunshot was heard. However, Jimmy is on the run from cops and parts of the footage in Sarah's house is missing. The existing part of the footage shows that Jimmy arrived, learned that the two had an affair, and fought with Vikram.
Pratap, Romila and Nandini leave for a cruise trip, leaving Vikram at home alone. A masked man then enters the house to attack and kill Vikram. Paralyzed Vikram calls his girlfriend Radhika for help but is caught by the attacker. Police Inspector Roy arrives right then and shoots the masked attacker. To everyone's shock, it is Vikram's father Pratap.
Roy now reveals the story: Sarah called Pratap to inform him that she found his gun, which he had lost; it had been in Vikram's possession. When Pratap arrived, he witnessed Vikram and Jimmy fighting so he shot Sarah to frame Vikram; the two then escaped to avoid suspicion.
It is revealed that Vikram never lost his legs; he, along with his doctor, planned to act handicapped to avenge his mother's death. Pratap is actually his uncle who had killed his mother for money, and had planned Vikram's accident.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Vikram Kapoor ([Neil Nitin Mukesh](/wiki/Neil_Nitin_Mukesh \"Neil Nitin Mukesh\")), a renowned fashion designer, has an accident one night and one of his top models Sarah Brigenza is found dead the same night in what looks like a suicide. Vikram is paralyzed from the accident and has to use a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He returns home after years, to where his father Pratap Kapoor and stepmother Romila live.",
"Police suspect Sarah was murdered and Vikram becomes a suspect. The accidents were apparently arranged by Romila, who wants to acquire Pratap's assets with her real daughter Nandini. A flashback shows that Sarah and Vikram had a [one\\-night stand](/wiki/One-night_stand \"One-night stand\"), after which Sarah, though engaged to Jimmy, wanted to be Vikram's girlfriend. After being refused, she shot herself. Vikram realized no witness would prove his innocence if Sarah was found dead there so he drove her body to her house, where it was later found.",
"In the present, Vikram sees Romila's ex\\-boyfriend Narang Kapoor sneak into his house to meet Romila, implying that the two had planned the accidents in the house that nearly killed him. Jimmy is another suspect in Sarah's death because he was seen in CCTV footage escaping from her house right after the gunshot was heard. However, Jimmy is on the run from cops and parts of the footage in Sarah's house is missing. The existing part of the footage shows that Jimmy arrived, learned that the two had an affair, and fought with Vikram.",
"Pratap, Romila and Nandini leave for a cruise trip, leaving Vikram at home alone. A masked man then enters the house to attack and kill Vikram. Paralyzed Vikram calls his girlfriend Radhika for help but is caught by the attacker. Police Inspector Roy arrives right then and shoots the masked attacker. To everyone's shock, it is Vikram's father Pratap.",
"Roy now reveals the story: Sarah called Pratap to inform him that she found his gun, which he had lost; it had been in Vikram's possession. When Pratap arrived, he witnessed Vikram and Jimmy fighting so he shot Sarah to frame Vikram; the two then escaped to avoid suspicion.",
"It is revealed that Vikram never lost his legs; he, along with his doctor, planned to act handicapped to avenge his mother's death. Pratap is actually his uncle who had killed his mother for money, and had planned Vikram's accident.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=right
\|1910\= 611
\|1920\= 698
\|1930\= 692
\|1940\= 746
\|1950\= 838
\|1960\= 785
\|1970\= 831
\|1980\= 781
\|1990\= 894
\|2000\= 1059
\|2010\= 974
\|2020\= 904
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2016}}
}}
As of the 2010 census, the borough was 95\.4% White, 0\.6% Black or African American, 0\.3% Native American, 0\.8% Asian, 0\.1% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and 0\.6% were two or more races. 3\.1% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/PA \|title\=Census 2010: Pennsylvania \|publisher\=Usatoday.Com \|access\-date\=2013\-07\-22}}
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 1,059 people, 374 households, and 305 families residing in the borough.
The population density was {{convert\|2,475\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 382 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|892\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}.
The racial makeup of the borough was 97\.92% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.57% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.66% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.47% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.38% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.85% of the population.
There were 666 households, out of which 39\.8% had children under the age of eighteen living with them; 69\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18\.4% were non\-families. 13\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\.5% had someone living alone who was sixty\-five years of age or older.
The average household size was 2\.82 and the average family size was 3\.07\.
Within the borough, the population was spread out, with 26\.3% of residents who were under the age of eighteen, 6\.6% who were aged eighteen to twenty\-four, 32\.4% who were aged twenty\-five to forty\-four, 23\.2% who were aged forty\-five to sixty\-four, and 11\.4% who were sixty\-five years of age or older. The median age was thirty\-seven years.
For every one hundred females, there were 96\.8 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 93\.1 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $52,250, and the median income for a family was $60,000\. Males had a median income of $38,125 compared with that of $30,441 for females.
The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the borough was $20,778\.
Approximately 1\.9% of families and 5\.6% of the population were living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 5\.9% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 4\.9% of those who were aged sixty\-five or older.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=right\n\\|1910\\= 611\n\\|1920\\= 698\n\\|1930\\= 692\n\\|1940\\= 746\n\\|1950\\= 838\n\\|1960\\= 785\n\\|1970\\= 831\n\\|1980\\= 781\n\\|1990\\= 894\n\\|2000\\= 1059\n\\|2010\\= 974\n\\|2020\\= 904\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2016}}\n}}",
"As of the 2010 census, the borough was 95\\.4% White, 0\\.6% Black or African American, 0\\.3% Native American, 0\\.8% Asian, 0\\.1% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and 0\\.6% were two or more races. 3\\.1% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/PA \\|title\\=Census 2010: Pennsylvania \\|publisher\\=Usatoday.Com \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-22}}",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 1,059 people, 374 households, and 305 families residing in the borough.",
"The population density was {{convert\\|2,475\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 382 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|892\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}.",
"The racial makeup of the borough was 97\\.92% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.57% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.66% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.47% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.38% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.85% of the population.",
"There were 666 households, out of which 39\\.8% had children under the age of eighteen living with them; 69\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18\\.4% were non\\-families. 13\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\\.5% had someone living alone who was sixty\\-five years of age or older.",
"The average household size was 2\\.82 and the average family size was 3\\.07\\.",
"Within the borough, the population was spread out, with 26\\.3% of residents who were under the age of eighteen, 6\\.6% who were aged eighteen to twenty\\-four, 32\\.4% who were aged twenty\\-five to forty\\-four, 23\\.2% who were aged forty\\-five to sixty\\-four, and 11\\.4% who were sixty\\-five years of age or older. The median age was thirty\\-seven years.",
"For every one hundred females, there were 96\\.8 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 93\\.1 males.",
"The median income for a household in the borough was $52,250, and the median income for a family was $60,000\\. Males had a median income of $38,125 compared with that of $30,441 for females.",
"The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the borough was $20,778\\.",
"Approximately 1\\.9% of families and 5\\.6% of the population were living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 5\\.9% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 4\\.9% of those who were aged sixty\\-five or older.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In 1992, a group of young [anarchists](/wiki/Anarchy "Anarchy"), seeking to preserve local wildlife, are brutally murdered. The killer is later found by the river, having collapsed from wounds he sustained while trying to kill a lone surviving anarchist.
The movie flashes forward 15 years to 2007, as a successful crime novelist Susan moves into a nearby house with her husband David, who purchased it in hopes of helping her with her writing. Susan is quickly made uneasy after she witnesses the house's gamekeeper, Peck, having enthusiastic sex in the woods. He later exposes himself to her. Susan begins to witness strange visions in the house, all surrounding bloody bodies: the killer seen at the beginning of the film and other people who appear and disappear. It is later revealed that Susan had previously suffered a mental breakdown due to seeing and hearing the things that were not actually there, which was another reason for David purchasing the house.
After David leaves for a "business trip" (quickly revealed to be an excuse to indulge in affairs), Susan is drugged and raped by Peck. The next day, Susan confides in a local priest about her past mental illnesses and her fears of her new home. The priest arranges for a psychic to examine the house, only for him to declare that supernatural entities are present in the house.
Immediately after they are escorted outside by David, Susan witnesses a series of brutal murders involving everyone seen previously in her visions. The vision ends up destroying what little sanity Susan has left, resulting in her accidentally killing Peck as he was checking up on her. Upon discovering what she has done, Susan is sent to a mental institution.
The movie then shows that Susan had been channeling her visions into her latest book, which has become an instant bestseller. David is shown receiving money for the book and it is implied that he had married her only for her money and that Peck's actions were done in an attempt to get blackmail material for a divorce. David goes back to the house one last time to finalize the sale to a new owner, where all the people Susan had seen during her visions are then shown. He is then gruesomely murdered by the killer Susan had been seeing all along (who had survived, been incarcerated, and escaped), revealing that her visions had never been due to insanity, and were predictions of the future murders that would happen in the house.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In 1992, a group of young [anarchists](/wiki/Anarchy \"Anarchy\"), seeking to preserve local wildlife, are brutally murdered. The killer is later found by the river, having collapsed from wounds he sustained while trying to kill a lone surviving anarchist.",
"The movie flashes forward 15 years to 2007, as a successful crime novelist Susan moves into a nearby house with her husband David, who purchased it in hopes of helping her with her writing. Susan is quickly made uneasy after she witnesses the house's gamekeeper, Peck, having enthusiastic sex in the woods. He later exposes himself to her. Susan begins to witness strange visions in the house, all surrounding bloody bodies: the killer seen at the beginning of the film and other people who appear and disappear. It is later revealed that Susan had previously suffered a mental breakdown due to seeing and hearing the things that were not actually there, which was another reason for David purchasing the house.",
"After David leaves for a \"business trip\" (quickly revealed to be an excuse to indulge in affairs), Susan is drugged and raped by Peck. The next day, Susan confides in a local priest about her past mental illnesses and her fears of her new home. The priest arranges for a psychic to examine the house, only for him to declare that supernatural entities are present in the house.",
"Immediately after they are escorted outside by David, Susan witnesses a series of brutal murders involving everyone seen previously in her visions. The vision ends up destroying what little sanity Susan has left, resulting in her accidentally killing Peck as he was checking up on her. Upon discovering what she has done, Susan is sent to a mental institution.",
"The movie then shows that Susan had been channeling her visions into her latest book, which has become an instant bestseller. David is shown receiving money for the book and it is implied that he had married her only for her money and that Peck's actions were done in an attempt to get blackmail material for a divorce. David goes back to the house one last time to finalize the sale to a new owner, where all the people Susan had seen during her visions are then shown. He is then gruesomely murdered by the killer Susan had been seeing all along (who had survived, been incarcerated, and escaped), revealing that her visions had never been due to insanity, and were predictions of the future murders that would happen in the house.",
""
] |
Development
-----------
### Origin, early development and migration to the thymus
All T cells originate from c\-kit\+Sca1\+ [haematopoietic stem cells](/wiki/Haematopoietic_stem_cell "Haematopoietic stem cell") (HSC) which reside in the bone marrow. In some cases, the origin might be the fetal [liver](/wiki/Liver "Liver") during [embryonic development](/wiki/Embryonic_development "Embryonic development"). The HSC then differentiate into multipotent progenitors (MPP) which retain the potential to become both [myeloid](/wiki/Myeloid_Cell "Myeloid Cell") and [lymphoid cells](/wiki/Lymphoid_cells "Lymphoid cells"). The process of differentiation then proceeds to a common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), which can only differentiate into T, B or NK cells.{{cite journal\|vauthors \= Kondo M\|title \= One Niche to Rule Both Maintenance and Loss of Stemness in HSCs\|journal \= Immunity\|volume \= 45\|issue \= 6\|pages \= 1177–1179\|date \= December 2016\|pmid \= 28002722\|doi \= 10\.1016/j.immuni.2016\.12\.003\|doi\-access \= free}} These CLP cells then migrate via the blood to the thymus, where they [engraft:](/wiki/wiktionary:Engraft "Engraft"). Henceforth they are known as [thymocytes](/wiki/Thymocyte "Thymocyte"), the immature stage of a T cell.
The earliest cells which arrived in the thymus are commonly termed *double\-negative*, as they express neither the [CD4](/wiki/CD4 "CD4") nor [CD8](/wiki/CD8 "CD8") co\-receptor. The newly arrived CLP cells are CD4−CD8−CD44\+CD25−ckit\+ cells, and are termed early thymic progenitor (ETP) cells.{{cite journal\|vauthors \= Osborne LC, Dhanji S, Snow JW, Priatel JJ, Ma MC, Miners MJ, Teh HS, Goldsmith MA, Abraham N\|display\-authors \= 6\|title \= Impaired CD8 T cell memory and CD4 T cell primary responses in IL\-7R alpha mutant mice\|journal \= The Journal of Experimental Medicine\|volume \= 204\|issue \= 3\|pages \= 619–631\|date \= March 2007\|pmid \= 17325202\|pmc \= 2137912\|doi \= 10\.1084/jem.20061871}} These cells will then undergo a round of division and [downregulate](/wiki/Downregulate "Downregulate") c\-kit and are termed *double\-negative one* (DN1\) cells. To become T cells, the thymocytes must undergo multiple DN stages as well as positive selection and negative selection.
Double negative thymocytes can be identified by the surface expression of [CD2](/wiki/CD2 "CD2"), [CD5](/wiki/CD5_%28protein%29 "CD5 (protein)") and [CD7](/wiki/CD7 "CD7"). Still during the double negative stages, [CD34](/wiki/CD34 "CD34") expression stops and [CD1](/wiki/CD1 "CD1") is expressed. Expression of both CD4 and CD8 makes them *double positive*, and matures into either CD4\+ or CD8\+ cells.
### TCR development
{{Main articles\|T\-cell receptor}}
A critical step in T cell maturation is making a functional T cell receptor (TCR). Each mature T cell will ultimately contain a unique TCR that reacts to a random pattern, allowing the immune system to recognize many different types of [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogen "Pathogen"). This process is essential in developing immunity to threats that the immune system has not encountered before, since due to random variation there will always be at least one TCR to match any new pathogen.
A thymocyte can only become an active T cell when it survives the process of developing a functional TCR. The TCR consists of two major components, the alpha and beta chains. These both contain random elements designed to produce a wide variety of different TCRs, but due to this huge variety they must be tested to make sure they work at all. First, the thymocytes attempt to create a functional beta chain, testing it against a 'mock' alpha chain. Then they attempt to create a functional alpha chain. Once a working TCR has been produced, the cells then must test if their TCR will identify threats correctly, and to do this it is required to recognize the body’s [major histocompatibility complex](/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex "Major histocompatibility complex") (MHC) in a process known as positive selection. The thymocyte must also ensure that it does not react adversely to "self" [antigens](/wiki/Antigen "Antigen"), called negative selection. If both positive and negative selection are successful, the TCR becomes fully operational and the thymocyte becomes a T cell.
#### TCR β\-chain selection
At the DN2 stage (CD44\+CD25\+), cells upregulate the recombination genes RAG1 and RAG2 and re\-arrange the [TCRβ](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta "Thyroid hormone receptor beta") locus, combining [V\-D\-J recombination](/wiki/V%28D%29J_recombination "V(D)J recombination") and constant region genes in an attempt to create a functional TCRβ chain. As the developing thymocyte progresses through to the DN3 stage (CD44−CD25\+), the thymocyte expresses an invariant α\-chain called pre\-Tα alongside the TCRβ gene. If the rearranged β\-chain successfully pairs with the invariant α\-chain, signals are produced which cease rearrangement of the β\-chain (and silence the alternate allele).{{Cite book\|last\=Murphy\|first\=Kenneth\|title\=Janeway's Immunobiology\|publisher\=Garland Science\|year\=2011\|isbn\=9780815342434\|edition\=8th\|pages\=301–305}} Although these signals require the pre\-TCR at the cell surface, they are independent of ligand binding to the pre\-TCR. If the chains successfully pair a pre\-TCR forms, and the cell downregulates CD25 and is termed a DN4 cell (CD25−CD44−). These cells then undergo a round of proliferation, and begin to re\-arrange the TCRα locus during the *double\-positive* stage.
#### Positive selection
The process of positive selection takes 3 to 4 days and occurs in the thymic cortex.{{cite journal\|vauthors \= Ross JO, Melichar HJ, Au\-Yeung BB, Herzmark P, Weiss A, Robey EA\|title \= Distinct phases in the positive selection of CD8\+ T cells distinguished by intrathymic migration and T\-cell receptor signaling patterns\|journal \= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\|volume \= 111\|issue \= 25\|pages \= E2550–E2558\|date \= June 2014\|pmid \= 24927565\|pmc \= 4078834\|doi \= 10\.1073/pnas.1408482111\|doi\-access \= free\|bibcode \= 2014PNAS..111E2550R}} Double\-positive thymocytes (CD4\+/CD8\+) migrate deep into the [thymic cortex](/wiki/Thymus%23Structure "Thymus#Structure"), where they are presented with self\-[antigens](/wiki/Antigen "Antigen"). These self\-antigens are expressed by [thymic cortical epithelial cells](/wiki/Cortical_thymic_epithelial_cells "Cortical thymic epithelial cells") on MHC molecules, which reside on the surface of cortical epithelial cells. Only thymocytes that interact well with MHC\-I or MHC\-II will receive a vital "survival signal", while those that cannot interact strongly enough will receive no signal and die from neglect. This process ensures that the surviving thymocytes will have an 'MHC affinity' that means they can serve useful functions in the body, responding to MHC molecules to assist immune responses. The vast majority of developing thymocytes will not pass positive selection, and die during this process.{{cite journal\|vauthors \= Starr TK, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA\|title \= Positive and negative selection of T cells\|journal \= Annual Review of Immunology\|volume \= 21\|issue \= 1\|pages \= 139–176\|date \= 2003\-01\-01\|pmid \= 12414722\|doi \= 10\.1146/annurev.immunol.21\.120601\.141107}}
A thymocyte's fate is determined during positive selection. Double\-positive cells (CD4\+/CD8\+) that interact well with MHC *class II* molecules will eventually become CD4\+ "helper" cells, whereas thymocytes that interact well with MHC *class I* molecules mature into CD8\+ "killer" cells. A thymocyte becomes a CD4\+ cell by down\-regulating expression of its CD8 cell surface receptors. If the cell does not lose its signal, it will continue downregulating CD8 and become a CD4\+, both CD8\+ and CD4\+ cells are now *single positive* cells.{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Zerrahn J, Held W, Raulet DH\|title\=The MHC reactivity of the T cell repertoire prior to positive and negative selection\|journal\=Cell\|volume\=88\|issue\=5\|pages\=627–636\|date\=March 1997\|pmid\=9054502\|doi\=10\.1016/S0092\-8674(00\)81905\-4\|s2cid\=15983629\|doi\-access\=free}}
This process does not filter for thymocytes that may cause [autoimmunity](/wiki/Autoimmunity "Autoimmunity"). The potentially autoimmune cells are removed by the following process of negative selection, which occurs in the thymic medulla.
#### Negative selection
Negative selection removes thymocytes that are capable of strongly binding with "self" MHC molecules. Thymocytes that survive positive selection migrate towards the boundary of the cortex and medulla in the thymus. While in the medulla, they are again presented with a self\-antigen presented on the MHC complex of [medullary thymic epithelial cells](/wiki/Medullary_thymic_epithelial_cells "Medullary thymic epithelial cells") (mTECs).{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Hinterberger M, Aichinger M, Prazeres da Costa O, Voehringer D, Hoffmann R, Klein L\|title \= Autonomous role of medullary thymic epithelial cells in central CD4(\+) T cell tolerance\|journal\=Nature Immunology\|volume\=11\|issue\=6\|pages\=512–519\|date\=June 2010\|pmid\=20431619\|doi\=10\.1038/ni.1874\|s2cid \= 33154019\|url \= https://hal.archives\-ouvertes.fr/hal\-00531148/file/PEER\_stage2\_10\.1038%252Fni.1874\.pdf}} mTECs must be [Autoimmune regulator](/wiki/Autoimmune_regulator "Autoimmune regulator") positive (AIRE\+) to properly express self\-antigens from all tissues of the body on their MHC *class I* peptides. Some mTECs are [phagocytosed](/wiki/Phagocytosis "Phagocytosis") by [thymic dendritic cells](/wiki/Dendritic_cell "Dendritic cell"); this makes them AIRE− [antigen presenting cells](/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell "Antigen-presenting cell") (APCs), allowing for presentation of self\-antigens on MHC *class II* molecules (positively selected CD4\+ cells must interact with these MHC class II molecules, thus APCs, which possess MHC class II, must be present for CD4\+ T\-cell negative selection). Thymocytes that interact too strongly with the self\-antigen receive an [apoptotic](/wiki/Apoptosis "Apoptosis") signal that leads to cell death. However, some of these cells are selected to become [Treg](/wiki/Treg "Treg") cells. The remaining cells exit the thymus as mature [naive T cells](/wiki/Naive_T_cell "Naive T cell"), also known as recent thymic emigrants.{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Pekalski ML, García AR, Ferreira RC, Rainbow DB, Smyth DJ, Mashar M, Brady J, Savinykh N, Dopico XC, Mahmood S, Duley S, Stevens HE, Walker NM, Cutler AJ, Waldron\-Lynch F, Dunger DB, Shannon\-Lowe C, Coles AJ, Jones JL, Wallace C, Todd JA, Wicker LS\|title\=Neonatal and adult recent thymic emigrants produce IL\-8 and express complement receptors CR1 and CR2\|journal\=JCI Insight\|volume\=2\|issue\=16\|date\=August 2017\|pmid\=28814669\|pmc\=5621870\|doi\=10\.1172/jci.insight.93739}} This process is an important component of [central tolerance](/wiki/Central_tolerance "Central tolerance") and serves to prevent the formation of self\-reactive T cells that are capable of inducing autoimmune diseases in the host.
#### TCR development summary
β\-selection is the first checkpoint, where thymocytes that are able to form a functional pre\-TCR (with an invariant alpha chain and a functional beta chain) are allowed to continue development in the thymus. Next, positive selection checks that thymocytes have successfully rearranged their TCRα locus and are capable of recognizing MHC molecules with appropriate affinity. Negative selection in the medulla then eliminates thymocytes that bind too strongly to self\-antigens expressed on MHC molecules. These selection processes allow for tolerance of self by the immune system. Typical naive T cells that leave the thymus (via the corticomedullary junction) are self\-restricted, self\-tolerant, and single positive.
### Thymic output
About 98% of thymocytes die during the development processes in the thymus by failing either positive selection or negative selection, whereas the other 2% survive and leave the thymus to become mature immunocompetent T cells.{{Cite book\|last\=Murphy\|first\=Kenneth\|title\=Janeway's Immunobiology\|publisher\=Garland Science\|year\=2011\|isbn\=9780815342434\|edition\=8th\|pages\=297}}
The thymus contributes fewer cells as a person ages. As the thymus shrinks by about 3%{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Haynes BF, Markert ML, Sempowski GD, Patel DD, Hale LP\|title\=The role of the thymus in immune reconstitution in aging, bone marrow transplantation, and HIV\-1 infection\|journal\=Annu. Rev. Immunol.\|volume\=18\|pages\=529–560\|year\=2000\|pmid\=10837068\|doi\=10\.1146/annurev.immunol.18\.1\.529}} a year throughout middle age, a corresponding fall in the thymic production of naive T cells occurs, leaving peripheral T cell expansion and regeneration to play a greater role in protecting older people.
|
[
"Development\n-----------",
"### Origin, early development and migration to the thymus",
"All T cells originate from c\\-kit\\+Sca1\\+ [haematopoietic stem cells](/wiki/Haematopoietic_stem_cell \"Haematopoietic stem cell\") (HSC) which reside in the bone marrow. In some cases, the origin might be the fetal [liver](/wiki/Liver \"Liver\") during [embryonic development](/wiki/Embryonic_development \"Embryonic development\"). The HSC then differentiate into multipotent progenitors (MPP) which retain the potential to become both [myeloid](/wiki/Myeloid_Cell \"Myeloid Cell\") and [lymphoid cells](/wiki/Lymphoid_cells \"Lymphoid cells\"). The process of differentiation then proceeds to a common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), which can only differentiate into T, B or NK cells.{{cite journal\\|vauthors \\= Kondo M\\|title \\= One Niche to Rule Both Maintenance and Loss of Stemness in HSCs\\|journal \\= Immunity\\|volume \\= 45\\|issue \\= 6\\|pages \\= 1177–1179\\|date \\= December 2016\\|pmid \\= 28002722\\|doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.immuni.2016\\.12\\.003\\|doi\\-access \\= free}} These CLP cells then migrate via the blood to the thymus, where they [engraft:](/wiki/wiktionary:Engraft \"Engraft\"). Henceforth they are known as [thymocytes](/wiki/Thymocyte \"Thymocyte\"), the immature stage of a T cell.",
"The earliest cells which arrived in the thymus are commonly termed *double\\-negative*, as they express neither the [CD4](/wiki/CD4 \"CD4\") nor [CD8](/wiki/CD8 \"CD8\") co\\-receptor. The newly arrived CLP cells are CD4−CD8−CD44\\+CD25−ckit\\+ cells, and are termed early thymic progenitor (ETP) cells.{{cite journal\\|vauthors \\= Osborne LC, Dhanji S, Snow JW, Priatel JJ, Ma MC, Miners MJ, Teh HS, Goldsmith MA, Abraham N\\|display\\-authors \\= 6\\|title \\= Impaired CD8 T cell memory and CD4 T cell primary responses in IL\\-7R alpha mutant mice\\|journal \\= The Journal of Experimental Medicine\\|volume \\= 204\\|issue \\= 3\\|pages \\= 619–631\\|date \\= March 2007\\|pmid \\= 17325202\\|pmc \\= 2137912\\|doi \\= 10\\.1084/jem.20061871}} These cells will then undergo a round of division and [downregulate](/wiki/Downregulate \"Downregulate\") c\\-kit and are termed *double\\-negative one* (DN1\\) cells. To become T cells, the thymocytes must undergo multiple DN stages as well as positive selection and negative selection.",
"Double negative thymocytes can be identified by the surface expression of [CD2](/wiki/CD2 \"CD2\"), [CD5](/wiki/CD5_%28protein%29 \"CD5 (protein)\") and [CD7](/wiki/CD7 \"CD7\"). Still during the double negative stages, [CD34](/wiki/CD34 \"CD34\") expression stops and [CD1](/wiki/CD1 \"CD1\") is expressed. Expression of both CD4 and CD8 makes them *double positive*, and matures into either CD4\\+ or CD8\\+ cells.",
"### TCR development",
"{{Main articles\\|T\\-cell receptor}}\nA critical step in T cell maturation is making a functional T cell receptor (TCR). Each mature T cell will ultimately contain a unique TCR that reacts to a random pattern, allowing the immune system to recognize many different types of [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogen \"Pathogen\"). This process is essential in developing immunity to threats that the immune system has not encountered before, since due to random variation there will always be at least one TCR to match any new pathogen.",
"A thymocyte can only become an active T cell when it survives the process of developing a functional TCR. The TCR consists of two major components, the alpha and beta chains. These both contain random elements designed to produce a wide variety of different TCRs, but due to this huge variety they must be tested to make sure they work at all. First, the thymocytes attempt to create a functional beta chain, testing it against a 'mock' alpha chain. Then they attempt to create a functional alpha chain. Once a working TCR has been produced, the cells then must test if their TCR will identify threats correctly, and to do this it is required to recognize the body’s [major histocompatibility complex](/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex \"Major histocompatibility complex\") (MHC) in a process known as positive selection. The thymocyte must also ensure that it does not react adversely to \"self\" [antigens](/wiki/Antigen \"Antigen\"), called negative selection. If both positive and negative selection are successful, the TCR becomes fully operational and the thymocyte becomes a T cell.",
"#### TCR β\\-chain selection",
"At the DN2 stage (CD44\\+CD25\\+), cells upregulate the recombination genes RAG1 and RAG2 and re\\-arrange the [TCRβ](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta \"Thyroid hormone receptor beta\") locus, combining [V\\-D\\-J recombination](/wiki/V%28D%29J_recombination \"V(D)J recombination\") and constant region genes in an attempt to create a functional TCRβ chain. As the developing thymocyte progresses through to the DN3 stage (CD44−CD25\\+), the thymocyte expresses an invariant α\\-chain called pre\\-Tα alongside the TCRβ gene. If the rearranged β\\-chain successfully pairs with the invariant α\\-chain, signals are produced which cease rearrangement of the β\\-chain (and silence the alternate allele).{{Cite book\\|last\\=Murphy\\|first\\=Kenneth\\|title\\=Janeway's Immunobiology\\|publisher\\=Garland Science\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=9780815342434\\|edition\\=8th\\|pages\\=301–305}} Although these signals require the pre\\-TCR at the cell surface, they are independent of ligand binding to the pre\\-TCR. If the chains successfully pair a pre\\-TCR forms, and the cell downregulates CD25 and is termed a DN4 cell (CD25−CD44−). These cells then undergo a round of proliferation, and begin to re\\-arrange the TCRα locus during the *double\\-positive* stage.",
"#### Positive selection",
"The process of positive selection takes 3 to 4 days and occurs in the thymic cortex.{{cite journal\\|vauthors \\= Ross JO, Melichar HJ, Au\\-Yeung BB, Herzmark P, Weiss A, Robey EA\\|title \\= Distinct phases in the positive selection of CD8\\+ T cells distinguished by intrathymic migration and T\\-cell receptor signaling patterns\\|journal \\= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\\|volume \\= 111\\|issue \\= 25\\|pages \\= E2550–E2558\\|date \\= June 2014\\|pmid \\= 24927565\\|pmc \\= 4078834\\|doi \\= 10\\.1073/pnas.1408482111\\|doi\\-access \\= free\\|bibcode \\= 2014PNAS..111E2550R}} Double\\-positive thymocytes (CD4\\+/CD8\\+) migrate deep into the [thymic cortex](/wiki/Thymus%23Structure \"Thymus#Structure\"), where they are presented with self\\-[antigens](/wiki/Antigen \"Antigen\"). These self\\-antigens are expressed by [thymic cortical epithelial cells](/wiki/Cortical_thymic_epithelial_cells \"Cortical thymic epithelial cells\") on MHC molecules, which reside on the surface of cortical epithelial cells. Only thymocytes that interact well with MHC\\-I or MHC\\-II will receive a vital \"survival signal\", while those that cannot interact strongly enough will receive no signal and die from neglect. This process ensures that the surviving thymocytes will have an 'MHC affinity' that means they can serve useful functions in the body, responding to MHC molecules to assist immune responses. The vast majority of developing thymocytes will not pass positive selection, and die during this process.{{cite journal\\|vauthors \\= Starr TK, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA\\|title \\= Positive and negative selection of T cells\\|journal \\= Annual Review of Immunology\\|volume \\= 21\\|issue \\= 1\\|pages \\= 139–176\\|date \\= 2003\\-01\\-01\\|pmid \\= 12414722\\|doi \\= 10\\.1146/annurev.immunol.21\\.120601\\.141107}}",
"A thymocyte's fate is determined during positive selection. Double\\-positive cells (CD4\\+/CD8\\+) that interact well with MHC *class II* molecules will eventually become CD4\\+ \"helper\" cells, whereas thymocytes that interact well with MHC *class I* molecules mature into CD8\\+ \"killer\" cells. A thymocyte becomes a CD4\\+ cell by down\\-regulating expression of its CD8 cell surface receptors. If the cell does not lose its signal, it will continue downregulating CD8 and become a CD4\\+, both CD8\\+ and CD4\\+ cells are now *single positive* cells.{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Zerrahn J, Held W, Raulet DH\\|title\\=The MHC reactivity of the T cell repertoire prior to positive and negative selection\\|journal\\=Cell\\|volume\\=88\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=627–636\\|date\\=March 1997\\|pmid\\=9054502\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0092\\-8674(00\\)81905\\-4\\|s2cid\\=15983629\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"This process does not filter for thymocytes that may cause [autoimmunity](/wiki/Autoimmunity \"Autoimmunity\"). The potentially autoimmune cells are removed by the following process of negative selection, which occurs in the thymic medulla.",
"#### Negative selection",
"Negative selection removes thymocytes that are capable of strongly binding with \"self\" MHC molecules. Thymocytes that survive positive selection migrate towards the boundary of the cortex and medulla in the thymus. While in the medulla, they are again presented with a self\\-antigen presented on the MHC complex of [medullary thymic epithelial cells](/wiki/Medullary_thymic_epithelial_cells \"Medullary thymic epithelial cells\") (mTECs).{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Hinterberger M, Aichinger M, Prazeres da Costa O, Voehringer D, Hoffmann R, Klein L\\|title \\= Autonomous role of medullary thymic epithelial cells in central CD4(\\+) T cell tolerance\\|journal\\=Nature Immunology\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=512–519\\|date\\=June 2010\\|pmid\\=20431619\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/ni.1874\\|s2cid \\= 33154019\\|url \\= https://hal.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/hal\\-00531148/file/PEER\\_stage2\\_10\\.1038%252Fni.1874\\.pdf}} mTECs must be [Autoimmune regulator](/wiki/Autoimmune_regulator \"Autoimmune regulator\") positive (AIRE\\+) to properly express self\\-antigens from all tissues of the body on their MHC *class I* peptides. Some mTECs are [phagocytosed](/wiki/Phagocytosis \"Phagocytosis\") by [thymic dendritic cells](/wiki/Dendritic_cell \"Dendritic cell\"); this makes them AIRE− [antigen presenting cells](/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell \"Antigen-presenting cell\") (APCs), allowing for presentation of self\\-antigens on MHC *class II* molecules (positively selected CD4\\+ cells must interact with these MHC class II molecules, thus APCs, which possess MHC class II, must be present for CD4\\+ T\\-cell negative selection). Thymocytes that interact too strongly with the self\\-antigen receive an [apoptotic](/wiki/Apoptosis \"Apoptosis\") signal that leads to cell death. However, some of these cells are selected to become [Treg](/wiki/Treg \"Treg\") cells. The remaining cells exit the thymus as mature [naive T cells](/wiki/Naive_T_cell \"Naive T cell\"), also known as recent thymic emigrants.{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Pekalski ML, García AR, Ferreira RC, Rainbow DB, Smyth DJ, Mashar M, Brady J, Savinykh N, Dopico XC, Mahmood S, Duley S, Stevens HE, Walker NM, Cutler AJ, Waldron\\-Lynch F, Dunger DB, Shannon\\-Lowe C, Coles AJ, Jones JL, Wallace C, Todd JA, Wicker LS\\|title\\=Neonatal and adult recent thymic emigrants produce IL\\-8 and express complement receptors CR1 and CR2\\|journal\\=JCI Insight\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=16\\|date\\=August 2017\\|pmid\\=28814669\\|pmc\\=5621870\\|doi\\=10\\.1172/jci.insight.93739}} This process is an important component of [central tolerance](/wiki/Central_tolerance \"Central tolerance\") and serves to prevent the formation of self\\-reactive T cells that are capable of inducing autoimmune diseases in the host.",
"#### TCR development summary",
"β\\-selection is the first checkpoint, where thymocytes that are able to form a functional pre\\-TCR (with an invariant alpha chain and a functional beta chain) are allowed to continue development in the thymus. Next, positive selection checks that thymocytes have successfully rearranged their TCRα locus and are capable of recognizing MHC molecules with appropriate affinity. Negative selection in the medulla then eliminates thymocytes that bind too strongly to self\\-antigens expressed on MHC molecules. These selection processes allow for tolerance of self by the immune system. Typical naive T cells that leave the thymus (via the corticomedullary junction) are self\\-restricted, self\\-tolerant, and single positive.",
"### Thymic output",
"About 98% of thymocytes die during the development processes in the thymus by failing either positive selection or negative selection, whereas the other 2% survive and leave the thymus to become mature immunocompetent T cells.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Murphy\\|first\\=Kenneth\\|title\\=Janeway's Immunobiology\\|publisher\\=Garland Science\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=9780815342434\\|edition\\=8th\\|pages\\=297}} \nThe thymus contributes fewer cells as a person ages. As the thymus shrinks by about 3%{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Haynes BF, Markert ML, Sempowski GD, Patel DD, Hale LP\\|title\\=The role of the thymus in immune reconstitution in aging, bone marrow transplantation, and HIV\\-1 infection\\|journal\\=Annu. Rev. Immunol.\\|volume\\=18\\|pages\\=529–560\\|year\\=2000\\|pmid\\=10837068\\|doi\\=10\\.1146/annurev.immunol.18\\.1\\.529}} a year throughout middle age, a corresponding fall in the thymic production of naive T cells occurs, leaving peripheral T cell expansion and regeneration to play a greater role in protecting older people.",
""
] |
PPE by usage
------------
### Combat
The modern PPE used in combat has been increasingly designed to address the emergent dangers poised in the increasing mix of conventional and unconventional conflicts demonstrated in the American experience in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{Cite book\|title\=US Marine Infantry Combat Uniforms and Equipment 2000–12\|last\=Eward\|first\=Kenneth\|publisher\=Bloomsbury Publishing\|year\=2012\|isbn\=9781780968995\|location\=New York}} The combat protective equipment today is often typified by flame resistance, improved body armor, and reduced weight, among other advances. The gears are shown in the following list, which includes PPEs for defense against ballistic weapons are commonly worn by [military](/wiki/Military "Military") and [law enforcement](/wiki/Police_officer "Police officer") personnel.
#### Shield
[thumb\|292x292px\|Workers at Chittagong ship breaking yard, without safety boots and hard hats](/wiki/File:Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG "Jafrabad Chittagong shipbreaking (8).JPG")
[thumb\|right\|U.S. [police officer](/wiki/Police_officer "Police officer") with a [riot shield](/wiki/Riot_shield "Riot shield")](/wiki/File:Police_officer_in_riot_gear.jpg "Police officer in riot gear.jpg")
A [shield](/wiki/Shield "Shield") is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield\-user. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand\-to\-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non\-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st century, shields are used by military and police units that specialize in anti\-terrorist action, hostage rescue, and siege\-breaching.
#### Torso
[thumb\|An [EOD](/wiki/Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal "Explosive Ordnance Disposal") technician wearing a [bomb suit](/wiki/Bomb_suit "Bomb suit")](/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg "Übung Northern Coast.jpg")
A [ballistic vest](/wiki/Ballistic_vest "Ballistic vest") helps absorb the impact from [firearm](/wiki/Firearm "Firearm")\-fired [projectiles](/wiki/Projectile "Projectile") and [shrapnel](/wiki/Fragmentation_%28weaponry%29 "Fragmentation (weaponry)") from explosions, and is worn on the [torso](/wiki/Torso "Torso"). Soft vests are made from many layers of woven or laminated fibers and can be capable of protecting the wearer from small caliber [handgun](/wiki/Handgun "Handgun") and [shotgun](/wiki/Shotgun "Shotgun") projectiles, and small fragments from explosives such as [hand grenades](/wiki/Hand_grenade "Hand grenade").
Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection from [rifle](/wiki/Rifle "Rifle") rounds, and metallic components or tightly\-woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from a [knife](/wiki/Knife "Knife"). Soft vests are commonly worn by [police](/wiki/Police "Police") forces, private citizens and private [security guards](/wiki/Security_guard "Security guard") or [bodyguards](/wiki/Bodyguard "Bodyguard"), whereas hard\-plate reinforced vests are mainly worn by combat soldiers, police tactical units and hostage rescue teams.
Modern body armor may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet "Combat helmet"). Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and [bomb disposal](/wiki/Bomb_disposal "Bomb disposal") officers wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection.
#### Head
[thumb\|right\|A [U.S.](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") soldier wearing a [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet "Combat helmet").](/wiki/File:ACH_005.jpg "ACH 005.jpg")
A [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet "Combat helmet") are among the oldest forms of [personal protective equipment](/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment"), and are known to have been worn by the [Assyrians](/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians "Ancient Assyrians") around 900BC, followed by the [ancient Greeks](/wiki/Ancient_Greeks "Ancient Greeks") and [Romans](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome"), throughout the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), and up to the end of the 1600s by many combatants.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html \|title\=Short History of Armour and Weapons \|access\-date\=2009\-12\-03 \|archive\-date\=2007\-12\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219224034/http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html \|url\-status\=dead }} Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from [leather](/wiki/Leather "Leather") and [brass](/wiki/Brass "Brass"), and then [bronze](/wiki/Bronze "Bronze") and [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") during the [Bronze](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age") and [Iron](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel") in many societies after about 950AD.[Galea – About the Galea](http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/weaponswarfare/g/galea.htm) At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with [swords](/wiki/Sword "Sword"), flying [arrows](/wiki/Arrow "Arrow"), and low\-velocity [musketry](/wiki/Musket "Musket"). Today's militaries often use high\-quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar "Kevlar") and [Aramid](/wiki/Aramid "Aramid"), which have excellent bullet and fragmentation stopping power. Some helmets also have good non\-ballistic protective qualities, though many do not.[Kevlar Pasgt Helmet](http://www.olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_kevlar_helmet.php) Non\-ballistic injuries may be caused by many things, such as concussive [shockwaves](/wiki/Shock_wave "Shock wave") from [explosions](/wiki/Explosion "Explosion"), physical attacks, motor vehicle accidents, or falls.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.operation\-helmet.org \|title\=Operation Helmet \|website\=www.operation\-helmet.org \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205230155/http://www.operation\-helmet.org/ \|archive\-date\=2005\-02\-05}}
A [ballistic face mask](/wiki/Ballistic_face_mask "Ballistic face mask"), is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats. Ballistic face masks are usually made of [kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar "Kevlar") or other bullet resistant materials and the inside of the mask may be padded for shock absorption, depending on the design. Due to weight restrictions, protection levels range only up to [NIJ](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice "National Institute of Justice") Level IIIA.
#### Respirator
A [gas mask](/wiki/Gas_mask "Gas mask") is worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling "airborne [pollutants](/wiki/Pollutant "Pollutant")" and toxic [gases](/wiki/Gas "Gas"). The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous or particulate. Many gas masks include protection from both types. During riots where tear gas or CS\-gas is employed by riot police, gas masks are commonly used by police and rioters alike.
#### Limbs
Protection of [limbs](/wiki/Limb_%28anatomy%29 "Limb (anatomy)") from bombs is provided by a [bombsuit](/wiki/Bombsuit "Bombsuit").
### Sports
#### Limbs
[thumb\|right\|A pair of fingerless cycling gloves.](/wiki/File:Cycle-glove_fingerless.jpg "Cycle-glove fingerless.jpg")
Gloves are frequently used to keep the hands warm, a function that is particularly necessary when cycling in cold weather. The hands are also relatively inactive, and do not have a great deal of muscle mass, which also contributes to the possibility of chill. Gloves are therefore vital for [insulating](/wiki/Thermal_insulation "Thermal insulation") the hands from cold, wind, and [evaporative cooling](/wiki/Evaporative_cooling "Evaporative cooling"). Putting a hand out to break a fall is a natural reaction, however, the hands are one of the more difficult parts of the body to repair. There is little or no spare skin, and immobilising the hands sufficiently to promote healing involves significant inconvenience to the patient. [Fingerless](/wiki/Fingerless_gloves "Fingerless gloves") gloves, have a lightly padded palm of [leather](/wiki/Leather "Leather") (natural or synthetic), [gel](/wiki/Gel "Gel") or other material. Full\-finger gloves are useful in winter, when real warmth is not an issue. These are also generally waterproof but will become soggy in heavy rain.
### Construction
#### Head
[right\|thumb\|[U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy") sailors loading cargo onto a container ship in [Antarctica](/wiki/Antarctica "Antarctica")](/wiki/File:Cargo_loading%2C_Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007_070208-N-4868G-323.JPEG "Cargo loading, Operation Deep Freeze 2007 070208-N-4868G-323.JPEG")
A [hard hat](/wiki/Hard_hat "Hard hat") is a type of [helmet](/wiki/Helmet "Helmet") predominantly used in workplace environments, such as [construction](/wiki/Construction "Construction") sites, to protect the [head](/wiki/Human_head "Human head") from injury by falling objects, impact with other objects, debris, bad weather and electric shock. Inside the helmet is a suspension that spreads the helmet's weight over the top of the head. It also provides a space of approximately 3 cm (1\.2 inch) between the helmet's shell and the wearer's head so that if an object strikes the shell, the impact is less likely to be transmitted directly to the skull. Rigid [plastic](/wiki/Plastic "Plastic") has been the most common material.
#### Respiratory system
[thumb\|right\|A half face particulate mask.](/wiki/File:Air-Purifying_Respirator.jpg "Air-Purifying Respirator.jpg")
A [respirator](/wiki/Respirator "Respirator") is designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful [dusts](/wiki/Dust "Dust"), fumes, vapors, and/or [gases](/wiki/Gas "Gas"). Respirators come in a wide range of types and sizes used by the military, private industry, and the public. Respirators range from cheaper, single\-use, disposable [masks](/wiki/Mask "Mask") to reusable models with replaceable cartridges. There are two main categories: the *air\-purifying respirator*, which forces contaminated air through a filtering element, and the *air\-supplied respirator*, in which an alternate supply of fresh air is delivered. Within each category, different techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate noxious airborne contents.
The term [respirator](/wiki/Respirator "Respirator") in the hospital setting refers to the N95 filtering face piece masks that are commonly used to care for patients with Tuberculosis. There was much controversy over the use of these masks during the H1N1 outbreak of 2009\.{{cite web\|title\=Archived CDC webpage\|url\=https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/masks.htm}}
|
[
"PPE by usage\n------------",
"### Combat",
"The modern PPE used in combat has been increasingly designed to address the emergent dangers poised in the increasing mix of conventional and unconventional conflicts demonstrated in the American experience in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{Cite book\\|title\\=US Marine Infantry Combat Uniforms and Equipment 2000–12\\|last\\=Eward\\|first\\=Kenneth\\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury Publishing\\|year\\=2012\\|isbn\\=9781780968995\\|location\\=New York}} The combat protective equipment today is often typified by flame resistance, improved body armor, and reduced weight, among other advances. The gears are shown in the following list, which includes PPEs for defense against ballistic weapons are commonly worn by [military](/wiki/Military \"Military\") and [law enforcement](/wiki/Police_officer \"Police officer\") personnel.",
"#### Shield",
"[thumb\\|292x292px\\|Workers at Chittagong ship breaking yard, without safety boots and hard hats](/wiki/File:Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG \"Jafrabad Chittagong shipbreaking (8).JPG\")",
"[thumb\\|right\\|U.S. [police officer](/wiki/Police_officer \"Police officer\") with a [riot shield](/wiki/Riot_shield \"Riot shield\")](/wiki/File:Police_officer_in_riot_gear.jpg \"Police officer in riot gear.jpg\")\nA [shield](/wiki/Shield \"Shield\") is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield\\-user. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand\\-to\\-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non\\-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st century, shields are used by military and police units that specialize in anti\\-terrorist action, hostage rescue, and siege\\-breaching.",
"#### Torso",
"[thumb\\|An [EOD](/wiki/Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal \"Explosive Ordnance Disposal\") technician wearing a [bomb suit](/wiki/Bomb_suit \"Bomb suit\")](/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg \"Übung Northern Coast.jpg\")\nA [ballistic vest](/wiki/Ballistic_vest \"Ballistic vest\") helps absorb the impact from [firearm](/wiki/Firearm \"Firearm\")\\-fired [projectiles](/wiki/Projectile \"Projectile\") and [shrapnel](/wiki/Fragmentation_%28weaponry%29 \"Fragmentation (weaponry)\") from explosions, and is worn on the [torso](/wiki/Torso \"Torso\"). Soft vests are made from many layers of woven or laminated fibers and can be capable of protecting the wearer from small caliber [handgun](/wiki/Handgun \"Handgun\") and [shotgun](/wiki/Shotgun \"Shotgun\") projectiles, and small fragments from explosives such as [hand grenades](/wiki/Hand_grenade \"Hand grenade\").",
"Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection from [rifle](/wiki/Rifle \"Rifle\") rounds, and metallic components or tightly\\-woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from a [knife](/wiki/Knife \"Knife\"). Soft vests are commonly worn by [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\") forces, private citizens and private [security guards](/wiki/Security_guard \"Security guard\") or [bodyguards](/wiki/Bodyguard \"Bodyguard\"), whereas hard\\-plate reinforced vests are mainly worn by combat soldiers, police tactical units and hostage rescue teams.",
"Modern body armor may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet \"Combat helmet\"). Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and [bomb disposal](/wiki/Bomb_disposal \"Bomb disposal\") officers wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection.",
"#### Head",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A [U.S.](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") soldier wearing a [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet \"Combat helmet\").](/wiki/File:ACH_005.jpg \"ACH 005.jpg\")",
"A [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet \"Combat helmet\") are among the oldest forms of [personal protective equipment](/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment \"Personal protective equipment\"), and are known to have been worn by the [Assyrians](/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians \"Ancient Assyrians\") around 900BC, followed by the [ancient Greeks](/wiki/Ancient_Greeks \"Ancient Greeks\") and [Romans](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\"), throughout the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), and up to the end of the 1600s by many combatants.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html \\|title\\=Short History of Armour and Weapons \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-03 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219224034/http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from [leather](/wiki/Leather \"Leather\") and [brass](/wiki/Brass \"Brass\"), and then [bronze](/wiki/Bronze \"Bronze\") and [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") during the [Bronze](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\") and [Iron](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") in many societies after about 950AD.[Galea – About the Galea](http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/weaponswarfare/g/galea.htm) At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with [swords](/wiki/Sword \"Sword\"), flying [arrows](/wiki/Arrow \"Arrow\"), and low\\-velocity [musketry](/wiki/Musket \"Musket\"). Today's militaries often use high\\-quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar \"Kevlar\") and [Aramid](/wiki/Aramid \"Aramid\"), which have excellent bullet and fragmentation stopping power. Some helmets also have good non\\-ballistic protective qualities, though many do not.[Kevlar Pasgt Helmet](http://www.olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_kevlar_helmet.php) Non\\-ballistic injuries may be caused by many things, such as concussive [shockwaves](/wiki/Shock_wave \"Shock wave\") from [explosions](/wiki/Explosion \"Explosion\"), physical attacks, motor vehicle accidents, or falls.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.operation\\-helmet.org \\|title\\=Operation Helmet \\|website\\=www.operation\\-helmet.org \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205230155/http://www.operation\\-helmet.org/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-02\\-05}}",
"A [ballistic face mask](/wiki/Ballistic_face_mask \"Ballistic face mask\"), is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats. Ballistic face masks are usually made of [kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar \"Kevlar\") or other bullet resistant materials and the inside of the mask may be padded for shock absorption, depending on the design. Due to weight restrictions, protection levels range only up to [NIJ](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice \"National Institute of Justice\") Level IIIA.",
"#### Respirator",
"A [gas mask](/wiki/Gas_mask \"Gas mask\") is worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling \"airborne [pollutants](/wiki/Pollutant \"Pollutant\")\" and toxic [gases](/wiki/Gas \"Gas\"). The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous or particulate. Many gas masks include protection from both types. During riots where tear gas or CS\\-gas is employed by riot police, gas masks are commonly used by police and rioters alike.",
"#### Limbs",
"Protection of [limbs](/wiki/Limb_%28anatomy%29 \"Limb (anatomy)\") from bombs is provided by a [bombsuit](/wiki/Bombsuit \"Bombsuit\").",
"### Sports",
"#### Limbs",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A pair of fingerless cycling gloves.](/wiki/File:Cycle-glove_fingerless.jpg \"Cycle-glove fingerless.jpg\")",
"Gloves are frequently used to keep the hands warm, a function that is particularly necessary when cycling in cold weather. The hands are also relatively inactive, and do not have a great deal of muscle mass, which also contributes to the possibility of chill. Gloves are therefore vital for [insulating](/wiki/Thermal_insulation \"Thermal insulation\") the hands from cold, wind, and [evaporative cooling](/wiki/Evaporative_cooling \"Evaporative cooling\"). Putting a hand out to break a fall is a natural reaction, however, the hands are one of the more difficult parts of the body to repair. There is little or no spare skin, and immobilising the hands sufficiently to promote healing involves significant inconvenience to the patient. [Fingerless](/wiki/Fingerless_gloves \"Fingerless gloves\") gloves, have a lightly padded palm of [leather](/wiki/Leather \"Leather\") (natural or synthetic), [gel](/wiki/Gel \"Gel\") or other material. Full\\-finger gloves are useful in winter, when real warmth is not an issue. These are also generally waterproof but will become soggy in heavy rain.",
"### Construction",
"#### Head",
"[right\\|thumb\\|[U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy \"U.S. Navy\") sailors loading cargo onto a container ship in [Antarctica](/wiki/Antarctica \"Antarctica\")](/wiki/File:Cargo_loading%2C_Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007_070208-N-4868G-323.JPEG \"Cargo loading, Operation Deep Freeze 2007 070208-N-4868G-323.JPEG\")\nA [hard hat](/wiki/Hard_hat \"Hard hat\") is a type of [helmet](/wiki/Helmet \"Helmet\") predominantly used in workplace environments, such as [construction](/wiki/Construction \"Construction\") sites, to protect the [head](/wiki/Human_head \"Human head\") from injury by falling objects, impact with other objects, debris, bad weather and electric shock. Inside the helmet is a suspension that spreads the helmet's weight over the top of the head. It also provides a space of approximately 3 cm (1\\.2 inch) between the helmet's shell and the wearer's head so that if an object strikes the shell, the impact is less likely to be transmitted directly to the skull. Rigid [plastic](/wiki/Plastic \"Plastic\") has been the most common material.",
"#### Respiratory system",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A half face particulate mask.](/wiki/File:Air-Purifying_Respirator.jpg \"Air-Purifying Respirator.jpg\") \nA [respirator](/wiki/Respirator \"Respirator\") is designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful [dusts](/wiki/Dust \"Dust\"), fumes, vapors, and/or [gases](/wiki/Gas \"Gas\"). Respirators come in a wide range of types and sizes used by the military, private industry, and the public. Respirators range from cheaper, single\\-use, disposable [masks](/wiki/Mask \"Mask\") to reusable models with replaceable cartridges. There are two main categories: the *air\\-purifying respirator*, which forces contaminated air through a filtering element, and the *air\\-supplied respirator*, in which an alternate supply of fresh air is delivered. Within each category, different techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate noxious airborne contents.\nThe term [respirator](/wiki/Respirator \"Respirator\") in the hospital setting refers to the N95 filtering face piece masks that are commonly used to care for patients with Tuberculosis. There was much controversy over the use of these masks during the H1N1 outbreak of 2009\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Archived CDC webpage\\|url\\=https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/masks.htm}}",
""
] |
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