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### Combat
The modern PPE used in combat has been increasingly designed to address the emergent dangers poised in the increasing mix of conventional and unconventional conflicts demonstrated in the American experience in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{Cite book\|title\=US Marine Infantry Combat Uniforms and Equipment 2000–12\|last\=Eward\|first\=Kenneth\|publisher\=Bloomsbury Publishing\|year\=2012\|isbn\=9781780968995\|location\=New York}} The combat protective equipment today is often typified by flame resistance, improved body armor, and reduced weight, among other advances. The gears are shown in the following list, which includes PPEs for defense against ballistic weapons are commonly worn by [military](/wiki/Military "Military") and [law enforcement](/wiki/Police_officer "Police officer") personnel.
#### Shield
[thumb\|292x292px\|Workers at Chittagong ship breaking yard, without safety boots and hard hats](/wiki/File:Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG "Jafrabad Chittagong shipbreaking (8).JPG")
[thumb\|right\|U.S. [police officer](/wiki/Police_officer "Police officer") with a [riot shield](/wiki/Riot_shield "Riot shield")](/wiki/File:Police_officer_in_riot_gear.jpg "Police officer in riot gear.jpg")
A [shield](/wiki/Shield "Shield") is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield\-user. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand\-to\-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non\-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st century, shields are used by military and police units that specialize in anti\-terrorist action, hostage rescue, and siege\-breaching.
#### Torso
[thumb\|An [EOD](/wiki/Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal "Explosive Ordnance Disposal") technician wearing a [bomb suit](/wiki/Bomb_suit "Bomb suit")](/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg "Übung Northern Coast.jpg")
A [ballistic vest](/wiki/Ballistic_vest "Ballistic vest") helps absorb the impact from [firearm](/wiki/Firearm "Firearm")\-fired [projectiles](/wiki/Projectile "Projectile") and [shrapnel](/wiki/Fragmentation_%28weaponry%29 "Fragmentation (weaponry)") from explosions, and is worn on the [torso](/wiki/Torso "Torso"). Soft vests are made from many layers of woven or laminated fibers and can be capable of protecting the wearer from small caliber [handgun](/wiki/Handgun "Handgun") and [shotgun](/wiki/Shotgun "Shotgun") projectiles, and small fragments from explosives such as [hand grenades](/wiki/Hand_grenade "Hand grenade").
Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection from [rifle](/wiki/Rifle "Rifle") rounds, and metallic components or tightly\-woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from a [knife](/wiki/Knife "Knife"). Soft vests are commonly worn by [police](/wiki/Police "Police") forces, private citizens and private [security guards](/wiki/Security_guard "Security guard") or [bodyguards](/wiki/Bodyguard "Bodyguard"), whereas hard\-plate reinforced vests are mainly worn by combat soldiers, police tactical units and hostage rescue teams.
Modern body armor may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet "Combat helmet"). Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and [bomb disposal](/wiki/Bomb_disposal "Bomb disposal") officers wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection.
#### Head
[thumb\|right\|A [U.S.](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") soldier wearing a [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet "Combat helmet").](/wiki/File:ACH_005.jpg "ACH 005.jpg")
A [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet "Combat helmet") are among the oldest forms of [personal protective equipment](/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment"), and are known to have been worn by the [Assyrians](/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians "Ancient Assyrians") around 900BC, followed by the [ancient Greeks](/wiki/Ancient_Greeks "Ancient Greeks") and [Romans](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome"), throughout the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), and up to the end of the 1600s by many combatants.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html \|title\=Short History of Armour and Weapons \|access\-date\=2009\-12\-03 \|archive\-date\=2007\-12\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219224034/http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html \|url\-status\=dead }} Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from [leather](/wiki/Leather "Leather") and [brass](/wiki/Brass "Brass"), and then [bronze](/wiki/Bronze "Bronze") and [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") during the [Bronze](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age") and [Iron](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel") in many societies after about 950AD.[Galea – About the Galea](http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/weaponswarfare/g/galea.htm) At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with [swords](/wiki/Sword "Sword"), flying [arrows](/wiki/Arrow "Arrow"), and low\-velocity [musketry](/wiki/Musket "Musket"). Today's militaries often use high\-quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar "Kevlar") and [Aramid](/wiki/Aramid "Aramid"), which have excellent bullet and fragmentation stopping power. Some helmets also have good non\-ballistic protective qualities, though many do not.[Kevlar Pasgt Helmet](http://www.olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_kevlar_helmet.php) Non\-ballistic injuries may be caused by many things, such as concussive [shockwaves](/wiki/Shock_wave "Shock wave") from [explosions](/wiki/Explosion "Explosion"), physical attacks, motor vehicle accidents, or falls.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.operation\-helmet.org \|title\=Operation Helmet \|website\=www.operation\-helmet.org \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205230155/http://www.operation\-helmet.org/ \|archive\-date\=2005\-02\-05}}
A [ballistic face mask](/wiki/Ballistic_face_mask "Ballistic face mask"), is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats. Ballistic face masks are usually made of [kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar "Kevlar") or other bullet resistant materials and the inside of the mask may be padded for shock absorption, depending on the design. Due to weight restrictions, protection levels range only up to [NIJ](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice "National Institute of Justice") Level IIIA.
#### Respirator
A [gas mask](/wiki/Gas_mask "Gas mask") is worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling "airborne [pollutants](/wiki/Pollutant "Pollutant")" and toxic [gases](/wiki/Gas "Gas"). The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous or particulate. Many gas masks include protection from both types. During riots where tear gas or CS\-gas is employed by riot police, gas masks are commonly used by police and rioters alike.
#### Limbs
Protection of [limbs](/wiki/Limb_%28anatomy%29 "Limb (anatomy)") from bombs is provided by a [bombsuit](/wiki/Bombsuit "Bombsuit").
|
[
"### Combat",
"The modern PPE used in combat has been increasingly designed to address the emergent dangers poised in the increasing mix of conventional and unconventional conflicts demonstrated in the American experience in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{Cite book\\|title\\=US Marine Infantry Combat Uniforms and Equipment 2000–12\\|last\\=Eward\\|first\\=Kenneth\\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury Publishing\\|year\\=2012\\|isbn\\=9781780968995\\|location\\=New York}} The combat protective equipment today is often typified by flame resistance, improved body armor, and reduced weight, among other advances. The gears are shown in the following list, which includes PPEs for defense against ballistic weapons are commonly worn by [military](/wiki/Military \"Military\") and [law enforcement](/wiki/Police_officer \"Police officer\") personnel.",
"#### Shield",
"[thumb\\|292x292px\\|Workers at Chittagong ship breaking yard, without safety boots and hard hats](/wiki/File:Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG \"Jafrabad Chittagong shipbreaking (8).JPG\")",
"[thumb\\|right\\|U.S. [police officer](/wiki/Police_officer \"Police officer\") with a [riot shield](/wiki/Riot_shield \"Riot shield\")](/wiki/File:Police_officer_in_riot_gear.jpg \"Police officer in riot gear.jpg\")\nA [shield](/wiki/Shield \"Shield\") is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield\\-user. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand\\-to\\-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non\\-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st century, shields are used by military and police units that specialize in anti\\-terrorist action, hostage rescue, and siege\\-breaching.",
"#### Torso",
"[thumb\\|An [EOD](/wiki/Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal \"Explosive Ordnance Disposal\") technician wearing a [bomb suit](/wiki/Bomb_suit \"Bomb suit\")](/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg \"Übung Northern Coast.jpg\")\nA [ballistic vest](/wiki/Ballistic_vest \"Ballistic vest\") helps absorb the impact from [firearm](/wiki/Firearm \"Firearm\")\\-fired [projectiles](/wiki/Projectile \"Projectile\") and [shrapnel](/wiki/Fragmentation_%28weaponry%29 \"Fragmentation (weaponry)\") from explosions, and is worn on the [torso](/wiki/Torso \"Torso\"). Soft vests are made from many layers of woven or laminated fibers and can be capable of protecting the wearer from small caliber [handgun](/wiki/Handgun \"Handgun\") and [shotgun](/wiki/Shotgun \"Shotgun\") projectiles, and small fragments from explosives such as [hand grenades](/wiki/Hand_grenade \"Hand grenade\").",
"Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection from [rifle](/wiki/Rifle \"Rifle\") rounds, and metallic components or tightly\\-woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from a [knife](/wiki/Knife \"Knife\"). Soft vests are commonly worn by [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\") forces, private citizens and private [security guards](/wiki/Security_guard \"Security guard\") or [bodyguards](/wiki/Bodyguard \"Bodyguard\"), whereas hard\\-plate reinforced vests are mainly worn by combat soldiers, police tactical units and hostage rescue teams.",
"Modern body armor may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet \"Combat helmet\"). Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and [bomb disposal](/wiki/Bomb_disposal \"Bomb disposal\") officers wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection.",
"#### Head",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A [U.S.](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") soldier wearing a [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet \"Combat helmet\").](/wiki/File:ACH_005.jpg \"ACH 005.jpg\")",
"A [combat helmet](/wiki/Combat_helmet \"Combat helmet\") are among the oldest forms of [personal protective equipment](/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment \"Personal protective equipment\"), and are known to have been worn by the [Assyrians](/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians \"Ancient Assyrians\") around 900BC, followed by the [ancient Greeks](/wiki/Ancient_Greeks \"Ancient Greeks\") and [Romans](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\"), throughout the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), and up to the end of the 1600s by many combatants.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html \\|title\\=Short History of Armour and Weapons \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-03 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219224034/http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from [leather](/wiki/Leather \"Leather\") and [brass](/wiki/Brass \"Brass\"), and then [bronze](/wiki/Bronze \"Bronze\") and [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") during the [Bronze](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\") and [Iron](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") in many societies after about 950AD.[Galea – About the Galea](http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/weaponswarfare/g/galea.htm) At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with [swords](/wiki/Sword \"Sword\"), flying [arrows](/wiki/Arrow \"Arrow\"), and low\\-velocity [musketry](/wiki/Musket \"Musket\"). Today's militaries often use high\\-quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar \"Kevlar\") and [Aramid](/wiki/Aramid \"Aramid\"), which have excellent bullet and fragmentation stopping power. Some helmets also have good non\\-ballistic protective qualities, though many do not.[Kevlar Pasgt Helmet](http://www.olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_kevlar_helmet.php) Non\\-ballistic injuries may be caused by many things, such as concussive [shockwaves](/wiki/Shock_wave \"Shock wave\") from [explosions](/wiki/Explosion \"Explosion\"), physical attacks, motor vehicle accidents, or falls.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.operation\\-helmet.org \\|title\\=Operation Helmet \\|website\\=www.operation\\-helmet.org \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205230155/http://www.operation\\-helmet.org/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-02\\-05}}",
"A [ballistic face mask](/wiki/Ballistic_face_mask \"Ballistic face mask\"), is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats. Ballistic face masks are usually made of [kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar \"Kevlar\") or other bullet resistant materials and the inside of the mask may be padded for shock absorption, depending on the design. Due to weight restrictions, protection levels range only up to [NIJ](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice \"National Institute of Justice\") Level IIIA.",
"#### Respirator",
"A [gas mask](/wiki/Gas_mask \"Gas mask\") is worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling \"airborne [pollutants](/wiki/Pollutant \"Pollutant\")\" and toxic [gases](/wiki/Gas \"Gas\"). The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous or particulate. Many gas masks include protection from both types. During riots where tear gas or CS\\-gas is employed by riot police, gas masks are commonly used by police and rioters alike.",
"#### Limbs",
"Protection of [limbs](/wiki/Limb_%28anatomy%29 \"Limb (anatomy)\") from bombs is provided by a [bombsuit](/wiki/Bombsuit \"Bombsuit\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### WOAN
According to [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") (FCC) records, WREC's origin dates to station WOAN,[AM Query Results: WREC](https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?list=0&facid=58396) (Facility ID: 58396\), "WREC's first license was granted 11\-21\-1922", FCC.gov which consolidated with WREC in 1930, making WREC the oldest radio station in Memphis, going on the air a year before [WMC](/wiki/WMC_%28AM%29 "WMC (AM)").
WOAN was first licensed on November 21, 1922, to "Vaughn Conservatory of Music (James D. Vaughn)" in [Lawrenceburg, Tennessee](/wiki/Lawrenceburg%2C_Tennessee "Lawrenceburg, Tennessee"), operating on the "entertainment" wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz).["New stations"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221816&view=1up&seq=765), *Radio Service Bulletin*, December 1, 1922, page 3\. Its call letters were randomly assigned from a sequential roster of available [call signs](/wiki/Call_sign "Call sign").
### WREC
WREC was first licensed on January 17, 1924, as KFNG, owned by electrical engineer and radio dealer Hoyt Wooten.["New Stations"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=249), *Radio Service Bulletin*, February 1, 1924, page 3\. The original call letters were also randomly assigned, from an alphabetical roster of available call signs starting with "K", which were normally only issued to stations located west of the Mississippi River. KFNG operated from a 10\-watt transmitter in Wooten's father's home in [Coldwater, Mississippi](/wiki/Coldwater%2C_Mississippi "Coldwater, Mississippi"). (Some station histories report a start of broadcasting activities by Hoyt Wooten in September 1922\.) In 1925, the station adopted its current WREC call letters, and later moved to [Whitehaven, Tennessee](/wiki/Whitehaven%2C_Tennessee "Whitehaven, Tennessee"),["Alterations and corrections"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=254), *Radio Service Bulletin*, January 31, 1927, page 8\. now a part of Memphis.
### Consolidation of WREC and WOAN
WREC began sharing the 600 AM frequency with WOAN. In 1929 the two stations began joint operations, with WREC moving to studios in the basement of the [Peabody Hotel](/wiki/Peabody_Hotel "Peabody Hotel") in downtown Memphis, where it would remain for over 40 years. In 1930, the two stations were formally consolidated with the joint call sign of WREC\-WOAN.["Alterations and corrections"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066938374&view=1up&seq=319), *Radio Service Bulletin*, June 30, 1930, page 15\. On May 15, 1933, after the [Federal Radio Commission](/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission "Federal Radio Commission") requested that stations using only one of their assigned call letters drop those that were no longer in regular use,["Double Call Letters Are Being Eliminated"](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-06-25/ed-1/seq-44/), *Washington (D.C.) Evening Star*, June 25, 1933, Part 4, page 6\. WOAN was eliminated and the station reverted to just WREC.["Additions to Lists"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000842032a&view=1up&seq=58), *Radio Service Bulletin*, May 15, 1933, page 2\.
WREC was an [affiliate](/wiki/Network_affiliate "Network affiliate") of the [CBS Radio](/wiki/CBS_Radio "CBS Radio") Network.[Broadcasting Yearbook 1939](https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1939/Radio-by-State-BC-YB-1939.pdf) page 152, [Broadcasting \& Cable](/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable "Broadcasting & Cable") It carried CBS dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and [big band](/wiki/Big_band "Big band") broadcasts during the "[Golden Age of Radio](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio "Golden Age of Radio")."
In 1956 WREC added a TV station, [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") affiliate WREC\-TV 3 (now [WREG\-TV](/wiki/WREG-TV "WREG-TV")), and in 1967, it put an FM station on the air at 102\.7, WREC\-FM (now [WEGR](/wiki/WEGR "WEGR")).[Broadcasting Yearbook](/wiki/Broadcasting_and_Cable "Broadcasting and Cable") 1977 page C\-197] Wooten sold his stations to Cowles Communications in 1963, earning a handsome return on his original investment. As network programming moved from radio to television in the 1960s, WREC switched to a [full service](/wiki/Full_service_radio "Full service radio"), [middle of the road](/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_%28music%29 "Middle of the road (music)") format of popular adult music, news and sports. In the 1980s, it began reducing music shows and replacing them with talk shows, until the transition to full time talk was complete in the 1990s.
In 1996, [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications "Clear Channel Communications") acquired WREC and WEGR.[Broadcasting Yearbook 2005 page D\-481](https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2005/Radio-All-2005-BC-YB.pdf) Clear Channel changed its name to iHeartMedia in 2014\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### WOAN",
"According to [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") (FCC) records, WREC's origin dates to station WOAN,[AM Query Results: WREC](https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?list=0&facid=58396) (Facility ID: 58396\\), \"WREC's first license was granted 11\\-21\\-1922\", FCC.gov which consolidated with WREC in 1930, making WREC the oldest radio station in Memphis, going on the air a year before [WMC](/wiki/WMC_%28AM%29 \"WMC (AM)\").",
"WOAN was first licensed on November 21, 1922, to \"Vaughn Conservatory of Music (James D. Vaughn)\" in [Lawrenceburg, Tennessee](/wiki/Lawrenceburg%2C_Tennessee \"Lawrenceburg, Tennessee\"), operating on the \"entertainment\" wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz).[\"New stations\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221816&view=1up&seq=765), *Radio Service Bulletin*, December 1, 1922, page 3\\. Its call letters were randomly assigned from a sequential roster of available [call signs](/wiki/Call_sign \"Call sign\").",
"### WREC",
"WREC was first licensed on January 17, 1924, as KFNG, owned by electrical engineer and radio dealer Hoyt Wooten.[\"New Stations\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=249), *Radio Service Bulletin*, February 1, 1924, page 3\\. The original call letters were also randomly assigned, from an alphabetical roster of available call signs starting with \"K\", which were normally only issued to stations located west of the Mississippi River. KFNG operated from a 10\\-watt transmitter in Wooten's father's home in [Coldwater, Mississippi](/wiki/Coldwater%2C_Mississippi \"Coldwater, Mississippi\"). (Some station histories report a start of broadcasting activities by Hoyt Wooten in September 1922\\.) In 1925, the station adopted its current WREC call letters, and later moved to [Whitehaven, Tennessee](/wiki/Whitehaven%2C_Tennessee \"Whitehaven, Tennessee\"),[\"Alterations and corrections\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=254), *Radio Service Bulletin*, January 31, 1927, page 8\\. now a part of Memphis.",
"### Consolidation of WREC and WOAN",
"WREC began sharing the 600 AM frequency with WOAN. In 1929 the two stations began joint operations, with WREC moving to studios in the basement of the [Peabody Hotel](/wiki/Peabody_Hotel \"Peabody Hotel\") in downtown Memphis, where it would remain for over 40 years. In 1930, the two stations were formally consolidated with the joint call sign of WREC\\-WOAN.[\"Alterations and corrections\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066938374&view=1up&seq=319), *Radio Service Bulletin*, June 30, 1930, page 15\\. On May 15, 1933, after the [Federal Radio Commission](/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission \"Federal Radio Commission\") requested that stations using only one of their assigned call letters drop those that were no longer in regular use,[\"Double Call Letters Are Being Eliminated\"](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-06-25/ed-1/seq-44/), *Washington (D.C.) Evening Star*, June 25, 1933, Part 4, page 6\\. WOAN was eliminated and the station reverted to just WREC.[\"Additions to Lists\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000842032a&view=1up&seq=58), *Radio Service Bulletin*, May 15, 1933, page 2\\.",
"WREC was an [affiliate](/wiki/Network_affiliate \"Network affiliate\") of the [CBS Radio](/wiki/CBS_Radio \"CBS Radio\") Network.[Broadcasting Yearbook 1939](https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1939/Radio-by-State-BC-YB-1939.pdf) page 152, [Broadcasting \\& Cable](/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable \"Broadcasting & Cable\") It carried CBS dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and [big band](/wiki/Big_band \"Big band\") broadcasts during the \"[Golden Age of Radio](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio \"Golden Age of Radio\").\"",
"In 1956 WREC added a TV station, [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") affiliate WREC\\-TV 3 (now [WREG\\-TV](/wiki/WREG-TV \"WREG-TV\")), and in 1967, it put an FM station on the air at 102\\.7, WREC\\-FM (now [WEGR](/wiki/WEGR \"WEGR\")).[Broadcasting Yearbook](/wiki/Broadcasting_and_Cable \"Broadcasting and Cable\") 1977 page C\\-197] Wooten sold his stations to Cowles Communications in 1963, earning a handsome return on his original investment. As network programming moved from radio to television in the 1960s, WREC switched to a [full service](/wiki/Full_service_radio \"Full service radio\"), [middle of the road](/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_%28music%29 \"Middle of the road (music)\") format of popular adult music, news and sports. In the 1980s, it began reducing music shows and replacing them with talk shows, until the transition to full time talk was complete in the 1990s.",
"In 1996, [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\") acquired WREC and WEGR.[Broadcasting Yearbook 2005 page D\\-481](https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2005/Radio-All-2005-BC-YB.pdf) Clear Channel changed its name to iHeartMedia in 2014\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|The Chapel of the Ascension](/wiki/File:Chapel_of_The_Ascension.ogv "Chapel of The Ascension.ogv")
### First location of the Ascension
Almost 300 years after Jesus was said to have died, early Christians began gathering secretly in a small cave on the Mount of Olives."Chapel of the Ascension". *faith.nd.edu*. Retrieved 2022\-11\-16\. The issuance of the [Edict of Milan](/wiki/Edict_of_Milan "Edict of Milan") by the [Roman Emperors](/wiki/Roman_Emperor "Roman Emperor") [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great "Constantine the Great") and [Licinius](/wiki/Licinius "Licinius") in 313 made it possible for Christians to worship without government persecution.
### Second location of the Ascension
By the time of the pilgrim [Egeria's](/wiki/Egeria_%28pilgrim%29 "Egeria (pilgrim)") travels to [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity "Jerusalem in Christianity") in 384, the spot of veneration had been moved to the present location, so that Egeria witnessed the celebration of the Ascension at an "open hillock" uphill from the nearby cave; the cave itself had been integrated into the Constantinian [Church of Eleona](/wiki/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster%23Constantine_and_the_Byzantine_period "Church of the Pater Noster#Constantine and the Byzantine period").Murphy\-O'Connor, Jerome (2008\). *The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700*. OUP Oxford. {{isbn\|978\-0\-19\-152867\-5}}.
### 4th\-century church (or churches)
The first church was erected there a few years later, sometime between AD 384–390, by Poimenia, a wealthy and pious Roman aristocratic woman from the imperial family, who financed the building of the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine "Byzantine")\-style church "around Christ's last footprints." The first complex constructed on the site of the present chapel was known as ***Imbomon*** (Greek for "on the hill"). It was a [rotunda](/wiki/Rotunda_%28architecture%29 "Rotunda (architecture)"), open to the sky, surrounded by circular [porticoes](/wiki/Portico "Portico") and arches.
The *Imbomon*, as well as the nearby [Eleona Basilica](/wiki/Eleona_Basilica "Eleona Basilica") and other monasteries and churches on the Mount of Olives, were destroyed by the armies of the Persian [shah](/wiki/Shah "Shah") [Khosrow II](/wiki/Khosrow_II "Khosrow II") during the final phase of the [Byzantine\-Sassanid Wars](/wiki/Byzantine-Sassanid_Wars "Byzantine-Sassanid Wars") in 614Frendo, David (2000\). "Byzantine\-Iranian Relations before and after the Death of Khusrau II: A Critical Examination of the Evidence". *Bulletin of the Asia Institute*. **14**: 27–45\. {{ISSN\|0890\-4464}}. (see [Byzantine\-Sasanian War of 602\-628](/wiki/Byzantine-Sasanian_War_of_602-628 "Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628") and [Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem](/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem "Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem")).
However, a later tradition attributes the first Ascension Church at this site to [Empress Helena](/wiki/Helena_%28Empress%29 "Helena (Empress)"){{clarify \|reason\= Another, earlier church? Fictious, since Poimenia's presented as the first? Or can "before 392" mean before Helena, i.e. pre\-328? That's over 6 decades earlier.\|date\= September 2023}} claiming that during her [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage "Pilgrimage") to the Holy Land between 326 and 328 she identified two spots on the Mount of Olives as being associated with Jesus' life \- the place of his Ascension, and a grotto associated with his teaching of the [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer "Lord's Prayer") \- and on her return to Rome, she ordered the construction of two sanctuaries at these locations.Kirk, Martha Ann (2004\). *Women of Bible Lands: A Pilgrimage to Compassion and Wisdom*. Liturgical Press. {{isbn\|978\-0\-8146\-5156\-8}}
### 7th\-century church
The church was rebuilt in the late 7th century. The [Frankish](/wiki/Franks "Franks") bishop and pilgrim [Arculf](/wiki/Arculf "Arculf"), in relating his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in about the year 680, described this church as "a round building open to the sky, with three porticoes entered from the south. Eight lamps shone brightly at night through windows facing Jerusalem. Inside was a central [edicule](/wiki/Edicule "Edicule") containing the footprints of Christ, plainly and clearly impressed in the dust, inside a railing." Note that the footprints of Christ were "**impressed in the dust**", not stone.
### 12th\-century church
The reconstructed church was eventually destroyed, and rebuilt a second time by the [Crusaders](/wiki/Crusaders "Crusaders") in the 12th century. The armies of [Saladin](/wiki/Saladin "Saladin") later decimated the church, leaving only a partially intact outer 12x12\-meter octagonal wall surrounding an inner 3x3\-meter octagonal shrine, called a [martyrium](/wiki/Martyrium_%28architecture%29 "Martyrium (architecture)") or [edicule](/wiki/Edicule "Edicule"). This structure still stands today, although partially altered in the time after Saladin's 1187 [conquest of Jerusalem](/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%281187%29 "Siege of Jerusalem (1187)")."Chapel of the Ascension \- On the Mount of Olives \- In the Holy city of Jerusalem". *www.mtolives.com*. Retrieved 2022\-11\-16\.
### Umayyad repurposing; new adjacent mosque
After the [fall of Jerusalem](/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%281187%29 "Siege of Jerusalem (1187)") in 1187, the ruined church and monastery were abandoned by the Christians, who resettled in [Acre](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel "Acre, Israel"). During this time, Saladin established the Mount of Olives as a *waqf* entrusted to two [sheikhs](/wiki/Sheikh "Sheikh"), al\-Salih Wali al\-Din and Abu Hasan al\-Hakari. This *[waqf](/wiki/Waqf "Waqf")* was registered in a document dated 20 October 1188\.Pringle, Denys (1993\). *The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem: A Corpus*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–76\. {{isbn\|978\-0\-521\-39038\-5}}. The chapel was converted to a [mosque](/wiki/Mosque "Mosque"), and a [mihrab](/wiki/Mihrab "Mihrab") installed in it. Because the vast majority of pilgrims to the site were Christian, as a gesture of compromise and goodwill, Saladin ordered the construction of a second mosque nearby for Muslim worship while Christians continued to visit the main chapel.
### 13th century till present time
Despite this act of accommodation by Saladin, tensions between Muslims and Christians in Jerusalem rose throughout the next 300 years. The shrine and surrounding structures saw periods of non\-use and disrepair. By the 15th century, the destroyed eastern section was separated by a dividing wall and was no longer used for religious purposes{{clarify\|reason\=See talk\-page: what wall? Still extant? Why not used by Christians? Both very doubtful.\|date\=September 2023}}.
Currently, the chapel is under the authority of the [Islamic Waqf of Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf "Jerusalem Islamic Waqf") and is open to visitors of all faiths, for a nominal fee.*Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840\-1940 : opening new archives, revisiting a global city*. Angelos D̲alachanēs, Vincent Lemire. Leiden. 2018\. pp. 490–509\. {{isbn\|978\-90\-04\-37574\-1}} {{oclc\|1032291352}}.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|The Chapel of the Ascension](/wiki/File:Chapel_of_The_Ascension.ogv \"Chapel of The Ascension.ogv\")",
"### First location of the Ascension",
"Almost 300 years after Jesus was said to have died, early Christians began gathering secretly in a small cave on the Mount of Olives.\"Chapel of the Ascension\". *faith.nd.edu*. Retrieved 2022\\-11\\-16\\. The issuance of the [Edict of Milan](/wiki/Edict_of_Milan \"Edict of Milan\") by the [Roman Emperors](/wiki/Roman_Emperor \"Roman Emperor\") [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great \"Constantine the Great\") and [Licinius](/wiki/Licinius \"Licinius\") in 313 made it possible for Christians to worship without government persecution.",
"### Second location of the Ascension",
"By the time of the pilgrim [Egeria's](/wiki/Egeria_%28pilgrim%29 \"Egeria (pilgrim)\") travels to [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity \"Jerusalem in Christianity\") in 384, the spot of veneration had been moved to the present location, so that Egeria witnessed the celebration of the Ascension at an \"open hillock\" uphill from the nearby cave; the cave itself had been integrated into the Constantinian [Church of Eleona](/wiki/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster%23Constantine_and_the_Byzantine_period \"Church of the Pater Noster#Constantine and the Byzantine period\").Murphy\\-O'Connor, Jerome (2008\\). *The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700*. OUP Oxford. {{isbn\\|978\\-0\\-19\\-152867\\-5}}.",
"### 4th\\-century church (or churches)",
"The first church was erected there a few years later, sometime between AD 384–390, by Poimenia, a wealthy and pious Roman aristocratic woman from the imperial family, who financed the building of the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine \"Byzantine\")\\-style church \"around Christ's last footprints.\" The first complex constructed on the site of the present chapel was known as ***Imbomon*** (Greek for \"on the hill\"). It was a [rotunda](/wiki/Rotunda_%28architecture%29 \"Rotunda (architecture)\"), open to the sky, surrounded by circular [porticoes](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\") and arches.",
"The *Imbomon*, as well as the nearby [Eleona Basilica](/wiki/Eleona_Basilica \"Eleona Basilica\") and other monasteries and churches on the Mount of Olives, were destroyed by the armies of the Persian [shah](/wiki/Shah \"Shah\") [Khosrow II](/wiki/Khosrow_II \"Khosrow II\") during the final phase of the [Byzantine\\-Sassanid Wars](/wiki/Byzantine-Sassanid_Wars \"Byzantine-Sassanid Wars\") in 614Frendo, David (2000\\). \"Byzantine\\-Iranian Relations before and after the Death of Khusrau II: A Critical Examination of the Evidence\". *Bulletin of the Asia Institute*. **14**: 27–45\\. {{ISSN\\|0890\\-4464}}. (see [Byzantine\\-Sasanian War of 602\\-628](/wiki/Byzantine-Sasanian_War_of_602-628 \"Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628\") and [Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem](/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem \"Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem\")).",
"However, a later tradition attributes the first Ascension Church at this site to [Empress Helena](/wiki/Helena_%28Empress%29 \"Helena (Empress)\"){{clarify \\|reason\\= Another, earlier church? Fictious, since Poimenia's presented as the first? Or can \"before 392\" mean before Helena, i.e. pre\\-328? That's over 6 decades earlier.\\|date\\= September 2023}} claiming that during her [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage \"Pilgrimage\") to the Holy Land between 326 and 328 she identified two spots on the Mount of Olives as being associated with Jesus' life \\- the place of his Ascension, and a grotto associated with his teaching of the [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer \"Lord's Prayer\") \\- and on her return to Rome, she ordered the construction of two sanctuaries at these locations.Kirk, Martha Ann (2004\\). *Women of Bible Lands: A Pilgrimage to Compassion and Wisdom*. Liturgical Press. {{isbn\\|978\\-0\\-8146\\-5156\\-8}}",
"### 7th\\-century church",
"The church was rebuilt in the late 7th century. The [Frankish](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\") bishop and pilgrim [Arculf](/wiki/Arculf \"Arculf\"), in relating his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in about the year 680, described this church as \"a round building open to the sky, with three porticoes entered from the south. Eight lamps shone brightly at night through windows facing Jerusalem. Inside was a central [edicule](/wiki/Edicule \"Edicule\") containing the footprints of Christ, plainly and clearly impressed in the dust, inside a railing.\" Note that the footprints of Christ were \"**impressed in the dust**\", not stone.",
"### 12th\\-century church",
"The reconstructed church was eventually destroyed, and rebuilt a second time by the [Crusaders](/wiki/Crusaders \"Crusaders\") in the 12th century. The armies of [Saladin](/wiki/Saladin \"Saladin\") later decimated the church, leaving only a partially intact outer 12x12\\-meter octagonal wall surrounding an inner 3x3\\-meter octagonal shrine, called a [martyrium](/wiki/Martyrium_%28architecture%29 \"Martyrium (architecture)\") or [edicule](/wiki/Edicule \"Edicule\"). This structure still stands today, although partially altered in the time after Saladin's 1187 [conquest of Jerusalem](/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%281187%29 \"Siege of Jerusalem (1187)\").\"Chapel of the Ascension \\- On the Mount of Olives \\- In the Holy city of Jerusalem\". *www.mtolives.com*. Retrieved 2022\\-11\\-16\\.",
"### Umayyad repurposing; new adjacent mosque",
"After the [fall of Jerusalem](/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%281187%29 \"Siege of Jerusalem (1187)\") in 1187, the ruined church and monastery were abandoned by the Christians, who resettled in [Acre](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel \"Acre, Israel\"). During this time, Saladin established the Mount of Olives as a *waqf* entrusted to two [sheikhs](/wiki/Sheikh \"Sheikh\"), al\\-Salih Wali al\\-Din and Abu Hasan al\\-Hakari. This *[waqf](/wiki/Waqf \"Waqf\")* was registered in a document dated 20 October 1188\\.Pringle, Denys (1993\\). *The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem: A Corpus*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–76\\. {{isbn\\|978\\-0\\-521\\-39038\\-5}}. The chapel was converted to a [mosque](/wiki/Mosque \"Mosque\"), and a [mihrab](/wiki/Mihrab \"Mihrab\") installed in it. Because the vast majority of pilgrims to the site were Christian, as a gesture of compromise and goodwill, Saladin ordered the construction of a second mosque nearby for Muslim worship while Christians continued to visit the main chapel.",
"### 13th century till present time",
"Despite this act of accommodation by Saladin, tensions between Muslims and Christians in Jerusalem rose throughout the next 300 years. The shrine and surrounding structures saw periods of non\\-use and disrepair. By the 15th century, the destroyed eastern section was separated by a dividing wall and was no longer used for religious purposes{{clarify\\|reason\\=See talk\\-page: what wall? Still extant? Why not used by Christians? Both very doubtful.\\|date\\=September 2023}}.",
"Currently, the chapel is under the authority of the [Islamic Waqf of Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf \"Jerusalem Islamic Waqf\") and is open to visitors of all faiths, for a nominal fee.*Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840\\-1940 : opening new archives, revisiting a global city*. Angelos D̲alachanēs, Vincent Lemire. Leiden. 2018\\. pp. 490–509\\. {{isbn\\|978\\-90\\-04\\-37574\\-1}} {{oclc\\|1032291352}}.",
""
] |
Byzantine burial crypt
----------------------
The mosque adjacent to the former Church to the Ascension is built on top of a Byzantine burial crypt. Each of the three [Abrahamic religions](/wiki/Abrahamic_religions "Abrahamic religions") attributes the tomb to a different female holy figure.
### Christian tradition
The Christian tradition of Saint Pelagia is the oldest. "The Life of Saint Pelagia the Harlot", the *[vita](/wiki/Hagiography "Hagiography")* of a legendary 4th or 5th\-century Christian hermit and penitent, [Saint Pelagia of Antioch](/wiki/Saint_Pelagia "Saint Pelagia"), states that she "built herself a cell on the Mount of Olives." There, she lived a holy life disguised as a monk and "wrought...many wonders." She died few years later due to her severe asceticism, "and the holy fathers bore her body to its burial.""Chrysostom Press — Lives of the Saints — Pelagia the Nun". *web.archive.org*. 2010\-02\-06\. Retrieved 2022\-11\-17\. Christian tradition places her cell and tomb at the site of the *zawiya*, adjacent and to the southwest of the former Church of the Ascension."Chapel of the Ascension Complex \- Madain Project (en)". *madainproject.com*. Retrieved 2022\-11\-17\.
However, most Western Christian pilgrims of the 14th century venerated the tomb as that of Saint [Mary the Egyptian](/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt "Mary of Egypt"), although the Pelagia tradition also lives on.
### Jewish tradition
The Jewish tradition attributing the tomb to the prophetess Huldah is recorded from 1322 onwards, starting with [Estori Ha\-Parhi](/wiki/Ishtori_Haparchi "Ishtori Haparchi"). Another tradition exists starting in the 2nd\-century, [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta "Tosefta"), which places the tomb of Huldah within Jerusalem's city walls.
### Muslim tradition
The mid\-14th\-century counter\-crusade propaganda work *Muthir al\-gharam fi ziyarat al\-Quds wa\-sh\-Sham* ("Arousing love for visiting Jerusalem and Syria"; c. 1350\-51\)Elad, Amikam (1995\). *Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage*. BRILL. {{isbn\|978\-90\-04\-10010\-7}}Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1985\). *A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East*. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 37\. {{isbn\|978\-0\-299\-09144\-6}}. places the death year of [Rabi'a al\-'Adawiyya](/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra "Rabia of Basra") around 781/82 and has her buried in this burial crypt.Seligman, Jon; Raya, Rafa Abu; זליגמן, יוחנן (ג'ון); אבו ריא, ראפע (2001\). "מקדש לשלוש דתות בהר הזיתים: קבר חולדה הנביאה; קבר פלאגיה הקדושה; קבר רביע אל\-עדוויה / A Shrine of Three Religions on the Mount of Olives: Tomb of Ḥulda the Prophetess; Grotto of Saint Pelagia; Tomb of Rabi'a al\-'Adawiyya". *'Atiqot / עתיקות*. **42**: 221–236\. {{ISSN\|0792\-8424}}. Other historians, such as [al\-Harawi](/wiki/Ali_ibn_abi_bakr_al-Harawi "Ali ibn abi bakr al-Harawi") (d. 1215\) and [Yaqut](/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi "Yaqut al-Hamawi") (1179–1229\) locate Rabi'a's grave in her hometown of [Basra](/wiki/Basra "Basra"), and attribute the Mount of Olives tomb to another Rabi'a, wife of a Sufi, Ahmad Ibn Abu el Huari, from the late Crusader and early Ayyubid period. Yet another Muslim tradition attributes the grave to Rahiba bint Hasn, a woman of whom nothing is known.
|
[
"Byzantine burial crypt\n----------------------",
"The mosque adjacent to the former Church to the Ascension is built on top of a Byzantine burial crypt. Each of the three [Abrahamic religions](/wiki/Abrahamic_religions \"Abrahamic religions\") attributes the tomb to a different female holy figure.",
"### Christian tradition",
"The Christian tradition of Saint Pelagia is the oldest. \"The Life of Saint Pelagia the Harlot\", the *[vita](/wiki/Hagiography \"Hagiography\")* of a legendary 4th or 5th\\-century Christian hermit and penitent, [Saint Pelagia of Antioch](/wiki/Saint_Pelagia \"Saint Pelagia\"), states that she \"built herself a cell on the Mount of Olives.\" There, she lived a holy life disguised as a monk and \"wrought...many wonders.\" She died few years later due to her severe asceticism, \"and the holy fathers bore her body to its burial.\"\"Chrysostom Press — Lives of the Saints — Pelagia the Nun\". *web.archive.org*. 2010\\-02\\-06\\. Retrieved 2022\\-11\\-17\\. Christian tradition places her cell and tomb at the site of the *zawiya*, adjacent and to the southwest of the former Church of the Ascension.\"Chapel of the Ascension Complex \\- Madain Project (en)\". *madainproject.com*. Retrieved 2022\\-11\\-17\\.",
"However, most Western Christian pilgrims of the 14th century venerated the tomb as that of Saint [Mary the Egyptian](/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt \"Mary of Egypt\"), although the Pelagia tradition also lives on.",
"### Jewish tradition",
"The Jewish tradition attributing the tomb to the prophetess Huldah is recorded from 1322 onwards, starting with [Estori Ha\\-Parhi](/wiki/Ishtori_Haparchi \"Ishtori Haparchi\"). Another tradition exists starting in the 2nd\\-century, [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta \"Tosefta\"), which places the tomb of Huldah within Jerusalem's city walls.",
"### Muslim tradition",
"The mid\\-14th\\-century counter\\-crusade propaganda work *Muthir al\\-gharam fi ziyarat al\\-Quds wa\\-sh\\-Sham* (\"Arousing love for visiting Jerusalem and Syria\"; c. 1350\\-51\\)Elad, Amikam (1995\\). *Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage*. BRILL. {{isbn\\|978\\-90\\-04\\-10010\\-7}}Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1985\\). *A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East*. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 37\\. {{isbn\\|978\\-0\\-299\\-09144\\-6}}. places the death year of [Rabi'a al\\-'Adawiyya](/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra \"Rabia of Basra\") around 781/82 and has her buried in this burial crypt.Seligman, Jon; Raya, Rafa Abu; זליגמן, יוחנן (ג'ון); אבו ריא, ראפע (2001\\). \"מקדש לשלוש דתות בהר הזיתים: קבר חולדה הנביאה; קבר פלאגיה הקדושה; קבר רביע אל\\-עדוויה / A Shrine of Three Religions on the Mount of Olives: Tomb of Ḥulda the Prophetess; Grotto of Saint Pelagia; Tomb of Rabi'a al\\-'Adawiyya\". *'Atiqot / עתיקות*. **42**: 221–236\\. {{ISSN\\|0792\\-8424}}. Other historians, such as [al\\-Harawi](/wiki/Ali_ibn_abi_bakr_al-Harawi \"Ali ibn abi bakr al-Harawi\") (d. 1215\\) and [Yaqut](/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi \"Yaqut al-Hamawi\") (1179–1229\\) locate Rabi'a's grave in her hometown of [Basra](/wiki/Basra \"Basra\"), and attribute the Mount of Olives tomb to another Rabi'a, wife of a Sufi, Ahmad Ibn Abu el Huari, from the late Crusader and early Ayyubid period. Yet another Muslim tradition attributes the grave to Rahiba bint Hasn, a woman of whom nothing is known.",
""
] |
History
-------
Before the construction of Gray–Minor Stadium, Patchin Field was the home of VMI baseball. Nicknamed "The Patch", VMI played there up until the end of the 2006 season. Then, in the off\-season of 2006, construction would begin for Gray\-Minor. It was five years after the field was renovated, but Patchin Field would serve VMI baseball for another trio of seasons. The project cost around $1\.1 million, and was funded by Gray and Minor, along with Bill Paulette, VMI graduate in 1969\.
### 2007 season
The 2007 VMI baseball season was the inaugural season for Gray–Minor Stadium. The Keydets opened up playing Florida for three games, in which the underdog VMI surprisingly took 2 of those 3 games. VMI came back to Lexington on February 20 and defeated Bucknell 10–2 in the inaugural game of Gray–Minor Stadium. Through the rest of the year, VMI would finish 23–7 at Gray\-Minor, which included arguably the biggest win in school history, as the Keydets beat then \#3 Virginia 5–2 that April. The squad would end the regular season 34–19 and 10–11 in the Big South, but finished 34–21 overall with a loss to Liberty and Coastal Carolina in the Big South tournament to end the season.
### 2008 season
In 2008, VMI fell to a 4–12 start, and would lose to Virginia 6–5 in eleven innings on May 13\. However, the Keydets would end the year going 25–12, to finish up 29–24, 14–7 in the Big South, and 21–14 at Gray–Minor Stadium, gaining only 8 road victories. In the 2008 Big South Tournament, they were swept by Winthrop and Coastal Carolina again, being out\-ran a combined 10–3 to end the season at 29–26\.
### 2009 season
VMI had its first losing season in the Gray\-Minor era, going 17–33 and 10–15 in Big South play. They went just 11–13 at home, the lowest number of home wins in a season still to this date. VMI did get their first Big South Tournament win in the Gray\-Minor era, however, as they defeated Gardner\-Webb 13–4\. In their second and third games, they lost to Coastal Carolina and Winthrop by scores of 9–4 and 8–4\. It would send their season down to 18–35\.
### 2010 season
After twenty\-two games in the 2010 season, the Keydets were off to their best start in school history at 19–3, 3–1 Big South. On April 14, VMI defeated Virginia 12–3, as Virginia was \#1 in the nation at that time. Gray–Minor Stadium was sold out, and at that point, VMI was 29–5, 10–2 in the Big South. The final 21 games of the season the Keydets would go 3–18, beating Radford, Winthrop, and Presbyterian College just once each. They would end the year 32–20, 13–14 Big South. In the tournament, a 7–4 win over UNC\-Asheville would be followed by losses to Coastal Carolina and Winthrop, ending their year at 33–22\.
### 2011 season
The 2011 squad started off with a sweep at the hands of then \#10 [Florida State](/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball "Florida State Seminoles baseball"). The season went up and down from there, the biggest win an 8–2 defeat over [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes "James Madison Dukes"), ranked \#27 at the time on March 8\. The Keydets went 2–2 in a three\-team tournament hosted by [Oregon State](/wiki/Oregon_State "Oregon State") in [Corvallis, Oregon](/wiki/Corvallis%2C_Oregon "Corvallis, Oregon").{{cite news\|title\=Oregon State Defeats VMI, 5\-1\|url\=http://www.vmikeydets.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID\=44000\&SPID\=3905\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=9800\&ATCLID\=205115270\|date\=March 13, 2011\|accessdate\=July 29, 2011}} In the closing days of the regular season, VMI went 5–1 in the Big South with a sweep of [UNC Asheville](/wiki/UNC_Asheville_Bulldogs "UNC Asheville Bulldogs") and 2 more wins over [High Point](/wiki/High_Point_Panthers "High Point Panthers").[2011 VMI Baseball Schedule](http://www.vmikeydets.com/SportSelect.dbml?SPSID=44000&SPID=3905&DB_OEM_ID=9800&Q_SEASON=2010)
The 2011 Big South Conference baseball tournament was held in Lexington, and VMI opened with Radford in the opening single\-elimination game, although they played as the road team. They lost 3–1, ending their year at 27\-24\-1\.{{cite news\|title\=\#7 VMI Falls to \#6 Radford, 3\-1\|url\=http://www.vmikeydets.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID\=44000\&SPID\=3905\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=9800\&ATCLID\=205154472\|date\=May 24, 2011\|accessdate\=July 29, 2011}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Before the construction of Gray–Minor Stadium, Patchin Field was the home of VMI baseball. Nicknamed \"The Patch\", VMI played there up until the end of the 2006 season. Then, in the off\\-season of 2006, construction would begin for Gray\\-Minor. It was five years after the field was renovated, but Patchin Field would serve VMI baseball for another trio of seasons. The project cost around $1\\.1 million, and was funded by Gray and Minor, along with Bill Paulette, VMI graduate in 1969\\.",
"### 2007 season",
"The 2007 VMI baseball season was the inaugural season for Gray–Minor Stadium. The Keydets opened up playing Florida for three games, in which the underdog VMI surprisingly took 2 of those 3 games. VMI came back to Lexington on February 20 and defeated Bucknell 10–2 in the inaugural game of Gray–Minor Stadium. Through the rest of the year, VMI would finish 23–7 at Gray\\-Minor, which included arguably the biggest win in school history, as the Keydets beat then \\#3 Virginia 5–2 that April. The squad would end the regular season 34–19 and 10–11 in the Big South, but finished 34–21 overall with a loss to Liberty and Coastal Carolina in the Big South tournament to end the season.",
"### 2008 season",
"In 2008, VMI fell to a 4–12 start, and would lose to Virginia 6–5 in eleven innings on May 13\\. However, the Keydets would end the year going 25–12, to finish up 29–24, 14–7 in the Big South, and 21–14 at Gray–Minor Stadium, gaining only 8 road victories. In the 2008 Big South Tournament, they were swept by Winthrop and Coastal Carolina again, being out\\-ran a combined 10–3 to end the season at 29–26\\.",
"### 2009 season",
"VMI had its first losing season in the Gray\\-Minor era, going 17–33 and 10–15 in Big South play. They went just 11–13 at home, the lowest number of home wins in a season still to this date. VMI did get their first Big South Tournament win in the Gray\\-Minor era, however, as they defeated Gardner\\-Webb 13–4\\. In their second and third games, they lost to Coastal Carolina and Winthrop by scores of 9–4 and 8–4\\. It would send their season down to 18–35\\.",
"### 2010 season",
"After twenty\\-two games in the 2010 season, the Keydets were off to their best start in school history at 19–3, 3–1 Big South. On April 14, VMI defeated Virginia 12–3, as Virginia was \\#1 in the nation at that time. Gray–Minor Stadium was sold out, and at that point, VMI was 29–5, 10–2 in the Big South. The final 21 games of the season the Keydets would go 3–18, beating Radford, Winthrop, and Presbyterian College just once each. They would end the year 32–20, 13–14 Big South. In the tournament, a 7–4 win over UNC\\-Asheville would be followed by losses to Coastal Carolina and Winthrop, ending their year at 33–22\\.",
"### 2011 season",
"The 2011 squad started off with a sweep at the hands of then \\#10 [Florida State](/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball \"Florida State Seminoles baseball\"). The season went up and down from there, the biggest win an 8–2 defeat over [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes \"James Madison Dukes\"), ranked \\#27 at the time on March 8\\. The Keydets went 2–2 in a three\\-team tournament hosted by [Oregon State](/wiki/Oregon_State \"Oregon State\") in [Corvallis, Oregon](/wiki/Corvallis%2C_Oregon \"Corvallis, Oregon\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Oregon State Defeats VMI, 5\\-1\\|url\\=http://www.vmikeydets.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID\\=44000\\&SPID\\=3905\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=9800\\&ATCLID\\=205115270\\|date\\=March 13, 2011\\|accessdate\\=July 29, 2011}} In the closing days of the regular season, VMI went 5–1 in the Big South with a sweep of [UNC Asheville](/wiki/UNC_Asheville_Bulldogs \"UNC Asheville Bulldogs\") and 2 more wins over [High Point](/wiki/High_Point_Panthers \"High Point Panthers\").[2011 VMI Baseball Schedule](http://www.vmikeydets.com/SportSelect.dbml?SPSID=44000&SPID=3905&DB_OEM_ID=9800&Q_SEASON=2010)",
"The 2011 Big South Conference baseball tournament was held in Lexington, and VMI opened with Radford in the opening single\\-elimination game, although they played as the road team. They lost 3–1, ending their year at 27\\-24\\-1\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=\\#7 VMI Falls to \\#6 Radford, 3\\-1\\|url\\=http://www.vmikeydets.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID\\=44000\\&SPID\\=3905\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=9800\\&ATCLID\\=205154472\\|date\\=May 24, 2011\\|accessdate\\=July 29, 2011}}",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
Through her political career, she earned a reputation among voters and colleagues as a fair, reliable, and dedicated public servant, as well as the nicknames "The Sweetheart of Washington" and "The Grand Old Lady".
### Washington State Legislature
In 1922, after husband Frank had retired and with their daughter Zelma grown, Reeves won the [House of Representatives](/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives "Washington House of Representatives") seat in Washington's 56th legislative district (later dissolved in 1933\) that Frank had previously held.{{cite web \|url\=https://leg.wa.gov/History/Legislative/Documents/MembersOfLeg2019\.pdf \|title\=State of Washington: Members of the Legislature 1889–2019 \|author\= \|date\= February 2019 \|website\= Washington Legislative Information Center \|publisher\=Brad Hendrickson, Secretary of the \[\[Washington State Senate\|Senate]]; Bernard C. Dean, Chief Clerk \[\[Washington State House of Representatives\|House of Representatives]] \|access\-date\=April 15, 2022 \|quote\=}} Her candidacy resulted from her wide community involvement in Wenatchee: she won her primary by 100 votes when a group of Wenatchee women chose her as their write\-in candidate without her prior knowledge or consent.
She was also one of only five women in the entire Legislature when first elected, and served several terms as the only female legislator.
In her first term, the House had only nine Democrats out of 97 seats, which decreased to just five in her second term. In 1924, the Democrats asked her to present the party's memorial at the funeral of former United States President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson").
However, her party returned to relevance with the nationwide Democratic landslide in 1932, which in Washington swept in Democratic legislative majorities and Governor [Clarence D. Martin](/wiki/Clarence_D._Martin "Clarence D. Martin"). After so many years in a tiny minority, the 1932 election made Reeves into one of the most experienced members of the new Democratic majority.
Her legislative priorities included conditions for women, agriculture, education, and social issues such as child welfare.
In 1925, Reeves and [Mabel Ingersoll Miller](/wiki/Mabel_Ingersoll_Miller "Mabel Ingersoll Miller") (R\-[Snohomish County](/wiki/Snohomish_County%2C_Washington "Snohomish County, Washington")) successfully sponsored House Bill 131 through the legislature, which would have created a separate state prison for women. However, Governor [Roland H. Hartley](/wiki/Roland_H._Hartley "Roland H. Hartley") vetoed it, writing that if the bill "is to provide an institution in which the state is to undertake the moral and physical regeneration of hapless and fallen women, the effort is futile and the undertaking doomed to failure before it is begun. Morality cannot be legislated, nor is there any escape from the truth of the saying, 'Protect a fool against his follies and you populate the world with fools.'"
Governor Hartley's statement and attitude toward women galvanized Reeves to work to bring more women into legislative office; recipients of her help in the following years included [Maude Sweetman](/wiki/Maude_Sweetman "Maude Sweetman"), [Pearl Wanamaker](/wiki/Pearl_Anderson_Wanamaker "Pearl Anderson Wanamaker"), [Mary Farquharson](/wiki/Mary_Farquharson "Mary Farquharson"), and [Kathryn Mallstrom](/wiki/Kathryn_Mallstrom "Kathryn Mallstrom").
In 1933, tragedy struck as Belle led a floor fight against an effort to support federal repeal of the [Eighteenth Amendment](/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") ([prohibition](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States "Prohibition in the United States")). Her husband Frank stood at the rear of the House chamber cheering, when he suddenly collapsed and was pronounced dead on the scene by a doctor serving in the Senate. He died of a [cerebral hemorrhage](/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage "Intracerebral hemorrhage") related to injuries he sustained in a car accident the previous August in which he sustained multiple fractures, including [to his skull](/wiki/Skull_fracture "Skull fracture").{{Cite archive\|collection\=Department of Health, Death Certificates, July 1, 1907–1996\|institution\=\[\[Washington State Digital Archives]]\|item\=Department of Health, Death Certificates, July 1, 1907–1996 – Frank – Belle Reeves – Isaac W. Reeves – Et Al.\|item\-url\=https://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/313B48352957C63C73059D48C66CCB8C\|item\-id\={2F7B3397\-891D\-4A0F\-9135\-6CF4EDD96A90}\|series\=Death Records}} January 26, 1933\.
Still, Belle held onto the seat for five more years, even while taking over management of their 100\-acre fruit orchard.
### Washington Secretary of State
In February, 1938, Washington Secretary of State Ernest Hutchinson died suddenly, and Governor Martin appointed Reeves to fill the position.
At times when both the governor and lieutenant governor were out of state, Reeves served as acting governor, the first woman to do so in Washington. For example, in April 1938, she was described as "acting governor" when she tossed out the first ball of the [Olympia Senators](/wiki/Olympia_Senators "Olympia Senators")' spring season.{{Cite news \|date\=April 17, 1938 \|title\=Belle Reeves to Officiate at Ball Game \|pages\=1 \|work\=The Daily Olympian \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97932240/belle\-reeves\-to\-officiate\-at\-ball\-game/ \|access\-date\=March 19, 2022 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} In July 1939 she was again acting governor at the dedication of a new road at [Soap Lake](/wiki/Soap_Lake%2C_Washington "Soap Lake, Washington").{{Cite news \|date\=July 4, 1939 \|title\=Stratford Road Opening Staged \|pages\=17 \|work\=The Spokesman\-Review \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97932651/stratford\-road\-opening\-staged/ \|access\-date\=March 19, 2022 \|via\=Newspapers.com}}
As she finished out her appointed term in 1940, she ran for election and won with the second\-highest vote total of any candidate on the ballot, behind on President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"). She won again in 1944, this time with the most votes ever received by any candidate in the state up to that time.
While in office, she served on the [Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission](/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_parks "List of Washington state parks"){{Cite archive\|collection\=State Government Oaths of Office, 1854–2022\|institution\=\[\[Washington State Digital Archives]]\|item\=State Government Oaths of Office, 1854–2022 – Belle – Reeves\|item\-url\=https://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/18F209AA16422AE06774AA8CE1FBD645\|item\-id\=AR74\-3\-214\-005539\|series\=Oaths of Office}} June 12, 1947\. and the Washington Commission on Interstate Cooperation.{{Cite archive\|collection\=State Government Oaths of Office, 1854–2022\|institution\=\[\[Washington State Digital Archives]]\|item\=State Government Oaths of Office, 1854–2022 – Belle – Reeves\|item\-url\=https://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/D5F6309C7EAF09F0769916A50AB3386F\|item\-id\=AR74\-3\-214\-005110\|series\=Oaths of Office}} March 22, 1945\.
With her health failing in 1947, she announced that she would not run for reelection, but would stay in office "as long as I can wiggle one little finger".
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"Through her political career, she earned a reputation among voters and colleagues as a fair, reliable, and dedicated public servant, as well as the nicknames \"The Sweetheart of Washington\" and \"The Grand Old Lady\".",
"### Washington State Legislature",
"In 1922, after husband Frank had retired and with their daughter Zelma grown, Reeves won the [House of Representatives](/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives \"Washington House of Representatives\") seat in Washington's 56th legislative district (later dissolved in 1933\\) that Frank had previously held.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://leg.wa.gov/History/Legislative/Documents/MembersOfLeg2019\\.pdf \\|title\\=State of Washington: Members of the Legislature 1889–2019 \\|author\\= \\|date\\= February 2019 \\|website\\= Washington Legislative Information Center \\|publisher\\=Brad Hendrickson, Secretary of the \\[\\[Washington State Senate\\|Senate]]; Bernard C. Dean, Chief Clerk \\[\\[Washington State House of Representatives\\|House of Representatives]] \\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2022 \\|quote\\=}} Her candidacy resulted from her wide community involvement in Wenatchee: she won her primary by 100 votes when a group of Wenatchee women chose her as their write\\-in candidate without her prior knowledge or consent.",
"She was also one of only five women in the entire Legislature when first elected, and served several terms as the only female legislator.",
"In her first term, the House had only nine Democrats out of 97 seats, which decreased to just five in her second term. In 1924, the Democrats asked her to present the party's memorial at the funeral of former United States President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\").",
"However, her party returned to relevance with the nationwide Democratic landslide in 1932, which in Washington swept in Democratic legislative majorities and Governor [Clarence D. Martin](/wiki/Clarence_D._Martin \"Clarence D. Martin\"). After so many years in a tiny minority, the 1932 election made Reeves into one of the most experienced members of the new Democratic majority.",
"Her legislative priorities included conditions for women, agriculture, education, and social issues such as child welfare.",
"In 1925, Reeves and [Mabel Ingersoll Miller](/wiki/Mabel_Ingersoll_Miller \"Mabel Ingersoll Miller\") (R\\-[Snohomish County](/wiki/Snohomish_County%2C_Washington \"Snohomish County, Washington\")) successfully sponsored House Bill 131 through the legislature, which would have created a separate state prison for women. However, Governor [Roland H. Hartley](/wiki/Roland_H._Hartley \"Roland H. Hartley\") vetoed it, writing that if the bill \"is to provide an institution in which the state is to undertake the moral and physical regeneration of hapless and fallen women, the effort is futile and the undertaking doomed to failure before it is begun. Morality cannot be legislated, nor is there any escape from the truth of the saying, 'Protect a fool against his follies and you populate the world with fools.'\"",
"Governor Hartley's statement and attitude toward women galvanized Reeves to work to bring more women into legislative office; recipients of her help in the following years included [Maude Sweetman](/wiki/Maude_Sweetman \"Maude Sweetman\"), [Pearl Wanamaker](/wiki/Pearl_Anderson_Wanamaker \"Pearl Anderson Wanamaker\"), [Mary Farquharson](/wiki/Mary_Farquharson \"Mary Farquharson\"), and [Kathryn Mallstrom](/wiki/Kathryn_Mallstrom \"Kathryn Mallstrom\").",
"In 1933, tragedy struck as Belle led a floor fight against an effort to support federal repeal of the [Eighteenth Amendment](/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\") ([prohibition](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States \"Prohibition in the United States\")). Her husband Frank stood at the rear of the House chamber cheering, when he suddenly collapsed and was pronounced dead on the scene by a doctor serving in the Senate. He died of a [cerebral hemorrhage](/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage \"Intracerebral hemorrhage\") related to injuries he sustained in a car accident the previous August in which he sustained multiple fractures, including [to his skull](/wiki/Skull_fracture \"Skull fracture\").{{Cite archive\\|collection\\=Department of Health, Death Certificates, July 1, 1907–1996\\|institution\\=\\[\\[Washington State Digital Archives]]\\|item\\=Department of Health, Death Certificates, July 1, 1907–1996 – Frank – Belle Reeves – Isaac W. Reeves – Et Al.\\|item\\-url\\=https://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/313B48352957C63C73059D48C66CCB8C\\|item\\-id\\={2F7B3397\\-891D\\-4A0F\\-9135\\-6CF4EDD96A90}\\|series\\=Death Records}} January 26, 1933\\.\nStill, Belle held onto the seat for five more years, even while taking over management of their 100\\-acre fruit orchard.",
"### Washington Secretary of State",
"In February, 1938, Washington Secretary of State Ernest Hutchinson died suddenly, and Governor Martin appointed Reeves to fill the position.",
"At times when both the governor and lieutenant governor were out of state, Reeves served as acting governor, the first woman to do so in Washington. For example, in April 1938, she was described as \"acting governor\" when she tossed out the first ball of the [Olympia Senators](/wiki/Olympia_Senators \"Olympia Senators\")' spring season.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 17, 1938 \\|title\\=Belle Reeves to Officiate at Ball Game \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=The Daily Olympian \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97932240/belle\\-reeves\\-to\\-officiate\\-at\\-ball\\-game/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2022 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} In July 1939 she was again acting governor at the dedication of a new road at [Soap Lake](/wiki/Soap_Lake%2C_Washington \"Soap Lake, Washington\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 4, 1939 \\|title\\=Stratford Road Opening Staged \\|pages\\=17 \\|work\\=The Spokesman\\-Review \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97932651/stratford\\-road\\-opening\\-staged/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2022 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"As she finished out her appointed term in 1940, she ran for election and won with the second\\-highest vote total of any candidate on the ballot, behind on President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\"). She won again in 1944, this time with the most votes ever received by any candidate in the state up to that time.",
"While in office, she served on the [Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission](/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_parks \"List of Washington state parks\"){{Cite archive\\|collection\\=State Government Oaths of Office, 1854–2022\\|institution\\=\\[\\[Washington State Digital Archives]]\\|item\\=State Government Oaths of Office, 1854–2022 – Belle – Reeves\\|item\\-url\\=https://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/18F209AA16422AE06774AA8CE1FBD645\\|item\\-id\\=AR74\\-3\\-214\\-005539\\|series\\=Oaths of Office}} June 12, 1947\\. and the Washington Commission on Interstate Cooperation.{{Cite archive\\|collection\\=State Government Oaths of Office, 1854–2022\\|institution\\=\\[\\[Washington State Digital Archives]]\\|item\\=State Government Oaths of Office, 1854–2022 – Belle – Reeves\\|item\\-url\\=https://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/D5F6309C7EAF09F0769916A50AB3386F\\|item\\-id\\=AR74\\-3\\-214\\-005110\\|series\\=Oaths of Office}} March 22, 1945\\.",
"With her health failing in 1947, she announced that she would not run for reelection, but would stay in office \"as long as I can wiggle one little finger\".",
""
] |
### Washington State Legislature
In 1922, after husband Frank had retired and with their daughter Zelma grown, Reeves won the [House of Representatives](/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives "Washington House of Representatives") seat in Washington's 56th legislative district (later dissolved in 1933\) that Frank had previously held.{{cite web \|url\=https://leg.wa.gov/History/Legislative/Documents/MembersOfLeg2019\.pdf \|title\=State of Washington: Members of the Legislature 1889–2019 \|author\= \|date\= February 2019 \|website\= Washington Legislative Information Center \|publisher\=Brad Hendrickson, Secretary of the \[\[Washington State Senate\|Senate]]; Bernard C. Dean, Chief Clerk \[\[Washington State House of Representatives\|House of Representatives]] \|access\-date\=April 15, 2022 \|quote\=}} Her candidacy resulted from her wide community involvement in Wenatchee: she won her primary by 100 votes when a group of Wenatchee women chose her as their write\-in candidate without her prior knowledge or consent.
She was also one of only five women in the entire Legislature when first elected, and served several terms as the only female legislator.
In her first term, the House had only nine Democrats out of 97 seats, which decreased to just five in her second term. In 1924, the Democrats asked her to present the party's memorial at the funeral of former United States President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson").
However, her party returned to relevance with the nationwide Democratic landslide in 1932, which in Washington swept in Democratic legislative majorities and Governor [Clarence D. Martin](/wiki/Clarence_D._Martin "Clarence D. Martin"). After so many years in a tiny minority, the 1932 election made Reeves into one of the most experienced members of the new Democratic majority.
Her legislative priorities included conditions for women, agriculture, education, and social issues such as child welfare.
In 1925, Reeves and [Mabel Ingersoll Miller](/wiki/Mabel_Ingersoll_Miller "Mabel Ingersoll Miller") (R\-[Snohomish County](/wiki/Snohomish_County%2C_Washington "Snohomish County, Washington")) successfully sponsored House Bill 131 through the legislature, which would have created a separate state prison for women. However, Governor [Roland H. Hartley](/wiki/Roland_H._Hartley "Roland H. Hartley") vetoed it, writing that if the bill "is to provide an institution in which the state is to undertake the moral and physical regeneration of hapless and fallen women, the effort is futile and the undertaking doomed to failure before it is begun. Morality cannot be legislated, nor is there any escape from the truth of the saying, 'Protect a fool against his follies and you populate the world with fools.'"
Governor Hartley's statement and attitude toward women galvanized Reeves to work to bring more women into legislative office; recipients of her help in the following years included [Maude Sweetman](/wiki/Maude_Sweetman "Maude Sweetman"), [Pearl Wanamaker](/wiki/Pearl_Anderson_Wanamaker "Pearl Anderson Wanamaker"), [Mary Farquharson](/wiki/Mary_Farquharson "Mary Farquharson"), and [Kathryn Mallstrom](/wiki/Kathryn_Mallstrom "Kathryn Mallstrom").
In 1933, tragedy struck as Belle led a floor fight against an effort to support federal repeal of the [Eighteenth Amendment](/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") ([prohibition](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States "Prohibition in the United States")). Her husband Frank stood at the rear of the House chamber cheering, when he suddenly collapsed and was pronounced dead on the scene by a doctor serving in the Senate. He died of a [cerebral hemorrhage](/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage "Intracerebral hemorrhage") related to injuries he sustained in a car accident the previous August in which he sustained multiple fractures, including [to his skull](/wiki/Skull_fracture "Skull fracture").{{Cite archive\|collection\=Department of Health, Death Certificates, July 1, 1907–1996\|institution\=\[\[Washington State Digital Archives]]\|item\=Department of Health, Death Certificates, July 1, 1907–1996 – Frank – Belle Reeves – Isaac W. Reeves – Et Al.\|item\-url\=https://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/313B48352957C63C73059D48C66CCB8C\|item\-id\={2F7B3397\-891D\-4A0F\-9135\-6CF4EDD96A90}\|series\=Death Records}} January 26, 1933\.
Still, Belle held onto the seat for five more years, even while taking over management of their 100\-acre fruit orchard.
|
[
"### Washington State Legislature",
"In 1922, after husband Frank had retired and with their daughter Zelma grown, Reeves won the [House of Representatives](/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives \"Washington House of Representatives\") seat in Washington's 56th legislative district (later dissolved in 1933\\) that Frank had previously held.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://leg.wa.gov/History/Legislative/Documents/MembersOfLeg2019\\.pdf \\|title\\=State of Washington: Members of the Legislature 1889–2019 \\|author\\= \\|date\\= February 2019 \\|website\\= Washington Legislative Information Center \\|publisher\\=Brad Hendrickson, Secretary of the \\[\\[Washington State Senate\\|Senate]]; Bernard C. Dean, Chief Clerk \\[\\[Washington State House of Representatives\\|House of Representatives]] \\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2022 \\|quote\\=}} Her candidacy resulted from her wide community involvement in Wenatchee: she won her primary by 100 votes when a group of Wenatchee women chose her as their write\\-in candidate without her prior knowledge or consent.",
"She was also one of only five women in the entire Legislature when first elected, and served several terms as the only female legislator.",
"In her first term, the House had only nine Democrats out of 97 seats, which decreased to just five in her second term. In 1924, the Democrats asked her to present the party's memorial at the funeral of former United States President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\").",
"However, her party returned to relevance with the nationwide Democratic landslide in 1932, which in Washington swept in Democratic legislative majorities and Governor [Clarence D. Martin](/wiki/Clarence_D._Martin \"Clarence D. Martin\"). After so many years in a tiny minority, the 1932 election made Reeves into one of the most experienced members of the new Democratic majority.",
"Her legislative priorities included conditions for women, agriculture, education, and social issues such as child welfare.",
"In 1925, Reeves and [Mabel Ingersoll Miller](/wiki/Mabel_Ingersoll_Miller \"Mabel Ingersoll Miller\") (R\\-[Snohomish County](/wiki/Snohomish_County%2C_Washington \"Snohomish County, Washington\")) successfully sponsored House Bill 131 through the legislature, which would have created a separate state prison for women. However, Governor [Roland H. Hartley](/wiki/Roland_H._Hartley \"Roland H. Hartley\") vetoed it, writing that if the bill \"is to provide an institution in which the state is to undertake the moral and physical regeneration of hapless and fallen women, the effort is futile and the undertaking doomed to failure before it is begun. Morality cannot be legislated, nor is there any escape from the truth of the saying, 'Protect a fool against his follies and you populate the world with fools.'\"",
"Governor Hartley's statement and attitude toward women galvanized Reeves to work to bring more women into legislative office; recipients of her help in the following years included [Maude Sweetman](/wiki/Maude_Sweetman \"Maude Sweetman\"), [Pearl Wanamaker](/wiki/Pearl_Anderson_Wanamaker \"Pearl Anderson Wanamaker\"), [Mary Farquharson](/wiki/Mary_Farquharson \"Mary Farquharson\"), and [Kathryn Mallstrom](/wiki/Kathryn_Mallstrom \"Kathryn Mallstrom\").",
"In 1933, tragedy struck as Belle led a floor fight against an effort to support federal repeal of the [Eighteenth Amendment](/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\") ([prohibition](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States \"Prohibition in the United States\")). Her husband Frank stood at the rear of the House chamber cheering, when he suddenly collapsed and was pronounced dead on the scene by a doctor serving in the Senate. He died of a [cerebral hemorrhage](/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage \"Intracerebral hemorrhage\") related to injuries he sustained in a car accident the previous August in which he sustained multiple fractures, including [to his skull](/wiki/Skull_fracture \"Skull fracture\").{{Cite archive\\|collection\\=Department of Health, Death Certificates, July 1, 1907–1996\\|institution\\=\\[\\[Washington State Digital Archives]]\\|item\\=Department of Health, Death Certificates, July 1, 1907–1996 – Frank – Belle Reeves – Isaac W. Reeves – Et Al.\\|item\\-url\\=https://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/313B48352957C63C73059D48C66CCB8C\\|item\\-id\\={2F7B3397\\-891D\\-4A0F\\-9135\\-6CF4EDD96A90}\\|series\\=Death Records}} January 26, 1933\\.\nStill, Belle held onto the seat for five more years, even while taking over management of their 100\\-acre fruit orchard.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Captain Britain and Jackdaw are transported from [Otherworld](/wiki/Otherworld_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Otherworld (Marvel Comics)") to Earth\-238 by Merlyn, immediately stumbling on a bank robbery being committed by [Mad Jim Jaspers](/wiki/Mad_Jim_Jaspers "Mad Jim Jaspers") and the [Crazy Gang](/wiki/Crazy_Gang_%28comics%29 "Crazy Gang (comics)"), driving them off. They soon find they are in a Britain where the population are downtrodden and impoverished under the totalitarian British National Party, police are armed and superheroes are banned. Captain Britain successfully saves London from an attack by a strange animated junkyard creature but the feat fails to convince the authorities, particularly the brutal armed paramilitary Status Crew, of his good motives. He finds a mysterious liquid that has created an intelligent rat called Algernon, and traces the source to Majestrix [Saturnyne](/wiki/Saturnyne "Saturnyne") of the Dimensional Development Council. She and her agents the Avant Guard are attempting to use life\-enhancing fluid to advance the development of Earth\-238, which is so regressive it is corrupting other parallel worlds. Having seen the miserable people of Earth\-238, he agrees to help her with the push. Captain and Britain help the Avant Guard distribute the fluid, which has an immediate effect. However, at the moment of the push itself Jaspers uses his mutant reality\-altering power to twist London into a nightmare.
Believing Captain Britain is responsible, the Status Crew unleash the Fury, a bio\-mechanoid that had previously purged Earth\-238 of superhumans. Saturnyne and the Avant Guard abandon them and Jackdaw is killed. The Fury is impervious to Captain Britain's furious attacks and easily breaks his arm. After a surreal encounter with the Fury's creator Jaspers he finds himself in a graveyard for the Fury's victims and berates Merlyn for sending him to such a place before the Fury obliterates him. Merlyn and Roma recover his remains and rebuild him in Otherworld and return him to Darkmoor on Earth\-616, unaware of his death and resurrection. He returns to Braddock Manor and finds it has been rebuilt by [Mastermind](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:M%23Computer "M#Computer"); after the computer attempts to talk him into suicide he is able to reprogramme it to be more benevolent. Soon after he receives a phone call from his sister [Betsy](/wiki/Betsy_Braddock "Betsy Braddock") in London. She has put her telepathic abilities to use as a member of [S.T.R.I.K.E.](/wiki/S.T.R.I.K.E. "S.T.R.I.K.E.")'s Psi Division, but it had been infiltrated by agents of [Vixen](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:V%23Vixen "V#Vixen"), and now Betsy and her friends are under attack from the hired assassin [Slaymaster](/wiki/Slaymaster "Slaymaster"). Captain Britain is able to defeat Slaymaster after a battle on [Denmark Street](/wiki/Denmark_Street "Denmark Street"), and takes Betsy and two other surviving telepaths \- her lover Tom Lennox and their friend Alison Double \- back to Braddock Manor.
Soon after he is abducted by the [Special Executive](/wiki/Special_Executive "Special Executive") and reluctantly taken to the Dimensional Development Court, where Saturnyne is on trial for her alleged failures on Earth\-238\. Despite her deserting him he feels compelled to tell the court of Jaspers \- but is infuriated when Judge Lord Mandrake simply wipe Earth\-238 out of existence, and is able to act as judge and prosecutor at Saturnyne's trial. He comes into conflict with the members of the [Captain Britain Corps](/wiki/Captain_Britain_Corps "Captain Britain Corps") acting as bailiffs, leading to the Special Executive coming to his aid and helping to evacuate the hero and Saturnyne back to Braddock Manor. There they are visited by Linda McQuillan \- formerly Captain UK, the equivalent to Captain Britain of Earth\-238 and now sole human survivor of the planet. She was sent to Earth\-616 by her late lover and is alarmed to find the dimension's version of Sir James Jaspers is espousing exactly the same firebrand anti\-hero rhetoric that led to the purge in her home dimension. However, it is soon revealed that something else escaped the destruction of Earth\-238 \- the Fury. It attacks Linda, who is saved by Merlyn's intervention, then aided by Captain Britain and the Special Executive. However, in the resulting battle two members of the Executive are killed, leader Wardog has his cybernetic arm torn off and further casualties are only avoided when the Fury is briefly unable to register Zeitgeist, giving Captain Britain and Fascination the chance to bury the machine. At Zeitgeist's insistence Wardog then reluctantly orders the Special Executive to leave.
Jaspers meanwhile has rapidly seized control of Britain, with S.T.R.I.K.E. having rounded up anyone with any hints superhuman talents into concentration camps. Captain Britain and his remaining allies head to [London](/wiki/London "London") to help but are largely forced underground, with Jasper's warping abilities causing problems for Allison and Betsy, and Linda still traumatised by the return of the Fury. Vixen meanwhile attempts to assassinate Jaspers before he attracts the attention of The Avengers or [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D."), but he is too powerful and simply turns her into a docile animal. Captain Britain sets off to confront him but Jaspers' enforcers kill Tom before capturing Betsy and Alison. Despite his best efforts, Captain Britain finds Jaspers' ability to change reality on a whim makes him impossible to fight, and things get worse when the Fury \- having escaped the chasm near Braddock Manor \- arrives. After trouncing the hero it moves on to Jaspers, who has also created a new Crazy Gang. Realising that the immunity the mutant's Earth\-238 version built in does not apply to the Earth\-616 version, the Fury attacks Jaspers and a reality\-bending battle begins; their duel causes so much damage to reality that Merlyn is killed. The Fury finally transports Jaspers to un\-space, where there is no reality for him to alter, and is able to kill him. Returning to Earth\-616 drained, it is attacked by Captain Britain. When the damaged machine fights back Captain UK \- snapped out of her malaise by Saturnyne \- finishes the Fury off.
The crisis is over, and Roma transports Captain Britain, Captain UK and Saturnyne to Otherworld to attend Merlyn's funeral with the rest of the Captain Britain Corps. After the ceremony she reveals to Captain Britain that Earth\-616 is already rapidly healing from Jasper's warp, and that Saturnyne has returned to the Dimensional Development Council, rapidly blackmailing her way back into power. She then returns Brian and Linda to Darkmoor, where they briefly kiss before parting.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Captain Britain and Jackdaw are transported from [Otherworld](/wiki/Otherworld_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Otherworld (Marvel Comics)\") to Earth\\-238 by Merlyn, immediately stumbling on a bank robbery being committed by [Mad Jim Jaspers](/wiki/Mad_Jim_Jaspers \"Mad Jim Jaspers\") and the [Crazy Gang](/wiki/Crazy_Gang_%28comics%29 \"Crazy Gang (comics)\"), driving them off. They soon find they are in a Britain where the population are downtrodden and impoverished under the totalitarian British National Party, police are armed and superheroes are banned. Captain Britain successfully saves London from an attack by a strange animated junkyard creature but the feat fails to convince the authorities, particularly the brutal armed paramilitary Status Crew, of his good motives. He finds a mysterious liquid that has created an intelligent rat called Algernon, and traces the source to Majestrix [Saturnyne](/wiki/Saturnyne \"Saturnyne\") of the Dimensional Development Council. She and her agents the Avant Guard are attempting to use life\\-enhancing fluid to advance the development of Earth\\-238, which is so regressive it is corrupting other parallel worlds. Having seen the miserable people of Earth\\-238, he agrees to help her with the push. Captain and Britain help the Avant Guard distribute the fluid, which has an immediate effect. However, at the moment of the push itself Jaspers uses his mutant reality\\-altering power to twist London into a nightmare.",
"Believing Captain Britain is responsible, the Status Crew unleash the Fury, a bio\\-mechanoid that had previously purged Earth\\-238 of superhumans. Saturnyne and the Avant Guard abandon them and Jackdaw is killed. The Fury is impervious to Captain Britain's furious attacks and easily breaks his arm. After a surreal encounter with the Fury's creator Jaspers he finds himself in a graveyard for the Fury's victims and berates Merlyn for sending him to such a place before the Fury obliterates him. Merlyn and Roma recover his remains and rebuild him in Otherworld and return him to Darkmoor on Earth\\-616, unaware of his death and resurrection. He returns to Braddock Manor and finds it has been rebuilt by [Mastermind](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:M%23Computer \"M#Computer\"); after the computer attempts to talk him into suicide he is able to reprogramme it to be more benevolent. Soon after he receives a phone call from his sister [Betsy](/wiki/Betsy_Braddock \"Betsy Braddock\") in London. She has put her telepathic abilities to use as a member of [S.T.R.I.K.E.](/wiki/S.T.R.I.K.E. \"S.T.R.I.K.E.\")'s Psi Division, but it had been infiltrated by agents of [Vixen](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:V%23Vixen \"V#Vixen\"), and now Betsy and her friends are under attack from the hired assassin [Slaymaster](/wiki/Slaymaster \"Slaymaster\"). Captain Britain is able to defeat Slaymaster after a battle on [Denmark Street](/wiki/Denmark_Street \"Denmark Street\"), and takes Betsy and two other surviving telepaths \\- her lover Tom Lennox and their friend Alison Double \\- back to Braddock Manor.",
"Soon after he is abducted by the [Special Executive](/wiki/Special_Executive \"Special Executive\") and reluctantly taken to the Dimensional Development Court, where Saturnyne is on trial for her alleged failures on Earth\\-238\\. Despite her deserting him he feels compelled to tell the court of Jaspers \\- but is infuriated when Judge Lord Mandrake simply wipe Earth\\-238 out of existence, and is able to act as judge and prosecutor at Saturnyne's trial. He comes into conflict with the members of the [Captain Britain Corps](/wiki/Captain_Britain_Corps \"Captain Britain Corps\") acting as bailiffs, leading to the Special Executive coming to his aid and helping to evacuate the hero and Saturnyne back to Braddock Manor. There they are visited by Linda McQuillan \\- formerly Captain UK, the equivalent to Captain Britain of Earth\\-238 and now sole human survivor of the planet. She was sent to Earth\\-616 by her late lover and is alarmed to find the dimension's version of Sir James Jaspers is espousing exactly the same firebrand anti\\-hero rhetoric that led to the purge in her home dimension. However, it is soon revealed that something else escaped the destruction of Earth\\-238 \\- the Fury. It attacks Linda, who is saved by Merlyn's intervention, then aided by Captain Britain and the Special Executive. However, in the resulting battle two members of the Executive are killed, leader Wardog has his cybernetic arm torn off and further casualties are only avoided when the Fury is briefly unable to register Zeitgeist, giving Captain Britain and Fascination the chance to bury the machine. At Zeitgeist's insistence Wardog then reluctantly orders the Special Executive to leave.",
"Jaspers meanwhile has rapidly seized control of Britain, with S.T.R.I.K.E. having rounded up anyone with any hints superhuman talents into concentration camps. Captain Britain and his remaining allies head to [London](/wiki/London \"London\") to help but are largely forced underground, with Jasper's warping abilities causing problems for Allison and Betsy, and Linda still traumatised by the return of the Fury. Vixen meanwhile attempts to assassinate Jaspers before he attracts the attention of The Avengers or [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\"), but he is too powerful and simply turns her into a docile animal. Captain Britain sets off to confront him but Jaspers' enforcers kill Tom before capturing Betsy and Alison. Despite his best efforts, Captain Britain finds Jaspers' ability to change reality on a whim makes him impossible to fight, and things get worse when the Fury \\- having escaped the chasm near Braddock Manor \\- arrives. After trouncing the hero it moves on to Jaspers, who has also created a new Crazy Gang. Realising that the immunity the mutant's Earth\\-238 version built in does not apply to the Earth\\-616 version, the Fury attacks Jaspers and a reality\\-bending battle begins; their duel causes so much damage to reality that Merlyn is killed. The Fury finally transports Jaspers to un\\-space, where there is no reality for him to alter, and is able to kill him. Returning to Earth\\-616 drained, it is attacked by Captain Britain. When the damaged machine fights back Captain UK \\- snapped out of her malaise by Saturnyne \\- finishes the Fury off.",
"The crisis is over, and Roma transports Captain Britain, Captain UK and Saturnyne to Otherworld to attend Merlyn's funeral with the rest of the Captain Britain Corps. After the ceremony she reveals to Captain Britain that Earth\\-616 is already rapidly healing from Jasper's warp, and that Saturnyne has returned to the Dimensional Development Council, rapidly blackmailing her way back into power. She then returns Brian and Linda to Darkmoor, where they briefly kiss before parting.",
""
] |
Other prominent activities with composing music
-----------------------------------------------
He edited [Tattwabodhini Patrika](/wiki/Tattwabodhini_Patrika "Tattwabodhini Patrika") for 25 long years from 1884\. He also founded the Hitavadi Patrika. Dwijendranath wanted to continue publishing the Tattvabodhini Patrika. But his other brother [Jyotirindranath Tagore](/wiki/Jyotirindranath_Tagore "Jyotirindranath Tagore") proposed to start a new magazine called Bharati. Although Dwijendranath was in charge of editing the paper, it was mainly run by Jyotirindranath.
For his outstanding contribution to Bengali literature, he was elected President of the [Bangiya Sahitya Parishad](/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad "Bangiya Sahitya Parishad") from 1897 to 1900\. He was the priest at the session of the Bengal Literary Conference in 1914\.
When the income of his zamindari declined during the Pabna Rebellion in 1873, he recommended strict measures against the peasants to "restore peace".Sarkar, Sumit; Modern India 1885\-1947; New Delhi 1998; আইএসবিএন ০\-৩৩৩\-৯০৪২৫\-৭, p. 52
Dwijendranath used to do various experiments. He was one of the pioneers in the introduction of Bangla script or short hand. He also introduced sign script in the form of poems. He also played a leading role in introducing the use of notation in Bengali songs. At that time, none other than Kshetramohan Goswami, an assistant to King Saurindra Mohan Tagore, did this work. In 1913, Dwijendranath also wrote a book on the structure of the box called Baksamiti. His hobby was to wrap paper in various shapes.
From 1866 to 1871 he held the post of Acharya of the Adi Brahmo Samaj. He traveled to Dhaka with his father Debendranath during the inaugural phase of the Dhaka Brahmo Samaj under the supervision of [Braja Sundar Mitra](/wiki/Braja_Sundar_Mitra "Braja Sundar Mitra").Sastri, Sivanath, *History of the Brahmo Samaj*, 1911\-12/1993, p. 344, p. 395, Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.
Dwijendranath was closely associated with [Hindu Mela](/wiki/Hindu_Mela "Hindu Mela"). He also composed patriotic songs for Hindu Mela. Songwriting was his habit. The Brahma Sangeet, Karo Tar Nam Gaan, Jatadin Rahe Deha Pran, composed by him was used for prayer for 7th Pous for many years. His Brahma songs are also widely sung in the general prayers of the Brahmo Samaj. One of his popular patriotic songs written for the Hindu Mela was Malin Mukhchandrama Bharat Tomari.
|
[
"Other prominent activities with composing music\n-----------------------------------------------",
"He edited [Tattwabodhini Patrika](/wiki/Tattwabodhini_Patrika \"Tattwabodhini Patrika\") for 25 long years from 1884\\. He also founded the Hitavadi Patrika. Dwijendranath wanted to continue publishing the Tattvabodhini Patrika. But his other brother [Jyotirindranath Tagore](/wiki/Jyotirindranath_Tagore \"Jyotirindranath Tagore\") proposed to start a new magazine called Bharati. Although Dwijendranath was in charge of editing the paper, it was mainly run by Jyotirindranath.",
"For his outstanding contribution to Bengali literature, he was elected President of the [Bangiya Sahitya Parishad](/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad \"Bangiya Sahitya Parishad\") from 1897 to 1900\\. He was the priest at the session of the Bengal Literary Conference in 1914\\.",
"When the income of his zamindari declined during the Pabna Rebellion in 1873, he recommended strict measures against the peasants to \"restore peace\".Sarkar, Sumit; Modern India 1885\\-1947; New Delhi 1998; আইএসবিএন ০\\-৩৩৩\\-৯০৪২৫\\-৭, p. 52",
"Dwijendranath used to do various experiments. He was one of the pioneers in the introduction of Bangla script or short hand. He also introduced sign script in the form of poems. He also played a leading role in introducing the use of notation in Bengali songs. At that time, none other than Kshetramohan Goswami, an assistant to King Saurindra Mohan Tagore, did this work. In 1913, Dwijendranath also wrote a book on the structure of the box called Baksamiti. His hobby was to wrap paper in various shapes.",
"From 1866 to 1871 he held the post of Acharya of the Adi Brahmo Samaj. He traveled to Dhaka with his father Debendranath during the inaugural phase of the Dhaka Brahmo Samaj under the supervision of [Braja Sundar Mitra](/wiki/Braja_Sundar_Mitra \"Braja Sundar Mitra\").Sastri, Sivanath, *History of the Brahmo Samaj*, 1911\\-12/1993, p. 344, p. 395, Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.",
"Dwijendranath was closely associated with [Hindu Mela](/wiki/Hindu_Mela \"Hindu Mela\"). He also composed patriotic songs for Hindu Mela. Songwriting was his habit. The Brahma Sangeet, Karo Tar Nam Gaan, Jatadin Rahe Deha Pran, composed by him was used for prayer for 7th Pous for many years. His Brahma songs are also widely sung in the general prayers of the Brahmo Samaj. One of his popular patriotic songs written for the Hindu Mela was Malin Mukhchandrama Bharat Tomari.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Leach was born in [Petersburg, Virginia](/wiki/Petersburg%2C_Virginia "Petersburg, Virginia"),[Credits](http://www.filmreference.com/film/98/Wilford-Leach.html). FilmReference.com, accessed May 19, 2009\. on August 26, 1929\. A performance of *[Pygmalion](/wiki/Pygmalion_%28play%29 "Pygmalion (play)")* he saw as a teenager inspired him to work in theatre. After graduating from the [College of William \& Mary](/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary "College of William & Mary") in 1953, Leach went on to earn both a master's degree and a doctorate from the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_system "University of Illinois system").{{Cite book\|title\=Ellen Stewart's Global Pushcart: twenty\-six years of internationalism at La MaMa, 1962\-1968\.\|last\=Ostroka\|first\=Beverly\|publisher\=University of Colorado (PhD dissertation)\|year\=1991}} Leach began teaching at [Sarah Lawrence College](/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College "Sarah Lawrence College") in 1958\. He also taught at the [Yale](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") [School of Drama](/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama "Yale School of Drama") during the years 1978 and 1979\.
After moving to New York City, Leach became the artistic director of [La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club](/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club "La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club") for much of the 1970s. At La MaMa, he frequently collaborated with [John Braswell](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Entities/1170). They directed the ETC Company, a resident company of La MaMa, in a repertory that included adaptations of *[Carmilla](/wiki/Carmilla "Carmilla")*,La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, ["Video Work: Documentation of 'Carmilla' (1972\)".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/1130) [*Demon*](/wiki/Aya_no_Tsuzumi "Aya no Tsuzumi"),La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, ["Video Work: Documentation of 'Demon' (1972\)".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/1128) *[The Only Jealousy of Emer](/wiki/The_Only_Jealousy_of_Emer "The Only Jealousy of Emer")*,La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, ["Video Work: Documentation of 'The Only Jealousy of Emer' (1972\)".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/309) [*Renard*](/wiki/Renard_%28Stravinsky%29 "Renard (Stravinsky)"),La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, ["Video Work: Documentation of 'Renard' (1972\)".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/1129) and *Gertrude*,La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, ["Video Work: Documentation of 'Gertrude' (1972\)".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/1127) a musical about the title character based loosely on [Gertrude Stein](/wiki/Gertrude_Stein "Gertrude Stein").La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, ["Individual: Wilford Leach".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Entities/27)
Leach also directed works for [Joseph Papp](/wiki/Joseph_Papp "Joseph Papp")'s [Public Theater](/wiki/The_Public_Theater "The Public Theater") and the [New York Shakespeare Festival](/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival "New York Shakespeare Festival"), where he directed a production of *[The Pirates of Penzance](/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance "The Pirates of Penzance")* in 1980 with [Kevin Kline](/wiki/Kevin_Kline "Kevin Kline"), [Linda Ronstadt](/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt "Linda Ronstadt"), [Rex Smith](/wiki/Rex_Smith_%28entertainer%29 "Rex Smith (entertainer)"), and [Patricia Routledge](/wiki/Patricia_Routledge "Patricia Routledge").Barron, James.["Wilford Leach, Theater Director And Papp Associate, Dies at 59"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/21/obituaries/wilford-leach-theater-director-and-papp-associate-dies-at-59.html).*The New York Times*, June 21, 1988\. The production transferred to [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") with the same cast in January 1981, with [Estelle Parsons](/wiki/Estelle_Parsons "Estelle Parsons") replacing Routledge.[Biography, Universal Studios, January 5, 1983](http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/pirat1a.htm). Ronstadt\-Linda.com, accessed May 19, 2009\. Leach won a [Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Direction_of_a_Musical "Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical") for the Broadway production in 1981\. Leach directed a film version of [*The Pirates of Penzance*](/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28film%29 "The Pirates of Penzance (film)") in 1983 with the same cast, with [Angela Lansbury](/wiki/Angela_Lansbury "Angela Lansbury") replacing Parsons.
Leach's additional theatre directing credits include two projects that originated at the Public and then transferred to Broadway: *[The Human Comedy](/wiki/The_Human_Comedy_%28musical%29 "The Human Comedy (musical)")* (1984\) and *[The Mystery of Edwin Drood](/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood_%28musical%29 "The Mystery of Edwin Drood (musical)")* (1986\), for which he won his second Tony Award.[Tony Awards](http://broadwayworld.com/tonyawardspersoninfo.cfm?nomname=Wilford%20Leach) BroadwayWorld.com, accessed May 19, 2009\.
While teaching at Sarah Lawrence, Leach met then\-students [Brian De Palma](/wiki/Brian_De_Palma "Brian De Palma") and Cynthia Munroe. In collaboration with De Palma and Munroe, he produced, directed, and wrote the screenplay for the 1969 film *[The Wedding Party](/wiki/The_Wedding_Party_%281969_film%29 "The Wedding Party (1969 film)")*, whose cast included a young [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro") and [Jill Clayburgh](/wiki/Jill_Clayburgh "Jill Clayburgh"). He also directed the films *[All's Well That Ends Well](/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well "All's Well That Ends Well")* (1978\) with [Frances Conroy](/wiki/Frances_Conroy "Frances Conroy") for television[Biography](http://www.allmovie.com/artist/wilford-leach-99053). AllMovie.com, accessed May 19, 2009\. and a [straight\-to\-video](/wiki/Direct-to-video "Direct-to-video") version of *[Coriolanus](/wiki/Coriolanus_%28play%29 "Coriolanus (play)")* (1979\) with [Denzel Washington](/wiki/Denzel_Washington "Denzel Washington") and [Morgan Freeman](/wiki/Morgan_Freeman "Morgan Freeman").
The protagonist of Brian De Palma's film *[Phantom of the Paradise](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Paradise "Phantom of the Paradise")* (1974\), Winslow Leach, is named after Wilford Leach.
Leach died at the age of 58 from AIDS\-related [stomach cancer](/wiki/Stomach_cancer "Stomach cancer") in [Rocky Point, New York](/wiki/Rocky_Point%2C_New_York "Rocky Point, New York").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1990\-12\-26\-ca\-1044\-story.html \|title\=AIDS and the Arts: Behind the Scenes of a Tragedy \|first\=Sean \|last\=Mitchell \|date\=26 December 1990 \|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times \|access\-date\=27 June 2022}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Leach was born in [Petersburg, Virginia](/wiki/Petersburg%2C_Virginia \"Petersburg, Virginia\"),[Credits](http://www.filmreference.com/film/98/Wilford-Leach.html). FilmReference.com, accessed May 19, 2009\\. on August 26, 1929\\. A performance of *[Pygmalion](/wiki/Pygmalion_%28play%29 \"Pygmalion (play)\")* he saw as a teenager inspired him to work in theatre. After graduating from the [College of William \\& Mary](/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary \"College of William & Mary\") in 1953, Leach went on to earn both a master's degree and a doctorate from the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_system \"University of Illinois system\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Ellen Stewart's Global Pushcart: twenty\\-six years of internationalism at La MaMa, 1962\\-1968\\.\\|last\\=Ostroka\\|first\\=Beverly\\|publisher\\=University of Colorado (PhD dissertation)\\|year\\=1991}} Leach began teaching at [Sarah Lawrence College](/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College \"Sarah Lawrence College\") in 1958\\. He also taught at the [Yale](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\") [School of Drama](/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama \"Yale School of Drama\") during the years 1978 and 1979\\.",
"After moving to New York City, Leach became the artistic director of [La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club](/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club \"La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club\") for much of the 1970s. At La MaMa, he frequently collaborated with [John Braswell](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Entities/1170). They directed the ETC Company, a resident company of La MaMa, in a repertory that included adaptations of *[Carmilla](/wiki/Carmilla \"Carmilla\")*,La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, [\"Video Work: Documentation of 'Carmilla' (1972\\)\".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/1130) [*Demon*](/wiki/Aya_no_Tsuzumi \"Aya no Tsuzumi\"),La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, [\"Video Work: Documentation of 'Demon' (1972\\)\".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/1128) *[The Only Jealousy of Emer](/wiki/The_Only_Jealousy_of_Emer \"The Only Jealousy of Emer\")*,La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, [\"Video Work: Documentation of 'The Only Jealousy of Emer' (1972\\)\".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/309) [*Renard*](/wiki/Renard_%28Stravinsky%29 \"Renard (Stravinsky)\"),La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, [\"Video Work: Documentation of 'Renard' (1972\\)\".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/1129) and *Gertrude*,La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, [\"Video Work: Documentation of 'Gertrude' (1972\\)\".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Objects/1127) a musical about the title character based loosely on [Gertrude Stein](/wiki/Gertrude_Stein \"Gertrude Stein\").La MaMa Archives Digital Collections, [\"Individual: Wilford Leach\".](https://catalog.lamama.org/Detail/Entities/27)",
"Leach also directed works for [Joseph Papp](/wiki/Joseph_Papp \"Joseph Papp\")'s [Public Theater](/wiki/The_Public_Theater \"The Public Theater\") and the [New York Shakespeare Festival](/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival \"New York Shakespeare Festival\"), where he directed a production of *[The Pirates of Penzance](/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance \"The Pirates of Penzance\")* in 1980 with [Kevin Kline](/wiki/Kevin_Kline \"Kevin Kline\"), [Linda Ronstadt](/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt \"Linda Ronstadt\"), [Rex Smith](/wiki/Rex_Smith_%28entertainer%29 \"Rex Smith (entertainer)\"), and [Patricia Routledge](/wiki/Patricia_Routledge \"Patricia Routledge\").Barron, James.[\"Wilford Leach, Theater Director And Papp Associate, Dies at 59\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/21/obituaries/wilford-leach-theater-director-and-papp-associate-dies-at-59.html).*The New York Times*, June 21, 1988\\. The production transferred to [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") with the same cast in January 1981, with [Estelle Parsons](/wiki/Estelle_Parsons \"Estelle Parsons\") replacing Routledge.[Biography, Universal Studios, January 5, 1983](http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/pirat1a.htm). Ronstadt\\-Linda.com, accessed May 19, 2009\\. Leach won a [Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Direction_of_a_Musical \"Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical\") for the Broadway production in 1981\\. Leach directed a film version of [*The Pirates of Penzance*](/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28film%29 \"The Pirates of Penzance (film)\") in 1983 with the same cast, with [Angela Lansbury](/wiki/Angela_Lansbury \"Angela Lansbury\") replacing Parsons.",
"Leach's additional theatre directing credits include two projects that originated at the Public and then transferred to Broadway: *[The Human Comedy](/wiki/The_Human_Comedy_%28musical%29 \"The Human Comedy (musical)\")* (1984\\) and *[The Mystery of Edwin Drood](/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood_%28musical%29 \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood (musical)\")* (1986\\), for which he won his second Tony Award.[Tony Awards](http://broadwayworld.com/tonyawardspersoninfo.cfm?nomname=Wilford%20Leach) BroadwayWorld.com, accessed May 19, 2009\\.",
"While teaching at Sarah Lawrence, Leach met then\\-students [Brian De Palma](/wiki/Brian_De_Palma \"Brian De Palma\") and Cynthia Munroe. In collaboration with De Palma and Munroe, he produced, directed, and wrote the screenplay for the 1969 film *[The Wedding Party](/wiki/The_Wedding_Party_%281969_film%29 \"The Wedding Party (1969 film)\")*, whose cast included a young [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\") and [Jill Clayburgh](/wiki/Jill_Clayburgh \"Jill Clayburgh\"). He also directed the films *[All's Well That Ends Well](/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well \"All's Well That Ends Well\")* (1978\\) with [Frances Conroy](/wiki/Frances_Conroy \"Frances Conroy\") for television[Biography](http://www.allmovie.com/artist/wilford-leach-99053). AllMovie.com, accessed May 19, 2009\\. and a [straight\\-to\\-video](/wiki/Direct-to-video \"Direct-to-video\") version of *[Coriolanus](/wiki/Coriolanus_%28play%29 \"Coriolanus (play)\")* (1979\\) with [Denzel Washington](/wiki/Denzel_Washington \"Denzel Washington\") and [Morgan Freeman](/wiki/Morgan_Freeman \"Morgan Freeman\").",
"The protagonist of Brian De Palma's film *[Phantom of the Paradise](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Paradise \"Phantom of the Paradise\")* (1974\\), Winslow Leach, is named after Wilford Leach.",
"Leach died at the age of 58 from AIDS\\-related [stomach cancer](/wiki/Stomach_cancer \"Stomach cancer\") in [Rocky Point, New York](/wiki/Rocky_Point%2C_New_York \"Rocky Point, New York\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1990\\-12\\-26\\-ca\\-1044\\-story.html \\|title\\=AIDS and the Arts: Behind the Scenes of a Tragedy \\|first\\=Sean \\|last\\=Mitchell \\|date\\=26 December 1990 \\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times \\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2022}}",
""
] |
Mechanics
---------
Organ pipes are physically organized within the organ into sets according to [note](/wiki/Note_%28music%29 "Note (music)") and [timbre](/wiki/Timbre "Timbre"). A set of pipes producing the same timbre for each note is called a *rank*, while each key on a pipe organ controls a *note* which may be sounded by different ranks of pipes, alone or in combination. The use of stops enables the organist to selectively turn off ("stop") certain ranks in order to produce different combinations of sounds, as opposed to hearing all sounds simultaneously. A stop may be linked to a single or multiple ranks. While nowadays one speaks of "drawing" a stop to select a particular rank or set of ranks, the earliest organs were constructed with all ranks "on" by default.
The mechanism for operating the stops varies widely, but the principle is the same: the stop control at the console allows the organist to select which ranks of pipes will sound when a key is pressed. When the organist desires a rank to sound, they operate the corresponding control at the console, allowing wind to flow to the pipes. Likewise, the organist can deny wind to the pipes by operating the same control in the opposite direction. Common stop controls include *stop knobs*, which move in and out of the console, and *stop tabs*, which toggle back and forth in position.
Some organs, particularly smaller historical organs from [England](/wiki/England "England"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") or [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"),James Dalton, "Iberian organ music before 1700," in *[The Cambridge Companion to the Organ](/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music "Cambridge Companions to Music")*, ed. Nicholas Thistlethwaite and Geoffrey Webber (Cambridge University Press, 1998\), p. 165\. feature *divided registers*, in which there are two stop knobs for certain ranks. One stop knob will control the upper portion of the keyboard, and the other will control the lower portion of the keyboard. This arrangement allows the upper portion of the keyboard to sound a different registration than the lower portion, which lends a greater versatility to smaller organs, especially those with only one [manual](/wiki/Manual_%28music%29 "Manual (music)").
Ranks which are neither divided nor extended (see below [Unification, borrowing and extension](/wiki/%23Unification%2C_borrowing_and_extension "#Unification, borrowing and extension")) generally contain as many pipes as there are keys on the keyboard to which they are assigned: in most cases 61 pipes for a rank assigned to a manual and 32 pipes for a rank assigned to the pedal.
### Methods of actuation
Over the course of the history of the pipe organ, there have been several different designs by which stops are actuated. In the longest\-standing design, known as the *slider chest*, there is a strip of material (typically wood) called a *slider* which fits underneath a given rank of pipes. The slider has small holes drilled in it, one for each pipe in the rank. When the stop is set such that pipes are inactive, the holes are misaligned with the pipes, preventing the air from flowing up into the pipes above. When the stop is set such that the pipes are active, the slider moves over, aligning the holes with the pipes, allowing air to reach them. Because the slider chest was developed before the advent of [electricity](/wiki/Electricity "Electricity"), it is inherently mechanical in nature. Many organs originally built with mechanical actuators have been retrofitted with electric actuators.
Other common designs include the spring chest, the cone valve chest, and the Pitman chest.
### Unification, borrowing and extension
The term *unification* refers to the practice of expanding the tonal resources of an organ without adding more pipes by allowing several different stops to control the same rank of pipes. For example, an 8′ Gedeckt may also be made available as a 4′ Gedeckt, either on the same or a different manual. When both of these stops are selected and a key (for example, C3) is pressed, two pipes of the same rank will sound: the pipe normally corresponding to the key played (C3), and the pipe one octave above that (C4).
*Borrowing* or *duplexing* refers to one rank being made available from multiple stop knobs, often on different manuals or pedal.John R. Shannon, *Understanding the Pipe Organ*, 2009, p. 83\. *Extension* refers to the addition of extra pipes to the high and/or low ends of a rank in order to allow that rank to be borrowed by higher and/or lower stops. Unification and borrowing (duplexing) is mostly related to pipe organs with physical pipes; however, some (older) electronic organs also used unification and duplexing to expand the tonal resources of a limited number of synthesized virtual ranks.
While unification and extension increase the tonal resources and flexibility of the organ, greater care needs to be taken by the organist in registering the organ, particularly when the composition requires many notes to sound at the same time. In a non\-unified organ, voices are scaled for their intended job. As an example, the octave (4′) diapason is generally of a smaller scale and softer than the corresponding 8′ diapason rank, whereas in unification they would be of the same strength due to using the same set of pipes. Straight reed choruses (16′, 8′ and 4′) have the luxury of ranks with different timbres, whereas a unified reed chorus has voices that are identical.
Playing with all stops out on a heavily unified/duplexed organ may result in chords that sound thinner or emphasize higher harmonics on some notes more than others, due to notes in different octaves using the same pipes instead of having their own. Part of an organist's training is to detect unification and duplexing and to create registrations that take them into account.John R. Shannon, *Understanding the Pipe Organ*, 2009, Chapter 6\. Nonetheless, heavy unification can create issues for visiting artists with limited practice times, or those improvising compositions.
Borrowing between manuals occurs in English organs from about 1700,{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2007}} but extension of pipe ranks for the purpose of borrowing at different pitches is a relatively recent development.{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2007}} Extension and unification are heavily used in [theatre organs](/wiki/Theatre_organ "Theatre organ") to produce the maximum number of voices from a minimal number of pipes. It is still typical to see a significant amount of unification and duplexing in practice organs and small church organs. Traditionally, less use has been made of extension in large church organs and those designed for classical music, with authorities tending to regard borrowing in general and extension in particular as things to be avoided if possible, except in a few cases where space for pipes is limited, making extension and/or unification necessary.{{cite book \|last1\=Audsley \|first1\=George Ashdown \|title\=The Art of Organ\-Building \|date\=1905 \|publisher\=Dodd, Mead, and Company \|location\=New York \|page\=13}}{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2007}} Borrowing 16′ manual ranks for the pedal division is more widely employed because of the expense and space requirements of 16′ stops and the versatility this allows.
|
[
"Mechanics\n---------",
"Organ pipes are physically organized within the organ into sets according to [note](/wiki/Note_%28music%29 \"Note (music)\") and [timbre](/wiki/Timbre \"Timbre\"). A set of pipes producing the same timbre for each note is called a *rank*, while each key on a pipe organ controls a *note* which may be sounded by different ranks of pipes, alone or in combination. The use of stops enables the organist to selectively turn off (\"stop\") certain ranks in order to produce different combinations of sounds, as opposed to hearing all sounds simultaneously. A stop may be linked to a single or multiple ranks. While nowadays one speaks of \"drawing\" a stop to select a particular rank or set of ranks, the earliest organs were constructed with all ranks \"on\" by default.",
"The mechanism for operating the stops varies widely, but the principle is the same: the stop control at the console allows the organist to select which ranks of pipes will sound when a key is pressed. When the organist desires a rank to sound, they operate the corresponding control at the console, allowing wind to flow to the pipes. Likewise, the organist can deny wind to the pipes by operating the same control in the opposite direction. Common stop controls include *stop knobs*, which move in and out of the console, and *stop tabs*, which toggle back and forth in position.",
"Some organs, particularly smaller historical organs from [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") or [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"),James Dalton, \"Iberian organ music before 1700,\" in *[The Cambridge Companion to the Organ](/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music \"Cambridge Companions to Music\")*, ed. Nicholas Thistlethwaite and Geoffrey Webber (Cambridge University Press, 1998\\), p. 165\\. feature *divided registers*, in which there are two stop knobs for certain ranks. One stop knob will control the upper portion of the keyboard, and the other will control the lower portion of the keyboard. This arrangement allows the upper portion of the keyboard to sound a different registration than the lower portion, which lends a greater versatility to smaller organs, especially those with only one [manual](/wiki/Manual_%28music%29 \"Manual (music)\").",
"Ranks which are neither divided nor extended (see below [Unification, borrowing and extension](/wiki/%23Unification%2C_borrowing_and_extension \"#Unification, borrowing and extension\")) generally contain as many pipes as there are keys on the keyboard to which they are assigned: in most cases 61 pipes for a rank assigned to a manual and 32 pipes for a rank assigned to the pedal.",
"### Methods of actuation",
"Over the course of the history of the pipe organ, there have been several different designs by which stops are actuated. In the longest\\-standing design, known as the *slider chest*, there is a strip of material (typically wood) called a *slider* which fits underneath a given rank of pipes. The slider has small holes drilled in it, one for each pipe in the rank. When the stop is set such that pipes are inactive, the holes are misaligned with the pipes, preventing the air from flowing up into the pipes above. When the stop is set such that the pipes are active, the slider moves over, aligning the holes with the pipes, allowing air to reach them. Because the slider chest was developed before the advent of [electricity](/wiki/Electricity \"Electricity\"), it is inherently mechanical in nature. Many organs originally built with mechanical actuators have been retrofitted with electric actuators.",
"Other common designs include the spring chest, the cone valve chest, and the Pitman chest.",
"### Unification, borrowing and extension",
"The term *unification* refers to the practice of expanding the tonal resources of an organ without adding more pipes by allowing several different stops to control the same rank of pipes. For example, an 8′ Gedeckt may also be made available as a 4′ Gedeckt, either on the same or a different manual. When both of these stops are selected and a key (for example, C3) is pressed, two pipes of the same rank will sound: the pipe normally corresponding to the key played (C3), and the pipe one octave above that (C4).",
"*Borrowing* or *duplexing* refers to one rank being made available from multiple stop knobs, often on different manuals or pedal.John R. Shannon, *Understanding the Pipe Organ*, 2009, p. 83\\. *Extension* refers to the addition of extra pipes to the high and/or low ends of a rank in order to allow that rank to be borrowed by higher and/or lower stops. Unification and borrowing (duplexing) is mostly related to pipe organs with physical pipes; however, some (older) electronic organs also used unification and duplexing to expand the tonal resources of a limited number of synthesized virtual ranks.",
"While unification and extension increase the tonal resources and flexibility of the organ, greater care needs to be taken by the organist in registering the organ, particularly when the composition requires many notes to sound at the same time. In a non\\-unified organ, voices are scaled for their intended job. As an example, the octave (4′) diapason is generally of a smaller scale and softer than the corresponding 8′ diapason rank, whereas in unification they would be of the same strength due to using the same set of pipes. Straight reed choruses (16′, 8′ and 4′) have the luxury of ranks with different timbres, whereas a unified reed chorus has voices that are identical.",
"Playing with all stops out on a heavily unified/duplexed organ may result in chords that sound thinner or emphasize higher harmonics on some notes more than others, due to notes in different octaves using the same pipes instead of having their own. Part of an organist's training is to detect unification and duplexing and to create registrations that take them into account.John R. Shannon, *Understanding the Pipe Organ*, 2009, Chapter 6\\. Nonetheless, heavy unification can create issues for visiting artists with limited practice times, or those improvising compositions.",
"Borrowing between manuals occurs in English organs from about 1700,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2007}} but extension of pipe ranks for the purpose of borrowing at different pitches is a relatively recent development.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2007}} Extension and unification are heavily used in [theatre organs](/wiki/Theatre_organ \"Theatre organ\") to produce the maximum number of voices from a minimal number of pipes. It is still typical to see a significant amount of unification and duplexing in practice organs and small church organs. Traditionally, less use has been made of extension in large church organs and those designed for classical music, with authorities tending to regard borrowing in general and extension in particular as things to be avoided if possible, except in a few cases where space for pipes is limited, making extension and/or unification necessary.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Audsley \\|first1\\=George Ashdown \\|title\\=The Art of Organ\\-Building \\|date\\=1905 \\|publisher\\=Dodd, Mead, and Company \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=13}}{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2007}} Borrowing 16′ manual ranks for the pedal division is more widely employed because of the expense and space requirements of 16′ stops and the versatility this allows.",
""
] |
Pitch and length
----------------
[thumb\|right\|The organ at the [Naval Academy Chapel](/wiki/Naval_Academy_Chapel "Naval Academy Chapel") has 522 stops.](/wiki/Image:Usnaconsole2.jpg "Usnaconsole2.jpg")
The pitch produced by an organ pipe is a function of its length. All else equal, longer pipes produce lower\-pitched notes, and shorter pipes are higher in pitch. An organ stop uses a set (rank) of pipes of graduated lengths to produce the range of notes needed. Stops with pipes tuned to sound the pitch normally associated with the keys (i.e. the pitch of the same keys on a [piano](/wiki/Piano "Piano")) are called "unison stops". Other stops use pipework that is longer or shorter than that of unison ranks to speak at a fixed interval above or below unison pitch ("octave pitch" or "mutation pitch").
The pitch of a rank of pipes is denoted by a number on the stop knob. A stop which speaks at unison pitch, or "native pitch", is known as an **[8′](/wiki/Eight_foot_pitch "Eight foot pitch")** (pronounced "eight\-foot") stop. This nomenclature refers to the approximate length of the longest pipe in a rank of [open pipes](/wiki/Open_tube "Open tube"). In a rank of [stopped pipes](/wiki/Closed_tube "Closed tube"), the lowest pipe is about 4 feet long, but because it sounds at unison pitch, it is also known as an 8′ stop.
### Octaves
The [octave](/wiki/Octave "Octave") sounded by a given pipe is inversely proportional to its length (half the length \= double the pitch), meaning that a 4′ stop speaks exactly one octave higher than an 8′ stop. Likewise, a 2′ stop speaks one octave higher than a 4′ stop. Conversely, a 16′ stop speaks one octave below an 8' stop; and a 32′ stop speaks one octave below a 16′ stop. Octave pitch lengths used in actual organs include 64′, 32′, 16′, 8′, 4′, 2′, 1′, {{frac\|1\|2}}′, and {{frac\|1\|4}}′.
Example:
[center](/wiki/Image:Organ_keyboard_unision_pitch_layout.png "Organ keyboard unision pitch layout.png")
### Mutations and resultants
Ranks that do not speak at the unison or some octave of the unison pitch are called *mutation* stops, or sometimes "aliquots". They are rarely used on their own; rather, they are combined with unison stops to create different tone colors. A typical and distinctive sound of the organ is the [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28organ_stop%29 "Cornet (organ stop)"), composed of a flute and ranks making up its first four [overtones](/wiki/Overtones "Overtones"), sounding 8′, 4′, {{frac\|2\|2\|3}}′ (labeled 3′ on some German and Swedish organs), 2′, and {{frac\|1\|3\|5}}′ (or {{frac\|1\|1\|2}}′ on some German organs).
The sounding length of a mutation stop gives the answer as to what pitch the rank sounds. For example, a stop labeled {{frac\|2\|2\|3}}′ (or one\-third of 8′) has three times the frequency; i.e., the [interval](/wiki/Interval_%28music%29 "Interval (music)") of a twelfth above unison pitch. This third harmonic (G) (twelfth, quint, qvinta, rorkvint, or nazard \[nasard]) is the most\-common pitch, followed by the fifth harmonic (E) (tierce \[terz or ters on some organs]) ({{frac\|1\|3\|5}}′) and sixth (G) (larigot, nasat) ({{frac\|1\|1\|3}}′), with rarer examples from higher in the series, such as the "*septième*" or "*septima*" ({{frac\|1\|1\|7}}′) and "*none*" ({{frac\|8\|9}}′). There's also an {{frac\|8\|15}}′ Major 7th which when C{{sub\|4}} is played sounds a B{{sub\|7}} below the top C{{sub\|8}} of a piano.
Mutations usually sound at pitches in the [harmonic series](/wiki/Harmonic_series_%28music%29 "Harmonic series (music)") of the fundamental, and except when derived from [unified ranks](/wiki/%23Unification "#Unification"), are always tuned [pure](/wiki/Just_intonation "Just intonation"). Some organs contain mutations that are overtones of 16′ or 32′ to create [difference tones](/wiki/Combination_tone "Combination tone"), e.g., quint\-bass {{frac\|10\|2\|3}}′. Such "helper ranks" that sound at the fifth just above or fourth below the fundamental (e.g., Bourdon 16′), can create the impression of a stop an octave lower than the fundamental (e.g., Bourdon 32′), saving the space and money otherwise needed for larger bass pipes; such an effect is termed a *resultant*.
This is a list of some mutation stops.
| \+ | Harmonic | Interval | Lengthof pipe | Sounding notewhen C4 is played | Name on manual |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ({{frac\|1\|1\|2}})3rd harmonic of the note one octave below the fundamental | P5 | {{frac\|5\|1\|3}}′ | G4 | Quint |
| ({{frac\|2\|1\|2}})5th harmonic of the note one octave below the fundamental | M10 | {{frac\|3\|1\|5}}′ | E5 | Gross Tierce |
| 3 | P12 | {{frac\|2\|2\|3}}′ | G5 | Nazard, Twelfth |
| 5 | M17 | {{frac\|1\|3\|5}}′ | E6 | Tierce, Terz |
| 6 | P19 | {{frac\|1\|1\|3}}′ | G6 | Larigot |
| 7 | m21 | {{frac\|1\|1\|7}}′ | B♭6 | Septième |
| 9 | M23 | {{frac\|8\|9}}′ | D7 | None |
| 13 | M27 | {{frac\|8\|13}}′ | A7 | Tredezime |
| 19 | m31 | {{frac\|8\|19}}′ | E♭8 | Mollterz |
| 48 | P40 | {{frac\|1\|6}}′ | G9 | Quadragesima |
{{Reflist\|group\=note}}
### Mixtures
Certain stops called *[mixtures](/wiki/Mixture_%28music%29 "Mixture (music)")* contain multiple ranks of pipes above unison pitch, usually octave and fifths. The number of ranks in a mixture is denoted by a [Roman numeral](/wiki/Roman_numeral "Roman numeral") on the stop knob; for example, a stop labeled "Mixture V" would contain five pipes for every note. So, for every key pressed, five different pipes sound (all controlled by the same stop). A mixture made of octaves and fifths is called a 'quint mixture', while a mixture made of octaves, fifths, and a major third is called a 'tierce mixture'. As a rule, the [fifths](/wiki/Perfect_fifth "Perfect fifth") and [thirds](/wiki/Major_third "Major third") of mixtures are tuned [pure](/wiki/Just_intonation "Just intonation") in relation to the fundamental. For thirds, the 14 [cent](/wiki/Cent_%28music%29 "Cent (music)") discrepancy between the [just](/wiki/Just_intonation "Just intonation") and [equal tempered](/wiki/Equal_temperament "Equal temperament") interval is large enough to introduce noticeable [beating](/wiki/Beat_%28acoustics%29 "Beat (acoustics)") in chords, and tierce mixtures became uncommon with the abandonment of [meantone temperaments](/wiki/Meantone_temperament "Meantone temperament").
Mixtures have numbers that correspond to the pitch they make. For example, a mixture configured as: 12\.15\.19\.22 contains, at its lowest note, the following ranks: {{frac\|2\|2\|3}}′, 2′, {{frac\|1\|1\|3}}′, 1′.
Mixtures usually have 'breaks' to prevent the inconvenience to the builder of making very small pipes at the top of the compass. A common configuration for the breaks is that for every octave the mixture lowers by a fifth.
#### Cornet
A [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28organ_stop%29 "Cornet (organ stop)") organ stop is similar to a mixture, but they are primarily used as solo voices, though their sound is not imitative of the orchestral cornet. A cornet will always contain the fifth and major third, and, depending on the number of ranks, may contain octaves, and more rarely the minor seventh, and ninth. Cornet pipes are made of metal and voiced as flutes; the 8′ rank is usually made of stopped metal pipes. The ranks will be justly tuned to reinforce the fundamental.
The most common configuration of ranks for an 8′ fundamental is as follows: II \= 12\.17; III \= 12\.15\.17; IV \= 8\.12\.15\.17; V \= 1\.8\.12\.15\.17\.
Cornet stops do not usually play the full compass; they generally play from either Middle C, or Tenor C, to the top. In British and French organs before the Victorian period, this allowed the Cornet stop to be raised up within the case relative to the other pipes of the Great organ around it for better projection; this is known as a 'Mounted Cornet' in English and 'Cornet Séparée' in French. Though used throughout Europe, the Cornet is especially associated with French organ builders, who used Cornets with particular regularity especially through the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, since French chorus reed stops (Trompette, Bombarde, Clairon) are very strong in the bass (having un\-weighted tongues) but, when on low wind pressures, comparatively weak further up the compass; the Cornet was therefore used to strengthen the treble ranges of these chorus reed stops. A characteristic example of this use is the classic French registration known as the 'Grand Jeu': a combination of Trompettes, Clairons and Cornets, together with the Prestant (by contrast the 'Plein Jeu' does not include cornets).
In French organs, when an 8 ft Bourdon was used with 4′ and 2′ stops plus a Nasard and Tierce the resulting ensemble was known as a 'Cornet Décomposée' (often confused with the 'Cornet Séparée' described above) since it had the same composition as a standalone Cornet stop.
Occasionally Cornets are supplied based on a 16′ fundamental (16′, 8′, {{frac\|5\|1\|3}}′, 4′ and {{frac\|3\|1\|5}}′), though the individual ranks are more usually configured as separate stops (for example the Grande Tierce {{frac\|3\|1\|5}}′ and Grand Nasard {{frac\|5\|1\|3}}′ supplied by the Isnard brothers at St Maximin, Provence). Cornet stops in 32′ are also known, as they are able to approximate the sound of a 32′ reed stop without the using pipes of the same bulk or expense (as used for example by John Compton at Wakefield Cathedral, England).
#### Sesquialtera
A Sesquialtera (or Sexquialtera) is similar to a Cornet in that it always contains a fifth and major third (justly tuned), though they normally extend to the whole range of the compass. They also rarely go beyond IV ranks, the most common being found at II or III ranks. They are not necessarily as uniform in configuration as the Cornet and so the quint and tierce ranks can be placed anywhere in the configuration. For example, the configurations: 15\.17\.19, 17\.19\.22, and 19\.22\.24 are all equally valid as the configurations for a Sesquialtera.
Sesquialtera stops can be solo or chorus stops. The British Victorian Sesquialtera was often the only Mixture stop on a given department (usually the Great or Swell organ; rarely the Choir organ), typically starting at 17\.19\.22 and then breaking back to 12\.15\.17 further up the compass and intended to be used in the chorus to help blend reed and flue stops together. By contrast, the Dutch, German and Scandinavian Sesquialteras of the seventeenth and eighteenth century were solo stops (typically 12\.17\), often (though by no means exclusively) found in the Rückpositiv division, from whose gallery\-edge case position they could project a solo line well into acoustic space against an accompaniment using stops in the main organ case; such Sesquialteras are therefore particularly associated with Lutheran chorale\-based organ repertoire.
Sesquialteras are often distinguished from Cornet stops because whereas Cornets (especially French examples) use wide\-scaled, flute\-toned pipes, Sesquialteras were generally made from narrower, principal\-toned pipes (though this distinction is somewhat less widely observed in 20th\-century organs than earlier organs). Sesquialteras therefore often have a sharper sound than Cornets.
|
[
"Pitch and length\n----------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The organ at the [Naval Academy Chapel](/wiki/Naval_Academy_Chapel \"Naval Academy Chapel\") has 522 stops.](/wiki/Image:Usnaconsole2.jpg \"Usnaconsole2.jpg\")\nThe pitch produced by an organ pipe is a function of its length. All else equal, longer pipes produce lower\\-pitched notes, and shorter pipes are higher in pitch. An organ stop uses a set (rank) of pipes of graduated lengths to produce the range of notes needed. Stops with pipes tuned to sound the pitch normally associated with the keys (i.e. the pitch of the same keys on a [piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\")) are called \"unison stops\". Other stops use pipework that is longer or shorter than that of unison ranks to speak at a fixed interval above or below unison pitch (\"octave pitch\" or \"mutation pitch\").",
"The pitch of a rank of pipes is denoted by a number on the stop knob. A stop which speaks at unison pitch, or \"native pitch\", is known as an **[8′](/wiki/Eight_foot_pitch \"Eight foot pitch\")** (pronounced \"eight\\-foot\") stop. This nomenclature refers to the approximate length of the longest pipe in a rank of [open pipes](/wiki/Open_tube \"Open tube\"). In a rank of [stopped pipes](/wiki/Closed_tube \"Closed tube\"), the lowest pipe is about 4 feet long, but because it sounds at unison pitch, it is also known as an 8′ stop.",
"### Octaves",
"The [octave](/wiki/Octave \"Octave\") sounded by a given pipe is inversely proportional to its length (half the length \\= double the pitch), meaning that a 4′ stop speaks exactly one octave higher than an 8′ stop. Likewise, a 2′ stop speaks one octave higher than a 4′ stop. Conversely, a 16′ stop speaks one octave below an 8' stop; and a 32′ stop speaks one octave below a 16′ stop. Octave pitch lengths used in actual organs include 64′, 32′, 16′, 8′, 4′, 2′, 1′, {{frac\\|1\\|2}}′, and {{frac\\|1\\|4}}′.",
"Example:\n[center](/wiki/Image:Organ_keyboard_unision_pitch_layout.png \"Organ keyboard unision pitch layout.png\")",
"### Mutations and resultants",
"Ranks that do not speak at the unison or some octave of the unison pitch are called *mutation* stops, or sometimes \"aliquots\". They are rarely used on their own; rather, they are combined with unison stops to create different tone colors. A typical and distinctive sound of the organ is the [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28organ_stop%29 \"Cornet (organ stop)\"), composed of a flute and ranks making up its first four [overtones](/wiki/Overtones \"Overtones\"), sounding 8′, 4′, {{frac\\|2\\|2\\|3}}′ (labeled 3′ on some German and Swedish organs), 2′, and {{frac\\|1\\|3\\|5}}′ (or {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}}′ on some German organs).",
"The sounding length of a mutation stop gives the answer as to what pitch the rank sounds. For example, a stop labeled {{frac\\|2\\|2\\|3}}′ (or one\\-third of 8′) has three times the frequency; i.e., the [interval](/wiki/Interval_%28music%29 \"Interval (music)\") of a twelfth above unison pitch. This third harmonic (G) (twelfth, quint, qvinta, rorkvint, or nazard \\[nasard]) is the most\\-common pitch, followed by the fifth harmonic (E) (tierce \\[terz or ters on some organs]) ({{frac\\|1\\|3\\|5}}′) and sixth (G) (larigot, nasat) ({{frac\\|1\\|1\\|3}}′), with rarer examples from higher in the series, such as the \"*septième*\" or \"*septima*\" ({{frac\\|1\\|1\\|7}}′) and \"*none*\" ({{frac\\|8\\|9}}′). There's also an {{frac\\|8\\|15}}′ Major 7th which when C{{sub\\|4}} is played sounds a B{{sub\\|7}} below the top C{{sub\\|8}} of a piano.",
"Mutations usually sound at pitches in the [harmonic series](/wiki/Harmonic_series_%28music%29 \"Harmonic series (music)\") of the fundamental, and except when derived from [unified ranks](/wiki/%23Unification \"#Unification\"), are always tuned [pure](/wiki/Just_intonation \"Just intonation\"). Some organs contain mutations that are overtones of 16′ or 32′ to create [difference tones](/wiki/Combination_tone \"Combination tone\"), e.g., quint\\-bass {{frac\\|10\\|2\\|3}}′. Such \"helper ranks\" that sound at the fifth just above or fourth below the fundamental (e.g., Bourdon 16′), can create the impression of a stop an octave lower than the fundamental (e.g., Bourdon 32′), saving the space and money otherwise needed for larger bass pipes; such an effect is termed a *resultant*.",
"This is a list of some mutation stops.",
"| \\+ | Harmonic | Interval | Lengthof pipe | Sounding notewhen C4 is played | Name on manual |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ({{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}})3rd harmonic of the note one octave below the fundamental | P5 | {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|3}}′ | G4 | Quint |\n| ({{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}})5th harmonic of the note one octave below the fundamental | M10 | {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|5}}′ | E5 | Gross Tierce |\n| 3 | P12 | {{frac\\|2\\|2\\|3}}′ | G5 | Nazard, Twelfth |\n| 5 | M17 | {{frac\\|1\\|3\\|5}}′ | E6 | Tierce, Terz |\n| 6 | P19 | {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|3}}′ | G6 | Larigot |\n| 7 | m21 | {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|7}}′ | B♭6 | Septième |\n| 9 | M23 | {{frac\\|8\\|9}}′ | D7 | None |\n| 13 | M27 | {{frac\\|8\\|13}}′ | A7 | Tredezime |\n| 19 | m31 | {{frac\\|8\\|19}}′ | E♭8 | Mollterz |\n| 48 | P40 | {{frac\\|1\\|6}}′ | G9 | Quadragesima |",
"{{Reflist\\|group\\=note}}",
"### Mixtures",
"Certain stops called *[mixtures](/wiki/Mixture_%28music%29 \"Mixture (music)\")* contain multiple ranks of pipes above unison pitch, usually octave and fifths. The number of ranks in a mixture is denoted by a [Roman numeral](/wiki/Roman_numeral \"Roman numeral\") on the stop knob; for example, a stop labeled \"Mixture V\" would contain five pipes for every note. So, for every key pressed, five different pipes sound (all controlled by the same stop). A mixture made of octaves and fifths is called a 'quint mixture', while a mixture made of octaves, fifths, and a major third is called a 'tierce mixture'. As a rule, the [fifths](/wiki/Perfect_fifth \"Perfect fifth\") and [thirds](/wiki/Major_third \"Major third\") of mixtures are tuned [pure](/wiki/Just_intonation \"Just intonation\") in relation to the fundamental. For thirds, the 14 [cent](/wiki/Cent_%28music%29 \"Cent (music)\") discrepancy between the [just](/wiki/Just_intonation \"Just intonation\") and [equal tempered](/wiki/Equal_temperament \"Equal temperament\") interval is large enough to introduce noticeable [beating](/wiki/Beat_%28acoustics%29 \"Beat (acoustics)\") in chords, and tierce mixtures became uncommon with the abandonment of [meantone temperaments](/wiki/Meantone_temperament \"Meantone temperament\").",
"Mixtures have numbers that correspond to the pitch they make. For example, a mixture configured as: 12\\.15\\.19\\.22 contains, at its lowest note, the following ranks: {{frac\\|2\\|2\\|3}}′, 2′, {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|3}}′, 1′.",
"Mixtures usually have 'breaks' to prevent the inconvenience to the builder of making very small pipes at the top of the compass. A common configuration for the breaks is that for every octave the mixture lowers by a fifth.",
"#### Cornet",
"A [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28organ_stop%29 \"Cornet (organ stop)\") organ stop is similar to a mixture, but they are primarily used as solo voices, though their sound is not imitative of the orchestral cornet. A cornet will always contain the fifth and major third, and, depending on the number of ranks, may contain octaves, and more rarely the minor seventh, and ninth. Cornet pipes are made of metal and voiced as flutes; the 8′ rank is usually made of stopped metal pipes. The ranks will be justly tuned to reinforce the fundamental.",
"The most common configuration of ranks for an 8′ fundamental is as follows: II \\= 12\\.17; III \\= 12\\.15\\.17; IV \\= 8\\.12\\.15\\.17; V \\= 1\\.8\\.12\\.15\\.17\\.",
"Cornet stops do not usually play the full compass; they generally play from either Middle C, or Tenor C, to the top. In British and French organs before the Victorian period, this allowed the Cornet stop to be raised up within the case relative to the other pipes of the Great organ around it for better projection; this is known as a 'Mounted Cornet' in English and 'Cornet Séparée' in French. Though used throughout Europe, the Cornet is especially associated with French organ builders, who used Cornets with particular regularity especially through the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, since French chorus reed stops (Trompette, Bombarde, Clairon) are very strong in the bass (having un\\-weighted tongues) but, when on low wind pressures, comparatively weak further up the compass; the Cornet was therefore used to strengthen the treble ranges of these chorus reed stops. A characteristic example of this use is the classic French registration known as the 'Grand Jeu': a combination of Trompettes, Clairons and Cornets, together with the Prestant (by contrast the 'Plein Jeu' does not include cornets).",
"In French organs, when an 8 ft Bourdon was used with 4′ and 2′ stops plus a Nasard and Tierce the resulting ensemble was known as a 'Cornet Décomposée' (often confused with the 'Cornet Séparée' described above) since it had the same composition as a standalone Cornet stop.",
"Occasionally Cornets are supplied based on a 16′ fundamental (16′, 8′, {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|3}}′, 4′ and {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|5}}′), though the individual ranks are more usually configured as separate stops (for example the Grande Tierce {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|5}}′ and Grand Nasard {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|3}}′ supplied by the Isnard brothers at St Maximin, Provence). Cornet stops in 32′ are also known, as they are able to approximate the sound of a 32′ reed stop without the using pipes of the same bulk or expense (as used for example by John Compton at Wakefield Cathedral, England).",
"#### Sesquialtera",
"A Sesquialtera (or Sexquialtera) is similar to a Cornet in that it always contains a fifth and major third (justly tuned), though they normally extend to the whole range of the compass. They also rarely go beyond IV ranks, the most common being found at II or III ranks. They are not necessarily as uniform in configuration as the Cornet and so the quint and tierce ranks can be placed anywhere in the configuration. For example, the configurations: 15\\.17\\.19, 17\\.19\\.22, and 19\\.22\\.24 are all equally valid as the configurations for a Sesquialtera.",
"Sesquialtera stops can be solo or chorus stops. The British Victorian Sesquialtera was often the only Mixture stop on a given department (usually the Great or Swell organ; rarely the Choir organ), typically starting at 17\\.19\\.22 and then breaking back to 12\\.15\\.17 further up the compass and intended to be used in the chorus to help blend reed and flue stops together. By contrast, the Dutch, German and Scandinavian Sesquialteras of the seventeenth and eighteenth century were solo stops (typically 12\\.17\\), often (though by no means exclusively) found in the Rückpositiv division, from whose gallery\\-edge case position they could project a solo line well into acoustic space against an accompaniment using stops in the main organ case; such Sesquialteras are therefore particularly associated with Lutheran chorale\\-based organ repertoire.",
"Sesquialteras are often distinguished from Cornet stops because whereas Cornets (especially French examples) use wide\\-scaled, flute\\-toned pipes, Sesquialteras were generally made from narrower, principal\\-toned pipes (though this distinction is somewhat less widely observed in 20th\\-century organs than earlier organs). Sesquialteras therefore often have a sharper sound than Cornets.",
""
] |
### Mixtures
Certain stops called *[mixtures](/wiki/Mixture_%28music%29 "Mixture (music)")* contain multiple ranks of pipes above unison pitch, usually octave and fifths. The number of ranks in a mixture is denoted by a [Roman numeral](/wiki/Roman_numeral "Roman numeral") on the stop knob; for example, a stop labeled "Mixture V" would contain five pipes for every note. So, for every key pressed, five different pipes sound (all controlled by the same stop). A mixture made of octaves and fifths is called a 'quint mixture', while a mixture made of octaves, fifths, and a major third is called a 'tierce mixture'. As a rule, the [fifths](/wiki/Perfect_fifth "Perfect fifth") and [thirds](/wiki/Major_third "Major third") of mixtures are tuned [pure](/wiki/Just_intonation "Just intonation") in relation to the fundamental. For thirds, the 14 [cent](/wiki/Cent_%28music%29 "Cent (music)") discrepancy between the [just](/wiki/Just_intonation "Just intonation") and [equal tempered](/wiki/Equal_temperament "Equal temperament") interval is large enough to introduce noticeable [beating](/wiki/Beat_%28acoustics%29 "Beat (acoustics)") in chords, and tierce mixtures became uncommon with the abandonment of [meantone temperaments](/wiki/Meantone_temperament "Meantone temperament").
Mixtures have numbers that correspond to the pitch they make. For example, a mixture configured as: 12\.15\.19\.22 contains, at its lowest note, the following ranks: {{frac\|2\|2\|3}}′, 2′, {{frac\|1\|1\|3}}′, 1′.
Mixtures usually have 'breaks' to prevent the inconvenience to the builder of making very small pipes at the top of the compass. A common configuration for the breaks is that for every octave the mixture lowers by a fifth.
#### Cornet
A [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28organ_stop%29 "Cornet (organ stop)") organ stop is similar to a mixture, but they are primarily used as solo voices, though their sound is not imitative of the orchestral cornet. A cornet will always contain the fifth and major third, and, depending on the number of ranks, may contain octaves, and more rarely the minor seventh, and ninth. Cornet pipes are made of metal and voiced as flutes; the 8′ rank is usually made of stopped metal pipes. The ranks will be justly tuned to reinforce the fundamental.
The most common configuration of ranks for an 8′ fundamental is as follows: II \= 12\.17; III \= 12\.15\.17; IV \= 8\.12\.15\.17; V \= 1\.8\.12\.15\.17\.
Cornet stops do not usually play the full compass; they generally play from either Middle C, or Tenor C, to the top. In British and French organs before the Victorian period, this allowed the Cornet stop to be raised up within the case relative to the other pipes of the Great organ around it for better projection; this is known as a 'Mounted Cornet' in English and 'Cornet Séparée' in French. Though used throughout Europe, the Cornet is especially associated with French organ builders, who used Cornets with particular regularity especially through the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, since French chorus reed stops (Trompette, Bombarde, Clairon) are very strong in the bass (having un\-weighted tongues) but, when on low wind pressures, comparatively weak further up the compass; the Cornet was therefore used to strengthen the treble ranges of these chorus reed stops. A characteristic example of this use is the classic French registration known as the 'Grand Jeu': a combination of Trompettes, Clairons and Cornets, together with the Prestant (by contrast the 'Plein Jeu' does not include cornets).
In French organs, when an 8 ft Bourdon was used with 4′ and 2′ stops plus a Nasard and Tierce the resulting ensemble was known as a 'Cornet Décomposée' (often confused with the 'Cornet Séparée' described above) since it had the same composition as a standalone Cornet stop.
Occasionally Cornets are supplied based on a 16′ fundamental (16′, 8′, {{frac\|5\|1\|3}}′, 4′ and {{frac\|3\|1\|5}}′), though the individual ranks are more usually configured as separate stops (for example the Grande Tierce {{frac\|3\|1\|5}}′ and Grand Nasard {{frac\|5\|1\|3}}′ supplied by the Isnard brothers at St Maximin, Provence). Cornet stops in 32′ are also known, as they are able to approximate the sound of a 32′ reed stop without the using pipes of the same bulk or expense (as used for example by John Compton at Wakefield Cathedral, England).
#### Sesquialtera
A Sesquialtera (or Sexquialtera) is similar to a Cornet in that it always contains a fifth and major third (justly tuned), though they normally extend to the whole range of the compass. They also rarely go beyond IV ranks, the most common being found at II or III ranks. They are not necessarily as uniform in configuration as the Cornet and so the quint and tierce ranks can be placed anywhere in the configuration. For example, the configurations: 15\.17\.19, 17\.19\.22, and 19\.22\.24 are all equally valid as the configurations for a Sesquialtera.
Sesquialtera stops can be solo or chorus stops. The British Victorian Sesquialtera was often the only Mixture stop on a given department (usually the Great or Swell organ; rarely the Choir organ), typically starting at 17\.19\.22 and then breaking back to 12\.15\.17 further up the compass and intended to be used in the chorus to help blend reed and flue stops together. By contrast, the Dutch, German and Scandinavian Sesquialteras of the seventeenth and eighteenth century were solo stops (typically 12\.17\), often (though by no means exclusively) found in the Rückpositiv division, from whose gallery\-edge case position they could project a solo line well into acoustic space against an accompaniment using stops in the main organ case; such Sesquialteras are therefore particularly associated with Lutheran chorale\-based organ repertoire.
Sesquialteras are often distinguished from Cornet stops because whereas Cornets (especially French examples) use wide\-scaled, flute\-toned pipes, Sesquialteras were generally made from narrower, principal\-toned pipes (though this distinction is somewhat less widely observed in 20th\-century organs than earlier organs). Sesquialteras therefore often have a sharper sound than Cornets.
|
[
"### Mixtures",
"Certain stops called *[mixtures](/wiki/Mixture_%28music%29 \"Mixture (music)\")* contain multiple ranks of pipes above unison pitch, usually octave and fifths. The number of ranks in a mixture is denoted by a [Roman numeral](/wiki/Roman_numeral \"Roman numeral\") on the stop knob; for example, a stop labeled \"Mixture V\" would contain five pipes for every note. So, for every key pressed, five different pipes sound (all controlled by the same stop). A mixture made of octaves and fifths is called a 'quint mixture', while a mixture made of octaves, fifths, and a major third is called a 'tierce mixture'. As a rule, the [fifths](/wiki/Perfect_fifth \"Perfect fifth\") and [thirds](/wiki/Major_third \"Major third\") of mixtures are tuned [pure](/wiki/Just_intonation \"Just intonation\") in relation to the fundamental. For thirds, the 14 [cent](/wiki/Cent_%28music%29 \"Cent (music)\") discrepancy between the [just](/wiki/Just_intonation \"Just intonation\") and [equal tempered](/wiki/Equal_temperament \"Equal temperament\") interval is large enough to introduce noticeable [beating](/wiki/Beat_%28acoustics%29 \"Beat (acoustics)\") in chords, and tierce mixtures became uncommon with the abandonment of [meantone temperaments](/wiki/Meantone_temperament \"Meantone temperament\").",
"Mixtures have numbers that correspond to the pitch they make. For example, a mixture configured as: 12\\.15\\.19\\.22 contains, at its lowest note, the following ranks: {{frac\\|2\\|2\\|3}}′, 2′, {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|3}}′, 1′.",
"Mixtures usually have 'breaks' to prevent the inconvenience to the builder of making very small pipes at the top of the compass. A common configuration for the breaks is that for every octave the mixture lowers by a fifth.",
"#### Cornet",
"A [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28organ_stop%29 \"Cornet (organ stop)\") organ stop is similar to a mixture, but they are primarily used as solo voices, though their sound is not imitative of the orchestral cornet. A cornet will always contain the fifth and major third, and, depending on the number of ranks, may contain octaves, and more rarely the minor seventh, and ninth. Cornet pipes are made of metal and voiced as flutes; the 8′ rank is usually made of stopped metal pipes. The ranks will be justly tuned to reinforce the fundamental.",
"The most common configuration of ranks for an 8′ fundamental is as follows: II \\= 12\\.17; III \\= 12\\.15\\.17; IV \\= 8\\.12\\.15\\.17; V \\= 1\\.8\\.12\\.15\\.17\\.",
"Cornet stops do not usually play the full compass; they generally play from either Middle C, or Tenor C, to the top. In British and French organs before the Victorian period, this allowed the Cornet stop to be raised up within the case relative to the other pipes of the Great organ around it for better projection; this is known as a 'Mounted Cornet' in English and 'Cornet Séparée' in French. Though used throughout Europe, the Cornet is especially associated with French organ builders, who used Cornets with particular regularity especially through the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, since French chorus reed stops (Trompette, Bombarde, Clairon) are very strong in the bass (having un\\-weighted tongues) but, when on low wind pressures, comparatively weak further up the compass; the Cornet was therefore used to strengthen the treble ranges of these chorus reed stops. A characteristic example of this use is the classic French registration known as the 'Grand Jeu': a combination of Trompettes, Clairons and Cornets, together with the Prestant (by contrast the 'Plein Jeu' does not include cornets).",
"In French organs, when an 8 ft Bourdon was used with 4′ and 2′ stops plus a Nasard and Tierce the resulting ensemble was known as a 'Cornet Décomposée' (often confused with the 'Cornet Séparée' described above) since it had the same composition as a standalone Cornet stop.",
"Occasionally Cornets are supplied based on a 16′ fundamental (16′, 8′, {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|3}}′, 4′ and {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|5}}′), though the individual ranks are more usually configured as separate stops (for example the Grande Tierce {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|5}}′ and Grand Nasard {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|3}}′ supplied by the Isnard brothers at St Maximin, Provence). Cornet stops in 32′ are also known, as they are able to approximate the sound of a 32′ reed stop without the using pipes of the same bulk or expense (as used for example by John Compton at Wakefield Cathedral, England).",
"#### Sesquialtera",
"A Sesquialtera (or Sexquialtera) is similar to a Cornet in that it always contains a fifth and major third (justly tuned), though they normally extend to the whole range of the compass. They also rarely go beyond IV ranks, the most common being found at II or III ranks. They are not necessarily as uniform in configuration as the Cornet and so the quint and tierce ranks can be placed anywhere in the configuration. For example, the configurations: 15\\.17\\.19, 17\\.19\\.22, and 19\\.22\\.24 are all equally valid as the configurations for a Sesquialtera.",
"Sesquialtera stops can be solo or chorus stops. The British Victorian Sesquialtera was often the only Mixture stop on a given department (usually the Great or Swell organ; rarely the Choir organ), typically starting at 17\\.19\\.22 and then breaking back to 12\\.15\\.17 further up the compass and intended to be used in the chorus to help blend reed and flue stops together. By contrast, the Dutch, German and Scandinavian Sesquialteras of the seventeenth and eighteenth century were solo stops (typically 12\\.17\\), often (though by no means exclusively) found in the Rückpositiv division, from whose gallery\\-edge case position they could project a solo line well into acoustic space against an accompaniment using stops in the main organ case; such Sesquialteras are therefore particularly associated with Lutheran chorale\\-based organ repertoire.",
"Sesquialteras are often distinguished from Cornet stops because whereas Cornets (especially French examples) use wide\\-scaled, flute\\-toned pipes, Sesquialteras were generally made from narrower, principal\\-toned pipes (though this distinction is somewhat less widely observed in 20th\\-century organs than earlier organs). Sesquialteras therefore often have a sharper sound than Cornets.",
""
] |
#### Cornet
A [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28organ_stop%29 "Cornet (organ stop)") organ stop is similar to a mixture, but they are primarily used as solo voices, though their sound is not imitative of the orchestral cornet. A cornet will always contain the fifth and major third, and, depending on the number of ranks, may contain octaves, and more rarely the minor seventh, and ninth. Cornet pipes are made of metal and voiced as flutes; the 8′ rank is usually made of stopped metal pipes. The ranks will be justly tuned to reinforce the fundamental.
The most common configuration of ranks for an 8′ fundamental is as follows: II \= 12\.17; III \= 12\.15\.17; IV \= 8\.12\.15\.17; V \= 1\.8\.12\.15\.17\.
Cornet stops do not usually play the full compass; they generally play from either Middle C, or Tenor C, to the top. In British and French organs before the Victorian period, this allowed the Cornet stop to be raised up within the case relative to the other pipes of the Great organ around it for better projection; this is known as a 'Mounted Cornet' in English and 'Cornet Séparée' in French. Though used throughout Europe, the Cornet is especially associated with French organ builders, who used Cornets with particular regularity especially through the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, since French chorus reed stops (Trompette, Bombarde, Clairon) are very strong in the bass (having un\-weighted tongues) but, when on low wind pressures, comparatively weak further up the compass; the Cornet was therefore used to strengthen the treble ranges of these chorus reed stops. A characteristic example of this use is the classic French registration known as the 'Grand Jeu': a combination of Trompettes, Clairons and Cornets, together with the Prestant (by contrast the 'Plein Jeu' does not include cornets).
In French organs, when an 8 ft Bourdon was used with 4′ and 2′ stops plus a Nasard and Tierce the resulting ensemble was known as a 'Cornet Décomposée' (often confused with the 'Cornet Séparée' described above) since it had the same composition as a standalone Cornet stop.
Occasionally Cornets are supplied based on a 16′ fundamental (16′, 8′, {{frac\|5\|1\|3}}′, 4′ and {{frac\|3\|1\|5}}′), though the individual ranks are more usually configured as separate stops (for example the Grande Tierce {{frac\|3\|1\|5}}′ and Grand Nasard {{frac\|5\|1\|3}}′ supplied by the Isnard brothers at St Maximin, Provence). Cornet stops in 32′ are also known, as they are able to approximate the sound of a 32′ reed stop without the using pipes of the same bulk or expense (as used for example by John Compton at Wakefield Cathedral, England).
|
[
"#### Cornet",
"A [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28organ_stop%29 \"Cornet (organ stop)\") organ stop is similar to a mixture, but they are primarily used as solo voices, though their sound is not imitative of the orchestral cornet. A cornet will always contain the fifth and major third, and, depending on the number of ranks, may contain octaves, and more rarely the minor seventh, and ninth. Cornet pipes are made of metal and voiced as flutes; the 8′ rank is usually made of stopped metal pipes. The ranks will be justly tuned to reinforce the fundamental.",
"The most common configuration of ranks for an 8′ fundamental is as follows: II \\= 12\\.17; III \\= 12\\.15\\.17; IV \\= 8\\.12\\.15\\.17; V \\= 1\\.8\\.12\\.15\\.17\\.",
"Cornet stops do not usually play the full compass; they generally play from either Middle C, or Tenor C, to the top. In British and French organs before the Victorian period, this allowed the Cornet stop to be raised up within the case relative to the other pipes of the Great organ around it for better projection; this is known as a 'Mounted Cornet' in English and 'Cornet Séparée' in French. Though used throughout Europe, the Cornet is especially associated with French organ builders, who used Cornets with particular regularity especially through the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, since French chorus reed stops (Trompette, Bombarde, Clairon) are very strong in the bass (having un\\-weighted tongues) but, when on low wind pressures, comparatively weak further up the compass; the Cornet was therefore used to strengthen the treble ranges of these chorus reed stops. A characteristic example of this use is the classic French registration known as the 'Grand Jeu': a combination of Trompettes, Clairons and Cornets, together with the Prestant (by contrast the 'Plein Jeu' does not include cornets).",
"In French organs, when an 8 ft Bourdon was used with 4′ and 2′ stops plus a Nasard and Tierce the resulting ensemble was known as a 'Cornet Décomposée' (often confused with the 'Cornet Séparée' described above) since it had the same composition as a standalone Cornet stop.",
"Occasionally Cornets are supplied based on a 16′ fundamental (16′, 8′, {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|3}}′, 4′ and {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|5}}′), though the individual ranks are more usually configured as separate stops (for example the Grande Tierce {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|5}}′ and Grand Nasard {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|3}}′ supplied by the Isnard brothers at St Maximin, Provence). Cornet stops in 32′ are also known, as they are able to approximate the sound of a 32′ reed stop without the using pipes of the same bulk or expense (as used for example by John Compton at Wakefield Cathedral, England).",
""
] |
Life
----
An influential French [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism "Conservatism") and [free market](/wiki/Free_market "Free market") thinker, Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the [École Polytechnique](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique "École Polytechnique") and [Sciences Po](/wiki/Sciences_Po "Sciences Po").{{Cite book \|last\=Alcouffe \|first\=Alain \|url\=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Business\_Cycles\_in\_Economic\_Thought/dCslDwAAQBAJ?hl\=en\&gbpv\=0 \|title\=Business Cycles in Economic Thought: A history \|last2\=Poettinger \|first2\=Monika \|last3\=Schefold \|first3\=Bertram \|date\=2017\-01\-06 \|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis \|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-20779\-5 \|language\=en}} An important economic advisor to [President](/wiki/President_of_France "President of France") [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle"), Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"). In the early 1930s, he was as a financial attache in [London](/wiki/London "London"), in charge of the [Bank of France](/wiki/Bank_of_France "Bank of France")'s sterling reserves.{{cite news\|last1\=Benko\|first1\=Ralph\|title\=Who Is The Most Important Economist Of The 20th Century?\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphbenko/2012/07/16/who\-is\-the\-most\-important\-economist\-of\-the\-20th\-century/\|access\-date\=19 August 2014\|work\=Forbes\|date\=2012\-07\-16}} He also worked as an outside expert for the [Economic and Financial Organization](/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Organization_of_the_League_of_Nations "Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations") of the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations "League of Nations"), together with [Oskar Morgenstern](/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern "Oskar Morgenstern") and [Bertil Ohlin](/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin "Bertil Ohlin"), supporting the EFO's work on economic depressions in the late 1930s.{{citation \|title\=The League of Nations and the Foreshadowing of the International Monetary Fund \|journal\=Essays in International Finance \|volume\=201 \|publisher\=Princeton University \|date\=December 1996 \|author\=Louis W. Pauly \|ssrn\=2173443 \|url\=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id\=2173443 }}{{rp\|29}}
He was a member of the [Société d'Économie Politique](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C3%89conomie_Politique "Société d'Économie Politique") and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis.{{citation\|title\=The Origins of Neoliberalism in France: Louis Rougier and the 1938 Walter Lippmann Conference\|author\=François Denord \|journal\=Le Mouvement Social\|year\=2001\|volume\=2 \|issue\=195
\|url\=http://www.cairn\-int.info/focus\-E\_LMS\_195\_0009\-\-the\-origins\-of\-neo\-liberalism\-in.htm\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-18}} He also taught at Sciences Po in the 1930s.
In 1941, Rueff, a Jew, was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France as a result of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France")'s new anti\-Semitic laws. Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime, including *L'Ordre Social*, which appeared shortly after the [Liberation of Paris](/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris "Liberation of Paris").
After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal [Mont Pelerin Society](/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society "Mont Pelerin Society"), the president of the [Inter\-Allied Reparations Agency](/wiki/Inter-Allied_Reparations_Agency "Inter-Allied Reparations Agency") (IARA), and the minister of state of [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco "Monaco"). He was strongly in favour of [European integration](/wiki/European_integration "European integration") and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the [European Court of Justice](/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice").
He advised President [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle") from 1958\. That year, the Rueff Plan, also known as the Rueff\-Pinay Plan, balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc, which had been endangered by the strains of [decolonisation](/wiki/Decolonisation "Decolonisation").
In the 1960s, Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the [gold standard](/wiki/Gold_standard "Gold standard") and criticised of the use of the [dollar](/wiki/Dollar "Dollar") as a unit of reserve, which he warned would cause a worldwide [inflation](/wiki/Inflation "Inflation"). A member of the [Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences_Morales_et_Politiques "Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques"), Rueff was elected to the [Académie française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise "Académie française") in 1964\. Foreseeing the emerging [European Community](/wiki/European_Community "European Community")'s Common Market, Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report. Along with co\-writer [Louis Armand](/wiki/Louis_Armand "Louis Armand") and helped by an *ad hoc* committee of experts, the "plan Rueff\-Armand", as the press called it, was published in 1960\. The full title of the report is "Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à l'expansion économique" (*Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth*).
Rueff always remained a firm opponent of [John Maynard Keynes](/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes "John Maynard Keynes"). His first critique appeared in the *Economics Journal*, on the issue of transfers; specifically, German war reparations. Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s.
In 1947, he critiqued Keynes' *magnum opus*, *[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money](/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment%2C_Interest_and_Money "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money")*. In 1958, US economist [James Tobin](/wiki/James_Tobin "James Tobin") became his main critic in the *Quarterly Journal of Economics*. Almost 30 years later, Rueff, repeated his beliefs in "The End of the Keynesian Era", which was first published in *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde")*.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"An influential French [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism \"Conservatism\") and [free market](/wiki/Free_market \"Free market\") thinker, Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the [École Polytechnique](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique \"École Polytechnique\") and [Sciences Po](/wiki/Sciences_Po \"Sciences Po\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Alcouffe \\|first\\=Alain \\|url\\=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Business\\_Cycles\\_in\\_Economic\\_Thought/dCslDwAAQBAJ?hl\\=en\\&gbpv\\=0 \\|title\\=Business Cycles in Economic Thought: A history \\|last2\\=Poettinger \\|first2\\=Monika \\|last3\\=Schefold \\|first3\\=Bertram \\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-06 \\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-20779\\-5 \\|language\\=en}} An important economic advisor to [President](/wiki/President_of_France \"President of France\") [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\"), Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"). In the early 1930s, he was as a financial attache in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), in charge of the [Bank of France](/wiki/Bank_of_France \"Bank of France\")'s sterling reserves.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Benko\\|first1\\=Ralph\\|title\\=Who Is The Most Important Economist Of The 20th Century?\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphbenko/2012/07/16/who\\-is\\-the\\-most\\-important\\-economist\\-of\\-the\\-20th\\-century/\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2014\\|work\\=Forbes\\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-16}} He also worked as an outside expert for the [Economic and Financial Organization](/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Organization_of_the_League_of_Nations \"Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations\") of the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations \"League of Nations\"), together with [Oskar Morgenstern](/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern \"Oskar Morgenstern\") and [Bertil Ohlin](/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin \"Bertil Ohlin\"), supporting the EFO's work on economic depressions in the late 1930s.{{citation \\|title\\=The League of Nations and the Foreshadowing of the International Monetary Fund \\|journal\\=Essays in International Finance \\|volume\\=201 \\|publisher\\=Princeton University \\|date\\=December 1996 \\|author\\=Louis W. Pauly \\|ssrn\\=2173443 \\|url\\=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\\_id\\=2173443 }}{{rp\\|29}}",
"He was a member of the [Société d'Économie Politique](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C3%89conomie_Politique \"Société d'Économie Politique\") and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis.{{citation\\|title\\=The Origins of Neoliberalism in France: Louis Rougier and the 1938 Walter Lippmann Conference\\|author\\=François Denord \\|journal\\=Le Mouvement Social\\|year\\=2001\\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=195\n\\|url\\=http://www.cairn\\-int.info/focus\\-E\\_LMS\\_195\\_0009\\-\\-the\\-origins\\-of\\-neo\\-liberalism\\-in.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-18}} He also taught at Sciences Po in the 1930s.",
"In 1941, Rueff, a Jew, was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France as a result of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\")'s new anti\\-Semitic laws. Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime, including *L'Ordre Social*, which appeared shortly after the [Liberation of Paris](/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris \"Liberation of Paris\").\nAfter the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal [Mont Pelerin Society](/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society \"Mont Pelerin Society\"), the president of the [Inter\\-Allied Reparations Agency](/wiki/Inter-Allied_Reparations_Agency \"Inter-Allied Reparations Agency\") (IARA), and the minister of state of [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco \"Monaco\"). He was strongly in favour of [European integration](/wiki/European_integration \"European integration\") and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the [European Court of Justice](/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\").",
"He advised President [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\") from 1958\\. That year, the Rueff Plan, also known as the Rueff\\-Pinay Plan, balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc, which had been endangered by the strains of [decolonisation](/wiki/Decolonisation \"Decolonisation\").",
"In the 1960s, Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the [gold standard](/wiki/Gold_standard \"Gold standard\") and criticised of the use of the [dollar](/wiki/Dollar \"Dollar\") as a unit of reserve, which he warned would cause a worldwide [inflation](/wiki/Inflation \"Inflation\"). A member of the [Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences_Morales_et_Politiques \"Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques\"), Rueff was elected to the [Académie française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise \"Académie française\") in 1964\\. Foreseeing the emerging [European Community](/wiki/European_Community \"European Community\")'s Common Market, Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report. Along with co\\-writer [Louis Armand](/wiki/Louis_Armand \"Louis Armand\") and helped by an *ad hoc* committee of experts, the \"plan Rueff\\-Armand\", as the press called it, was published in 1960\\. The full title of the report is \"Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à l'expansion économique\" (*Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth*).",
"Rueff always remained a firm opponent of [John Maynard Keynes](/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes \"John Maynard Keynes\"). His first critique appeared in the *Economics Journal*, on the issue of transfers; specifically, German war reparations. Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s.",
"In 1947, he critiqued Keynes' *magnum opus*, *[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money](/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment%2C_Interest_and_Money \"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money\")*. In 1958, US economist [James Tobin](/wiki/James_Tobin \"James Tobin\") became his main critic in the *Quarterly Journal of Economics*. Almost 30 years later, Rueff, repeated his beliefs in \"The End of the Keynesian Era\", which was first published in *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\")*.",
""
] |
Limitations to bridge program creation
--------------------------------------
### Dualistic post\-secondary system
The Ontario college system was created in 1965 as a solution to the growing number of secondary school graduates who could not be sustained by the {{Clarify\|reason\=Is it still current?\|date\=September 2020\|text\=current post\-secondary system}}. It was developed as a separate route from university, with different secondary school prerequisites, that leads students to a distinct set of career choices.Renaud, 2009, p.9 Since the inception of the college system, post\-secondary education in Ontario has preserved its separate yet parallel tracks, despite changing demands in the workforce.
With the shift of the job market toward hiring employees with a bachelor or graduate degrees for occupations that previously accepted college diplomas, it is becoming less likely for students to enroll in a diploma program if they cannot be guaranteed entry into a bachelor's program upon completion of their courses.Renaud, 2009, p.11 Creating mutually beneficial bridge programs between colleges and universities may prove to be difficult, as both systems were created and have developed as completely separate entities with distinct policies and curriculum to meet the needs of their student bodies.
### Misconceptions
Danielle Renaud began a preliminary study in 2000 to discover the major barriers to collaborative programs between post\-secondary institutions through a series of interviews with senior administrators at colleges and universities throughout Ontario. A total of twenty\-five colleges and eighteen universities were surveyed.
The most commonly perceived obstacle to the creation of bridge programs mentioned by both college and university administrators was the existence of [elitist](/wiki/Elitism "Elitism") attitudes by some university faculty. The college respondents regarded university faculty as "arrogant and unapproachable" and did not feel confident that their efforts would be positively received. University respondents echoed this statement; they admitted that faculty often viewed college programs as "lesser education" and that this stereotypical mindset would be difficult to overcome.Renaud, 2009, p.74 [University faculty](/wiki/Faculty_%28academic_staff%29 "Faculty (academic staff)") may be hesitant to approach the subject of collaborative agreements with college diploma programs because they do not view it as a relationship that will benefit the reputation of their own institution. They continue to view colleges in their traditional role as a preparation for the workplace, and feel as though they must protect the integrity of university education by remaining a separate entity.Renaud, 2009, p.76 Conversely, many college faculty fear a union with universities as they are concerned that they will be swallowed by the larger institution and lose their voice in the decision making process; they value their programming and presume that the universities will be unwilling to make compromises when it comes to creating program parameters.Renaud, 2009, p.79
### Ambiguity of transfer credit process
The ambiguity of the transfer process between colleges and universities does not promote the attainment of higher knowledge in a field of study, as many students feel discouraged to continue in their studies when their prior experience is not always fully recognized at the university level. Most bridge programs were created by individual efforts of faculty members in specific departments instead of the institution as a whole. These [idiosyncrasies](/wiki/Idiosyncrasy "Idiosyncrasy") make the transfer process sometimes difficult, as students must navigate inconsistent admissions policies that do not always work in their favor.Renaud, 2009, p.3 In addition, most universities will not tell students how many transfer credits they will receive until they have actually applied to the program. Without a uniform system to assess transfer credits, students cannot predict how many transfer credits they will receive at each university, or how their diploma program will prepare them for university studies.Renaud, 2009, p.25
### Province\-wide curriculum disparity
One of the largest impediments to creating comprehensive bridge programs is the fact that there is no standardized [curriculum](/wiki/Curriculum "Curriculum") between similar diploma and degree programs in the province. Without a specified standard of practice outlined for certain fields of study, it is almost impossible to guarantee the same amount of transfer credits at every Ontario institution, as it is likely that a student may not have completed a specific course that a student at another institution was required to take.Renaud, 2009, p.75 University officials in Renaud's study stated that they did not feel comfortable accepting current college curriculum as an equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor's degree program: they were concerned with the attained education level of the faculty at college campuses, as not all colleges require instructors to possess a [doctorate](/wiki/Doctorate "Doctorate") or conduct a minimum amount of research.Renaud, 2009, p.85 Colleges and universities may not be open to standardizing the curricula in their programs, as they would need to give up their autonomy and possibly lose distinctive features in their curricula that help to recruit students to their specific program.
### Participation History
Although a formalized agreement would result in more transfer applicants, many university officials are reluctant to sign bridge program agreements with colleges as it would mean a significant loss of tuition income. Without the formalized agreement, transfer students receive on average one year or less worth of credits toward a bachelor's degree. This structure ensures that the student will likely be enrolled in a university program for at least three years. With the successful creation of province\-wide post\-secondary agreements, students would attend university for two years and significantly reduce tuition costs. Loss of funding, despite rising enrollment numbers, could be disastrous as programs could become oversubscribed without adequate financial coverage.Renaud, 2009, p.84 There is also a valid concern that only universities that need more student applications would be more willing to cooperate with college programs. Larger institutions that already receive an overwhelming number of high school applicants to fill their programs would be less likely to agree to the lengthy process of creating specialized programs.
|
[
"Limitations to bridge program creation\n--------------------------------------",
"### Dualistic post\\-secondary system",
"The Ontario college system was created in 1965 as a solution to the growing number of secondary school graduates who could not be sustained by the {{Clarify\\|reason\\=Is it still current?\\|date\\=September 2020\\|text\\=current post\\-secondary system}}. It was developed as a separate route from university, with different secondary school prerequisites, that leads students to a distinct set of career choices.Renaud, 2009, p.9 Since the inception of the college system, post\\-secondary education in Ontario has preserved its separate yet parallel tracks, despite changing demands in the workforce.",
"With the shift of the job market toward hiring employees with a bachelor or graduate degrees for occupations that previously accepted college diplomas, it is becoming less likely for students to enroll in a diploma program if they cannot be guaranteed entry into a bachelor's program upon completion of their courses.Renaud, 2009, p.11 Creating mutually beneficial bridge programs between colleges and universities may prove to be difficult, as both systems were created and have developed as completely separate entities with distinct policies and curriculum to meet the needs of their student bodies.",
"### Misconceptions",
"Danielle Renaud began a preliminary study in 2000 to discover the major barriers to collaborative programs between post\\-secondary institutions through a series of interviews with senior administrators at colleges and universities throughout Ontario. A total of twenty\\-five colleges and eighteen universities were surveyed.",
"The most commonly perceived obstacle to the creation of bridge programs mentioned by both college and university administrators was the existence of [elitist](/wiki/Elitism \"Elitism\") attitudes by some university faculty. The college respondents regarded university faculty as \"arrogant and unapproachable\" and did not feel confident that their efforts would be positively received. University respondents echoed this statement; they admitted that faculty often viewed college programs as \"lesser education\" and that this stereotypical mindset would be difficult to overcome.Renaud, 2009, p.74 [University faculty](/wiki/Faculty_%28academic_staff%29 \"Faculty (academic staff)\") may be hesitant to approach the subject of collaborative agreements with college diploma programs because they do not view it as a relationship that will benefit the reputation of their own institution. They continue to view colleges in their traditional role as a preparation for the workplace, and feel as though they must protect the integrity of university education by remaining a separate entity.Renaud, 2009, p.76 Conversely, many college faculty fear a union with universities as they are concerned that they will be swallowed by the larger institution and lose their voice in the decision making process; they value their programming and presume that the universities will be unwilling to make compromises when it comes to creating program parameters.Renaud, 2009, p.79",
"### Ambiguity of transfer credit process",
"The ambiguity of the transfer process between colleges and universities does not promote the attainment of higher knowledge in a field of study, as many students feel discouraged to continue in their studies when their prior experience is not always fully recognized at the university level. Most bridge programs were created by individual efforts of faculty members in specific departments instead of the institution as a whole. These [idiosyncrasies](/wiki/Idiosyncrasy \"Idiosyncrasy\") make the transfer process sometimes difficult, as students must navigate inconsistent admissions policies that do not always work in their favor.Renaud, 2009, p.3 In addition, most universities will not tell students how many transfer credits they will receive until they have actually applied to the program. Without a uniform system to assess transfer credits, students cannot predict how many transfer credits they will receive at each university, or how their diploma program will prepare them for university studies.Renaud, 2009, p.25",
"### Province\\-wide curriculum disparity",
"One of the largest impediments to creating comprehensive bridge programs is the fact that there is no standardized [curriculum](/wiki/Curriculum \"Curriculum\") between similar diploma and degree programs in the province. Without a specified standard of practice outlined for certain fields of study, it is almost impossible to guarantee the same amount of transfer credits at every Ontario institution, as it is likely that a student may not have completed a specific course that a student at another institution was required to take.Renaud, 2009, p.75 University officials in Renaud's study stated that they did not feel comfortable accepting current college curriculum as an equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor's degree program: they were concerned with the attained education level of the faculty at college campuses, as not all colleges require instructors to possess a [doctorate](/wiki/Doctorate \"Doctorate\") or conduct a minimum amount of research.Renaud, 2009, p.85 Colleges and universities may not be open to standardizing the curricula in their programs, as they would need to give up their autonomy and possibly lose distinctive features in their curricula that help to recruit students to their specific program.",
"### Participation History",
"Although a formalized agreement would result in more transfer applicants, many university officials are reluctant to sign bridge program agreements with colleges as it would mean a significant loss of tuition income. Without the formalized agreement, transfer students receive on average one year or less worth of credits toward a bachelor's degree. This structure ensures that the student will likely be enrolled in a university program for at least three years. With the successful creation of province\\-wide post\\-secondary agreements, students would attend university for two years and significantly reduce tuition costs. Loss of funding, despite rising enrollment numbers, could be disastrous as programs could become oversubscribed without adequate financial coverage.Renaud, 2009, p.84 There is also a valid concern that only universities that need more student applications would be more willing to cooperate with college programs. Larger institutions that already receive an overwhelming number of high school applicants to fill their programs would be less likely to agree to the lengthy process of creating specialized programs.",
""
] |
Religion
--------
[thumb\|120px\|Comical painting of Sarutahiko Ōkami, late 19th century](/wiki/File:Sarutahiko_%C5%8Ckami_crop_from_Wittig_collection.png "Sarutahiko Ōkami crop from Wittig collection.png")
[thumb\|120 px\|*[Raijū](/wiki/Raij%C5%AB "Raijū")* lightning spirit, *[Ehon Hyaku Monogatari](/wiki/Ehon_Hyaku_Monogatari "Ehon Hyaku Monogatari")*, 1841](/wiki/File:ShunsenKaminari.jpg "ShunsenKaminari.jpg")
[thumb\|120 px\|Monkey Jizō statue at [Hie Shrine](/wiki/Hie_Shrine "Hie Shrine") in Tokyo](/wiki/File:Tokyo_monkey_statue.jpg "Tokyo monkey statue.jpg")
[thumb\|120 px\|Painting of Shōmen Kongō and Three Wise Monkeys](/wiki/File:Koshinscroll.jpg "Koshinscroll.jpg")
[thumb\|[Three Wise Monkeys](/wiki/Three_Wise_Monkeys "Three Wise Monkeys") at [Tōshō\-gū](/wiki/T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB "Tōshō-gū") shrine in [Nikkō](/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D "Nikkō")](/wiki/File:20100727_Nikko_Tosho-gu_Three_wise_monkeys_5965.jpg "20100727 Nikko Tosho-gu Three wise monkeys 5965.jpg")
Monkey deities are common among Japanese religious beliefs, including [Shinto](/wiki/Shinto "Shinto"), notably Sannō Shinto, [Kōshin](/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin "Kōshin"), and [Japanese Buddhism](/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism "Japanese Buddhism").
In ancient Shinto tradition, *[Sarutahiko Ōkami](/wiki/Sarutahiko_%C5%8Ckami "Sarutahiko Ōkami")* (猿田彦大神, lit. "monkey\-field prince great god") or *Sarutahiko* (also pronounced *Sarudahiko*, *Sarutabiko*, or *Sarudabiko*) is a monkey\-like God of Crossroads between heaven and earth. Sarutahiko Okami is worshipped at [Tsubaki Grand Shrine](/wiki/Tsubaki_Grand_Shrine "Tsubaki Grand Shrine") in [Mie](/wiki/Mie_Prefecture "Mie Prefecture") and [Ōasahiko Shrine](/wiki/%C5%8Casahiko_Shrine "Ōasahiko Shrine") in [Tokushima](/wiki/Tokushima_Prefecture "Tokushima Prefecture").
The two earliest Japanese mytho\-histories, the (712\) *[Kojiki](/wiki/Kojiki "Kojiki")* ("Record of Ancient Matters") and the (720\) *[Nihongi](/wiki/Nihongi "Nihongi")* ("Chronicles of Japan"), both record Sarutahiko. One *Kojiki* chapter mentions him,{{r\|Chamberlain2005\_139}} "Now when this Deity Prince of Saruta dwelt at Azaka, he went out fishing, and had his hand caught by a *hirabu* shell\-fish, and was drowned in the brine of the sea." The *[Nihongi](/wiki/Nihongi "Nihongi")* has a more detailed myth about the Crossroad God Sarutahiko no Okami. When the Sun Goddess [Amaterasu](/wiki/Amaterasu "Amaterasu"), said to be the ancestress of the [Imperial House of Japan](/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan "Imperial House of Japan"), decided to send her grandson [Ninigi](/wiki/Ninigi-no-Mikoto "Ninigi-no-Mikoto") and other deities down to earth to govern, she first sent a scout to clear the way, who returned and reported encountering the fearsome Sarutahiko.
> There is one God who dwells at the eight\-cross\-roads of Heaven, the length of whose nose is seven hands, the length of whose back is more than seven fathoms. Moreover, a light shines from his mouth and from his posteriors. His eye\-balls are like an eight\-hand mirror and have a ruddy glow like the Aka\-kagachi.Tr. {{harvnb\|Aston\|1896\|p\=77}}.
Amaterasu chose [Ame\-no\-Uzume](/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto "Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto") as the only god or goddess who could confront Sarutahiko and ask why he was blocking the crossroads between heaven and earth, and said:
> "Thou art superior to others in the power of thy looks. Thou hadst better go and question him." So Ame no Uzume forthwith bared her breasts and, pushing down the band of her garment below her navel, confronted him with a mocking laugh. \[Sarutahiko is shocked and explains that he is waiting to serve as guide for Ninigi] "I have heard that the child of Ama\-terasu no Oho\-kami is now about to descend, and therefore I have come respectfully to meet and attend upon him. My name is Saruta\-hiko no Oho\-kami".Tr. {{harvnb\|Aston\|1896\|p\=77}}.
Sarutahito later marries Ame\-no\-Uzume. Ohnuki\-Tierney lists three factors that identify Sarutahiko as a Monkey Deity: *saru* means "monkey", his features "include red buttocks, which are a prominent characteristic of Japanese macaques", and as macaques gather shellfish at low tide, the *Kojiki* says his hand got caught in a shell while fishing and "a monkey with one hand caught in a shell is a frequent theme of Japanese folktales".{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=gBKI6BKx0sYC\&pg\=PA42 pp. 42–3]}}
Another Shinto monkey myth concerns the God of Lightning [Raijin](/wiki/Raijin "Raijin") who is accompanied by shape\-shifting *[raijū](/wiki/Raij%C5%AB "Raijū")* (雷獣,"thunder beast") [ball lightning](/wiki/Ball_lightning "Ball lightning") that sometimes appeared as a monkey.
*Sarugami* (猿神, lit. "monkey god") was part of the Sannō Shintō sect, which was based upon the cult of the Mountain God *[Sannō](/wiki/Sann%C5%8D "Sannō")* (山王, "mountain king") and [Tendai](/wiki/Tendai "Tendai") Buddhism. Sarugami was Sannō's messenger, and served as an intermediary between deities and humans. Sannō and Sarugami are worshipped at [Hiyoshi Taisha](/wiki/Hiyoshi_Taisha "Hiyoshi Taisha") Shrine in [Ōtsu, Shiga](/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu%2C_Shiga "Ōtsu, Shiga").
The Mountain and Monkey Gods Sannō and Sarugami became popular during the early Tokugawa or [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period "Edo period"). [Toyotomi Hideyoshi](/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi "Toyotomi Hideyoshi"), who unified Japan in 1590 and ended the [Sengoku period](/wiki/Sengoku_period "Sengoku period"), was nicknamed Kosaru ("small monkey") or Saru ("monkey"), "not only because his face looked like a monkey's, but also because he eagerly sought identification with the monkey".{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|p\=44}} [Tokugawa Ieyasu](/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu "Tokugawa Ieyasu"), who was the first shōgun (1603–1605\) of the Tokugawa shogunate, "officially designated the Monkey Deity as the guardian of peace in the nation, and a festival for the deity was elaborately carried out in Edo" during his reign.{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|p\=44}} During this period, a genre of paintings illustrated the Monkey God as a messenger from the Mountain God, depicting him dancing during rice harvesting, or holding a *[gohei](/wiki/Gohei "Gohei")* "a ritual wand with pendant paper streamers" ritualistically used by Shinto priests to summon the spirit of a deity. Thus, Ohnuki\-Tierney says, "the monkey in these paintings is assigned the role of mediating between deities and humans, just as shamans and priests do".{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|p\=44}}
The role of monkeys as mediators is evident within the Japanese *[Kōshin](/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin "Kōshin")* [folk religion](/wiki/Folk_religion "Folk religion"). This eclectic belief system incorporates [Daoist](/wiki/Daoist "Daoist") beliefs about the *sanshi* (三尸, "[Three Corpses](/wiki/Three_Corpses "Three Corpses")") "evil spirits that live in the human body and hasten death", Shinto Sarugami mythology (above), and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist "Buddhist") beliefs about simian gods such as the [Vānara](/wiki/V%C4%81nara "Vānara") "a monkey\-like humanoid" in the *[Ramayana](/wiki/Ramayana "Ramayana")*. *Shōmen\-Kongō* (青面金剛, "Blue\-face [Vajra](/wiki/Vajra "Vajra")" "a fearsome, many\-armed, Kōshin guardian deity", who was supposedly able to make the Three Corpses sick and thus prevent them from reporting to Heaven, was commonly depicted with two or three monkey attendants.
In Daoist\-Kōshin beliefs, the bodily Three Corpses keep records of their host's misdeeds, which they report to Heaven bimonthly on the night *gengshen* (Japanese *kōshin*) 庚申 "57th of the 60 (in the Chinese [Sexagenary cycle](/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle "Sexagenary cycle"))" while their human host is dreaming. But in a type of karmic loophole, someone who stays awake throughout that day and night can avoid receiving a shorter lifespan for their transgressions. The Japanese version of this custom, *Kōshin\-Machi* (庚申待, "Kōshin Waiting"), became an all\-night party among friends.
The *sanzaru* (三猿 "three monkeys") or English "[Three Wise Monkeys](/wiki/Three_Wise_Monkeys "Three Wise Monkeys")" is a widely known example of monkeys in traditional Japanese culture. Their names are a pun between *saru* or [vocalized](/wiki/Rendaku "Rendaku") *zaru* "monkey" and archaic *\-zaru* "a negative verb conjugation": *mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru* (見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる, lit. "don't see, don't hear, don't speak"). The [Tōshō\-gū](/wiki/T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB "Tōshō-gū") shrine in [Nikkō](/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D "Nikkō") has elaborate [relief carvings](/wiki/Relief_carving "Relief carving") over the doors, including a famous representation of the Three Wise Monkeys. The Three Wise Monkeys also represent the Kōshin faith. They are displayed in the [Yasaka Kōshin\-dō](/wiki/Yasaka_K%C5%8Dshin-d%C5%8D "Yasaka Kōshin-dō") Temple in [Higashiyama\-ku, Kyoto](/wiki/Higashiyama-ku%2C_Kyoto "Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto"), dedicated to *Shōmen Kongō*, known by his nickname *Kōshin\-san* (庚申さん) with the *\-san* suffix for "Mr.; Ms.; Mrs.". This shrine also sells a kind of *[sarubobo](/wiki/Sarubobo "Sarubobo")* (猿ぼぼ, "monkey baby") "red, faceless doll amulet" called the *kukurizaru* (くくり猿) believed to represent the good luck of monkeys.
Ohnuki\-Tierney explains the meaning and the role of kōshin centered on mediation, "between temporal cycles, between humans and deities, and between heaven and earth. It is with this mediating deity that the monkey became associated, thereby further reinforcing the meaning of the monkey as mediator".{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|p\=46\-7}}
Saeno kami (障の神, "border god"), later known as [Dōsojin](/wiki/D%C5%8Dsojin "Dōsojin") (道祖神, "road ancestor god"), is a Shinto tutelary deity of boundaries, which is usually placed at spatial boundaries, especially the boundary of a community, and is believed to protect people from epidemics and evil spirits. In popular belief, Saeno kami was merged with Shinto Sarutahiko, and later with Buddhist Jizō or [Ksitigarbha](/wiki/Ksitigarbha "Ksitigarbha") "the [bodhisattva](/wiki/Bodhisattva "Bodhisattva") of souls in hell and guardian of children". This amalgamation, says Ohnuki\-Tierney, "resulted in stone statues of a monkey wearing a bib, which is a trademark of Jizō, a guardian Buddha of children".{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|p\=48}}
|
[
"Religion\n--------",
"[thumb\\|120px\\|Comical painting of Sarutahiko Ōkami, late 19th century](/wiki/File:Sarutahiko_%C5%8Ckami_crop_from_Wittig_collection.png \"Sarutahiko Ōkami crop from Wittig collection.png\")\n[thumb\\|120 px\\|*[Raijū](/wiki/Raij%C5%AB \"Raijū\")* lightning spirit, *[Ehon Hyaku Monogatari](/wiki/Ehon_Hyaku_Monogatari \"Ehon Hyaku Monogatari\")*, 1841](/wiki/File:ShunsenKaminari.jpg \"ShunsenKaminari.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|120 px\\|Monkey Jizō statue at [Hie Shrine](/wiki/Hie_Shrine \"Hie Shrine\") in Tokyo](/wiki/File:Tokyo_monkey_statue.jpg \"Tokyo monkey statue.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|120 px\\|Painting of Shōmen Kongō and Three Wise Monkeys](/wiki/File:Koshinscroll.jpg \"Koshinscroll.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Three Wise Monkeys](/wiki/Three_Wise_Monkeys \"Three Wise Monkeys\") at [Tōshō\\-gū](/wiki/T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB \"Tōshō-gū\") shrine in [Nikkō](/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D \"Nikkō\")](/wiki/File:20100727_Nikko_Tosho-gu_Three_wise_monkeys_5965.jpg \"20100727 Nikko Tosho-gu Three wise monkeys 5965.jpg\")\nMonkey deities are common among Japanese religious beliefs, including [Shinto](/wiki/Shinto \"Shinto\"), notably Sannō Shinto, [Kōshin](/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin \"Kōshin\"), and [Japanese Buddhism](/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism \"Japanese Buddhism\").",
"In ancient Shinto tradition, *[Sarutahiko Ōkami](/wiki/Sarutahiko_%C5%8Ckami \"Sarutahiko Ōkami\")* (猿田彦大神, lit. \"monkey\\-field prince great god\") or *Sarutahiko* (also pronounced *Sarudahiko*, *Sarutabiko*, or *Sarudabiko*) is a monkey\\-like God of Crossroads between heaven and earth. Sarutahiko Okami is worshipped at [Tsubaki Grand Shrine](/wiki/Tsubaki_Grand_Shrine \"Tsubaki Grand Shrine\") in [Mie](/wiki/Mie_Prefecture \"Mie Prefecture\") and [Ōasahiko Shrine](/wiki/%C5%8Casahiko_Shrine \"Ōasahiko Shrine\") in [Tokushima](/wiki/Tokushima_Prefecture \"Tokushima Prefecture\").",
"The two earliest Japanese mytho\\-histories, the (712\\) *[Kojiki](/wiki/Kojiki \"Kojiki\")* (\"Record of Ancient Matters\") and the (720\\) *[Nihongi](/wiki/Nihongi \"Nihongi\")* (\"Chronicles of Japan\"), both record Sarutahiko. One *Kojiki* chapter mentions him,{{r\\|Chamberlain2005\\_139}} \"Now when this Deity Prince of Saruta dwelt at Azaka, he went out fishing, and had his hand caught by a *hirabu* shell\\-fish, and was drowned in the brine of the sea.\" The *[Nihongi](/wiki/Nihongi \"Nihongi\")* has a more detailed myth about the Crossroad God Sarutahiko no Okami. When the Sun Goddess [Amaterasu](/wiki/Amaterasu \"Amaterasu\"), said to be the ancestress of the [Imperial House of Japan](/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan \"Imperial House of Japan\"), decided to send her grandson [Ninigi](/wiki/Ninigi-no-Mikoto \"Ninigi-no-Mikoto\") and other deities down to earth to govern, she first sent a scout to clear the way, who returned and reported encountering the fearsome Sarutahiko.",
"> There is one God who dwells at the eight\\-cross\\-roads of Heaven, the length of whose nose is seven hands, the length of whose back is more than seven fathoms. Moreover, a light shines from his mouth and from his posteriors. His eye\\-balls are like an eight\\-hand mirror and have a ruddy glow like the Aka\\-kagachi.Tr. {{harvnb\\|Aston\\|1896\\|p\\=77}}.",
"Amaterasu chose [Ame\\-no\\-Uzume](/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto \"Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto\") as the only god or goddess who could confront Sarutahiko and ask why he was blocking the crossroads between heaven and earth, and said:",
"> \"Thou art superior to others in the power of thy looks. Thou hadst better go and question him.\" So Ame no Uzume forthwith bared her breasts and, pushing down the band of her garment below her navel, confronted him with a mocking laugh. \\[Sarutahiko is shocked and explains that he is waiting to serve as guide for Ninigi] \"I have heard that the child of Ama\\-terasu no Oho\\-kami is now about to descend, and therefore I have come respectfully to meet and attend upon him. My name is Saruta\\-hiko no Oho\\-kami\".Tr. {{harvnb\\|Aston\\|1896\\|p\\=77}}.",
"Sarutahito later marries Ame\\-no\\-Uzume. Ohnuki\\-Tierney lists three factors that identify Sarutahiko as a Monkey Deity: *saru* means \"monkey\", his features \"include red buttocks, which are a prominent characteristic of Japanese macaques\", and as macaques gather shellfish at low tide, the *Kojiki* says his hand got caught in a shell while fishing and \"a monkey with one hand caught in a shell is a frequent theme of Japanese folktales\".{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gBKI6BKx0sYC\\&pg\\=PA42 pp. 42–3]}}",
"Another Shinto monkey myth concerns the God of Lightning [Raijin](/wiki/Raijin \"Raijin\") who is accompanied by shape\\-shifting *[raijū](/wiki/Raij%C5%AB \"Raijū\")* (雷獣,\"thunder beast\") [ball lightning](/wiki/Ball_lightning \"Ball lightning\") that sometimes appeared as a monkey.",
"*Sarugami* (猿神, lit. \"monkey god\") was part of the Sannō Shintō sect, which was based upon the cult of the Mountain God *[Sannō](/wiki/Sann%C5%8D \"Sannō\")* (山王, \"mountain king\") and [Tendai](/wiki/Tendai \"Tendai\") Buddhism. Sarugami was Sannō's messenger, and served as an intermediary between deities and humans. Sannō and Sarugami are worshipped at [Hiyoshi Taisha](/wiki/Hiyoshi_Taisha \"Hiyoshi Taisha\") Shrine in [Ōtsu, Shiga](/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu%2C_Shiga \"Ōtsu, Shiga\").",
"The Mountain and Monkey Gods Sannō and Sarugami became popular during the early Tokugawa or [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period \"Edo period\"). [Toyotomi Hideyoshi](/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi \"Toyotomi Hideyoshi\"), who unified Japan in 1590 and ended the [Sengoku period](/wiki/Sengoku_period \"Sengoku period\"), was nicknamed Kosaru (\"small monkey\") or Saru (\"monkey\"), \"not only because his face looked like a monkey's, but also because he eagerly sought identification with the monkey\".{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|p\\=44}} [Tokugawa Ieyasu](/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu \"Tokugawa Ieyasu\"), who was the first shōgun (1603–1605\\) of the Tokugawa shogunate, \"officially designated the Monkey Deity as the guardian of peace in the nation, and a festival for the deity was elaborately carried out in Edo\" during his reign.{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|p\\=44}} During this period, a genre of paintings illustrated the Monkey God as a messenger from the Mountain God, depicting him dancing during rice harvesting, or holding a *[gohei](/wiki/Gohei \"Gohei\")* \"a ritual wand with pendant paper streamers\" ritualistically used by Shinto priests to summon the spirit of a deity. Thus, Ohnuki\\-Tierney says, \"the monkey in these paintings is assigned the role of mediating between deities and humans, just as shamans and priests do\".{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|p\\=44}}",
"The role of monkeys as mediators is evident within the Japanese *[Kōshin](/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin \"Kōshin\")* [folk religion](/wiki/Folk_religion \"Folk religion\"). This eclectic belief system incorporates [Daoist](/wiki/Daoist \"Daoist\") beliefs about the *sanshi* (三尸, \"[Three Corpses](/wiki/Three_Corpses \"Three Corpses\")\") \"evil spirits that live in the human body and hasten death\", Shinto Sarugami mythology (above), and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist \"Buddhist\") beliefs about simian gods such as the [Vānara](/wiki/V%C4%81nara \"Vānara\") \"a monkey\\-like humanoid\" in the *[Ramayana](/wiki/Ramayana \"Ramayana\")*. *Shōmen\\-Kongō* (青面金剛, \"Blue\\-face [Vajra](/wiki/Vajra \"Vajra\")\" \"a fearsome, many\\-armed, Kōshin guardian deity\", who was supposedly able to make the Three Corpses sick and thus prevent them from reporting to Heaven, was commonly depicted with two or three monkey attendants.",
"In Daoist\\-Kōshin beliefs, the bodily Three Corpses keep records of their host's misdeeds, which they report to Heaven bimonthly on the night *gengshen* (Japanese *kōshin*) 庚申 \"57th of the 60 (in the Chinese [Sexagenary cycle](/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle \"Sexagenary cycle\"))\" while their human host is dreaming. But in a type of karmic loophole, someone who stays awake throughout that day and night can avoid receiving a shorter lifespan for their transgressions. The Japanese version of this custom, *Kōshin\\-Machi* (庚申待, \"Kōshin Waiting\"), became an all\\-night party among friends.",
"The *sanzaru* (三猿 \"three monkeys\") or English \"[Three Wise Monkeys](/wiki/Three_Wise_Monkeys \"Three Wise Monkeys\")\" is a widely known example of monkeys in traditional Japanese culture. Their names are a pun between *saru* or [vocalized](/wiki/Rendaku \"Rendaku\") *zaru* \"monkey\" and archaic *\\-zaru* \"a negative verb conjugation\": *mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru* (見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる, lit. \"don't see, don't hear, don't speak\"). The [Tōshō\\-gū](/wiki/T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB \"Tōshō-gū\") shrine in [Nikkō](/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D \"Nikkō\") has elaborate [relief carvings](/wiki/Relief_carving \"Relief carving\") over the doors, including a famous representation of the Three Wise Monkeys. The Three Wise Monkeys also represent the Kōshin faith. They are displayed in the [Yasaka Kōshin\\-dō](/wiki/Yasaka_K%C5%8Dshin-d%C5%8D \"Yasaka Kōshin-dō\") Temple in [Higashiyama\\-ku, Kyoto](/wiki/Higashiyama-ku%2C_Kyoto \"Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto\"), dedicated to *Shōmen Kongō*, known by his nickname *Kōshin\\-san* (庚申さん) with the *\\-san* suffix for \"Mr.; Ms.; Mrs.\". This shrine also sells a kind of *[sarubobo](/wiki/Sarubobo \"Sarubobo\")* (猿ぼぼ, \"monkey baby\") \"red, faceless doll amulet\" called the *kukurizaru* (くくり猿) believed to represent the good luck of monkeys.",
"Ohnuki\\-Tierney explains the meaning and the role of kōshin centered on mediation, \"between temporal cycles, between humans and deities, and between heaven and earth. It is with this mediating deity that the monkey became associated, thereby further reinforcing the meaning of the monkey as mediator\".{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|p\\=46\\-7}}",
"Saeno kami (障の神, \"border god\"), later known as [Dōsojin](/wiki/D%C5%8Dsojin \"Dōsojin\") (道祖神, \"road ancestor god\"), is a Shinto tutelary deity of boundaries, which is usually placed at spatial boundaries, especially the boundary of a community, and is believed to protect people from epidemics and evil spirits. In popular belief, Saeno kami was merged with Shinto Sarutahiko, and later with Buddhist Jizō or [Ksitigarbha](/wiki/Ksitigarbha \"Ksitigarbha\") \"the [bodhisattva](/wiki/Bodhisattva \"Bodhisattva\") of souls in hell and guardian of children\". This amalgamation, says Ohnuki\\-Tierney, \"resulted in stone statues of a monkey wearing a bib, which is a trademark of Jizō, a guardian Buddha of children\".{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|p\\=48}}",
""
] |
Art
---
[thumb\|120 px\|Monkey thief running from animals holding sticks, [Chōjū\-jinbutsu\-giga](/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga "Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga"), c. 12th century](/wiki/File:Chouju_thief.jpg "Chouju thief.jpg")
[thumb\|120 px\|Gibbon in Japan, (1856\) *Kenkadō zarsuroku*, illustration by [Mori Sosen](/wiki/Mori_Sosen "Mori Sosen")](/wiki/File:First-gibbon-in-Japan.png "First-gibbon-in-Japan.png")
Monkeys are a traditional motif in [Japanese art](/wiki/Japanese_art "Japanese art").
The (12th and 13th centuries) *[Chōjū\-jinbutsu\-giga](/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga "Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga")* picture scrolls depict [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphic "Anthropomorphic") animals, notably monkeys and rabbits bathing, monkeys and rabbits wrestling, and a monkey thief running from rabbits and frogs with sticks.
Since the gibbon's habitat did not include Japan, the Japanese were unfamiliar with its long\-limbed, tailless appearance until the 13th century, mainly through the paintings of the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty") Zen priest and artist [Muqi](/wiki/Muqi_Fachang "Muqi Fachang") (牧溪, Japanese Mokkei 牧谿), who immigrated to Kyoto. Muqi's "work was eagerly studied in Japan, and a number of painters adopted his calligraphic style of rendering the gibbon".{{sfn\|van Gulik\|1967\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=g8gUAAAAIAAJ\&pg\=PA97 p. 97]}} Muqi's masterful "Guanyin", "Monkeys" (depicting a mother and infant gibbons), and "Crane" scrolls, which are one of the [National Treasures of Japan](/wiki/National_Treasures_of_Japan "National Treasures of Japan"), became the model for drawing gibbons. Many prominent Edo\-period (1603–1867\) painters, including [Hasegawa Tōhaku](/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku "Hasegawa Tōhaku"), [Kusumi Morikage](/wiki/Kusumi_Morikage "Kusumi Morikage"), and [Kanō Tsunenobu](/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_Tsunenobu "Kanō Tsunenobu"), who had never seen gibbons, depicted them following the *Bokkei\-zaru* (牧谿猿) "Muqi's gibbons" artistic tradition.{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=gBKI6BKx0sYC\&pg\=PA26 p. 26]}} [Mori Sosen](/wiki/Mori_Sosen "Mori Sosen") (1747–1821\), who was the "undisputed master"{{sfn\|van Gulik\|1967\|p\=98}} of painting the Japanese macaque, influenced later paintings of gibbons, which, in the absence of live models, were sometimes represented with the macaque's red face and brown fur.
Muqi's gibbons were usually drawn in nature, while Japanese macaques were often depicted among humans or human\-made objects. Ohnuki\-Tierney notes that gibbons "represented nature, which in folk Shintoism signified deities" and also "represented the Chinese art tradition (*kanga*), which in turn represented the Chinese, who were then the most significant foreigners".{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|p\=27}} She posits four levels symbolized by Japanese macaque/gibbon contrast: Japanese/foreigners, humans/deities, culture/nature, and self/other.{{sfn\|Ohnuki\-Tierney\|1989\|pp\=28\-9}}
The *Kenkadō zarsuroku* (蒹葭堂雜錄, 1856\), by [Kimura Kenkadō](/wiki/Kimura_Kenkad%C5%8D "Kimura Kenkadō") (木村蒹葭堂), records a gibbon imported to Japan, and includes a calligraphic drawing by Mori Sosen. In 1809, a gibbon was exhibited in the [Dōtonbori](/wiki/D%C5%8Dtonbori "Dōtonbori") [red\-light district](/wiki/Red-light_district "Red-light district") of [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka%2C_Osaka "Osaka, Osaka").
> Although we have heard the word "gibbon" \[*en* or *saru* 猨] since olden times, and seen pictures of him, we never have seen a live specimen, and therefore a large crowd assembled to see this gibbon. Generally he resembles a large macaque, and figure and fur are very similar. The face is black, the fur grey with a touch of brown. The Hollander "Captain" Hendrik Doeff \[i.e., the Dutch [Dejima](/wiki/Dejima "Dejima") trading post commissioner, [Hendrik Doeff](/wiki/Hendrik_Doeff "Hendrik Doeff")] who was then staying here said that this gibbon occurs on the island of Java where it is called "wau\-wau". Truly an extraordinary sight!Tr. {{harvnb\|van Gulik\|1967\|p\=98}}.
Van Gulik suggests this [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language "Indonesian language") *owa jawa* "[silvery gibbon](/wiki/Silvery_gibbon "Silvery gibbon")" specimen was brought to Japan on a Dutch ship.
As the [Monkey](/wiki/Monkey_%28zodiac%29 "Monkey (zodiac)") is part of the [Chinese zodiac](/wiki/Chinese_zodiac "Chinese zodiac"), which has been used for centuries in Japan, the creature was sometimes portrayed in [paintings of the Edo period](/wiki/Ukiyo-e "Ukiyo-e") as a tangible metaphor for a particular year. The 19th\-century artist and [samurai](/wiki/Samurai "Samurai") [Watanabe Kazan](/wiki/Watanabe_Kazan "Watanabe Kazan") created a painting of a macaque.
During the [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period "Edo period"), numerous *[netsuke](/wiki/Netsuke "Netsuke")*, *[tsuba](/wiki/Tsuba "Tsuba")*, and other artifacts were decorated with monkeys.
|
[
"Art\n---",
"[thumb\\|120 px\\|Monkey thief running from animals holding sticks, [Chōjū\\-jinbutsu\\-giga](/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga \"Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga\"), c. 12th century](/wiki/File:Chouju_thief.jpg \"Chouju thief.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|120 px\\|Gibbon in Japan, (1856\\) *Kenkadō zarsuroku*, illustration by [Mori Sosen](/wiki/Mori_Sosen \"Mori Sosen\")](/wiki/File:First-gibbon-in-Japan.png \"First-gibbon-in-Japan.png\")\nMonkeys are a traditional motif in [Japanese art](/wiki/Japanese_art \"Japanese art\").",
"The (12th and 13th centuries) *[Chōjū\\-jinbutsu\\-giga](/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga \"Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga\")* picture scrolls depict [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphic \"Anthropomorphic\") animals, notably monkeys and rabbits bathing, monkeys and rabbits wrestling, and a monkey thief running from rabbits and frogs with sticks.",
"Since the gibbon's habitat did not include Japan, the Japanese were unfamiliar with its long\\-limbed, tailless appearance until the 13th century, mainly through the paintings of the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") Zen priest and artist [Muqi](/wiki/Muqi_Fachang \"Muqi Fachang\") (牧溪, Japanese Mokkei 牧谿), who immigrated to Kyoto. Muqi's \"work was eagerly studied in Japan, and a number of painters adopted his calligraphic style of rendering the gibbon\".{{sfn\\|van Gulik\\|1967\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=g8gUAAAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA97 p. 97]}} Muqi's masterful \"Guanyin\", \"Monkeys\" (depicting a mother and infant gibbons), and \"Crane\" scrolls, which are one of the [National Treasures of Japan](/wiki/National_Treasures_of_Japan \"National Treasures of Japan\"), became the model for drawing gibbons. Many prominent Edo\\-period (1603–1867\\) painters, including [Hasegawa Tōhaku](/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku \"Hasegawa Tōhaku\"), [Kusumi Morikage](/wiki/Kusumi_Morikage \"Kusumi Morikage\"), and [Kanō Tsunenobu](/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_Tsunenobu \"Kanō Tsunenobu\"), who had never seen gibbons, depicted them following the *Bokkei\\-zaru* (牧谿猿) \"Muqi's gibbons\" artistic tradition.{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gBKI6BKx0sYC\\&pg\\=PA26 p. 26]}} [Mori Sosen](/wiki/Mori_Sosen \"Mori Sosen\") (1747–1821\\), who was the \"undisputed master\"{{sfn\\|van Gulik\\|1967\\|p\\=98}} of painting the Japanese macaque, influenced later paintings of gibbons, which, in the absence of live models, were sometimes represented with the macaque's red face and brown fur.",
"Muqi's gibbons were usually drawn in nature, while Japanese macaques were often depicted among humans or human\\-made objects. Ohnuki\\-Tierney notes that gibbons \"represented nature, which in folk Shintoism signified deities\" and also \"represented the Chinese art tradition (*kanga*), which in turn represented the Chinese, who were then the most significant foreigners\".{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|p\\=27}} She posits four levels symbolized by Japanese macaque/gibbon contrast: Japanese/foreigners, humans/deities, culture/nature, and self/other.{{sfn\\|Ohnuki\\-Tierney\\|1989\\|pp\\=28\\-9}}",
"The *Kenkadō zarsuroku* (蒹葭堂雜錄, 1856\\), by [Kimura Kenkadō](/wiki/Kimura_Kenkad%C5%8D \"Kimura Kenkadō\") (木村蒹葭堂), records a gibbon imported to Japan, and includes a calligraphic drawing by Mori Sosen. In 1809, a gibbon was exhibited in the [Dōtonbori](/wiki/D%C5%8Dtonbori \"Dōtonbori\") [red\\-light district](/wiki/Red-light_district \"Red-light district\") of [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka%2C_Osaka \"Osaka, Osaka\").",
"> Although we have heard the word \"gibbon\" \\[*en* or *saru* 猨] since olden times, and seen pictures of him, we never have seen a live specimen, and therefore a large crowd assembled to see this gibbon. Generally he resembles a large macaque, and figure and fur are very similar. The face is black, the fur grey with a touch of brown. The Hollander \"Captain\" Hendrik Doeff \\[i.e., the Dutch [Dejima](/wiki/Dejima \"Dejima\") trading post commissioner, [Hendrik Doeff](/wiki/Hendrik_Doeff \"Hendrik Doeff\")] who was then staying here said that this gibbon occurs on the island of Java where it is called \"wau\\-wau\". Truly an extraordinary sight!Tr. {{harvnb\\|van Gulik\\|1967\\|p\\=98}}.",
"Van Gulik suggests this [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language \"Indonesian language\") *owa jawa* \"[silvery gibbon](/wiki/Silvery_gibbon \"Silvery gibbon\")\" specimen was brought to Japan on a Dutch ship.",
"As the [Monkey](/wiki/Monkey_%28zodiac%29 \"Monkey (zodiac)\") is part of the [Chinese zodiac](/wiki/Chinese_zodiac \"Chinese zodiac\"), which has been used for centuries in Japan, the creature was sometimes portrayed in [paintings of the Edo period](/wiki/Ukiyo-e \"Ukiyo-e\") as a tangible metaphor for a particular year. The 19th\\-century artist and [samurai](/wiki/Samurai \"Samurai\") [Watanabe Kazan](/wiki/Watanabe_Kazan \"Watanabe Kazan\") created a painting of a macaque.",
"During the [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period \"Edo period\"), numerous *[netsuke](/wiki/Netsuke \"Netsuke\")*, *[tsuba](/wiki/Tsuba \"Tsuba\")*, and other artifacts were decorated with monkeys.",
""
] |
Episodes
--------
{{see also\|List of Rules of Engagement episodes}}
{{Episode table \|background\=\#F08080\|overall\=4 \|season\=4 \|title\=19 \|director\=15 \|writer\=20 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=6 \|country\=US \|viewers\=10 \|episodes\=
{{Episode list/sublist\|Rules of Engagement season 1
\|LineColor\=F08080
\|EpisodeNumber\=1
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|ProdCode\=100
\|Title\=Pilot
\|DirectedBy\=\[\[Andy Ackerman]]
\|WrittenBy\=Tom Hertz
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2007\|2\|5}}
\|Viewers\=14\.83{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=021307\_05\|title\=Weekly Program Rankings\|work\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC Medianet]]\|date\=February 13, 2007\|accessdate\=November 16, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010254/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=021307\_05\|archivedate\=May 28, 2010}}
\|ShortSummary\=Married couple Jeff and Audrey have just learned their next door neighbor, Jennifer, has become engaged to her boyfriend, Adam. But when Jeff tries to give Adam advice, he develops doubt about the impending \[\[engagement]].
Jeff inadvertently starts a fight with Audrey about an old bicycle.
Jennifer fixes up Adam's best friend, Russell, with her friend Karen (\[\[Lauren Stamile]]) because she believes the right woman could change his habit of being a dedicated \[\[promiscuity\|womanizer]]. Adam and Jen make up after hearing the conversation of an elderly couple (\[\[Gloria LeRoy]] and Don Perry). Russell somewhat surprisingly ends up in bed not with Karen, but with a waitress (\[\[Audra Blaser]]).
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|Rules of Engagement season 1
\|LineColor\=F08080
\|EpisodeNumber\=2
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|ProdCode\=101
\|Title\=The Birthday Deal
\|DirectedBy\=Andy Ackerman
\|WrittenBy\=Tom Hertz
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2007\|2\|12}}
\|Viewers\=13\.43{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=022107\_05\|title\=Weekly Program Rankings\|work\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC Medianet]]\|date\=February 21, 2007\|accessdate\=November 16, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106163105/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=022107\_05\|archivedate\=November 6, 2014}}
\|ShortSummary\=When it is time to plan a party for Jeff's birthday, everyone gets involved. But Audrey is spending too much money on the party, which makes Jeff unhappy.
Although Jeff will not reveal what he usually receives in the annual birthday deal, Adam brings up the subject with Jennifer and is then worried when Jennifer not only agrees to give ''him'' a birthday deal, but announces she wants one in return.
Adam's birthday deal is various \[\[sex acts]] from Jennifer. Hers is Adam bringing her breakfast in bed, watching \[\[The Notebook]] with her and cleaning the apartment. Jeff's birthday deal is dinner at the restaurant where he and Audrey went on their \[\[first date]] together.
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|Rules of Engagement season 1
\|LineColor\=F08080
\|EpisodeNumber\=3
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|ProdCode\=102
\|Title\=Young and the Restless
\|DirectedBy\=\[\[Ted Wass]]
\|WrittenBy\=Jon Sherman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2007\|2\|19}}
\|Viewers\=13\.86{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=022707\_06\|title\=Weekly Program Rankings\|work\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC Medianet]]\|date\=February 27, 2007\|accessdate\=November 16, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209232550/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=022707\_06\|archivedate\=December 9, 2014}}
\|ShortSummary\=Jeff incurs Audrey's wrath after he swoons over Russell's latest date, 24\-year\-old lifeguard Dani (\[\[Maitland Ward]]). Audrey then bets Jeff that he cannot get a phone number from a younger woman, and gives him a night without his \[\[wedding ring]] to try.
Jennifer is angry with Adam after finding out their bed was bought while he was with his \[\[ex (relationship)\|ex]], Sonia. Later, Jennifer makes Adam uncomfortable while talking about her exes, especially when she says "''all'' of them."
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|Rules of Engagement season 1
\|LineColor\=F08080
\|EpisodeNumber\=4
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|ProdCode\=105
\|Title\=Game On
\|DirectedBy\=Ted Wass
\|WrittenBy\=Linda Videtti Figueiredo
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2007\|2\|26}}
\|Viewers\=13\.57{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=030607\_05\|title\=Weekly Program Rankings\|work\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC Medianet]]\|date\=March 6, 2007\|accessdate\=November 16, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209232151/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=030607\_05\|archivedate\=December 9, 2014}}
\|ShortSummary\=Audrey gains a promotion, but when she tells Jeff, he is not excited about it because the \[\[Knicks]] just lost a game. Jeff invites her to another game to make things right.
Adam buys a new \[\[video game]], which he and Russell quickly become \[\[video game addiction\|addicted]] to, until Jennifer makes Adam feel guilty about spending so much on stuff for himself. Later, after being scolded by his latest date (\[\[Cynthia Harmon]]), Russell stops playing the video game, realizing that it is taking up a lot of his time and impeding his \[\[sex life]].
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|Rules of Engagement season 1
\|LineColor\=F08080
\|EpisodeNumber\=5
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|ProdCode\=104
\|Title\=Kids
\|DirectedBy\=Ted Wass
\|WrittenBy\=Tom Hertz
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2007\|3\|5}}
\|Viewers\=12\.51{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=031307\_04\|title\=Weekly Rankings\|work\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC Medianet]]\|date\=March 13, 2007\|accessdate\=November 16, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010314/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=031307\_04\|archivedate\=May 28, 2010}}
\|ShortSummary\=Jennifer and Adam plan a romantic weekend but end up fighting about the future.
Jeff and Audrey visit Dr Sachs (\[\[Richard McGonagle]]) to try to find out why they have not been able to \[\[human fertilization\|conceive]].
Russell runs into Constance (\[\[Jessica Walter]]), an older woman whom he \[\[had sex]] with when he was 18 \- and decides that he wants to show her his sexual prowess.
Featuring: Cyndi Martino.
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|Rules of Engagement season 1
\|LineColor\=F08080
\|EpisodeNumber\=6
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|ProdCode\=103
\|Title\=Hard Day's Night
\|DirectedBy\=Ted Wass
\|WrittenBy\=Tom Hertz
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2007\|3\|12}}
\|Viewers\=11\.47{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=032007\_05\|title\=Weekly Rankings WE 3\.18\.07\|work\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC Medianet]]\|date\=March 20, 2007\|accessdate\=November 16, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010319/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=032007\_05\|archivedate\=May 28, 2010}}
\|ShortSummary\=Jeff helps Jennifer move her couch. He pulls a muscle while doing so, after which she massages him to ease the problem. He gets and an \[\[erection]], which embarrasses them. When Audrey finds out, she is angry, and confronts him.
In his pursuit of a hot teacher (Andrea Silvers) Russell is intimidated by a young bully (Colby Paul) and enlists Adam's help.
}}
{{Episode list/sublist\|Rules of Engagement season 1
\|LineColor\=F08080
\|EpisodeNumber\=7
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|ProdCode\=106
\|Title\=Jeff's Wooby
\|DirectedBy\=Ted Wass
\|WrittenBy\=Barry Wernick
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2007\|3\|19}}
\|Viewers\=9\.26{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=032707\_04\|title\=Weekly Program Rankings Through 03/25/07\|work\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC Medianet]]\|date\=March 27, 2007\|accessdate\=November 16, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010324/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\=032707\_04\|archivedate\=May 28, 2010}}
\|ShortSummary\=Audrey is put off by Jeff frequently \[\[nostalgia\|reminiscing]] about his \[\[T\-shirt]]s' significance in connection with events he enjoyed in the 1980s. She wonders if his best times in life were before he met her and turns his shirts into a \[\[quilt]].
Jen discovers and then worries about Adam's previous history with \[\[Polynesians\|Polynesian]] girlfriends, and confronts him when a Polynesian waitress (\[\[Jessica Rey]]) feeds him \[\[Poi (food)\|poi]].
Russell believes he has the perfect girl in Jessie (\[\[Maggie Lawson]]) when she very frequently makes \[\[double entendre]]s, thinking that he will soon be having sex with her. He thinks differently when he realizes she is not doing it on purpose and they do not have sex, so he stops seeing her.
}}
}}
|
[
"Episodes\n--------",
"{{see also\\|List of Rules of Engagement episodes}}\n{{Episode table \\|background\\=\\#F08080\\|overall\\=4 \\|season\\=4 \\|title\\=19 \\|director\\=15 \\|writer\\=20 \\|airdate\\=15 \\|prodcode\\=6 \\|country\\=US \\|viewers\\=10 \\|episodes\\=",
"{{Episode list/sublist\\|Rules of Engagement season 1\n \\|LineColor\\=F08080\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|ProdCode\\=100\n \\|Title\\=Pilot\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Andy Ackerman]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Tom Hertz\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2007\\|2\\|5}}\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.83{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=021307\\_05\\|title\\=Weekly Program Rankings\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC Medianet]]\\|date\\=February 13, 2007\\|accessdate\\=November 16, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010254/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=021307\\_05\\|archivedate\\=May 28, 2010}}\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Married couple Jeff and Audrey have just learned their next door neighbor, Jennifer, has become engaged to her boyfriend, Adam. But when Jeff tries to give Adam advice, he develops doubt about the impending \\[\\[engagement]].",
"Jeff inadvertently starts a fight with Audrey about an old bicycle.",
"Jennifer fixes up Adam's best friend, Russell, with her friend Karen (\\[\\[Lauren Stamile]]) because she believes the right woman could change his habit of being a dedicated \\[\\[promiscuity\\|womanizer]]. Adam and Jen make up after hearing the conversation of an elderly couple (\\[\\[Gloria LeRoy]] and Don Perry). Russell somewhat surprisingly ends up in bed not with Karen, but with a waitress (\\[\\[Audra Blaser]]).\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Rules of Engagement season 1\n \\|LineColor\\=F08080\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|ProdCode\\=101\n \\|Title\\=The Birthday Deal\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Andy Ackerman\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Tom Hertz\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2007\\|2\\|12}}\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.43{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=022107\\_05\\|title\\=Weekly Program Rankings\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC Medianet]]\\|date\\=February 21, 2007\\|accessdate\\=November 16, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106163105/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=022107\\_05\\|archivedate\\=November 6, 2014}}\n \\|ShortSummary\\=When it is time to plan a party for Jeff's birthday, everyone gets involved. But Audrey is spending too much money on the party, which makes Jeff unhappy.",
"Although Jeff will not reveal what he usually receives in the annual birthday deal, Adam brings up the subject with Jennifer and is then worried when Jennifer not only agrees to give ''him'' a birthday deal, but announces she wants one in return.",
"Adam's birthday deal is various \\[\\[sex acts]] from Jennifer. Hers is Adam bringing her breakfast in bed, watching \\[\\[The Notebook]] with her and cleaning the apartment. Jeff's birthday deal is dinner at the restaurant where he and Audrey went on their \\[\\[first date]] together. \n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Rules of Engagement season 1\n \\|LineColor\\=F08080\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|ProdCode\\=102\n \\|Title\\=Young and the Restless\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Ted Wass]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Jon Sherman\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2007\\|2\\|19}} \n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.86{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=022707\\_06\\|title\\=Weekly Program Rankings\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC Medianet]]\\|date\\=February 27, 2007\\|accessdate\\=November 16, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209232550/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=022707\\_06\\|archivedate\\=December 9, 2014}}\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Jeff incurs Audrey's wrath after he swoons over Russell's latest date, 24\\-year\\-old lifeguard Dani (\\[\\[Maitland Ward]]). Audrey then bets Jeff that he cannot get a phone number from a younger woman, and gives him a night without his \\[\\[wedding ring]] to try.",
"Jennifer is angry with Adam after finding out their bed was bought while he was with his \\[\\[ex (relationship)\\|ex]], Sonia. Later, Jennifer makes Adam uncomfortable while talking about her exes, especially when she says \"''all'' of them.\"\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Rules of Engagement season 1\n \\|LineColor\\=F08080\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|ProdCode\\=105\n \\|Title\\=Game On\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Ted Wass\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Linda Videtti Figueiredo\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2007\\|2\\|26}}\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.57{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=030607\\_05\\|title\\=Weekly Program Rankings\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC Medianet]]\\|date\\=March 6, 2007\\|accessdate\\=November 16, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209232151/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=030607\\_05\\|archivedate\\=December 9, 2014}}\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Audrey gains a promotion, but when she tells Jeff, he is not excited about it because the \\[\\[Knicks]] just lost a game. Jeff invites her to another game to make things right.",
"Adam buys a new \\[\\[video game]], which he and Russell quickly become \\[\\[video game addiction\\|addicted]] to, until Jennifer makes Adam feel guilty about spending so much on stuff for himself. Later, after being scolded by his latest date (\\[\\[Cynthia Harmon]]), Russell stops playing the video game, realizing that it is taking up a lot of his time and impeding his \\[\\[sex life]]. \n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Rules of Engagement season 1\n \\|LineColor\\=F08080\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|ProdCode\\=104\n \\|Title\\=Kids\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Ted Wass\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Tom Hertz\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2007\\|3\\|5}}\n \\|Viewers\\=12\\.51{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=031307\\_04\\|title\\=Weekly Rankings\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC Medianet]]\\|date\\=March 13, 2007\\|accessdate\\=November 16, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010314/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=031307\\_04\\|archivedate\\=May 28, 2010}}\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Jennifer and Adam plan a romantic weekend but end up fighting about the future.",
"Jeff and Audrey visit Dr Sachs (\\[\\[Richard McGonagle]]) to try to find out why they have not been able to \\[\\[human fertilization\\|conceive]].",
"Russell runs into Constance (\\[\\[Jessica Walter]]), an older woman whom he \\[\\[had sex]] with when he was 18 \\- and decides that he wants to show her his sexual prowess.",
"Featuring: Cyndi Martino.\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Rules of Engagement season 1\n \\|LineColor\\=F08080\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|ProdCode\\=103\n \\|Title\\=Hard Day's Night\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Ted Wass\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Tom Hertz\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2007\\|3\\|12}}\n \\|Viewers\\=11\\.47{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=032007\\_05\\|title\\=Weekly Rankings WE 3\\.18\\.07\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC Medianet]]\\|date\\=March 20, 2007\\|accessdate\\=November 16, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010319/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=032007\\_05\\|archivedate\\=May 28, 2010}}\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Jeff helps Jennifer move her couch. He pulls a muscle while doing so, after which she massages him to ease the problem. He gets and an \\[\\[erection]], which embarrasses them. When Audrey finds out, she is angry, and confronts him.",
"In his pursuit of a hot teacher (Andrea Silvers) Russell is intimidated by a young bully (Colby Paul) and enlists Adam's help.\n}}\n{{Episode list/sublist\\|Rules of Engagement season 1\n \\|LineColor\\=F08080\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=7\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|ProdCode\\=106\n \\|Title\\=Jeff's Wooby\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Ted Wass\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Barry Wernick\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2007\\|3\\|19}}\n \\|Viewers\\=9\\.26{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=032707\\_04\\|title\\=Weekly Program Rankings Through 03/25/07\\|work\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC Medianet]]\\|date\\=March 27, 2007\\|accessdate\\=November 16, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010324/http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id\\=032707\\_04\\|archivedate\\=May 28, 2010}}\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Audrey is put off by Jeff frequently \\[\\[nostalgia\\|reminiscing]] about his \\[\\[T\\-shirt]]s' significance in connection with events he enjoyed in the 1980s. She wonders if his best times in life were before he met her and turns his shirts into a \\[\\[quilt]].",
"Jen discovers and then worries about Adam's previous history with \\[\\[Polynesians\\|Polynesian]] girlfriends, and confronts him when a Polynesian waitress (\\[\\[Jessica Rey]]) feeds him \\[\\[Poi (food)\\|poi]].",
"Russell believes he has the perfect girl in Jessie (\\[\\[Maggie Lawson]]) when she very frequently makes \\[\\[double entendre]]s, thinking that he will soon be having sex with her. He thinks differently when he realizes she is not doing it on purpose and they do not have sex, so he stops seeing her. \n}}\n}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### From the 17th to the end of the 19th century
In the Thuringian residences of [Sondershausen](/wiki/Sondershausen "Sondershausen") and [Rudolstadt](/wiki/Rudolstadt "Rudolstadt"), a development in music began which is described as the emergence of "music courts". After 1600, the Sondershausen court had employed instrumentalists who were equal in salary to higher ecclesiastical dignitaries. In return, they had to be ready to play at any time wherever the court was. They did not yet form a court chapel, as they were closely interwoven with the duties of church music. The [vocal ensemble](/wiki/Vocal_ensemble "Vocal ensemble") in the church drew its singers from the municipal school choir. Particularly able young men were given lessons in playing string and wind instruments at the court's expense. After training, they could be accepted into the court orchestra. The leader was given the title "Fürstlicher Capellmeister".
In 1617, [Michael Praetorius](/wiki/Michael_Praetorius "Michael Praetorius") came to the court of Sondershausen and reorganised the music band. In 1619, he dedicated his *Polyhymnia exercitatrix* to it. 1619 is therefore regarded as the founding date of the Lohorchesters.Statement by [Michael Maul](/wiki/Michael_Maul "Michael Maul"), Bach\-Archiv Leipzig, quoted from {{cite web\|url\=https://www.thueringer\-allgemeine.de/kultur/musik/loh\-orchester\-aelter\-als\-bisher\-angenommen\-id219046635\.html \|title\=Loh\-Orchester älter als bisher angenommen \|work\=\[\[Thüringer Allgemeine]] \|date\=17 January 2013\|access\-date\=8 March 2021}} In 1644/1645, the first court trumpeters were employed. Their first deployment was at the consecration of the town church (St Trinitatis) in 1699 (the ensemble consisted of eight trumpeters and one army timpanist). They also had to perform as the prince's escort of honour and for "procession blowing". They were not yet included in the court chapel.
Known court conductors from the early days of the orchestra are: Johann Friedrich Holtzer (1659\), Jeremias Koch (1662\), Elias Christoph Stock (1686\). A sing\-ballet composed by Stock was a small opera with dance (ballet) under the title *In honour of the great [Pan](/wiki/Pan_%28mythology%29 "Pan (mythology)")*. The text was written by the Swedish scholar {{Ill\|Carl Gustav Heraeus\|de}}, who was employed at court. In 22 scene sections, [Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg\-Sondershausen](/wiki/Christian_William_I%2C_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen "Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen") was celebrated as Pan on his 55th birthday. He himself took on a role as a dancer. The one\-off performance was on 6 January 1702\. The sheet music no longer exists.
The orchestra's heyday began under the direction of the Sondershäuser [Johann Balthasar Christian Freißlich](/wiki/Johann_Balthasar_Christian_Frei%C3%9Flich "Johann Balthasar Christian Freißlich") (1687\-1764\). He led the chapel until 1731, then went to [Danzig](/wiki/Danzig "Danzig") as musical director of the opera. Freißlich composed [cantatas](/wiki/Cantata "Cantata"), secular festive music and an operina *The Nun in Love*.
The composer [Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel](/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel "Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel") (1690\-1749\) had applied for the post in Sondershausen after Stock's death. He did not get it, however, as Freißlich was preferred as a local. After Freißlich's departure, the prince tried to entice Stölzel away from the [Gotha](/wiki/Gotha "Gotha") court. Since he did not succeed, however, he commissioned him to write compositions, most of which were premiered in Sondershausen. Stölzel's works were preserved in Sondershausen Castle, while they were destroyed in Gotha. Stölzel's works in Sondershausen include 339 church cantatas, [Passion musics](/wiki/Passion_music "Passion music"), secular cantatas and a Passion oratorio. Much of this was composed for the Gotha court. A musical stage play in the style of an opera entitled *Irene and Apollo* was written in 1733 for the music\-savvy patron of the arts [Prince Günther I](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_XLIII%2C_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen "Günther XLIII, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen").
[thumb\|{{center\|The Loh halle of \[\[Scheppig]]}}](/wiki/File:Sondershausen_Lohhalle.jpg "Sondershausen Lohhalle.jpg")
After the death of Günther I, the "Kapellführer" changed frequently without any loss of quality in the musical life of the Sondershausen court. In addition to the commitment of the princes, citizens of the town, such as Ernst Ludwig Gerber and Hofrat Suckow, increasingly became involved in music, also due to the effects of the French Revolution. It led to [Prince Friedrich Carl I](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Friedrich_Carl_I_%28Schwarzburg-Sondershausen%29 "Günther Friedrich Carl I (Schwarzburg-Sondershausen)") allowing the general public to attend public concerts from 1806\.
The clarinettist [Johann Simon Hermstedt](/wiki/Johann_Simon_Hermstedt "Johann Simon Hermstedt") (1778\-1846\) had formed the [hautboist](/wiki/Hautboist "Hautboist") corps of 12 musicians from the princely guard music corps in 1801\. They played music in military uniform in the Lohpark in the so\-called "half moon", a spot south of the later Lohhalle. By redesigning the entire square, the "Loh\-Halle" was built in 1837\. It served as a concert venue until 1967 and was demolished in 1971\. Today, it would no longer be usable for concerts because of the long\-distance road [B4](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_4 "Bundesstraße 4") behind it.
The musicians of the Hermstedt Hautboistenkorps were masters not only of wind instruments but also of strings. Their participation in the court orchestra raised its musical level. At the beginning of the 19th century, the court orchestra was staffed not only with professional musicians, but also with capable amateurs from the middle classes and the civil service. It was not until the 1840s that the court orchestra consisted exclusively of professional musicians.
The demands of musical theatre played an essential role in the development of the "Princely Chapel". Opera performances were also held here and there in the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the repertoire included operas by [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart"), [Luigi Cherubini](/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini "Luigi Cherubini"), Dittersdorf and [Carl Maria von Weber](/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber "Carl Maria von Weber"). After opera performances had always taken place in temporary rooms, Prince Carl Günther I had a court theatre built next to the palace in 1825\. From 1825 to 1830 there were 295 opera performances.
Court conductor [Eduard Stein](/wiki/Eduard_Stein "Eduard Stein") from {{Ill\|Kleinschirma\|de}} near [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg "Freiberg") in Saxony has merits in concert music, but especially in opera music. He popularised the compositions of [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner") and [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt").
Important singers from major German cities gave guest performances. The orchestra with its concert performances and the theatre as an opera stage became a household name throughout Germany.
The directors of the Hofkapelle after Stein were: Friedrich Marpurg (1864\), Adolf Blaßmann (1865\), [Max Bruch](/wiki/Max_Bruch "Max Bruch") (1867\-1870\), especially in theatre service [Max Erdmannsdörfer](/wiki/Max_Erdmannsd%C3%B6rfer "Max Erdmannsdörfer") (1871\-1880\).
Wagner's *Flying Dutchman* became an outstanding success in 1871\. The singer of *Erik* later became Heldentenor at the Vienna Court Opera.
In 1891, 23 opera productions were staged, including *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)")*, *[Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio "Fidelio")* and *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 "Lohengrin (opera)")*.
Another important orchestra conductor besides Max Bruch was [Karl Schröder II](/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_II "Karl Schröder II"), who served as Hofkapellmeister from 1881 to 1885 and 1890 to 1907\. In the meantime, he was First Kapellmeister of the Royal Orchestra in Berlin and subsequently director of the Hamburg Opera. In 1883 he founded the [Conservatory](/wiki/Landesmusikakademie_Sondershausen "Landesmusikakademie Sondershausen") of Music in Sondershausen. He chaired the Tonkünstlerversammlung in Sondershausen in 1886\. Its honorary president was Franz Liszt. Liszt stayed in Sondershausen for several days every year.[Musik\- und Bergstadt Sondershausen / Loh\-Orchester Sondershausen](http://www.sondershausen.de/de/loh-orchester.html)
### 20th century to the present
After the Second World War the orchestra was in an existential crisis. The commitment of the population and support from the authorities made it possible for it to continue to exist.
Today the orchestra is called Loh\-Orchester Sondershausen. The orchestra no longer bears the name "Max Bruch Philharmonic". It has 56 professional musicians (May 2007\). It has been part of the Theater Nordhausen/Loh\-Orchester Sondershausen since 1991\. The sponsors are the cities of [Nordhausen](/wiki/Nordhausen%2C_Thuringia "Nordhausen, Thuringia") and [Sondershausen](/wiki/Sondershausen "Sondershausen") as well as the [Districts of Nordhausen](/wiki/Nordhausen_%28district%29 "Nordhausen (district)") and [Kyffhäuserkreis](/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4userkreis "Kyffhäuserkreis"). With its general [music director](/wiki/Music_director "Music director") Hiroaki Masuda, the orchestra toured Japan in October 2004\.
The Loh Orchestra has three regular concert series: 6 symphony concerts, 3 castle concerts and 5 Loh concerts per season. In addition, New Year's concerts, concerts at the turn of the year, opera gala and carnival concerts have become a tradition. In the Theater Nordhausen it plays as a theatre orchestra.
From 2004 to 2016, it was [Lars Tietje](/wiki/Lars_Tietje "Lars Tietje") Intendant and Managing Director.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### From the 17th to the end of the 19th century",
"In the Thuringian residences of [Sondershausen](/wiki/Sondershausen \"Sondershausen\") and [Rudolstadt](/wiki/Rudolstadt \"Rudolstadt\"), a development in music began which is described as the emergence of \"music courts\". After 1600, the Sondershausen court had employed instrumentalists who were equal in salary to higher ecclesiastical dignitaries. In return, they had to be ready to play at any time wherever the court was. They did not yet form a court chapel, as they were closely interwoven with the duties of church music. The [vocal ensemble](/wiki/Vocal_ensemble \"Vocal ensemble\") in the church drew its singers from the municipal school choir. Particularly able young men were given lessons in playing string and wind instruments at the court's expense. After training, they could be accepted into the court orchestra. The leader was given the title \"Fürstlicher Capellmeister\".",
"In 1617, [Michael Praetorius](/wiki/Michael_Praetorius \"Michael Praetorius\") came to the court of Sondershausen and reorganised the music band. In 1619, he dedicated his *Polyhymnia exercitatrix* to it. 1619 is therefore regarded as the founding date of the Lohorchesters.Statement by [Michael Maul](/wiki/Michael_Maul \"Michael Maul\"), Bach\\-Archiv Leipzig, quoted from {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thueringer\\-allgemeine.de/kultur/musik/loh\\-orchester\\-aelter\\-als\\-bisher\\-angenommen\\-id219046635\\.html \\|title\\=Loh\\-Orchester älter als bisher angenommen \\|work\\=\\[\\[Thüringer Allgemeine]] \\|date\\=17 January 2013\\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2021}} In 1644/1645, the first court trumpeters were employed. Their first deployment was at the consecration of the town church (St Trinitatis) in 1699 (the ensemble consisted of eight trumpeters and one army timpanist). They also had to perform as the prince's escort of honour and for \"procession blowing\". They were not yet included in the court chapel.",
"Known court conductors from the early days of the orchestra are: Johann Friedrich Holtzer (1659\\), Jeremias Koch (1662\\), Elias Christoph Stock (1686\\). A sing\\-ballet composed by Stock was a small opera with dance (ballet) under the title *In honour of the great [Pan](/wiki/Pan_%28mythology%29 \"Pan (mythology)\")*. The text was written by the Swedish scholar {{Ill\\|Carl Gustav Heraeus\\|de}}, who was employed at court. In 22 scene sections, [Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg\\-Sondershausen](/wiki/Christian_William_I%2C_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen \"Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen\") was celebrated as Pan on his 55th birthday. He himself took on a role as a dancer. The one\\-off performance was on 6 January 1702\\. The sheet music no longer exists.",
"The orchestra's heyday began under the direction of the Sondershäuser [Johann Balthasar Christian Freißlich](/wiki/Johann_Balthasar_Christian_Frei%C3%9Flich \"Johann Balthasar Christian Freißlich\") (1687\\-1764\\). He led the chapel until 1731, then went to [Danzig](/wiki/Danzig \"Danzig\") as musical director of the opera. Freißlich composed [cantatas](/wiki/Cantata \"Cantata\"), secular festive music and an operina *The Nun in Love*.\nThe composer [Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel](/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel \"Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel\") (1690\\-1749\\) had applied for the post in Sondershausen after Stock's death. He did not get it, however, as Freißlich was preferred as a local. After Freißlich's departure, the prince tried to entice Stölzel away from the [Gotha](/wiki/Gotha \"Gotha\") court. Since he did not succeed, however, he commissioned him to write compositions, most of which were premiered in Sondershausen. Stölzel's works were preserved in Sondershausen Castle, while they were destroyed in Gotha. Stölzel's works in Sondershausen include 339 church cantatas, [Passion musics](/wiki/Passion_music \"Passion music\"), secular cantatas and a Passion oratorio. Much of this was composed for the Gotha court. A musical stage play in the style of an opera entitled *Irene and Apollo* was written in 1733 for the music\\-savvy patron of the arts [Prince Günther I](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_XLIII%2C_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen \"Günther XLIII, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen\").",
"[thumb\\|{{center\\|The Loh halle of \\[\\[Scheppig]]}}](/wiki/File:Sondershausen_Lohhalle.jpg \"Sondershausen Lohhalle.jpg\")\nAfter the death of Günther I, the \"Kapellführer\" changed frequently without any loss of quality in the musical life of the Sondershausen court. In addition to the commitment of the princes, citizens of the town, such as Ernst Ludwig Gerber and Hofrat Suckow, increasingly became involved in music, also due to the effects of the French Revolution. It led to [Prince Friedrich Carl I](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Friedrich_Carl_I_%28Schwarzburg-Sondershausen%29 \"Günther Friedrich Carl I (Schwarzburg-Sondershausen)\") allowing the general public to attend public concerts from 1806\\.",
"The clarinettist [Johann Simon Hermstedt](/wiki/Johann_Simon_Hermstedt \"Johann Simon Hermstedt\") (1778\\-1846\\) had formed the [hautboist](/wiki/Hautboist \"Hautboist\") corps of 12 musicians from the princely guard music corps in 1801\\. They played music in military uniform in the Lohpark in the so\\-called \"half moon\", a spot south of the later Lohhalle. By redesigning the entire square, the \"Loh\\-Halle\" was built in 1837\\. It served as a concert venue until 1967 and was demolished in 1971\\. Today, it would no longer be usable for concerts because of the long\\-distance road [B4](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_4 \"Bundesstraße 4\") behind it.\nThe musicians of the Hermstedt Hautboistenkorps were masters not only of wind instruments but also of strings. Their participation in the court orchestra raised its musical level. At the beginning of the 19th century, the court orchestra was staffed not only with professional musicians, but also with capable amateurs from the middle classes and the civil service. It was not until the 1840s that the court orchestra consisted exclusively of professional musicians.",
"The demands of musical theatre played an essential role in the development of the \"Princely Chapel\". Opera performances were also held here and there in the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the repertoire included operas by [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\"), [Luigi Cherubini](/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini \"Luigi Cherubini\"), Dittersdorf and [Carl Maria von Weber](/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber \"Carl Maria von Weber\"). After opera performances had always taken place in temporary rooms, Prince Carl Günther I had a court theatre built next to the palace in 1825\\. From 1825 to 1830 there were 295 opera performances.",
"Court conductor [Eduard Stein](/wiki/Eduard_Stein \"Eduard Stein\") from {{Ill\\|Kleinschirma\\|de}} near [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg \"Freiberg\") in Saxony has merits in concert music, but especially in opera music. He popularised the compositions of [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\") and [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt \"Franz Liszt\"). \nImportant singers from major German cities gave guest performances. The orchestra with its concert performances and the theatre as an opera stage became a household name throughout Germany.\nThe directors of the Hofkapelle after Stein were: Friedrich Marpurg (1864\\), Adolf Blaßmann (1865\\), [Max Bruch](/wiki/Max_Bruch \"Max Bruch\") (1867\\-1870\\), especially in theatre service [Max Erdmannsdörfer](/wiki/Max_Erdmannsd%C3%B6rfer \"Max Erdmannsdörfer\") (1871\\-1880\\).\nWagner's *Flying Dutchman* became an outstanding success in 1871\\. The singer of *Erik* later became Heldentenor at the Vienna Court Opera.\nIn 1891, 23 opera productions were staged, including *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\")*, *[Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio \"Fidelio\")* and *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 \"Lohengrin (opera)\")*.",
"Another important orchestra conductor besides Max Bruch was [Karl Schröder II](/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_II \"Karl Schröder II\"), who served as Hofkapellmeister from 1881 to 1885 and 1890 to 1907\\. In the meantime, he was First Kapellmeister of the Royal Orchestra in Berlin and subsequently director of the Hamburg Opera. In 1883 he founded the [Conservatory](/wiki/Landesmusikakademie_Sondershausen \"Landesmusikakademie Sondershausen\") of Music in Sondershausen. He chaired the Tonkünstlerversammlung in Sondershausen in 1886\\. Its honorary president was Franz Liszt. Liszt stayed in Sondershausen for several days every year.[Musik\\- und Bergstadt Sondershausen / Loh\\-Orchester Sondershausen](http://www.sondershausen.de/de/loh-orchester.html)",
"### 20th century to the present",
"After the Second World War the orchestra was in an existential crisis. The commitment of the population and support from the authorities made it possible for it to continue to exist.\nToday the orchestra is called Loh\\-Orchester Sondershausen. The orchestra no longer bears the name \"Max Bruch Philharmonic\". It has 56 professional musicians (May 2007\\). It has been part of the Theater Nordhausen/Loh\\-Orchester Sondershausen since 1991\\. The sponsors are the cities of [Nordhausen](/wiki/Nordhausen%2C_Thuringia \"Nordhausen, Thuringia\") and [Sondershausen](/wiki/Sondershausen \"Sondershausen\") as well as the [Districts of Nordhausen](/wiki/Nordhausen_%28district%29 \"Nordhausen (district)\") and [Kyffhäuserkreis](/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4userkreis \"Kyffhäuserkreis\"). With its general [music director](/wiki/Music_director \"Music director\") Hiroaki Masuda, the orchestra toured Japan in October 2004\\.",
"The Loh Orchestra has three regular concert series: 6 symphony concerts, 3 castle concerts and 5 Loh concerts per season. In addition, New Year's concerts, concerts at the turn of the year, opera gala and carnival concerts have become a tradition. In the Theater Nordhausen it plays as a theatre orchestra.",
"From 2004 to 2016, it was [Lars Tietje](/wiki/Lars_Tietje \"Lars Tietje\") Intendant and Managing Director.",
""
] |
### From the 17th to the end of the 19th century
In the Thuringian residences of [Sondershausen](/wiki/Sondershausen "Sondershausen") and [Rudolstadt](/wiki/Rudolstadt "Rudolstadt"), a development in music began which is described as the emergence of "music courts". After 1600, the Sondershausen court had employed instrumentalists who were equal in salary to higher ecclesiastical dignitaries. In return, they had to be ready to play at any time wherever the court was. They did not yet form a court chapel, as they were closely interwoven with the duties of church music. The [vocal ensemble](/wiki/Vocal_ensemble "Vocal ensemble") in the church drew its singers from the municipal school choir. Particularly able young men were given lessons in playing string and wind instruments at the court's expense. After training, they could be accepted into the court orchestra. The leader was given the title "Fürstlicher Capellmeister".
In 1617, [Michael Praetorius](/wiki/Michael_Praetorius "Michael Praetorius") came to the court of Sondershausen and reorganised the music band. In 1619, he dedicated his *Polyhymnia exercitatrix* to it. 1619 is therefore regarded as the founding date of the Lohorchesters.Statement by [Michael Maul](/wiki/Michael_Maul "Michael Maul"), Bach\-Archiv Leipzig, quoted from {{cite web\|url\=https://www.thueringer\-allgemeine.de/kultur/musik/loh\-orchester\-aelter\-als\-bisher\-angenommen\-id219046635\.html \|title\=Loh\-Orchester älter als bisher angenommen \|work\=\[\[Thüringer Allgemeine]] \|date\=17 January 2013\|access\-date\=8 March 2021}} In 1644/1645, the first court trumpeters were employed. Their first deployment was at the consecration of the town church (St Trinitatis) in 1699 (the ensemble consisted of eight trumpeters and one army timpanist). They also had to perform as the prince's escort of honour and for "procession blowing". They were not yet included in the court chapel.
Known court conductors from the early days of the orchestra are: Johann Friedrich Holtzer (1659\), Jeremias Koch (1662\), Elias Christoph Stock (1686\). A sing\-ballet composed by Stock was a small opera with dance (ballet) under the title *In honour of the great [Pan](/wiki/Pan_%28mythology%29 "Pan (mythology)")*. The text was written by the Swedish scholar {{Ill\|Carl Gustav Heraeus\|de}}, who was employed at court. In 22 scene sections, [Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg\-Sondershausen](/wiki/Christian_William_I%2C_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen "Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen") was celebrated as Pan on his 55th birthday. He himself took on a role as a dancer. The one\-off performance was on 6 January 1702\. The sheet music no longer exists.
The orchestra's heyday began under the direction of the Sondershäuser [Johann Balthasar Christian Freißlich](/wiki/Johann_Balthasar_Christian_Frei%C3%9Flich "Johann Balthasar Christian Freißlich") (1687\-1764\). He led the chapel until 1731, then went to [Danzig](/wiki/Danzig "Danzig") as musical director of the opera. Freißlich composed [cantatas](/wiki/Cantata "Cantata"), secular festive music and an operina *The Nun in Love*.
The composer [Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel](/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel "Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel") (1690\-1749\) had applied for the post in Sondershausen after Stock's death. He did not get it, however, as Freißlich was preferred as a local. After Freißlich's departure, the prince tried to entice Stölzel away from the [Gotha](/wiki/Gotha "Gotha") court. Since he did not succeed, however, he commissioned him to write compositions, most of which were premiered in Sondershausen. Stölzel's works were preserved in Sondershausen Castle, while they were destroyed in Gotha. Stölzel's works in Sondershausen include 339 church cantatas, [Passion musics](/wiki/Passion_music "Passion music"), secular cantatas and a Passion oratorio. Much of this was composed for the Gotha court. A musical stage play in the style of an opera entitled *Irene and Apollo* was written in 1733 for the music\-savvy patron of the arts [Prince Günther I](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_XLIII%2C_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen "Günther XLIII, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen").
[thumb\|{{center\|The Loh halle of \[\[Scheppig]]}}](/wiki/File:Sondershausen_Lohhalle.jpg "Sondershausen Lohhalle.jpg")
After the death of Günther I, the "Kapellführer" changed frequently without any loss of quality in the musical life of the Sondershausen court. In addition to the commitment of the princes, citizens of the town, such as Ernst Ludwig Gerber and Hofrat Suckow, increasingly became involved in music, also due to the effects of the French Revolution. It led to [Prince Friedrich Carl I](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Friedrich_Carl_I_%28Schwarzburg-Sondershausen%29 "Günther Friedrich Carl I (Schwarzburg-Sondershausen)") allowing the general public to attend public concerts from 1806\.
The clarinettist [Johann Simon Hermstedt](/wiki/Johann_Simon_Hermstedt "Johann Simon Hermstedt") (1778\-1846\) had formed the [hautboist](/wiki/Hautboist "Hautboist") corps of 12 musicians from the princely guard music corps in 1801\. They played music in military uniform in the Lohpark in the so\-called "half moon", a spot south of the later Lohhalle. By redesigning the entire square, the "Loh\-Halle" was built in 1837\. It served as a concert venue until 1967 and was demolished in 1971\. Today, it would no longer be usable for concerts because of the long\-distance road [B4](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_4 "Bundesstraße 4") behind it.
The musicians of the Hermstedt Hautboistenkorps were masters not only of wind instruments but also of strings. Their participation in the court orchestra raised its musical level. At the beginning of the 19th century, the court orchestra was staffed not only with professional musicians, but also with capable amateurs from the middle classes and the civil service. It was not until the 1840s that the court orchestra consisted exclusively of professional musicians.
The demands of musical theatre played an essential role in the development of the "Princely Chapel". Opera performances were also held here and there in the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the repertoire included operas by [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart"), [Luigi Cherubini](/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini "Luigi Cherubini"), Dittersdorf and [Carl Maria von Weber](/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber "Carl Maria von Weber"). After opera performances had always taken place in temporary rooms, Prince Carl Günther I had a court theatre built next to the palace in 1825\. From 1825 to 1830 there were 295 opera performances.
Court conductor [Eduard Stein](/wiki/Eduard_Stein "Eduard Stein") from {{Ill\|Kleinschirma\|de}} near [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg "Freiberg") in Saxony has merits in concert music, but especially in opera music. He popularised the compositions of [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner") and [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt").
Important singers from major German cities gave guest performances. The orchestra with its concert performances and the theatre as an opera stage became a household name throughout Germany.
The directors of the Hofkapelle after Stein were: Friedrich Marpurg (1864\), Adolf Blaßmann (1865\), [Max Bruch](/wiki/Max_Bruch "Max Bruch") (1867\-1870\), especially in theatre service [Max Erdmannsdörfer](/wiki/Max_Erdmannsd%C3%B6rfer "Max Erdmannsdörfer") (1871\-1880\).
Wagner's *Flying Dutchman* became an outstanding success in 1871\. The singer of *Erik* later became Heldentenor at the Vienna Court Opera.
In 1891, 23 opera productions were staged, including *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)")*, *[Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio "Fidelio")* and *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 "Lohengrin (opera)")*.
Another important orchestra conductor besides Max Bruch was [Karl Schröder II](/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_II "Karl Schröder II"), who served as Hofkapellmeister from 1881 to 1885 and 1890 to 1907\. In the meantime, he was First Kapellmeister of the Royal Orchestra in Berlin and subsequently director of the Hamburg Opera. In 1883 he founded the [Conservatory](/wiki/Landesmusikakademie_Sondershausen "Landesmusikakademie Sondershausen") of Music in Sondershausen. He chaired the Tonkünstlerversammlung in Sondershausen in 1886\. Its honorary president was Franz Liszt. Liszt stayed in Sondershausen for several days every year.[Musik\- und Bergstadt Sondershausen / Loh\-Orchester Sondershausen](http://www.sondershausen.de/de/loh-orchester.html)
|
[
"### From the 17th to the end of the 19th century",
"In the Thuringian residences of [Sondershausen](/wiki/Sondershausen \"Sondershausen\") and [Rudolstadt](/wiki/Rudolstadt \"Rudolstadt\"), a development in music began which is described as the emergence of \"music courts\". After 1600, the Sondershausen court had employed instrumentalists who were equal in salary to higher ecclesiastical dignitaries. In return, they had to be ready to play at any time wherever the court was. They did not yet form a court chapel, as they were closely interwoven with the duties of church music. The [vocal ensemble](/wiki/Vocal_ensemble \"Vocal ensemble\") in the church drew its singers from the municipal school choir. Particularly able young men were given lessons in playing string and wind instruments at the court's expense. After training, they could be accepted into the court orchestra. The leader was given the title \"Fürstlicher Capellmeister\".",
"In 1617, [Michael Praetorius](/wiki/Michael_Praetorius \"Michael Praetorius\") came to the court of Sondershausen and reorganised the music band. In 1619, he dedicated his *Polyhymnia exercitatrix* to it. 1619 is therefore regarded as the founding date of the Lohorchesters.Statement by [Michael Maul](/wiki/Michael_Maul \"Michael Maul\"), Bach\\-Archiv Leipzig, quoted from {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thueringer\\-allgemeine.de/kultur/musik/loh\\-orchester\\-aelter\\-als\\-bisher\\-angenommen\\-id219046635\\.html \\|title\\=Loh\\-Orchester älter als bisher angenommen \\|work\\=\\[\\[Thüringer Allgemeine]] \\|date\\=17 January 2013\\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2021}} In 1644/1645, the first court trumpeters were employed. Their first deployment was at the consecration of the town church (St Trinitatis) in 1699 (the ensemble consisted of eight trumpeters and one army timpanist). They also had to perform as the prince's escort of honour and for \"procession blowing\". They were not yet included in the court chapel.",
"Known court conductors from the early days of the orchestra are: Johann Friedrich Holtzer (1659\\), Jeremias Koch (1662\\), Elias Christoph Stock (1686\\). A sing\\-ballet composed by Stock was a small opera with dance (ballet) under the title *In honour of the great [Pan](/wiki/Pan_%28mythology%29 \"Pan (mythology)\")*. The text was written by the Swedish scholar {{Ill\\|Carl Gustav Heraeus\\|de}}, who was employed at court. In 22 scene sections, [Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg\\-Sondershausen](/wiki/Christian_William_I%2C_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen \"Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen\") was celebrated as Pan on his 55th birthday. He himself took on a role as a dancer. The one\\-off performance was on 6 January 1702\\. The sheet music no longer exists.",
"The orchestra's heyday began under the direction of the Sondershäuser [Johann Balthasar Christian Freißlich](/wiki/Johann_Balthasar_Christian_Frei%C3%9Flich \"Johann Balthasar Christian Freißlich\") (1687\\-1764\\). He led the chapel until 1731, then went to [Danzig](/wiki/Danzig \"Danzig\") as musical director of the opera. Freißlich composed [cantatas](/wiki/Cantata \"Cantata\"), secular festive music and an operina *The Nun in Love*.\nThe composer [Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel](/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel \"Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel\") (1690\\-1749\\) had applied for the post in Sondershausen after Stock's death. He did not get it, however, as Freißlich was preferred as a local. After Freißlich's departure, the prince tried to entice Stölzel away from the [Gotha](/wiki/Gotha \"Gotha\") court. Since he did not succeed, however, he commissioned him to write compositions, most of which were premiered in Sondershausen. Stölzel's works were preserved in Sondershausen Castle, while they were destroyed in Gotha. Stölzel's works in Sondershausen include 339 church cantatas, [Passion musics](/wiki/Passion_music \"Passion music\"), secular cantatas and a Passion oratorio. Much of this was composed for the Gotha court. A musical stage play in the style of an opera entitled *Irene and Apollo* was written in 1733 for the music\\-savvy patron of the arts [Prince Günther I](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_XLIII%2C_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen \"Günther XLIII, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen\").",
"[thumb\\|{{center\\|The Loh halle of \\[\\[Scheppig]]}}](/wiki/File:Sondershausen_Lohhalle.jpg \"Sondershausen Lohhalle.jpg\")\nAfter the death of Günther I, the \"Kapellführer\" changed frequently without any loss of quality in the musical life of the Sondershausen court. In addition to the commitment of the princes, citizens of the town, such as Ernst Ludwig Gerber and Hofrat Suckow, increasingly became involved in music, also due to the effects of the French Revolution. It led to [Prince Friedrich Carl I](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Friedrich_Carl_I_%28Schwarzburg-Sondershausen%29 \"Günther Friedrich Carl I (Schwarzburg-Sondershausen)\") allowing the general public to attend public concerts from 1806\\.",
"The clarinettist [Johann Simon Hermstedt](/wiki/Johann_Simon_Hermstedt \"Johann Simon Hermstedt\") (1778\\-1846\\) had formed the [hautboist](/wiki/Hautboist \"Hautboist\") corps of 12 musicians from the princely guard music corps in 1801\\. They played music in military uniform in the Lohpark in the so\\-called \"half moon\", a spot south of the later Lohhalle. By redesigning the entire square, the \"Loh\\-Halle\" was built in 1837\\. It served as a concert venue until 1967 and was demolished in 1971\\. Today, it would no longer be usable for concerts because of the long\\-distance road [B4](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_4 \"Bundesstraße 4\") behind it.\nThe musicians of the Hermstedt Hautboistenkorps were masters not only of wind instruments but also of strings. Their participation in the court orchestra raised its musical level. At the beginning of the 19th century, the court orchestra was staffed not only with professional musicians, but also with capable amateurs from the middle classes and the civil service. It was not until the 1840s that the court orchestra consisted exclusively of professional musicians.",
"The demands of musical theatre played an essential role in the development of the \"Princely Chapel\". Opera performances were also held here and there in the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the repertoire included operas by [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\"), [Luigi Cherubini](/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini \"Luigi Cherubini\"), Dittersdorf and [Carl Maria von Weber](/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber \"Carl Maria von Weber\"). After opera performances had always taken place in temporary rooms, Prince Carl Günther I had a court theatre built next to the palace in 1825\\. From 1825 to 1830 there were 295 opera performances.",
"Court conductor [Eduard Stein](/wiki/Eduard_Stein \"Eduard Stein\") from {{Ill\\|Kleinschirma\\|de}} near [Freiberg](/wiki/Freiberg \"Freiberg\") in Saxony has merits in concert music, but especially in opera music. He popularised the compositions of [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\") and [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt \"Franz Liszt\"). \nImportant singers from major German cities gave guest performances. The orchestra with its concert performances and the theatre as an opera stage became a household name throughout Germany.\nThe directors of the Hofkapelle after Stein were: Friedrich Marpurg (1864\\), Adolf Blaßmann (1865\\), [Max Bruch](/wiki/Max_Bruch \"Max Bruch\") (1867\\-1870\\), especially in theatre service [Max Erdmannsdörfer](/wiki/Max_Erdmannsd%C3%B6rfer \"Max Erdmannsdörfer\") (1871\\-1880\\).\nWagner's *Flying Dutchman* became an outstanding success in 1871\\. The singer of *Erik* later became Heldentenor at the Vienna Court Opera.\nIn 1891, 23 opera productions were staged, including *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\")*, *[Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio \"Fidelio\")* and *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 \"Lohengrin (opera)\")*.",
"Another important orchestra conductor besides Max Bruch was [Karl Schröder II](/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_II \"Karl Schröder II\"), who served as Hofkapellmeister from 1881 to 1885 and 1890 to 1907\\. In the meantime, he was First Kapellmeister of the Royal Orchestra in Berlin and subsequently director of the Hamburg Opera. In 1883 he founded the [Conservatory](/wiki/Landesmusikakademie_Sondershausen \"Landesmusikakademie Sondershausen\") of Music in Sondershausen. He chaired the Tonkünstlerversammlung in Sondershausen in 1886\\. Its honorary president was Franz Liszt. Liszt stayed in Sondershausen for several days every year.[Musik\\- und Bergstadt Sondershausen / Loh\\-Orchester Sondershausen](http://www.sondershausen.de/de/loh-orchester.html)",
""
] |
History
-------
### Kingdom of Armenia
{{Main\|Syunik (historic province)}}
{{more citations needed section\|date\=August 2017}}
[thumb\|[Baghaberd](/wiki/Baghaberd "Baghaberd") fortress of the 4th century](/wiki/File:Baghaberd.jpg "Baghaberd.jpg")
Inscriptions found in the region around [Lake Sevan](/wiki/Lake_Sevan "Lake Sevan") attributed to King [Artaxias I](/wiki/Artaxias_I "Artaxias I") confirm that the [historic province of Syunik](/wiki/Syunik_%28historic_province%29 "Syunik (historic province)") was part of the [Artaxiad Kingdom of Armenia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28Antiquity%29 "Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity)") during the 2nd century BC.Borisov, A. Ia, "Inscriptions of Artaxia (Artashes), King of Armenia, 1946, No 2"Perikhanyan, A. G. ["Арамейская надпись из Зангезура \[Aramian Inscription from Zangezur]"](http://hpj.asj-oa.am/849/1/1965-4(107).pdf), Historical\-Philological Magazine, 1965, No 4\.
The first dynasty to rule Syunik was the [Siunia dynasty](/wiki/Siunia_dynasty "Siunia dynasty"), beginning in the 1st century. The first known *[nakharar](/wiki/Nakharar "Nakharar")* ruler was Valinak Siak (c. 330\) and his successor was his brother Andok or Andovk (Antiochus, c. 340\). In 379, Babik (Bagben) the son of Andok, was re\-established as a *nakharar* by the [Mamikonian](/wiki/Mamikonian "Mamikonian") family. Babik had a sister called [Pharantzem](/wiki/Pharantzem "Pharantzem") who had married the [Arsacid Prince](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia") [Gnel](/wiki/Gnel_of_Armenia "Gnel of Armenia"), nephew of the Armenian King [Arsaces II (Arshak II)](/wiki/Arshak_II "Arshak II") and later married Arsaces II as her second husband. Babik's rule lasted for less than ten years and by about 386 or 387, Dara was deposed by the [Sassanid Empire](/wiki/Sassanid_Empire "Sassanid Empire").{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
Valinak (c. 400–409\) was followed by Vasak (409–452\). Vasak had two sons: Babik (Bagben), Bakur and a daughter who married Vasak's successor, Varazvahan (452–472\). Varazvahan's son Gelehon ruled from 470 to 477, who died in 483\. Babik (Bagben) the brother of Varazvahan became the new *nakharar* in 477\. Hadz the brother of Gelehon died on 25 September 482\. The Syunik Province was later governed by Vahan (c. 570\), Philip (Philipo, c. 580\), Stephen (Stephanos, c. 590–597\), Sahak (Isaac, c. 597\) and Grigor (Gregory, until 640\).{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
### Medieval Syunik
{{more citations needed section\|date\=August 2017}}
[thumb\|[Tatev Monastery](/wiki/Tatev_Monastery "Tatev Monastery"), 8th century](/wiki/File:Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg "Tatev Monastery from a distance.jpg")
A dynasty was formed, governed by a branch of the [Bagratuni](/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty "Bagratuni dynasty"), with minor vassal princes from one or more previous dynasties. [Vasak III](/wiki/Vasak_III "Vasak III") (c. 800\) suffered an assault from the [emir](/wiki/Emir "Emir") of [Manazkert](/wiki/Malazgirt "Malazgirt"), Sevada. He established a garrison in [Chalat](/wiki/Ahlat "Ahlat"), in the district of [Dzoluk](/wiki/Dzoluk "Dzoluk"). He then called for help from the Persian revolutionary chief [Babak Khorramdin](/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin "Babak Khorramdin"), who married a daughter of the king.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
After the death of Vasak III in 821, Babak inherited the country that revolted against him. Babak suppressed the revolt but was harassed by both Muslims and Armenians. Finally, he abdicated and the children of Vasak, Philip and Sahak, regained power. Philip controlled over eastern Syunik, including the cantons of the *Vayots Dzor* and *Baghk*. Sahak governed the western canton of Syunik, known as *Gegharkunik*.
In 826, Sahak allied with his ancient enemy – Sevada, the Qaisite emir of Manazkert – against the governor of [Caliph](/wiki/Caliph "Caliph"), but he was defeated and died in [Kavakert](/wiki/Kavakert "Kavakert"). His son [Grigor\-Sufan](/wiki/Grigor-Sufan "Grigor-Sufan") succeeded him as prince of Western Syunik. In the Eastern region, Philipo died on 10 August 848\. He was succeeded by three children ([Babgen](/wiki/Babgen "Babgen"), [Vasak\-Ichkhanik](/wiki/Vasak-Ichkhanik "Vasak-Ichkhanik") and [Achot](/wiki/Achot "Achot")) that ruled jointly. Babgen fought with Grigor\-Sufan and killed him (sometime in 849–851\) but Babgen died shortly after (851\) and Vasak\-Ichkhanik (Vasak IV) followed him. Vasak\-Ichkhanik had peaceful relations with [Vasak\-Gabor](/wiki/Vasak-Gabor "Vasak-Gabor"), who had ascended to the throne of Western Syunik, replacing his father Grigor\-Sufan. [Nerseh Pilippean](/wiki/Nerseh_Pilippean "Nerseh Pilippean"), brother of Babgen, directed (822–23\){{Cite web\|url\=https://iranicaonline.org/\|title\=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica\|first\=Encyclopaedia Iranica\|last\=Foundation\|website\=iranicaonline.org}} an expedition to [Aghuania](/wiki/Caucasian_Albania "Caucasian Albania") defeating and killing the prince [Varaz\-Terdat II](/wiki/Varaz-Terdat_II "Varaz-Terdat II") (of the Persian dynasty [Mihrakane](/wiki/Mihranids "Mihranids") of Aghuania) in Morgog. A general sent by the [Caliph](/wiki/Caliph "Caliph"), [Bugha al\-Kabir](/wiki/Bugha_al-Kabir "Bugha al-Kabir"), destroyed Armenia and Aghuania in these years and sent a detachment to Eastern Syunik where was governing Vasak IV with his brother Achot. The people of Syunik were sheltered in the fortress of Balq, but Vasak fled to Kotaiq, and was pursued to the region of [Gardman](/wiki/Gardman "Gardman") on the eastern border of [Lake Sevan](/wiki/Lake_Sevan "Lake Sevan"). Gardman's prince (ichkhan) Ketridj or Ketritchn betrayed him and delivered him to Bogha (859\). Achot was also seized (859\). But Bogha invaded Gardman and imprisoned Kertridj. He then went to Outi where he captured the prince of [Sevordiq](/wiki/Sevordiq "Sevordiq"), Stephannos Kun.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
[thumb\|upright\=1\.15\|Syunik and Artsakh until the 9th century](/wiki/File:Arcax.jpg "Arcax.jpg")
The [Caliphate](/wiki/Caliphate "Caliphate") tried to control all these regions, and for this reason, Bogha decided to repopulate the city of [Chamkor](/wiki/Shamkir_%28city%29 "Shamkir (city)") in the [Kura River](/wiki/Kura_%28Caspian_Sea%29 "Kura (Caspian Sea)") with Muslims. Chamkor, being near [Barda](/wiki/Barda%2C_Azerbaijan "Barda, Azerbaijan") and [Ganja](/wiki/Ganja_%28city%29 "Ganja (city)"), was intended to act as a regional monitoring post. By order of the new Caliph in 862, the imprisoned princes were to be released and allowed to return to their former domains on the condition of becoming Muslim. (However, they all abandoned Islam after their return.){{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
The prince of Western Syunik, Vasak\-Gabor, was married to a daughter of the Bagratid prince [Ashot the Great](/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia "Ashot I of Armenia") named Miriam and received the title of Ichkhan from the Syunik people – delivered to him by Ashot in name of the Caliph. His successor was his son, Grigor\-Sufan II (887–909\). The prince of Eastern Syunik, Vasak IV, died around 887 and was followed by his brother [Achot](/wiki/Achot "Achot") who died c. 906\.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
[thumb\|left\|Bas\-relief of an angel (Siwnik, 10th century AD sandstone).](/wiki/File:Bas-relief_of_an_angel_%28Siwnik%2C_10th_century_AD_sandstone%29.jpg "Bas-relief of an angel (Siwnik, 10th century AD sandstone).jpg")
The son of Vasak IV, Sembat, that received the [fiefdom](/wiki/Fiefdom "Fiefdom") from Vayots Dzor. [Chahaponk](/wiki/C%C9%99hri "Cəhri") (Jahuk) governed from 887 until sometime after 920\. He revolted in 903 against the Bagratid [Sembat I](/wiki/Sembat_I "Sembat I"), refusing to pay him taxes. Because of this, he was assaulted by the prince of [Vaspurakan](/wiki/Vaspurakan "Vaspurakan"), Sargis\-Ashot. Sembat submitted, was forgiven and married to the sister of the prince of Vaspurakan, receiving the city and district of [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_%28city%29 "Nakhchivan (city)"), which in 902 was upset with the [Kaysites](/wiki/Kaysites "Kaysites") or Qaisids.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
A few years later, the prince allied with the emir of [Sadjid](/wiki/Sadjid "Sadjid"), Yusuf, against Eastern Syunik, which they invaded together. Sembat was sheltered in the fortress of [Erendchak](/wiki/Erendchak "Erendchak") (today [Alinja](/wiki/Alinja "Alinja"), northeast of Nakhchivan) and Yusuf remained owner of Eastern Syunik. Sembat requested refuge from his brother\-in\-law [Khatchik\-Gagik](/wiki/Khatchik_Gagik_III_Ardzuni "Khatchik Gagik III Ardzuni"), which was granted. In the same year (909\), the prince of Western Syunik, Grigor Sufan II, submitted to the emir Yusuf in [Dwin](/wiki/Dvin_%28ancient_city%29 "Dvin (ancient city)"). Only [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") movements and the withdrawal of the Sadjids permitted him to recover the throne sometime later. Sembat, with his three brothers Sahak, Babgen, and Vasak, governed again. Also in Western Syunik, Sahak, Ashot and Vasak, brothers of Grigor\-Sufan II, were governing the country. After them the dynasty of Western Syunik became extinct and the territory was subsumed by the Muslims.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
[thumb\|[Vorotnavank](/wiki/Vorotnavank "Vorotnavank") monastic complex of the 10\-11th centuries{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tert.am/am/news/2011/08/30/church2/338302\|title\=Մասնակի վերականգնվել և ամրակայվել է Որոտնավանքի Սբ. Կարապետ եկեղեցու որմնանկարը\|website\=www.tert.am\|access\-date\=12 June 2022\|archive\-date\=11 July 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711215400/https://www.tert.am/am/news/2011/08/30/church2/338302\|url\-status\=dead}}](/wiki/File:Vorotnavank_Monastery_2011-2.jpg "Vorotnavank Monastery 2011-2.jpg")
The eastern part remained divided: Sembat, which had the main title, governed the western part of the Eastern Syunik with the Vayots Dzor, bordered by Vaspurakan. Sahak governed the eastern part until the river [Hakar](/wiki/Hakar "Hakar"). Babgen governed the district of the Baghk, and Vasak (who died in 922\) an indeterminate territory. Nasr, the emir of [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan "Iranian Azerbaijan"), captured territory through [perfidy](/wiki/Perfidy "Perfidy") against Babgen and Sahak in Dwin. After the invasion, Sembat unseated Nasr and obtained the freedom of his brothers. Sembat was followed by his son Vasak, and Sahak in turn by his son Sembat. Vasak received the royal title from the Muslims at the end of his reign, which lasted until 963\.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
The throne was inherited by his nephew Sembat (963–998\) who was recognized as king by the emirs of Tauris and of [Arran](/wiki/Arran_%28Azerbaijan%29 "Arran (Azerbaijan)"). He was married to the princess of Aghuania, [Chahandoukht](/wiki/Chahandoukht "Chahandoukht"). At his death, he was followed by Vasak (c. 998–1019\). Vasak was succeeded by two nephews (the children of his sister and a Prince Achot) called Sembat and Grigor (1019–1084\).{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}} During his periods Syunik was vassal of [Great Seljuk Empire](/wiki/Great_Seljuk_Empire "Great Seljuk Empire"). Grigor was married with the princess Chahandoukht, daughter of [Sevada of Aghuania](/wiki/Sevada_of_Aghuania "Sevada of Aghuania"). The only successor to the two princes, was a daughter of Grigor's called [Chahandoukht](/wiki/Chahandoukht_the_daughter "Chahandoukht the daughter"). Rule passed to the prince of Aghuania, [Seneqerim Ioan](/wiki/Seneqerim_Ioan "Seneqerim Ioan") who governed both territories from 1084 until his death in 1105\.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}} Seneqerim Ioan was followed by his son [Grigor of Syunik and Aghuania](/wiki/Grigor_of_Syunik_and_Aghuania "Grigor of Syunik and Aghuania"), who governed until 1166 when the country was conquered by the [Seljuq](/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty "Seljuq dynasty") Turks. It was ruled by Seljuks of [Hamadan](/wiki/Hamadan "Hamadan"), [Atabegs of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Atabegs_of_Azerbaijan "Atabegs of Azerbaijan"), [Kingdom of Georgia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia "Kingdom of Georgia"), [Khwarezmshahs](/wiki/Khwarezmid_Empire "Khwarezmid Empire"), [Ilkhanate](/wiki/Ilkhanate "Ilkhanate"), [Chupanids](/wiki/Chupanids "Chupanids"), [Jalayirids](/wiki/Jalayirids "Jalayirids"), [Kara Koyunlu](/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu "Kara Koyunlu"), [Timurid Empire](/wiki/Timurid_Empire "Timurid Empire") and [Aq Qoyunlu](/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu "Aq Qoyunlu") successively before Safavid rule.
[thumb\|[Kingdom of Syunik](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik "Kingdom of Syunik"), 1020\-1166](/wiki/File:The_Kingdom_of_Syounik-Baghk%2C_1020-1166.gif "The Kingdom of Syounik-Baghk, 1020-1166.gif")
Later, the [Orbelian dynasty](/wiki/Orbelian_dynasty "Orbelian dynasty"), one of whose members wrote an important history of the country, governed Syunik in times of [Timur](/wiki/Timur "Timur") (Tamerlan) as vassals.
### Iranian rule
Between the middle of the 18th century and early in the 19th century, the Syunik was part of the [Karabakh khanate](/wiki/Karabakh_khanate "Karabakh khanate") of the [Safavid Empire](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty "Safavid dynasty"). It was also ruled by the Ottomans between 1578 and 1606 and again between 1722 and 1736\.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2016}}
By the beginning of the 18th century, Syunik was associated with the Armenian military leader [David Bek](/wiki/David_Bek "David Bek"), who led the liberation campaign of the Armenians of Syunik against [Safavid Persia](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty "Safavid dynasty") and the invading Ottoman Turks. David Bek started his battles in 1722 with the help of thousands of local Armenian patriots who liberated Syunik.{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.abp.am/armenia/city/kapan/
\| script\-title \= ru:Капан
\| publisher \= abp.am
\| language \= ru
\| access\-date \= 28 August 2009
}} The centre of David Bek's struggle was the [Baghaberd](/wiki/Baghaberd "Baghaberd") Fortress northwest of Kapan and [Halidzor Fortress](/wiki/Halidzor_Fortress "Halidzor Fortress") southwest of Kapan where he died in 1728\.
### Imperial Russian rule
[thumb\|Syunik becomes part of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") as per the [Treaty of Gulistan](/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan "Treaty of Gulistan") signed in 1813](/wiki/File:Gulistan-Treaty.jpg "Gulistan-Treaty.jpg")
[thumb\|Melik Tangi Bridge of 1855 near Sisian](/wiki/File:Meliq_Tangi_bridge_3.jpg "Meliq Tangi bridge 3.jpg")
Following the [Russo\-Persian War of 1804–13](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804%E2%80%9313%29 "Russo-Persian War (1804–13)"), Syunik \-along with the rest of [Karabakh Khanate](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate "Karabakh Khanate")\- passed into [Imperial Russian](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") possession, officially signed in the [Treaty of Gulistan](/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan "Treaty of Gulistan") in 1813\. The khanate was abolished by the Russian government in 1822\. The region was divided between the [Erivan Governorate](/wiki/Erivan_Governorate "Erivan Governorate"), and [Baku Governorate](/wiki/Baku_Governorate "Baku Governorate") (known as *Shemakha Governorate* until 1859\). When the [Elisabethpol Governorate](/wiki/Elisabethpol_Governorate "Elisabethpol Governorate") was established in 1868, the region became part of the [Zangezursky Uyezd](/wiki/Zangezursky_Uyezd "Zangezursky Uyezd"), with its administration based in the town of [Geryusy](/wiki/Goris "Goris") starting from 1870\.[1906 Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary](http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/040/40953.htm), "Зангезурский уезд" article.
According to the official census of the Russian Empire in 1897, the total population of Zangezursky Uyezd was 137,971, with 51\.6% of them were Caucasian Tatars and 46,1% were Armenians.Audrey L. Altstadt. The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Hoover Press, 1992\. {{ISBN\|0\-8179\-9182\-4}}, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8179\-9182\-1}}
The beginning of 20th century saw an outbreak in ethnic tensions between the Armenian and Tatar populations in the Caucasus, culminating in the [Armenian\-Tatar massacres](/wiki/Armenian-Tatar_massacres "Armenian-Tatar massacres"). Clashes occurred in Nakhchivan and Sharur\-Daralgez uyezdy of the Erevan gubernia and in [Zangezur](/wiki/Zangezur "Zangezur"), Shusha and Javanshir uezdy of Elizavetpol gubernia in 1905\. According to Armenian sources 128 Armenian and 158 Azerbaijanian villages were "pillaged or destroyed" while the overall estimates of lives lost vary widely, ranging from 3,000 to 10,000, with Muslims suffering higher losses.[Tadeusz Swietochowski](/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski "Tadeusz Swietochowski"). *Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition*. Columbia University Press, 1995\. {{ISBN\|0\-231\-07068\-3}}, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-231\-07068\-3}} During these events, the Armenians of Syunik were massacred "without distinction of sex or age" by Azeri forces, and children were mutilated.{{cite news
\| title \= Dispatch from St. Petersberg, Wednesday, Sept. 13
\| work \= \[\[The New York Times]]
\| date \= 13 September 1905
\| page \= 4
\| quote \= A holy war has been proclaimed in the Caucasian districts of Zangezur and Jebrail, where Tartars are massacring the Armenians without distinction of sex or age...Dispatches say that mutilated children were thrown to the dogs and that the few survivors were forced to embrace Islam
}}
Tensions were accelerated with the collapse of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"). The region fell under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the [Russian Provisional Government](/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government "Russian Provisional Government") and subsequently the short\-lived [Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic"). When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Zangezur, [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic "Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic"), and [Nagorno\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh "Nagorno-Karabakh") became heavily contested between the newly formed and short\-lived states of the [Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia "First Republic of Armenia") and the [Azerbaijan Democratic Republic](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic"). At the time, Syunik had an Armenian majority of 350,000 and a Muslim population of 180,000\.{{cite news
\| title \= Georgians Hold Up Tartar's Advance
\| work \= \[\[The New York Times]]
\| date \= 15 May 1920
\| page \= 14
}} According to [Thomas de Waal](/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal "Thomas de Waal"), the dispute over Syunik resulted in the displacement of region's Caucasian Tatar minority through direct military action by Armenian guerrilla commanders [Andranik](/wiki/Andranik "Andranik"),[Thomas de Waal](/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal "Thomas de Waal"). *Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War*. New York: New York University Press, pp. 129\. {{ISBN\|0\-8147\-1945\-7}} [Rouben Ter Minassian](/wiki/Rouben_Ter_Minassian "Rouben Ter Minassian")[The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction](https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRkGNoEPFwC&dq=The+Great+Game+of+Genocide:+Imperialism,+Nationalism,+and+the+Destruction+of+...+By+Donald+Bloxham&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0) by Donald Bloxham. Oxford University Press: 2005, pp.103–105 and later [Garegin Nzhdeh](/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh "Garegin Nzhdeh").{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1\.htm
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071030124321/http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1\.htm
\| archive\-date \= 30 October 2007
\| title \= Garegin Nzhdeh and the KGB: Report of Interrogation of Ohannes Hakopovich Devedjian
\| date \= 28 August 1947
\| url\-status \= dead
\| access\-date \= 9 August 2012
\| language \= ru
}}
### Republic of Armenia
[thumb\|upright\=1\.15\|The [Republic of Mountainous Armenia](/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia "Republic of Mountainous Armenia") in 1921, mainly occupying present\-day Syunik](/wiki/File:Mountainous_Armenia_1921.png "Mountainous Armenia 1921.png")
Between 1918 and 1920 Syunik was included in the short\-lived [Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia "First Republic of Armenia"). After the Sovietization of Armenia, Syunik became the main centre of the resistance against the Bolsheviks, thus becoming part of the unrecognized [Republic of Mountainous Armenia](/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia "Republic of Mountainous Armenia"). The city of [Goris](/wiki/Goris "Goris") became the capital of the unrecognized state, and [Garegin Nzhdeh](/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh "Garegin Nzhdeh") was chosen as prime minister and minister of defence. Later, in July, [Simon Vratsian](/wiki/Simon_Vratsian "Simon Vratsian") took the office as prime minister while Nzhdeh became the governor and the general commander. Nzhdeh actively engaged in expelling the 3/5th [Azerbaijani](/wiki/Azerbaijanis "Azerbaijanis") population of Zangezur.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030124321/http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1\.htm \|archive\-date\=2007\-10\-30 \|title\=Garegin Nzhdeh and the KGB: Report of Interrogation of Ohannes Hakopovich Devedjian \|date\=August 28, 1947 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=July 18, 2012\|language\=ru}}
Between April and July 1921, the Red Army conducted massive military operations in the region, attacking Syunik from the north and east. After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921 following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia. After the conflict, Garegin Nzhdeh, his soldiers, and many prominent Armenian intellectuals, including leaders of the [Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia "First Republic of Armenia"), crossed the [border](/wiki/Armenia-Iran_border "Armenia-Iran border") into the neighbouring city of [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz "Tabriz") in Persia. Thus, Syunik became part of the [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic") in July 1921\.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2021}}
### Soviet Syunik
[thumb\|upright\=1\.35\|[World War](/wiki/World_War "World War") II memorial near Kapan built during the 1970s](/wiki/File:%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%9D_%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB.jpg "Հուշարձան՝ Երկրորդ աշխարհամարտում զոհվածների.jpg")
Armenian forces eventually secured the region but their efforts were in vain when the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolshevik "Bolshevik"), successful in the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War"), pushed deep into the Caucasus. Syunik was one of the last major holdouts of the independent Armenian state whose leaders were eventually expelled by incoming Soviet authorities to Iran. During [Sovietization](/wiki/Sovietization "Sovietization"), Syunik became part of Soviet Armenia, while the two other disputed territories, Nakhchivan and Nagorno\-Karabakh became part of Soviet Azerbaijan. It then became part of Armenia under the [Transcaucasian SFSR](/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR "Transcaucasian SFSR") and part of the [Armenian SSR](/wiki/Armenian_SSR "Armenian SSR") in 1936\. Under Soviet rule, Syunik suffered a devastating earthquake in April 1931, leaving 80% of its villages destroyed.{{cite news
\| title \= 392 Dead in Quake on Soviet Frontier
\| work \= \[\[The New York Times]]
\| date \= 30 April 1931
\| page \= 10
}} A subsequent earthquake hit the region in May during the same year, destroying 27 of 38 villages in the [Sisian](/wiki/Sisian "Sisian") district.{{cite news
\| title \= Armenian Quake a Major Disaster
\| work \= \[\[The New York Times]]
\| date \= 6 May 1931
\| page \= 9
}}
As an administrative unit, modern\-day Syunik was divided into the raions of Meghri, Kapan, Goris and Sisian.
Despite the region's troubled early years in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), it gradually began to recover with much of the area's infrastructure rebuilt and improved. During the Soviet era, Syunik was noted as a source of metal and ore production.{{cite news
\| title \= Soviet is Raising Output of Key Ore
\| work \= \[\[The New York Times]]
\| date \= 23 May 1963
\| page \= 68
}} However, the region was shaken by the renewal of the conflict over Nagorno\-Karabakh with neighbouring Azerbaijan. In 1987–1989, the remaining Azeri inhabitants fled the region as a result of interethnic violence.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA\-64CCDE?OpenDocument\|title\=Situation of refugees and displaced persons in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia\|date\=4 June 2002 }}Thomas de Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. NYU Press; 2004\. This exodus of Azeri population made Syunik and Armenia, in general, more homogeneous.
### Independence of Armenia
[thumb\|[Garegin Nzhdeh](/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh "Garegin Nzhdeh")'s memorial near Kapan, opened in 2001](/wiki/File:%D4%B3%D4%B1%D5%90%D4%B5%D4%B3%D4%BB%D5%86_%D5%86%D4%BA%D4%B4%D4%B5%D5%80%2C_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG "ԳԱՐԵԳԻՆ ՆԺԴԵՀ, Կապան.JPG")
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Syunik has been a constituent part of the Republic of Armenia. After the independence of Armenia, the 4 rayons of Soviet Syunik were merged during the 1995 administrative reform to form the Syunik Province with the town of Kapan as the provincial capital.
Being the republic's southernmost province, it has gained a strategic and economic importance for Armenia. The border with Iran enhanced the export of vital energy resources from Armenia to Iran and other regions. Recently, a new 140\-kilometer\-long [Armenia\-Iran pipeline](/wiki/Iran-Armenia_Natural_Gas_Pipeline "Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline") has been opened, projected to supply Armenia with up to 1\.1 billion m3 of gas per year until 2019, when the target of the supply is expected to rise to 2\.3 billion m3 annually."{{cite news
\| title \= Georgia Shows Interest in Iran\-Armenia Pipeline
\| publisher \= EurasiaNet
\| date \= 12 April 2007
\| url \= http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/business/articles/eav041207\.shtml
\| access\-date \= 21 June 2007
}} The new pipeline attracted Armenia's northern neighbor Georgia, seeking to lessen its dependence on energy from Russia.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2021}}
In 2000, an old cemetery was found between the villages of Kornidzor and Khndzoresk near Goris. It was built during the [Kara Koyunlu](/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu "Kara Koyunlu") rule.{{cite news
\|title \= The Historical Heritage Of Gara Goyunly Dynasty in Armenia
\|publisher \= ASIMED
\|date \= 1 June 2008
\|url \= http://www.soykirimvetarih.org/turkizi.html
\|access\-date \= 4 August 2008
\|archive\-date \= 19 March 2008
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080319070410/http://www.soykirimvetarih.org/turkizi.html
\|url\-status \= dead
}}
As a result of the [2020 Nagorno\-Karabakh War](/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war "2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war"), the territories to the east of Syunik, which had been under Armenian control since the [First Nagorno\-Karabakh War](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "First Nagorno-Karabakh War"), came under Azerbaijani control, lengthening the province's border with Azerbaijan and creating fears about the province's security.{{Cite web\|url\=https://oc\-media.org/features/after\-the\-fighting\-uncertainty\-reigns\-in\-armenias\-borderlands/\|title\=After the fighting, uncertainty reigns in Armenia's borderlands}}{{Cite web\|last\=Hauer\|first\=Neil\|date\=2021\-01\-13 \|title\=The New Old Frontier: Demarcation Sparks Tensions As Azerbaijani Control Returns Along Southern Armenian Border\|website\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty \|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia\-azerbaijan\-border\-tensions\-nagorno\-karabakh/31043084\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-31}}{{Cite web\|title\=In southern Armenia, warily sizing up the new neighbors {{!}} Eurasianet\|url\=https://eurasianet.org/in\-southern\-armenia\-warily\-sizing\-up\-the\-new\-neighbors\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-07\|website\=eurasianet.org}} In one border settlement in Syunik, [Shurnukh](/wiki/Shurnukh "Shurnukh"), 12 houses came under the control of Azerbaijan after being found to be located on the Azerbaijani side of the border. Additionally, several parts of the important highway between Goris and Kapan came under Azerbaijani control.
The ninth point of the [2020 Nagorno\-Karabakh ceasefire agreement](/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement "2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement") that ended the 2020 war stated that "All economic and transport connections in the region shall be unblocked. The Republic of Armenia shall guarantee the security of transport connections between the western regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in order to arrange unobstructed movement of persons, vehicles and cargo in both directions."{{Cite web \|title\=Statement by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation \|url\=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64384\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-08 \|website\=President of Russia\|date\=10 November 2020 }} The president of Azerbaijan [Ilham Aliyev](/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev "Ilham Aliyev") insists that this means that Armenia is obligated to provide a "corridor" to Azerbaijan through Syunik and threatened to establish the "corridor" by force if Armenia does not oblige.{{Cite web\|last\=Meljumyan\|first\=Ani\|date\=2021\-05\-04\|title\=Armenia proposing restoration of rail route through Azerbaijan to Russia\|url\=https://eurasianet.org/armenia\-proposing\-restoration\-of\-rail\-route\-through\-azerbaijan\-to\-russia\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-31\|website\=Eurasianet}} Prime minister of Armenia [Nikol Pashinyan](/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan "Nikol Pashinyan") rejected this, arguing that the ceasefire agreement does not call for a corridor through Syunik but for the general opening of transportation routes between the two countries. Starting on 12 May 2021, Azerbaijani forces crossed several kilometers into Armenian territory in Syunik and occupied the area around [Lake Sev](/wiki/Lake_Sev "Lake Sev") in Syunik, precipitating a [border crisis between Armenia and Azerbaijan](/wiki/2021_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis "2021 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis").{{Cite web\|last\=Kucera\|first\=Joshua\|date\=2021\-05\-14\|title\=Armenia and Azerbaijan in new border crisis {{!}} Eurasianet\|url\=https://eurasianet.org/armenia\-and\-azerbaijan\-in\-new\-border\-crisis\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-31\|website\=eurasianet.org}} On 10 November 2021 it was announced the alternate Goris\-Kapan highway completely within Armenia's borders was completed.{{Cite web\|title\=Alternative road in Syunik province completely ready, minister says\|date\=10 November 2021 \|url\=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1067811}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Kingdom of Armenia",
"{{Main\\|Syunik (historic province)}}\n{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=August 2017}}\n[thumb\\|[Baghaberd](/wiki/Baghaberd \"Baghaberd\") fortress of the 4th century](/wiki/File:Baghaberd.jpg \"Baghaberd.jpg\")\nInscriptions found in the region around [Lake Sevan](/wiki/Lake_Sevan \"Lake Sevan\") attributed to King [Artaxias I](/wiki/Artaxias_I \"Artaxias I\") confirm that the [historic province of Syunik](/wiki/Syunik_%28historic_province%29 \"Syunik (historic province)\") was part of the [Artaxiad Kingdom of Armenia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28Antiquity%29 \"Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity)\") during the 2nd century BC.Borisov, A. Ia, \"Inscriptions of Artaxia (Artashes), King of Armenia, 1946, No 2\"Perikhanyan, A. G. [\"Арамейская надпись из Зангезура \\[Aramian Inscription from Zangezur]\"](http://hpj.asj-oa.am/849/1/1965-4(107).pdf), Historical\\-Philological Magazine, 1965, No 4\\.",
"The first dynasty to rule Syunik was the [Siunia dynasty](/wiki/Siunia_dynasty \"Siunia dynasty\"), beginning in the 1st century. The first known *[nakharar](/wiki/Nakharar \"Nakharar\")* ruler was Valinak Siak (c. 330\\) and his successor was his brother Andok or Andovk (Antiochus, c. 340\\). In 379, Babik (Bagben) the son of Andok, was re\\-established as a *nakharar* by the [Mamikonian](/wiki/Mamikonian \"Mamikonian\") family. Babik had a sister called [Pharantzem](/wiki/Pharantzem \"Pharantzem\") who had married the [Arsacid Prince](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia \"Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\") [Gnel](/wiki/Gnel_of_Armenia \"Gnel of Armenia\"), nephew of the Armenian King [Arsaces II (Arshak II)](/wiki/Arshak_II \"Arshak II\") and later married Arsaces II as her second husband. Babik's rule lasted for less than ten years and by about 386 or 387, Dara was deposed by the [Sassanid Empire](/wiki/Sassanid_Empire \"Sassanid Empire\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"Valinak (c. 400–409\\) was followed by Vasak (409–452\\). Vasak had two sons: Babik (Bagben), Bakur and a daughter who married Vasak's successor, Varazvahan (452–472\\). Varazvahan's son Gelehon ruled from 470 to 477, who died in 483\\. Babik (Bagben) the brother of Varazvahan became the new *nakharar* in 477\\. Hadz the brother of Gelehon died on 25 September 482\\. The Syunik Province was later governed by Vahan (c. 570\\), Philip (Philipo, c. 580\\), Stephen (Stephanos, c. 590–597\\), Sahak (Isaac, c. 597\\) and Grigor (Gregory, until 640\\).{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"### Medieval Syunik",
"{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=August 2017}}\n[thumb\\|[Tatev Monastery](/wiki/Tatev_Monastery \"Tatev Monastery\"), 8th century](/wiki/File:Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg \"Tatev Monastery from a distance.jpg\")\nA dynasty was formed, governed by a branch of the [Bagratuni](/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty \"Bagratuni dynasty\"), with minor vassal princes from one or more previous dynasties. [Vasak III](/wiki/Vasak_III \"Vasak III\") (c. 800\\) suffered an assault from the [emir](/wiki/Emir \"Emir\") of [Manazkert](/wiki/Malazgirt \"Malazgirt\"), Sevada. He established a garrison in [Chalat](/wiki/Ahlat \"Ahlat\"), in the district of [Dzoluk](/wiki/Dzoluk \"Dzoluk\"). He then called for help from the Persian revolutionary chief [Babak Khorramdin](/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin \"Babak Khorramdin\"), who married a daughter of the king.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"After the death of Vasak III in 821, Babak inherited the country that revolted against him. Babak suppressed the revolt but was harassed by both Muslims and Armenians. Finally, he abdicated and the children of Vasak, Philip and Sahak, regained power. Philip controlled over eastern Syunik, including the cantons of the *Vayots Dzor* and *Baghk*. Sahak governed the western canton of Syunik, known as *Gegharkunik*.",
"In 826, Sahak allied with his ancient enemy – Sevada, the Qaisite emir of Manazkert – against the governor of [Caliph](/wiki/Caliph \"Caliph\"), but he was defeated and died in [Kavakert](/wiki/Kavakert \"Kavakert\"). His son [Grigor\\-Sufan](/wiki/Grigor-Sufan \"Grigor-Sufan\") succeeded him as prince of Western Syunik. In the Eastern region, Philipo died on 10 August 848\\. He was succeeded by three children ([Babgen](/wiki/Babgen \"Babgen\"), [Vasak\\-Ichkhanik](/wiki/Vasak-Ichkhanik \"Vasak-Ichkhanik\") and [Achot](/wiki/Achot \"Achot\")) that ruled jointly. Babgen fought with Grigor\\-Sufan and killed him (sometime in 849–851\\) but Babgen died shortly after (851\\) and Vasak\\-Ichkhanik (Vasak IV) followed him. Vasak\\-Ichkhanik had peaceful relations with [Vasak\\-Gabor](/wiki/Vasak-Gabor \"Vasak-Gabor\"), who had ascended to the throne of Western Syunik, replacing his father Grigor\\-Sufan. [Nerseh Pilippean](/wiki/Nerseh_Pilippean \"Nerseh Pilippean\"), brother of Babgen, directed (822–23\\){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://iranicaonline.org/\\|title\\=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica\\|first\\=Encyclopaedia Iranica\\|last\\=Foundation\\|website\\=iranicaonline.org}} an expedition to [Aghuania](/wiki/Caucasian_Albania \"Caucasian Albania\") defeating and killing the prince [Varaz\\-Terdat II](/wiki/Varaz-Terdat_II \"Varaz-Terdat II\") (of the Persian dynasty [Mihrakane](/wiki/Mihranids \"Mihranids\") of Aghuania) in Morgog. A general sent by the [Caliph](/wiki/Caliph \"Caliph\"), [Bugha al\\-Kabir](/wiki/Bugha_al-Kabir \"Bugha al-Kabir\"), destroyed Armenia and Aghuania in these years and sent a detachment to Eastern Syunik where was governing Vasak IV with his brother Achot. The people of Syunik were sheltered in the fortress of Balq, but Vasak fled to Kotaiq, and was pursued to the region of [Gardman](/wiki/Gardman \"Gardman\") on the eastern border of [Lake Sevan](/wiki/Lake_Sevan \"Lake Sevan\"). Gardman's prince (ichkhan) Ketridj or Ketritchn betrayed him and delivered him to Bogha (859\\). Achot was also seized (859\\). But Bogha invaded Gardman and imprisoned Kertridj. He then went to Outi where he captured the prince of [Sevordiq](/wiki/Sevordiq \"Sevordiq\"), Stephannos Kun.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.15\\|Syunik and Artsakh until the 9th century](/wiki/File:Arcax.jpg \"Arcax.jpg\")\nThe [Caliphate](/wiki/Caliphate \"Caliphate\") tried to control all these regions, and for this reason, Bogha decided to repopulate the city of [Chamkor](/wiki/Shamkir_%28city%29 \"Shamkir (city)\") in the [Kura River](/wiki/Kura_%28Caspian_Sea%29 \"Kura (Caspian Sea)\") with Muslims. Chamkor, being near [Barda](/wiki/Barda%2C_Azerbaijan \"Barda, Azerbaijan\") and [Ganja](/wiki/Ganja_%28city%29 \"Ganja (city)\"), was intended to act as a regional monitoring post. By order of the new Caliph in 862, the imprisoned princes were to be released and allowed to return to their former domains on the condition of becoming Muslim. (However, they all abandoned Islam after their return.){{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"The prince of Western Syunik, Vasak\\-Gabor, was married to a daughter of the Bagratid prince [Ashot the Great](/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia \"Ashot I of Armenia\") named Miriam and received the title of Ichkhan from the Syunik people – delivered to him by Ashot in name of the Caliph. His successor was his son, Grigor\\-Sufan II (887–909\\). The prince of Eastern Syunik, Vasak IV, died around 887 and was followed by his brother [Achot](/wiki/Achot \"Achot\") who died c. 906\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Bas\\-relief of an angel (Siwnik, 10th century AD sandstone).](/wiki/File:Bas-relief_of_an_angel_%28Siwnik%2C_10th_century_AD_sandstone%29.jpg \"Bas-relief of an angel (Siwnik, 10th century AD sandstone).jpg\")\nThe son of Vasak IV, Sembat, that received the [fiefdom](/wiki/Fiefdom \"Fiefdom\") from Vayots Dzor. [Chahaponk](/wiki/C%C9%99hri \"Cəhri\") (Jahuk) governed from 887 until sometime after 920\\. He revolted in 903 against the Bagratid [Sembat I](/wiki/Sembat_I \"Sembat I\"), refusing to pay him taxes. Because of this, he was assaulted by the prince of [Vaspurakan](/wiki/Vaspurakan \"Vaspurakan\"), Sargis\\-Ashot. Sembat submitted, was forgiven and married to the sister of the prince of Vaspurakan, receiving the city and district of [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_%28city%29 \"Nakhchivan (city)\"), which in 902 was upset with the [Kaysites](/wiki/Kaysites \"Kaysites\") or Qaisids.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"A few years later, the prince allied with the emir of [Sadjid](/wiki/Sadjid \"Sadjid\"), Yusuf, against Eastern Syunik, which they invaded together. Sembat was sheltered in the fortress of [Erendchak](/wiki/Erendchak \"Erendchak\") (today [Alinja](/wiki/Alinja \"Alinja\"), northeast of Nakhchivan) and Yusuf remained owner of Eastern Syunik. Sembat requested refuge from his brother\\-in\\-law [Khatchik\\-Gagik](/wiki/Khatchik_Gagik_III_Ardzuni \"Khatchik Gagik III Ardzuni\"), which was granted. In the same year (909\\), the prince of Western Syunik, Grigor Sufan II, submitted to the emir Yusuf in [Dwin](/wiki/Dvin_%28ancient_city%29 \"Dvin (ancient city)\"). Only [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") movements and the withdrawal of the Sadjids permitted him to recover the throne sometime later. Sembat, with his three brothers Sahak, Babgen, and Vasak, governed again. Also in Western Syunik, Sahak, Ashot and Vasak, brothers of Grigor\\-Sufan II, were governing the country. After them the dynasty of Western Syunik became extinct and the territory was subsumed by the Muslims.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}\n[thumb\\|[Vorotnavank](/wiki/Vorotnavank \"Vorotnavank\") monastic complex of the 10\\-11th centuries{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tert.am/am/news/2011/08/30/church2/338302\\|title\\=Մասնակի վերականգնվել և ամրակայվել է Որոտնավանքի Սբ. Կարապետ եկեղեցու որմնանկարը\\|website\\=www.tert.am\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711215400/https://www.tert.am/am/news/2011/08/30/church2/338302\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}](/wiki/File:Vorotnavank_Monastery_2011-2.jpg \"Vorotnavank Monastery 2011-2.jpg\")\nThe eastern part remained divided: Sembat, which had the main title, governed the western part of the Eastern Syunik with the Vayots Dzor, bordered by Vaspurakan. Sahak governed the eastern part until the river [Hakar](/wiki/Hakar \"Hakar\"). Babgen governed the district of the Baghk, and Vasak (who died in 922\\) an indeterminate territory. Nasr, the emir of [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan \"Iranian Azerbaijan\"), captured territory through [perfidy](/wiki/Perfidy \"Perfidy\") against Babgen and Sahak in Dwin. After the invasion, Sembat unseated Nasr and obtained the freedom of his brothers. Sembat was followed by his son Vasak, and Sahak in turn by his son Sembat. Vasak received the royal title from the Muslims at the end of his reign, which lasted until 963\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"The throne was inherited by his nephew Sembat (963–998\\) who was recognized as king by the emirs of Tauris and of [Arran](/wiki/Arran_%28Azerbaijan%29 \"Arran (Azerbaijan)\"). He was married to the princess of Aghuania, [Chahandoukht](/wiki/Chahandoukht \"Chahandoukht\"). At his death, he was followed by Vasak (c. 998–1019\\). Vasak was succeeded by two nephews (the children of his sister and a Prince Achot) called Sembat and Grigor (1019–1084\\).{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}} During his periods Syunik was vassal of [Great Seljuk Empire](/wiki/Great_Seljuk_Empire \"Great Seljuk Empire\"). Grigor was married with the princess Chahandoukht, daughter of [Sevada of Aghuania](/wiki/Sevada_of_Aghuania \"Sevada of Aghuania\"). The only successor to the two princes, was a daughter of Grigor's called [Chahandoukht](/wiki/Chahandoukht_the_daughter \"Chahandoukht the daughter\"). Rule passed to the prince of Aghuania, [Seneqerim Ioan](/wiki/Seneqerim_Ioan \"Seneqerim Ioan\") who governed both territories from 1084 until his death in 1105\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}} Seneqerim Ioan was followed by his son [Grigor of Syunik and Aghuania](/wiki/Grigor_of_Syunik_and_Aghuania \"Grigor of Syunik and Aghuania\"), who governed until 1166 when the country was conquered by the [Seljuq](/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty \"Seljuq dynasty\") Turks. It was ruled by Seljuks of [Hamadan](/wiki/Hamadan \"Hamadan\"), [Atabegs of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Atabegs_of_Azerbaijan \"Atabegs of Azerbaijan\"), [Kingdom of Georgia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia \"Kingdom of Georgia\"), [Khwarezmshahs](/wiki/Khwarezmid_Empire \"Khwarezmid Empire\"), [Ilkhanate](/wiki/Ilkhanate \"Ilkhanate\"), [Chupanids](/wiki/Chupanids \"Chupanids\"), [Jalayirids](/wiki/Jalayirids \"Jalayirids\"), [Kara Koyunlu](/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu \"Kara Koyunlu\"), [Timurid Empire](/wiki/Timurid_Empire \"Timurid Empire\") and [Aq Qoyunlu](/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu \"Aq Qoyunlu\") successively before Safavid rule.",
"[thumb\\|[Kingdom of Syunik](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik \"Kingdom of Syunik\"), 1020\\-1166](/wiki/File:The_Kingdom_of_Syounik-Baghk%2C_1020-1166.gif \"The Kingdom of Syounik-Baghk, 1020-1166.gif\")",
"Later, the [Orbelian dynasty](/wiki/Orbelian_dynasty \"Orbelian dynasty\"), one of whose members wrote an important history of the country, governed Syunik in times of [Timur](/wiki/Timur \"Timur\") (Tamerlan) as vassals.",
"### Iranian rule",
"Between the middle of the 18th century and early in the 19th century, the Syunik was part of the [Karabakh khanate](/wiki/Karabakh_khanate \"Karabakh khanate\") of the [Safavid Empire](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty \"Safavid dynasty\"). It was also ruled by the Ottomans between 1578 and 1606 and again between 1722 and 1736\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2016}}",
"By the beginning of the 18th century, Syunik was associated with the Armenian military leader [David Bek](/wiki/David_Bek \"David Bek\"), who led the liberation campaign of the Armenians of Syunik against [Safavid Persia](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty \"Safavid dynasty\") and the invading Ottoman Turks. David Bek started his battles in 1722 with the help of thousands of local Armenian patriots who liberated Syunik.{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://www.abp.am/armenia/city/kapan/\n\\| script\\-title \\= ru:Капан\n\\| publisher \\= abp.am\n\\| language \\= ru\n\\| access\\-date \\= 28 August 2009\n}} The centre of David Bek's struggle was the [Baghaberd](/wiki/Baghaberd \"Baghaberd\") Fortress northwest of Kapan and [Halidzor Fortress](/wiki/Halidzor_Fortress \"Halidzor Fortress\") southwest of Kapan where he died in 1728\\.",
"### Imperial Russian rule",
"[thumb\\|Syunik becomes part of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") as per the [Treaty of Gulistan](/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan \"Treaty of Gulistan\") signed in 1813](/wiki/File:Gulistan-Treaty.jpg \"Gulistan-Treaty.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Melik Tangi Bridge of 1855 near Sisian](/wiki/File:Meliq_Tangi_bridge_3.jpg \"Meliq Tangi bridge 3.jpg\")\nFollowing the [Russo\\-Persian War of 1804–13](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804%E2%80%9313%29 \"Russo-Persian War (1804–13)\"), Syunik \\-along with the rest of [Karabakh Khanate](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate \"Karabakh Khanate\")\\- passed into [Imperial Russian](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") possession, officially signed in the [Treaty of Gulistan](/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan \"Treaty of Gulistan\") in 1813\\. The khanate was abolished by the Russian government in 1822\\. The region was divided between the [Erivan Governorate](/wiki/Erivan_Governorate \"Erivan Governorate\"), and [Baku Governorate](/wiki/Baku_Governorate \"Baku Governorate\") (known as *Shemakha Governorate* until 1859\\). When the [Elisabethpol Governorate](/wiki/Elisabethpol_Governorate \"Elisabethpol Governorate\") was established in 1868, the region became part of the [Zangezursky Uyezd](/wiki/Zangezursky_Uyezd \"Zangezursky Uyezd\"), with its administration based in the town of [Geryusy](/wiki/Goris \"Goris\") starting from 1870\\.[1906 Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary](http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/040/40953.htm), \"Зангезурский уезд\" article.",
"According to the official census of the Russian Empire in 1897, the total population of Zangezursky Uyezd was 137,971, with 51\\.6% of them were Caucasian Tatars and 46,1% were Armenians.Audrey L. Altstadt. The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Hoover Press, 1992\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-8179\\-9182\\-4}}, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8179\\-9182\\-1}}",
"The beginning of 20th century saw an outbreak in ethnic tensions between the Armenian and Tatar populations in the Caucasus, culminating in the [Armenian\\-Tatar massacres](/wiki/Armenian-Tatar_massacres \"Armenian-Tatar massacres\"). Clashes occurred in Nakhchivan and Sharur\\-Daralgez uyezdy of the Erevan gubernia and in [Zangezur](/wiki/Zangezur \"Zangezur\"), Shusha and Javanshir uezdy of Elizavetpol gubernia in 1905\\. According to Armenian sources 128 Armenian and 158 Azerbaijanian villages were \"pillaged or destroyed\" while the overall estimates of lives lost vary widely, ranging from 3,000 to 10,000, with Muslims suffering higher losses.[Tadeusz Swietochowski](/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski \"Tadeusz Swietochowski\"). *Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition*. Columbia University Press, 1995\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-231\\-07068\\-3}}, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-231\\-07068\\-3}} During these events, the Armenians of Syunik were massacred \"without distinction of sex or age\" by Azeri forces, and children were mutilated.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Dispatch from St. Petersberg, Wednesday, Sept. 13\n\\| work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\n\\| date \\= 13 September 1905\n\\| page \\= 4\n\\| quote \\= A holy war has been proclaimed in the Caucasian districts of Zangezur and Jebrail, where Tartars are massacring the Armenians without distinction of sex or age...Dispatches say that mutilated children were thrown to the dogs and that the few survivors were forced to embrace Islam\n}}",
"Tensions were accelerated with the collapse of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"). The region fell under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the [Russian Provisional Government](/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government \"Russian Provisional Government\") and subsequently the short\\-lived [Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic \"Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic\"). When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Zangezur, [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic \"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\"), and [Nagorno\\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh \"Nagorno-Karabakh\") became heavily contested between the newly formed and short\\-lived states of the [Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia \"First Republic of Armenia\") and the [Azerbaijan Democratic Republic](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic \"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic\"). At the time, Syunik had an Armenian majority of 350,000 and a Muslim population of 180,000\\.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Georgians Hold Up Tartar's Advance\n\\| work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\n\\| date \\= 15 May 1920\n\\| page \\= 14\n}} According to [Thomas de Waal](/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal \"Thomas de Waal\"), the dispute over Syunik resulted in the displacement of region's Caucasian Tatar minority through direct military action by Armenian guerrilla commanders [Andranik](/wiki/Andranik \"Andranik\"),[Thomas de Waal](/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal \"Thomas de Waal\"). *Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War*. New York: New York University Press, pp. 129\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-8147\\-1945\\-7}} [Rouben Ter Minassian](/wiki/Rouben_Ter_Minassian \"Rouben Ter Minassian\")[The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction](https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRkGNoEPFwC&dq=The+Great+Game+of+Genocide:+Imperialism,+Nationalism,+and+the+Destruction+of+...+By+Donald+Bloxham&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0) by Donald Bloxham. Oxford University Press: 2005, pp.103–105 and later [Garegin Nzhdeh](/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh \"Garegin Nzhdeh\").{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1\\.htm\n\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071030124321/http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1\\.htm\n\\| archive\\-date \\= 30 October 2007\n\\| title \\= Garegin Nzhdeh and the KGB: Report of Interrogation of Ohannes Hakopovich Devedjian\n\\| date \\= 28 August 1947\n\\| url\\-status \\= dead\n\\| access\\-date \\= 9 August 2012\n\\| language \\= ru\n}}",
"### Republic of Armenia",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.15\\|The [Republic of Mountainous Armenia](/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia \"Republic of Mountainous Armenia\") in 1921, mainly occupying present\\-day Syunik](/wiki/File:Mountainous_Armenia_1921.png \"Mountainous Armenia 1921.png\")\nBetween 1918 and 1920 Syunik was included in the short\\-lived [Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia \"First Republic of Armenia\"). After the Sovietization of Armenia, Syunik became the main centre of the resistance against the Bolsheviks, thus becoming part of the unrecognized [Republic of Mountainous Armenia](/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia \"Republic of Mountainous Armenia\"). The city of [Goris](/wiki/Goris \"Goris\") became the capital of the unrecognized state, and [Garegin Nzhdeh](/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh \"Garegin Nzhdeh\") was chosen as prime minister and minister of defence. Later, in July, [Simon Vratsian](/wiki/Simon_Vratsian \"Simon Vratsian\") took the office as prime minister while Nzhdeh became the governor and the general commander. Nzhdeh actively engaged in expelling the 3/5th [Azerbaijani](/wiki/Azerbaijanis \"Azerbaijanis\") population of Zangezur.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030124321/http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-30 \\|title\\=Garegin Nzhdeh and the KGB: Report of Interrogation of Ohannes Hakopovich Devedjian \\|date\\=August 28, 1947 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2012\\|language\\=ru}}",
"Between April and July 1921, the Red Army conducted massive military operations in the region, attacking Syunik from the north and east. After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921 following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia. After the conflict, Garegin Nzhdeh, his soldiers, and many prominent Armenian intellectuals, including leaders of the [Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia \"First Republic of Armenia\"), crossed the [border](/wiki/Armenia-Iran_border \"Armenia-Iran border\") into the neighbouring city of [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz \"Tabriz\") in Persia. Thus, Syunik became part of the [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic\") in July 1921\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2021}}",
"### Soviet Syunik",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.35\\|[World War](/wiki/World_War \"World War\") II memorial near Kapan built during the 1970s](/wiki/File:%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%9D_%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB.jpg \"Հուշարձան՝ Երկրորդ աշխարհամարտում զոհվածների.jpg\")\nArmenian forces eventually secured the region but their efforts were in vain when the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolshevik \"Bolshevik\"), successful in the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\"), pushed deep into the Caucasus. Syunik was one of the last major holdouts of the independent Armenian state whose leaders were eventually expelled by incoming Soviet authorities to Iran. During [Sovietization](/wiki/Sovietization \"Sovietization\"), Syunik became part of Soviet Armenia, while the two other disputed territories, Nakhchivan and Nagorno\\-Karabakh became part of Soviet Azerbaijan. It then became part of Armenia under the [Transcaucasian SFSR](/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR \"Transcaucasian SFSR\") and part of the [Armenian SSR](/wiki/Armenian_SSR \"Armenian SSR\") in 1936\\. Under Soviet rule, Syunik suffered a devastating earthquake in April 1931, leaving 80% of its villages destroyed.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= 392 Dead in Quake on Soviet Frontier\n\\| work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\n\\| date \\= 30 April 1931\n\\| page \\= 10\n}} A subsequent earthquake hit the region in May during the same year, destroying 27 of 38 villages in the [Sisian](/wiki/Sisian \"Sisian\") district.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Armenian Quake a Major Disaster\n\\| work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\n\\| date \\= 6 May 1931\n\\| page \\= 9\n}}",
"As an administrative unit, modern\\-day Syunik was divided into the raions of Meghri, Kapan, Goris and Sisian.",
"Despite the region's troubled early years in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), it gradually began to recover with much of the area's infrastructure rebuilt and improved. During the Soviet era, Syunik was noted as a source of metal and ore production.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Soviet is Raising Output of Key Ore\n\\| work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\n\\| date \\= 23 May 1963\n\\| page \\= 68\n}} However, the region was shaken by the renewal of the conflict over Nagorno\\-Karabakh with neighbouring Azerbaijan. In 1987–1989, the remaining Azeri inhabitants fled the region as a result of interethnic violence.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA\\-64CCDE?OpenDocument\\|title\\=Situation of refugees and displaced persons in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia\\|date\\=4 June 2002 }}Thomas de Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. NYU Press; 2004\\. This exodus of Azeri population made Syunik and Armenia, in general, more homogeneous.",
"### Independence of Armenia",
"[thumb\\|[Garegin Nzhdeh](/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh \"Garegin Nzhdeh\")'s memorial near Kapan, opened in 2001](/wiki/File:%D4%B3%D4%B1%D5%90%D4%B5%D4%B3%D4%BB%D5%86_%D5%86%D4%BA%D4%B4%D4%B5%D5%80%2C_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG \"ԳԱՐԵԳԻՆ ՆԺԴԵՀ, Կապան.JPG\")\nSince the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Syunik has been a constituent part of the Republic of Armenia. After the independence of Armenia, the 4 rayons of Soviet Syunik were merged during the 1995 administrative reform to form the Syunik Province with the town of Kapan as the provincial capital.",
"Being the republic's southernmost province, it has gained a strategic and economic importance for Armenia. The border with Iran enhanced the export of vital energy resources from Armenia to Iran and other regions. Recently, a new 140\\-kilometer\\-long [Armenia\\-Iran pipeline](/wiki/Iran-Armenia_Natural_Gas_Pipeline \"Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline\") has been opened, projected to supply Armenia with up to 1\\.1 billion m3 of gas per year until 2019, when the target of the supply is expected to rise to 2\\.3 billion m3 annually.\"{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Georgia Shows Interest in Iran\\-Armenia Pipeline\n\\| publisher \\= EurasiaNet\n\\| date \\= 12 April 2007\n\\| url \\= http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/business/articles/eav041207\\.shtml\n\\| access\\-date \\= 21 June 2007\n}} The new pipeline attracted Armenia's northern neighbor Georgia, seeking to lessen its dependence on energy from Russia.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2021}}",
"In 2000, an old cemetery was found between the villages of Kornidzor and Khndzoresk near Goris. It was built during the [Kara Koyunlu](/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu \"Kara Koyunlu\") rule.{{cite news\n \\|title \\= The Historical Heritage Of Gara Goyunly Dynasty in Armenia\n \\|publisher \\= ASIMED\n \\|date \\= 1 June 2008\n \\|url \\= http://www.soykirimvetarih.org/turkizi.html\n \\|access\\-date \\= 4 August 2008\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 19 March 2008\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080319070410/http://www.soykirimvetarih.org/turkizi.html\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n}}",
"As a result of the [2020 Nagorno\\-Karabakh War](/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war \"2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war\"), the territories to the east of Syunik, which had been under Armenian control since the [First Nagorno\\-Karabakh War](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War \"First Nagorno-Karabakh War\"), came under Azerbaijani control, lengthening the province's border with Azerbaijan and creating fears about the province's security.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://oc\\-media.org/features/after\\-the\\-fighting\\-uncertainty\\-reigns\\-in\\-armenias\\-borderlands/\\|title\\=After the fighting, uncertainty reigns in Armenia's borderlands}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Hauer\\|first\\=Neil\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-13 \\|title\\=The New Old Frontier: Demarcation Sparks Tensions As Azerbaijani Control Returns Along Southern Armenian Border\\|website\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty \\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia\\-azerbaijan\\-border\\-tensions\\-nagorno\\-karabakh/31043084\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-31}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=In southern Armenia, warily sizing up the new neighbors {{!}} Eurasianet\\|url\\=https://eurasianet.org/in\\-southern\\-armenia\\-warily\\-sizing\\-up\\-the\\-new\\-neighbors\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-07\\|website\\=eurasianet.org}} In one border settlement in Syunik, [Shurnukh](/wiki/Shurnukh \"Shurnukh\"), 12 houses came under the control of Azerbaijan after being found to be located on the Azerbaijani side of the border. Additionally, several parts of the important highway between Goris and Kapan came under Azerbaijani control.",
"The ninth point of the [2020 Nagorno\\-Karabakh ceasefire agreement](/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement \"2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement\") that ended the 2020 war stated that \"All economic and transport connections in the region shall be unblocked. The Republic of Armenia shall guarantee the security of transport connections between the western regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in order to arrange unobstructed movement of persons, vehicles and cargo in both directions.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=Statement by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation \\|url\\=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64384\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-08 \\|website\\=President of Russia\\|date\\=10 November 2020 }} The president of Azerbaijan [Ilham Aliyev](/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev \"Ilham Aliyev\") insists that this means that Armenia is obligated to provide a \"corridor\" to Azerbaijan through Syunik and threatened to establish the \"corridor\" by force if Armenia does not oblige.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Meljumyan\\|first\\=Ani\\|date\\=2021\\-05\\-04\\|title\\=Armenia proposing restoration of rail route through Azerbaijan to Russia\\|url\\=https://eurasianet.org/armenia\\-proposing\\-restoration\\-of\\-rail\\-route\\-through\\-azerbaijan\\-to\\-russia\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-31\\|website\\=Eurasianet}} Prime minister of Armenia [Nikol Pashinyan](/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan \"Nikol Pashinyan\") rejected this, arguing that the ceasefire agreement does not call for a corridor through Syunik but for the general opening of transportation routes between the two countries. Starting on 12 May 2021, Azerbaijani forces crossed several kilometers into Armenian territory in Syunik and occupied the area around [Lake Sev](/wiki/Lake_Sev \"Lake Sev\") in Syunik, precipitating a [border crisis between Armenia and Azerbaijan](/wiki/2021_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis \"2021 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kucera\\|first\\=Joshua\\|date\\=2021\\-05\\-14\\|title\\=Armenia and Azerbaijan in new border crisis {{!}} Eurasianet\\|url\\=https://eurasianet.org/armenia\\-and\\-azerbaijan\\-in\\-new\\-border\\-crisis\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-31\\|website\\=eurasianet.org}} On 10 November 2021 it was announced the alternate Goris\\-Kapan highway completely within Armenia's borders was completed.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Alternative road in Syunik province completely ready, minister says\\|date\\=10 November 2021 \\|url\\=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1067811}}",
""
] |
Academic career
---------------
### Attacks by Janice Raymond in *The Transsexual Empire*
In 1979, the lesbian feminist scholar [Janice Raymond](/wiki/Janice_Raymond "Janice Raymond") mounted an *ad hominem* attack on Stone in *[The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She\-Male](/wiki/The_Transsexual_Empire:The_Making_of_the_She-Male "The Making of the She-Male")*.Raymond, Janice (1979\). *The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She\-Male.* page 51, Teachers College Press, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8070\-2164\-4}} Raymond accused Stone by name of plotting to destroy the Olivia Records collective and womanhood in general with "male energy." In 1976, prior to publication, Raymond had sent a draft of the chapter attacking Stone to the Olivia collective "for comment", apparently in anticipation of outing Stone. Raymond appeared unaware that Stone had informed the collective of her transgender status before agreeing to join. The collective did return comments to Raymond, suggesting that her description of transgender and of Stone's place in and effect on the collective was at odds with the reality of the collective's interaction with Stone.{{cite web\|url\=http://transadvocate.com/terf\-violence\-and\-sandy\-stone\_n\_14360\.htm\|title\=TERF hate and Sandy Stone\|date\=16 August 2014\|publisher\=}} Raymond responded by increasing the virulence of her transphobic{{cite thesis\|author\=Ho Chi Sam\|title\=Transgender Representations\|publisher\=National University of Singapore\|url\=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48637573\.pdf\|date\=2010\|section\=3\.4 The Trans\-Agenda: Transphobic Feminism}} attack on Stone in the published version of the manuscript:
> Masculine behavior is notably obtrusive. It is significant that transsexually constructed lesbian feminists have inserted themselves into positions of importance and/or performance in the feminist community. Sandy Stone, the transsexual engineer with Olivia Records, an "all\-women" recording company, illustrates this well. Stone is not only crucial to the Olivia enterprise but plays a very dominant role there. The ... visibility he \[sic] achieved in the aftermath of the Olivia controversy ... only serves to enhance his \[sic] previously dominant role and to divide women, as men frequently do, when they make their presence necessary and vital to women. As one woman wrote: "I feel raped when Olivia passes off Sandy ... as a real woman. After all his \[sic] male privilege, is he \[sic] going to cash in on lesbian feminist culture too?"
The collective responded in turn by publicly defending Stone in various feminist publications of the time. Stone continued as a member of the collective and continued to record Olivia artists until political dissension over her transgender status, exacerbated by Raymond's book, culminated in 1979 in the threat of a boycott of Olivia products. After long debate, Stone left the collective and returned to Santa Cruz.
{{anchor\|empire}}
### The *Empire* Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto
{{Main\|The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto}}
In 1983 Stone befriended cultural theorist [Donna Haraway](/wiki/Donna_Haraway "Donna Haraway"), a faculty member in the [History of Consciousness](/wiki/History_of_Consciousness "History of Consciousness") program at the [University of California, Santa Cruz](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Santa_Cruz "University of California, Santa Cruz"). Haraway was in the process of writing the watershed essay "[A Cyborg Manifesto](/wiki/A_Cyborg_Manifesto "A Cyborg Manifesto")". While Stone was studying for her doctorate with Haraway and James Clifford, she produced the 1987 essay "The *Empire* Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto". The work was influenced by early versions of Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto" and first published in *[Social Text](/wiki/Social_Text "Social Text")*, and by the turbulent political foment in [cultural feminism](/wiki/Cultural_feminism "Cultural feminism") of that period. [Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker "Susan Stryker") and [Stephen Whittle](/wiki/Stephen_Whittle "Stephen Whittle") situate Stone's work in the turbulent events of the time as a response to Raymond's attack:[Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker "Susan Stryker") and [Stephen Whittle](/wiki/Stephen_Whittle "Stephen Whittle"), *op. cit.*
> Stone exacts her revenge more than a decade later, not by waging an anti\-feminist counterattack on Raymond, but by undermining the foundationalist assumptions that support Raymond's narrower concept of womanhood, and by claiming a speaking position for transsexuals that cannot be automatically dismissed as damaged, deluded, second\-rate, or somehow inherently compromised.
An important point of the essay was that transgender persons were ill\-served by hiding their status, and that coming out—which Stone called "reading oneself aloud"—would inevitably lead to self\-empowerment. Thus "The *Empire* Strikes Back" rearticulated what was at the time a radical gay\-lesbian political statement into a transgender voice. During this period, mainstream gay and lesbian activists generally suppressed [transgender](/wiki/Transgender "Transgender") issues and visible transgender activists, fearing that they would frighten the uncertain and still shaky liberal base during a delicate period of consolidation. "The *Empire* Strikes Back" galvanized young transgender scholars and focused their attention on the need for self\-assertion within a largely reactionary institutional structure. "The *Empire* Strikes Back" later became the center of an extensive citation network of transgender academics and a foundational work for transgender researchers and theorists.Carol Riddell's "Divided Sisterhood: A Critical Review of Janice Raymond's *The Transsexual Empire*, reprinted in [Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker "Susan Stryker") and [Stephen Whittle](/wiki/Stephen_Whittle "Stephen Whittle"), *The Transgender Studies Reader*, New York: Routledge 2006\. Stryker and Whittle, writing in *The Transgender Studies Reader*, refer to "The *Empire* Strikes Back" as
> the protean text from which contemporary transgender studies emerged ... In the wake of (the) article, a gradual but steady body of new academic and creative work by transgender people has gradually taken shape, which has enriched virtually every academic and artistic discipline with new critical perspectives on gender.
As of 2007, "The *Empire* Strikes Back" had been translated into twenty\-seven languages and had been cited in hundreds of publications.
In 2011, [Indiana University Bloomington](/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington "Indiana University Bloomington") hosted a conference{{cite web \| url\=http://www.indiana.edu/\~gender/postposttranssexual\-conference.html \| title\=Indiana University Bloomington }} honoring the twentieth anniversary of the publication of "The *Empire* Strikes Back". Stone was guest of honor, and while onstage commented "Last year I was invited to a conference about my work on four days' notice. I asked why they waited until the last minute, and they said they would have invited me sooner, but because I was considered a founder of the field they assumed I was dead. I'm not."Transcript of opening discussion, "Post\-Posttranssexual: Transgender Studies and Feminism," 8 April 2011, Indiana University Bloomington.
### Return to academia
From 1987 to 1993 Stone was Haraway's student, marking Stone's return to academia. At Haraway's suggestion Stone visited [University of California, San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_San_Diego "University of California, San Diego") campus as an exchange student in the newly formed Science Studies program. Following a dispute between progressive and conservative faculty factions, Stone was offered a job as Instructor in the Department of Sociology, teaching courses in sociology, anthropology, political science, English, communications, and the experimental program "The Making of the Modern World". In 1992, she took an appointment as an assistant professor at the [University of Texas, Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas%2C_Austin "University of Texas, Austin").
Stone received her doctorate in 1993\. Her dissertation, "Presence", which Haraway supervised, was published in 1996 by [MIT Press](/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press") as *The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age*. Stone described the work as "creat(ing) a discourse which contains all the elements of the original discourse but which is quite different from it ... remember that at heart I am a narrator, a shameless teller of stories."{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2011}} In the years following the book's publication, several major social science departments fractured into separate departments along lines that in part came to be drawn by reference to "Desire and Technology" and other, similar publications.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2011}}In an interview for the publication *Switch* (need issue \& date) Stone mentions that she once received a midnight phone call from a faculty member in the anthropology department at Rice University during which the caller urged her to repudiate *Desire and Technology*. Stone asked why and was told that the book "was destroying the department". Not long afterward the Rice University anthropology department did, in fact, break apart into two separate departments, seemingly along lines including, among other factors, who believed *Desire and Technology* was legitimate scholarship and who did not.
While professor at UT Austin, she concurrently served as the Wolfgang Kohler Professor of Media and Performance at the [European Graduate School](/wiki/European_Graduate_School "European Graduate School") EGS,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.egs.edu/faculty/sandy\-stone/biography/ \|title\=Allucquére Rosanne (Sandy) Stone Faculty Page at European Graduate School (Biography, bibliography and video lectures) \|publisher\=\[\[European Graduate School]] \|access\-date\=2010\-09\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822081216/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/sandy\-stone/biography/ \|archive\-date\=2010\-08\-22 }} a senior artist at the [Banff Centre](/wiki/Banff_Centre "Banff Centre"), and Humanities Research Institute Fellow at the [University of California, Irvine](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine "University of California, Irvine").
### UT Austin ACTLab
Beginning in 1993, Stone established the New Media program she named ACTLabUniversity of Texas at Austin. "New Media Initiative: ACTLab Program." Accessed March 12, 2020\. <https://web.archive.org/web/20121114104038/http://www.actlab.utexas.edu/> (Advanced Communication Technologies Laboratory) in the Radio\-Television\-Film department. This work, and research in virtual communities, social software, and novel methods of presenting academic topics, drew wide attention, and contributed to the establishment and legitimation of what is now generally called New Media Art.
Stone's work and presence in the RTF department has been bitterly contested by powerful conservative faculty members, who have repeatedly tried to remove or marginalize her. In 1998 this small but vocal group issued a negative departmental report recommending that Stone be denied tenure. The university overruled this report, citing Stone's contributions to multiple fields and reaffirming its commitment to original or unusual scholarship.
Granting Stone tenure had the negative effect of provoking attacks on her work and credibility by powerful conservative faculty within the RTF department, which for years has responded to inquiries with the statement that there is no New Media program or program called ACTLab within the department. (Based on university course listings and rosters, as of 2007 there were approximately 70 ACTLab students in active courses, 400 former students, and 2500 student webpages on the ACTLab website. The program attracts students from a broad range of departments and from other institutions.) In a 2006 talk at Arizona State University, Stone compared the RTF department's attempts to erase her work and presence to previous efforts by conservative administrators to deny voice to any unfamiliar or emergent disciplines or unusual people, and said it was merely to be expected.
Stone's career has been controversial. In the mid\-1990s she gave several highly publicized interviews during which she suggested that the era of academic scholarship, as the term was generally understood, was over:
> The reality of the situation is that academicians are no longer the sole privileged custodians of objects of knowledge called books ... in an era in our developed nations when the ubiquity of almost instantaneous communication puts us in a situation where almost everything is everywhen, the imperial mandate of the university as a privileged site of truth and an authorization for guild membership has evaporated; though, like the dinosaur, it may take a while for that knowledge to reach the central nervous system.4
Since that time, although Stone continued to tour extensively, to present "theoryperformances" and formal theatrical performances, and to address her work to a wide variety of audiences across broad sampling of disciplines and skills, she has published less and less in print journals. This reached the extent that a group of her students took up the practice of recording, transcribing and printing her in\-class lectures for their own use.
In 1999, she appeared in [*Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities*](/wiki/Gendernauts "Gendernauts"), a film by [Monika Treut](/wiki/Monika_Treut "Monika Treut") featuring Texas Tomboy, [Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker "Susan Stryker"), and [Hida Viloria](/wiki/Hida_Viloria "Hida Viloria"), a group of artists in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") who live between the poles of conventional gender identities.{{cite web\|title\=Release Info\|website\=\[\[IMDb]]\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192069/releaseinfo\|access\-date\=26 December 2011}}
In 2006, Stone began touring a theatrical performance titled *The Neovagina Monologues*, modeled on the work of [Spalding Gray](/wiki/Spalding_Gray "Spalding Gray"), although the title is a tribute to a work by [Eve Ensler](/wiki/Eve_Ensler "Eve Ensler").
In 2010 Stone retired from her position at the University of Texas, becoming Professor Emerita and continuing her ACTLab work by launching several programs based on the ACTLab model, most notably the ACTLab@EGS program at the European Graduate School in Saas\-Fee, Switzerland. The ACTLab pedagogical model brought her international recognition; subsequently the ACTLab framework for education in the arts and technology has been adopted by many other programs such as the Entertainment Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh and the New Media Innovation Lab at Arizona State University at Tempe. As of 2011 she was actively touring, speaking and performing, and had mounted several gallery installations of interactive art.
|
[
"Academic career\n---------------",
"### Attacks by Janice Raymond in *The Transsexual Empire*",
"In 1979, the lesbian feminist scholar [Janice Raymond](/wiki/Janice_Raymond \"Janice Raymond\") mounted an *ad hominem* attack on Stone in *[The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She\\-Male](/wiki/The_Transsexual_Empire:The_Making_of_the_She-Male \"The Making of the She-Male\")*.Raymond, Janice (1979\\). *The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She\\-Male.* page 51, Teachers College Press, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8070\\-2164\\-4}} Raymond accused Stone by name of plotting to destroy the Olivia Records collective and womanhood in general with \"male energy.\" In 1976, prior to publication, Raymond had sent a draft of the chapter attacking Stone to the Olivia collective \"for comment\", apparently in anticipation of outing Stone. Raymond appeared unaware that Stone had informed the collective of her transgender status before agreeing to join. The collective did return comments to Raymond, suggesting that her description of transgender and of Stone's place in and effect on the collective was at odds with the reality of the collective's interaction with Stone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://transadvocate.com/terf\\-violence\\-and\\-sandy\\-stone\\_n\\_14360\\.htm\\|title\\=TERF hate and Sandy Stone\\|date\\=16 August 2014\\|publisher\\=}} Raymond responded by increasing the virulence of her transphobic{{cite thesis\\|author\\=Ho Chi Sam\\|title\\=Transgender Representations\\|publisher\\=National University of Singapore\\|url\\=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48637573\\.pdf\\|date\\=2010\\|section\\=3\\.4 The Trans\\-Agenda: Transphobic Feminism}} attack on Stone in the published version of the manuscript:",
"",
"> Masculine behavior is notably obtrusive. It is significant that transsexually constructed lesbian feminists have inserted themselves into positions of importance and/or performance in the feminist community. Sandy Stone, the transsexual engineer with Olivia Records, an \"all\\-women\" recording company, illustrates this well. Stone is not only crucial to the Olivia enterprise but plays a very dominant role there. The ... visibility he \\[sic] achieved in the aftermath of the Olivia controversy ... only serves to enhance his \\[sic] previously dominant role and to divide women, as men frequently do, when they make their presence necessary and vital to women. As one woman wrote: \"I feel raped when Olivia passes off Sandy ... as a real woman. After all his \\[sic] male privilege, is he \\[sic] going to cash in on lesbian feminist culture too?\"",
"The collective responded in turn by publicly defending Stone in various feminist publications of the time. Stone continued as a member of the collective and continued to record Olivia artists until political dissension over her transgender status, exacerbated by Raymond's book, culminated in 1979 in the threat of a boycott of Olivia products. After long debate, Stone left the collective and returned to Santa Cruz.",
"{{anchor\\|empire}}",
"### The *Empire* Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto",
"{{Main\\|The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto}}\nIn 1983 Stone befriended cultural theorist [Donna Haraway](/wiki/Donna_Haraway \"Donna Haraway\"), a faculty member in the [History of Consciousness](/wiki/History_of_Consciousness \"History of Consciousness\") program at the [University of California, Santa Cruz](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Santa_Cruz \"University of California, Santa Cruz\"). Haraway was in the process of writing the watershed essay \"[A Cyborg Manifesto](/wiki/A_Cyborg_Manifesto \"A Cyborg Manifesto\")\". While Stone was studying for her doctorate with Haraway and James Clifford, she produced the 1987 essay \"The *Empire* Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto\". The work was influenced by early versions of Haraway's \"A Cyborg Manifesto\" and first published in *[Social Text](/wiki/Social_Text \"Social Text\")*, and by the turbulent political foment in [cultural feminism](/wiki/Cultural_feminism \"Cultural feminism\") of that period. [Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker \"Susan Stryker\") and [Stephen Whittle](/wiki/Stephen_Whittle \"Stephen Whittle\") situate Stone's work in the turbulent events of the time as a response to Raymond's attack:[Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker \"Susan Stryker\") and [Stephen Whittle](/wiki/Stephen_Whittle \"Stephen Whittle\"), *op. cit.*",
"",
"> Stone exacts her revenge more than a decade later, not by waging an anti\\-feminist counterattack on Raymond, but by undermining the foundationalist assumptions that support Raymond's narrower concept of womanhood, and by claiming a speaking position for transsexuals that cannot be automatically dismissed as damaged, deluded, second\\-rate, or somehow inherently compromised.",
"An important point of the essay was that transgender persons were ill\\-served by hiding their status, and that coming out—which Stone called \"reading oneself aloud\"—would inevitably lead to self\\-empowerment. Thus \"The *Empire* Strikes Back\" rearticulated what was at the time a radical gay\\-lesbian political statement into a transgender voice. During this period, mainstream gay and lesbian activists generally suppressed [transgender](/wiki/Transgender \"Transgender\") issues and visible transgender activists, fearing that they would frighten the uncertain and still shaky liberal base during a delicate period of consolidation. \"The *Empire* Strikes Back\" galvanized young transgender scholars and focused their attention on the need for self\\-assertion within a largely reactionary institutional structure. \"The *Empire* Strikes Back\" later became the center of an extensive citation network of transgender academics and a foundational work for transgender researchers and theorists.Carol Riddell's \"Divided Sisterhood: A Critical Review of Janice Raymond's *The Transsexual Empire*, reprinted in [Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker \"Susan Stryker\") and [Stephen Whittle](/wiki/Stephen_Whittle \"Stephen Whittle\"), *The Transgender Studies Reader*, New York: Routledge 2006\\. Stryker and Whittle, writing in *The Transgender Studies Reader*, refer to \"The *Empire* Strikes Back\" as",
"",
"> the protean text from which contemporary transgender studies emerged ... In the wake of (the) article, a gradual but steady body of new academic and creative work by transgender people has gradually taken shape, which has enriched virtually every academic and artistic discipline with new critical perspectives on gender.",
"As of 2007, \"The *Empire* Strikes Back\" had been translated into twenty\\-seven languages and had been cited in hundreds of publications.",
"In 2011, [Indiana University Bloomington](/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington \"Indiana University Bloomington\") hosted a conference{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.indiana.edu/\\~gender/postposttranssexual\\-conference.html \\| title\\=Indiana University Bloomington }} honoring the twentieth anniversary of the publication of \"The *Empire* Strikes Back\". Stone was guest of honor, and while onstage commented \"Last year I was invited to a conference about my work on four days' notice. I asked why they waited until the last minute, and they said they would have invited me sooner, but because I was considered a founder of the field they assumed I was dead. I'm not.\"Transcript of opening discussion, \"Post\\-Posttranssexual: Transgender Studies and Feminism,\" 8 April 2011, Indiana University Bloomington.",
"### Return to academia",
"From 1987 to 1993 Stone was Haraway's student, marking Stone's return to academia. At Haraway's suggestion Stone visited [University of California, San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_San_Diego \"University of California, San Diego\") campus as an exchange student in the newly formed Science Studies program. Following a dispute between progressive and conservative faculty factions, Stone was offered a job as Instructor in the Department of Sociology, teaching courses in sociology, anthropology, political science, English, communications, and the experimental program \"The Making of the Modern World\". In 1992, she took an appointment as an assistant professor at the [University of Texas, Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas%2C_Austin \"University of Texas, Austin\").",
"Stone received her doctorate in 1993\\. Her dissertation, \"Presence\", which Haraway supervised, was published in 1996 by [MIT Press](/wiki/MIT_Press \"MIT Press\") as *The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age*. Stone described the work as \"creat(ing) a discourse which contains all the elements of the original discourse but which is quite different from it ... remember that at heart I am a narrator, a shameless teller of stories.\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2011}} In the years following the book's publication, several major social science departments fractured into separate departments along lines that in part came to be drawn by reference to \"Desire and Technology\" and other, similar publications.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2011}}In an interview for the publication *Switch* (need issue \\& date) Stone mentions that she once received a midnight phone call from a faculty member in the anthropology department at Rice University during which the caller urged her to repudiate *Desire and Technology*. Stone asked why and was told that the book \"was destroying the department\". Not long afterward the Rice University anthropology department did, in fact, break apart into two separate departments, seemingly along lines including, among other factors, who believed *Desire and Technology* was legitimate scholarship and who did not.",
"While professor at UT Austin, she concurrently served as the Wolfgang Kohler Professor of Media and Performance at the [European Graduate School](/wiki/European_Graduate_School \"European Graduate School\") EGS,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.egs.edu/faculty/sandy\\-stone/biography/ \\|title\\=Allucquére Rosanne (Sandy) Stone Faculty Page at European Graduate School (Biography, bibliography and video lectures) \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[European Graduate School]] \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822081216/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/sandy\\-stone/biography/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-22 }} a senior artist at the [Banff Centre](/wiki/Banff_Centre \"Banff Centre\"), and Humanities Research Institute Fellow at the [University of California, Irvine](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine \"University of California, Irvine\").",
"### UT Austin ACTLab",
"Beginning in 1993, Stone established the New Media program she named ACTLabUniversity of Texas at Austin. \"New Media Initiative: ACTLab Program.\" Accessed March 12, 2020\\. <https://web.archive.org/web/20121114104038/http://www.actlab.utexas.edu/> (Advanced Communication Technologies Laboratory) in the Radio\\-Television\\-Film department. This work, and research in virtual communities, social software, and novel methods of presenting academic topics, drew wide attention, and contributed to the establishment and legitimation of what is now generally called New Media Art.",
"Stone's work and presence in the RTF department has been bitterly contested by powerful conservative faculty members, who have repeatedly tried to remove or marginalize her. In 1998 this small but vocal group issued a negative departmental report recommending that Stone be denied tenure. The university overruled this report, citing Stone's contributions to multiple fields and reaffirming its commitment to original or unusual scholarship.",
"Granting Stone tenure had the negative effect of provoking attacks on her work and credibility by powerful conservative faculty within the RTF department, which for years has responded to inquiries with the statement that there is no New Media program or program called ACTLab within the department. (Based on university course listings and rosters, as of 2007 there were approximately 70 ACTLab students in active courses, 400 former students, and 2500 student webpages on the ACTLab website. The program attracts students from a broad range of departments and from other institutions.) In a 2006 talk at Arizona State University, Stone compared the RTF department's attempts to erase her work and presence to previous efforts by conservative administrators to deny voice to any unfamiliar or emergent disciplines or unusual people, and said it was merely to be expected.",
"Stone's career has been controversial. In the mid\\-1990s she gave several highly publicized interviews during which she suggested that the era of academic scholarship, as the term was generally understood, was over:",
"",
"> The reality of the situation is that academicians are no longer the sole privileged custodians of objects of knowledge called books ... in an era in our developed nations when the ubiquity of almost instantaneous communication puts us in a situation where almost everything is everywhen, the imperial mandate of the university as a privileged site of truth and an authorization for guild membership has evaporated; though, like the dinosaur, it may take a while for that knowledge to reach the central nervous system.4",
"Since that time, although Stone continued to tour extensively, to present \"theoryperformances\" and formal theatrical performances, and to address her work to a wide variety of audiences across broad sampling of disciplines and skills, she has published less and less in print journals. This reached the extent that a group of her students took up the practice of recording, transcribing and printing her in\\-class lectures for their own use.",
"In 1999, she appeared in [*Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities*](/wiki/Gendernauts \"Gendernauts\"), a film by [Monika Treut](/wiki/Monika_Treut \"Monika Treut\") featuring Texas Tomboy, [Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker \"Susan Stryker\"), and [Hida Viloria](/wiki/Hida_Viloria \"Hida Viloria\"), a group of artists in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") who live between the poles of conventional gender identities.{{cite web\\|title\\=Release Info\\|website\\=\\[\\[IMDb]]\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192069/releaseinfo\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2011}}",
"In 2006, Stone began touring a theatrical performance titled *The Neovagina Monologues*, modeled on the work of [Spalding Gray](/wiki/Spalding_Gray \"Spalding Gray\"), although the title is a tribute to a work by [Eve Ensler](/wiki/Eve_Ensler \"Eve Ensler\").",
"In 2010 Stone retired from her position at the University of Texas, becoming Professor Emerita and continuing her ACTLab work by launching several programs based on the ACTLab model, most notably the ACTLab@EGS program at the European Graduate School in Saas\\-Fee, Switzerland. The ACTLab pedagogical model brought her international recognition; subsequently the ACTLab framework for education in the arts and technology has been adopted by many other programs such as the Entertainment Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh and the New Media Innovation Lab at Arizona State University at Tempe. As of 2011 she was actively touring, speaking and performing, and had mounted several gallery installations of interactive art.",
""
] |
### UT Austin ACTLab
Beginning in 1993, Stone established the New Media program she named ACTLabUniversity of Texas at Austin. "New Media Initiative: ACTLab Program." Accessed March 12, 2020\. <https://web.archive.org/web/20121114104038/http://www.actlab.utexas.edu/> (Advanced Communication Technologies Laboratory) in the Radio\-Television\-Film department. This work, and research in virtual communities, social software, and novel methods of presenting academic topics, drew wide attention, and contributed to the establishment and legitimation of what is now generally called New Media Art.
Stone's work and presence in the RTF department has been bitterly contested by powerful conservative faculty members, who have repeatedly tried to remove or marginalize her. In 1998 this small but vocal group issued a negative departmental report recommending that Stone be denied tenure. The university overruled this report, citing Stone's contributions to multiple fields and reaffirming its commitment to original or unusual scholarship.
Granting Stone tenure had the negative effect of provoking attacks on her work and credibility by powerful conservative faculty within the RTF department, which for years has responded to inquiries with the statement that there is no New Media program or program called ACTLab within the department. (Based on university course listings and rosters, as of 2007 there were approximately 70 ACTLab students in active courses, 400 former students, and 2500 student webpages on the ACTLab website. The program attracts students from a broad range of departments and from other institutions.) In a 2006 talk at Arizona State University, Stone compared the RTF department's attempts to erase her work and presence to previous efforts by conservative administrators to deny voice to any unfamiliar or emergent disciplines or unusual people, and said it was merely to be expected.
Stone's career has been controversial. In the mid\-1990s she gave several highly publicized interviews during which she suggested that the era of academic scholarship, as the term was generally understood, was over:
> The reality of the situation is that academicians are no longer the sole privileged custodians of objects of knowledge called books ... in an era in our developed nations when the ubiquity of almost instantaneous communication puts us in a situation where almost everything is everywhen, the imperial mandate of the university as a privileged site of truth and an authorization for guild membership has evaporated; though, like the dinosaur, it may take a while for that knowledge to reach the central nervous system.4
Since that time, although Stone continued to tour extensively, to present "theoryperformances" and formal theatrical performances, and to address her work to a wide variety of audiences across broad sampling of disciplines and skills, she has published less and less in print journals. This reached the extent that a group of her students took up the practice of recording, transcribing and printing her in\-class lectures for their own use.
In 1999, she appeared in [*Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities*](/wiki/Gendernauts "Gendernauts"), a film by [Monika Treut](/wiki/Monika_Treut "Monika Treut") featuring Texas Tomboy, [Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker "Susan Stryker"), and [Hida Viloria](/wiki/Hida_Viloria "Hida Viloria"), a group of artists in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") who live between the poles of conventional gender identities.{{cite web\|title\=Release Info\|website\=\[\[IMDb]]\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192069/releaseinfo\|access\-date\=26 December 2011}}
In 2006, Stone began touring a theatrical performance titled *The Neovagina Monologues*, modeled on the work of [Spalding Gray](/wiki/Spalding_Gray "Spalding Gray"), although the title is a tribute to a work by [Eve Ensler](/wiki/Eve_Ensler "Eve Ensler").
In 2010 Stone retired from her position at the University of Texas, becoming Professor Emerita and continuing her ACTLab work by launching several programs based on the ACTLab model, most notably the ACTLab@EGS program at the European Graduate School in Saas\-Fee, Switzerland. The ACTLab pedagogical model brought her international recognition; subsequently the ACTLab framework for education in the arts and technology has been adopted by many other programs such as the Entertainment Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh and the New Media Innovation Lab at Arizona State University at Tempe. As of 2011 she was actively touring, speaking and performing, and had mounted several gallery installations of interactive art.
|
[
"### UT Austin ACTLab",
"Beginning in 1993, Stone established the New Media program she named ACTLabUniversity of Texas at Austin. \"New Media Initiative: ACTLab Program.\" Accessed March 12, 2020\\. <https://web.archive.org/web/20121114104038/http://www.actlab.utexas.edu/> (Advanced Communication Technologies Laboratory) in the Radio\\-Television\\-Film department. This work, and research in virtual communities, social software, and novel methods of presenting academic topics, drew wide attention, and contributed to the establishment and legitimation of what is now generally called New Media Art.",
"Stone's work and presence in the RTF department has been bitterly contested by powerful conservative faculty members, who have repeatedly tried to remove or marginalize her. In 1998 this small but vocal group issued a negative departmental report recommending that Stone be denied tenure. The university overruled this report, citing Stone's contributions to multiple fields and reaffirming its commitment to original or unusual scholarship.",
"Granting Stone tenure had the negative effect of provoking attacks on her work and credibility by powerful conservative faculty within the RTF department, which for years has responded to inquiries with the statement that there is no New Media program or program called ACTLab within the department. (Based on university course listings and rosters, as of 2007 there were approximately 70 ACTLab students in active courses, 400 former students, and 2500 student webpages on the ACTLab website. The program attracts students from a broad range of departments and from other institutions.) In a 2006 talk at Arizona State University, Stone compared the RTF department's attempts to erase her work and presence to previous efforts by conservative administrators to deny voice to any unfamiliar or emergent disciplines or unusual people, and said it was merely to be expected.",
"Stone's career has been controversial. In the mid\\-1990s she gave several highly publicized interviews during which she suggested that the era of academic scholarship, as the term was generally understood, was over:",
"",
"> The reality of the situation is that academicians are no longer the sole privileged custodians of objects of knowledge called books ... in an era in our developed nations when the ubiquity of almost instantaneous communication puts us in a situation where almost everything is everywhen, the imperial mandate of the university as a privileged site of truth and an authorization for guild membership has evaporated; though, like the dinosaur, it may take a while for that knowledge to reach the central nervous system.4",
"Since that time, although Stone continued to tour extensively, to present \"theoryperformances\" and formal theatrical performances, and to address her work to a wide variety of audiences across broad sampling of disciplines and skills, she has published less and less in print journals. This reached the extent that a group of her students took up the practice of recording, transcribing and printing her in\\-class lectures for their own use.",
"In 1999, she appeared in [*Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities*](/wiki/Gendernauts \"Gendernauts\"), a film by [Monika Treut](/wiki/Monika_Treut \"Monika Treut\") featuring Texas Tomboy, [Susan Stryker](/wiki/Susan_Stryker \"Susan Stryker\"), and [Hida Viloria](/wiki/Hida_Viloria \"Hida Viloria\"), a group of artists in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") who live between the poles of conventional gender identities.{{cite web\\|title\\=Release Info\\|website\\=\\[\\[IMDb]]\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192069/releaseinfo\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2011}}",
"In 2006, Stone began touring a theatrical performance titled *The Neovagina Monologues*, modeled on the work of [Spalding Gray](/wiki/Spalding_Gray \"Spalding Gray\"), although the title is a tribute to a work by [Eve Ensler](/wiki/Eve_Ensler \"Eve Ensler\").",
"In 2010 Stone retired from her position at the University of Texas, becoming Professor Emerita and continuing her ACTLab work by launching several programs based on the ACTLab model, most notably the ACTLab@EGS program at the European Graduate School in Saas\\-Fee, Switzerland. The ACTLab pedagogical model brought her international recognition; subsequently the ACTLab framework for education in the arts and technology has been adopted by many other programs such as the Entertainment Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh and the New Media Innovation Lab at Arizona State University at Tempe. As of 2011 she was actively touring, speaking and performing, and had mounted several gallery installations of interactive art.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In the 1950s, Jacques, a local school teacher goes back to the small province town where he used to live during the German Occupation of France, Douai. He goes there every year for the town fair, accompagnied by his wife (Louise) and two children (Françoise and Lucien), in order to perform a clown routine in front of the audience. On the way, they pick up Jacques' best friend, André, a local washed up castelain and an old lady, Marie.
During the routine where the audience loves the performance, André notices that Lucien does not enjoy the situation at all and goes to inquire. The kid tells André that he feels ashamed of his father's actions and does not understand why he ridicules himself like that every year. André brings the kid outside and proceeds to tell him the story of why Jacques performs as a clown.
Back in Douai in 1944, during the latest stages of Second World War, Jacques and André were already great friends. Since the beginning of the occupation, they always avoided taking any action in the Resistance again the German out of fear. Things start to change as the D\-Day Landing had just taken place and the General De Gaulle asks the people to take part in sabotage actions to help with the Allied advance through France. Jacques and André decide to blow up an interlocking tower at a train yard used to supply German reinforcments to the Normandy frontlines. Jacques disracts the German lookout and André blows up the tower using ordonance abandonned at his castle by fleeing French troops years earlier. Unbeknowst to the two friends, the tower was also occupied by the employee in charge of operating the track switches, a local named Félix, who is gravely wounded in the explosion.
Back at the café, they celebrate their action with Louise, the café owner whom Jacques and André have an attraction to. The German troops show up and round up Jacques and André to create a 4\-person hostage group to be gunned down should the attack perpetrators fail to come forward within the day. With them are also captured Emile, a Resistant, and Thierry, a local insurrance agent. The men are imprisonned by being thrown into an open air clay hole dug at a quarry. The German commander apologizes and insists he is only following orders by taking hostages. During their arrest, Jacques and André learn with sadness that Félix was present and hurt during their attack.
The situation of the hostages is desperate, even more so for Jacques and André who they realize their wll either be shot as the saboteurs if they confess or shot has hostages if they do not. Though they decide to confess to Emile and Thierry neither of them gives credit to their pleas as their reputation of cowardice makes it hard to believe.
The sentinel assigned to their suveillance is a fun\-loving and kind German soldier named Bernd who starts distracting the hostages by performing a clown act. Bernd also reveals he used to be a circus artist from Medrano in Paris before being drafted in the Wehrmart – the German army. Before leaving for the night, Bernd gives them his food rations as they are starving. The hostages realize that not all German soldiers are bloodthirsty killers, many are just human beings who were forced into the draft against their will. The next day, as the deadline is reached, Bernd stands up to his superior and refuses to take part in the firing squad. He his executed on the spot by his officer for insubordination much to the shock of the 4 men who sympathized with him over the course of their imprisonment and through discussions. His red clown nose falls into the clay pit at the feet of Jacques and the other hostages.
The hostages end up being freed at the last minute and they learn that they owe their life to Félix. The old man, on his deathbed, took the blame by pretending to be the saboteur and that he injured himself in the process, in order to save the 4 men.
Jacques and André start leaving apart from the town, Thierry resumes his work and Emile, once their region has been reached by the Allies, enlists in the French army under Marshall De Lattre de Tassigny to keep freeing the country.
At the Liberation Jacques and André come back to the quarry where they were held in order to put up a cross for Bernd. They also visit Félix's widow, who turns out to be Marie, to tell her the truth and thank her for Félix's sacrifice. She forgives them. During the armistice celebration, Jacques asks Louise to marry him after andré withdrew himself from the love triangle.
Back in the present, Lucien now understands that his father performs the clown routine to honor the sacrifice of Bernd. He comes to realize that his father is far from being ridiculous and joins the audience, laughing at the jokes Jacques makes on stage.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In the 1950s, Jacques, a local school teacher goes back to the small province town where he used to live during the German Occupation of France, Douai. He goes there every year for the town fair, accompagnied by his wife (Louise) and two children (Françoise and Lucien), in order to perform a clown routine in front of the audience. On the way, they pick up Jacques' best friend, André, a local washed up castelain and an old lady, Marie.\nDuring the routine where the audience loves the performance, André notices that Lucien does not enjoy the situation at all and goes to inquire. The kid tells André that he feels ashamed of his father's actions and does not understand why he ridicules himself like that every year. André brings the kid outside and proceeds to tell him the story of why Jacques performs as a clown.",
"Back in Douai in 1944, during the latest stages of Second World War, Jacques and André were already great friends. Since the beginning of the occupation, they always avoided taking any action in the Resistance again the German out of fear. Things start to change as the D\\-Day Landing had just taken place and the General De Gaulle asks the people to take part in sabotage actions to help with the Allied advance through France. Jacques and André decide to blow up an interlocking tower at a train yard used to supply German reinforcments to the Normandy frontlines. Jacques disracts the German lookout and André blows up the tower using ordonance abandonned at his castle by fleeing French troops years earlier. Unbeknowst to the two friends, the tower was also occupied by the employee in charge of operating the track switches, a local named Félix, who is gravely wounded in the explosion.",
"Back at the café, they celebrate their action with Louise, the café owner whom Jacques and André have an attraction to. The German troops show up and round up Jacques and André to create a 4\\-person hostage group to be gunned down should the attack perpetrators fail to come forward within the day. With them are also captured Emile, a Resistant, and Thierry, a local insurrance agent. The men are imprisonned by being thrown into an open air clay hole dug at a quarry. The German commander apologizes and insists he is only following orders by taking hostages. During their arrest, Jacques and André learn with sadness that Félix was present and hurt during their attack.",
"The situation of the hostages is desperate, even more so for Jacques and André who they realize their wll either be shot as the saboteurs if they confess or shot has hostages if they do not. Though they decide to confess to Emile and Thierry neither of them gives credit to their pleas as their reputation of cowardice makes it hard to believe.",
"The sentinel assigned to their suveillance is a fun\\-loving and kind German soldier named Bernd who starts distracting the hostages by performing a clown act. Bernd also reveals he used to be a circus artist from Medrano in Paris before being drafted in the Wehrmart – the German army. Before leaving for the night, Bernd gives them his food rations as they are starving. The hostages realize that not all German soldiers are bloodthirsty killers, many are just human beings who were forced into the draft against their will. The next day, as the deadline is reached, Bernd stands up to his superior and refuses to take part in the firing squad. He his executed on the spot by his officer for insubordination much to the shock of the 4 men who sympathized with him over the course of their imprisonment and through discussions. His red clown nose falls into the clay pit at the feet of Jacques and the other hostages.",
"The hostages end up being freed at the last minute and they learn that they owe their life to Félix. The old man, on his deathbed, took the blame by pretending to be the saboteur and that he injured himself in the process, in order to save the 4 men.\nJacques and André start leaving apart from the town, Thierry resumes his work and Emile, once their region has been reached by the Allies, enlists in the French army under Marshall De Lattre de Tassigny to keep freeing the country. \nAt the Liberation Jacques and André come back to the quarry where they were held in order to put up a cross for Bernd. They also visit Félix's widow, who turns out to be Marie, to tell her the truth and thank her for Félix's sacrifice. She forgives them. During the armistice celebration, Jacques asks Louise to marry him after andré withdrew himself from the love triangle.",
"Back in the present, Lucien now understands that his father performs the clown routine to honor the sacrifice of Bernd. He comes to realize that his father is far from being ridiculous and joins the audience, laughing at the jokes Jacques makes on stage.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early beginnings
The school was founded on 18 January 1892, initially at the site of No. 3 Cranbrook Road. On its first day, only one student, Thomas Lloyd, was in attendance; his brother William had fallen ill. After the first academic year, six more students joined the Lloyd brothers. During this period the school moved twice, first to a property on Darlaston Road and then to a building adjoining the All England Lawn Tennis Courts.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?title\=The\+Beginnings\+of\+the\+College%2C\+Expansion%2C\+and\+The\+Great\+War\&pid\=219\|title\=History of the College: Beginnings, Expansion and the Great War\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}} Finally, in 1893\. the college acquired the former site of Wimbledon School on Edge Hill, aided by the financial backing of [Edith Arendrup](/wiki/Edith_Arendrup "Edith Arendrup"). Lessons began at this site on 26 June 1893; the college has not moved since.{{Cite book\|title\=Wimbledon College: The First 125 Years\|last1\=Poole\|first1\=Anthony\|last2\=Potter\|first2\=Simon\|last3\=Austin\|first3\=John\|publisher\=The History Press\|year\=2016\|isbn\=9780750970006\|location\=Stroud\|pages\=28–29, 70–71, 92–97, 100–102, 115–119, 137–140, 162–163, 196–198, 207–209, 221–222, 224–225, 255–259, 268–269, 278, 284, 287, 297–299, 306–307, 325–326}}
In September 1898, the Wimbledon College Army Department was established, which trained young men for entrance into the Royal Military Academies at [Sandhurst](/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst "Royal Military Academy Sandhurst") and [Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy%2C_Woolwich "Royal Military Academy, Woolwich").
During the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the college lost 129 former pupils, including [Maurice Dease](/wiki/Maurice_Dease "Maurice Dease") and [Gerald Robert O'Sullivan](/wiki/Gerald_Robert_O%27Sullivan "Gerald Robert O'Sullivan"), both of whom received the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross"). On 18 February 1922, the war memorial at the rear of the chapel and the memorial stained glass window at the front, behind the altar, were unveiled.
In 1921, John Manning, the prefect of studies, which was then the formal title for Wimbledon College's head master, introduced the house system with three houses (Fisher, More, and Campion), leading to an expansion of extracurricular activities. This was complemented with the development of a senior prefect system, with six boys managing the day\-to\-day discipline of the school. In 1929, eight acres of field beside Coombe Lane, in [Raynes Park](/wiki/Raynes_Park "Raynes Park"), was bought as a venue for the college's sporting activities; it has been in use for these purposes ever since.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?title\=The\+College\+during\+the\+Interwar\+Years\+and\+World\+War\+Two\&pid\=220\|title\=History of the College: The College during the Interwar Years and World War Two\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 April 2017}}
In 1933, due to the growing number of pupils, the decision was made to buy Donhead Lodge, across the road from the college on Edge Hill, and establish a preparatory school there. The seventy\-two pupils from Lower Preparatory, Preparatory, and Elements were taken from the college and settled at the newly instituted Wimbledon College Preparatory School (now [Donhead](/wiki/Donhead_Preparatory_School "Donhead Preparatory School")).
### Under Sinnott
John Sinnott was inaugurated as the prefect of studies in 1937; he was the first former student of the college to hold that office. Sinnott is widely seen as having pioneered the college and wider Catholic education in Britain during his thirteen years as prefect of studies,{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/obituary\-the\-rev\-philip\-wetz\-1134046\.html\|title\=Obituary: The Rev Philip Wetz\|date\=22 December 1999\|work\=The Independent\|publisher\=ESL Media\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}} over which time he developed a careers bureau, a college orchestra, academic interhouse competitions and violin playing. Acting on concerns of fire hazards due to crowded corridors and underfunded laboratories in a 1938 inspection, and on the appetite from inspectors for his plans to expand the provision of geography lessons, Sinnott made plans to expand the college with new facilities; however, he was frustrated by the outbreak of the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), when tight restrictions were placed on the use of steel and timber.
During the Second World War, the functioning of the college was much more disrupted than in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). The college and Donhead both had cellars which, with minor adjustments, were approved by local air raid wardens. Sandbags were brought in and timber frames used to reinforce the ceilings. Since both schools were outside the evacuation area, school was allowed to proceed. Three weeks after the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, the new school term began, albeit with a drop in attendance of one in five pupils. Because the games pitch was distant from the bomb shelters, games lessons were cancelled during the war and break was shortened. The college's swimming pool provided valuable water for the local fire brigade and, in the local community, the school acted as a first aid centre.
On the night of 18 February 1944, a bomb exploded on the Convent of the Sisters of Mary, situated on the Downs, a nearby road, killing five nuns and wounding several others. Windows and doors in the college were damaged and the roof of its swimming pool caved in; the pool was never recommissioned at that site due to the damage incurred.
The college lost fifty\-eight former pupils as a result of the Second World War, including [Eugene Esmonde](/wiki/Eugene_Esmonde "Eugene Esmonde"), a recipient of the Victoria Cross. They are commemorated by a memorial above the door of the college's chapel.
Separately, during this time, Sinnott had concluded that the independent school model was not suitable, owing to the unaffordable fees required of Catholic families; in January 1942, he applied to [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council "Surrey County Council") (in whose jurisdiction Wimbledon resided at the time) for deficiency aided school status, and this was granted in 1943\. This allowed the college to be funded by the local education authority while retaining its religious character. Fees were abolished in March 1945\. This marked the beginning of the process of the college becoming a voluntary aided grammar school, which was completed in July 1948\.
In 1945, Richard Milward, a former pupil at the school, began a 40\-year tenure as a history teacher (and later as the history master) at the college. A popular teacher and local historian, and president of the Wimbledon Society for six years, he was seen as a stalwart of the school.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledonsociety.org.uk/userfiles/070430\_r\_milward\_tribute.pdf\|title\=Richard Milward Tribute\|publisher\=Wimbledon Society\|date\=March 2007}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1538117/Richard\-Milward.html\|title\=Richard Milward\|date\=30 December 2006\|publisher\=Telegraph Media Group\|work\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}}
Sinnott died in his early 50s{{Cite web\|url\=http://umblepie\-northernterritory.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/wimbledon\-college\-1949\-1953\-few.html\|title\=Wimbledon College 1949–1953 – A few recollections\|author\=umblepie\|publisher\=Blogspot\|access\-date\=25 May 2017\|date\=3 June 2009}} and was replaced as prefect of studies by Ignatius St Lawrence in 1950\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?pid\=142\|title\=Head Masters of the College\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}}
### Post\-1950
The school expanded its facilities with a new wing (the St Lawrence wing) of classrooms, kitchens and toilets completed in the early 1950s; these are now predominantly used for English and science. The growth in demand for student places meant that the school quickly expanded, from nearly 500 pupils in 1950, to 670 by the mid\-1960s. In order to accommodate all students, it began to use the parish halls of the next\-door [Sacred Heart Church](/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church%2C_Wimbledon "Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon"), for lessons and study spaces, and facilities in [Chessington](/wiki/Chessington "Chessington") owned by the Old Wimbledonians Association. Between 1965 and 1967, the school constructed a new cross\-wing, the Manners wing, which housed the sixth form, new classrooms, a gymnasium and a swimming pool; the Manners wing now houses maths and sciences.
In 1968, the school successfully revived its houses tradition, which had fallen into irrelevance to many boys, and prefects resumed their function as the main guarantors of discipline. A dual house and line system, as operates today, was established. The following year, the college became a voluntary aided comprehensive school.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.merton.gov.uk/living/planning/designandconservation/conservation\_areas/wwcapart6b\-sa26a.pdf\|title\=Conservation Areas – Edge Hill\|publisher\=Merton Council\|access\-date\=9 February 2016}}
In the early morning of 13 February 1977, the college hall was destroyed by fire; the cause of the fire is still undetermined. The school's administration was not displeased, as a plan had been formulated for several years to build a new hall on the site of the old one; this plan was executed in 1980 in the aftermath of the fire. The new hall continued to house the college's kitchens and dinery.
During the 1980s, the school ehanced its reputation as a strong rugby and cricket school with a series of notable successes. Paddy O'D (Donhead Lodge Prep School) and Gerald Smythe (St Catherines Middle School) had built an incredibly strong sporting base which fed pupils into the Wimbledon College system. Notable players from this time were numerous and many went on to represent Surrey Schools as well as England Schools and a number went on to play first class rugby both in England and abroad (notably Brian Mullin of London Irish and Clermont, John Travers Rosslyn Park, Fergus Timmons Rosslyn Park and Cambridge, James Dyson Richmond, Brian Gegg Harlequins and Cambridge and Ben Ryan Cambridge, West Hartlepool, coach of England sevens 2007\-13, Fiji sevens 2013\-16 winning Olympic gold in 2016\. Other notable players of this era were Ivan Stroud (Surrey rugby, cricket and Rosslyn Park), Michael Nielsen (Rosslyn Park and Surrey), Steve Porter (Surrey and Harlequins) and Billy McCulloch (Surrey and Rosslyn Park) There was subsequently great success in the Surrey Rugby Championship. This also saw a golden period for the Old Wimbledonians rugby club with 5 teams turning out each week on a regular basis. The practice of using the [ferula](/wiki/wikt:Ferula "Ferula") for punishment, as was common in Jesuit schools, was abandoned around 1989 in line with the government's banning of [corporal punishment](/wiki/School_corporal_punishment "School corporal punishment").
From the 1990s, the school replaced its forty\-minute, eight\-period day with a one\-hour, five\-period day and then its present fifty\-minute, six\-period day. Initially, lessons on Friday finished after the fourth period at the school in order to encourage extracurricular activities; this practice of early finishes on Fridays remains the standard at the Ursuline High School, but was removed from the college in the 2000s. In 1996, annual prizegiving assemblies returned, having ended in 1973\.
Under [Michael Holman](/wiki/Michael_Holman_%28priest%29 "Michael Holman (priest)"), the school rapidly expanded its facilities. In May 2002, the school opened its new sports facilities, known as the Arrupe Hall, which include a large sports hall that also serves as the exam hall and a new swimming pool. At around the same time, the Milward Centre was open; it is the present\-day sixth form centre. Both the Arrupe Hall and the Milward Centre were opened over the old gymnasium and swimming pool. In 2003, a new refectory opened over the site of former lavatories. The school acquired the grounds of the former St. Catherine's School on Grand Drive, in Morden, which was renamed the Campion Centre and taught Figures and Rudiments; the grounds on Edge Hill had become known as the Loyola Centre.
Under the headmastership of Adrian Porter, in July 2005, the school opened its [George Malcolm](/wiki/George_Malcolm_%28musician%29 "George Malcolm (musician)") Music School. Figures and Rudiments boys returned to the main site in 2005, with the Campion Centre abandoned. The period was marked with an expansion in extracurricular activities, especially drama, with the school's student magazine, *The Wimbledonian*, becoming a student\-run publication for a brief period until 2010\. The school was modernised with personal computers and new furniture and it briefly extended its joined sixth form with the Ursuline High School to [Richard Challoner](/wiki/Richard_Challoner_School "Richard Challoner School") and [Holy Cross](/wiki/Holy_Cross_School%2C_New_Malden "Holy Cross School, New Malden") in [Malden Manor](/wiki/Malden_Manor "Malden Manor") and [New Malden](/wiki/New_Malden "New Malden") respectively; this was ended due to the large distances involved.
In 2011, Adrian Laing became the first lay head master of Wimbledon College. As in 1968 under Robert Carty, attempts were made at reviving the house system, which had again fallen into irrelevance, with the creation of four new houses in 2011 so that the forms system could merge with the house system. Interhouse competitions and prefect\-led house assemblies were restored. Discipline has been considerably emphasised since 2011, with increased security measures, electronic staff passes and registers, and policies targeted at improving attendance, punctuality, homework completion rates and the orderliness of pupils.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\=55\&type\=pdf\|title\=Letter to Parents July 2014\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017\|date\=16 July 2014}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\=562\&type\=pdf\|title\=Letter to Parents March 2017\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017\|date\=31 March 2017}}
On 2 March 2020, the school was closed for at least a week for deep\-cleaning after a member of staff contracted the [COVID\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") virus on a trip to Italy.{{cite news \|last1\=Rourke \|first1\=Alison \|title\=Coronavirus live updates \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/mar/02/coronavirus\-live\-updates\-china\-latest\-news\-us\-australia\-deaths\-markets\-italy\-iran\-update\-cases \|access\-date\=2 March 2020 \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=2 March 2020}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early beginnings",
"The school was founded on 18 January 1892, initially at the site of No. 3 Cranbrook Road. On its first day, only one student, Thomas Lloyd, was in attendance; his brother William had fallen ill. After the first academic year, six more students joined the Lloyd brothers. During this period the school moved twice, first to a property on Darlaston Road and then to a building adjoining the All England Lawn Tennis Courts.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?title\\=The\\+Beginnings\\+of\\+the\\+College%2C\\+Expansion%2C\\+and\\+The\\+Great\\+War\\&pid\\=219\\|title\\=History of the College: Beginnings, Expansion and the Great War\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}} Finally, in 1893\\. the college acquired the former site of Wimbledon School on Edge Hill, aided by the financial backing of [Edith Arendrup](/wiki/Edith_Arendrup \"Edith Arendrup\"). Lessons began at this site on 26 June 1893; the college has not moved since.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Wimbledon College: The First 125 Years\\|last1\\=Poole\\|first1\\=Anthony\\|last2\\=Potter\\|first2\\=Simon\\|last3\\=Austin\\|first3\\=John\\|publisher\\=The History Press\\|year\\=2016\\|isbn\\=9780750970006\\|location\\=Stroud\\|pages\\=28–29, 70–71, 92–97, 100–102, 115–119, 137–140, 162–163, 196–198, 207–209, 221–222, 224–225, 255–259, 268–269, 278, 284, 287, 297–299, 306–307, 325–326}}",
"In September 1898, the Wimbledon College Army Department was established, which trained young men for entrance into the Royal Military Academies at [Sandhurst](/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst \"Royal Military Academy Sandhurst\") and [Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy%2C_Woolwich \"Royal Military Academy, Woolwich\").",
"During the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the college lost 129 former pupils, including [Maurice Dease](/wiki/Maurice_Dease \"Maurice Dease\") and [Gerald Robert O'Sullivan](/wiki/Gerald_Robert_O%27Sullivan \"Gerald Robert O'Sullivan\"), both of whom received the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\"). On 18 February 1922, the war memorial at the rear of the chapel and the memorial stained glass window at the front, behind the altar, were unveiled.",
"In 1921, John Manning, the prefect of studies, which was then the formal title for Wimbledon College's head master, introduced the house system with three houses (Fisher, More, and Campion), leading to an expansion of extracurricular activities. This was complemented with the development of a senior prefect system, with six boys managing the day\\-to\\-day discipline of the school. In 1929, eight acres of field beside Coombe Lane, in [Raynes Park](/wiki/Raynes_Park \"Raynes Park\"), was bought as a venue for the college's sporting activities; it has been in use for these purposes ever since.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?title\\=The\\+College\\+during\\+the\\+Interwar\\+Years\\+and\\+World\\+War\\+Two\\&pid\\=220\\|title\\=History of the College: The College during the Interwar Years and World War Two\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2017}}",
"In 1933, due to the growing number of pupils, the decision was made to buy Donhead Lodge, across the road from the college on Edge Hill, and establish a preparatory school there. The seventy\\-two pupils from Lower Preparatory, Preparatory, and Elements were taken from the college and settled at the newly instituted Wimbledon College Preparatory School (now [Donhead](/wiki/Donhead_Preparatory_School \"Donhead Preparatory School\")).",
"### Under Sinnott",
"John Sinnott was inaugurated as the prefect of studies in 1937; he was the first former student of the college to hold that office. Sinnott is widely seen as having pioneered the college and wider Catholic education in Britain during his thirteen years as prefect of studies,{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/obituary\\-the\\-rev\\-philip\\-wetz\\-1134046\\.html\\|title\\=Obituary: The Rev Philip Wetz\\|date\\=22 December 1999\\|work\\=The Independent\\|publisher\\=ESL Media\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}} over which time he developed a careers bureau, a college orchestra, academic interhouse competitions and violin playing. Acting on concerns of fire hazards due to crowded corridors and underfunded laboratories in a 1938 inspection, and on the appetite from inspectors for his plans to expand the provision of geography lessons, Sinnott made plans to expand the college with new facilities; however, he was frustrated by the outbreak of the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), when tight restrictions were placed on the use of steel and timber.",
"During the Second World War, the functioning of the college was much more disrupted than in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). The college and Donhead both had cellars which, with minor adjustments, were approved by local air raid wardens. Sandbags were brought in and timber frames used to reinforce the ceilings. Since both schools were outside the evacuation area, school was allowed to proceed. Three weeks after the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, the new school term began, albeit with a drop in attendance of one in five pupils. Because the games pitch was distant from the bomb shelters, games lessons were cancelled during the war and break was shortened. The college's swimming pool provided valuable water for the local fire brigade and, in the local community, the school acted as a first aid centre.",
"On the night of 18 February 1944, a bomb exploded on the Convent of the Sisters of Mary, situated on the Downs, a nearby road, killing five nuns and wounding several others. Windows and doors in the college were damaged and the roof of its swimming pool caved in; the pool was never recommissioned at that site due to the damage incurred.",
"The college lost fifty\\-eight former pupils as a result of the Second World War, including [Eugene Esmonde](/wiki/Eugene_Esmonde \"Eugene Esmonde\"), a recipient of the Victoria Cross. They are commemorated by a memorial above the door of the college's chapel.",
"Separately, during this time, Sinnott had concluded that the independent school model was not suitable, owing to the unaffordable fees required of Catholic families; in January 1942, he applied to [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council \"Surrey County Council\") (in whose jurisdiction Wimbledon resided at the time) for deficiency aided school status, and this was granted in 1943\\. This allowed the college to be funded by the local education authority while retaining its religious character. Fees were abolished in March 1945\\. This marked the beginning of the process of the college becoming a voluntary aided grammar school, which was completed in July 1948\\.",
"In 1945, Richard Milward, a former pupil at the school, began a 40\\-year tenure as a history teacher (and later as the history master) at the college. A popular teacher and local historian, and president of the Wimbledon Society for six years, he was seen as a stalwart of the school.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledonsociety.org.uk/userfiles/070430\\_r\\_milward\\_tribute.pdf\\|title\\=Richard Milward Tribute\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon Society\\|date\\=March 2007}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1538117/Richard\\-Milward.html\\|title\\=Richard Milward\\|date\\=30 December 2006\\|publisher\\=Telegraph Media Group\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}}",
"Sinnott died in his early 50s{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://umblepie\\-northernterritory.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/wimbledon\\-college\\-1949\\-1953\\-few.html\\|title\\=Wimbledon College 1949–1953 – A few recollections\\|author\\=umblepie\\|publisher\\=Blogspot\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017\\|date\\=3 June 2009}} and was replaced as prefect of studies by Ignatius St Lawrence in 1950\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?pid\\=142\\|title\\=Head Masters of the College\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}}",
"### Post\\-1950",
"The school expanded its facilities with a new wing (the St Lawrence wing) of classrooms, kitchens and toilets completed in the early 1950s; these are now predominantly used for English and science. The growth in demand for student places meant that the school quickly expanded, from nearly 500 pupils in 1950, to 670 by the mid\\-1960s. In order to accommodate all students, it began to use the parish halls of the next\\-door [Sacred Heart Church](/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church%2C_Wimbledon \"Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon\"), for lessons and study spaces, and facilities in [Chessington](/wiki/Chessington \"Chessington\") owned by the Old Wimbledonians Association. Between 1965 and 1967, the school constructed a new cross\\-wing, the Manners wing, which housed the sixth form, new classrooms, a gymnasium and a swimming pool; the Manners wing now houses maths and sciences.",
"In 1968, the school successfully revived its houses tradition, which had fallen into irrelevance to many boys, and prefects resumed their function as the main guarantors of discipline. A dual house and line system, as operates today, was established. The following year, the college became a voluntary aided comprehensive school.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.merton.gov.uk/living/planning/designandconservation/conservation\\_areas/wwcapart6b\\-sa26a.pdf\\|title\\=Conservation Areas – Edge Hill\\|publisher\\=Merton Council\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2016}}",
"In the early morning of 13 February 1977, the college hall was destroyed by fire; the cause of the fire is still undetermined. The school's administration was not displeased, as a plan had been formulated for several years to build a new hall on the site of the old one; this plan was executed in 1980 in the aftermath of the fire. The new hall continued to house the college's kitchens and dinery.",
"During the 1980s, the school ehanced its reputation as a strong rugby and cricket school with a series of notable successes. Paddy O'D (Donhead Lodge Prep School) and Gerald Smythe (St Catherines Middle School) had built an incredibly strong sporting base which fed pupils into the Wimbledon College system. Notable players from this time were numerous and many went on to represent Surrey Schools as well as England Schools and a number went on to play first class rugby both in England and abroad (notably Brian Mullin of London Irish and Clermont, John Travers Rosslyn Park, Fergus Timmons Rosslyn Park and Cambridge, James Dyson Richmond, Brian Gegg Harlequins and Cambridge and Ben Ryan Cambridge, West Hartlepool, coach of England sevens 2007\\-13, Fiji sevens 2013\\-16 winning Olympic gold in 2016\\. Other notable players of this era were Ivan Stroud (Surrey rugby, cricket and Rosslyn Park), Michael Nielsen (Rosslyn Park and Surrey), Steve Porter (Surrey and Harlequins) and Billy McCulloch (Surrey and Rosslyn Park) There was subsequently great success in the Surrey Rugby Championship. This also saw a golden period for the Old Wimbledonians rugby club with 5 teams turning out each week on a regular basis. The practice of using the [ferula](/wiki/wikt:Ferula \"Ferula\") for punishment, as was common in Jesuit schools, was abandoned around 1989 in line with the government's banning of [corporal punishment](/wiki/School_corporal_punishment \"School corporal punishment\").",
"From the 1990s, the school replaced its forty\\-minute, eight\\-period day with a one\\-hour, five\\-period day and then its present fifty\\-minute, six\\-period day. Initially, lessons on Friday finished after the fourth period at the school in order to encourage extracurricular activities; this practice of early finishes on Fridays remains the standard at the Ursuline High School, but was removed from the college in the 2000s. In 1996, annual prizegiving assemblies returned, having ended in 1973\\.",
"Under [Michael Holman](/wiki/Michael_Holman_%28priest%29 \"Michael Holman (priest)\"), the school rapidly expanded its facilities. In May 2002, the school opened its new sports facilities, known as the Arrupe Hall, which include a large sports hall that also serves as the exam hall and a new swimming pool. At around the same time, the Milward Centre was open; it is the present\\-day sixth form centre. Both the Arrupe Hall and the Milward Centre were opened over the old gymnasium and swimming pool. In 2003, a new refectory opened over the site of former lavatories. The school acquired the grounds of the former St. Catherine's School on Grand Drive, in Morden, which was renamed the Campion Centre and taught Figures and Rudiments; the grounds on Edge Hill had become known as the Loyola Centre.",
"Under the headmastership of Adrian Porter, in July 2005, the school opened its [George Malcolm](/wiki/George_Malcolm_%28musician%29 \"George Malcolm (musician)\") Music School. Figures and Rudiments boys returned to the main site in 2005, with the Campion Centre abandoned. The period was marked with an expansion in extracurricular activities, especially drama, with the school's student magazine, *The Wimbledonian*, becoming a student\\-run publication for a brief period until 2010\\. The school was modernised with personal computers and new furniture and it briefly extended its joined sixth form with the Ursuline High School to [Richard Challoner](/wiki/Richard_Challoner_School \"Richard Challoner School\") and [Holy Cross](/wiki/Holy_Cross_School%2C_New_Malden \"Holy Cross School, New Malden\") in [Malden Manor](/wiki/Malden_Manor \"Malden Manor\") and [New Malden](/wiki/New_Malden \"New Malden\") respectively; this was ended due to the large distances involved.",
"In 2011, Adrian Laing became the first lay head master of Wimbledon College. As in 1968 under Robert Carty, attempts were made at reviving the house system, which had again fallen into irrelevance, with the creation of four new houses in 2011 so that the forms system could merge with the house system. Interhouse competitions and prefect\\-led house assemblies were restored. Discipline has been considerably emphasised since 2011, with increased security measures, electronic staff passes and registers, and policies targeted at improving attendance, punctuality, homework completion rates and the orderliness of pupils.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\\=55\\&type\\=pdf\\|title\\=Letter to Parents July 2014\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017\\|date\\=16 July 2014}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\\=562\\&type\\=pdf\\|title\\=Letter to Parents March 2017\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017\\|date\\=31 March 2017}}",
"On 2 March 2020, the school was closed for at least a week for deep\\-cleaning after a member of staff contracted the [COVID\\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") virus on a trip to Italy.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Rourke \\|first1\\=Alison \\|title\\=Coronavirus live updates \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/mar/02/coronavirus\\-live\\-updates\\-china\\-latest\\-news\\-us\\-australia\\-deaths\\-markets\\-italy\\-iran\\-update\\-cases \\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2020 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=2 March 2020}}",
""
] |
### Under Sinnott
John Sinnott was inaugurated as the prefect of studies in 1937; he was the first former student of the college to hold that office. Sinnott is widely seen as having pioneered the college and wider Catholic education in Britain during his thirteen years as prefect of studies,{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/obituary\-the\-rev\-philip\-wetz\-1134046\.html\|title\=Obituary: The Rev Philip Wetz\|date\=22 December 1999\|work\=The Independent\|publisher\=ESL Media\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}} over which time he developed a careers bureau, a college orchestra, academic interhouse competitions and violin playing. Acting on concerns of fire hazards due to crowded corridors and underfunded laboratories in a 1938 inspection, and on the appetite from inspectors for his plans to expand the provision of geography lessons, Sinnott made plans to expand the college with new facilities; however, he was frustrated by the outbreak of the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), when tight restrictions were placed on the use of steel and timber.
During the Second World War, the functioning of the college was much more disrupted than in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). The college and Donhead both had cellars which, with minor adjustments, were approved by local air raid wardens. Sandbags were brought in and timber frames used to reinforce the ceilings. Since both schools were outside the evacuation area, school was allowed to proceed. Three weeks after the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, the new school term began, albeit with a drop in attendance of one in five pupils. Because the games pitch was distant from the bomb shelters, games lessons were cancelled during the war and break was shortened. The college's swimming pool provided valuable water for the local fire brigade and, in the local community, the school acted as a first aid centre.
On the night of 18 February 1944, a bomb exploded on the Convent of the Sisters of Mary, situated on the Downs, a nearby road, killing five nuns and wounding several others. Windows and doors in the college were damaged and the roof of its swimming pool caved in; the pool was never recommissioned at that site due to the damage incurred.
The college lost fifty\-eight former pupils as a result of the Second World War, including [Eugene Esmonde](/wiki/Eugene_Esmonde "Eugene Esmonde"), a recipient of the Victoria Cross. They are commemorated by a memorial above the door of the college's chapel.
Separately, during this time, Sinnott had concluded that the independent school model was not suitable, owing to the unaffordable fees required of Catholic families; in January 1942, he applied to [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council "Surrey County Council") (in whose jurisdiction Wimbledon resided at the time) for deficiency aided school status, and this was granted in 1943\. This allowed the college to be funded by the local education authority while retaining its religious character. Fees were abolished in March 1945\. This marked the beginning of the process of the college becoming a voluntary aided grammar school, which was completed in July 1948\.
In 1945, Richard Milward, a former pupil at the school, began a 40\-year tenure as a history teacher (and later as the history master) at the college. A popular teacher and local historian, and president of the Wimbledon Society for six years, he was seen as a stalwart of the school.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledonsociety.org.uk/userfiles/070430\_r\_milward\_tribute.pdf\|title\=Richard Milward Tribute\|publisher\=Wimbledon Society\|date\=March 2007}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1538117/Richard\-Milward.html\|title\=Richard Milward\|date\=30 December 2006\|publisher\=Telegraph Media Group\|work\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}}
Sinnott died in his early 50s{{Cite web\|url\=http://umblepie\-northernterritory.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/wimbledon\-college\-1949\-1953\-few.html\|title\=Wimbledon College 1949–1953 – A few recollections\|author\=umblepie\|publisher\=Blogspot\|access\-date\=25 May 2017\|date\=3 June 2009}} and was replaced as prefect of studies by Ignatius St Lawrence in 1950\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?pid\=142\|title\=Head Masters of the College\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}}
|
[
"### Under Sinnott",
"John Sinnott was inaugurated as the prefect of studies in 1937; he was the first former student of the college to hold that office. Sinnott is widely seen as having pioneered the college and wider Catholic education in Britain during his thirteen years as prefect of studies,{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/obituary\\-the\\-rev\\-philip\\-wetz\\-1134046\\.html\\|title\\=Obituary: The Rev Philip Wetz\\|date\\=22 December 1999\\|work\\=The Independent\\|publisher\\=ESL Media\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}} over which time he developed a careers bureau, a college orchestra, academic interhouse competitions and violin playing. Acting on concerns of fire hazards due to crowded corridors and underfunded laboratories in a 1938 inspection, and on the appetite from inspectors for his plans to expand the provision of geography lessons, Sinnott made plans to expand the college with new facilities; however, he was frustrated by the outbreak of the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), when tight restrictions were placed on the use of steel and timber.",
"During the Second World War, the functioning of the college was much more disrupted than in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). The college and Donhead both had cellars which, with minor adjustments, were approved by local air raid wardens. Sandbags were brought in and timber frames used to reinforce the ceilings. Since both schools were outside the evacuation area, school was allowed to proceed. Three weeks after the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, the new school term began, albeit with a drop in attendance of one in five pupils. Because the games pitch was distant from the bomb shelters, games lessons were cancelled during the war and break was shortened. The college's swimming pool provided valuable water for the local fire brigade and, in the local community, the school acted as a first aid centre.",
"On the night of 18 February 1944, a bomb exploded on the Convent of the Sisters of Mary, situated on the Downs, a nearby road, killing five nuns and wounding several others. Windows and doors in the college were damaged and the roof of its swimming pool caved in; the pool was never recommissioned at that site due to the damage incurred.",
"The college lost fifty\\-eight former pupils as a result of the Second World War, including [Eugene Esmonde](/wiki/Eugene_Esmonde \"Eugene Esmonde\"), a recipient of the Victoria Cross. They are commemorated by a memorial above the door of the college's chapel.",
"Separately, during this time, Sinnott had concluded that the independent school model was not suitable, owing to the unaffordable fees required of Catholic families; in January 1942, he applied to [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council \"Surrey County Council\") (in whose jurisdiction Wimbledon resided at the time) for deficiency aided school status, and this was granted in 1943\\. This allowed the college to be funded by the local education authority while retaining its religious character. Fees were abolished in March 1945\\. This marked the beginning of the process of the college becoming a voluntary aided grammar school, which was completed in July 1948\\.",
"In 1945, Richard Milward, a former pupil at the school, began a 40\\-year tenure as a history teacher (and later as the history master) at the college. A popular teacher and local historian, and president of the Wimbledon Society for six years, he was seen as a stalwart of the school.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledonsociety.org.uk/userfiles/070430\\_r\\_milward\\_tribute.pdf\\|title\\=Richard Milward Tribute\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon Society\\|date\\=March 2007}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1538117/Richard\\-Milward.html\\|title\\=Richard Milward\\|date\\=30 December 2006\\|publisher\\=Telegraph Media Group\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}}",
"Sinnott died in his early 50s{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://umblepie\\-northernterritory.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/wimbledon\\-college\\-1949\\-1953\\-few.html\\|title\\=Wimbledon College 1949–1953 – A few recollections\\|author\\=umblepie\\|publisher\\=Blogspot\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017\\|date\\=3 June 2009}} and was replaced as prefect of studies by Ignatius St Lawrence in 1950\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?pid\\=142\\|title\\=Head Masters of the College\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}}",
""
] |
### Post\-1950
The school expanded its facilities with a new wing (the St Lawrence wing) of classrooms, kitchens and toilets completed in the early 1950s; these are now predominantly used for English and science. The growth in demand for student places meant that the school quickly expanded, from nearly 500 pupils in 1950, to 670 by the mid\-1960s. In order to accommodate all students, it began to use the parish halls of the next\-door [Sacred Heart Church](/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church%2C_Wimbledon "Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon"), for lessons and study spaces, and facilities in [Chessington](/wiki/Chessington "Chessington") owned by the Old Wimbledonians Association. Between 1965 and 1967, the school constructed a new cross\-wing, the Manners wing, which housed the sixth form, new classrooms, a gymnasium and a swimming pool; the Manners wing now houses maths and sciences.
In 1968, the school successfully revived its houses tradition, which had fallen into irrelevance to many boys, and prefects resumed their function as the main guarantors of discipline. A dual house and line system, as operates today, was established. The following year, the college became a voluntary aided comprehensive school.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.merton.gov.uk/living/planning/designandconservation/conservation\_areas/wwcapart6b\-sa26a.pdf\|title\=Conservation Areas – Edge Hill\|publisher\=Merton Council\|access\-date\=9 February 2016}}
In the early morning of 13 February 1977, the college hall was destroyed by fire; the cause of the fire is still undetermined. The school's administration was not displeased, as a plan had been formulated for several years to build a new hall on the site of the old one; this plan was executed in 1980 in the aftermath of the fire. The new hall continued to house the college's kitchens and dinery.
During the 1980s, the school ehanced its reputation as a strong rugby and cricket school with a series of notable successes. Paddy O'D (Donhead Lodge Prep School) and Gerald Smythe (St Catherines Middle School) had built an incredibly strong sporting base which fed pupils into the Wimbledon College system. Notable players from this time were numerous and many went on to represent Surrey Schools as well as England Schools and a number went on to play first class rugby both in England and abroad (notably Brian Mullin of London Irish and Clermont, John Travers Rosslyn Park, Fergus Timmons Rosslyn Park and Cambridge, James Dyson Richmond, Brian Gegg Harlequins and Cambridge and Ben Ryan Cambridge, West Hartlepool, coach of England sevens 2007\-13, Fiji sevens 2013\-16 winning Olympic gold in 2016\. Other notable players of this era were Ivan Stroud (Surrey rugby, cricket and Rosslyn Park), Michael Nielsen (Rosslyn Park and Surrey), Steve Porter (Surrey and Harlequins) and Billy McCulloch (Surrey and Rosslyn Park) There was subsequently great success in the Surrey Rugby Championship. This also saw a golden period for the Old Wimbledonians rugby club with 5 teams turning out each week on a regular basis. The practice of using the [ferula](/wiki/wikt:Ferula "Ferula") for punishment, as was common in Jesuit schools, was abandoned around 1989 in line with the government's banning of [corporal punishment](/wiki/School_corporal_punishment "School corporal punishment").
From the 1990s, the school replaced its forty\-minute, eight\-period day with a one\-hour, five\-period day and then its present fifty\-minute, six\-period day. Initially, lessons on Friday finished after the fourth period at the school in order to encourage extracurricular activities; this practice of early finishes on Fridays remains the standard at the Ursuline High School, but was removed from the college in the 2000s. In 1996, annual prizegiving assemblies returned, having ended in 1973\.
Under [Michael Holman](/wiki/Michael_Holman_%28priest%29 "Michael Holman (priest)"), the school rapidly expanded its facilities. In May 2002, the school opened its new sports facilities, known as the Arrupe Hall, which include a large sports hall that also serves as the exam hall and a new swimming pool. At around the same time, the Milward Centre was open; it is the present\-day sixth form centre. Both the Arrupe Hall and the Milward Centre were opened over the old gymnasium and swimming pool. In 2003, a new refectory opened over the site of former lavatories. The school acquired the grounds of the former St. Catherine's School on Grand Drive, in Morden, which was renamed the Campion Centre and taught Figures and Rudiments; the grounds on Edge Hill had become known as the Loyola Centre.
Under the headmastership of Adrian Porter, in July 2005, the school opened its [George Malcolm](/wiki/George_Malcolm_%28musician%29 "George Malcolm (musician)") Music School. Figures and Rudiments boys returned to the main site in 2005, with the Campion Centre abandoned. The period was marked with an expansion in extracurricular activities, especially drama, with the school's student magazine, *The Wimbledonian*, becoming a student\-run publication for a brief period until 2010\. The school was modernised with personal computers and new furniture and it briefly extended its joined sixth form with the Ursuline High School to [Richard Challoner](/wiki/Richard_Challoner_School "Richard Challoner School") and [Holy Cross](/wiki/Holy_Cross_School%2C_New_Malden "Holy Cross School, New Malden") in [Malden Manor](/wiki/Malden_Manor "Malden Manor") and [New Malden](/wiki/New_Malden "New Malden") respectively; this was ended due to the large distances involved.
In 2011, Adrian Laing became the first lay head master of Wimbledon College. As in 1968 under Robert Carty, attempts were made at reviving the house system, which had again fallen into irrelevance, with the creation of four new houses in 2011 so that the forms system could merge with the house system. Interhouse competitions and prefect\-led house assemblies were restored. Discipline has been considerably emphasised since 2011, with increased security measures, electronic staff passes and registers, and policies targeted at improving attendance, punctuality, homework completion rates and the orderliness of pupils.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\=55\&type\=pdf\|title\=Letter to Parents July 2014\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017\|date\=16 July 2014}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\=562\&type\=pdf\|title\=Letter to Parents March 2017\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017\|date\=31 March 2017}}
On 2 March 2020, the school was closed for at least a week for deep\-cleaning after a member of staff contracted the [COVID\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") virus on a trip to Italy.{{cite news \|last1\=Rourke \|first1\=Alison \|title\=Coronavirus live updates \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/mar/02/coronavirus\-live\-updates\-china\-latest\-news\-us\-australia\-deaths\-markets\-italy\-iran\-update\-cases \|access\-date\=2 March 2020 \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=2 March 2020}}
|
[
"### Post\\-1950",
"The school expanded its facilities with a new wing (the St Lawrence wing) of classrooms, kitchens and toilets completed in the early 1950s; these are now predominantly used for English and science. The growth in demand for student places meant that the school quickly expanded, from nearly 500 pupils in 1950, to 670 by the mid\\-1960s. In order to accommodate all students, it began to use the parish halls of the next\\-door [Sacred Heart Church](/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church%2C_Wimbledon \"Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon\"), for lessons and study spaces, and facilities in [Chessington](/wiki/Chessington \"Chessington\") owned by the Old Wimbledonians Association. Between 1965 and 1967, the school constructed a new cross\\-wing, the Manners wing, which housed the sixth form, new classrooms, a gymnasium and a swimming pool; the Manners wing now houses maths and sciences.",
"In 1968, the school successfully revived its houses tradition, which had fallen into irrelevance to many boys, and prefects resumed their function as the main guarantors of discipline. A dual house and line system, as operates today, was established. The following year, the college became a voluntary aided comprehensive school.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.merton.gov.uk/living/planning/designandconservation/conservation\\_areas/wwcapart6b\\-sa26a.pdf\\|title\\=Conservation Areas – Edge Hill\\|publisher\\=Merton Council\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2016}}",
"In the early morning of 13 February 1977, the college hall was destroyed by fire; the cause of the fire is still undetermined. The school's administration was not displeased, as a plan had been formulated for several years to build a new hall on the site of the old one; this plan was executed in 1980 in the aftermath of the fire. The new hall continued to house the college's kitchens and dinery.",
"During the 1980s, the school ehanced its reputation as a strong rugby and cricket school with a series of notable successes. Paddy O'D (Donhead Lodge Prep School) and Gerald Smythe (St Catherines Middle School) had built an incredibly strong sporting base which fed pupils into the Wimbledon College system. Notable players from this time were numerous and many went on to represent Surrey Schools as well as England Schools and a number went on to play first class rugby both in England and abroad (notably Brian Mullin of London Irish and Clermont, John Travers Rosslyn Park, Fergus Timmons Rosslyn Park and Cambridge, James Dyson Richmond, Brian Gegg Harlequins and Cambridge and Ben Ryan Cambridge, West Hartlepool, coach of England sevens 2007\\-13, Fiji sevens 2013\\-16 winning Olympic gold in 2016\\. Other notable players of this era were Ivan Stroud (Surrey rugby, cricket and Rosslyn Park), Michael Nielsen (Rosslyn Park and Surrey), Steve Porter (Surrey and Harlequins) and Billy McCulloch (Surrey and Rosslyn Park) There was subsequently great success in the Surrey Rugby Championship. This also saw a golden period for the Old Wimbledonians rugby club with 5 teams turning out each week on a regular basis. The practice of using the [ferula](/wiki/wikt:Ferula \"Ferula\") for punishment, as was common in Jesuit schools, was abandoned around 1989 in line with the government's banning of [corporal punishment](/wiki/School_corporal_punishment \"School corporal punishment\").",
"From the 1990s, the school replaced its forty\\-minute, eight\\-period day with a one\\-hour, five\\-period day and then its present fifty\\-minute, six\\-period day. Initially, lessons on Friday finished after the fourth period at the school in order to encourage extracurricular activities; this practice of early finishes on Fridays remains the standard at the Ursuline High School, but was removed from the college in the 2000s. In 1996, annual prizegiving assemblies returned, having ended in 1973\\.",
"Under [Michael Holman](/wiki/Michael_Holman_%28priest%29 \"Michael Holman (priest)\"), the school rapidly expanded its facilities. In May 2002, the school opened its new sports facilities, known as the Arrupe Hall, which include a large sports hall that also serves as the exam hall and a new swimming pool. At around the same time, the Milward Centre was open; it is the present\\-day sixth form centre. Both the Arrupe Hall and the Milward Centre were opened over the old gymnasium and swimming pool. In 2003, a new refectory opened over the site of former lavatories. The school acquired the grounds of the former St. Catherine's School on Grand Drive, in Morden, which was renamed the Campion Centre and taught Figures and Rudiments; the grounds on Edge Hill had become known as the Loyola Centre.",
"Under the headmastership of Adrian Porter, in July 2005, the school opened its [George Malcolm](/wiki/George_Malcolm_%28musician%29 \"George Malcolm (musician)\") Music School. Figures and Rudiments boys returned to the main site in 2005, with the Campion Centre abandoned. The period was marked with an expansion in extracurricular activities, especially drama, with the school's student magazine, *The Wimbledonian*, becoming a student\\-run publication for a brief period until 2010\\. The school was modernised with personal computers and new furniture and it briefly extended its joined sixth form with the Ursuline High School to [Richard Challoner](/wiki/Richard_Challoner_School \"Richard Challoner School\") and [Holy Cross](/wiki/Holy_Cross_School%2C_New_Malden \"Holy Cross School, New Malden\") in [Malden Manor](/wiki/Malden_Manor \"Malden Manor\") and [New Malden](/wiki/New_Malden \"New Malden\") respectively; this was ended due to the large distances involved.",
"In 2011, Adrian Laing became the first lay head master of Wimbledon College. As in 1968 under Robert Carty, attempts were made at reviving the house system, which had again fallen into irrelevance, with the creation of four new houses in 2011 so that the forms system could merge with the house system. Interhouse competitions and prefect\\-led house assemblies were restored. Discipline has been considerably emphasised since 2011, with increased security measures, electronic staff passes and registers, and policies targeted at improving attendance, punctuality, homework completion rates and the orderliness of pupils.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\\=55\\&type\\=pdf\\|title\\=Letter to Parents July 2014\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017\\|date\\=16 July 2014}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\\=562\\&type\\=pdf\\|title\\=Letter to Parents March 2017\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017\\|date\\=31 March 2017}}",
"On 2 March 2020, the school was closed for at least a week for deep\\-cleaning after a member of staff contracted the [COVID\\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") virus on a trip to Italy.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Rourke \\|first1\\=Alison \\|title\\=Coronavirus live updates \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/mar/02/coronavirus\\-live\\-updates\\-china\\-latest\\-news\\-us\\-australia\\-deaths\\-markets\\-italy\\-iran\\-update\\-cases \\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2020 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=2 March 2020}}",
""
] |
Organisation
------------
The students of Wimbledon College are organised administratively into a dual line and house system. Over the history of the college, each of the two systems has varied in importance, with the house system often falling into disuse before being revived, as was the case in 1986 and 2011, whilst the line system was briefly abandoned in 1988\.
In the provision of teaching, the college has been organised by departments since the 1980s, with shared departmental staff rooms and subject\-specific blocs and classrooms. Certain departments cater for a range of subjects and courses, as is the case with the sciences, mathematics, humanities and arts departments.
In the achievement of pupils, the college is organised into a prefectorial system (which also has limited disciplinary powers) and a colours system.
### Line system
In accordance with traditions in English Jesuit schools, Wimbledon College students are organised into a system of 'lines' rather than year groups. The lines are: Figures (year 7\), Rudiments (year 8\), Lower Grammar (year 9\), Grammar (year 10\), Syntax (year 11\), Poetry (year 12\) and Rhetoric (year 13\). Each line has its own head of line responsible for the discipline and pastoral care of its pupils; and each line is subdivided into eight forms to which boys belong for administrative purposes and for morning registration and prayers.
Boys in Figures, Rudiments and Lower Grammar are grouped together in the 'Lower Line' whilst boys in Grammar and Syntax are placed into the 'Higher Line'. There is a Deputy Head Master for the Lower Line and a second Deputy Head Master for the Higher Line. The sixth form has its own separate head of sixth form and is largely excluded from the line system.
### House system
Upon entering Wimbledon College, each pupil is assigned to one of the school's eight houses. Traditionally, families are able to request to be placed in the same houses. Each house is named after a saint. Every house has a head of house, which is a member of the teaching staff, and a house captain, which is a student and a member of the prefectorial team.[College House System](http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?title=College+House+System&pid=128) Wimbledon College, retrieved 18 September 2015\.
| House | Abbr. | Founded | Colour | | Saint |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fisher House | F | 1921 | | Red | [John Fisher](/wiki/John_Fisher "John Fisher") |
| More House | M | 1921 | | Blue | [Thomas More](/wiki/Thomas_More "Thomas More") |
| Campion House | C | 1921 | | Green | [Edmund Campion](/wiki/Edmund_Campion "Edmund Campion") |
| Southwell House | S | 1929 | | Yellow | [Robert Southwell](/wiki/Robert_Southwell_%28Jesuit%29 "Robert Southwell (Jesuit)") |
| Owen House | O | 2011 | | Dark Green | [Nicholas Owen](/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_%28Jesuit%29 "Nicholas Owen (Jesuit)") |
| Hurtado House | H | 2011 | | Orange | [Alberto Hurtado](/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado "Alberto Hurtado") |
| Loyola House | L | 2011 | | Dark Blue | [Ignatius of Loyola](/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola "Ignatius of Loyola") |
| Xavier House | X | 2011 | | Purple | [Francis Xavier](/wiki/Francis_Xavier "Francis Xavier") |
Since the creation of the four new houses in 2011, the house system and the line system have become partially merged through house\-specific forms (for which purpose the new houses were created). Each form encompasses all the boys of a line in a specific house, leading to forms being named, for example, 'Grammar Southwell' and 'Poetry Campion'.
The school organises annual interhouse competitions, including in music, debating, spelling bees, subject quizzes, rugby, football, cricket and dodgeball. There is additionally a sports day at the end of each year for the four junior lines which is organised as an interhouse competition within each line at [Wimbledon Park](/wiki/Wimbledon_Park "Wimbledon Park"). For participation in these interhouse competitions and for good behaviour and positive contributions in school, students in the Lower and Higher Lines are awarded with house points which accumulate over the course of a year. Individual students can receive prizes after attaining a certain number of house points, including certificates of achievement, lunch passes to skip queues in the refectory; forms and houses which accumulate the most points over the course of a year are also rewarded collectively. The Sixth Form remains to be fully amalgamated into the house points system, with many of the interhouse competitions weakly attended by those in Poetry and Rhetoric.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\=516\&type\=pdf\|title\=Extracurricular Activities Booklet 2016–17\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}}{{dead link\|date\=August 2018}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?title\=Recognition\+of\+Achievement\&pid\=47\|title\=Recognition of Achievement\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}}
### Prefectorial system
Each year, a number of prefects are appointed by the head master on the recommendation of teachers and Poetry pupils. Prefects are selected when they are in Poetry and serve in office during their year in Rhetoric. Over the history of the college, prefects at times had a considerable and sometimes essential role in the day\-to\-day organisation and discipline management of the college; however, they now enjoy considerably less authority and prefects are now mostly called upon to represent the school at public events, such as at open days, and assisting teachers when required logistically, such as when escorting pupils to venues in public.
A number of prefects hold specific offices with additional responsibilities. These include house captains (who lead house assemblies), subject\-specific prefects (such as the Chaplaincy prefect) who work closely with departments, the head boy, the deputy head boy and various sports prefects (who are also senior team captains).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\=395\&type\=pdf\|title\=Guide to New Parents, 2016–17\|publisher\=Wimbledon College\|access\-date\=25 May 2017}}{{Dead link\|date\=November 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
### Colours system
In order to recognise the achievement of its pupils in certain fields, such as music, sports and extracurricular activities, the college annually awards high\-performing students honorary ties, known as 'colours'. Pupils are nominated for colours by the teaching staff and nominations are then assessed by the Gold Committee in order to ensure that consistent standards are met across the fields in which colours are awarded.
The lowest tier of the colours system, intermediate colours, is awarded to pupils in Grammar and Syntax. Half colours are then awarded to Syntax and Poetry students. The highest tier of the colours system, full colours, is awarded to Poetry and Rhetoric students.
|
[
"Organisation\n------------",
"The students of Wimbledon College are organised administratively into a dual line and house system. Over the history of the college, each of the two systems has varied in importance, with the house system often falling into disuse before being revived, as was the case in 1986 and 2011, whilst the line system was briefly abandoned in 1988\\.",
"In the provision of teaching, the college has been organised by departments since the 1980s, with shared departmental staff rooms and subject\\-specific blocs and classrooms. Certain departments cater for a range of subjects and courses, as is the case with the sciences, mathematics, humanities and arts departments.",
"In the achievement of pupils, the college is organised into a prefectorial system (which also has limited disciplinary powers) and a colours system.",
"### Line system",
"In accordance with traditions in English Jesuit schools, Wimbledon College students are organised into a system of 'lines' rather than year groups. The lines are: Figures (year 7\\), Rudiments (year 8\\), Lower Grammar (year 9\\), Grammar (year 10\\), Syntax (year 11\\), Poetry (year 12\\) and Rhetoric (year 13\\). Each line has its own head of line responsible for the discipline and pastoral care of its pupils; and each line is subdivided into eight forms to which boys belong for administrative purposes and for morning registration and prayers.",
"Boys in Figures, Rudiments and Lower Grammar are grouped together in the 'Lower Line' whilst boys in Grammar and Syntax are placed into the 'Higher Line'. There is a Deputy Head Master for the Lower Line and a second Deputy Head Master for the Higher Line. The sixth form has its own separate head of sixth form and is largely excluded from the line system.",
"### House system",
"Upon entering Wimbledon College, each pupil is assigned to one of the school's eight houses. Traditionally, families are able to request to be placed in the same houses. Each house is named after a saint. Every house has a head of house, which is a member of the teaching staff, and a house captain, which is a student and a member of the prefectorial team.[College House System](http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?title=College+House+System&pid=128) Wimbledon College, retrieved 18 September 2015\\.",
"| House | Abbr. | Founded | Colour | | Saint |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Fisher House | F | 1921 | | Red | [John Fisher](/wiki/John_Fisher \"John Fisher\") |\n| More House | M | 1921 | | Blue | [Thomas More](/wiki/Thomas_More \"Thomas More\") |\n| Campion House | C | 1921 | | Green | [Edmund Campion](/wiki/Edmund_Campion \"Edmund Campion\") |\n| Southwell House | S | 1929 | | Yellow | [Robert Southwell](/wiki/Robert_Southwell_%28Jesuit%29 \"Robert Southwell (Jesuit)\") |\n| Owen House | O | 2011 | | Dark Green | [Nicholas Owen](/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_%28Jesuit%29 \"Nicholas Owen (Jesuit)\") |\n| Hurtado House | H | 2011 | | Orange | [Alberto Hurtado](/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado \"Alberto Hurtado\") |\n| Loyola House | L | 2011 | | Dark Blue | [Ignatius of Loyola](/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola \"Ignatius of Loyola\") |\n| Xavier House | X | 2011 | | Purple | [Francis Xavier](/wiki/Francis_Xavier \"Francis Xavier\") |",
"Since the creation of the four new houses in 2011, the house system and the line system have become partially merged through house\\-specific forms (for which purpose the new houses were created). Each form encompasses all the boys of a line in a specific house, leading to forms being named, for example, 'Grammar Southwell' and 'Poetry Campion'.",
"The school organises annual interhouse competitions, including in music, debating, spelling bees, subject quizzes, rugby, football, cricket and dodgeball. There is additionally a sports day at the end of each year for the four junior lines which is organised as an interhouse competition within each line at [Wimbledon Park](/wiki/Wimbledon_Park \"Wimbledon Park\"). For participation in these interhouse competitions and for good behaviour and positive contributions in school, students in the Lower and Higher Lines are awarded with house points which accumulate over the course of a year. Individual students can receive prizes after attaining a certain number of house points, including certificates of achievement, lunch passes to skip queues in the refectory; forms and houses which accumulate the most points over the course of a year are also rewarded collectively. The Sixth Form remains to be fully amalgamated into the house points system, with many of the interhouse competitions weakly attended by those in Poetry and Rhetoric.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\\=516\\&type\\=pdf\\|title\\=Extracurricular Activities Booklet 2016–17\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}}{{dead link\\|date\\=August 2018}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/page/?title\\=Recognition\\+of\\+Achievement\\&pid\\=47\\|title\\=Recognition of Achievement\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}}",
"### Prefectorial system",
"Each year, a number of prefects are appointed by the head master on the recommendation of teachers and Poetry pupils. Prefects are selected when they are in Poetry and serve in office during their year in Rhetoric. Over the history of the college, prefects at times had a considerable and sometimes essential role in the day\\-to\\-day organisation and discipline management of the college; however, they now enjoy considerably less authority and prefects are now mostly called upon to represent the school at public events, such as at open days, and assisting teachers when required logistically, such as when escorting pupils to venues in public.",
"A number of prefects hold specific offices with additional responsibilities. These include house captains (who lead house assemblies), subject\\-specific prefects (such as the Chaplaincy prefect) who work closely with departments, the head boy, the deputy head boy and various sports prefects (who are also senior team captains).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file\\=395\\&type\\=pdf\\|title\\=Guide to New Parents, 2016–17\\|publisher\\=Wimbledon College\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2017}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"### Colours system",
"In order to recognise the achievement of its pupils in certain fields, such as music, sports and extracurricular activities, the college annually awards high\\-performing students honorary ties, known as 'colours'. Pupils are nominated for colours by the teaching staff and nominations are then assessed by the Gold Committee in order to ensure that consistent standards are met across the fields in which colours are awarded.",
"The lowest tier of the colours system, intermediate colours, is awarded to pupils in Grammar and Syntax. Half colours are then awarded to Syntax and Poetry students. The highest tier of the colours system, full colours, is awarded to Poetry and Rhetoric students.",
""
] |
Extracurricular activities
--------------------------
The college has a strong history in the provision of extracurricular activities, especially in sports, music and drama and chaplaincy. Each year, students are encouraged to take part in at least two extracurricular activities.
### Sports
[thumb\|right\|Winners of the under 16s Queen Elizabeth School Barnet Sevens in 2019](/wiki/File:10_March_2019_-_Wimbledon_College_presented_with_Queen_Elizabeth_Barnet_Sevens_U16s_winners%27_trophy.jpg "10 March 2019 - Wimbledon College presented with Queen Elizabeth Barnet Sevens U16s winners' trophy.jpg")
Wimbledon College has a selection of major and minor sports. Rugby is the biggest major sport, followed closely by football; the other major sports are athletics, cricket, swimming, basketball. The minor sports, offered regularly at the college, include cross\-country running, skiing, golf, badminton, table tennis, tennis, boxing and fitness training. The distinction between major and minor sports is arbitrary and merely demonstrates the emphases put on sports outside of scheduled lessons. The school also offers fencing and other sports in addition to its major and minor sports.
[thumb\|right\|National Schools Sevens champions in 2016](/wiki/File:15_March_2016_-_Geoff_Simpson%2C_President%2C_English_Rugby_Schools%2C_presents_Wimbledon_College_with_Rosslyn_Park_National_Schools_7s_2016_Juniors_Trophy.jpg "15 March 2016 - Geoff Simpson, President, English Rugby Schools, presents Wimbledon College with Rosslyn Park National Schools 7s 2016 Juniors Trophy.jpg")
In 2010, and again in 2016, the Wimbledon College U13 team won the [Rosslyn Park National Schools Sevens](/wiki/The_National_Schools_7%27s "The National Schools 7's") Junior Trophy. On 24 March 2017, the Wimbledon College U14 rugby team won the same tournament's U14 Trophy.[Past Winners](http://www.rpns7.co.uk/p/past-winners) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502232418/http://www.rpns7\.co.uk/p/past\-winners \|date\=2 May 2012 }} Rosslyn Park National Schools Sevens; retrieved 20 January 2013
On 4 May 2012, the U14A football team won The Collingwood Trophy.[www.surreyfa.com](https://www.surreyfa.com/cups-and-competitions/surrey-schools-fa/surrey-schools-fa-results/cups/2023-2024/boys-u14-year-9-the-collingwood-trophy/results)
In 2018, the college's 1st XI (football) came runners up in the London U18 Catholic Cup, losing 1–0 to St. Charles Catholic Sixth Form College in extra time.{{Cite news\|url\=https://twitter.com/Wimb\_Coll/status/995050358580961280\|title\=Heartbreak for our first XI conceeding in extra time to lose the London Catholic Cup Final 1–0 to @StCharlesSFC. It was a great effort and the team did the College proud. Congratulations to St Charles, and thanks for a great game\|author\=Wimbledon College \|publisher\= Twitter\|date\=11 May 2018\|access\-date\=20 May 2018}}
In the summer term, rugby is no longer played, with cricket and athletics becoming the major sports. Athletics is practised at Wimbledon Park and cricket is played at the school's grounds in Coombe Lane. These all complement the school's annual interhouse sports day at Wimbledon Park.
### Music and drama
The college is notable for its school productions, at least one of which has been produced every year since 1972, usually in partnership with the Ursuline High School. To assist in these productions, a revolving stage was built in the auditorium of the new hall and the school has a well\-attended stage crew. Simon Potter MBE started the collaboration with the Ursuline, and produced, directed, adapted or wrote 67 plays and musicals between 1972 and 2022\.
The college choir sings at school liturgies and concerts and organises annual trips abroad. The college also organises an array of orchestras and music bands, a Saturday music school, music lessons in partnership with Merton Music Foundation. The Strings Project, established in 2005, gives 50 boys in Figures the opportunity to learn the [violin](/wiki/Violin "Violin"), [viola](/wiki/Viola "Viola"), [cello](/wiki/Cello "Cello"), or the [double bass](/wiki/Double_bass "Double bass").
### Chaplaincy
The college collectively celebrates Masses at regular occasions as part of its timetabled day, including on the feast days of its house saints and on Remembrance Sunday, as well as annual services such as the solemn Tenebrae service before Easter and a carol service before the end of the Christmas term. Such Masses are compulsory for most pupils. A separate evening carol service before Christmas is also organised in partnership with the Ursuline High School. Furthermore, the college has regular Masses on Monday lunchtimes and Tuesday mornings.
As a result of these Masses, the school organises various lay ministries, including reading and altar serving. The Guild of St. Stephen was started to recognise boys who had been regularly altar serving at Mass. Members of the Guild are eligible for a bronze medal which they may hang around their necks while serving in such Masses.[Curriculum](http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/_site/data/files/Curriculum/Extra%20Curricular/398464270BA1B493AC56E0C559B4E9B6.pdf?pid=76) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208011204/http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/\_site/data/files/Curriculum/Extra%20Curricular/398464270BA1B493AC56E0C559B4E9B6\.pdf?pid\=76 \|date\=8 December 2015 }} Wimbledon College, retrieved 18 September 2015\.
### Other
The college is home to 136 Detachment, part of South West London [Army Cadet Force](/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force "Army Cadet Force"), which wears the cap\-badge of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment. The ACF offers young people the opportunity to take part in activities such as field\-craft, navigation, skill\-at\-arms, first aid, shooting, drill, sports, and the [Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award "The Duke of Edinburgh's Award") (Bronze, Silver, and Gold).{{cite web\|url\=https://armycadets.com/county/greater\-london\-south\-west\-sector\-acf\|title\=Greater London South West Sector ACF\|publisher\=Army Cadets\|access\-date\=9 November 2016}} The Duke of Edinburgh's Award is also offered separately by the school at bronze level.
The college takes part in the [Jack Petchey Award](/wiki/Jack_Petchey%23Philanthropy "Jack Petchey#Philanthropy"), is affiliated with a local scouts group and has, alongside its wealth of other activities, a chess club and 3D printing club.
A student council meets annually. Its meetings are co\-chaired by a senior prefect (usually the Head Boy) and its recommendations are taken to the school's Senior Leadership Team.
|
[
"Extracurricular activities\n--------------------------",
"The college has a strong history in the provision of extracurricular activities, especially in sports, music and drama and chaplaincy. Each year, students are encouraged to take part in at least two extracurricular activities.",
"### Sports",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Winners of the under 16s Queen Elizabeth School Barnet Sevens in 2019](/wiki/File:10_March_2019_-_Wimbledon_College_presented_with_Queen_Elizabeth_Barnet_Sevens_U16s_winners%27_trophy.jpg \"10 March 2019 - Wimbledon College presented with Queen Elizabeth Barnet Sevens U16s winners' trophy.jpg\")\nWimbledon College has a selection of major and minor sports. Rugby is the biggest major sport, followed closely by football; the other major sports are athletics, cricket, swimming, basketball. The minor sports, offered regularly at the college, include cross\\-country running, skiing, golf, badminton, table tennis, tennis, boxing and fitness training. The distinction between major and minor sports is arbitrary and merely demonstrates the emphases put on sports outside of scheduled lessons. The school also offers fencing and other sports in addition to its major and minor sports.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|National Schools Sevens champions in 2016](/wiki/File:15_March_2016_-_Geoff_Simpson%2C_President%2C_English_Rugby_Schools%2C_presents_Wimbledon_College_with_Rosslyn_Park_National_Schools_7s_2016_Juniors_Trophy.jpg \"15 March 2016 - Geoff Simpson, President, English Rugby Schools, presents Wimbledon College with Rosslyn Park National Schools 7s 2016 Juniors Trophy.jpg\")\nIn 2010, and again in 2016, the Wimbledon College U13 team won the [Rosslyn Park National Schools Sevens](/wiki/The_National_Schools_7%27s \"The National Schools 7's\") Junior Trophy. On 24 March 2017, the Wimbledon College U14 rugby team won the same tournament's U14 Trophy.[Past Winners](http://www.rpns7.co.uk/p/past-winners) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502232418/http://www.rpns7\\.co.uk/p/past\\-winners \\|date\\=2 May 2012 }} Rosslyn Park National Schools Sevens; retrieved 20 January 2013",
"On 4 May 2012, the U14A football team won The Collingwood Trophy.[www.surreyfa.com](https://www.surreyfa.com/cups-and-competitions/surrey-schools-fa/surrey-schools-fa-results/cups/2023-2024/boys-u14-year-9-the-collingwood-trophy/results)",
"In 2018, the college's 1st XI (football) came runners up in the London U18 Catholic Cup, losing 1–0 to St. Charles Catholic Sixth Form College in extra time.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/Wimb\\_Coll/status/995050358580961280\\|title\\=Heartbreak for our first XI conceeding in extra time to lose the London Catholic Cup Final 1–0 to @StCharlesSFC. It was a great effort and the team did the College proud. Congratulations to St Charles, and thanks for a great game\\|author\\=Wimbledon College \\|publisher\\= Twitter\\|date\\=11 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2018}}",
"In the summer term, rugby is no longer played, with cricket and athletics becoming the major sports. Athletics is practised at Wimbledon Park and cricket is played at the school's grounds in Coombe Lane. These all complement the school's annual interhouse sports day at Wimbledon Park.",
"### Music and drama",
"The college is notable for its school productions, at least one of which has been produced every year since 1972, usually in partnership with the Ursuline High School. To assist in these productions, a revolving stage was built in the auditorium of the new hall and the school has a well\\-attended stage crew. Simon Potter MBE started the collaboration with the Ursuline, and produced, directed, adapted or wrote 67 plays and musicals between 1972 and 2022\\.",
"The college choir sings at school liturgies and concerts and organises annual trips abroad. The college also organises an array of orchestras and music bands, a Saturday music school, music lessons in partnership with Merton Music Foundation. The Strings Project, established in 2005, gives 50 boys in Figures the opportunity to learn the [violin](/wiki/Violin \"Violin\"), [viola](/wiki/Viola \"Viola\"), [cello](/wiki/Cello \"Cello\"), or the [double bass](/wiki/Double_bass \"Double bass\").",
"### Chaplaincy",
"The college collectively celebrates Masses at regular occasions as part of its timetabled day, including on the feast days of its house saints and on Remembrance Sunday, as well as annual services such as the solemn Tenebrae service before Easter and a carol service before the end of the Christmas term. Such Masses are compulsory for most pupils. A separate evening carol service before Christmas is also organised in partnership with the Ursuline High School. Furthermore, the college has regular Masses on Monday lunchtimes and Tuesday mornings.",
"As a result of these Masses, the school organises various lay ministries, including reading and altar serving. The Guild of St. Stephen was started to recognise boys who had been regularly altar serving at Mass. Members of the Guild are eligible for a bronze medal which they may hang around their necks while serving in such Masses.[Curriculum](http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/_site/data/files/Curriculum/Extra%20Curricular/398464270BA1B493AC56E0C559B4E9B6.pdf?pid=76) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208011204/http://www.wimbledoncollege.org.uk/\\_site/data/files/Curriculum/Extra%20Curricular/398464270BA1B493AC56E0C559B4E9B6\\.pdf?pid\\=76 \\|date\\=8 December 2015 }} Wimbledon College, retrieved 18 September 2015\\.",
"### Other",
"The college is home to 136 Detachment, part of South West London [Army Cadet Force](/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force \"Army Cadet Force\"), which wears the cap\\-badge of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment. The ACF offers young people the opportunity to take part in activities such as field\\-craft, navigation, skill\\-at\\-arms, first aid, shooting, drill, sports, and the [Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award \"The Duke of Edinburgh's Award\") (Bronze, Silver, and Gold).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://armycadets.com/county/greater\\-london\\-south\\-west\\-sector\\-acf\\|title\\=Greater London South West Sector ACF\\|publisher\\=Army Cadets\\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2016}} The Duke of Edinburgh's Award is also offered separately by the school at bronze level.",
"The college takes part in the [Jack Petchey Award](/wiki/Jack_Petchey%23Philanthropy \"Jack Petchey#Philanthropy\"), is affiliated with a local scouts group and has, alongside its wealth of other activities, a chess club and 3D printing club.",
"A student council meets annually. Its meetings are co\\-chaired by a senior prefect (usually the Head Boy) and its recommendations are taken to the school's Senior Leadership Team.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Family
Maria Georgina Shirreff was born on 7 March 1816 in [Blackheath, London](/wiki/Blackheath%2C_London "Blackheath, London").{{cite news\| title \= In Memoria. Mrs William Grey\| work \= \[\[The Guardian]]\| date \= 26 September 1906}} She was the third daughter of [Admiral William Henry](/wiki/William_Henry_Shirreff "William Henry Shirreff") and Elizabeth Anne Shirreff.{{cite encyclopedia\| title \= Grey, Maria Georgina (1816–1906\)
\| encyclopedia \= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\| last \= Levine\| first \= Philippa\| publisher \= Oxford University Press\| date \= October 2004\| url \= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33571\| access\-date \= 2007\-11\-23}} Out of her three sisters, Caroline (b. 1812\), Emily (b. 1814\), and Katherine (b. 1818\), Maria was very close to her elder sister [Emily Shirreff](/wiki/Emily_Anne_Eliza_Shirreff "Emily Anne Eliza Shirreff"), who would later become her collaborator in her writings and campaigns. She also had two brothers who both died at an early age.
### Educational experiences
In the 1820s the family lived in France where their father was stationed at [St Germain en Laye](/wiki/St_Germain_en_Laye "St Germain en Laye"), near Paris, and later in [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy "Normandy"). The four Shirreff sisters were first taught at home by a French\-Swiss governess who had a limited education.{{Cite book \| last \= Kamm\| first \= Josephine\| title \= Indicative Past: A Hundred Years of the Girl's Public Day School Trust\| publisher \= George Allen \& Unwin\| year \= 1971\| location \= London\| pages \= 16}}
In 1828, Maria and Emily joined a boarding school in Paris, which later influenced scenes in Maria's second novel *Love’s Sacrifice* in 1868\.{{cite book\| last \= Grey\| first \= Maria Georgina\| title \= Love's Sacrifice \[A novel]\| place \= London\| year \= 1868}} A year later they were removed from the school due to Emily's poor health and after their father was appointed captain of the port of [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") in 1831 he did not think it was necessary to appoint another governess.{{Cite book \| last \= Kamm\| title \= Indicative Past\| year \= 1971\| pages \= 16–17}} Though their formal education was at an end, Maria and Emliy continued to improve themselves by travelling extensively and became expert linguists through their visits to France, Spain and Italy, reading books from their father's extensive library, and became acquainted with many intellectuals of the age through their father's contacts.{{cite journal\| last \= Morrison\| first \= Oonagh\| title \= The Woman of Purpose\| journal \= The Lady\| date \= 2 June 1966}}{{Cite book \| last \= Kamm\| first \= Josephine\| title \= Indicative Past\| pages \= 16–17}}
In 1834 Mrs Shirreff brought her daughters back to England, and Maria and Emily began to write together. They first produced *Letters from Spain and Barbary*, published in 1835\. In 1841 the wrote a novel called *Passion and Principle*, published anonymously{{Cite book \| last1 \= Shirreff\| first1 \= Maria Georgina\| last2 \= Shirreff\| first2 \= Emily\| title \= Passion and Principle\| editor\-last \= Captain Schmier\| year \= 1841}}
In 1841 Maria married her cousin, William Thomas Grey, a wine merchant who was the nephew of former prime minister [Earl Grey](/wiki/Charles_Grey%2C_2nd_Earl_Grey "Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey"). The marriage was a happy one but produced no children.
### Early writings
Even though she was married, Maria still remained close to Emily. She moved into William and Maria's home, and the sisters continued to write together.{{Cite book \| last \= Kamm\| title \= Indicative Past\| year \= 1971\| pages \= 18}} Their treatise on [women's education](/wiki/Women%27s_education "Women's education"), *Thoughts on Self Culture Address to Women*,{{cite book\| last1 \= Grey\| first1 \= Maria Georgina\| last2 \= Shirreff\| first2 \= Emily\| title \= Thoughts on Self\-Culture Addressed to Women\| url \= https://archive.org/details/thoughtsonselfc00greygoog\| place \= London\| year \= 1850}} was published in 1850 funded by Maria's husband. In the publication they voiced their disapproval of the frivolous attitude to marriage and the established view that women should be only educated enough to attract a husband. They also laid out a basis for education for girls which included subjects, such as arithmetic, geometry, history, elementary science and politics, usually neglected in customary [female education](/wiki/Female_education "Female education") of the time. They also argued that female education should not end at 'the period when female education is supposed to be finished' and continue into later life.{{Cite book \| last \= Kamm\| title \= Indicative Past\| year \= 1971\| pages \= 28}}
### Activities
Maria's husband died in 1864, and she began to take an active role in public life and joined Emily in the movement for the improving of education for girls. She was especially interested in the lack of funding for girls' education. In 1870 she wrote to the repeatedly to *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* to try to raise funds for the [North London Collegiate School for Girls](/wiki/North_London_Collegiate_School "North London Collegiate School") and encouraged [Frances Buss](/wiki/Frances_Buss "Frances Buss") to introduce student teachers.
In the same year she also unsuccessfully stood for election as the representative for the Borough of [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_London "Chelsea, London") to The [London School Board](/wiki/London_School_Board "London School Board"), one of the first women to do so. Her speeches were later published in a booklet entitled *The London School Board*.{{cite book\| last \= Grey\| first \= Mrs William\| title \= The School Board of London. Three Addresses by Mrs William Grey in the Borough of Chelsea with a speech by William Groves, Esq., Q.C, F.R.S\| publisher \= William Ridgeway\| place \= London\| year \= 1871}} Maria saw the election as a turning point in her career leading her and Emily to work more toward the improvement of Women's Education.{{Cite book \| last \= Kamm\| title \= Indicative Past\| year \= 1971\| pages \= 37}}
Maria and Emily were also [suffragists](/wiki/Suffragists "Suffragists") and in 1870 Maria published a booklet *Is the Exercise of the Suffrage unfeminine?*.{{cite book\| last \= Grey\| first \= Maria Georgina\| title \= Is the Exercise of the Suffrage unfeminine?\| place \= London\| year \= 1870}} Maria demanded the girls should receive an education which would prepare them for their increased civil responsibilities.
### Women's Education Union
Maria proposed the creation of a national movement which would promote women's education and presented the scheme to the [Society of Arts](/wiki/Society_of_Arts "Society of Arts") in 1871\.{{cite book\| last \= Grey\| first \= Maria Georgina\| title \= On the Education of Women. A paper read by Mrs William Grey at the meeting of the Society of Arts, May 31, 1871\| place \= London\| year \= 1871}} The scheme received great support and Maria gave a second paper to the [Social Science Association's](/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science "National Association for the Promotion of Social Science") annual congress in [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds") later the same year. As a result, Maria and Emily set up a provisional committee named the National Union of the Improving the Education of Women of All Classes (later shortened to the Women's Education Union).{{Cite book \| last \= Kamm\| title \= Indicative Past\| year \= 1971\| pages \= 41–42}} The Union aimed 1871 to establish good and cheap day schools for all classes above the level of elementary education. Maria and Emily were very active in the Union, and Emily acted as the organizing secretary of the Union until 1879\.
[thumb\|Maria Grey Training College (1946\)](/wiki/file:Maria_Grey_Training_College_%28geograph_2600290%29.jpg "Maria Grey Training College (geograph 2600290).jpg")
The Union also led to the formation The Girls' Public Day School Company (GPDSC) (now the [Girls' Day School Trust](/wiki/Girls%27_Day_School_Trust "Girls' Day School Trust")) in 1872 to provide new secondary schools to educate girls from various classes. Maria was an active member of the Council of the GPDSC until 1890 when her poor health prevented her. In September 2007, this trust converted one of its schools ([The Belvedere School](/wiki/The_Belvedere_Academy "The Belvedere Academy")) back into the maintained sector.{{cite web \| last \= BBC News\| title \= BBC News web site 'Private school's academy plans' \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4414112\.stm\| date \= 7 November 2005\| access\-date \= 2007\-11\-14}}; {{cite web \| last \= Birkenhead High School\| title \= Birkenhead High School Academy Proposal\| url \= http://www.ecommnet.co.uk/test/gdst/birkenhead/news.asp?id\=384\&page\=newsroom.asp\| date \= 5 October 2007\| access\-date \= 2007\-11\-14 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106180257/http://www.ecommnet.co.uk/test/gdst/birkenhead/news.asp?id\=384\&page\=newsroom.asp \|archive\-date \= 2008\-01\-06}} Maria also encouraged the GPDSC to set up teaching training Departments to train the next generation of teachers. Maria retired from the Council of the GPDSC in 1890 and was made a vice\-president of the organisation.
In 1878 Maria also helped found a teacher training college with The Teachers' Training and Registration Society. In 1885 the college was renamed [The Maria Grey Training College for Women](/wiki/Maria_Grey_Training_College "Maria Grey Training College").{{cite news\| title \= Deaths\| work \= \[\[The Times]]\| date \= 21 September 1906}} In 1976 the college merged with Borough Road College to form the [West London Institute of Higher Education](/wiki/West_London_Institute_of_Higher_Education "West London Institute of Higher Education"), which is now part of [Brunel University](/wiki/Brunel_University "Brunel University").{{cite web \| last \= Brunel University\| title \= History\| url \= http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/history\| access\-date \= 2008\-12\-12}}
### Later life and death
[thumb\|upright\|Detail of the Reformers' Memorial at [Kensal Green Cemetery](/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery "Kensal Green Cemetery"), with Maria Grey’s name](/wiki/File:Reformers_Monument%2C_Kensal_Green_Cemetery_%28detail%29.JPG "Reformers Monument, Kensal Green Cemetery (detail).JPG")
Maria continued to give speeches and write through the 1880s. By 1890 she became too ill to be active and for last 15 years of her life, Maria lived in strict retirement due to ill health.{{cite news\| title \= Obituary of Mrs William Grey\| work \= \[\[The Times]]\| date \= 21 September 1906}} Despite her ill health and Emily's death in 1897 she wrote her *Last Words to Girls on Life in School and after School* in 1889\.{{cite book\| last \= Grey\| first \= Maria Georgina\| title \= Last words to Girls on life in school and after school.\| publisher \= Rivingtons\| place \= London\| year \= 1889 \| orig\-year \= 1888}} She died on 19 September 1906, at 41 [Stanhope Gardens, Kensington](/wiki/Stanhope_Gardens%2C_Kensington "Stanhope Gardens, Kensington"), London, the house in which she had lived with Emily.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Family",
"Maria Georgina Shirreff was born on 7 March 1816 in [Blackheath, London](/wiki/Blackheath%2C_London \"Blackheath, London\").{{cite news\\| title \\= In Memoria. Mrs William Grey\\| work \\= \\[\\[The Guardian]]\\| date \\= 26 September 1906}} She was the third daughter of [Admiral William Henry](/wiki/William_Henry_Shirreff \"William Henry Shirreff\") and Elizabeth Anne Shirreff.{{cite encyclopedia\\| title \\= Grey, Maria Georgina (1816–1906\\)\n\\| encyclopedia \\= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\\| last \\= Levine\\| first \\= Philippa\\| publisher \\= Oxford University Press\\| date \\= October 2004\\| url \\= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33571\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-23}} Out of her three sisters, Caroline (b. 1812\\), Emily (b. 1814\\), and Katherine (b. 1818\\), Maria was very close to her elder sister [Emily Shirreff](/wiki/Emily_Anne_Eliza_Shirreff \"Emily Anne Eliza Shirreff\"), who would later become her collaborator in her writings and campaigns. She also had two brothers who both died at an early age.",
"### Educational experiences",
"In the 1820s the family lived in France where their father was stationed at [St Germain en Laye](/wiki/St_Germain_en_Laye \"St Germain en Laye\"), near Paris, and later in [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy \"Normandy\"). The four Shirreff sisters were first taught at home by a French\\-Swiss governess who had a limited education.{{Cite book \\| last \\= Kamm\\| first \\= Josephine\\| title \\= Indicative Past: A Hundred Years of the Girl's Public Day School Trust\\| publisher \\= George Allen \\& Unwin\\| year \\= 1971\\| location \\= London\\| pages \\= 16}}",
"In 1828, Maria and Emily joined a boarding school in Paris, which later influenced scenes in Maria's second novel *Love’s Sacrifice* in 1868\\.{{cite book\\| last \\= Grey\\| first \\= Maria Georgina\\| title \\= Love's Sacrifice \\[A novel]\\| place \\= London\\| year \\= 1868}} A year later they were removed from the school due to Emily's poor health and after their father was appointed captain of the port of [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") in 1831 he did not think it was necessary to appoint another governess.{{Cite book \\| last \\= Kamm\\| title \\= Indicative Past\\| year \\= 1971\\| pages \\= 16–17}} Though their formal education was at an end, Maria and Emliy continued to improve themselves by travelling extensively and became expert linguists through their visits to France, Spain and Italy, reading books from their father's extensive library, and became acquainted with many intellectuals of the age through their father's contacts.{{cite journal\\| last \\= Morrison\\| first \\= Oonagh\\| title \\= The Woman of Purpose\\| journal \\= The Lady\\| date \\= 2 June 1966}}{{Cite book \\| last \\= Kamm\\| first \\= Josephine\\| title \\= Indicative Past\\| pages \\= 16–17}}",
"In 1834 Mrs Shirreff brought her daughters back to England, and Maria and Emily began to write together. They first produced *Letters from Spain and Barbary*, published in 1835\\. In 1841 the wrote a novel called *Passion and Principle*, published anonymously{{Cite book \\| last1 \\= Shirreff\\| first1 \\= Maria Georgina\\| last2 \\= Shirreff\\| first2 \\= Emily\\| title \\= Passion and Principle\\| editor\\-last \\= Captain Schmier\\| year \\= 1841}}",
"In 1841 Maria married her cousin, William Thomas Grey, a wine merchant who was the nephew of former prime minister [Earl Grey](/wiki/Charles_Grey%2C_2nd_Earl_Grey \"Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey\"). The marriage was a happy one but produced no children.",
"### Early writings",
"Even though she was married, Maria still remained close to Emily. She moved into William and Maria's home, and the sisters continued to write together.{{Cite book \\| last \\= Kamm\\| title \\= Indicative Past\\| year \\= 1971\\| pages \\= 18}} Their treatise on [women's education](/wiki/Women%27s_education \"Women's education\"), *Thoughts on Self Culture Address to Women*,{{cite book\\| last1 \\= Grey\\| first1 \\= Maria Georgina\\| last2 \\= Shirreff\\| first2 \\= Emily\\| title \\= Thoughts on Self\\-Culture Addressed to Women\\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/thoughtsonselfc00greygoog\\| place \\= London\\| year \\= 1850}} was published in 1850 funded by Maria's husband. In the publication they voiced their disapproval of the frivolous attitude to marriage and the established view that women should be only educated enough to attract a husband. They also laid out a basis for education for girls which included subjects, such as arithmetic, geometry, history, elementary science and politics, usually neglected in customary [female education](/wiki/Female_education \"Female education\") of the time. They also argued that female education should not end at 'the period when female education is supposed to be finished' and continue into later life.{{Cite book \\| last \\= Kamm\\| title \\= Indicative Past\\| year \\= 1971\\| pages \\= 28}}",
"### Activities",
"Maria's husband died in 1864, and she began to take an active role in public life and joined Emily in the movement for the improving of education for girls. She was especially interested in the lack of funding for girls' education. In 1870 she wrote to the repeatedly to *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* to try to raise funds for the [North London Collegiate School for Girls](/wiki/North_London_Collegiate_School \"North London Collegiate School\") and encouraged [Frances Buss](/wiki/Frances_Buss \"Frances Buss\") to introduce student teachers.",
"In the same year she also unsuccessfully stood for election as the representative for the Borough of [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_London \"Chelsea, London\") to The [London School Board](/wiki/London_School_Board \"London School Board\"), one of the first women to do so. Her speeches were later published in a booklet entitled *The London School Board*.{{cite book\\| last \\= Grey\\| first \\= Mrs William\\| title \\= The School Board of London. Three Addresses by Mrs William Grey in the Borough of Chelsea with a speech by William Groves, Esq., Q.C, F.R.S\\| publisher \\= William Ridgeway\\| place \\= London\\| year \\= 1871}} Maria saw the election as a turning point in her career leading her and Emily to work more toward the improvement of Women's Education.{{Cite book \\| last \\= Kamm\\| title \\= Indicative Past\\| year \\= 1971\\| pages \\= 37}}",
"Maria and Emily were also [suffragists](/wiki/Suffragists \"Suffragists\") and in 1870 Maria published a booklet *Is the Exercise of the Suffrage unfeminine?*.{{cite book\\| last \\= Grey\\| first \\= Maria Georgina\\| title \\= Is the Exercise of the Suffrage unfeminine?\\| place \\= London\\| year \\= 1870}} Maria demanded the girls should receive an education which would prepare them for their increased civil responsibilities.",
"### Women's Education Union",
"Maria proposed the creation of a national movement which would promote women's education and presented the scheme to the [Society of Arts](/wiki/Society_of_Arts \"Society of Arts\") in 1871\\.{{cite book\\| last \\= Grey\\| first \\= Maria Georgina\\| title \\= On the Education of Women. A paper read by Mrs William Grey at the meeting of the Society of Arts, May 31, 1871\\| place \\= London\\| year \\= 1871}} The scheme received great support and Maria gave a second paper to the [Social Science Association's](/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science \"National Association for the Promotion of Social Science\") annual congress in [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\") later the same year. As a result, Maria and Emily set up a provisional committee named the National Union of the Improving the Education of Women of All Classes (later shortened to the Women's Education Union).{{Cite book \\| last \\= Kamm\\| title \\= Indicative Past\\| year \\= 1971\\| pages \\= 41–42}} The Union aimed 1871 to establish good and cheap day schools for all classes above the level of elementary education. Maria and Emily were very active in the Union, and Emily acted as the organizing secretary of the Union until 1879\\.\n[thumb\\|Maria Grey Training College (1946\\)](/wiki/file:Maria_Grey_Training_College_%28geograph_2600290%29.jpg \"Maria Grey Training College (geograph 2600290).jpg\")\nThe Union also led to the formation The Girls' Public Day School Company (GPDSC) (now the [Girls' Day School Trust](/wiki/Girls%27_Day_School_Trust \"Girls' Day School Trust\")) in 1872 to provide new secondary schools to educate girls from various classes. Maria was an active member of the Council of the GPDSC until 1890 when her poor health prevented her. In September 2007, this trust converted one of its schools ([The Belvedere School](/wiki/The_Belvedere_Academy \"The Belvedere Academy\")) back into the maintained sector.{{cite web \\| last \\= BBC News\\| title \\= BBC News web site 'Private school's academy plans' \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4414112\\.stm\\| date \\= 7 November 2005\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-14}}; {{cite web \\| last \\= Birkenhead High School\\| title \\= Birkenhead High School Academy Proposal\\| url \\= http://www.ecommnet.co.uk/test/gdst/birkenhead/news.asp?id\\=384\\&page\\=newsroom.asp\\| date \\= 5 October 2007\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-11\\-14 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106180257/http://www.ecommnet.co.uk/test/gdst/birkenhead/news.asp?id\\=384\\&page\\=newsroom.asp \\|archive\\-date \\= 2008\\-01\\-06}} Maria also encouraged the GPDSC to set up teaching training Departments to train the next generation of teachers. Maria retired from the Council of the GPDSC in 1890 and was made a vice\\-president of the organisation.",
"In 1878 Maria also helped found a teacher training college with The Teachers' Training and Registration Society. In 1885 the college was renamed [The Maria Grey Training College for Women](/wiki/Maria_Grey_Training_College \"Maria Grey Training College\").{{cite news\\| title \\= Deaths\\| work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\\| date \\= 21 September 1906}} In 1976 the college merged with Borough Road College to form the [West London Institute of Higher Education](/wiki/West_London_Institute_of_Higher_Education \"West London Institute of Higher Education\"), which is now part of [Brunel University](/wiki/Brunel_University \"Brunel University\").{{cite web \\| last \\= Brunel University\\| title \\= History\\| url \\= http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/history\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-12\\-12}}",
"### Later life and death",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Detail of the Reformers' Memorial at [Kensal Green Cemetery](/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery \"Kensal Green Cemetery\"), with Maria Grey’s name](/wiki/File:Reformers_Monument%2C_Kensal_Green_Cemetery_%28detail%29.JPG \"Reformers Monument, Kensal Green Cemetery (detail).JPG\")\nMaria continued to give speeches and write through the 1880s. By 1890 she became too ill to be active and for last 15 years of her life, Maria lived in strict retirement due to ill health.{{cite news\\| title \\= Obituary of Mrs William Grey\\| work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\\| date \\= 21 September 1906}} Despite her ill health and Emily's death in 1897 she wrote her *Last Words to Girls on Life in School and after School* in 1889\\.{{cite book\\| last \\= Grey\\| first \\= Maria Georgina\\| title \\= Last words to Girls on life in school and after school.\\| publisher \\= Rivingtons\\| place \\= London\\| year \\= 1889 \\| orig\\-year \\= 1888}} She died on 19 September 1906, at 41 [Stanhope Gardens, Kensington](/wiki/Stanhope_Gardens%2C_Kensington \"Stanhope Gardens, Kensington\"), London, the house in which she had lived with Emily.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early years
Brostrom was born on November 23, 1919, in [Preston](/wiki/Preston%2C_Idaho "Preston, Idaho"), [Franklin County](/wiki/Franklin_County%2C_Idaho "Franklin County, Idaho"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho "Idaho"). He was the first child of Carl John Brostrum (February 17, 1894 – March 13, 1975\) and Louise Adolfina Hillstead (August 17, 1893 – September 25, 1961\), who were married on August 21, 1918\.{{Cite web
\|accessdate\=December 4, 2011
\|url\=http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display\=titlefilmnotes\&columns\=\*%2C180%2C0\&titleno\=15706\&disp\=Deceased\+membership\+records\+1941\-1988\+\+
\|title\=Deceased membership records 1941–1988 – Microfilm number: 884051
\|author\=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\-day Saints. Membership Department
\|work\=International Genealogical Index (IGI)
\|publisher\=Familysearch.org, Corporation of the President, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\-day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT.
\|date\=1975–1977 \|version\=Indexed}}
Note: At <http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/frameset_search.asp> using only Leonard Carl Brostrom for search terms.
Brostrum grew up in the farming community of Preston, Idaho, and attended primary and secondary school at the [Oneida Stake Academy](/wiki/Oneida_Stake_Academy "Oneida Stake Academy"), built by the Oneida [Stake](/wiki/Stake_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Stake (Latter Day Saints)") of [the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\-day Saints](/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints") (LDS Church). In 1922, this school was renamed [Preston High School](/wiki/Preston_High_School_%28Idaho%29 "Preston High School (Idaho)") even though it was referred to as the Academy for some time thereafter.{{Cite web
\|accessdate\=December 4, 2011
\|url\=http://www.preston.k12\.id.us/phs/alumni/1917/index.htm
\|title\=Oneida Stake Academy
\|author\=
\|publisher\=Preston School District
\|year\=2010}}
See also:
[Oneida Stake Academy](http://www.oneidastakeacademy.blogspot.com/) – official site
[Mormon Historic Sites Foundation article on the Academy](http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/projects/oneida.htm)* + [Nathan K. Van Noy](/wiki/Junior_Van_Noy "Junior Van Noy"), another Medal of Honor recipient, attended the newer Preston High School.
Brostrum attended church at the Oneida [Ward](/wiki/Ward_%28LDS_Church%29 "Ward (LDS Church)") in Preston. During the [depression years](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), he
farmed, hunted, and fished while doing odd jobs for both pocket money and LDS Church service. His younger brothers, Dean (1921–1999\) and Dale (1925–2003\), often tagged along until Leonard served a three\-year [LDS mission](/wiki/Missionary_%28LDS_Church%29 "Missionary (LDS Church)") to [California](/wiki/California "California"). Brostrum was on his church mission when Japan bombed [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor") on December 7, 1941\. After successfully completing his mission, he returned home and joined the U.S. Army in March 1942\.[WWII Army Enlistment Records](https://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=893&mtch=1&tf=F&q=leonard+brostrom&bc=&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=8052910)
### Military service
[thumb\|100px\|right\|alt\=A Red circle with a black outline and black hourglass at its center\|7th Infantry Division [shoulder sleeve insignia](/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia "Shoulder sleeve insignia")](/wiki/File:7th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281973-2015%29.svg "7th Infantry Division SSI (1973-2015).svg")
Brostrom completed basic training at Fort Ord, California, and was assigned to the [7th Motorized Division.](/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "7th Infantry Division (United States)") Shortly after arriving at [Camp San Luis Obispo](/wiki/Camp_San_Luis_Obispo "Camp San Luis Obispo"), the division began training in the [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert "Mojave Desert") in preparation for its planned deployment to the [African theater](/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations "Mediterranean Theater of Operations").{{cite web \| title\=7th Infantry Division Homepage: Chronological History \| url\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_History.htm \| publisher\=7th Infantry Division \| year\=2003 \| accessdate\=27 April 2009 \| url\-status\=dead \| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416045529/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_History.htm \| archivedate\=16 April 2009 }}
On January 1, 1943, the motorized division was renamed the 7th Infantry Division (light). Brostrom and the other soldiers began rigorous [amphibious assault training](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare%23World_War_II "Amphibious warfare#World War II") under [U.S. Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") from the [Fleet Marine Force](/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force "Fleet Marine Force"), before being deployed to fight in the [Pacific theater](/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater "Asiatic-Pacific Theater") instead of [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa").{{cite web\|title\=7th Infantry Division Homepage: History \|url\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_Historylong.htm \|publisher\=7th Infantry Division \|year\=2003 \|accessdate\=27 April 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419032817/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_Historylong.htm \|archivedate\=19 April 2009 }} Marine General [Holland Smith](/wiki/Holland_Smith "Holland Smith") oversaw the 7th Division's training.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos\_Who/Smith\_HM.htm \|title\=General Holland McTyeire Smith, USMC \|work\=Who's Who in Marine Corps History \|publisher\=History Division, United States Marine Corps \|accessdate\=30 September 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214403/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos\_Who/Smith\_HM.htm \|archive\-date\=16 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}
#### Aleutian islands
[Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29%23United_States "Private (rank)#United States") Brostrom was assigned to F Company, 2nd Battalion, [17th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/17th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "17th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), 7th Infantry Division and participated in the amphibious assaults and retaking of the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands "Aleutian Islands"), [Eastern Mandates](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign "Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign"), and [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte "Leyte").
[thumb\|right\|alt\=A line of soldiers hiking on the side of a very snowy mountain, viewed from behind\|7th Infantry Division troops negotiate snow and ice during the battle on Attu in May 1943\.](/wiki/File:US_troops_at_the_Battle_of_Attu.jpg "US troops at the Battle of Attu.jpg")
Brostrom first saw combat in the amphibious assault on [Attu Island's](/wiki/Attu_Island "Attu Island") "red beach", which was the westernmost Japanese entrenchment in the [Aleutian islands](/wiki/Aleutian_islands "Aleutian islands") chain. He landed with his company on May 11, 1943,{{cite book\|first\=David \|last\=Horner \|authorlink\=David Horner \|title\=The Second World War, Vol. 1: The Pacific \|year\=2003 \|publisher\=\[\[Osprey Publishing]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-96845\-4}}, page 41\-43\. spearheaded by the 17th Infantry, and fought an [intense battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Attu "Battle of Attu") over the tundra against strong Japanese resistance.{{cite book \|title\= Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States \|year\=1959 \|publisher\=United States Government Printing Office \|asin\=B0006D8NKK}}, page 524\.
Brostrom and the rest of the soldiers from the 17th Infantry were not trained or properly equipped for Arctic combat on [Attu](/wiki/Battle_of_Attu "Battle of Attu"), for in those days the U.S. Army knew practically nothing about waging extensive winter warfare. Nevertheless, Brostrom and his fellow soldiers from the regiment carried on. During the battle, Company F's attack in the pass between the valleys was magnificent. The GIs used rifles, bayonets, and hand grenades to drive the enemy out of a series of trenches near the vital Cold Mountain.{{Cite web
\|accessdate\=December 4, 2011
\|url\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_Historylong.htm
\|title\=History of the 7th Infantry Division – BAYONET!
\|author\=U.S. Army
\|publisher\=U.S. Army
\|year\=2007
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419032817/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_Historylong.htm
\|archivedate\=April 19, 2009
}} The fight for the island culminated in a battle at [Chichagof Harbor](/wiki/Chichagof_Harbor "Chichagof Harbor"), where the 7th Infantry Division destroyed all Japanese resistance on the island on May 29, after a suicidal Japanese [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet "Bayonet") charge. The 17th Infantry then invaded [Kiska](/wiki/Operation_Cottage "Operation Cottage") expecting another serious fight, but Brostrom and the others of the regiment found out that the Japanese had evacuated the island prior to the American landing.
#### Eastern Mandates
The Eastern Mandates are part of the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands") where Brostrom and the 17th Infantry Division invaded [Kwajalein atoll](/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein "Battle of Kwajalein") after four months of training in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"). Under their new leader [Major General](/wiki/Major_General_%28United_States%29 "Major General (United States)") [C. H. Corlett](/wiki/Charles_H._Corlett "Charles H. Corlett"), the amphibious assaults on the 42 islands of the atoll went "most nearly perfect". It is not certain which specific island (s) that F Company captured. The division returned to Hawaii for rest and recuperation, and then trained for the next assault.
#### Leyte
[Leyte](/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte "Battle of Leyte"), the third\-largest island of the [Philippines](/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines "Geography of the Philippines"), was invaded by the 7th Infantry Division on October 20, 1944\. Brostrom in Company F, 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, attacked from the center, driving down the [Dulag](/wiki/Dulag%2C_Leyte "Dulag, Leyte")–[Burauen](/wiki/Burauen%2C_Leyte "Burauen, Leyte") Road. Within 48 hours, they had captured San Pablo, Burauen, and [Bayug Airfield](/wiki/Bayug_Airfield "Bayug Airfield").
On October 27, 1944, the 17th Infantry took the strong points south of the town of [Dagami.](/wiki/Dagami%2C_Leyte "Dagami, Leyte") At 7:30 AM, 0730 hours in military time, Brostrum, "a lead scout" with F Company, struck out on the left flank of the attack. Their job with the rest of the 2nd Battalion was to envelop Dagami from the American left to pin and destroy [Japanese Army](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army%23World_War_II "Imperial Japanese Army#World War II") resistance in the town.
[thumb\|left\|250px\|alt\=A map showing the island of Leyte, with an army planned to land on the northeastern part of the island and advance west\|Invasion of Leyte map, October 1944](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Leyte_map_1.jpg "Battle of Leyte map 1.jpg")
Brostrom with the lead assault platoon of F Company encountered "withering fire from [pillboxes](/wiki/Bunker%23Pillbox "Bunker#Pillbox"), [trenches](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23World_War_II "Trench warfare#World War II"), and enemy [spider holes](/wiki/Spider_hole "Spider hole")". The Japanese soldiers were well entrenched and camouflaged. Enemy fields of fire were well calculated with criss\-crossing [machine gun bunkers](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23Machine_guns "Trench warfare#Machine guns") supported by infantry in trenches. Pfc. Brostrom was hit by enemy weapon fire three times as he fought his way through a [bamboo](/wiki/Bamboo "Bamboo") [thicket](/wiki/Thicket "Thicket") that was part of the enemy line. Brostrom dashed to the rear of a large enemy machine gun bunker/pillbox. During his charge from the bamboo thicket, he was visible not only to the rest of his rifle company, but to the Japanese riflemen shooting at him as well. As he threw several [grenades](/wiki/United_States_hand_grenades%23High_explosive.2C_fragmentation.2C_and_blast "United States hand grenades#High explosive.2C fragmentation.2C and blast") into the bunker, six Japanese infantrymen charged with fixed bayonets. Brostrom was able to kill one soldier and wound others, causing them to retreat. Brostrom was hit a fourth time and fell to the ground. Again, in view of the Americans and Japanese soldiers, he rose to his feet and assaulted the bunker with grenades and rifle fire. The Japanese soldiers ran out of the bunker as Brostrom fell seriously wounded.
Staff Sergeant Paul Doty and Pfc's Howard J. Evans and Eldridge V. Sorenson, who had caught up with Brostrom by this time, killed many of the fleeing enemy and called for a company medic. Brostrom was carried to the aid station but succumbed to his wounds.
During the same combat action and period, Pfc. [John F. Thorson](/wiki/John_F._Thorson "John F. Thorson"), from G Company, 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, attacked an enemy trench with his [BAR](/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Rifle "M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle") and was within twenty feet when he was seriously wounded. The rest of Thorson's platoon rushed forward sweeping the enemy from the trench line. After an enemy [grenade](/wiki/Type_97_grenade "Type 97 grenade") landed nearby, Thorson rolled on top of it to protect his comrades and was killed instantly.
Pfc. Brostrom, F Company, is one of the only two members of the 17th Infantry to have received the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat during the war. The other was Thorson.
Brostrom is buried in the Preston Cemetery.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early years",
"Brostrom was born on November 23, 1919, in [Preston](/wiki/Preston%2C_Idaho \"Preston, Idaho\"), [Franklin County](/wiki/Franklin_County%2C_Idaho \"Franklin County, Idaho\"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\"). He was the first child of Carl John Brostrum (February 17, 1894 – March 13, 1975\\) and Louise Adolfina Hillstead (August 17, 1893 – September 25, 1961\\), who were married on August 21, 1918\\.{{Cite web\n \\|accessdate\\=December 4, 2011\n \\|url\\=http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display\\=titlefilmnotes\\&columns\\=\\*%2C180%2C0\\&titleno\\=15706\\&disp\\=Deceased\\+membership\\+records\\+1941\\-1988\\+\\+\n \\|title\\=Deceased membership records 1941–1988 – Microfilm number: 884051 \n \\|author\\=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\\-day Saints. Membership Department \n \\|work\\=International Genealogical Index (IGI)\n \\|publisher\\=Familysearch.org, Corporation of the President, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\\-day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT.\n \\|date\\=1975–1977 \\|version\\=Indexed}}\nNote: At <http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/frameset_search.asp> using only Leonard Carl Brostrom for search terms.",
"Brostrum grew up in the farming community of Preston, Idaho, and attended primary and secondary school at the [Oneida Stake Academy](/wiki/Oneida_Stake_Academy \"Oneida Stake Academy\"), built by the Oneida [Stake](/wiki/Stake_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Stake (Latter Day Saints)\") of [the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\\-day Saints](/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\") (LDS Church). In 1922, this school was renamed [Preston High School](/wiki/Preston_High_School_%28Idaho%29 \"Preston High School (Idaho)\") even though it was referred to as the Academy for some time thereafter.{{Cite web\n \\|accessdate\\=December 4, 2011\n \\|url\\=http://www.preston.k12\\.id.us/phs/alumni/1917/index.htm\n \\|title\\=Oneida Stake Academy\n \\|author\\=\n \\|publisher\\=Preston School District \n \\|year\\=2010}}\nSee also:",
"[Oneida Stake Academy](http://www.oneidastakeacademy.blogspot.com/) – official site\n[Mormon Historic Sites Foundation article on the Academy](http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/projects/oneida.htm)* + [Nathan K. Van Noy](/wiki/Junior_Van_Noy \"Junior Van Noy\"), another Medal of Honor recipient, attended the newer Preston High School.",
"Brostrum attended church at the Oneida [Ward](/wiki/Ward_%28LDS_Church%29 \"Ward (LDS Church)\") in Preston. During the [depression years](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), he\nfarmed, hunted, and fished while doing odd jobs for both pocket money and LDS Church service. His younger brothers, Dean (1921–1999\\) and Dale (1925–2003\\), often tagged along until Leonard served a three\\-year [LDS mission](/wiki/Missionary_%28LDS_Church%29 \"Missionary (LDS Church)\") to [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). Brostrum was on his church mission when Japan bombed [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\") on December 7, 1941\\. After successfully completing his mission, he returned home and joined the U.S. Army in March 1942\\.[WWII Army Enlistment Records](https://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=893&mtch=1&tf=F&q=leonard+brostrom&bc=&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=8052910)",
"### Military service",
"[thumb\\|100px\\|right\\|alt\\=A Red circle with a black outline and black hourglass at its center\\|7th Infantry Division [shoulder sleeve insignia](/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia \"Shoulder sleeve insignia\")](/wiki/File:7th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281973-2015%29.svg \"7th Infantry Division SSI (1973-2015).svg\")",
"Brostrom completed basic training at Fort Ord, California, and was assigned to the [7th Motorized Division.](/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"7th Infantry Division (United States)\") Shortly after arriving at [Camp San Luis Obispo](/wiki/Camp_San_Luis_Obispo \"Camp San Luis Obispo\"), the division began training in the [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert \"Mojave Desert\") in preparation for its planned deployment to the [African theater](/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations \"Mediterranean Theater of Operations\").{{cite web \\| title\\=7th Infantry Division Homepage: Chronological History \\| url\\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_History.htm \\| publisher\\=7th Infantry Division \\| year\\=2003 \\| accessdate\\=27 April 2009 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416045529/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_History.htm \\| archivedate\\=16 April 2009 }}",
"On January 1, 1943, the motorized division was renamed the 7th Infantry Division (light). Brostrom and the other soldiers began rigorous [amphibious assault training](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare%23World_War_II \"Amphibious warfare#World War II\") under [U.S. Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") from the [Fleet Marine Force](/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force \"Fleet Marine Force\"), before being deployed to fight in the [Pacific theater](/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater \"Asiatic-Pacific Theater\") instead of [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\").{{cite web\\|title\\=7th Infantry Division Homepage: History \\|url\\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_Historylong.htm \\|publisher\\=7th Infantry Division \\|year\\=2003 \\|accessdate\\=27 April 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419032817/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_Historylong.htm \\|archivedate\\=19 April 2009 }} Marine General [Holland Smith](/wiki/Holland_Smith \"Holland Smith\") oversaw the 7th Division's training.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos\\_Who/Smith\\_HM.htm \\|title\\=General Holland McTyeire Smith, USMC \\|work\\=Who's Who in Marine Corps History \\|publisher\\=History Division, United States Marine Corps \\|accessdate\\=30 September 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214403/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos\\_Who/Smith\\_HM.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"#### Aleutian islands",
"[Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29%23United_States \"Private (rank)#United States\") Brostrom was assigned to F Company, 2nd Battalion, [17th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/17th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"17th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"), 7th Infantry Division and participated in the amphibious assaults and retaking of the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands \"Aleutian Islands\"), [Eastern Mandates](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign \"Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\"), and [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte \"Leyte\").",
"[thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=A line of soldiers hiking on the side of a very snowy mountain, viewed from behind\\|7th Infantry Division troops negotiate snow and ice during the battle on Attu in May 1943\\.](/wiki/File:US_troops_at_the_Battle_of_Attu.jpg \"US troops at the Battle of Attu.jpg\")\nBrostrom first saw combat in the amphibious assault on [Attu Island's](/wiki/Attu_Island \"Attu Island\") \"red beach\", which was the westernmost Japanese entrenchment in the [Aleutian islands](/wiki/Aleutian_islands \"Aleutian islands\") chain. He landed with his company on May 11, 1943,{{cite book\\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Horner \\|authorlink\\=David Horner \\|title\\=The Second World War, Vol. 1: The Pacific \\|year\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Osprey Publishing]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-96845\\-4}}, page 41\\-43\\. spearheaded by the 17th Infantry, and fought an [intense battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Attu \"Battle of Attu\") over the tundra against strong Japanese resistance.{{cite book \\|title\\= Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States \\|year\\=1959 \\|publisher\\=United States Government Printing Office \\|asin\\=B0006D8NKK}}, page 524\\.",
"Brostrom and the rest of the soldiers from the 17th Infantry were not trained or properly equipped for Arctic combat on [Attu](/wiki/Battle_of_Attu \"Battle of Attu\"), for in those days the U.S. Army knew practically nothing about waging extensive winter warfare. Nevertheless, Brostrom and his fellow soldiers from the regiment carried on. During the battle, Company F's attack in the pass between the valleys was magnificent. The GIs used rifles, bayonets, and hand grenades to drive the enemy out of a series of trenches near the vital Cold Mountain.{{Cite web\n \\|accessdate\\=December 4, 2011 \n \\|url\\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_Historylong.htm \n \\|title\\=History of the 7th Infantry Division – BAYONET! \n \\|author\\=U.S. Army \n \\|publisher\\=U.S. Army \n \\|year\\=2007 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419032817/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_Historylong.htm \n \\|archivedate\\=April 19, 2009 \n}} The fight for the island culminated in a battle at [Chichagof Harbor](/wiki/Chichagof_Harbor \"Chichagof Harbor\"), where the 7th Infantry Division destroyed all Japanese resistance on the island on May 29, after a suicidal Japanese [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet \"Bayonet\") charge. The 17th Infantry then invaded [Kiska](/wiki/Operation_Cottage \"Operation Cottage\") expecting another serious fight, but Brostrom and the others of the regiment found out that the Japanese had evacuated the island prior to the American landing.",
"#### Eastern Mandates",
"The Eastern Mandates are part of the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\") where Brostrom and the 17th Infantry Division invaded [Kwajalein atoll](/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein \"Battle of Kwajalein\") after four months of training in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"). Under their new leader [Major General](/wiki/Major_General_%28United_States%29 \"Major General (United States)\") [C. H. Corlett](/wiki/Charles_H._Corlett \"Charles H. Corlett\"), the amphibious assaults on the 42 islands of the atoll went \"most nearly perfect\". It is not certain which specific island (s) that F Company captured. The division returned to Hawaii for rest and recuperation, and then trained for the next assault.",
"#### Leyte",
"[Leyte](/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte \"Battle of Leyte\"), the third\\-largest island of the [Philippines](/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines \"Geography of the Philippines\"), was invaded by the 7th Infantry Division on October 20, 1944\\. Brostrom in Company F, 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, attacked from the center, driving down the [Dulag](/wiki/Dulag%2C_Leyte \"Dulag, Leyte\")–[Burauen](/wiki/Burauen%2C_Leyte \"Burauen, Leyte\") Road. Within 48 hours, they had captured San Pablo, Burauen, and [Bayug Airfield](/wiki/Bayug_Airfield \"Bayug Airfield\").",
"On October 27, 1944, the 17th Infantry took the strong points south of the town of [Dagami.](/wiki/Dagami%2C_Leyte \"Dagami, Leyte\") At 7:30 AM, 0730 hours in military time, Brostrum, \"a lead scout\" with F Company, struck out on the left flank of the attack. Their job with the rest of the 2nd Battalion was to envelop Dagami from the American left to pin and destroy [Japanese Army](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army%23World_War_II \"Imperial Japanese Army#World War II\") resistance in the town.\n[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|alt\\=A map showing the island of Leyte, with an army planned to land on the northeastern part of the island and advance west\\|Invasion of Leyte map, October 1944](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Leyte_map_1.jpg \"Battle of Leyte map 1.jpg\")",
"Brostrom with the lead assault platoon of F Company encountered \"withering fire from [pillboxes](/wiki/Bunker%23Pillbox \"Bunker#Pillbox\"), [trenches](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23World_War_II \"Trench warfare#World War II\"), and enemy [spider holes](/wiki/Spider_hole \"Spider hole\")\". The Japanese soldiers were well entrenched and camouflaged. Enemy fields of fire were well calculated with criss\\-crossing [machine gun bunkers](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23Machine_guns \"Trench warfare#Machine guns\") supported by infantry in trenches. Pfc. Brostrom was hit by enemy weapon fire three times as he fought his way through a [bamboo](/wiki/Bamboo \"Bamboo\") [thicket](/wiki/Thicket \"Thicket\") that was part of the enemy line. Brostrom dashed to the rear of a large enemy machine gun bunker/pillbox. During his charge from the bamboo thicket, he was visible not only to the rest of his rifle company, but to the Japanese riflemen shooting at him as well. As he threw several [grenades](/wiki/United_States_hand_grenades%23High_explosive.2C_fragmentation.2C_and_blast \"United States hand grenades#High explosive.2C fragmentation.2C and blast\") into the bunker, six Japanese infantrymen charged with fixed bayonets. Brostrom was able to kill one soldier and wound others, causing them to retreat. Brostrom was hit a fourth time and fell to the ground. Again, in view of the Americans and Japanese soldiers, he rose to his feet and assaulted the bunker with grenades and rifle fire. The Japanese soldiers ran out of the bunker as Brostrom fell seriously wounded.",
"Staff Sergeant Paul Doty and Pfc's Howard J. Evans and Eldridge V. Sorenson, who had caught up with Brostrom by this time, killed many of the fleeing enemy and called for a company medic. Brostrom was carried to the aid station but succumbed to his wounds.",
"During the same combat action and period, Pfc. [John F. Thorson](/wiki/John_F._Thorson \"John F. Thorson\"), from G Company, 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, attacked an enemy trench with his [BAR](/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Rifle \"M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle\") and was within twenty feet when he was seriously wounded. The rest of Thorson's platoon rushed forward sweeping the enemy from the trench line. After an enemy [grenade](/wiki/Type_97_grenade \"Type 97 grenade\") landed nearby, Thorson rolled on top of it to protect his comrades and was killed instantly.",
"Pfc. Brostrom, F Company, is one of the only two members of the 17th Infantry to have received the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat during the war. The other was Thorson.",
"Brostrom is buried in the Preston Cemetery.",
""
] |
### Military service
[thumb\|100px\|right\|alt\=A Red circle with a black outline and black hourglass at its center\|7th Infantry Division [shoulder sleeve insignia](/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia "Shoulder sleeve insignia")](/wiki/File:7th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281973-2015%29.svg "7th Infantry Division SSI (1973-2015).svg")
Brostrom completed basic training at Fort Ord, California, and was assigned to the [7th Motorized Division.](/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "7th Infantry Division (United States)") Shortly after arriving at [Camp San Luis Obispo](/wiki/Camp_San_Luis_Obispo "Camp San Luis Obispo"), the division began training in the [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert "Mojave Desert") in preparation for its planned deployment to the [African theater](/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations "Mediterranean Theater of Operations").{{cite web \| title\=7th Infantry Division Homepage: Chronological History \| url\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_History.htm \| publisher\=7th Infantry Division \| year\=2003 \| accessdate\=27 April 2009 \| url\-status\=dead \| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416045529/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_History.htm \| archivedate\=16 April 2009 }}
On January 1, 1943, the motorized division was renamed the 7th Infantry Division (light). Brostrom and the other soldiers began rigorous [amphibious assault training](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare%23World_War_II "Amphibious warfare#World War II") under [U.S. Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") from the [Fleet Marine Force](/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force "Fleet Marine Force"), before being deployed to fight in the [Pacific theater](/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater "Asiatic-Pacific Theater") instead of [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa").{{cite web\|title\=7th Infantry Division Homepage: History \|url\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_Historylong.htm \|publisher\=7th Infantry Division \|year\=2003 \|accessdate\=27 April 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419032817/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_Historylong.htm \|archivedate\=19 April 2009 }} Marine General [Holland Smith](/wiki/Holland_Smith "Holland Smith") oversaw the 7th Division's training.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos\_Who/Smith\_HM.htm \|title\=General Holland McTyeire Smith, USMC \|work\=Who's Who in Marine Corps History \|publisher\=History Division, United States Marine Corps \|accessdate\=30 September 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214403/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos\_Who/Smith\_HM.htm \|archive\-date\=16 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}
#### Aleutian islands
[Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29%23United_States "Private (rank)#United States") Brostrom was assigned to F Company, 2nd Battalion, [17th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/17th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "17th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), 7th Infantry Division and participated in the amphibious assaults and retaking of the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands "Aleutian Islands"), [Eastern Mandates](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign "Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign"), and [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte "Leyte").
[thumb\|right\|alt\=A line of soldiers hiking on the side of a very snowy mountain, viewed from behind\|7th Infantry Division troops negotiate snow and ice during the battle on Attu in May 1943\.](/wiki/File:US_troops_at_the_Battle_of_Attu.jpg "US troops at the Battle of Attu.jpg")
Brostrom first saw combat in the amphibious assault on [Attu Island's](/wiki/Attu_Island "Attu Island") "red beach", which was the westernmost Japanese entrenchment in the [Aleutian islands](/wiki/Aleutian_islands "Aleutian islands") chain. He landed with his company on May 11, 1943,{{cite book\|first\=David \|last\=Horner \|authorlink\=David Horner \|title\=The Second World War, Vol. 1: The Pacific \|year\=2003 \|publisher\=\[\[Osprey Publishing]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-96845\-4}}, page 41\-43\. spearheaded by the 17th Infantry, and fought an [intense battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Attu "Battle of Attu") over the tundra against strong Japanese resistance.{{cite book \|title\= Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States \|year\=1959 \|publisher\=United States Government Printing Office \|asin\=B0006D8NKK}}, page 524\.
Brostrom and the rest of the soldiers from the 17th Infantry were not trained or properly equipped for Arctic combat on [Attu](/wiki/Battle_of_Attu "Battle of Attu"), for in those days the U.S. Army knew practically nothing about waging extensive winter warfare. Nevertheless, Brostrom and his fellow soldiers from the regiment carried on. During the battle, Company F's attack in the pass between the valleys was magnificent. The GIs used rifles, bayonets, and hand grenades to drive the enemy out of a series of trenches near the vital Cold Mountain.{{Cite web
\|accessdate\=December 4, 2011
\|url\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_Historylong.htm
\|title\=History of the 7th Infantry Division – BAYONET!
\|author\=U.S. Army
\|publisher\=U.S. Army
\|year\=2007
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419032817/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\_Historylong.htm
\|archivedate\=April 19, 2009
}} The fight for the island culminated in a battle at [Chichagof Harbor](/wiki/Chichagof_Harbor "Chichagof Harbor"), where the 7th Infantry Division destroyed all Japanese resistance on the island on May 29, after a suicidal Japanese [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet "Bayonet") charge. The 17th Infantry then invaded [Kiska](/wiki/Operation_Cottage "Operation Cottage") expecting another serious fight, but Brostrom and the others of the regiment found out that the Japanese had evacuated the island prior to the American landing.
#### Eastern Mandates
The Eastern Mandates are part of the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands") where Brostrom and the 17th Infantry Division invaded [Kwajalein atoll](/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein "Battle of Kwajalein") after four months of training in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"). Under their new leader [Major General](/wiki/Major_General_%28United_States%29 "Major General (United States)") [C. H. Corlett](/wiki/Charles_H._Corlett "Charles H. Corlett"), the amphibious assaults on the 42 islands of the atoll went "most nearly perfect". It is not certain which specific island (s) that F Company captured. The division returned to Hawaii for rest and recuperation, and then trained for the next assault.
#### Leyte
[Leyte](/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte "Battle of Leyte"), the third\-largest island of the [Philippines](/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines "Geography of the Philippines"), was invaded by the 7th Infantry Division on October 20, 1944\. Brostrom in Company F, 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, attacked from the center, driving down the [Dulag](/wiki/Dulag%2C_Leyte "Dulag, Leyte")–[Burauen](/wiki/Burauen%2C_Leyte "Burauen, Leyte") Road. Within 48 hours, they had captured San Pablo, Burauen, and [Bayug Airfield](/wiki/Bayug_Airfield "Bayug Airfield").
On October 27, 1944, the 17th Infantry took the strong points south of the town of [Dagami.](/wiki/Dagami%2C_Leyte "Dagami, Leyte") At 7:30 AM, 0730 hours in military time, Brostrum, "a lead scout" with F Company, struck out on the left flank of the attack. Their job with the rest of the 2nd Battalion was to envelop Dagami from the American left to pin and destroy [Japanese Army](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army%23World_War_II "Imperial Japanese Army#World War II") resistance in the town.
[thumb\|left\|250px\|alt\=A map showing the island of Leyte, with an army planned to land on the northeastern part of the island and advance west\|Invasion of Leyte map, October 1944](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Leyte_map_1.jpg "Battle of Leyte map 1.jpg")
Brostrom with the lead assault platoon of F Company encountered "withering fire from [pillboxes](/wiki/Bunker%23Pillbox "Bunker#Pillbox"), [trenches](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23World_War_II "Trench warfare#World War II"), and enemy [spider holes](/wiki/Spider_hole "Spider hole")". The Japanese soldiers were well entrenched and camouflaged. Enemy fields of fire were well calculated with criss\-crossing [machine gun bunkers](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23Machine_guns "Trench warfare#Machine guns") supported by infantry in trenches. Pfc. Brostrom was hit by enemy weapon fire three times as he fought his way through a [bamboo](/wiki/Bamboo "Bamboo") [thicket](/wiki/Thicket "Thicket") that was part of the enemy line. Brostrom dashed to the rear of a large enemy machine gun bunker/pillbox. During his charge from the bamboo thicket, he was visible not only to the rest of his rifle company, but to the Japanese riflemen shooting at him as well. As he threw several [grenades](/wiki/United_States_hand_grenades%23High_explosive.2C_fragmentation.2C_and_blast "United States hand grenades#High explosive.2C fragmentation.2C and blast") into the bunker, six Japanese infantrymen charged with fixed bayonets. Brostrom was able to kill one soldier and wound others, causing them to retreat. Brostrom was hit a fourth time and fell to the ground. Again, in view of the Americans and Japanese soldiers, he rose to his feet and assaulted the bunker with grenades and rifle fire. The Japanese soldiers ran out of the bunker as Brostrom fell seriously wounded.
Staff Sergeant Paul Doty and Pfc's Howard J. Evans and Eldridge V. Sorenson, who had caught up with Brostrom by this time, killed many of the fleeing enemy and called for a company medic. Brostrom was carried to the aid station but succumbed to his wounds.
During the same combat action and period, Pfc. [John F. Thorson](/wiki/John_F._Thorson "John F. Thorson"), from G Company, 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, attacked an enemy trench with his [BAR](/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Rifle "M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle") and was within twenty feet when he was seriously wounded. The rest of Thorson's platoon rushed forward sweeping the enemy from the trench line. After an enemy [grenade](/wiki/Type_97_grenade "Type 97 grenade") landed nearby, Thorson rolled on top of it to protect his comrades and was killed instantly.
Pfc. Brostrom, F Company, is one of the only two members of the 17th Infantry to have received the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat during the war. The other was Thorson.
Brostrom is buried in the Preston Cemetery.
|
[
"### Military service",
"[thumb\\|100px\\|right\\|alt\\=A Red circle with a black outline and black hourglass at its center\\|7th Infantry Division [shoulder sleeve insignia](/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia \"Shoulder sleeve insignia\")](/wiki/File:7th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281973-2015%29.svg \"7th Infantry Division SSI (1973-2015).svg\")",
"Brostrom completed basic training at Fort Ord, California, and was assigned to the [7th Motorized Division.](/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"7th Infantry Division (United States)\") Shortly after arriving at [Camp San Luis Obispo](/wiki/Camp_San_Luis_Obispo \"Camp San Luis Obispo\"), the division began training in the [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert \"Mojave Desert\") in preparation for its planned deployment to the [African theater](/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations \"Mediterranean Theater of Operations\").{{cite web \\| title\\=7th Infantry Division Homepage: Chronological History \\| url\\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_History.htm \\| publisher\\=7th Infantry Division \\| year\\=2003 \\| accessdate\\=27 April 2009 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416045529/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_History.htm \\| archivedate\\=16 April 2009 }}",
"On January 1, 1943, the motorized division was renamed the 7th Infantry Division (light). Brostrom and the other soldiers began rigorous [amphibious assault training](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare%23World_War_II \"Amphibious warfare#World War II\") under [U.S. Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") from the [Fleet Marine Force](/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force \"Fleet Marine Force\"), before being deployed to fight in the [Pacific theater](/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater \"Asiatic-Pacific Theater\") instead of [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\").{{cite web\\|title\\=7th Infantry Division Homepage: History \\|url\\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_Historylong.htm \\|publisher\\=7th Infantry Division \\|year\\=2003 \\|accessdate\\=27 April 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419032817/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_Historylong.htm \\|archivedate\\=19 April 2009 }} Marine General [Holland Smith](/wiki/Holland_Smith \"Holland Smith\") oversaw the 7th Division's training.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos\\_Who/Smith\\_HM.htm \\|title\\=General Holland McTyeire Smith, USMC \\|work\\=Who's Who in Marine Corps History \\|publisher\\=History Division, United States Marine Corps \\|accessdate\\=30 September 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214403/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos\\_Who/Smith\\_HM.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"#### Aleutian islands",
"[Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29%23United_States \"Private (rank)#United States\") Brostrom was assigned to F Company, 2nd Battalion, [17th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/17th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"17th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"), 7th Infantry Division and participated in the amphibious assaults and retaking of the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands \"Aleutian Islands\"), [Eastern Mandates](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign \"Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\"), and [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte \"Leyte\").",
"[thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=A line of soldiers hiking on the side of a very snowy mountain, viewed from behind\\|7th Infantry Division troops negotiate snow and ice during the battle on Attu in May 1943\\.](/wiki/File:US_troops_at_the_Battle_of_Attu.jpg \"US troops at the Battle of Attu.jpg\")\nBrostrom first saw combat in the amphibious assault on [Attu Island's](/wiki/Attu_Island \"Attu Island\") \"red beach\", which was the westernmost Japanese entrenchment in the [Aleutian islands](/wiki/Aleutian_islands \"Aleutian islands\") chain. He landed with his company on May 11, 1943,{{cite book\\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Horner \\|authorlink\\=David Horner \\|title\\=The Second World War, Vol. 1: The Pacific \\|year\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Osprey Publishing]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-96845\\-4}}, page 41\\-43\\. spearheaded by the 17th Infantry, and fought an [intense battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Attu \"Battle of Attu\") over the tundra against strong Japanese resistance.{{cite book \\|title\\= Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States \\|year\\=1959 \\|publisher\\=United States Government Printing Office \\|asin\\=B0006D8NKK}}, page 524\\.",
"Brostrom and the rest of the soldiers from the 17th Infantry were not trained or properly equipped for Arctic combat on [Attu](/wiki/Battle_of_Attu \"Battle of Attu\"), for in those days the U.S. Army knew practically nothing about waging extensive winter warfare. Nevertheless, Brostrom and his fellow soldiers from the regiment carried on. During the battle, Company F's attack in the pass between the valleys was magnificent. The GIs used rifles, bayonets, and hand grenades to drive the enemy out of a series of trenches near the vital Cold Mountain.{{Cite web\n \\|accessdate\\=December 4, 2011 \n \\|url\\=http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_Historylong.htm \n \\|title\\=History of the 7th Infantry Division – BAYONET! \n \\|author\\=U.S. Army \n \\|publisher\\=U.S. Army \n \\|year\\=2007 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419032817/http://www.carson.army.mil/UNITS/F7ID/F7ID\\_Historylong.htm \n \\|archivedate\\=April 19, 2009 \n}} The fight for the island culminated in a battle at [Chichagof Harbor](/wiki/Chichagof_Harbor \"Chichagof Harbor\"), where the 7th Infantry Division destroyed all Japanese resistance on the island on May 29, after a suicidal Japanese [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet \"Bayonet\") charge. The 17th Infantry then invaded [Kiska](/wiki/Operation_Cottage \"Operation Cottage\") expecting another serious fight, but Brostrom and the others of the regiment found out that the Japanese had evacuated the island prior to the American landing.",
"#### Eastern Mandates",
"The Eastern Mandates are part of the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\") where Brostrom and the 17th Infantry Division invaded [Kwajalein atoll](/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein \"Battle of Kwajalein\") after four months of training in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"). Under their new leader [Major General](/wiki/Major_General_%28United_States%29 \"Major General (United States)\") [C. H. Corlett](/wiki/Charles_H._Corlett \"Charles H. Corlett\"), the amphibious assaults on the 42 islands of the atoll went \"most nearly perfect\". It is not certain which specific island (s) that F Company captured. The division returned to Hawaii for rest and recuperation, and then trained for the next assault.",
"#### Leyte",
"[Leyte](/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte \"Battle of Leyte\"), the third\\-largest island of the [Philippines](/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines \"Geography of the Philippines\"), was invaded by the 7th Infantry Division on October 20, 1944\\. Brostrom in Company F, 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, attacked from the center, driving down the [Dulag](/wiki/Dulag%2C_Leyte \"Dulag, Leyte\")–[Burauen](/wiki/Burauen%2C_Leyte \"Burauen, Leyte\") Road. Within 48 hours, they had captured San Pablo, Burauen, and [Bayug Airfield](/wiki/Bayug_Airfield \"Bayug Airfield\").",
"On October 27, 1944, the 17th Infantry took the strong points south of the town of [Dagami.](/wiki/Dagami%2C_Leyte \"Dagami, Leyte\") At 7:30 AM, 0730 hours in military time, Brostrum, \"a lead scout\" with F Company, struck out on the left flank of the attack. Their job with the rest of the 2nd Battalion was to envelop Dagami from the American left to pin and destroy [Japanese Army](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army%23World_War_II \"Imperial Japanese Army#World War II\") resistance in the town.\n[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|alt\\=A map showing the island of Leyte, with an army planned to land on the northeastern part of the island and advance west\\|Invasion of Leyte map, October 1944](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Leyte_map_1.jpg \"Battle of Leyte map 1.jpg\")",
"Brostrom with the lead assault platoon of F Company encountered \"withering fire from [pillboxes](/wiki/Bunker%23Pillbox \"Bunker#Pillbox\"), [trenches](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23World_War_II \"Trench warfare#World War II\"), and enemy [spider holes](/wiki/Spider_hole \"Spider hole\")\". The Japanese soldiers were well entrenched and camouflaged. Enemy fields of fire were well calculated with criss\\-crossing [machine gun bunkers](/wiki/Trench_warfare%23Machine_guns \"Trench warfare#Machine guns\") supported by infantry in trenches. Pfc. Brostrom was hit by enemy weapon fire three times as he fought his way through a [bamboo](/wiki/Bamboo \"Bamboo\") [thicket](/wiki/Thicket \"Thicket\") that was part of the enemy line. Brostrom dashed to the rear of a large enemy machine gun bunker/pillbox. During his charge from the bamboo thicket, he was visible not only to the rest of his rifle company, but to the Japanese riflemen shooting at him as well. As he threw several [grenades](/wiki/United_States_hand_grenades%23High_explosive.2C_fragmentation.2C_and_blast \"United States hand grenades#High explosive.2C fragmentation.2C and blast\") into the bunker, six Japanese infantrymen charged with fixed bayonets. Brostrom was able to kill one soldier and wound others, causing them to retreat. Brostrom was hit a fourth time and fell to the ground. Again, in view of the Americans and Japanese soldiers, he rose to his feet and assaulted the bunker with grenades and rifle fire. The Japanese soldiers ran out of the bunker as Brostrom fell seriously wounded.",
"Staff Sergeant Paul Doty and Pfc's Howard J. Evans and Eldridge V. Sorenson, who had caught up with Brostrom by this time, killed many of the fleeing enemy and called for a company medic. Brostrom was carried to the aid station but succumbed to his wounds.",
"During the same combat action and period, Pfc. [John F. Thorson](/wiki/John_F._Thorson \"John F. Thorson\"), from G Company, 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, attacked an enemy trench with his [BAR](/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Rifle \"M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle\") and was within twenty feet when he was seriously wounded. The rest of Thorson's platoon rushed forward sweeping the enemy from the trench line. After an enemy [grenade](/wiki/Type_97_grenade \"Type 97 grenade\") landed nearby, Thorson rolled on top of it to protect his comrades and was killed instantly.",
"Pfc. Brostrom, F Company, is one of the only two members of the 17th Infantry to have received the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat during the war. The other was Thorson.",
"Brostrom is buried in the Preston Cemetery.",
""
] |
Intended vs unintended looping
------------------------------
Looping is repeating a set of instructions until a specific condition is met. An infinite loop occurs when the condition will never be met due to some inherent characteristic of the loop.
### Intentional looping
There are a few situations when this is desired behavior. For example, the games on cartridge\-based game consoles typically have no exit condition in their main loop, as there is no operating system for the program to exit to; the loop runs until the console is powered off.
Modern interactive computers require that the computer constantly be monitoring for user input or device activity, so at some fundamental level there is an infinite processing [idle loop](/wiki/Idle_loop "Idle loop") that must continue until the device is turned off or reset. In the [Apollo Guidance Computer](/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer"), for example, this outer loop was contained in the Exec program,{{cite web
\|url\=http://klabs.org/history/history\_docs/mit\_docs/1711\.pdf
\|title\=The History of Apollo On\-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control
\|author\=David Hoag
\|date\=September 1976
\|publisher\=Charles Stark Draper Laboratory
\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-23
\|archive\-date\=2016\-11\-05
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105060425/http://klabs.org/history/history\_docs/mit\_docs/1711\.pdf
\|url\-status\=live
}} and if the computer had absolutely no other work to do, it would loop run a dummy job that would simply turn off the "computer activity" indicator light.
Modern computers also typically do not halt the processor or motherboard circuit\-driving clocks when they crash. Instead they fall back to an error condition displaying messages to the operator (such as the [blue screen of death](/wiki/Blue_screen_of_death "Blue screen of death")), and enter an infinite loop waiting for the user to either respond to a prompt to continue, or reset the device.
#### Spinlocks
[Spinlocks](/wiki/Spinlock "Spinlock") are low\-level synchronization mechanisms used in concurrent programming to protect shared resources. Unlike traditional locks that put a thread to sleep when it can't acquire the lock, spinlocks repeatedly "spin" in an infinite loop until the lock becomes available. This intentional infinite looping is a deliberate design choice aimed at minimizing the time a thread spends waiting for the lock and avoiding the overhead of higher level synchronisation mechanisms such as [mutexes](/wiki/Lock_%28computer_science%29 "Lock (computer science)").
#### Multi\-threading
In multi\-threaded programs some threads can be executing inside infinite loops without causing the entire program to be stuck in an infinite loop. If the main thread exits, all threads of the process are forcefully stopped, thus all execution ends and the process/program terminates. The threads inside the infinite loops can perform "housekeeping" tasks or they can be in a blocked state waiting for input (from socket/queue) and resume execution every time input is received.
### Unintentional looping
[thumb\|A [blue screen of death](/wiki/Blue_screen_of_death "Blue screen of death") on [Windows XP](/wiki/Windows_XP "Windows XP"). "The [device driver](/wiki/Device_driver "Device driver") got stuck in an infinite loop."](/wiki/File:Infinite_loop_BSOD.jpg "Infinite loop BSOD.jpg")
Most often, the term is used for those situations when this is not the intended result; that is, when this is a [bug](/wiki/Software_bug "Software bug").{{cite web
\|url\=https://nyxcrossword.com/2013/10/1013\-13\-new\-york\-times\-crossword.html
\|title\=New York Times Crossword Answers
\|quote\=computing .. a defect .. which .. to loop
\|date\=October 13, 2013
\|access\-date\=January 22, 2020
\|archive\-date\=August 2, 2020
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802040416/https://nyxcrossword.com/2013/10/1013\-13\-new\-york\-times\-crossword.html
\|url\-status\=live
}} Such errors are most common by novice programmers, but can be made by experienced programmers also, because their causes can be quite subtle.
One common cause, for example, is that a programmer intends to iterate over sequence of nodes in a [data structure](/wiki/Data_structure "Data structure") such as a [linked list](/wiki/Linked_list "Linked list") or [tree](/wiki/Tree_%28data_structure%29 "Tree (data structure)"), executing the loop code once for each node. Improperly formed links can create a *reference loop* in the data structure, where one node links to another that occurs earlier in the sequence. This makes part of the data structure into a [ring](/wiki/Ring_%28data_structure%29 "Ring (data structure)"), causing naive code to loop forever.
While most infinite loops can be found by close inspection of the code, there is no general method to determine whether a given program will ever halt or will run forever; this is the [undecidability](/wiki/Undecidable_problem "Undecidable problem") of the [halting problem](/wiki/Halting_problem "Halting problem").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/halting\-problem\-in\-theory\-of\-computation\|title\=Halting Problem in Theory of Computation\|date\=3 October 2018\|access\-date\=22 January 2020\|archive\-date\=9 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100104/https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/halting\-problem\-in\-theory\-of\-computation/\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Intended vs unintended looping\n------------------------------",
"Looping is repeating a set of instructions until a specific condition is met. An infinite loop occurs when the condition will never be met due to some inherent characteristic of the loop.",
"### Intentional looping",
"There are a few situations when this is desired behavior. For example, the games on cartridge\\-based game consoles typically have no exit condition in their main loop, as there is no operating system for the program to exit to; the loop runs until the console is powered off.",
"Modern interactive computers require that the computer constantly be monitoring for user input or device activity, so at some fundamental level there is an infinite processing [idle loop](/wiki/Idle_loop \"Idle loop\") that must continue until the device is turned off or reset. In the [Apollo Guidance Computer](/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer \"Apollo Guidance Computer\"), for example, this outer loop was contained in the Exec program,{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://klabs.org/history/history\\_docs/mit\\_docs/1711\\.pdf\n \\|title\\=The History of Apollo On\\-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control\n \\|author\\=David Hoag\n \\|date\\=September 1976\n \\|publisher\\=Charles Stark Draper Laboratory\n \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-23\n \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-05\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105060425/http://klabs.org/history/history\\_docs/mit\\_docs/1711\\.pdf\n \\|url\\-status\\=live\n }} and if the computer had absolutely no other work to do, it would loop run a dummy job that would simply turn off the \"computer activity\" indicator light.",
"Modern computers also typically do not halt the processor or motherboard circuit\\-driving clocks when they crash. Instead they fall back to an error condition displaying messages to the operator (such as the [blue screen of death](/wiki/Blue_screen_of_death \"Blue screen of death\")), and enter an infinite loop waiting for the user to either respond to a prompt to continue, or reset the device.",
"#### Spinlocks",
"[Spinlocks](/wiki/Spinlock \"Spinlock\") are low\\-level synchronization mechanisms used in concurrent programming to protect shared resources. Unlike traditional locks that put a thread to sleep when it can't acquire the lock, spinlocks repeatedly \"spin\" in an infinite loop until the lock becomes available. This intentional infinite looping is a deliberate design choice aimed at minimizing the time a thread spends waiting for the lock and avoiding the overhead of higher level synchronisation mechanisms such as [mutexes](/wiki/Lock_%28computer_science%29 \"Lock (computer science)\").",
"#### Multi\\-threading",
"In multi\\-threaded programs some threads can be executing inside infinite loops without causing the entire program to be stuck in an infinite loop. If the main thread exits, all threads of the process are forcefully stopped, thus all execution ends and the process/program terminates. The threads inside the infinite loops can perform \"housekeeping\" tasks or they can be in a blocked state waiting for input (from socket/queue) and resume execution every time input is received.",
"### Unintentional looping",
"[thumb\\|A [blue screen of death](/wiki/Blue_screen_of_death \"Blue screen of death\") on [Windows XP](/wiki/Windows_XP \"Windows XP\"). \"The [device driver](/wiki/Device_driver \"Device driver\") got stuck in an infinite loop.\"](/wiki/File:Infinite_loop_BSOD.jpg \"Infinite loop BSOD.jpg\")\nMost often, the term is used for those situations when this is not the intended result; that is, when this is a [bug](/wiki/Software_bug \"Software bug\").{{cite web\n \\|url\\=https://nyxcrossword.com/2013/10/1013\\-13\\-new\\-york\\-times\\-crossword.html\n \\|title\\=New York Times Crossword Answers\n \\|quote\\=computing .. a defect .. which .. to loop\n \\|date\\=October 13, 2013\n \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2020\n \\|archive\\-date\\=August 2, 2020\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802040416/https://nyxcrossword.com/2013/10/1013\\-13\\-new\\-york\\-times\\-crossword.html\n \\|url\\-status\\=live\n }} Such errors are most common by novice programmers, but can be made by experienced programmers also, because their causes can be quite subtle.",
"One common cause, for example, is that a programmer intends to iterate over sequence of nodes in a [data structure](/wiki/Data_structure \"Data structure\") such as a [linked list](/wiki/Linked_list \"Linked list\") or [tree](/wiki/Tree_%28data_structure%29 \"Tree (data structure)\"), executing the loop code once for each node. Improperly formed links can create a *reference loop* in the data structure, where one node links to another that occurs earlier in the sequence. This makes part of the data structure into a [ring](/wiki/Ring_%28data_structure%29 \"Ring (data structure)\"), causing naive code to loop forever.",
"While most infinite loops can be found by close inspection of the code, there is no general method to determine whether a given program will ever halt or will run forever; this is the [undecidability](/wiki/Undecidable_problem \"Undecidable problem\") of the [halting problem](/wiki/Halting_problem \"Halting problem\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/halting\\-problem\\-in\\-theory\\-of\\-computation\\|title\\=Halting Problem in Theory of Computation\\|date\\=3 October 2018\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=9 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100104/https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/halting\\-problem\\-in\\-theory\\-of\\-computation/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Examples of unintentional infinite loops
----------------------------------------
### Mathematical errors
Here is one example of an infinite loop in [Visual Basic](/wiki/Visual_Basic "Visual Basic"):
dim x as integer
do while x \< 5
```
x = 1
x = x + 1
```
loop
This creates a situation where `x` will never be greater than 5, since at the start of the loop code, `x` is assigned the value of 1 (regardless of any previous value) before it is changed to `x` \+ 1\. Thus the loop will always result in `x` \= 2 and will never break. This could be fixed by moving the `x = 1` instruction outside the loop so that its initial value is set only once.
In some languages, programmer confusion about mathematical symbols may lead to an unintentional infinite loop. For example, here is a snippet in [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 "C (programming language)"):
\#include \<stdio.h\>
int main(void)
{
```
int a = 0;
while (a < 10) {
printf("%d\n", a);
if (a = 5)
printf("a equals 5!\n");
a++;
}
return 0;
```
}
The expected output is the numbers 0 through 9, with an interjected "a equals 5!" between 5 and 6\. However, in the line "`if (a = 5)`" above, the \= (assignment) operator was confused with the \=\= (equality test) operator. Instead, this will assign the value of 5 to `a` at this point in the program. Thus, `a` will never be able to advance to 10, and this loop cannot terminate.
### Rounding errors
| *C output on an [AMD Turion](/wiki/AMD_Turion "AMD Turion") processor:* |
| --- |
| x \= 0\.10000000149011611938 |
| x \= 0\.20000000298023223877 |
| x \= 0\.30000001192092895508 |
| x \= 0\.40000000596046447754 |
| x \= 0\.50000000000000000000 |
| x \= 0\.60000002384185791016 |
| x \= 0\.70000004768371582031 |
| x \= 0\.80000007152557373047 |
| x \= 0\.90000009536743164062 |
| x \= 1\.00000011920928955078 |
| x \= 1\.10000014305114746094 |
| x \= 1\.20000016689300537109 |
| ... |
Unexpected behavior in evaluating the terminating condition can also cause this problem. Here is an example in [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 "C (programming language)"):
float x \= 0\.1;
while (x !\= 1\.1\) {
```
printf("x = %22.20f\n", x);
x += 0.1;
```
}
On some systems, this loop will execute ten times as expected, but on other systems it will never terminate. The problem is that the loop terminating condition `(x != 1.1)` tests for exact equality of two [floating point](/wiki/Floating_point "Floating point") values, and the way floating point values are represented in many computers will make this test fail, because they cannot represent the value 0\.1 exactly, thus introducing rounding errors on each increment (cf. box).
The same can happen in [Python](/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29 "Python (programming language)"):
x \= 0\.1
while x !\= 1:
```
print(x)
x += 0.1
```
Because of the likelihood of tests for equality or not\-equality failing unexpectedly, it is safer to use greater\-than or less\-than tests when dealing with floating\-point values. For example, instead of testing whether `x` equals 1\.1, one might test whether `(x <= 1.0)`, or `(x < 1.1)`, either of which would be certain to exit after a finite number of iterations. Another way to fix this particular example would be to use an [integer](/wiki/Integer_%28computer_science%29 "Integer (computer science)") as a [loop index](/wiki/Control_flow "Control flow"), counting the number of iterations that have been performed.
A similar problem occurs frequently in [numerical analysis](/wiki/Numerical_analysis "Numerical analysis"): in order to compute a certain result, an iteration is intended to be carried out until the error is smaller than a chosen tolerance. However, because of rounding errors during the iteration, the specified tolerance can never be reached, resulting in an infinite loop.
|
[
"Examples of unintentional infinite loops\n----------------------------------------",
"### Mathematical errors",
"Here is one example of an infinite loop in [Visual Basic](/wiki/Visual_Basic \"Visual Basic\"):",
"dim x as integer\ndo while x \\< 5",
"```\n x = 1\n x = x + 1",
"```\nloop",
"",
"This creates a situation where `x` will never be greater than 5, since at the start of the loop code, `x` is assigned the value of 1 (regardless of any previous value) before it is changed to `x` \\+ 1\\. Thus the loop will always result in `x` \\= 2 and will never break. This could be fixed by moving the `x = 1` instruction outside the loop so that its initial value is set only once.",
"In some languages, programmer confusion about mathematical symbols may lead to an unintentional infinite loop. For example, here is a snippet in [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 \"C (programming language)\"):",
"\\#include \\<stdio.h\\>",
"int main(void)\n{",
"```\n int a = 0;\n while (a < 10) {\n printf(\"%d\\n\", a);\n if (a = 5)\n printf(\"a equals 5!\\n\");\n a++;\n }\n return 0;",
"```\n}",
"The expected output is the numbers 0 through 9, with an interjected \"a equals 5!\" between 5 and 6\\. However, in the line \"`if (a = 5)`\" above, the \\= (assignment) operator was confused with the \\=\\= (equality test) operator. Instead, this will assign the value of 5 to `a` at this point in the program. Thus, `a` will never be able to advance to 10, and this loop cannot terminate.",
"### Rounding errors",
"",
"| *C output on an [AMD Turion](/wiki/AMD_Turion \"AMD Turion\") processor:* |\n| --- |\n| x \\= 0\\.10000000149011611938 |\n| x \\= 0\\.20000000298023223877 |\n| x \\= 0\\.30000001192092895508 |\n| x \\= 0\\.40000000596046447754 |\n| x \\= 0\\.50000000000000000000 |\n| x \\= 0\\.60000002384185791016 |\n| x \\= 0\\.70000004768371582031 |\n| x \\= 0\\.80000007152557373047 |\n| x \\= 0\\.90000009536743164062 |\n| x \\= 1\\.00000011920928955078 |\n| x \\= 1\\.10000014305114746094 |\n| x \\= 1\\.20000016689300537109 |\n| ... |",
"Unexpected behavior in evaluating the terminating condition can also cause this problem. Here is an example in [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 \"C (programming language)\"):",
"",
"float x \\= 0\\.1;\nwhile (x !\\= 1\\.1\\) {",
"```\n printf(\"x = %22.20f\\n\", x);\n x += 0.1;",
"```\n}",
"",
"On some systems, this loop will execute ten times as expected, but on other systems it will never terminate. The problem is that the loop terminating condition `(x != 1.1)` tests for exact equality of two [floating point](/wiki/Floating_point \"Floating point\") values, and the way floating point values are represented in many computers will make this test fail, because they cannot represent the value 0\\.1 exactly, thus introducing rounding errors on each increment (cf. box).",
"The same can happen in [Python](/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29 \"Python (programming language)\"):",
"x \\= 0\\.1\nwhile x !\\= 1:",
"```\n print(x)\n x += 0.1",
"```",
"",
"Because of the likelihood of tests for equality or not\\-equality failing unexpectedly, it is safer to use greater\\-than or less\\-than tests when dealing with floating\\-point values. For example, instead of testing whether `x` equals 1\\.1, one might test whether `(x <= 1.0)`, or `(x < 1.1)`, either of which would be certain to exit after a finite number of iterations. Another way to fix this particular example would be to use an [integer](/wiki/Integer_%28computer_science%29 \"Integer (computer science)\") as a [loop index](/wiki/Control_flow \"Control flow\"), counting the number of iterations that have been performed.",
"A similar problem occurs frequently in [numerical analysis](/wiki/Numerical_analysis \"Numerical analysis\"): in order to compute a certain result, an iteration is intended to be carried out until the error is smaller than a chosen tolerance. However, because of rounding errors during the iteration, the specified tolerance can never be reached, resulting in an infinite loop.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1870 – 1960
[thumb\|left\|The stone façade of Sheffield station, added in 1905\. The [Park Hill](/wiki/Park_Hill%2C_Sheffield "Park Hill, Sheffield") flats are in the background.](/wiki/File:Sheffield_Railway_Station.jpg "Sheffield Railway Station.jpg")
The station was opened in 1870 by the [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway "Midland Railway") to the designs of the company architect [John Holloway Sanders](/wiki/John_Holloway_Sanders "John Holloway Sanders").{{cite news \|author\= \|title\=The Sheffield and Chesterfield District Railway. The New stations \|url\=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18690413/005/0005 \|newspaper\=Sheffield Daily Telegraph \|location\=British Newspaper Archive \|date\=13 April 1869 \|access\-date\=12 July 2016 \|via \= British Newspaper Archive \|url\-access\=subscription }} It was the fifth and last station to be built in Sheffield city centre.
The station was built on the 'New Line', which ran between Grimesthorpe Junction, on the former [Sheffield and Rotherham Railway](/wiki/Sheffield_and_Rotherham_Railway "Sheffield and Rotherham Railway"), and Tapton Junction, just north of [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield%2C_Derbyshire "Chesterfield, Derbyshire"). This line replaced the Midland Railway's previous route, the 'old road', to [London](/wiki/London "London"), which ran from [Sheffield Wicker](/wiki/Sheffield_Wicker_railway_station "Sheffield Wicker railway station") via [Rotherham](/wiki/Rotherham_Masborough_railway_station "Rotherham Masborough railway station").
The new line and station were built despite some controversy and opposition locally. The Duke of Norfolk, who owned land in the area, insisted that the southern approach be in a tunnel and the land known as The Farm landscaped to prevent the line being seen. Some years later the tunnel was opened out into a cutting. [Sheffield Corporation](/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council "Sheffield City Council") was so concerned about the eastern side of the city being cut off from the city centre that it insisted that public access be preserved across the railway site.{{NHLE \|num\=1270904 \|desc\=Sheffield Station and attached Bridges and Platform Bridges \|access\-date\=6 February 2021}}
[thumb\|left\|The interior stonework and iron roof on the station concourse](/wiki/File:Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_505748.jpg "Railway Station - geograph.org.uk - 505748.jpg")The station and Pond Street Goods Depot opened on a damp and cold day without any celebrations. There were originally different passenger entrances for each class. The original station buildings have been preserved and are between island platforms 2 to 5\.
The station was given two extra platforms and a new frontage in 1905 at a cost of £215,000 ({{Inflation\|UK\|215000\|1905\|r\=\-4\|fmt\=eq\|cursign\=£}}).{{Inflation\-fn\|UK\|df\=y}} The enlargements consisted of creating an island platform out of the old platform 1 and building a new platform 1 and a new entrance. These works were overseen by the Chief Architect to the [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway "Midland Railway") [Charles Trubshaw](/wiki/Charles_Trubshaw "Charles Trubshaw").
Offices were built at the north end of the {{convert\|300\|ft\|m}} long carriageway rooftop. A large parcels office was built to the south of the main buildings. Two footbridges connected the platforms, the one to the north for passengers, the one to the south for station staff and parcels. The tracks were covered by two overall roofs. The older and larger spanned platforms 5 and 6, and an identical structure can still be viewed today at [Bath Green Park railway station](/wiki/Bath_Green_Park_railway_station "Bath Green Park railway station"); the other platforms 1 and 2\. Wartime damage put the roofs beyond economic repair; hence, they were removed in the autumn of 1956 and replaced by low\-level awnings.
### 1960 – 2002
The 1960s saw the introduction of the [Class 45](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_45 "British Rail Class 45") and [Class 46](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_46 "British Rail Class 46") diesel\-electric engines, known as *Peaks*.{{cite book \| last \= Montague \| first \= Keith \| title \= The Power of the Peaks \| publisher \= Oxford Publishing Co \| year \= 1978 \| location \= Oxford \| isbn \= 0\-902888\-99\-4}} [Sheaf House](/wiki/Sheaf_House "Sheaf House") was built in 1965{{cite magazine \|title\= \|magazine\=\[\[Railway Magazine]] \|issue\= \| date\= August 1965\| page\=483}}{{Full citation needed\|date\=May 2023}} adjacent to the station to house [British Rail](/wiki/British_Rail "British Rail")'s Sheffield Division headquarters. As part of the reconstruction of the area as the "Gateway to Sheffield", it was demolished in early 2006\. In 1970, Sheffield's other main station, [Sheffield Victoria](/wiki/Sheffield_Victoria_railway_station "Sheffield Victoria railway station"), was closed and its remaining services, from Penistone, were diverted until 1981 via a cumbersome reversal. The Pullman service between Sheffield Victoria and London King's Cross, including the morning and evening *[Master Cutler](/wiki/Master_Cutler_%28train%29 "Master Cutler (train)")* now ran onto the East Coast Main Line via Retford from Sheffield Midland instead. This was the third route used by the train of that name; originally it had run to [London Marylebone](/wiki/Marylebone_railway_station "Marylebone railway station"). The station was resignalled in 1972, and its track layout remodelled. [British Rail](/wiki/British_Rail "British Rail") introduced the [High Speed Train](/wiki/InterCity_125 "InterCity 125") (HST) to Sheffield on the Midland Main Line in 1984\. The cross\-country services had seen the introduction of the HSTs in 1982\. On 21 December 1991, the station was flooded by the [River Sheaf](/wiki/River_Sheaf "River Sheaf"), which flows under it. A log that was part of the debris commemorates the event on platform 5\. In 1991\. construction of the new [Supertram](/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram "Sheffield Supertram") network began and by late 1994 Sheffield Midland was connected to the network, after the opening of the line between [Fitzalan Square](/wiki/Fitzalan_Square "Fitzalan Square") in the city centre and Spring Lane, to the east of the station.<http://www.thetrams.co.uk/supertram/history.php> History of the Sheffield Supertram. TheTrams.co.uk. Accessed 3 August 2011
### 2002 – present
[thumb\|left\|[CrossCountry](/wiki/CrossCountry "CrossCountry") and [East Midlands Trains](/wiki/East_Midlands_Trains "East Midlands Trains").](/wiki/File:Platform_6_and_7_sheffield_station.jpg "Platform 6 and 7 sheffield station.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|The station concourse, post\- redevelopment.](/wiki/File:Sheffield_Station_concourse.JPG "Sheffield Station concourse.JPG")
In 2002, [Midland Mainline](/wiki/Midland_Mainline "Midland Mainline"), as the main [train operating company](/wiki/Train_operating_company "Train operating company") of the station, instigated a major regeneration of Sheffield station. Before this, a taxi rank was located inside what is now the main concourse and the new entrance hall. The stone [façade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") of the station was [sandblasted](/wiki/Abrasive_blasting "Abrasive blasting") and its archways filled with unobstructed windows to improve views both from inside and out.{{cite web \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south\_yorkshire/3516717\.stm \| title \= Brighter station entrance planned \| publisher \= \[\[BBC News]] \| date \= 24 February 2004 \| access\-date \= 19 November 2008}} Other changes included the improvement of platform surfaces and the addition of a pedestrian bridge connecting the station concourse with the [Sheffield Supertram](/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram "Sheffield Supertram") stop at the far side of the station.{{cite web \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2498269\.stm \| title \= £11m facelift for city station \| publisher \= \[\[BBC News]] \| date \= 21 November 2002 \| access\-date \= 19 November 2008}}
To coincide with the regeneration of the station, [Sheaf Square](/wiki/Sheaf_Square "Sheaf Square") was rebuilt as part of a project designed to create the Gateway to Sheffield. The station and the square form part of a route that leads passengers through the square past the {{convert\|262\.5\|ft\|m\|0}} Cutting Edge water feature, up [Howard Street](/wiki/Howard_Street_%28Sheffield%29 "Howard Street (Sheffield)") and into the [Heart of the City](/wiki/Heart_of_the_City_%28development%29 "Heart of the City (development)").[http://www.environment\-investment.com/conference2006/downloads/session\_5/Simon\_Ogden.pdf\|{{Dead link\|date\=January 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.environment-investment.com/conference2006/downloads/session_5/Simon_Ogden.pdf|{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) Sheffield City Council – Sheffield's 'Gold Route'. Retrieved 3 January 2011 This Gateway to Sheffield won the Project of the Year Award in the 2006 National Rail Awards.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out\-\-about/city\-centre/public\-spaces/sheaf\-square \|title\=Sheffield City Council – Sheaf Square \|access\-date\=10 October 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103020000/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out\-\-about/city\-centre/public\-spaces/sheaf\-square \|archive\-date\=3 January 2011}}
On 11 November 2007, [East Midlands Trains](/wiki/East_Midlands_Trains "East Midlands Trains"), an amalgamation of Midland Mainline and part of [Central Trains](/wiki/Central_Trains "Central Trains"), took over the management of the station.
In December 2009, following the restoration of the station, a new [pub](/wiki/Public_house "Public house"), the Sheffield Tap, opened next to platform 1B.[http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Sheffield39s\-newest\-bar\-has\-arrived.5894972\.jp\|{{dead link\|date\=May 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Sheffield39s-newest-bar-has-arrived.5894972.jp|{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) The Sheffield Star. 'Sheffield's newest bar has arrived at platform 1B' 9 December 2010\. Retrieved 2 January 2011 The room, located within the main station building, had been used as a store room for 35 years but was used for much longer as a bar and [restaurant](/wiki/Restaurant "Restaurant"), catering for [first class](/wiki/First_class_travel "First class travel") passengers since 1904\.*Yorkshire Post*, 'All change as railway buffet thoroughly refreshed', 2009\-12\-03, Accessed 6 February 2011 The bar has a restored early 20th century interior and offers a selection of quality cask ales and beers from around the world. Since opening, the bar has won the National Railway Heritage Award and the [Cask Ale](/wiki/Cask_ale "Cask ale") pub of the year award.[http://www.sheffieldtap.com/latest\-news\|](http://www.sheffieldtap.com/latest-news|) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054056/http://www.sheffieldtap.com/latest\-news%7C \|date\=10 March 2016 }} The Sheffield Tap. Latest News. 15 December 2010\. Retrieved 3 January 2011
In October 2010, East Midland Trains initiated £10 million worth of improvements to its stations. Sheffield received renovated waiting rooms, toilet facilities and upgraded security systems amongst its improvements.{{cite news
\|url\=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/rail\_station\_gets\_first\_class\_refit\_1\_2039501
\|title\=Rail station gets first class refit
\|date\=14 October 2010
\|work\=Sheffield Telegraph
\|publisher\=Johnston Publishing Ltd.
\|access\-date\=14 November 2010}}
A new first class lounge on platform 5, part of these improvements, opened on 18 January 2011\.[http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/AboutUs/News/Pages/\_NewFirstClassLoungeopensat.aspx\|](http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/AboutUs/News/Pages/_NewFirstClassLoungeopensat.aspx|) East Midland Trains: New First Class Lounge opens at Sheffield station 18 January 2011 The lounge was opened by the [Master Cutler](/wiki/Master_Cutler "Master Cutler") Professor Bill Speirs who was joined by 50 top business leaders from Sheffield and the surrounding area.[http://www.cutlers\-hallamshire.org.uk/html/the\-company\-today/news\-and\-press\-releases\-updated\-2812011/\|](http://www.cutlers-hallamshire.org.uk/html/the-company-today/news-and-press-releases-updated-2812011/|) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320152939/http://www.cutlers\-hallamshire.org.uk/html/the\-company\-today/news\-and\-press\-releases\-updated\-2812011/%7C \|date\=20 March 2012 }} Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire – The Company Today – News and Press releases, updated 28 January 2011[thumb\|left\|The bridge at the centre of the controversy](/wiki/File:Sheffield_railway_station_-_DSC07409.JPG "Sheffield railway station - DSC07409.JPG")
In 2008, East Midlands Trains revealed its intention to restrict access to parts of the station by installing [ticket barriers](/wiki/Ticket_barriers "Ticket barriers") to try to prevent passengers from travelling without a ticket. This proposal met with widespread opposition from residents and Council members because the footbridge would be closed off to non\-ticket holders, severing a popular [thoroughfare](/wiki/Thoroughfare "Thoroughfare") from the [Norfolk Park](/wiki/Norfolk_Park "Norfolk Park") residential area and the Supertram stop on one side, to the station travel centre, [the bus interchange](/wiki/Sheffield_Interchange "Sheffield Interchange"), the city centre and the city centre campus of [Sheffield Hallam University](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University "Sheffield Hallam University") on the other. On 6 May 2009, East Midlands Trains implemented its proposal, using temporary barriers and ticket inspectors to bar access to the footbridge to non\-ticket holders, and local residents and Supertram passengers were forced to use longer routes around the station.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news2/Hundreds\-turned\-away\-as\-station.5239417\.jp \| title\=Hundreds turned away as station bridge shut \| work\=\[\[Sheffield Telegraph]] \| date\=6 May 2009 \| access\-date\=6 May 2009 }}
In November 2009, East Midlands Trains were refused planning permission for the barriers by the council,{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south\_yorkshire/8374527\.stm \| title\=Rail ticket barrier plan rejected \| work\=\[\[BBC News]] \| date\=23 November 2009 \| access\-date\=21 February 2010 }} but in February 2010 announced it would apply again.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/headlines/Critics\-signal\-new\-fight\-over.6083910\.jp\| title\=Critics signal new fight over station barriers\| work\=\[\[Sheffield Telegraph]] \| date\=18 February 2010 \| access\-date\=21 February 2010 }} Transport Secretary [Lord Adonis](/wiki/Lord_Adonis "Lord Adonis") announced in April 2010 that barriers would not be installed until a second bridge was built to maintain a thoroughfare for non\-ticket holders.{{cite news\|publisher\=BBC News\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk\_politics/election\_2010/england/8617002\.stm\|title\=Sheffield station ticket barrier plans put on hold\|date\=13 April 2010\|access\-date\=20 April 2010}}
From September 2010, East Midlands Trains used uniformed staff to prevent local residents using the footbridge.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/localnews/Rail\-barrier\-protesters39\-anger\-over.6536572\.jp\|title\= ''Yorkshire Post'' 'Rail barrier protesters' anger over bridge move.' \|date\=19 September 2010\| access\-date\=30 December 2010}} At the same time, [Sheffield City Council](/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council "Sheffield City Council") explored the possibility of turning the bridge into a public [right\-of\-way](/wiki/Right_of_way_%28transit%29 "Right of way (transit)") to resolve the matter. In late 2010, it was reported that the Deputy Prime Minister, [Nick Clegg](/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg"), MP for [Sheffield Hallam](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)"), might intervene to resolve the impasse.[http://www.railnews.co.uk/news/general/2010/09/14\-deputy\-pm\-may\-intervene\-in.html\|{{dead link\|date\=May 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.railnews.co.uk/news/general/2010/09/14-deputy-pm-may-intervene-in.html|{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) Rail News 14 September 2011 – 'Deputy PM may intervene in Sheffield barriers row'
In March 2012, Transport Minister [Justine Greening](/wiki/Justine_Greening "Justine Greening") offered £3 million to build a new footbridge to resolve the problem.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/station\_bridge\_breakthrough\_1\_4302832 \| title\=Station bridge breakthrough \| work\=\[\[Sheffield Telegraph]] \| date\=1 March 2012 \| access\-date\=2 March 2012 }}
Tickets are not currently required to enter the station or to use the footbridge, which gives access to the Sheffield Station tram stop to the east.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/SHF/details.html \|website\=National Rail \|publisher\=National Rail \|title\=Sheffield (SHF) \|access\-date\=18 September 2019}}
### Future
Ian Yeowart, former managing director of [Grand Central](/wiki/Grand_Central_%28train_operating_company%29 "Grand Central (train operating company)"), put forward in 2009 a bid for new open access [Alliance Rail Holdings](/wiki/Alliance_Rail_Holdings "Alliance Rail Holdings") services operating on the [East Coast Main Line](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line "East Coast Main Line").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.modern\-railways.com/latestnews/?p\=86 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090929014133/http://www.modern\-railways.com/latestnews/?p\=86 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 29 September 2009 \| title \= Modern Railways – Yeowart back with fresh open access proposal \| publisher \= Modern Railways \| date \= 24 September 2009 \| access\-date \= 1 January 2011 }} As part of the scheme, four services a day would operate between Sheffield and [London King's Cross](/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station "London King's Cross railway station") via Alfreton, Nottingham and Grantham, meaning Sheffield would be connected to the capital by both the [Midland Main Line](/wiki/Midland_Main_Line "Midland Main Line") and the [East Coast Main Line](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line "East Coast Main Line") routes once again. Yeowart has proposed the resurrection of the name [GNER](/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway "Great North Eastern Railway") for the service, which has been unused since the last franchise of that name ended in 2007\. However, in 2010 these proposed Sheffield to London Kings Cross services via the East Coast Main Line were rejected. In the 2010 Rail Utilisation Strategy, it quoted that the [Midland Main Line](/wiki/Midland_Main_Line "Midland Main Line") north of [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_railway_station "Bedford railway station") will be electrified in 2020\.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2010/Route%20I%20\-%20London%20and%20East%20Midlands.pdf \| title \= Network Rail – Strategic Business Plan \| publisher \= \[\[Network Rail]] \| date \= March 2010 \| access\-date \= 30 December 2010 \| archive\-date \= 29 September 2012 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222047/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2010/Route%20I%20\-%20London%20and%20East%20Midlands.pdf \| url\-status \= dead }} The line is currently one of the few major main lines that is not electrified and the plan found that the project would provide significantly enhanced services and significant financial savings.
In July 2017 Transport Secretary, [Chris Grayling](/wiki/Chris_Grayling "Chris Grayling"), announced the electrification plan for the whole of the Midland Main Line would not go ahead as previously planned. Instead the section from Clay Cross in Derbyshire to Sheffield will be electrified by 2033 as part of the planned HS2\. As an interim measure bi\-mode trains, claimed to offer benefits similar to high speed electric trains were to be used. A [National Audit Office](/wiki/National_Audit_Office_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Audit Office (United Kingdom)") report said: "In the case of Midland Main Line, bi\-mode trains with the required speed and acceleration did not exist when the Secretary of State made his decision." The MP for Loughborough (another area to have been served by the proposed electrification scheme) and Chair of the [Treasury Select Committee](/wiki/Treasury_Select_Committee "Treasury Select Committee"), [Nicky Morgan](/wiki/Nicky_Morgan "Nicky Morgan") said of the revised plans, "Now we see the decision to cancel it was based on fantasy trains that didn't even exist and the Midlands being a guinea pig for an untested technology".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\-40669869\|title\=Rail electrification plans scrapped\|date\=20 July 2017\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=15 February 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.transportnottingham.com/policies/midland\-mainline/\|title\=Impact on Nottingham – cancelled electrification of the Midland Mainline.\|date\=20 July 2017\|website\=Transport Nottingham\|access\-date\=15 February 2019}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\-news/2017/jul/20/grayling\-sparks\-fury\-by\-scrapping\-rail\-electrification\-plans\|title\=Grayling sparks fury by scrapping rail electrification plans\|last\=Topham\|first\=Gwyn\|date\=20 July 2017\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=15 February 2019\|issn\=0261\-3077}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester\-news/11bn\-midland\-mainline\-electrification\-scrapped\-1396016\|title\=Electrification scrapped on the promise of 'fantasy trains'\|last\=Martin\|first\=Dan\|date\=29 March 2018\|website\=Leicester Mercury\|access\-date\=15 February 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester\-news/fury\-government\-shortchanges\-leicester\-leicestershire\-223310\|title\=Fury at Government as electrification of Midland Mainland scrapped\|last\=Martin\|first\=Dan\|date\=21 July 2017\|website\=Leicester Mercury\|access\-date\=15 February 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.emcouncils.gov.uk/Press\-releases/midland\-main\-line\-electrification\-cancelled\|title\=Midland Main Line Electrification: Cancelled\|date\=20 July 2017\|website\=www.emcouncils.gov.uk\|access\-date\=15 February 2019}}
[CrossCountry](/wiki/CrossCountry "CrossCountry"), aspiring to improve their overall network and services, aims to increase services between Sheffield and Leeds. East Midlands Railway also plans to make service improvements to its services between [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station "Liverpool Lime Street railway station") and [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich_railway_station "Norwich railway station") via Sheffield with two\-car [Class 158](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_158 "British Rail Class 158") trains doubling in capacity to four cars.name\="eastmidlandsrailway.co.uk"\>[East Midlands Railway Liverpool – Norwich Route](https://www.eastmidlandsrailway.co.uk/train-times/liverpool-to-norwich)' Coupled with newly acquired [Class 156](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_156 "British Rail Class 156") trains, this will lead to an extra 1,500 seats being available each day on this service.[East Midlands Trains Confirms Improvements for Liverpool – Norwich Route](http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/AboutUs/News/Pages/_EastMidlandsTrainsconfirmsimprovementsforpassengersusingLiverpooltoNorwichroute_.aspx) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114002052/http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/AboutUs/News/Pages/\_EastMidlandsTrainsconfirmsimprovementsforpassengersusingLiverpooltoNorwichroute\_.aspx \|date\=14 November 2010 }}*EMT Press Release* [Northern](/wiki/Northern_%28train_operating_company%29 "Northern (train operating company)"), responsible for operating most local services in the Sheffield area, announced in August 2011 that extra services between Sheffield and [Manchester Piccadilly](/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station "Manchester Piccadilly railway station") would begin in December that year. The [Hope Valley Line](/wiki/Hope_Valley_Line "Hope Valley Line"), which will see an extra service in each direction during the peak evening period, is a key commuter route and currently has a two\-hour gap in its evening schedule, which will be filled by the new services.[http://www.rail.co/2011/08/01/more\-rail\-services\-on\-the\-hope\-valley\-line/](http://www.rail.co/2011/08/01/more-rail-services-on-the-hope-valley-line/) Northern Rail announce new Hope Valley Line services, Rail.co. 1 August 2011
As part of the HS2 plans, a new platform would need to be constructed which would provide additional capacity for HS2, which approved the new route via Sheffield in July 2017\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-south\-yorkshire\-41277560\|title \= HS2 station work may cause Sheffield five years disruption\|work \= BBC News\|date \= 15 September 2017}} Two trains per hour are to serve Sheffield on the new high speed line. The work for HS2 will see the footprint of the station expand and major reconfiguration of the tram and roads surrounding the station to accommodate the extra services.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1870 – 1960",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The stone façade of Sheffield station, added in 1905\\. The [Park Hill](/wiki/Park_Hill%2C_Sheffield \"Park Hill, Sheffield\") flats are in the background.](/wiki/File:Sheffield_Railway_Station.jpg \"Sheffield Railway Station.jpg\")\nThe station was opened in 1870 by the [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway \"Midland Railway\") to the designs of the company architect [John Holloway Sanders](/wiki/John_Holloway_Sanders \"John Holloway Sanders\").{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|title\\=The Sheffield and Chesterfield District Railway. The New stations \\|url\\=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18690413/005/0005 \\|newspaper\\=Sheffield Daily Telegraph \\|location\\=British Newspaper Archive \\|date\\=13 April 1869 \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2016 \\|via \\= British Newspaper Archive \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }} It was the fifth and last station to be built in Sheffield city centre.",
"The station was built on the 'New Line', which ran between Grimesthorpe Junction, on the former [Sheffield and Rotherham Railway](/wiki/Sheffield_and_Rotherham_Railway \"Sheffield and Rotherham Railway\"), and Tapton Junction, just north of [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield%2C_Derbyshire \"Chesterfield, Derbyshire\"). This line replaced the Midland Railway's previous route, the 'old road', to [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), which ran from [Sheffield Wicker](/wiki/Sheffield_Wicker_railway_station \"Sheffield Wicker railway station\") via [Rotherham](/wiki/Rotherham_Masborough_railway_station \"Rotherham Masborough railway station\").",
"The new line and station were built despite some controversy and opposition locally. The Duke of Norfolk, who owned land in the area, insisted that the southern approach be in a tunnel and the land known as The Farm landscaped to prevent the line being seen. Some years later the tunnel was opened out into a cutting. [Sheffield Corporation](/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council \"Sheffield City Council\") was so concerned about the eastern side of the city being cut off from the city centre that it insisted that public access be preserved across the railway site.{{NHLE \\|num\\=1270904 \\|desc\\=Sheffield Station and attached Bridges and Platform Bridges \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2021}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|The interior stonework and iron roof on the station concourse](/wiki/File:Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_505748.jpg \"Railway Station - geograph.org.uk - 505748.jpg\")The station and Pond Street Goods Depot opened on a damp and cold day without any celebrations. There were originally different passenger entrances for each class. The original station buildings have been preserved and are between island platforms 2 to 5\\.",
"The station was given two extra platforms and a new frontage in 1905 at a cost of £215,000 ({{Inflation\\|UK\\|215000\\|1905\\|r\\=\\-4\\|fmt\\=eq\\|cursign\\=£}}).{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK\\|df\\=y}} The enlargements consisted of creating an island platform out of the old platform 1 and building a new platform 1 and a new entrance. These works were overseen by the Chief Architect to the [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway \"Midland Railway\") [Charles Trubshaw](/wiki/Charles_Trubshaw \"Charles Trubshaw\").",
"Offices were built at the north end of the {{convert\\|300\\|ft\\|m}} long carriageway rooftop. A large parcels office was built to the south of the main buildings. Two footbridges connected the platforms, the one to the north for passengers, the one to the south for station staff and parcels. The tracks were covered by two overall roofs. The older and larger spanned platforms 5 and 6, and an identical structure can still be viewed today at [Bath Green Park railway station](/wiki/Bath_Green_Park_railway_station \"Bath Green Park railway station\"); the other platforms 1 and 2\\. Wartime damage put the roofs beyond economic repair; hence, they were removed in the autumn of 1956 and replaced by low\\-level awnings.",
"### 1960 – 2002",
"The 1960s saw the introduction of the [Class 45](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_45 \"British Rail Class 45\") and [Class 46](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_46 \"British Rail Class 46\") diesel\\-electric engines, known as *Peaks*.{{cite book \\| last \\= Montague \\| first \\= Keith \\| title \\= The Power of the Peaks \\| publisher \\= Oxford Publishing Co \\| year \\= 1978 \\| location \\= Oxford \\| isbn \\= 0\\-902888\\-99\\-4}} [Sheaf House](/wiki/Sheaf_House \"Sheaf House\") was built in 1965{{cite magazine \\|title\\= \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Railway Magazine]] \\|issue\\= \\| date\\= August 1965\\| page\\=483}}{{Full citation needed\\|date\\=May 2023}} adjacent to the station to house [British Rail](/wiki/British_Rail \"British Rail\")'s Sheffield Division headquarters. As part of the reconstruction of the area as the \"Gateway to Sheffield\", it was demolished in early 2006\\. In 1970, Sheffield's other main station, [Sheffield Victoria](/wiki/Sheffield_Victoria_railway_station \"Sheffield Victoria railway station\"), was closed and its remaining services, from Penistone, were diverted until 1981 via a cumbersome reversal. The Pullman service between Sheffield Victoria and London King's Cross, including the morning and evening *[Master Cutler](/wiki/Master_Cutler_%28train%29 \"Master Cutler (train)\")* now ran onto the East Coast Main Line via Retford from Sheffield Midland instead. This was the third route used by the train of that name; originally it had run to [London Marylebone](/wiki/Marylebone_railway_station \"Marylebone railway station\"). The station was resignalled in 1972, and its track layout remodelled. [British Rail](/wiki/British_Rail \"British Rail\") introduced the [High Speed Train](/wiki/InterCity_125 \"InterCity 125\") (HST) to Sheffield on the Midland Main Line in 1984\\. The cross\\-country services had seen the introduction of the HSTs in 1982\\. On 21 December 1991, the station was flooded by the [River Sheaf](/wiki/River_Sheaf \"River Sheaf\"), which flows under it. A log that was part of the debris commemorates the event on platform 5\\. In 1991\\. construction of the new [Supertram](/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram \"Sheffield Supertram\") network began and by late 1994 Sheffield Midland was connected to the network, after the opening of the line between [Fitzalan Square](/wiki/Fitzalan_Square \"Fitzalan Square\") in the city centre and Spring Lane, to the east of the station.<http://www.thetrams.co.uk/supertram/history.php> History of the Sheffield Supertram. TheTrams.co.uk. Accessed 3 August 2011",
"### 2002 – present",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[CrossCountry](/wiki/CrossCountry \"CrossCountry\") and [East Midlands Trains](/wiki/East_Midlands_Trains \"East Midlands Trains\").](/wiki/File:Platform_6_and_7_sheffield_station.jpg \"Platform 6 and 7 sheffield station.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|The station concourse, post\\- redevelopment.](/wiki/File:Sheffield_Station_concourse.JPG \"Sheffield Station concourse.JPG\")\nIn 2002, [Midland Mainline](/wiki/Midland_Mainline \"Midland Mainline\"), as the main [train operating company](/wiki/Train_operating_company \"Train operating company\") of the station, instigated a major regeneration of Sheffield station. Before this, a taxi rank was located inside what is now the main concourse and the new entrance hall. The stone [façade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") of the station was [sandblasted](/wiki/Abrasive_blasting \"Abrasive blasting\") and its archways filled with unobstructed windows to improve views both from inside and out.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south\\_yorkshire/3516717\\.stm \\| title \\= Brighter station entrance planned \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC News]] \\| date \\= 24 February 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 19 November 2008}} Other changes included the improvement of platform surfaces and the addition of a pedestrian bridge connecting the station concourse with the [Sheffield Supertram](/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram \"Sheffield Supertram\") stop at the far side of the station.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2498269\\.stm \\| title \\= £11m facelift for city station \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[BBC News]] \\| date \\= 21 November 2002 \\| access\\-date \\= 19 November 2008}}",
"To coincide with the regeneration of the station, [Sheaf Square](/wiki/Sheaf_Square \"Sheaf Square\") was rebuilt as part of a project designed to create the Gateway to Sheffield. The station and the square form part of a route that leads passengers through the square past the {{convert\\|262\\.5\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} Cutting Edge water feature, up [Howard Street](/wiki/Howard_Street_%28Sheffield%29 \"Howard Street (Sheffield)\") and into the [Heart of the City](/wiki/Heart_of_the_City_%28development%29 \"Heart of the City (development)\").[http://www.environment\\-investment.com/conference2006/downloads/session\\_5/Simon\\_Ogden.pdf\\|{{Dead link\\|date\\=January 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.environment-investment.com/conference2006/downloads/session_5/Simon_Ogden.pdf|{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) Sheffield City Council – Sheffield's 'Gold Route'. Retrieved 3 January 2011 This Gateway to Sheffield won the Project of the Year Award in the 2006 National Rail Awards.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out\\-\\-about/city\\-centre/public\\-spaces/sheaf\\-square \\|title\\=Sheffield City Council – Sheaf Square \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103020000/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out\\-\\-about/city\\-centre/public\\-spaces/sheaf\\-square \\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2011}}",
"On 11 November 2007, [East Midlands Trains](/wiki/East_Midlands_Trains \"East Midlands Trains\"), an amalgamation of Midland Mainline and part of [Central Trains](/wiki/Central_Trains \"Central Trains\"), took over the management of the station.",
"In December 2009, following the restoration of the station, a new [pub](/wiki/Public_house \"Public house\"), the Sheffield Tap, opened next to platform 1B.[http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Sheffield39s\\-newest\\-bar\\-has\\-arrived.5894972\\.jp\\|{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Sheffield39s-newest-bar-has-arrived.5894972.jp|{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) The Sheffield Star. 'Sheffield's newest bar has arrived at platform 1B' 9 December 2010\\. Retrieved 2 January 2011 The room, located within the main station building, had been used as a store room for 35 years but was used for much longer as a bar and [restaurant](/wiki/Restaurant \"Restaurant\"), catering for [first class](/wiki/First_class_travel \"First class travel\") passengers since 1904\\.*Yorkshire Post*, 'All change as railway buffet thoroughly refreshed', 2009\\-12\\-03, Accessed 6 February 2011 The bar has a restored early 20th century interior and offers a selection of quality cask ales and beers from around the world. Since opening, the bar has won the National Railway Heritage Award and the [Cask Ale](/wiki/Cask_ale \"Cask ale\") pub of the year award.[http://www.sheffieldtap.com/latest\\-news\\|](http://www.sheffieldtap.com/latest-news|) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054056/http://www.sheffieldtap.com/latest\\-news%7C \\|date\\=10 March 2016 }} The Sheffield Tap. Latest News. 15 December 2010\\. Retrieved 3 January 2011",
"In October 2010, East Midland Trains initiated £10 million worth of improvements to its stations. Sheffield received renovated waiting rooms, toilet facilities and upgraded security systems amongst its improvements.{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/rail\\_station\\_gets\\_first\\_class\\_refit\\_1\\_2039501\n\\|title\\=Rail station gets first class refit\n\\|date\\=14 October 2010\n\\|work\\=Sheffield Telegraph\n\\|publisher\\=Johnston Publishing Ltd.\n\\|access\\-date\\=14 November 2010}}\nA new first class lounge on platform 5, part of these improvements, opened on 18 January 2011\\.[http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/AboutUs/News/Pages/\\_NewFirstClassLoungeopensat.aspx\\|](http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/AboutUs/News/Pages/_NewFirstClassLoungeopensat.aspx|) East Midland Trains: New First Class Lounge opens at Sheffield station 18 January 2011 The lounge was opened by the [Master Cutler](/wiki/Master_Cutler \"Master Cutler\") Professor Bill Speirs who was joined by 50 top business leaders from Sheffield and the surrounding area.[http://www.cutlers\\-hallamshire.org.uk/html/the\\-company\\-today/news\\-and\\-press\\-releases\\-updated\\-2812011/\\|](http://www.cutlers-hallamshire.org.uk/html/the-company-today/news-and-press-releases-updated-2812011/|) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320152939/http://www.cutlers\\-hallamshire.org.uk/html/the\\-company\\-today/news\\-and\\-press\\-releases\\-updated\\-2812011/%7C \\|date\\=20 March 2012 }} Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire – The Company Today – News and Press releases, updated 28 January 2011[thumb\\|left\\|The bridge at the centre of the controversy](/wiki/File:Sheffield_railway_station_-_DSC07409.JPG \"Sheffield railway station - DSC07409.JPG\")",
"In 2008, East Midlands Trains revealed its intention to restrict access to parts of the station by installing [ticket barriers](/wiki/Ticket_barriers \"Ticket barriers\") to try to prevent passengers from travelling without a ticket. This proposal met with widespread opposition from residents and Council members because the footbridge would be closed off to non\\-ticket holders, severing a popular [thoroughfare](/wiki/Thoroughfare \"Thoroughfare\") from the [Norfolk Park](/wiki/Norfolk_Park \"Norfolk Park\") residential area and the Supertram stop on one side, to the station travel centre, [the bus interchange](/wiki/Sheffield_Interchange \"Sheffield Interchange\"), the city centre and the city centre campus of [Sheffield Hallam University](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University \"Sheffield Hallam University\") on the other. On 6 May 2009, East Midlands Trains implemented its proposal, using temporary barriers and ticket inspectors to bar access to the footbridge to non\\-ticket holders, and local residents and Supertram passengers were forced to use longer routes around the station.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news2/Hundreds\\-turned\\-away\\-as\\-station.5239417\\.jp \\| title\\=Hundreds turned away as station bridge shut \\| work\\=\\[\\[Sheffield Telegraph]] \\| date\\=6 May 2009 \\| access\\-date\\=6 May 2009 }}",
"In November 2009, East Midlands Trains were refused planning permission for the barriers by the council,{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south\\_yorkshire/8374527\\.stm \\| title\\=Rail ticket barrier plan rejected \\| work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\| date\\=23 November 2009 \\| access\\-date\\=21 February 2010 }} but in February 2010 announced it would apply again.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/headlines/Critics\\-signal\\-new\\-fight\\-over.6083910\\.jp\\| title\\=Critics signal new fight over station barriers\\| work\\=\\[\\[Sheffield Telegraph]] \\| date\\=18 February 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=21 February 2010 }} Transport Secretary [Lord Adonis](/wiki/Lord_Adonis \"Lord Adonis\") announced in April 2010 that barriers would not be installed until a second bridge was built to maintain a thoroughfare for non\\-ticket holders.{{cite news\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk\\_politics/election\\_2010/england/8617002\\.stm\\|title\\=Sheffield station ticket barrier plans put on hold\\|date\\=13 April 2010\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2010}}",
"From September 2010, East Midlands Trains used uniformed staff to prevent local residents using the footbridge.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/localnews/Rail\\-barrier\\-protesters39\\-anger\\-over.6536572\\.jp\\|title\\= ''Yorkshire Post'' 'Rail barrier protesters' anger over bridge move.' \\|date\\=19 September 2010\\| access\\-date\\=30 December 2010}} At the same time, [Sheffield City Council](/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council \"Sheffield City Council\") explored the possibility of turning the bridge into a public [right\\-of\\-way](/wiki/Right_of_way_%28transit%29 \"Right of way (transit)\") to resolve the matter. In late 2010, it was reported that the Deputy Prime Minister, [Nick Clegg](/wiki/Nick_Clegg \"Nick Clegg\"), MP for [Sheffield Hallam](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)\"), might intervene to resolve the impasse.[http://www.railnews.co.uk/news/general/2010/09/14\\-deputy\\-pm\\-may\\-intervene\\-in.html\\|{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.railnews.co.uk/news/general/2010/09/14-deputy-pm-may-intervene-in.html|{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) Rail News 14 September 2011 – 'Deputy PM may intervene in Sheffield barriers row'",
"In March 2012, Transport Minister [Justine Greening](/wiki/Justine_Greening \"Justine Greening\") offered £3 million to build a new footbridge to resolve the problem.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/station\\_bridge\\_breakthrough\\_1\\_4302832 \\| title\\=Station bridge breakthrough \\| work\\=\\[\\[Sheffield Telegraph]] \\| date\\=1 March 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=2 March 2012 }}",
"Tickets are not currently required to enter the station or to use the footbridge, which gives access to the Sheffield Station tram stop to the east.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/SHF/details.html \\|website\\=National Rail \\|publisher\\=National Rail \\|title\\=Sheffield (SHF) \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2019}}",
"### Future",
"Ian Yeowart, former managing director of [Grand Central](/wiki/Grand_Central_%28train_operating_company%29 \"Grand Central (train operating company)\"), put forward in 2009 a bid for new open access [Alliance Rail Holdings](/wiki/Alliance_Rail_Holdings \"Alliance Rail Holdings\") services operating on the [East Coast Main Line](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line \"East Coast Main Line\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.modern\\-railways.com/latestnews/?p\\=86 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090929014133/http://www.modern\\-railways.com/latestnews/?p\\=86 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 29 September 2009 \\| title \\= Modern Railways – Yeowart back with fresh open access proposal \\| publisher \\= Modern Railways \\| date \\= 24 September 2009 \\| access\\-date \\= 1 January 2011 }} As part of the scheme, four services a day would operate between Sheffield and [London King's Cross](/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station \"London King's Cross railway station\") via Alfreton, Nottingham and Grantham, meaning Sheffield would be connected to the capital by both the [Midland Main Line](/wiki/Midland_Main_Line \"Midland Main Line\") and the [East Coast Main Line](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line \"East Coast Main Line\") routes once again. Yeowart has proposed the resurrection of the name [GNER](/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway \"Great North Eastern Railway\") for the service, which has been unused since the last franchise of that name ended in 2007\\. However, in 2010 these proposed Sheffield to London Kings Cross services via the East Coast Main Line were rejected. In the 2010 Rail Utilisation Strategy, it quoted that the [Midland Main Line](/wiki/Midland_Main_Line \"Midland Main Line\") north of [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_railway_station \"Bedford railway station\") will be electrified in 2020\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2010/Route%20I%20\\-%20London%20and%20East%20Midlands.pdf \\| title \\= Network Rail – Strategic Business Plan \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Network Rail]] \\| date \\= March 2010 \\| access\\-date \\= 30 December 2010 \\| archive\\-date \\= 29 September 2012 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222047/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2010/Route%20I%20\\-%20London%20and%20East%20Midlands.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} The line is currently one of the few major main lines that is not electrified and the plan found that the project would provide significantly enhanced services and significant financial savings.\nIn July 2017 Transport Secretary, [Chris Grayling](/wiki/Chris_Grayling \"Chris Grayling\"), announced the electrification plan for the whole of the Midland Main Line would not go ahead as previously planned. Instead the section from Clay Cross in Derbyshire to Sheffield will be electrified by 2033 as part of the planned HS2\\. As an interim measure bi\\-mode trains, claimed to offer benefits similar to high speed electric trains were to be used. A [National Audit Office](/wiki/National_Audit_Office_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Audit Office (United Kingdom)\") report said: \"In the case of Midland Main Line, bi\\-mode trains with the required speed and acceleration did not exist when the Secretary of State made his decision.\" The MP for Loughborough (another area to have been served by the proposed electrification scheme) and Chair of the [Treasury Select Committee](/wiki/Treasury_Select_Committee \"Treasury Select Committee\"), [Nicky Morgan](/wiki/Nicky_Morgan \"Nicky Morgan\") said of the revised plans, \"Now we see the decision to cancel it was based on fantasy trains that didn't even exist and the Midlands being a guinea pig for an untested technology\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\\-40669869\\|title\\=Rail electrification plans scrapped\\|date\\=20 July 2017\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.transportnottingham.com/policies/midland\\-mainline/\\|title\\=Impact on Nottingham – cancelled electrification of the Midland Mainline.\\|date\\=20 July 2017\\|website\\=Transport Nottingham\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\\-news/2017/jul/20/grayling\\-sparks\\-fury\\-by\\-scrapping\\-rail\\-electrification\\-plans\\|title\\=Grayling sparks fury by scrapping rail electrification plans\\|last\\=Topham\\|first\\=Gwyn\\|date\\=20 July 2017\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester\\-news/11bn\\-midland\\-mainline\\-electrification\\-scrapped\\-1396016\\|title\\=Electrification scrapped on the promise of 'fantasy trains'\\|last\\=Martin\\|first\\=Dan\\|date\\=29 March 2018\\|website\\=Leicester Mercury\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester\\-news/fury\\-government\\-shortchanges\\-leicester\\-leicestershire\\-223310\\|title\\=Fury at Government as electrification of Midland Mainland scrapped\\|last\\=Martin\\|first\\=Dan\\|date\\=21 July 2017\\|website\\=Leicester Mercury\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.emcouncils.gov.uk/Press\\-releases/midland\\-main\\-line\\-electrification\\-cancelled\\|title\\=Midland Main Line Electrification: Cancelled\\|date\\=20 July 2017\\|website\\=www.emcouncils.gov.uk\\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019}}",
"[CrossCountry](/wiki/CrossCountry \"CrossCountry\"), aspiring to improve their overall network and services, aims to increase services between Sheffield and Leeds. East Midlands Railway also plans to make service improvements to its services between [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station \"Liverpool Lime Street railway station\") and [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich_railway_station \"Norwich railway station\") via Sheffield with two\\-car [Class 158](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_158 \"British Rail Class 158\") trains doubling in capacity to four cars.name\\=\"eastmidlandsrailway.co.uk\"\\>[East Midlands Railway Liverpool – Norwich Route](https://www.eastmidlandsrailway.co.uk/train-times/liverpool-to-norwich)' Coupled with newly acquired [Class 156](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_156 \"British Rail Class 156\") trains, this will lead to an extra 1,500 seats being available each day on this service.[East Midlands Trains Confirms Improvements for Liverpool – Norwich Route](http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/AboutUs/News/Pages/_EastMidlandsTrainsconfirmsimprovementsforpassengersusingLiverpooltoNorwichroute_.aspx) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114002052/http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/AboutUs/News/Pages/\\_EastMidlandsTrainsconfirmsimprovementsforpassengersusingLiverpooltoNorwichroute\\_.aspx \\|date\\=14 November 2010 }}*EMT Press Release* [Northern](/wiki/Northern_%28train_operating_company%29 \"Northern (train operating company)\"), responsible for operating most local services in the Sheffield area, announced in August 2011 that extra services between Sheffield and [Manchester Piccadilly](/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station \"Manchester Piccadilly railway station\") would begin in December that year. The [Hope Valley Line](/wiki/Hope_Valley_Line \"Hope Valley Line\"), which will see an extra service in each direction during the peak evening period, is a key commuter route and currently has a two\\-hour gap in its evening schedule, which will be filled by the new services.[http://www.rail.co/2011/08/01/more\\-rail\\-services\\-on\\-the\\-hope\\-valley\\-line/](http://www.rail.co/2011/08/01/more-rail-services-on-the-hope-valley-line/) Northern Rail announce new Hope Valley Line services, Rail.co. 1 August 2011",
"As part of the HS2 plans, a new platform would need to be constructed which would provide additional capacity for HS2, which approved the new route via Sheffield in July 2017\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-south\\-yorkshire\\-41277560\\|title \\= HS2 station work may cause Sheffield five years disruption\\|work \\= BBC News\\|date \\= 15 September 2017}} Two trains per hour are to serve Sheffield on the new high speed line. The work for HS2 will see the footprint of the station expand and major reconfiguration of the tram and roads surrounding the station to accommodate the extra services.",
""
] |
Political positions
-------------------
[thumb\|250x250px\|Kinzinger in 2010](/wiki/File:Adam_Kinzginer_at_event.jpg "Adam Kinzginer at event.jpg")
### Domestic issues
#### Gun law
As a lawmaker, Kinzinger was in favor of allowing [concealed carry](/wiki/Concealed_carry "Concealed carry") of firearms across state lines where concealed carry is legal.{{cite web\|last1\=Bycoffe\|first1\=Aaron\|title\=Tracking Adam Kinzinger In The Age Of Trump\|url\=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress\-trump\-score/adam\-kinzinger/\|website\=\[\[FiveThirtyEight]]\|access\-date\=December 27, 2017\|date\=January 30, 2017\|archive\-date\=December 27, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235445/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress\-trump\-score/adam\-kinzinger/\|url\-status\=live}}
On March 11, 2021, Kinzinger was one of eight Republican representatives who voted to pass the [Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021](/wiki/Bipartisan_Background_Checks_Act_of_2021 "Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021").
On May 29, 2022, Kinzinger announced that he was "open to" an assault weapons ban following the [2022 Robb Elementary School shooting](/wiki/2022_Robb_Elementary_School_shooting "2022 Robb Elementary School shooting") that killed 22 people.{{cite web\|last1\=Schonfield\|first1\=Zach\|title\=Kinzinger says he is 'open to' assault weapons ban after Uvalde shooting\|url\=https://thehill.com/news/sunday\-talk\-shows/3505333\-kinzinger\-says\-he\-is\-open\-to\-assault\-weapons\-ban\-after\-uvalde\-shooting/\|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|access\-date\=May 29, 2022\|date\=May 29, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 29, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529161556/https://thehill.com/news/sunday\-talk\-shows/3505333\-kinzinger\-says\-he\-is\-open\-to\-assault\-weapons\-ban\-after\-uvalde\-shooting/\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Health care
In 2017, Kinzinger voted to repeal the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act "Affordable Care Act") (Obamacare).
### Economic issues
Kinzinger opposed the [Dodd–Frank Act](/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Act "Dodd–Frank Act").
Kinzinger gained a 94% lifetime rating from the [U.S. Chamber of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce "United States Chamber of Commerce"), a business\-oriented group, and a 49% lifetime rating from the [Club for Growth](/wiki/Club_for_Growth "Club for Growth"), a conservative group, which advocates for tax cuts, lower spending, deregulation, and free trade.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.uschamber.com/how\-they\-voted/2018\#/ \|title\=How They Voted \|publisher\=U.S. Camber of Commerce \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-11 \|archive\-date\=October 21, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021013638/https://www.uschamber.com/how\-they\-voted/2018\#/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.clubforgrowth.org/scorecards/app/?party\=all\&chamber\=H\&yr\=2019\&state\=all\&rep \|title\=Congressional Scorecard \|publisher\=Club for Growth \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-11}}
Although many House Republicans previously supported elements of the [America COMPETES Act](/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act "America COMPETES Act") of 2022, Kinzinger was the only minority member to vote for the bill, after their House leadership urged a "No" vote, holding that the bill was too weak on China.[House votes to spend tens of billions to compete with China in manufacturing The measure would also invest in semiconductor chip research](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-votes-spend-tens-billions-compete-china-manufacturing/story?id=82676726). *[ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 "ABC News (United States)")*. Mariam Khan, February 4, 2022\. Retrieved February 5, 2022\.
### International issues
#### Immigration
Kinzinger supported penalizing [sanctuary cities](/wiki/Sanctuary_city "Sanctuary city").
Kinzinger supported [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals") (DACA).{{cite web\|url\=https://news.wttw.com/sites/default/files/article/file\-attachments/2017\-12\-05\-DACA\_Letter\_1\.pdf\|title\=Letter from Congress members supporting DACA legislation\|website\=News.wttw.com\|access\-date\=February 16, 2022}}
Kinzinger voted for the [Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020](/wiki/Further_Consolidated_Appropriations_Act%2C_2020 "Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020") which authorizes [DHS](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security "United States Department of Homeland Security") to nearly double the available [H\-2B visas](/wiki/H-2B_visa "H-2B visa") for the remainder of FY 2020\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th\-congress/house\-bill/1865/text?q\=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Further\+Consolidated\+Appropriations\+Act%2C\+2020%22%5D%7D\&r\=1\&s\=2\|title\=Text – H.R.1865 – 116th Congress (2019–2020\): Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020\|date\=December 20, 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2019689\|title \= Roll Call 689 Roll Call 689, Bill Number: H. R. 1865, 116th Congress, 1st Session\|website\=Clerk.house.gov\|date \= December 17, 2019}}
Kinzinger voted for the [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020](/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act%2C_2020 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020") (H.R. 1158\), which effectively prohibits [ICE](/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement") from cooperating with [Health and Human Services](/wiki/Health_and_Human_Services "Health and Human Services") to detain or remove illegal alien sponsors of unaccompanied alien children (UACs).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/116\-2019/h690\|title \= H.R. 1158: DHS Cyber Hunt and Incident Response Teams Act … – House Vote \#690 – Dec 17, 2019\|website\=Govtrack.us}}
#### Iran
On Twitter, Kinzinger praised [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")'s decision to have Iranian Major General [Qasem Soleimani](/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani "Qasem Soleimani"), Commander of the Quds Force and the third most powerful person in Iran, killed.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/qassem\-suleimani\-killed\-baghdad\-airport\_n\_5e0e958fc5b6b5a713b7ffac\|title\=Iranian Commander Qassem Soleimani Assassinated By U.S. In Baghdad Airstrike\|first1\=Carla Herreria\|last1\=Russo\|first2\=Akbar Shahid\|last2\=Ahmed\|date\=January 2, 2020\|website\=\[\[HuffPost]]\|access\-date\=January 3, 2020\|archive\-date\=January 3, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103123728/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/qassem\-suleimani\-killed\-baghdad\-airport\_n\_5e0e958fc5b6b5a713b7ffac\|url\-status\=live}} Reacting to news of the assassination, Kinzinger tweeted, "Mess with the bull, get the horns. If true, nice call, @realdonaldtrump."{{cite tweet \|last\=Kinzinger \|first\=Adam \|author\-link\=Adam Kinzinger \|user\=RepKinzinger \|number\=1212904108157493253 \|date\=January 2, 2020 \|title\=Mess with the bull, get the horns. If true, nice call @realDonaldTrump https://t.co/5Cn8jNSnrA \|access\-date\=November 2, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629055318/https://twitter.com/RepKinzinger/status/1212904108157493253 \|archive\-date\=June 29, 2021 \|url\-status\=live}} He continued tweeting, writing, "killed a man responsible for thousands of deaths in \#Syria and elsewhere, including Americans. Let's see how long the \#blameAmerica left takes to make him a poor victim."{{cite tweet \|last\=Kinzinger \|first\=Adam \|author\-link\=Adam Kinzinger \|user\=RepKinzinger \|number\=1212909104487944192 \|date\=January 2, 2020 \|title\=killed a man responsible for hundreds of thousands of death in \#Syria and elsewhere, including Americans in Iraq. Let’s see how long the \#blameAmerica left takes to make him look like a poor victim. https://t.co/bZ2v3ThaAn \|access\-date\=November 2, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106203225/https://twitter.com/RepKinzinger/status/1212909104487944192 \|archive\-date\=January 6, 2021 \|url\-status\=live}}
#### Russia and Ukraine
After the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") began in February 2022, Kinzinger supported providing [aid to Ukraine](/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War "List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War").{{cite interview\|last\=Kinzinger\|first\=Adam\|interviewer\=Michel Martin\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/26/1083332592/rep\-adam\-kinzinger\-says\-politicizing\-russia\-ukraine\-crisis\-hurts\-washington\|title\=Rep. Adam Kinzinger says politicizing Russia\-Ukraine crisis hurts Washington\|publisher\=\[\[NPR]]\|date\=February 26, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}} Until the end of his tenure, he was among the most vocal members of Congress on the topic on social media.{{cite news\|last\=Solender\|first\=Andrew\|url\=https://www.axios.com/2022/10/20/ukraine\-republicans\-kinzinger\|title\=Kinzinger dominates congressional Ukraine discourse\|website\=\[\[Axios (website)\|Axios]]\|date\=October 19, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}} He is a member of [NAFO](/wiki/NAFO_%28group%29 "NAFO (group)"), an online pro\-Ukrainian movement dedicated to countering [propaganda and disinformation](/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine").{{cite news\|last\=Weiss\|first\=Michael\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/republican\-rep\-adam\-kinzinger\-on\-the\-gop\-nafo\-and\-reasons\-to\-escalate\-in\-ukraine\-222222209\.html\|title\=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine\|via\=\[\[Yahoo! News]]\|date\=September 23, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}} His support stood in contrast to some Republicans who opposed the aid; when House Minority Leader [Kevin McCarthy](/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy "Kevin McCarthy") declared the party would not "write a blank check" to Ukraine should they retake the House, Kinzinger accused him of "giving aid and comfort to the enemy, intentionally or unintentionally."{{cite news\|last\=Shapero\|first\=Julia\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3696879\-kinzinger\-on\-mccarthy\-ukraine\-remarks\-youre\-giving\-aid\-and\-comfort\-to\-the\-enemy\-intentionally\-or\-unintentionally/\|title\=Kinzinger on McCarthy Ukraine remarks: 'You're giving aid and comfort to the enemy, intentionally or unintentionally'\|newspaper\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|date\=October 20, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}}
As the Russian invasion proved less successful than had generally been expected, Kinzinger argued additional U.S. support had become a more practical investment. He also rebutted claims that supplying aid would escalate the conflict, comparing that argument to "a husband saying, 'If you leave me, I'll hit you harder and so you can't go.' We should stop self\-deterring like this because all the evidence points to the Russians not being able to do much about anything."
Kinzinger consistently voted in favor of support to Ukraine, including the [Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend\-Lease Act of 2022](/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022 "Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.congress.gov/congressional\-record/volume\-168/issue\-70/house\-section/article/H4594\-2\|title\=Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend\-Lease Act of 2022; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 70\|website\=\[\[Congress.gov]]\|date\=April 28, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}} H.R. 956 (supporting the people of Ukraine),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.congress.gov/congressional\-record/volume\-168/issue\-38/house\-section/article/H1247\-1\|title\=Supporting the People of Ukraine; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 38\|website\=\[\[Congress.gov]]\|date\=March 2, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}} H.R. 7108 (suspending trade relations with Russia and Belarus),{{cite web\|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2022124\|title\=Roll Call 124 {{!}} Bill Number: H. R. 7108\|website\=\[\[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]]\|date\=April 7, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}} and H.R. 7691 (renewing Ukrainian aid following the fiscal year).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.congress.gov/congressional\-record/volume\-168/issue\-78/house\-section/article/H4775\-1\|title\=Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 78\|website\=\[\[Congress.gov]]\|date\=May 10, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}} In May, he introduced an [Authorization for Use of Military Force](/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_%28disambiguation%29 "Authorization for Use of Military Force (disambiguation)") resolution to allow the United States Armed Forces to respond if Russia deploys biological, chemical, or [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_threats_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") against Ukraine.{{cite press release\|last\=Gillespie\|first\=Maura\|url\=https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402924\|title\=With Russia's War on Ukraine, Kinzinger Introduces New AUMF\|publisher\=Office of Adam Kinzinger\|date\=May 1, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501162234/https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402924\|archive\-date\=May 1, 2022}} A month later, he sponsored a House bill to give training to [Ukrainian Air Force](/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force "Ukrainian Air Force") pilots on the [F\-15 Eagle](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle "McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle") and [F\-16 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon "General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th\-congress/house\-bill/8144\|title\=H.R.8144 \- Ukrainian Fighter Pilots Act\|website\=\[\[Congress.gov]]\|date\=June 17, 2022\|access\-date\=January 14, 2023}}
### Social issues
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\| image2 \= Adam Kinzinger Congressional Photo 2017\.jpg
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\| footer \= Kinzinger's official Congressional photos from 2015 (left) and 2017 (right)
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#### Abortion
Kinzinger opposed [late\-term abortion](/wiki/Late_termination_of_pregnancy "Late termination of pregnancy") and the use of federal funds for abortion or health coverage that funds abortion.
Kinzinger was one of three Republicans to vote for H.R. 8297: Ensuring Access to Abortion Act of 2022\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117\-2022/h362 \| title\=H.R. 8297: Ensuring Access to Abortion Act of 2022 – House Vote \#362 – Jul 15, 2022 }}
Kinzinger voted for H.R. 8373: The Right to Contraception Act. This bill was designed to protect access to contraceptives and health care providers' ability to provide contraceptives and information related to contraception.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117\-2022/h385 \| title\=H.R. 8373: To protect a person's ability to access contraceptives … – House Vote \#385 – Jul 21, 2022 }} The bill would also fund Planned Parenthood.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/democrats\-contraception\-bill\-would\-force\-taxpayer\-funding\-for\-planned\-parenthood \| title\=Democrats' contraception bill would force taxpayer funding for Planned Parenthood \| date\=July 21, 2022 }}
#### Cannabis
Kinzinger was given a "C−" rating from [NORML](/wiki/NORML "NORML") for his voting history regarding [cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis "Cannabis")\-related causes. He supported veterans having access to medical marijuana if recommended by their [Veterans Health Administration](/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration "Veterans Health Administration") doctor if medical marijuana is legal in their states of residence. He opposed a bill to remove marijuana from the list of scheduled substances under the [Controlled Substances Act](/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act "Controlled Substances Act").{{cite web \|title\=Politician Info Adam Kinzinger (R–IL) \|url\=https://vote.norml.org/politicians/116559 \|website\=NORML Smoke the Vote \|publisher\=NORML \|access\-date\=December 12, 2020 \|archive\-date\=October 25, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025103558/https://vote.norml.org/politicians/116559 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=HR 3884 – Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act of 2019 – National Key Vote \|url\=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/bill/29235/ \|website\=VoteSmart.org \|access\-date\=December 12, 2020 \|archive\-date\=January 8, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108055057/https://justfacts.votesmart.org/bill/29235/ \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Support for LGBTQ rights
As of 2022, Kinzinger gained a 59% rating from the [Human Rights Campaign](/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign "Human Rights Campaign"), the nation's largest LGBTQ rights advocacy group.{{cite web \|url\=https://hrc\-prod\-requests.s3\-us\-west\-2\.amazonaws.com/117th\-Congressional\-Scorecard\_10142022\.pdf\|title\=Congressional Scorecard – Measuring Support for Equality in the 117th Congress \|publisher\=\[\[Human Rights Campaign]] \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-22}}
In 2015, Kinzinger was one of 60 Republicans voting to uphold President Barack Obama's 2014 executive order banning federal contractors from making hiring decisions that discriminate based on sexual orientation or [gender identity](/wiki/Gender_identity "Gender identity").{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2022}}
In 2016, Kinzinger was one of 43 Republicans to vote for the Maloney Amendment to H.R. 5055, intended to prohibit the use of funds for government contractors who discriminate against LGBT employees.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/114\-2016/h258\|title \= H.Amdt. 1128 (Maloney) to H.R. 5055: Amendment, as offered, prohibits … – House Vote \#258 – May 25, 2016\|website\=Govtrack.us}}
In 2019 and 2021, Kinzinger voted against the [Equality Act](/wiki/Equality_Act_%28United_States%29 "Equality Act (United States)").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/House\-passes\-Equality\-Act/66068\.html\|title\=House passes Equality Act – Windy City Times News\|date\=May 17, 2019\|website\=Windy City Times\|access\-date\=December 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=January 8, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108055020/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/House\-passes\-Equality\-Act/66068\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|url\=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll217\.xml \|title\=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 217 \|publisher\=House of Representatives \|access\-date\=January 7, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 17, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517221515/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll217\.xml \|url\-status\=live }} Nonetheless, he affirmed his support for the [LGBT community](/wiki/LGBT_community "LGBT community") and commitment to finding a suitable compromise that also protects religious liberty after his 2021 "no" vote.{{Cite web \|url\=https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402620 \|title\=Kinzinger House \|access\-date\=January 3, 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 3, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103080951/https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402620 \|url\-status\=dead }}
On February 24, 2021, Representative [Marjorie Taylor Greene](/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene "Marjorie Taylor Greene") hung a sign outside of her office reading "There are TWO genders: MALE \& FEMALE 'Trust The Science!'" in response to Representative [Marie Newman](/wiki/Marie_Newman "Marie Newman"), whose office is directly across from hers and who put a [transgender flag](/wiki/Transgender_flag "Transgender flag") outside her office in support of the Equality Act. Kinzinger quote\-tweeted Greene and said, "This is sad and I'm sorry this happened. Rep. Newmans \[sic] daughter is transgender, and this video and tweet represents the hate and fame driven politics of self\-promotion at all evil costs. This garbage must end, in order to \#RestoreOurGOP".{{cite tweet \|last\=Kinzinger \|first\=Adam \|author\-link\=Adam Kinzinger \|user\=RepKinzinger \|number\=1364756256678936576 \|date\=February 24, 2021 \|title\=This is sad and I’m sorry this happened. Rep. Newmans daughter is transgender, and this video and tweet represents the hate and fame driven politics of self\-promotion at all evil costs. This garbage must end, in order to \#RestoreOurGOP https://t.co/gcPZ5Cu7Vr \|access\-date\=November 2, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031145720/https://twitter.com/RepKinzinger/status/1364756256678936576 \|archive\-date\=October 31, 2021 \|url\-status\=live}} In an interview with *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* later that year, Kinzinger lambasted [Tucker Carlson](/wiki/Tucker_Carlson "Tucker Carlson") for mocking [Pete Buttigieg](/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg "Pete Buttigieg")'s [homosexuality](/wiki/Homosexuality "Homosexuality") after he took paternity leave, affirming that Buttigieg remained more competent than necessary as the [Secretary of Transportation](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation "United States Secretary of Transportation") and calling Carlson's remark a "cheap shot" designed to keep his audience interested.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/kinzinger\-blasts\-tucker\-carlson\-manipulative\-son\-of\-a\-bitch\-viewers\-2021\-11\|title\=Adam Kinzinger blasts Tucker Carlson as a 'manipulative son of a bitch' who 'abuses' his viewers\|first\=John L.\|last\=Dorman\|website\=\[\[Business Insider]]\|access\-date\=March 11, 2023}}
In 2021, Kinzinger was one of 21 House Republicans to sponsor the Fairness for All Act, the Republican alternative to the Equality Act.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/hr1440\|title \= Fairness for All Act (H.R. 1440\)\|website\=Govtrack.us}} The bill would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity, and protect the free exercise of religion.
In 2022, Kinzinger was one of six Republicans to vote in favor of the Global Respect Act, which imposes sanctions on foreign persons responsible for violations of internationally recognized human rights against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI) individuals, and for other purposes.{{cite web\|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2022/roll043\.xml\|title\=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 43\|website\=Clerk.house.gov\|access\-date\=February 16, 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/hr3485 \|title\=Global Respect Act (H.R. 3485\) \|website\=Govtrack.us \|date\= \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-15}}
On July 19, 2022, Kinzinger and 46 other Republican representatives voted for the [Respect for Marriage Act](/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act "Respect for Marriage Act"), which would codify the right to [same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage "Same-sex marriage") in federal law.{{cite news\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3566600\-these\-are\-the\-47\-house\-republicans\-who\-voted\-for\-a\-bill\-protecting\-marriage\-equality/\|title\=These are the 47 House Republicans who voted for a bill protecting marriage equality\|work\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|last\=Schnell\|first\=Mychael\|date\=July 19, 2022\|access\-date\=July 25, 2022}} Kinzinger was absent from the vote on its final passage on December 8, 2022,{{cite web \|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2022513 \|title\=Roll Call 513 \|author\= \|date\=December 8, 2022 \|publisher\=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives \|access\-date\=December 9, 2022}} but reportedly still intended to vote yes.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/restoring\-america/faith\-freedom\-self\-reliance/house\-republican\-support\-same\-sex\-marriage\-shrinks\-religious\-liberty\-amendment \|title\=House Republican support for same\-sex marriage bill shrinks despite religious liberty amendment \|date\=December 8, 2022}}
### Criticism of Donald Trump
Kinzinger voted in line with President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") about 90% of the time and voted against [Trump's first impeachment](/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment of Donald Trump") (though he later admitted to regretting this vote),{{cite web \|title\=Rep. Kinzinger on Articles of Impeachment Vote \|url\=https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402219 \|website\=Congressman Adam Kinzinger \|access\-date\=January 7, 2021 \|date\=December 18, 2019 \|archive\-date\=December 12, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212072438/https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402219 \|url\-status\=live}} but he subsequently became one of Trump's biggest critics and made headlines as a rare Republican officeholder willing to criticize him.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct\-president\-trump\-illinois\-team\-adam\-kinzinger\-20191002\-lt6xqex4tnhd7d7h4xcgn253jy\-story.html\|title\=After calling Trump's civil war tweet 'beyond repugnant,' Adam Kinzinger is only GOP rep left off president's Illinois reelection team\|first\=Rick\|last\=Pearson\|website\=Chicagotribune.com\|date\=October 2, 2019 \|access\-date\=November 5, 2020\|archive\-date\=November 6, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106002224/https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct\-president\-trump\-illinois\-team\-adam\-kinzinger\-20191002\-lt6xqex4tnhd7d7h4xcgn253jy\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}}[GOP lawmaker rips Trump after Sessions loss: 'Seems loyalty is expected from you but not granted'](https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/14/adam-kinzinger-rips-donald-trump-after-jeff-sessio/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718063451/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/14/adam\-kinzinger\-rips\-donald\-trump\-after\-jeff\-sessio/ \|date\=July 18, 2020 }}, *[Washington Times](/wiki/Washington_Times "Washington Times")*, July 14, 2020\. Retrieved July 15, 2020\. In summer 2020, Kinzinger denounced [QAnon](/wiki/QAnon "QAnon") and other baseless conspiracy theories that gained currency among Republican voters. After the 2020 presidential election, which Trump lost to [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden"), Kinzinger denounced Trump's claims that the election was stolen and criticized [Trump's attempt to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election"). In December 2020, after Trump repeated his claims of fraud on Twitter, Kinzinger tweeted that it was time for Trump to delete [his Twitter account](/wiki/Donald_Trump_on_Twitter "Donald Trump on Twitter").{{cite web\|last\=Payne\|first\=Adam\|title\=Republican congressman tells Trump to 'delete your account' after he tweeted a 45\-minute speech repeating baseless voter\-fraud claims\|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/republican\-congressman\-tells\-trump\-to\-delete\-your\-account\-2020\-12\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-07\|website\=\[\[Business Insider]]\|archive\-date\=December 3, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203183914/https://www.businessinsider.com/republican\-congressman\-tells\-trump\-to\-delete\-your\-account\-2020\-12\|url\-status\=live}} He also criticized the [Texas Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas "Republican Party of Texas") and called for the firing of its chairman, [Allen West](/wiki/Allen_West_%28politician%29 "Allen West (politician)"), when the party floated the idea of [secession](/wiki/Texas_secession "Texas secession"), after the Supreme Court rejected *[Texas v. Pennsylvania](/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania "Texas v. Pennsylvania")*, a bid by the state of Texas to overturn the presidential election outcome.{{cite news \|last1\=Vlamis \|first1\=Kelsey \|title\=Republican congressman rips Texas GOP for suggesting secession and says 'my guy Abraham Lincoln and the Union soldiers already told you no' \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/kinzinger\-republican\-lawmaker\-rips\-texas\-gop\-for\-suggesting\-secession\-2020\-12 \|work\=Business Insider \|date\=December 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=January 4, 2021 \|archive\-date\=December 18, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218172904/https://www.businessinsider.com/kinzinger\-republican\-lawmaker\-rips\-texas\-gop\-for\-suggesting\-secession\-2020\-12 \|url\-status\=live }}
On January 7, 2021, the day after the [storming of the U.S. Capitol by a violent pro\-Trump mob](/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol "2021 storming of the United States Capitol"), Kinzinger became the first Republican member of the House to call for Trump's removal from office via the [25th Amendment](/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution").{{cite news \|last1\=Warren \|first1\=Michael \|last2\=Gangel \|first2\=Jamie \|last3\=Acosta \|first3\=Jim \|author3\-link\=Jim Acosta \|title\=Angry Republican leaders float removing Trump from office \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/trump\-capitol\-impeachment\-25\-amendment/index.html \|access\-date\=January 7, 2021 \|publisher\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=January 7, 2021 \|archive\-date\=January 7, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107083037/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/trump\-capitol\-impeachment\-25\-amendment/index.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last1\=Kamisar \|first1\=Ben \|last2\=Brown\-Kaiser \|first2\=Liz \|last3\=Holzberg \|first3\=Melissa \|last4\=Demaria \|first4\=Ed \|title\=Over 100 lawmakers are calling for President Trump's removal. Here's who they are \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/over\-100\-lawmakers\-are\-calling\-president\-trump\-s\-removal\-here\-n1253309 \|publisher\=\[\[NBC News]] \|access\-date\=January 7, 2021 \|date\=January 7, 2021 \|archive\-date\=January 7, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107223515/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/over\-100\-lawmakers\-are\-calling\-president\-trump\-s\-removal\-here\-n1253309 \|url\-status\=live}} In a video message, he said that Trump had "abdicated his duty to protect the American people and the people's house" and that Trump's behavior made clear that he had become "unmoored" from both his duties as president and "reality itself". Kinzinger urged [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") [Mike Pence](/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence") and the Cabinet to invoke the 25th Amendment, saying that Trump was "unfit" and "unwell".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/adam\-kinzinger\-gop\-congressman\-trump\-25th\-amendment/\|title\=Adam Kinzinger is first GOP congressman calling for invoking 25th Amendment to remove Trump\|author1\=Kathryn Watson\|publisher\=\[\[CBS News]]\|date\=January 7, 2021}} Five days later, he announced that he would vote in favor of [Trump's second impeachment](/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment of Donald Trump"), saying there was "no doubt" that Trump "broke his oath of office and incited this insurrection." Kinzinger also accused Trump of using the power of his office to launch a direct attack on Congress. He asked, "If these actions{{snd}}the Article II branch inciting a deadly insurrection against the Article I branch{{snd}}are not worthy of impeachment, then what is an impeachable offense?"{{cite web\|date\=2021\-01\-12\|title\=Congressman Kinzinger Statement on Impeachment\|url\=https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402583\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-12\|website\=Congressman Adam Kinzinger \|archive\-date\=October 23, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023084937/https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402583\|url\-status\=dead}} On January 13, he joined nine other Republicans in voting for impeachment.{{cite web\|last\=Budryk\|first\=Zack\|date\=2021\-01\-13\|title\=Kinzinger says he is 'in total peace' after impeachment vote\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/534138\-kinzinger\-says\-he\-is\-in\-total\-peace\-after\-impeachment\-vote/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-14\|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/13/politics/house\-republicans\-vote\-yes\-impeachment/index.html\|title\=These 10 House Republicans voted to impeach Trump on Wednesday\|publisher\=\[\[CNN]]\|date\=January 13, 2021\|access\-date\=January 13, 2021}} In response, some Republicans vowed to support a [primary](/wiki/Partisan_primary "Partisan primary") challenge to Kinzinger. Kinzinger received a letter from 11 members of his family asserting he had joined "the devil's army" for publicly turning against Trump. Kinzinger said the family members suffer from "[brainwashing](/wiki/Brainwashing "Brainwashing")" from conservative churches that led them astray.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/us/politics/adam\-kinzinger\-republicans\-trump.html\|title\=Adam Kinzinger's Lonely Mission\|first\=Reid J.\|last\=Epstein\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=February 15, 2021}}
On May 19, 2021, Kinzinger was one of 35 Republicans to join all Democrats in voting to approve legislation to establish the formation of a [January 6 commission](/wiki/January_6_commission "January 6 commission") to investigate the [storming of the U.S. Capitol](/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol "2021 storming of the United States Capitol").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/house\-republicans\-january\-6\-commission/index.html\|title\=Here are the 35 House Republicans who voted for the January 6 commission\|publisher\=\[\[CNN]]\|last\=LeBlanc\|first\=Paul\|date\=May 19, 2021\|access\-date\=May 19, 2021}} He was also one of two Republicans to join all Democrats in voting for a [January 6 House select committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack "United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack"), along with [Liz Cheney](/wiki/Liz_Cheney "Liz Cheney").{{cite news \|last\=Williams \|first\=Jordan \|title\=Cheney, Kinzinger are sole GOP votes for Jan. 6 select committee \|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/560984\-cheney\-kinzinger\-back\-jan\-6\-select\-committee/ \|access\-date\=22 July 2021 \|work\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=June 30, 2021}} Kinzinger's involvement with the January 6 proceedings resulted in his staff receiving threats against his family and colleagues.{{cite news \|title\=Kinzinger, on Jan. 6 panel, shares profane threats sent to his office \|language\=en\-US \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/05/kinzinger\-republicans\-jan\-6\-attack/ \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-21 \|issn\=0190\-8286}} On October 21, 2021, Kinzinger was one of nine House Republicans to vote to hold Trump ally [Steve Bannon](/wiki/Steve_Bannon "Steve Bannon") in [contempt of Congress](/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress "Contempt of Congress") for defying a subpoena from the January 6 Committee.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/21/politics/house\-republicans\-vote\-yes\-steve\-bannon\-contempt\-of\-congress/index.html\|title\=These are the 9 House Republicans who voted to hold Steve Bannon in contempt of Congress\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=October 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=October 26, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026010223/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/21/politics/house\-republicans\-vote\-yes\-steve\-bannon\-contempt\-of\-congress/index.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
In a November 14, 2021, interview with *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*, Kinzinger said he regretted voting against Trump's first impeachment: "If I went back in time, I would vote for the first impeachment." In the interview, he also called [Tucker Carlson](/wiki/Tucker_Carlson "Tucker Carlson") a "manipulative son of a bitch".{{Cite magazine\|last\=Cupp\|first\=S. E.\|date\=2021\-11\-08\|title\=Tucker Carlson Is a 'Manipulative Son of a Bitch' – and Other Thoughts from Adam Kinzinger\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics\-features/adam\-kinzinger\-tucker\-carlson\-january6\-trump\-insurrection\-1254648/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-15\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|language\=en\-US}}
Kinzinger and [Elaine Luria](/wiki/Elaine_Luria "Elaine Luria") were selected to lead the questioning in the eighth televised hearing of the January 6 Committee, on July 21, 2022\.
On August 16, 2022, during an interview on MSNBC, Kinzinger claimed that some people have equated Trump with [Jesus Christ](/wiki/Jesus_Christ "Jesus Christ"), saying, "And you have people today that, literally, I think in their heart{{snd}}they may not say it, but they equate Donald Trump with the person of Jesus Christ." He added, "And to them, if you even come out against this 'amazing man Donald Trump,' which, obviously quite flawed, you are coming out against Jesus, against their Christian values".{{cite news \|last1\=Gans \|first1\=Jared \|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3605291\-kinzinger\-some\-people\-equate\-donald\-trump\-with\-the\-person\-of\-jesus\-christ/ \|title\=Kinzinger: Some people 'equate Donald Trump with the person of Jesus Christ' \|work\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=2022\-08\-17 \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-18}}{{cite news \|last\=Loh \|first\=Matthew \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/adam\-kinzinger\-warns\-of\-christians\-equate\-trump\-with\-jesus\-christ\-2022\-8 \|title\=Adam Kinzinger warns that some Christians now \|work\=\[\[Business Insider]] \|date\=2022\-08\-17 \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-17}}
In February 2023, it was announced that Kinzinger was scheduled to release a book for Penguin Random House called *Renegade: My Life in Faith, the Military, and Defending America from Trump's Attack on Democracy* in October 2023\.{{cite web \|date\=2023\-02\-21 \|title\=Former US Rep. Adam Kinzinger to release book in October \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/adam\-kinzinger\-book\-c221d4ba44b66bb240bfbcd24cc8c919 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-21 \|publisher\=\[\[Associated Press\|AP News]]}}
In August 2024, Kinzinger addressed the [Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention "2024 Democratic National Convention"), denouncing the Republican Party as "no longer conservative" and proclaiming his support for [Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris")'s presidential campaign. He also described Trump as "a weak man pretending to be strong. He is a small man pretending to be big. He is a faithless man pretending to be righteous. He's a perpetrator who can't stop playing the victim."{{cite news \|last\=Kapos \|first\=Shia \|title\=Former Rep. Adam Kinzinger tries to convince his fellow Republicans to vote for Harris \|url\=https://www.politico.com/live\-updates/2024/08/22/dnc\-live\-updates\-coverage/kinzinger\-backs\-harris\-00176069 \|access\-date\=23 August 2024 \|work\=Politico \|date\=August 22, 2024}}{{cite news \|last1\=Solender \|first1\=Andrew \|title\=Kinzinger in DNC speech says GOP is "no longer conservative" \|url\=https://www.axios.com/2024/08/23/adam\-kinzinger\-dnc\-speech\-harris\-trump \|access\-date\=23 August 2024 \|work\=Axios \|date\=August 22, 2024}}{{cite news \|last1\=Han \|first1\=Jeongyoon \|title\=Former Republican lawmaker offers a blistering assessment of Trump in DNC speech \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/22/g\-s1\-19226/adam\-kinzinger\-trump\-dnc\-speech \|access\-date\=23 August 2024 \|work\=NPR \|date\=August 22, 2024}}
### Country First movement
In early 2021, a few weeks after the [January 6 Capitol attack](/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack "2021 United States Capitol attack"), Kinzinger launched the Country First [PAC](/wiki/Political_action_committee "Political action committee"), as a means to reform the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") and distance itself from [far\-right](/wiki/Far-right "Far-right") conspiracies, including [QAnon](/wiki/QAnon "QAnon").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/31/gop\-rep\-kinzinger\-start\-new\-pac\-challenge\-partys\-trump\-supporters/\|title\=GOP Rep. Kinzinger starts PAC to challenge party's embrace of Trump\|last1\=Kane\|first1\=Paul\|last2\=Wang\|first2\=Amy B.\|date\=January 31, 2021\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|access\-date\=July 28, 2021}} In the first quarter of 2021, the PAC raised over $1\.1 million to fight [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")'s growing influence over the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)").{{cite web\|last\=Pearson\|first\=Rick\|title\=Rep. Adam Kinzinger raises $1\.1 million for his anti\-Trump PAC in first quarter, and an equal amount for his reelection fund\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct\-adam\-kinzinger\-pac\-finances\-20210401\-jhglluotk5hj3ezkydmxx2yzx4\-story.html\|access\-date\=October 29, 2021\|website\=chicagotribune.com\|date\=April 2021}}
In the [2022 midterm elections](/wiki/2022_United_States_elections "2022 United States elections"), Country First supported candidates running against [2020 election deniers](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election").{{cite news \|last\=Romboy \|first\=Dennis \|title\=What Adam Kinzinger has to say about Evan McMullin, Mike Lee \|url\=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2022/10/20/23414488/adam\-kinzinger\-campaigns\-for\-evan\-mcmullin\-utah \|access\-date\=July 15, 2023 \|work\=\[\[Deseret News]] \|date\=October 20, 2022}} The PAC put a special focus on pro\-democracy candidates running in secretary of state races, as who ever won these elections would have oversight of [2024 presidential election](/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election") administration.{{cite magazine \|last1\=Cortellessa \|first1\=Eric \|title\='Never Trump' Groups Hope to Boost Democrats in the Midterms. But Can They Sway Their Fellow Republicans? \|url\=https://time.com/6211249/never\-trump\-liz\-cheney\-democrats\-midterms/ \|access\-date\=15 July 2023 \|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|date\=September 8, 2022}} Through Country First, Kinzinger endorsed [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28US%29 "Democratic Party (US)"), Republicans, and [independents](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician"). The endorsements included [Evan McMullin](/wiki/Evan_McMullin "Evan McMullin"), [Brad Raffensperger](/wiki/Brad_Raffensperger "Brad Raffensperger"), [Katie Hobbs](/wiki/Katie_Hobbs "Katie Hobbs"), [Josh Shapiro](/wiki/Josh_Shapiro "Josh Shapiro"), and [Lisa Murkowski](/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski "Lisa Murkowski").{{cite news \|last1\=Montellaro \|first1\=Zach \|title\=Kinzinger endorses Dems in major governor, secretary of state races \|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/11/kinzinger\-endorses\-dems\-in\-major\-governor\-secretary\-of\-state\-races\-00061128 \|access\-date\=15 July 2023 \|work\=Politico \|date\=October 11, 2022}}
In the [2023 special election](/wiki/2023_United_States_state_legislative_elections%23Wisconsin "2023 United States state legislative elections#Wisconsin") to fill a vacancy in the [Wisconsin Senate](/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate "Wisconsin Senate"), Country First ran negative advertisements to prevent the victory of [Trumpist](/wiki/Trumpist "Trumpist") [Janel Brandtjen](/wiki/Janel_Brandtjen "Janel Brandtjen") in the Republican primary,{{cite news \|last1\=Beck \|first1\=Molly \|title\=Anti\-Trump Republican group launches ad campaign targeting election denier Janel Brandtjen in state Senate race \|url\=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2023/02/07/anti\-trump\-republican\-group\-launches\-ads\-targeting\-janel\-brandtjen/69878436007/ \|access\-date\=15 July 2023 \|work\=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel \|date\=February 7, 2023}}{{cite news \|last1\=Epstein \|first1\=Reid J. \|title\=Democrats Meddle Again in a G.O.P. Primary, This Time Down\-Ballot \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/us/politics/democrats\-wisconsin\-republicans\-brandtjen.html \|access\-date\=15 July 2023 \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=February 14, 2023}} which she ultimately did not win.{{cite news \|last1\=Richmond \|first1\=Todd \|title\=Trump\-backed state lawmaker loses Wisconsin primary \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/politics\-wisconsin\-state\-government\-alberta\-darling\-95f08fb167015e55d4aec6d7b7c3a73e \|access\-date\=15 July 2023 \|work\=AP News \|date\=February 21, 2023}}
In March 2023, individuals wearing straitjackets were seen walking through the [United States Capitol building](/wiki/United_States_Capitol "United States Capitol"). They were part of Country First's campaign against political extremism, entitled "Break Free".{{cite news \|last1\=Solender \|first1\=Andrew \|title\=Capitol Hill swarmed by performers in straitjackets \|url\=https://www.axios.com/2023/03/01/straightjackets\-kinzinger\-capitol\-hill\-congress \|access\-date\=3 March 2023 \|work\=\[\[Axios (website)\|Axios]] \|date\=March 1, 2023}}{{cite news \|last1\=Wu \|first1\=Nicholas \|title\=Kinzinger the 'homeless Republican' launches ad campaign against extremism \|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/01/kinzinger\-ad\-campaign\-extremism\-00084844 \|access\-date\=3 March 2023 \|work\=\[\[Politico]] \|date\=March 1, 2023}}
Prior to the [2024 Republican Party presidential primaries](/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2024 Republican Party presidential primaries"), Country First sent out an email asking donors to give to [Chris Christie](/wiki/Chris_Christie "Chris Christie")'s [presidential campaign](/wiki/Chris_Christie_2024_presidential_campaign "Chris Christie 2024 presidential campaign") to ensure the candidate's appearance on the [primary debate stage](/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums "2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums").{{cite news \|last\=Kapos \|first\=Shia \|title\=Pritzker goes global \|url\=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinois\-playbook/2023/07/12/pritzker\-goes\-global\-00105839 \|access\-date\=July 16, 2023 \|work\=\[\[Politico]] \|date\=July 12, 2023}} Country First itself also donated to Christie's campaign.{{cite news \|last\=O'Donnell \|first\=Kelly \|title\=Christie campaign raised $1\.65 million in 25 days to close out second quarter \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet\-the\-press/meetthepressblog/christie\-campaign\-raised\-165\-million\-25\-days\-close\-second\-quarter\-rcna94436 \|access\-date\=July 15, 2023 \|publisher\=NBC News \|date\=July 15, 2023}} Kinzinger endorsed President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") for re\-election before shifting his support to Biden's running mate and Vice President [Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") following [Biden's withdrawal from the election](/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election "Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election").{{cite news \|last\=Kapos \|first\=Shia \|title\=Pritzker’s other big issue \|url\=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinoisplaybook \|access\-date\=June 26, 2024 \|work\=Politico}}{{cite news\|last\=Sweet\|first\=Lynn\|url\=https://chicago.suntimes.com/elections/2024/08/04/republicans\-kamala\-harris\-launches\-illinois\-gopers\-edgar\-lahood\-kinzinger\-walsh\-politicians\-endorsement\|title\='Republicans for Harris' launches with Illinois GOPers Jim Edgar, Ray LaHood, Adam Kinzinger, Joe Walsh endorsing Kamala Harris\|newspaper\=Chicago Sun\-Times\|date\=August 4, 2024\|access\-date\=August 5, 2024}}
|
[
"Political positions\n-------------------",
"[thumb\\|250x250px\\|Kinzinger in 2010](/wiki/File:Adam_Kinzginer_at_event.jpg \"Adam Kinzginer at event.jpg\")",
"### Domestic issues",
"#### Gun law",
"As a lawmaker, Kinzinger was in favor of allowing [concealed carry](/wiki/Concealed_carry \"Concealed carry\") of firearms across state lines where concealed carry is legal.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bycoffe\\|first1\\=Aaron\\|title\\=Tracking Adam Kinzinger In The Age Of Trump\\|url\\=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress\\-trump\\-score/adam\\-kinzinger/\\|website\\=\\[\\[FiveThirtyEight]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 27, 2017\\|date\\=January 30, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=December 27, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235445/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress\\-trump\\-score/adam\\-kinzinger/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On March 11, 2021, Kinzinger was one of eight Republican representatives who voted to pass the [Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021](/wiki/Bipartisan_Background_Checks_Act_of_2021 \"Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021\").",
"On May 29, 2022, Kinzinger announced that he was \"open to\" an assault weapons ban following the [2022 Robb Elementary School shooting](/wiki/2022_Robb_Elementary_School_shooting \"2022 Robb Elementary School shooting\") that killed 22 people.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Schonfield\\|first1\\=Zach\\|title\\=Kinzinger says he is 'open to' assault weapons ban after Uvalde shooting\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/news/sunday\\-talk\\-shows/3505333\\-kinzinger\\-says\\-he\\-is\\-open\\-to\\-assault\\-weapons\\-ban\\-after\\-uvalde\\-shooting/\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2022\\|date\\=May 29, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529161556/https://thehill.com/news/sunday\\-talk\\-shows/3505333\\-kinzinger\\-says\\-he\\-is\\-open\\-to\\-assault\\-weapons\\-ban\\-after\\-uvalde\\-shooting/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Health care",
"In 2017, Kinzinger voted to repeal the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\") (Obamacare).",
"### Economic issues",
"Kinzinger opposed the [Dodd–Frank Act](/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Act \"Dodd–Frank Act\").",
"Kinzinger gained a 94% lifetime rating from the [U.S. Chamber of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce \"United States Chamber of Commerce\"), a business\\-oriented group, and a 49% lifetime rating from the [Club for Growth](/wiki/Club_for_Growth \"Club for Growth\"), a conservative group, which advocates for tax cuts, lower spending, deregulation, and free trade.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.uschamber.com/how\\-they\\-voted/2018\\#/ \\|title\\=How They Voted \\|publisher\\=U.S. Camber of Commerce \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021013638/https://www.uschamber.com/how\\-they\\-voted/2018\\#/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.clubforgrowth.org/scorecards/app/?party\\=all\\&chamber\\=H\\&yr\\=2019\\&state\\=all\\&rep \\|title\\=Congressional Scorecard \\|publisher\\=Club for Growth \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-11}}",
"Although many House Republicans previously supported elements of the [America COMPETES Act](/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act \"America COMPETES Act\") of 2022, Kinzinger was the only minority member to vote for the bill, after their House leadership urged a \"No\" vote, holding that the bill was too weak on China.[House votes to spend tens of billions to compete with China in manufacturing The measure would also invest in semiconductor chip research](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-votes-spend-tens-billions-compete-china-manufacturing/story?id=82676726). *[ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 \"ABC News (United States)\")*. Mariam Khan, February 4, 2022\\. Retrieved February 5, 2022\\.",
"### International issues",
"#### Immigration",
"Kinzinger supported penalizing [sanctuary cities](/wiki/Sanctuary_city \"Sanctuary city\").",
"Kinzinger supported [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals \"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\") (DACA).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.wttw.com/sites/default/files/article/file\\-attachments/2017\\-12\\-05\\-DACA\\_Letter\\_1\\.pdf\\|title\\=Letter from Congress members supporting DACA legislation\\|website\\=News.wttw.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2022}}",
"Kinzinger voted for the [Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020](/wiki/Further_Consolidated_Appropriations_Act%2C_2020 \"Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020\") which authorizes [DHS](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security \"United States Department of Homeland Security\") to nearly double the available [H\\-2B visas](/wiki/H-2B_visa \"H-2B visa\") for the remainder of FY 2020\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th\\-congress/house\\-bill/1865/text?q\\=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Further\\+Consolidated\\+Appropriations\\+Act%2C\\+2020%22%5D%7D\\&r\\=1\\&s\\=2\\|title\\=Text – H.R.1865 – 116th Congress (2019–2020\\): Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020\\|date\\=December 20, 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2019689\\|title \\= Roll Call 689 Roll Call 689, Bill Number: H. R. 1865, 116th Congress, 1st Session\\|website\\=Clerk.house.gov\\|date \\= December 17, 2019}}",
"Kinzinger voted for the [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020](/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act%2C_2020 \"Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020\") (H.R. 1158\\), which effectively prohibits [ICE](/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement \"U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement\") from cooperating with [Health and Human Services](/wiki/Health_and_Human_Services \"Health and Human Services\") to detain or remove illegal alien sponsors of unaccompanied alien children (UACs).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/116\\-2019/h690\\|title \\= H.R. 1158: DHS Cyber Hunt and Incident Response Teams Act … – House Vote \\#690 – Dec 17, 2019\\|website\\=Govtrack.us}}",
"#### Iran",
"On Twitter, Kinzinger praised [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\")'s decision to have Iranian Major General [Qasem Soleimani](/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani \"Qasem Soleimani\"), Commander of the Quds Force and the third most powerful person in Iran, killed.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/qassem\\-suleimani\\-killed\\-baghdad\\-airport\\_n\\_5e0e958fc5b6b5a713b7ffac\\|title\\=Iranian Commander Qassem Soleimani Assassinated By U.S. In Baghdad Airstrike\\|first1\\=Carla Herreria\\|last1\\=Russo\\|first2\\=Akbar Shahid\\|last2\\=Ahmed\\|date\\=January 2, 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=January 3, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103123728/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/qassem\\-suleimani\\-killed\\-baghdad\\-airport\\_n\\_5e0e958fc5b6b5a713b7ffac\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Reacting to news of the assassination, Kinzinger tweeted, \"Mess with the bull, get the horns. If true, nice call, @realdonaldtrump.\"{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Kinzinger \\|first\\=Adam \\|author\\-link\\=Adam Kinzinger \\|user\\=RepKinzinger \\|number\\=1212904108157493253 \\|date\\=January 2, 2020 \\|title\\=Mess with the bull, get the horns. If true, nice call @realDonaldTrump https://t.co/5Cn8jNSnrA \\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629055318/https://twitter.com/RepKinzinger/status/1212904108157493253 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} He continued tweeting, writing, \"killed a man responsible for thousands of deaths in \\#Syria and elsewhere, including Americans. Let's see how long the \\#blameAmerica left takes to make him a poor victim.\"{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Kinzinger \\|first\\=Adam \\|author\\-link\\=Adam Kinzinger \\|user\\=RepKinzinger \\|number\\=1212909104487944192 \\|date\\=January 2, 2020 \\|title\\=killed a man responsible for hundreds of thousands of death in \\#Syria and elsewhere, including Americans in Iraq. Let’s see how long the \\#blameAmerica left takes to make him look like a poor victim. https://t.co/bZ2v3ThaAn \\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106203225/https://twitter.com/RepKinzinger/status/1212909104487944192 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Russia and Ukraine",
"After the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\") began in February 2022, Kinzinger supported providing [aid to Ukraine](/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War \"List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War\").{{cite interview\\|last\\=Kinzinger\\|first\\=Adam\\|interviewer\\=Michel Martin\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/26/1083332592/rep\\-adam\\-kinzinger\\-says\\-politicizing\\-russia\\-ukraine\\-crisis\\-hurts\\-washington\\|title\\=Rep. Adam Kinzinger says politicizing Russia\\-Ukraine crisis hurts Washington\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NPR]]\\|date\\=February 26, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}} Until the end of his tenure, he was among the most vocal members of Congress on the topic on social media.{{cite news\\|last\\=Solender\\|first\\=Andrew\\|url\\=https://www.axios.com/2022/10/20/ukraine\\-republicans\\-kinzinger\\|title\\=Kinzinger dominates congressional Ukraine discourse\\|website\\=\\[\\[Axios (website)\\|Axios]]\\|date\\=October 19, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}} He is a member of [NAFO](/wiki/NAFO_%28group%29 \"NAFO (group)\"), an online pro\\-Ukrainian movement dedicated to countering [propaganda and disinformation](/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Weiss\\|first\\=Michael\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/republican\\-rep\\-adam\\-kinzinger\\-on\\-the\\-gop\\-nafo\\-and\\-reasons\\-to\\-escalate\\-in\\-ukraine\\-222222209\\.html\\|title\\=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine\\|via\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! News]]\\|date\\=September 23, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}} His support stood in contrast to some Republicans who opposed the aid; when House Minority Leader [Kevin McCarthy](/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy \"Kevin McCarthy\") declared the party would not \"write a blank check\" to Ukraine should they retake the House, Kinzinger accused him of \"giving aid and comfort to the enemy, intentionally or unintentionally.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Shapero\\|first\\=Julia\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3696879\\-kinzinger\\-on\\-mccarthy\\-ukraine\\-remarks\\-youre\\-giving\\-aid\\-and\\-comfort\\-to\\-the\\-enemy\\-intentionally\\-or\\-unintentionally/\\|title\\=Kinzinger on McCarthy Ukraine remarks: 'You're giving aid and comfort to the enemy, intentionally or unintentionally'\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|date\\=October 20, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}}",
"As the Russian invasion proved less successful than had generally been expected, Kinzinger argued additional U.S. support had become a more practical investment. He also rebutted claims that supplying aid would escalate the conflict, comparing that argument to \"a husband saying, 'If you leave me, I'll hit you harder and so you can't go.' We should stop self\\-deterring like this because all the evidence points to the Russians not being able to do much about anything.\"",
"Kinzinger consistently voted in favor of support to Ukraine, including the [Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend\\-Lease Act of 2022](/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022 \"Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/congressional\\-record/volume\\-168/issue\\-70/house\\-section/article/H4594\\-2\\|title\\=Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend\\-Lease Act of 2022; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 70\\|website\\=\\[\\[Congress.gov]]\\|date\\=April 28, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}} H.R. 956 (supporting the people of Ukraine),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/congressional\\-record/volume\\-168/issue\\-38/house\\-section/article/H1247\\-1\\|title\\=Supporting the People of Ukraine; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 38\\|website\\=\\[\\[Congress.gov]]\\|date\\=March 2, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}} H.R. 7108 (suspending trade relations with Russia and Belarus),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2022124\\|title\\=Roll Call 124 {{!}} Bill Number: H. R. 7108\\|website\\=\\[\\[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]]\\|date\\=April 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}} and H.R. 7691 (renewing Ukrainian aid following the fiscal year).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/congressional\\-record/volume\\-168/issue\\-78/house\\-section/article/H4775\\-1\\|title\\=Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 78\\|website\\=\\[\\[Congress.gov]]\\|date\\=May 10, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}} In May, he introduced an [Authorization for Use of Military Force](/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_%28disambiguation%29 \"Authorization for Use of Military Force (disambiguation)\") resolution to allow the United States Armed Forces to respond if Russia deploys biological, chemical, or [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_threats_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\") against Ukraine.{{cite press release\\|last\\=Gillespie\\|first\\=Maura\\|url\\=https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402924\\|title\\=With Russia's War on Ukraine, Kinzinger Introduces New AUMF\\|publisher\\=Office of Adam Kinzinger\\|date\\=May 1, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501162234/https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402924\\|archive\\-date\\=May 1, 2022}} A month later, he sponsored a House bill to give training to [Ukrainian Air Force](/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force \"Ukrainian Air Force\") pilots on the [F\\-15 Eagle](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle \"McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle\") and [F\\-16 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon \"General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th\\-congress/house\\-bill/8144\\|title\\=H.R.8144 \\- Ukrainian Fighter Pilots Act\\|website\\=\\[\\[Congress.gov]]\\|date\\=June 17, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2023}}",
"### Social issues",
"{{Multiple image\n\\| image1 \\= Adam Kinzinger official congressional photo.jpg\n\\| image2 \\= Adam Kinzinger Congressional Photo 2017\\.jpg\n\\| total\\_width \\= 350\n\\| footer \\= Kinzinger's official Congressional photos from 2015 (left) and 2017 (right)\n}}",
"#### Abortion",
"Kinzinger opposed [late\\-term abortion](/wiki/Late_termination_of_pregnancy \"Late termination of pregnancy\") and the use of federal funds for abortion or health coverage that funds abortion.",
"Kinzinger was one of three Republicans to vote for H.R. 8297: Ensuring Access to Abortion Act of 2022\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117\\-2022/h362 \\| title\\=H.R. 8297: Ensuring Access to Abortion Act of 2022 – House Vote \\#362 – Jul 15, 2022 }}",
"Kinzinger voted for H.R. 8373: The Right to Contraception Act. This bill was designed to protect access to contraceptives and health care providers' ability to provide contraceptives and information related to contraception.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117\\-2022/h385 \\| title\\=H.R. 8373: To protect a person's ability to access contraceptives … – House Vote \\#385 – Jul 21, 2022 }} The bill would also fund Planned Parenthood.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/democrats\\-contraception\\-bill\\-would\\-force\\-taxpayer\\-funding\\-for\\-planned\\-parenthood \\| title\\=Democrats' contraception bill would force taxpayer funding for Planned Parenthood \\| date\\=July 21, 2022 }}",
"#### Cannabis",
"Kinzinger was given a \"C−\" rating from [NORML](/wiki/NORML \"NORML\") for his voting history regarding [cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis \"Cannabis\")\\-related causes. He supported veterans having access to medical marijuana if recommended by their [Veterans Health Administration](/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration \"Veterans Health Administration\") doctor if medical marijuana is legal in their states of residence. He opposed a bill to remove marijuana from the list of scheduled substances under the [Controlled Substances Act](/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act \"Controlled Substances Act\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Politician Info Adam Kinzinger (R–IL) \\|url\\=https://vote.norml.org/politicians/116559 \\|website\\=NORML Smoke the Vote \\|publisher\\=NORML \\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025103558/https://vote.norml.org/politicians/116559 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=HR 3884 – Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act of 2019 – National Key Vote \\|url\\=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/bill/29235/ \\|website\\=VoteSmart.org \\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 8, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108055057/https://justfacts.votesmart.org/bill/29235/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Support for LGBTQ rights",
"As of 2022, Kinzinger gained a 59% rating from the [Human Rights Campaign](/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign \"Human Rights Campaign\"), the nation's largest LGBTQ rights advocacy group.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://hrc\\-prod\\-requests.s3\\-us\\-west\\-2\\.amazonaws.com/117th\\-Congressional\\-Scorecard\\_10142022\\.pdf\\|title\\=Congressional Scorecard – Measuring Support for Equality in the 117th Congress \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Campaign]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-22}}",
"In 2015, Kinzinger was one of 60 Republicans voting to uphold President Barack Obama's 2014 executive order banning federal contractors from making hiring decisions that discriminate based on sexual orientation or [gender identity](/wiki/Gender_identity \"Gender identity\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}}",
"In 2016, Kinzinger was one of 43 Republicans to vote for the Maloney Amendment to H.R. 5055, intended to prohibit the use of funds for government contractors who discriminate against LGBT employees.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/114\\-2016/h258\\|title \\= H.Amdt. 1128 (Maloney) to H.R. 5055: Amendment, as offered, prohibits … – House Vote \\#258 – May 25, 2016\\|website\\=Govtrack.us}}",
"In 2019 and 2021, Kinzinger voted against the [Equality Act](/wiki/Equality_Act_%28United_States%29 \"Equality Act (United States)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/House\\-passes\\-Equality\\-Act/66068\\.html\\|title\\=House passes Equality Act – Windy City Times News\\|date\\=May 17, 2019\\|website\\=Windy City Times\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=January 8, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108055020/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/House\\-passes\\-Equality\\-Act/66068\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll217\\.xml \\|title\\=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 217 \\|publisher\\=House of Representatives \\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 17, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517221515/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll217\\.xml \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Nonetheless, he affirmed his support for the [LGBT community](/wiki/LGBT_community \"LGBT community\") and commitment to finding a suitable compromise that also protects religious liberty after his 2021 \"no\" vote.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402620 \\|title\\=Kinzinger House \\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 3, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103080951/https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402620 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"On February 24, 2021, Representative [Marjorie Taylor Greene](/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene \"Marjorie Taylor Greene\") hung a sign outside of her office reading \"There are TWO genders: MALE \\& FEMALE 'Trust The Science!'\" in response to Representative [Marie Newman](/wiki/Marie_Newman \"Marie Newman\"), whose office is directly across from hers and who put a [transgender flag](/wiki/Transgender_flag \"Transgender flag\") outside her office in support of the Equality Act. Kinzinger quote\\-tweeted Greene and said, \"This is sad and I'm sorry this happened. Rep. Newmans \\[sic] daughter is transgender, and this video and tweet represents the hate and fame driven politics of self\\-promotion at all evil costs. This garbage must end, in order to \\#RestoreOurGOP\".{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Kinzinger \\|first\\=Adam \\|author\\-link\\=Adam Kinzinger \\|user\\=RepKinzinger \\|number\\=1364756256678936576 \\|date\\=February 24, 2021 \\|title\\=This is sad and I’m sorry this happened. Rep. Newmans daughter is transgender, and this video and tweet represents the hate and fame driven politics of self\\-promotion at all evil costs. This garbage must end, in order to \\#RestoreOurGOP https://t.co/gcPZ5Cu7Vr \\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031145720/https://twitter.com/RepKinzinger/status/1364756256678936576 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In an interview with *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* later that year, Kinzinger lambasted [Tucker Carlson](/wiki/Tucker_Carlson \"Tucker Carlson\") for mocking [Pete Buttigieg](/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg \"Pete Buttigieg\")'s [homosexuality](/wiki/Homosexuality \"Homosexuality\") after he took paternity leave, affirming that Buttigieg remained more competent than necessary as the [Secretary of Transportation](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation \"United States Secretary of Transportation\") and calling Carlson's remark a \"cheap shot\" designed to keep his audience interested.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/kinzinger\\-blasts\\-tucker\\-carlson\\-manipulative\\-son\\-of\\-a\\-bitch\\-viewers\\-2021\\-11\\|title\\=Adam Kinzinger blasts Tucker Carlson as a 'manipulative son of a bitch' who 'abuses' his viewers\\|first\\=John L.\\|last\\=Dorman\\|website\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2023}}",
"In 2021, Kinzinger was one of 21 House Republicans to sponsor the Fairness for All Act, the Republican alternative to the Equality Act.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/hr1440\\|title \\= Fairness for All Act (H.R. 1440\\)\\|website\\=Govtrack.us}} The bill would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity, and protect the free exercise of religion.",
"In 2022, Kinzinger was one of six Republicans to vote in favor of the Global Respect Act, which imposes sanctions on foreign persons responsible for violations of internationally recognized human rights against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI) individuals, and for other purposes.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2022/roll043\\.xml\\|title\\=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 43\\|website\\=Clerk.house.gov\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/hr3485 \\|title\\=Global Respect Act (H.R. 3485\\) \\|website\\=Govtrack.us \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-15}}",
"On July 19, 2022, Kinzinger and 46 other Republican representatives voted for the [Respect for Marriage Act](/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act \"Respect for Marriage Act\"), which would codify the right to [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\") in federal law.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3566600\\-these\\-are\\-the\\-47\\-house\\-republicans\\-who\\-voted\\-for\\-a\\-bill\\-protecting\\-marriage\\-equality/\\|title\\=These are the 47 House Republicans who voted for a bill protecting marriage equality\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|last\\=Schnell\\|first\\=Mychael\\|date\\=July 19, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2022}} Kinzinger was absent from the vote on its final passage on December 8, 2022,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2022513 \\|title\\=Roll Call 513 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=December 8, 2022 \\|publisher\\=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives \\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2022}} but reportedly still intended to vote yes.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/restoring\\-america/faith\\-freedom\\-self\\-reliance/house\\-republican\\-support\\-same\\-sex\\-marriage\\-shrinks\\-religious\\-liberty\\-amendment \\|title\\=House Republican support for same\\-sex marriage bill shrinks despite religious liberty amendment \\|date\\=December 8, 2022}}",
"### Criticism of Donald Trump",
"Kinzinger voted in line with President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") about 90% of the time and voted against [Trump's first impeachment](/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump \"First impeachment of Donald Trump\") (though he later admitted to regretting this vote),{{cite web \\|title\\=Rep. Kinzinger on Articles of Impeachment Vote \\|url\\=https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402219 \\|website\\=Congressman Adam Kinzinger \\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|date\\=December 18, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 12, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212072438/https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402219 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} but he subsequently became one of Trump's biggest critics and made headlines as a rare Republican officeholder willing to criticize him.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct\\-president\\-trump\\-illinois\\-team\\-adam\\-kinzinger\\-20191002\\-lt6xqex4tnhd7d7h4xcgn253jy\\-story.html\\|title\\=After calling Trump's civil war tweet 'beyond repugnant,' Adam Kinzinger is only GOP rep left off president's Illinois reelection team\\|first\\=Rick\\|last\\=Pearson\\|website\\=Chicagotribune.com\\|date\\=October 2, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=November 5, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106002224/https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct\\-president\\-trump\\-illinois\\-team\\-adam\\-kinzinger\\-20191002\\-lt6xqex4tnhd7d7h4xcgn253jy\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}[GOP lawmaker rips Trump after Sessions loss: 'Seems loyalty is expected from you but not granted'](https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/14/adam-kinzinger-rips-donald-trump-after-jeff-sessio/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718063451/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/14/adam\\-kinzinger\\-rips\\-donald\\-trump\\-after\\-jeff\\-sessio/ \\|date\\=July 18, 2020 }}, *[Washington Times](/wiki/Washington_Times \"Washington Times\")*, July 14, 2020\\. Retrieved July 15, 2020\\. In summer 2020, Kinzinger denounced [QAnon](/wiki/QAnon \"QAnon\") and other baseless conspiracy theories that gained currency among Republican voters. After the 2020 presidential election, which Trump lost to [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\"), Kinzinger denounced Trump's claims that the election was stolen and criticized [Trump's attempt to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\"). In December 2020, after Trump repeated his claims of fraud on Twitter, Kinzinger tweeted that it was time for Trump to delete [his Twitter account](/wiki/Donald_Trump_on_Twitter \"Donald Trump on Twitter\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Payne\\|first\\=Adam\\|title\\=Republican congressman tells Trump to 'delete your account' after he tweeted a 45\\-minute speech repeating baseless voter\\-fraud claims\\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/republican\\-congressman\\-tells\\-trump\\-to\\-delete\\-your\\-account\\-2020\\-12\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-07\\|website\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]]\\|archive\\-date\\=December 3, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203183914/https://www.businessinsider.com/republican\\-congressman\\-tells\\-trump\\-to\\-delete\\-your\\-account\\-2020\\-12\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He also criticized the [Texas Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas \"Republican Party of Texas\") and called for the firing of its chairman, [Allen West](/wiki/Allen_West_%28politician%29 \"Allen West (politician)\"), when the party floated the idea of [secession](/wiki/Texas_secession \"Texas secession\"), after the Supreme Court rejected *[Texas v. Pennsylvania](/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania \"Texas v. Pennsylvania\")*, a bid by the state of Texas to overturn the presidential election outcome.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Vlamis \\|first1\\=Kelsey \\|title\\=Republican congressman rips Texas GOP for suggesting secession and says 'my guy Abraham Lincoln and the Union soldiers already told you no' \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/kinzinger\\-republican\\-lawmaker\\-rips\\-texas\\-gop\\-for\\-suggesting\\-secession\\-2020\\-12 \\|work\\=Business Insider \\|date\\=December 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 18, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218172904/https://www.businessinsider.com/kinzinger\\-republican\\-lawmaker\\-rips\\-texas\\-gop\\-for\\-suggesting\\-secession\\-2020\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On January 7, 2021, the day after the [storming of the U.S. Capitol by a violent pro\\-Trump mob](/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol \"2021 storming of the United States Capitol\"), Kinzinger became the first Republican member of the House to call for Trump's removal from office via the [25th Amendment](/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Warren \\|first1\\=Michael \\|last2\\=Gangel \\|first2\\=Jamie \\|last3\\=Acosta \\|first3\\=Jim \\|author3\\-link\\=Jim Acosta \\|title\\=Angry Republican leaders float removing Trump from office \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/trump\\-capitol\\-impeachment\\-25\\-amendment/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107083037/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/trump\\-capitol\\-impeachment\\-25\\-amendment/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kamisar \\|first1\\=Ben \\|last2\\=Brown\\-Kaiser \\|first2\\=Liz \\|last3\\=Holzberg \\|first3\\=Melissa \\|last4\\=Demaria \\|first4\\=Ed \\|title\\=Over 100 lawmakers are calling for President Trump's removal. Here's who they are \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/over\\-100\\-lawmakers\\-are\\-calling\\-president\\-trump\\-s\\-removal\\-here\\-n1253309 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107223515/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/over\\-100\\-lawmakers\\-are\\-calling\\-president\\-trump\\-s\\-removal\\-here\\-n1253309 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In a video message, he said that Trump had \"abdicated his duty to protect the American people and the people's house\" and that Trump's behavior made clear that he had become \"unmoored\" from both his duties as president and \"reality itself\". Kinzinger urged [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\") [Mike Pence](/wiki/Mike_Pence \"Mike Pence\") and the Cabinet to invoke the 25th Amendment, saying that Trump was \"unfit\" and \"unwell\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/adam\\-kinzinger\\-gop\\-congressman\\-trump\\-25th\\-amendment/\\|title\\=Adam Kinzinger is first GOP congressman calling for invoking 25th Amendment to remove Trump\\|author1\\=Kathryn Watson\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBS News]]\\|date\\=January 7, 2021}} Five days later, he announced that he would vote in favor of [Trump's second impeachment](/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump \"Second impeachment of Donald Trump\"), saying there was \"no doubt\" that Trump \"broke his oath of office and incited this insurrection.\" Kinzinger also accused Trump of using the power of his office to launch a direct attack on Congress. He asked, \"If these actions{{snd}}the Article II branch inciting a deadly insurrection against the Article I branch{{snd}}are not worthy of impeachment, then what is an impeachable offense?\"{{cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-12\\|title\\=Congressman Kinzinger Statement on Impeachment\\|url\\=https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402583\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-12\\|website\\=Congressman Adam Kinzinger \\|archive\\-date\\=October 23, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023084937/https://kinzinger.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402583\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On January 13, he joined nine other Republicans in voting for impeachment.{{cite web\\|last\\=Budryk\\|first\\=Zack\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-13\\|title\\=Kinzinger says he is 'in total peace' after impeachment vote\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/534138\\-kinzinger\\-says\\-he\\-is\\-in\\-total\\-peace\\-after\\-impeachment\\-vote/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-14\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/13/politics/house\\-republicans\\-vote\\-yes\\-impeachment/index.html\\|title\\=These 10 House Republicans voted to impeach Trump on Wednesday\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]]\\|date\\=January 13, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2021}} In response, some Republicans vowed to support a [primary](/wiki/Partisan_primary \"Partisan primary\") challenge to Kinzinger. Kinzinger received a letter from 11 members of his family asserting he had joined \"the devil's army\" for publicly turning against Trump. Kinzinger said the family members suffer from \"[brainwashing](/wiki/Brainwashing \"Brainwashing\")\" from conservative churches that led them astray.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/us/politics/adam\\-kinzinger\\-republicans\\-trump.html\\|title\\=Adam Kinzinger's Lonely Mission\\|first\\=Reid J.\\|last\\=Epstein\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=February 15, 2021}}",
"On May 19, 2021, Kinzinger was one of 35 Republicans to join all Democrats in voting to approve legislation to establish the formation of a [January 6 commission](/wiki/January_6_commission \"January 6 commission\") to investigate the [storming of the U.S. Capitol](/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol \"2021 storming of the United States Capitol\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/house\\-republicans\\-january\\-6\\-commission/index.html\\|title\\=Here are the 35 House Republicans who voted for the January 6 commission\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]]\\|last\\=LeBlanc\\|first\\=Paul\\|date\\=May 19, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2021}} He was also one of two Republicans to join all Democrats in voting for a [January 6 House select committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack \"United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack\"), along with [Liz Cheney](/wiki/Liz_Cheney \"Liz Cheney\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\=Jordan \\|title\\=Cheney, Kinzinger are sole GOP votes for Jan. 6 select committee \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/560984\\-cheney\\-kinzinger\\-back\\-jan\\-6\\-select\\-committee/ \\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2021 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=June 30, 2021}} Kinzinger's involvement with the January 6 proceedings resulted in his staff receiving threats against his family and colleagues.{{cite news \\|title\\=Kinzinger, on Jan. 6 panel, shares profane threats sent to his office \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/05/kinzinger\\-republicans\\-jan\\-6\\-attack/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-21 \\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}} On October 21, 2021, Kinzinger was one of nine House Republicans to vote to hold Trump ally [Steve Bannon](/wiki/Steve_Bannon \"Steve Bannon\") in [contempt of Congress](/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress \"Contempt of Congress\") for defying a subpoena from the January 6 Committee.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/21/politics/house\\-republicans\\-vote\\-yes\\-steve\\-bannon\\-contempt\\-of\\-congress/index.html\\|title\\=These are the 9 House Republicans who voted to hold Steve Bannon in contempt of Congress\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026010223/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/21/politics/house\\-republicans\\-vote\\-yes\\-steve\\-bannon\\-contempt\\-of\\-congress/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In a November 14, 2021, interview with *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")*, Kinzinger said he regretted voting against Trump's first impeachment: \"If I went back in time, I would vote for the first impeachment.\" In the interview, he also called [Tucker Carlson](/wiki/Tucker_Carlson \"Tucker Carlson\") a \"manipulative son of a bitch\".{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Cupp\\|first\\=S. E.\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-08\\|title\\=Tucker Carlson Is a 'Manipulative Son of a Bitch' – and Other Thoughts from Adam Kinzinger\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics\\-features/adam\\-kinzinger\\-tucker\\-carlson\\-january6\\-trump\\-insurrection\\-1254648/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-15\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Kinzinger and [Elaine Luria](/wiki/Elaine_Luria \"Elaine Luria\") were selected to lead the questioning in the eighth televised hearing of the January 6 Committee, on July 21, 2022\\.\n \nOn August 16, 2022, during an interview on MSNBC, Kinzinger claimed that some people have equated Trump with [Jesus Christ](/wiki/Jesus_Christ \"Jesus Christ\"), saying, \"And you have people today that, literally, I think in their heart{{snd}}they may not say it, but they equate Donald Trump with the person of Jesus Christ.\" He added, \"And to them, if you even come out against this 'amazing man Donald Trump,' which, obviously quite flawed, you are coming out against Jesus, against their Christian values\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Gans \\|first1\\=Jared \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3605291\\-kinzinger\\-some\\-people\\-equate\\-donald\\-trump\\-with\\-the\\-person\\-of\\-jesus\\-christ/ \\|title\\=Kinzinger: Some people 'equate Donald Trump with the person of Jesus Christ' \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-18}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Loh \\|first\\=Matthew \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/adam\\-kinzinger\\-warns\\-of\\-christians\\-equate\\-trump\\-with\\-jesus\\-christ\\-2022\\-8 \\|title\\=Adam Kinzinger warns that some Christians now \\|work\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]] \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-17}}",
"In February 2023, it was announced that Kinzinger was scheduled to release a book for Penguin Random House called *Renegade: My Life in Faith, the Military, and Defending America from Trump's Attack on Democracy* in October 2023\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-21 \\|title\\=Former US Rep. Adam Kinzinger to release book in October \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/adam\\-kinzinger\\-book\\-c221d4ba44b66bb240bfbcd24cc8c919 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-21 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Associated Press\\|AP News]]}}",
"In August 2024, Kinzinger addressed the [Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention \"2024 Democratic National Convention\"), denouncing the Republican Party as \"no longer conservative\" and proclaiming his support for [Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris \"Kamala Harris\")'s presidential campaign. He also described Trump as \"a weak man pretending to be strong. He is a small man pretending to be big. He is a faithless man pretending to be righteous. He's a perpetrator who can't stop playing the victim.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Kapos \\|first\\=Shia \\|title\\=Former Rep. Adam Kinzinger tries to convince his fellow Republicans to vote for Harris \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/live\\-updates/2024/08/22/dnc\\-live\\-updates\\-coverage/kinzinger\\-backs\\-harris\\-00176069 \\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2024 \\|work\\=Politico \\|date\\=August 22, 2024}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Solender \\|first1\\=Andrew \\|title\\=Kinzinger in DNC speech says GOP is \"no longer conservative\" \\|url\\=https://www.axios.com/2024/08/23/adam\\-kinzinger\\-dnc\\-speech\\-harris\\-trump \\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2024 \\|work\\=Axios \\|date\\=August 22, 2024}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Han \\|first1\\=Jeongyoon \\|title\\=Former Republican lawmaker offers a blistering assessment of Trump in DNC speech \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/22/g\\-s1\\-19226/adam\\-kinzinger\\-trump\\-dnc\\-speech \\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2024 \\|work\\=NPR \\|date\\=August 22, 2024}}",
"### Country First movement",
"In early 2021, a few weeks after the [January 6 Capitol attack](/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack \"2021 United States Capitol attack\"), Kinzinger launched the Country First [PAC](/wiki/Political_action_committee \"Political action committee\"), as a means to reform the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") and distance itself from [far\\-right](/wiki/Far-right \"Far-right\") conspiracies, including [QAnon](/wiki/QAnon \"QAnon\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/31/gop\\-rep\\-kinzinger\\-start\\-new\\-pac\\-challenge\\-partys\\-trump\\-supporters/\\|title\\=GOP Rep. Kinzinger starts PAC to challenge party's embrace of Trump\\|last1\\=Kane\\|first1\\=Paul\\|last2\\=Wang\\|first2\\=Amy B.\\|date\\=January 31, 2021\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2021}} In the first quarter of 2021, the PAC raised over $1\\.1 million to fight [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\")'s growing influence over the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Pearson\\|first\\=Rick\\|title\\=Rep. Adam Kinzinger raises $1\\.1 million for his anti\\-Trump PAC in first quarter, and an equal amount for his reelection fund\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct\\-adam\\-kinzinger\\-pac\\-finances\\-20210401\\-jhglluotk5hj3ezkydmxx2yzx4\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2021\\|website\\=chicagotribune.com\\|date\\=April 2021}}",
"In the [2022 midterm elections](/wiki/2022_United_States_elections \"2022 United States elections\"), Country First supported candidates running against [2020 election deniers](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Romboy \\|first\\=Dennis \\|title\\=What Adam Kinzinger has to say about Evan McMullin, Mike Lee \\|url\\=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2022/10/20/23414488/adam\\-kinzinger\\-campaigns\\-for\\-evan\\-mcmullin\\-utah \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Deseret News]] \\|date\\=October 20, 2022}} The PAC put a special focus on pro\\-democracy candidates running in secretary of state races, as who ever won these elections would have oversight of [2024 presidential election](/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election \"2024 United States presidential election\") administration.{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Cortellessa \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\='Never Trump' Groups Hope to Boost Democrats in the Midterms. But Can They Sway Their Fellow Republicans? \\|url\\=https://time.com/6211249/never\\-trump\\-liz\\-cheney\\-democrats\\-midterms/ \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2023 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]] \\|date\\=September 8, 2022}} Through Country First, Kinzinger endorsed [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28US%29 \"Democratic Party (US)\"), Republicans, and [independents](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\"). The endorsements included [Evan McMullin](/wiki/Evan_McMullin \"Evan McMullin\"), [Brad Raffensperger](/wiki/Brad_Raffensperger \"Brad Raffensperger\"), [Katie Hobbs](/wiki/Katie_Hobbs \"Katie Hobbs\"), [Josh Shapiro](/wiki/Josh_Shapiro \"Josh Shapiro\"), and [Lisa Murkowski](/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski \"Lisa Murkowski\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Montellaro \\|first1\\=Zach \\|title\\=Kinzinger endorses Dems in major governor, secretary of state races \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/11/kinzinger\\-endorses\\-dems\\-in\\-major\\-governor\\-secretary\\-of\\-state\\-races\\-00061128 \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2023 \\|work\\=Politico \\|date\\=October 11, 2022}}",
"In the [2023 special election](/wiki/2023_United_States_state_legislative_elections%23Wisconsin \"2023 United States state legislative elections#Wisconsin\") to fill a vacancy in the [Wisconsin Senate](/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate \"Wisconsin Senate\"), Country First ran negative advertisements to prevent the victory of [Trumpist](/wiki/Trumpist \"Trumpist\") [Janel Brandtjen](/wiki/Janel_Brandtjen \"Janel Brandtjen\") in the Republican primary,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Beck \\|first1\\=Molly \\|title\\=Anti\\-Trump Republican group launches ad campaign targeting election denier Janel Brandtjen in state Senate race \\|url\\=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2023/02/07/anti\\-trump\\-republican\\-group\\-launches\\-ads\\-targeting\\-janel\\-brandtjen/69878436007/ \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2023 \\|work\\=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel \\|date\\=February 7, 2023}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Epstein \\|first1\\=Reid J. \\|title\\=Democrats Meddle Again in a G.O.P. Primary, This Time Down\\-Ballot \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/us/politics/democrats\\-wisconsin\\-republicans\\-brandtjen.html \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2023 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=February 14, 2023}} which she ultimately did not win.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Richmond \\|first1\\=Todd \\|title\\=Trump\\-backed state lawmaker loses Wisconsin primary \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/politics\\-wisconsin\\-state\\-government\\-alberta\\-darling\\-95f08fb167015e55d4aec6d7b7c3a73e \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2023 \\|work\\=AP News \\|date\\=February 21, 2023}}",
"In March 2023, individuals wearing straitjackets were seen walking through the [United States Capitol building](/wiki/United_States_Capitol \"United States Capitol\"). They were part of Country First's campaign against political extremism, entitled \"Break Free\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Solender \\|first1\\=Andrew \\|title\\=Capitol Hill swarmed by performers in straitjackets \\|url\\=https://www.axios.com/2023/03/01/straightjackets\\-kinzinger\\-capitol\\-hill\\-congress \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Axios (website)\\|Axios]] \\|date\\=March 1, 2023}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Wu \\|first1\\=Nicholas \\|title\\=Kinzinger the 'homeless Republican' launches ad campaign against extremism \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/01/kinzinger\\-ad\\-campaign\\-extremism\\-00084844 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|date\\=March 1, 2023}}",
"Prior to the [2024 Republican Party presidential primaries](/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries \"2024 Republican Party presidential primaries\"), Country First sent out an email asking donors to give to [Chris Christie](/wiki/Chris_Christie \"Chris Christie\")'s [presidential campaign](/wiki/Chris_Christie_2024_presidential_campaign \"Chris Christie 2024 presidential campaign\") to ensure the candidate's appearance on the [primary debate stage](/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums \"2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Kapos \\|first\\=Shia \\|title\\=Pritzker goes global \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinois\\-playbook/2023/07/12/pritzker\\-goes\\-global\\-00105839 \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|date\\=July 12, 2023}} Country First itself also donated to Christie's campaign.{{cite news \\|last\\=O'Donnell \\|first\\=Kelly \\|title\\=Christie campaign raised $1\\.65 million in 25 days to close out second quarter \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet\\-the\\-press/meetthepressblog/christie\\-campaign\\-raised\\-165\\-million\\-25\\-days\\-close\\-second\\-quarter\\-rcna94436 \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2023 \\|publisher\\=NBC News \\|date\\=July 15, 2023}} Kinzinger endorsed President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") for re\\-election before shifting his support to Biden's running mate and Vice President [Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris \"Kamala Harris\") following [Biden's withdrawal from the election](/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election \"Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Kapos \\|first\\=Shia \\|title\\=Pritzker’s other big issue \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinoisplaybook \\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2024 \\|work\\=Politico}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Sweet\\|first\\=Lynn\\|url\\=https://chicago.suntimes.com/elections/2024/08/04/republicans\\-kamala\\-harris\\-launches\\-illinois\\-gopers\\-edgar\\-lahood\\-kinzinger\\-walsh\\-politicians\\-endorsement\\|title\\='Republicans for Harris' launches with Illinois GOPers Jim Edgar, Ray LaHood, Adam Kinzinger, Joe Walsh endorsing Kamala Harris\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Sun\\-Times\\|date\\=August 4, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2024}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The origin of the *Seehund* began with the salvage of the two British [X class submarines](/wiki/X_class_submarine "X class submarine") {{HMS\|X6}} and {{HMS\|X7\|\|2}} which had been lost by the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") during [Operation Source](/wiki/Operation_Source "Operation Source"), an attempt to sink the [German battleship *Tirpitz*](/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz "German battleship Tirpitz"). *Hauptamt Kriegschiffbau* subsequently produced a design for a two\-man submarine based on inspection of the British boats, designated Type XXVIIA and named *Hecht* ("[Pike](/wiki/Pike_%28fish%29 "Pike (fish)")").
### XXVIIA (Hecht)
{{main\|Hecht (submarine)}}
Like the British X class boats, the Type XXVIIA was designed to carry explosive charges to be laid beneath enemy ships, but it was markedly smaller and had substantial differences from the X class. It dispensed with a dual diesel/electric propulsion system, relying instead solely on electrical power in the form of a {{convert\|12\|bhp\|adj\=on\|sp\=us\|lk\=on}} [AEG](/wiki/AEG_%28German_company%29 "AEG (German company)") [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo") motor, on the basis that since it would operate submerged there was no need for a [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine"). However, this resulted in a very low endurance of {{convert\|69\|nmi\|lk\=in}} at {{convert\|4\|kn\|lk\=in}}.
Since the boat would need to be able to pass through [anti\-submarine nets](/wiki/Anti-submarine_net "Anti-submarine net") and similar obstacles, it was designed without [hydroplanes](/wiki/Diving_plane "Diving plane") or fins, her trim being controlled with adjustable weights within the pressure hull. In practice this proved totally ineffective since the weights could not be moved quickly enough, and hydroplanes and fins were subsequently fitted. Submerged control was still poor, since *Hecht* was not fitted with [ballast tanks](/wiki/Ballast_tank "Ballast tank").
[thumb\|upright\=0\.7\|Interior of a salvaged Seehund submarine, Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden](/wiki/File:Interior_of_a_salvaged_Seehund_submarine%2C_Bundeswehr_Military_History_Museum%2C_Dresden.jpg "Interior of a salvaged Seehund submarine, Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\=0\.7\|Salvaged Seehund submarine, Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden](/wiki/File:Salvaged_Seehund_submarine%2C_Bundeswehr_Military_History_Museum%2C_Dresden.jpg "Salvaged Seehund submarine, Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden.jpg")
Even though *Hecht* had been designed to transport an explosive charge, [Karl Dönitz](/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz "Karl Dönitz") insisted that a torpedo be carried so that attacks could be carried out on vessels in coastal waters.
Externally, *Hecht* resembled the British [Welman submarine](/wiki/Welman_submarine "Welman submarine"). The detachable explosive charge was fitted to the nose of the submarine, while the forward section held the battery and a [gyrocompass](/wiki/Gyrocompass "Gyrocompass"), the first to be fitted to a German midget submarine and considered essential for navigation if the craft was to operate submerged. Behind this was the control compartment with seats for the two\-man crew arranged one behind the other on the centerline with the engineer in front and the commander behind him. The commander was provided with a periscope and a clear acrylic dome for navigational purposes.
On 18 January 1944, Dönitz discussed the new design with Adolf Hitler who expressed his approval, and on 9 March contracts were placed with [Germaniawerft](/wiki/Germaniawerft "Germaniawerft") of [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel "Kiel") for construction of a prototype, followed by a further contract for 52 submarines on 28 March.
The 53 *Hechts* were constructed between May and August 1944: in the event, none saw active service but were instead used to train *Seehund* crews.
### Type XXVIIB
As the orders were being placed, *Hecht* variants were under construction. The first was the Type XXVIIB, which had a greater range, could carry two [G7e(TIIIc) torpedoes](/wiki/G7e_torpedo "G7e torpedo"), and had diesel/electric propulsion. The design was completed at the end of June 1944 and resembled *Hecht* but had a better boat\-shaped external casing for improved seakeeping while surfaced, and saddle tanks. Additional room had been made inside the pressure hull by moving the batteries to the keel, while the two torpedoes were mounted externally in recesses in the lower hull. A {{convert\|22\|bhp\|adj\=on\|sp\=us}} diesel engine was fitted for surface use and was estimated to give a surfaced speed of {{convert\|5\.5\|kn}}, with a {{convert\|25\|bhp\|adj\=on\|sp\=us}} [electric motor](/wiki/Electric_motor "Electric motor") providing a submerged speed of {{convert\|6\.9\|kn}}.
The final variant of the Type XXVII was the Type XXVIIB5, better known as the *Seehund* ("Seal") or Type 27\. *Seehund* had a small [sail](/wiki/Sail_%28submarine%29 "Sail (submarine)") midships with the air\-intake mast, magnetic compass, periscope, and a clear dome which could survive depths of {{convert\|45\|m\|sp\=us}}. The submarine's fixed {{convert\|3\|m\|adj\=on\|sp\=us}} periscope incorporated lenses which let the commander check the sky above for aircraft before surfacing.Kemp, p.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The origin of the *Seehund* began with the salvage of the two British [X class submarines](/wiki/X_class_submarine \"X class submarine\") {{HMS\\|X6}} and {{HMS\\|X7\\|\\|2}} which had been lost by the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") during [Operation Source](/wiki/Operation_Source \"Operation Source\"), an attempt to sink the [German battleship *Tirpitz*](/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz \"German battleship Tirpitz\"). *Hauptamt Kriegschiffbau* subsequently produced a design for a two\\-man submarine based on inspection of the British boats, designated Type XXVIIA and named *Hecht* (\"[Pike](/wiki/Pike_%28fish%29 \"Pike (fish)\")\").",
"### XXVIIA (Hecht)",
"{{main\\|Hecht (submarine)}}\nLike the British X class boats, the Type XXVIIA was designed to carry explosive charges to be laid beneath enemy ships, but it was markedly smaller and had substantial differences from the X class. It dispensed with a dual diesel/electric propulsion system, relying instead solely on electrical power in the form of a {{convert\\|12\\|bhp\\|adj\\=on\\|sp\\=us\\|lk\\=on}} [AEG](/wiki/AEG_%28German_company%29 \"AEG (German company)\") [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\") motor, on the basis that since it would operate submerged there was no need for a [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\"). However, this resulted in a very low endurance of {{convert\\|69\\|nmi\\|lk\\=in}} at {{convert\\|4\\|kn\\|lk\\=in}}.",
"Since the boat would need to be able to pass through [anti\\-submarine nets](/wiki/Anti-submarine_net \"Anti-submarine net\") and similar obstacles, it was designed without [hydroplanes](/wiki/Diving_plane \"Diving plane\") or fins, her trim being controlled with adjustable weights within the pressure hull. In practice this proved totally ineffective since the weights could not be moved quickly enough, and hydroplanes and fins were subsequently fitted. Submerged control was still poor, since *Hecht* was not fitted with [ballast tanks](/wiki/Ballast_tank \"Ballast tank\").\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|Interior of a salvaged Seehund submarine, Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden](/wiki/File:Interior_of_a_salvaged_Seehund_submarine%2C_Bundeswehr_Military_History_Museum%2C_Dresden.jpg \"Interior of a salvaged Seehund submarine, Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|Salvaged Seehund submarine, Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden](/wiki/File:Salvaged_Seehund_submarine%2C_Bundeswehr_Military_History_Museum%2C_Dresden.jpg \"Salvaged Seehund submarine, Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden.jpg\")\nEven though *Hecht* had been designed to transport an explosive charge, [Karl Dönitz](/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz \"Karl Dönitz\") insisted that a torpedo be carried so that attacks could be carried out on vessels in coastal waters.",
"Externally, *Hecht* resembled the British [Welman submarine](/wiki/Welman_submarine \"Welman submarine\"). The detachable explosive charge was fitted to the nose of the submarine, while the forward section held the battery and a [gyrocompass](/wiki/Gyrocompass \"Gyrocompass\"), the first to be fitted to a German midget submarine and considered essential for navigation if the craft was to operate submerged. Behind this was the control compartment with seats for the two\\-man crew arranged one behind the other on the centerline with the engineer in front and the commander behind him. The commander was provided with a periscope and a clear acrylic dome for navigational purposes.",
"On 18 January 1944, Dönitz discussed the new design with Adolf Hitler who expressed his approval, and on 9 March contracts were placed with [Germaniawerft](/wiki/Germaniawerft \"Germaniawerft\") of [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel \"Kiel\") for construction of a prototype, followed by a further contract for 52 submarines on 28 March.",
"The 53 *Hechts* were constructed between May and August 1944: in the event, none saw active service but were instead used to train *Seehund* crews.",
"### Type XXVIIB",
"As the orders were being placed, *Hecht* variants were under construction. The first was the Type XXVIIB, which had a greater range, could carry two [G7e(TIIIc) torpedoes](/wiki/G7e_torpedo \"G7e torpedo\"), and had diesel/electric propulsion. The design was completed at the end of June 1944 and resembled *Hecht* but had a better boat\\-shaped external casing for improved seakeeping while surfaced, and saddle tanks. Additional room had been made inside the pressure hull by moving the batteries to the keel, while the two torpedoes were mounted externally in recesses in the lower hull. A {{convert\\|22\\|bhp\\|adj\\=on\\|sp\\=us}} diesel engine was fitted for surface use and was estimated to give a surfaced speed of {{convert\\|5\\.5\\|kn}}, with a {{convert\\|25\\|bhp\\|adj\\=on\\|sp\\=us}} [electric motor](/wiki/Electric_motor \"Electric motor\") providing a submerged speed of {{convert\\|6\\.9\\|kn}}.",
"The final variant of the Type XXVII was the Type XXVIIB5, better known as the *Seehund* (\"Seal\") or Type 27\\. *Seehund* had a small [sail](/wiki/Sail_%28submarine%29 \"Sail (submarine)\") midships with the air\\-intake mast, magnetic compass, periscope, and a clear dome which could survive depths of {{convert\\|45\\|m\\|sp\\=us}}. The submarine's fixed {{convert\\|3\\|m\\|adj\\=on\\|sp\\=us}} periscope incorporated lenses which let the commander check the sky above for aircraft before surfacing.Kemp, p.",
""
] |
Cronulla\-Sutherland Sharks
---------------------------
Tevita signed for the Cronulla\-Sutherland Sharks at the beginning of the 2006 season, immediately becoming a regular selection in the Sharks seventeen. He was often used as an interchange hooker often replacing [Kevin Kingston](/wiki/Kevin_Kingston "Kevin Kingston") on the field for the Sharks adding a much needed attacking spark. Latu played a total of ten games for the club before being involved in an off field assault and subsequently having his contract terminated by the club.
On 23 May 2006 it was reported that Latu had been involved in an altercation in the early hours of the morning before with a 19\-year\-old woman in [Cronulla](/wiki/Cronulla%2C_New_South_Wales "Cronulla, New South Wales").
As further details emerged, it was revealed that Latu and the alleged victim Brooke Peninton{{Ref\|ref\-rec1}} had both been present at Cronulla's Kingsway BP service station at 3\.am. the previous Sunday. Allegedly the two individuals had been in discussion before an altercation arose ending with Latu assaulting Peninton, punching her in the face, resulting in a broken nose and other minor injuries{{Ref\|ref\-rec2}}.
Latu was arrested the following day at 11\.30 p.m. and charged by police with assault occasioning actual bodily harm. He had been granted police bail to face Sutherland Local Court on 15 June.{{Ref\|ref\-rec3}}
Latu had his contract with the Cronulla\-Sutherland Sharks terminated as a result of the incident. On Wednesday, 24 May *The [Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald "Sydney Morning Herald")* announced that the [NRL](/wiki/National_Rugby_League "National Rugby League") had de\-registered Latu as a player, and stated that it would refuse to register him if he signed with another club. Other sporting codes were urged to follow the NRL's lead {{Ref\|ref\-rec4}}.
He was sentenced to eight months' [periodic detention](/wiki/Periodic_detention "Periodic detention") for his actions but was later reduced to community service after an appeal on 10 July 2006\.
|
[
"Cronulla\\-Sutherland Sharks\n---------------------------",
"Tevita signed for the Cronulla\\-Sutherland Sharks at the beginning of the 2006 season, immediately becoming a regular selection in the Sharks seventeen. He was often used as an interchange hooker often replacing [Kevin Kingston](/wiki/Kevin_Kingston \"Kevin Kingston\") on the field for the Sharks adding a much needed attacking spark. Latu played a total of ten games for the club before being involved in an off field assault and subsequently having his contract terminated by the club.",
"On 23 May 2006 it was reported that Latu had been involved in an altercation in the early hours of the morning before with a 19\\-year\\-old woman in [Cronulla](/wiki/Cronulla%2C_New_South_Wales \"Cronulla, New South Wales\").",
"As further details emerged, it was revealed that Latu and the alleged victim Brooke Peninton{{Ref\\|ref\\-rec1}} had both been present at Cronulla's Kingsway BP service station at 3\\.am. the previous Sunday. Allegedly the two individuals had been in discussion before an altercation arose ending with Latu assaulting Peninton, punching her in the face, resulting in a broken nose and other minor injuries{{Ref\\|ref\\-rec2}}.",
"Latu was arrested the following day at 11\\.30 p.m. and charged by police with assault occasioning actual bodily harm. He had been granted police bail to face Sutherland Local Court on 15 June.{{Ref\\|ref\\-rec3}}",
"Latu had his contract with the Cronulla\\-Sutherland Sharks terminated as a result of the incident. On Wednesday, 24 May *The [Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald \"Sydney Morning Herald\")* announced that the [NRL](/wiki/National_Rugby_League \"National Rugby League\") had de\\-registered Latu as a player, and stated that it would refuse to register him if he signed with another club. Other sporting codes were urged to follow the NRL's lead {{Ref\\|ref\\-rec4}}.",
"He was sentenced to eight months' [periodic detention](/wiki/Periodic_detention \"Periodic detention\") for his actions but was later reduced to community service after an appeal on 10 July 2006\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The episode opens with Karma and Amy discussing a plan to make them popular at their very liberal high school. It is evident from the beginning that the two girls live very different lives from the depiction of their family. Amy is still not on board with Karma pretending to be blind and questions how they will even be able to make people believe it. The plan soon backfires when Karma catches a frisbee and throws it back.
Lauren soon shows up with her 'minions' and orders Karma and Amy to get out of her light. Amy tells her not to piss her off and that she has access to her toothbrush. She later tells them to go back to the [Isle of Lesbos](/wiki/Isle_of_Lesbos "Isle of Lesbos") when both Shane and Liam show up. After they chase Lauren off they introduce themselves. Karma becomes nervous at seeing Liam and runs off. Amy introduces herself and accepts Shane's party invitation before running of to find Karma. Once she is gone Shane comments that they would be the perfect "lesbian" friends.
At Shane's party they are shocked at how everyone seems to be different compared to at school. Karma gets up to get drinks when she sees Liam. We then see Shane enter and comment that everyone is wearing too much clothes. Lauren shows up since she is one of the lead candidates for homecoming queen, which Shane comments no one cares about. She says everyone does and that she is there to set things straight. As Karma gets the drinks and is about to leave the room she bumps into Liam and spills it over them both. He apologizes and she faints.
Outside, Shane goes up to Amy who is waiting for Karma to come back. He says he has been craving lesbian energy and Amy says even though she is flattered, she isn't gay. He then says he was like her once, afraid to be himself. Amy decides to go look for Karma so they can leave the party.
Back inside Liam gives Karma his jacket and comments that her dress is see\-through now. A girl, Brandy, shows up and tells her to back off because Liam is hers. He says he isn't her boyfriend and makes her go away. He says the girls become too 'clingy' and Karma says he should be grateful because if it weren't for women being wired to reproduce the population would have died out. He says he is glad to have a lesbian around to tell him these things. She is shocked but before she can ask what he means Amy drags her away. Before they can escape, Shane announces that two people are afraid they won't be accepted. He says the only way to assure them they are safe is to elect them homecoming queens which generates applause.{{cite web \|last1\=Bendix \|first1\=Trish \|title\=A Lesbian Reviews MTV's Faux\-Gay Comedy 'Faking It' \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv\-news/a\-lesbian\-reviews\-mtvs\-faux\-697609/ \|website\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|access\-date\=June 17, 2022 \|date\=April 22, 2014}}
At the bus stop Karma and Amy discuss how its stupid that the school things they are lesbians. Karma suggests they should see how this plays out. She also says she was sure Liam flirted with her and at that Amy thinks Karma must have hit her head. They arrive at school and make a scene, Karma kisses Amy on her cheek and runs off.
Shane and the rest of the campaign are busy putting up posters of Karma and Amy where Liam comments that the lipstick one, referring to Karma is kinda sexy. Lauren spins in and begins tearing them down. Amy finds Karma rubbing a pregnant girl's stomach before she leaves and comments on them being a cute couple. Karma says she is taking an opportunity here says they should continue it which Amy reluctantly agrees to. Karma then runs of to put on her fake eyelashes.
After putting them on she notices Liam working on an art piece of his. She explains it to him and they share a kiss after he takes off one of her fake eyelashes. At the same time Amy shows up and catches them. She shows a sad look as she witnessed them.
In the locker room Karma talks about how kissing Liam felt. Amy tells her to shut up and that gym class was enough torture. Karma ask what is up with her and she explains that she never wanted any of this. Karma questions why she even went along with it in the first place and Amy says to make her happy. Karma says she doesn't want it and is told she better find a new girlfriend. All this time Lauren was on the other side listening to the conversation.
We then see Liam come up to Karma who is eating lunch. She tells him and that she and Amy broke it off and he says he hopes it wasn't because of yesterday. She says they were just different people and runs of to find her and apologize. She finds her at the top of a building and they make up. Amy agrees to go to the homecoming assembly and also agrees to continue the lesbian ruse.
We then see Lauren finishing up her speech for why she should be voted for just as Amy and Karma come in. Before they can say anything she makes a point of telling everyone they are faking being lesbians and that she heard them talking about it. To keep up the lie Amy grabs Karma and passionately kisses her. The school launches into cheer and they pull apart. Karma says "Way to sell it!" and winks before running off. Amy just remains in her place with a shocked expression that might hint she enjoyed the kiss.{{Cite episode \|title\=Pilot \|series\=Faking It \|series\-link\=Faking It (American TV series)
\|network\=\[\[MTV]] \|date\=April 22, 2014 \|season\=1 \|number\=1}}
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The episode opens with Karma and Amy discussing a plan to make them popular at their very liberal high school. It is evident from the beginning that the two girls live very different lives from the depiction of their family. Amy is still not on board with Karma pretending to be blind and questions how they will even be able to make people believe it. The plan soon backfires when Karma catches a frisbee and throws it back.",
"Lauren soon shows up with her 'minions' and orders Karma and Amy to get out of her light. Amy tells her not to piss her off and that she has access to her toothbrush. She later tells them to go back to the [Isle of Lesbos](/wiki/Isle_of_Lesbos \"Isle of Lesbos\") when both Shane and Liam show up. After they chase Lauren off they introduce themselves. Karma becomes nervous at seeing Liam and runs off. Amy introduces herself and accepts Shane's party invitation before running of to find Karma. Once she is gone Shane comments that they would be the perfect \"lesbian\" friends.",
"At Shane's party they are shocked at how everyone seems to be different compared to at school. Karma gets up to get drinks when she sees Liam. We then see Shane enter and comment that everyone is wearing too much clothes. Lauren shows up since she is one of the lead candidates for homecoming queen, which Shane comments no one cares about. She says everyone does and that she is there to set things straight. As Karma gets the drinks and is about to leave the room she bumps into Liam and spills it over them both. He apologizes and she faints.",
"Outside, Shane goes up to Amy who is waiting for Karma to come back. He says he has been craving lesbian energy and Amy says even though she is flattered, she isn't gay. He then says he was like her once, afraid to be himself. Amy decides to go look for Karma so they can leave the party.",
"Back inside Liam gives Karma his jacket and comments that her dress is see\\-through now. A girl, Brandy, shows up and tells her to back off because Liam is hers. He says he isn't her boyfriend and makes her go away. He says the girls become too 'clingy' and Karma says he should be grateful because if it weren't for women being wired to reproduce the population would have died out. He says he is glad to have a lesbian around to tell him these things. She is shocked but before she can ask what he means Amy drags her away. Before they can escape, Shane announces that two people are afraid they won't be accepted. He says the only way to assure them they are safe is to elect them homecoming queens which generates applause.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bendix \\|first1\\=Trish \\|title\\=A Lesbian Reviews MTV's Faux\\-Gay Comedy 'Faking It' \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv\\-news/a\\-lesbian\\-reviews\\-mtvs\\-faux\\-697609/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2022 \\|date\\=April 22, 2014}}",
"At the bus stop Karma and Amy discuss how its stupid that the school things they are lesbians. Karma suggests they should see how this plays out. She also says she was sure Liam flirted with her and at that Amy thinks Karma must have hit her head. They arrive at school and make a scene, Karma kisses Amy on her cheek and runs off.",
"Shane and the rest of the campaign are busy putting up posters of Karma and Amy where Liam comments that the lipstick one, referring to Karma is kinda sexy. Lauren spins in and begins tearing them down. Amy finds Karma rubbing a pregnant girl's stomach before she leaves and comments on them being a cute couple. Karma says she is taking an opportunity here says they should continue it which Amy reluctantly agrees to. Karma then runs of to put on her fake eyelashes.",
"After putting them on she notices Liam working on an art piece of his. She explains it to him and they share a kiss after he takes off one of her fake eyelashes. At the same time Amy shows up and catches them. She shows a sad look as she witnessed them.",
"In the locker room Karma talks about how kissing Liam felt. Amy tells her to shut up and that gym class was enough torture. Karma ask what is up with her and she explains that she never wanted any of this. Karma questions why she even went along with it in the first place and Amy says to make her happy. Karma says she doesn't want it and is told she better find a new girlfriend. All this time Lauren was on the other side listening to the conversation.",
"We then see Liam come up to Karma who is eating lunch. She tells him and that she and Amy broke it off and he says he hopes it wasn't because of yesterday. She says they were just different people and runs of to find her and apologize. She finds her at the top of a building and they make up. Amy agrees to go to the homecoming assembly and also agrees to continue the lesbian ruse.",
"We then see Lauren finishing up her speech for why she should be voted for just as Amy and Karma come in. Before they can say anything she makes a point of telling everyone they are faking being lesbians and that she heard them talking about it. To keep up the lie Amy grabs Karma and passionately kisses her. The school launches into cheer and they pull apart. Karma says \"Way to sell it!\" and winks before running off. Amy just remains in her place with a shocked expression that might hint she enjoyed the kiss.{{Cite episode \\|title\\=Pilot \\|series\\=Faking It \\|series\\-link\\=Faking It (American TV series)\n \\|network\\=\\[\\[MTV]] \\|date\\=April 22, 2014 \\|season\\=1 \\|number\\=1}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Blake is a student journalist who writes a column about her love life, *The Hopeless Romantic*, for her school paper. After her latest column her editor, River, cancels her column for being too dull, but offers to re\-instate it if she came come up with more interesting material.
On a night out with her roommate and best friend Nikki, Blake mistakenly has her [ID](/wiki/Identity_document "Identity document") swapped with the ID of another student. Blake goes to return the ID and meets Morgan who is with an older man. Morgan urges Blake to stay, revealing that she is a sugar baby and the man she is with will pay Blake to stay. Blake declines.
At an editorial meeting the following day Blake learns that fellow journalist Jacob is applying for an award for [Gonzo journalism](/wiki/Gonzo_journalism "Gonzo journalism") and is being supported by River. Jealous, Blake decides to interview Morgan about her experiences as a sugar baby. Morgan takes Blake to a pool party where Blake meets Ian, a wealthy older professor. Ian propositions Blake about being his sugar baby but she politely turns him down. Blake writes about the experience for the paper but while River is interested in the material he refuses to give Blake her column back until she points out that it sounds like he is trying to [pimp](/wiki/Pimp "Pimp") her out in return for her column.
Blake and Nikki attend a costume party where Blake shows up as [Raoul Duke](/wiki/Raoul_Duke "Raoul Duke") and is surprised to see Jacob dressed up as the same. Blake takes Jacob home, but their attempt to have [sex](/wiki/Sex "Sex") ends when Jacob does not have a [condom](/wiki/Condom "Condom"). Blake writes about their failed hookup for her column, to Jacob's horror.
After weighing Ian's offer, Blake decides to go on a date with him with her primary motivation being her desire to compete with Jacob for the journalism award. On their first date Blake has sex with Ian. She initially believes that she received nothing in return, however Ian gifts her a [scooter](/wiki/Scooter_%28motorcycle%29 "Scooter (motorcycle)") after stealing her bike. Blake begins writing about her experiences with Ian and her column becomes a hit. When Jacob questions the ethics of her decision to write about Ian, Blake points out her column is anonymous.
Blake continues to date Ian and despite initially asking him for nothing eventually asks him to write her a recommendation letter for the journalism award which he agrees to do.
One afternoon when Blake is high on MDMA after having accidentally ingested a laced cupcake prepared by Nikki, Ian turns up with a diamond bracelet asking her to attend a wedding with him. Blake accompanies Ian and realizes that the wedding is that of Morgan's sugar daddy. The groom accosts her after the wedding and tells her that he is interested in having sex with her. Blake ends up running away from the wedding without telling Ian.
Disturbed by what happened at the wedding Blake begins to question her relationship with Ian and struggles to understand how it is different from [prostitution](/wiki/Prostitution "Prostitution"). At dinner Blake tries to connect with Ian but he refuses to answer personal questions. The night ends with them having sex despite Blake's reluctance. Upset after their night together Blake goes for some air and is locked outside. Wandering home she finds the bike which Ian took from her after their first night together. She rides home dressed only in a bedsheet but blends in with other students returning from a [toga party](/wiki/Toga_party "Toga party"). She runs into Jacob who, seeing she's upset, takes her out to breakfast where the two bond over being the children of divorced parents.
Returning home Blake is confronted by Ian who has finally read the writing sample she sent him and discovered she is documenting their relationship. He threatens to ruin her career if she doesn't take the column down and withdraws his recommendation letter for the award.
Reflecting on what to do Blake decides to sell the jewellery Ian gave her and refuses to take down the column. While both Blake and the men featured in her column were always anonymous she decides to publish her final column under her real name as she is not ashamed of her experiences.
Heading to graduation Blake receives a message from Jacob urging her to meet him at the bleachers. There Jacob does a poor reenactment of the final scene of *[Sleepless in Seattle](/wiki/Sleepless_in_Seattle "Sleepless in Seattle")* which he watched after learning [Nora Ephron](/wiki/Nora_Ephron "Nora Ephron") was Blake's favourite writer. Blake appreciates the gesture and the two kiss before joining their friends for graduation.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Blake is a student journalist who writes a column about her love life, *The Hopeless Romantic*, for her school paper. After her latest column her editor, River, cancels her column for being too dull, but offers to re\\-instate it if she came come up with more interesting material.",
"On a night out with her roommate and best friend Nikki, Blake mistakenly has her [ID](/wiki/Identity_document \"Identity document\") swapped with the ID of another student. Blake goes to return the ID and meets Morgan who is with an older man. Morgan urges Blake to stay, revealing that she is a sugar baby and the man she is with will pay Blake to stay. Blake declines.",
"At an editorial meeting the following day Blake learns that fellow journalist Jacob is applying for an award for [Gonzo journalism](/wiki/Gonzo_journalism \"Gonzo journalism\") and is being supported by River. Jealous, Blake decides to interview Morgan about her experiences as a sugar baby. Morgan takes Blake to a pool party where Blake meets Ian, a wealthy older professor. Ian propositions Blake about being his sugar baby but she politely turns him down. Blake writes about the experience for the paper but while River is interested in the material he refuses to give Blake her column back until she points out that it sounds like he is trying to [pimp](/wiki/Pimp \"Pimp\") her out in return for her column.",
"Blake and Nikki attend a costume party where Blake shows up as [Raoul Duke](/wiki/Raoul_Duke \"Raoul Duke\") and is surprised to see Jacob dressed up as the same. Blake takes Jacob home, but their attempt to have [sex](/wiki/Sex \"Sex\") ends when Jacob does not have a [condom](/wiki/Condom \"Condom\"). Blake writes about their failed hookup for her column, to Jacob's horror.",
"After weighing Ian's offer, Blake decides to go on a date with him with her primary motivation being her desire to compete with Jacob for the journalism award. On their first date Blake has sex with Ian. She initially believes that she received nothing in return, however Ian gifts her a [scooter](/wiki/Scooter_%28motorcycle%29 \"Scooter (motorcycle)\") after stealing her bike. Blake begins writing about her experiences with Ian and her column becomes a hit. When Jacob questions the ethics of her decision to write about Ian, Blake points out her column is anonymous.",
"Blake continues to date Ian and despite initially asking him for nothing eventually asks him to write her a recommendation letter for the journalism award which he agrees to do.",
"One afternoon when Blake is high on MDMA after having accidentally ingested a laced cupcake prepared by Nikki, Ian turns up with a diamond bracelet asking her to attend a wedding with him. Blake accompanies Ian and realizes that the wedding is that of Morgan's sugar daddy. The groom accosts her after the wedding and tells her that he is interested in having sex with her. Blake ends up running away from the wedding without telling Ian.",
"Disturbed by what happened at the wedding Blake begins to question her relationship with Ian and struggles to understand how it is different from [prostitution](/wiki/Prostitution \"Prostitution\"). At dinner Blake tries to connect with Ian but he refuses to answer personal questions. The night ends with them having sex despite Blake's reluctance. Upset after their night together Blake goes for some air and is locked outside. Wandering home she finds the bike which Ian took from her after their first night together. She rides home dressed only in a bedsheet but blends in with other students returning from a [toga party](/wiki/Toga_party \"Toga party\"). She runs into Jacob who, seeing she's upset, takes her out to breakfast where the two bond over being the children of divorced parents.",
"Returning home Blake is confronted by Ian who has finally read the writing sample she sent him and discovered she is documenting their relationship. He threatens to ruin her career if she doesn't take the column down and withdraws his recommendation letter for the award.",
"Reflecting on what to do Blake decides to sell the jewellery Ian gave her and refuses to take down the column. While both Blake and the men featured in her column were always anonymous she decides to publish her final column under her real name as she is not ashamed of her experiences.",
"Heading to graduation Blake receives a message from Jacob urging her to meet him at the bleachers. There Jacob does a poor reenactment of the final scene of *[Sleepless in Seattle](/wiki/Sleepless_in_Seattle \"Sleepless in Seattle\")* which he watched after learning [Nora Ephron](/wiki/Nora_Ephron \"Nora Ephron\") was Blake's favourite writer. Blake appreciates the gesture and the two kiss before joining their friends for graduation.",
""
] |
History
-------
DeHa 301 started life as MoHa 105, an electric multiple unit car built in August 1930 by {{Nihongo\|Niigata Tekkō\|新潟鐵工所\|\|now \[\[Niigata Transys]]}} for the {{Nihongo\|Tsurumi Rinkō Railway\|鶴見臨港鉄道\|\|now the JR \[\[Tsurumi Line]]}} in [Kanagawa Prefecture](/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture "Kanagawa Prefecture"). MoHa 105 was renumbered MoHa 115 in May 1941 following the absorption of the Tsurumi Rinkō Railway into the [Japanese National Railways](/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways "Japanese National Railways") (JNR) network, and later worked on the JNR Toyamako Line (now part of the [Toyama Light Rail Toyamakō Line](/wiki/Toyama_Light_Rail_Toyamak%C5%8D_Line "Toyama Light Rail Toyamakō Line")) in [Toyama Prefecture](/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture "Toyama Prefecture").{{cite book\| last \= Shirato\| first \= Sadao\| script\-title\=ja: 岬へ行く電車―銚子電気鉄道77年のあゆみ― \|trans\-title\= Trains to the Cape: 77 Years of the Choshi Electric Railway\| publisher \= Tokyo Bunken Center\| date \= June 2001\| location \= Japan\| page \= 97\| isbn \= 978\-4\-925187\-21\-3\| title \= 岬へ行く電車: 銚子電気鉄道77年のあゆみ}} It was removed from service on 10 September 1944 and placed into storage at Ōi Works in Tokyo, and officially withdrawn on 28 March 1949\.
File:Tsurumi Rinko MoHa 110 19390831\.jpg\|Tsurumi Rinko Railway MoHa 110 (similar to MoHa 105\) in 1939
The car was subsequently purchased by the Choshi Electric Railway, and rebuilt by {{Nihongo\|Nippon Tetsudō Jidōsha Kōgyō\|日本鉄道自動車工業\|\|present\-day Toyokouki}} before entering service on the line from 10 August 1951\.
The [trolley pole](/wiki/Trolley_pole "Trolley pole") current collector added on transfer to the Choshi Electric Railway was later replaced by a [bow collector](/wiki/Bow_collector "Bow collector"), and this was replaced by a PS13 lozenge\-type [pantograph](/wiki/Pantograph_%28rail%29 "Pantograph (rail)") from April 1990\.
The original Kisha BW [bogies](/wiki/Bogie "Bogie") were replaced in 1984 by [Nippon Sharyo](/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo "Nippon Sharyo") D\-16 bogies from former [Iyo Railway](/wiki/Iyo_Railway "Iyo Railway") rolling stock.
In later years, it was used as an inspection and works train for overhead wire maintenance, with a platform added to the roof.
The car was withdrawn in fiscal 2008 and stored at [Tokawa Station](/wiki/Tokawa_Station "Tokawa Station") before being cut up in October 2009\.{{cite magazine\| last \= Satō\| first \= Toshio\| script\-title\=ja:銚子電鉄の電車たちを訪ねて \|trans\-title\= Visiting the trains of the Chōshi Electric Railway\|magazine\=\[\[Japan Railfan Magazine]]\| volume \= 49\| issue \= 584\| pages \=92–96\| publisher \= Kōyūsha\| location \= Japan\| date \= December 2009\| language \= ja}}
File:Choshi Electric Railway Deha\-301\.JPG\|DeHa 301 at Nakanochō Depot, January 2007
|
[
"History\n-------",
"DeHa 301 started life as MoHa 105, an electric multiple unit car built in August 1930 by {{Nihongo\\|Niigata Tekkō\\|新潟鐵工所\\|\\|now \\[\\[Niigata Transys]]}} for the {{Nihongo\\|Tsurumi Rinkō Railway\\|鶴見臨港鉄道\\|\\|now the JR \\[\\[Tsurumi Line]]}} in [Kanagawa Prefecture](/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture \"Kanagawa Prefecture\"). MoHa 105 was renumbered MoHa 115 in May 1941 following the absorption of the Tsurumi Rinkō Railway into the [Japanese National Railways](/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways \"Japanese National Railways\") (JNR) network, and later worked on the JNR Toyamako Line (now part of the [Toyama Light Rail Toyamakō Line](/wiki/Toyama_Light_Rail_Toyamak%C5%8D_Line \"Toyama Light Rail Toyamakō Line\")) in [Toyama Prefecture](/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture \"Toyama Prefecture\").{{cite book\\| last \\= Shirato\\| first \\= Sadao\\| script\\-title\\=ja: 岬へ行く電車―銚子電気鉄道77年のあゆみ― \\|trans\\-title\\= Trains to the Cape: 77 Years of the Choshi Electric Railway\\| publisher \\= Tokyo Bunken Center\\| date \\= June 2001\\| location \\= Japan\\| page \\= 97\\| isbn \\= 978\\-4\\-925187\\-21\\-3\\| title \\= 岬へ行く電車: 銚子電気鉄道77年のあゆみ}} It was removed from service on 10 September 1944 and placed into storage at Ōi Works in Tokyo, and officially withdrawn on 28 March 1949\\.",
"",
"File:Tsurumi Rinko MoHa 110 19390831\\.jpg\\|Tsurumi Rinko Railway MoHa 110 (similar to MoHa 105\\) in 1939",
"",
"The car was subsequently purchased by the Choshi Electric Railway, and rebuilt by {{Nihongo\\|Nippon Tetsudō Jidōsha Kōgyō\\|日本鉄道自動車工業\\|\\|present\\-day Toyokouki}} before entering service on the line from 10 August 1951\\.",
"The [trolley pole](/wiki/Trolley_pole \"Trolley pole\") current collector added on transfer to the Choshi Electric Railway was later replaced by a [bow collector](/wiki/Bow_collector \"Bow collector\"), and this was replaced by a PS13 lozenge\\-type [pantograph](/wiki/Pantograph_%28rail%29 \"Pantograph (rail)\") from April 1990\\.",
"The original Kisha BW [bogies](/wiki/Bogie \"Bogie\") were replaced in 1984 by [Nippon Sharyo](/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo \"Nippon Sharyo\") D\\-16 bogies from former [Iyo Railway](/wiki/Iyo_Railway \"Iyo Railway\") rolling stock.",
"In later years, it was used as an inspection and works train for overhead wire maintenance, with a platform added to the roof.",
"The car was withdrawn in fiscal 2008 and stored at [Tokawa Station](/wiki/Tokawa_Station \"Tokawa Station\") before being cut up in October 2009\\.{{cite magazine\\| last \\= Satō\\| first \\= Toshio\\| script\\-title\\=ja:銚子電鉄の電車たちを訪ねて \\|trans\\-title\\= Visiting the trains of the Chōshi Electric Railway\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Japan Railfan Magazine]]\\| volume \\= 49\\| issue \\= 584\\| pages \\=92–96\\| publisher \\= Kōyūsha\\| location \\= Japan\\| date \\= December 2009\\| language \\= ja}}",
"",
"File:Choshi Electric Railway Deha\\-301\\.JPG\\|DeHa 301 at Nakanochō Depot, January 2007",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
Richmond was founded in 1972 by the social entrepreneur and politician [Cyril Taylor](/wiki/Cyril_Julian_Hebden_Taylor "Cyril Julian Hebden Taylor"), chairman of the [American Institute For Foreign Study](/wiki/American_Institute_For_Foreign_Study "American Institute For Foreign Study") (AIFS), as Richmond College, The American College in London. It began teaching on the site of the former [Richmond Theological College](/wiki/Richmond_Theological_College "Richmond Theological College"), part of the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London "University of London"), founded in 1843 as a Methodist theological college. AIFS had been previously using the college site for a number of years for their London study abroad programmes. AIFS purchased half of the college's 10\-acre site for £300,000 (equivalent to £3\.82 million in 2015\), including the majority of its buildings and front lawns, to form a new American liberal arts college.Cyril Taylor. 2013\. Sir Cyril: My Life as a Social Entrepreneur. Stroud: Amberley. A second campus was opened on St Albans Grove and Ansdell Street in Kensington in 1978 for third and fourth year students as well as the college's US Study Abroad Programme.
In its early years Richmond served mainly to house study abroad programmes to US students, however this changed in 1981 when Richmond obtained a licence to award US undergraduate degrees from the Washington DC Board of Education and formal accreditation from the Middle States Association of Schools and Colleges (now the [Middle States Commission on Higher Education](/wiki/Middle_States_Commission_on_Higher_Education "Middle States Commission on Higher Education")).
An expansion of the university's Kensington campus on Young Street was officially opened in March 1988 by [Diana, Princess of Wales](/wiki/Diana%2C_Princess_of_Wales "Diana, Princess of Wales").
In 1995 AIFS spun\-off the university as a non\-profit educational institution. Richmond inaugurated its first postgraduate degree in 1998 with a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree.
From 1996 to 2018 Richmond issued British degrees validated by the [Open University](/wiki/Open_University "Open University"). In May 2018, the university was granted Taught Degree Awarding Powers in the UK, enabling students to receive two degree certificates, from the US and UK.
In December 2019 the university president, Lawrence Abeln, resigned after filing a complaint with the Charity Commission against the Cyril Taylor Charitable Foundation, the main financial backers of the university. In January 2020 financial problems caused by the dispute with the foundation led the board of trustees to suspend recruitment of students for the spring term.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/3068543e\-4a8a\-11ea\-95a0\-43d18ec715f5 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/8eymG \|archive\-date\=11 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=British liberal arts university hits trouble after benefactor's death\|date\=9 February 2020\|author\=Andrew Jack\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/students\-stranded\-uk\-after\-university\-paused\-recruitment\|title\=Students 'stranded' in UK after university paused recruitment\|date\=27 January 2020\|work\=\[\[Times Higher Education]]}}
In March 2020 the university signed a partnership agreement with the Hong Kong\-based China Education Group (CEG), giving Richmond students access to internships and exchange programs across CEG's universities and institutes in China and Australia as well as expanding Richmond's international marketing and recruitment. The partners said the deal would "secure the long\-term future of the university".{{cite news\|url\=https://thepienews.com/news/richmond\-partners\-with\-china\-education\-group/\|title\=UK: Richmond \& China Education Group partner \|date\=31 March 2020\|author\=Viggo Stacey\|work\=The PIE News\|publisher\=Professionals in International Education}}
By late 2021 the university had vacated most of its buildings in the Kensington area, retaining one site on Kensington High Street. It also announced in November 2021 that it would be relocating its Richmond campus to new premises in [Chiswick Business Park](/wiki/Chiswick_Business_Park "Chiswick Business Park") in summer 2022\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.richmond.ac.uk/about\-richmond/a\-new\-home/\|title\=A new home for Richmond}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.richmond.ac.uk/were\-on\-the\-move/\|title\=We're on the move}} In spring 2023, the Kensington High Street location closed for student courses.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Richmond was founded in 1972 by the social entrepreneur and politician [Cyril Taylor](/wiki/Cyril_Julian_Hebden_Taylor \"Cyril Julian Hebden Taylor\"), chairman of the [American Institute For Foreign Study](/wiki/American_Institute_For_Foreign_Study \"American Institute For Foreign Study\") (AIFS), as Richmond College, The American College in London. It began teaching on the site of the former [Richmond Theological College](/wiki/Richmond_Theological_College \"Richmond Theological College\"), part of the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London \"University of London\"), founded in 1843 as a Methodist theological college. AIFS had been previously using the college site for a number of years for their London study abroad programmes. AIFS purchased half of the college's 10\\-acre site for £300,000 (equivalent to £3\\.82 million in 2015\\), including the majority of its buildings and front lawns, to form a new American liberal arts college.Cyril Taylor. 2013\\. Sir Cyril: My Life as a Social Entrepreneur. Stroud: Amberley. A second campus was opened on St Albans Grove and Ansdell Street in Kensington in 1978 for third and fourth year students as well as the college's US Study Abroad Programme.",
"In its early years Richmond served mainly to house study abroad programmes to US students, however this changed in 1981 when Richmond obtained a licence to award US undergraduate degrees from the Washington DC Board of Education and formal accreditation from the Middle States Association of Schools and Colleges (now the [Middle States Commission on Higher Education](/wiki/Middle_States_Commission_on_Higher_Education \"Middle States Commission on Higher Education\")).",
"An expansion of the university's Kensington campus on Young Street was officially opened in March 1988 by [Diana, Princess of Wales](/wiki/Diana%2C_Princess_of_Wales \"Diana, Princess of Wales\").",
"In 1995 AIFS spun\\-off the university as a non\\-profit educational institution. Richmond inaugurated its first postgraduate degree in 1998 with a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree.",
"From 1996 to 2018 Richmond issued British degrees validated by the [Open University](/wiki/Open_University \"Open University\"). In May 2018, the university was granted Taught Degree Awarding Powers in the UK, enabling students to receive two degree certificates, from the US and UK.",
"In December 2019 the university president, Lawrence Abeln, resigned after filing a complaint with the Charity Commission against the Cyril Taylor Charitable Foundation, the main financial backers of the university. In January 2020 financial problems caused by the dispute with the foundation led the board of trustees to suspend recruitment of students for the spring term.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/3068543e\\-4a8a\\-11ea\\-95a0\\-43d18ec715f5 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/8eymG \\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=British liberal arts university hits trouble after benefactor's death\\|date\\=9 February 2020\\|author\\=Andrew Jack\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/students\\-stranded\\-uk\\-after\\-university\\-paused\\-recruitment\\|title\\=Students 'stranded' in UK after university paused recruitment\\|date\\=27 January 2020\\|work\\=\\[\\[Times Higher Education]]}}",
"In March 2020 the university signed a partnership agreement with the Hong Kong\\-based China Education Group (CEG), giving Richmond students access to internships and exchange programs across CEG's universities and institutes in China and Australia as well as expanding Richmond's international marketing and recruitment. The partners said the deal would \"secure the long\\-term future of the university\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://thepienews.com/news/richmond\\-partners\\-with\\-china\\-education\\-group/\\|title\\=UK: Richmond \\& China Education Group partner \\|date\\=31 March 2020\\|author\\=Viggo Stacey\\|work\\=The PIE News\\|publisher\\=Professionals in International Education}}",
"By late 2021 the university had vacated most of its buildings in the Kensington area, retaining one site on Kensington High Street. It also announced in November 2021 that it would be relocating its Richmond campus to new premises in [Chiswick Business Park](/wiki/Chiswick_Business_Park \"Chiswick Business Park\") in summer 2022\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.richmond.ac.uk/about\\-richmond/a\\-new\\-home/\\|title\\=A new home for Richmond}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.richmond.ac.uk/were\\-on\\-the\\-move/\\|title\\=We're on the move}} In spring 2023, the Kensington High Street location closed for student courses.",
""
] |
History
-------
In the beginning, **GNA** ([recursively acronymed](/wiki/Recursive_acronym "Recursive acronym") "*Gna's Not Axis*"), was an association formed by Loïc Dachary for the distribution of [free software](/wiki/Free_software "Free software").
On the 12 April 2001, GNA turned into the French chapter of [Free Software Foundation](/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation "Free Software Foundation") (FSF).
At the end of 2003, the [GNU Savannah](/wiki/GNU_Savannah "GNU Savannah") server was replaced by FSF after a security compromise. A dispute broke out between FSF, who owned Savannah, and Savannah's maintainers, including developers of the Savannah software over the levels of administration the FSF should be given. FSF announced that it was going to switch to [GForge](/wiki/GForge "GForge"), leaving frayed tempers among the developers, as result of a conflict about Savannah maintainers' role.
In January 2004,{{cite web
\| url\=http://www.advogato.org/article/751\.html
\| title\=Gna!, a new host for Libre Software development
\| first\=Mathieu
\| last\=Roy
\| date\=2004\-02\-02
\| publisher\=\[\[Advogato]]
\| accessdate\=2017\-07\-11}}{{cite web
\| url\=http://freecode.com/articles/gna\-a\-new\-host\-for\-libre\-software\-development
\| title\=Gna!, A New Host for Libre Software Development
\| first\=Vincent
\| last\=Caron
\| date\=2004\-02\-11
\| publisher\=\[\[Freecode]]
\| accessdate\=2017\-07\-11}} Loïc Dachary (who also started [GNU Savannah](/wiki/GNU_Savannah "GNU Savannah")) and several former [GNU Savannah](/wiki/GNU_Savannah "GNU Savannah") maintainers set up "Gna!" as a continuation of the Savannah project, but hosted on servers owned by the [Free Software Foundation](/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation "Free Software Foundation") France. *Gna!* is paradoxically recursively acronymed "*Gna's Not an Acronym!*". It is managed by a self\-organized team, supported by Free Software Foundation France.
For the hosted projects, Gna! provides source code version control ([CVS](/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System "Concurrent Versions System"), and [SVN](/wiki/Subversion_%28software%29 "Subversion (software)")), a download space, project monitoring facilities, etc.
A notable exception to other [free software community](/wiki/Free_software_community "Free software community") portals is Gna's strict [licensing](/wiki/Software_license "Software license") restrictions: only [GNU General Public License](/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License "GNU General Public License") compatible projects may be developed on the server. This is one of the reasons why it is significantly smaller than other portals. Its small userbase is advertised as a positive because it generally aids in the quick resolution of problems; a process which can take weeks on the larger sites.
In November 2016, the Gna! project announced it would soon be closing down,{{cite web
\|url \= https://mail.gna.org/public/project/2016\-11/msg00001\.html
\|title \= The end of Gna?
\|date \= 2016\-11\-20
\|archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170505010209/https://mail.gna.org/public/project/2016\-11/msg00001\.html
\|archivedate \= 2017\-05\-05
\|accessdate \= 2017\-07\-11
\|url\-status \= dead
}} and explained "soon" to mean "within 3 months \[of February 2017], or when the hardware dies."{{cite web
\|url \= https://gna.org/forum/message.php?msg\_id\=22377
\|title \= RE: I can't reach SVN....
\|date \= 2017\-02\-04
\|archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174959/https://gna.org/forum/message.php?msg\_id\=22377
\|archivedate \= 2017\-03\-15
\|accessdate \= 2017\-07\-11
\|url\-status \= dead
}}
On 24 May 2017, Gna! servers were shut down.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ubuntubuzz.com/2017/03/gna\-software\-hosting\-will\-shut\-down.html\|title\=Gna! Software Hosting Will Shut Down}}
In April 2022, Loïc Dachary and Aravinth Manivannan launched a paid service for hosting [Gitea](/wiki/Gitea "Gitea") (later [Forgejo](/wiki/Forgejo "Forgejo")) instances, called Hostea.{{Cite web \|last\=Manivannan \|first\=Aravinth \|date\=2022\-04\-22 \|title\=Introducing Hostea \|url\=https://gna.org/blog/22\-04\-2022\-hostea\-introducing\-hostea\-forgefriends\-monthly\-meet/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-30 \|website\=Gna! blog}} In August 2022 Hostea was renamed to Gna!.{{Cite web \|last\=Dachary \|first\=Loïc \|date\=2022\-08\-24 \|title\=Decision: replacing the name Hostea with Gna! \|url\=https://forum.gna.org/t/decision\-replacing\-the\-name\-hostea\-with\-gna/180 \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-30 \|website\=Gna! forum}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In the beginning, **GNA** ([recursively acronymed](/wiki/Recursive_acronym \"Recursive acronym\") \"*Gna's Not Axis*\"), was an association formed by Loïc Dachary for the distribution of [free software](/wiki/Free_software \"Free software\").",
"On the 12 April 2001, GNA turned into the French chapter of [Free Software Foundation](/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation \"Free Software Foundation\") (FSF).",
"At the end of 2003, the [GNU Savannah](/wiki/GNU_Savannah \"GNU Savannah\") server was replaced by FSF after a security compromise. A dispute broke out between FSF, who owned Savannah, and Savannah's maintainers, including developers of the Savannah software over the levels of administration the FSF should be given. FSF announced that it was going to switch to [GForge](/wiki/GForge \"GForge\"), leaving frayed tempers among the developers, as result of a conflict about Savannah maintainers' role.",
"In January 2004,{{cite web\n\\| url\\=http://www.advogato.org/article/751\\.html\n\\| title\\=Gna!, a new host for Libre Software development\n\\| first\\=Mathieu\n\\| last\\=Roy\n\\| date\\=2004\\-02\\-02\n\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Advogato]]\n\\| accessdate\\=2017\\-07\\-11}}{{cite web\n\\| url\\=http://freecode.com/articles/gna\\-a\\-new\\-host\\-for\\-libre\\-software\\-development\n\\| title\\=Gna!, A New Host for Libre Software Development\n\\| first\\=Vincent\n\\| last\\=Caron\n\\| date\\=2004\\-02\\-11\n\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Freecode]]\n\\| accessdate\\=2017\\-07\\-11}} Loïc Dachary (who also started [GNU Savannah](/wiki/GNU_Savannah \"GNU Savannah\")) and several former [GNU Savannah](/wiki/GNU_Savannah \"GNU Savannah\") maintainers set up \"Gna!\" as a continuation of the Savannah project, but hosted on servers owned by the [Free Software Foundation](/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation \"Free Software Foundation\") France. *Gna!* is paradoxically recursively acronymed \"*Gna's Not an Acronym!*\". It is managed by a self\\-organized team, supported by Free Software Foundation France.",
"For the hosted projects, Gna! provides source code version control ([CVS](/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System \"Concurrent Versions System\"), and [SVN](/wiki/Subversion_%28software%29 \"Subversion (software)\")), a download space, project monitoring facilities, etc.",
"A notable exception to other [free software community](/wiki/Free_software_community \"Free software community\") portals is Gna's strict [licensing](/wiki/Software_license \"Software license\") restrictions: only [GNU General Public License](/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License \"GNU General Public License\") compatible projects may be developed on the server. This is one of the reasons why it is significantly smaller than other portals. Its small userbase is advertised as a positive because it generally aids in the quick resolution of problems; a process which can take weeks on the larger sites.",
"In November 2016, the Gna! project announced it would soon be closing down,{{cite web\n \\|url \\= https://mail.gna.org/public/project/2016\\-11/msg00001\\.html\n \\|title \\= The end of Gna?\n \\|date \\= 2016\\-11\\-20\n \\|archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170505010209/https://mail.gna.org/public/project/2016\\-11/msg00001\\.html\n \\|archivedate \\= 2017\\-05\\-05\n \\|accessdate \\= 2017\\-07\\-11\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n}} and explained \"soon\" to mean \"within 3 months \\[of February 2017], or when the hardware dies.\"{{cite web\n \\|url \\= https://gna.org/forum/message.php?msg\\_id\\=22377\n \\|title \\= RE: I can't reach SVN....\n \\|date \\= 2017\\-02\\-04\n \\|archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174959/https://gna.org/forum/message.php?msg\\_id\\=22377\n \\|archivedate \\= 2017\\-03\\-15\n \\|accessdate \\= 2017\\-07\\-11\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n}}",
"On 24 May 2017, Gna! servers were shut down.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ubuntubuzz.com/2017/03/gna\\-software\\-hosting\\-will\\-shut\\-down.html\\|title\\=Gna! Software Hosting Will Shut Down}}",
"In April 2022, Loïc Dachary and Aravinth Manivannan launched a paid service for hosting [Gitea](/wiki/Gitea \"Gitea\") (later [Forgejo](/wiki/Forgejo \"Forgejo\")) instances, called Hostea.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Manivannan \\|first\\=Aravinth \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-22 \\|title\\=Introducing Hostea \\|url\\=https://gna.org/blog/22\\-04\\-2022\\-hostea\\-introducing\\-hostea\\-forgefriends\\-monthly\\-meet/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=Gna! blog}} In August 2022 Hostea was renamed to Gna!.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Dachary \\|first\\=Loïc \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-24 \\|title\\=Decision: replacing the name Hostea with Gna! \\|url\\=https://forum.gna.org/t/decision\\-replacing\\-the\\-name\\-hostea\\-with\\-gna/180 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-30 \\|website\\=Gna! forum}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1880\= 84
\|1900\= 80
\|1910\= 116
\|1920\= 106
\|1930\= 116
\|1940\= 165
\|1950\= 165
\|1960\= 209
\|1970\= 209
\|1980\= 296
\|1990\= 132
\|2000\= 74
\|2010\= 85
\|2020\= 64
\|estyear\=2021
\|estimate\=64
\|estref\=
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=January 24, 2013}} of 2010, there were 85 people, 42 households, and 22 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1416\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 47 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|783\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 100\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)").
There were 42 households, of which 28\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47\.6% were non\-families. 45\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.02 and the average family size was 2\.73\.
The median age in the town was 41\.4 years. 17\.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 14\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27\.1% were from 25 to 44; 17\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 23\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 34\.1% male and 65\.9% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 74 people, 39 households, and 20 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 1,334\.0 inhabitants per square mile (476\.2/km2). There were 44 housing units at an average density of 793\.2 per square mile (283\.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 100\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)").
There were 39 households, out of which 15\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 5\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46\.2% were non\-families. 43\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 28\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\.90 and the average family size was 2\.62\.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 10\.8% under the age of 18, 9\.5% from 18 to 24, 23\.0% from 25 to 44, 36\.5% from 45 to 64, and 20\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 80\.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73\.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $25,625, and the median income for a family was $38,333\. Males had a median income of $35,417 versus $21,875 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $17,369\. There were no families and 6\.2% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including no under eighteens and 22\.2% of those over 64\.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 84\n\\|1900\\= 80\n\\|1910\\= 116\n\\|1920\\= 106\n\\|1930\\= 116\n\\|1940\\= 165\n\\|1950\\= 165\n\\|1960\\= 209\n\\|1970\\= 209\n\\|1980\\= 296\n\\|1990\\= 132\n\\|2000\\= 74\n\\|2010\\= 85\n\\|2020\\= 64\n\\|estyear\\=2021\n\\|estimate\\=64\n\\|estref\\=\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 24, 2013}} of 2010, there were 85 people, 42 households, and 22 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1416\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 47 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|783\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 100\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 42 households, of which 28\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47\\.6% were non\\-families. 45\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.02 and the average family size was 2\\.73\\.",
"The median age in the town was 41\\.4 years. 17\\.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 14\\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 17\\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 23\\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 34\\.1% male and 65\\.9% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 74 people, 39 households, and 20 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 1,334\\.0 inhabitants per square mile (476\\.2/km2). There were 44 housing units at an average density of 793\\.2 per square mile (283\\.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 100\\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 39 households, out of which 15\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46\\.2% were non\\-families. 43\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 28\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\\.90 and the average family size was 2\\.62\\.",
"In the town, the population was spread out, with 10\\.8% under the age of 18, 9\\.5% from 18 to 24, 23\\.0% from 25 to 44, 36\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 20\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 80\\.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73\\.7 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $25,625, and the median income for a family was $38,333\\. Males had a median income of $35,417 versus $21,875 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $17,369\\. There were no families and 6\\.2% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including no under eighteens and 22\\.2% of those over 64\\.",
""
] |
Musical career
--------------
### 1990–1995
Dean's first single was "Lowdown Lonely", which did not enter the charts.{{cite book\|last1\=Flint\|first1\=Joseph H.\|last2\=Nelson\|first2\=Judy A.\|title\=The insider's country music handbook\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pin7Ya25sGkC\&q\=%22billy\+dean%22\+%22lowdown\+lonely%22\|date\=August 24, 1993\|page\=82\|publisher\=Gibbs\-Smith \|isbn\=9780879055639}} It was followed by "[Only Here for a Little While](/wiki/Only_Here_for_a_Little_While "Only Here for a Little While")", the second release from his debut album *[Young Man](/wiki/Young_Man_%28Billy_Dean_album%29 "Young Man (Billy Dean album)")*. This song and its follow\-up, "[Somewhere in My Broken Heart](/wiki/Somewhere_in_My_Broken_Heart "Somewhere in My Broken Heart")" (previously recorded by [Randy Travis](/wiki/Randy_Travis "Randy Travis") on his 1989 album *[No Holdin' Back](/wiki/No_Holdin%27_Back "No Holdin' Back")*) were both No. 3 hits on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* country charts. The latter was also a minor hit on the [Hot Adult Contemporary](/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary "Hot Adult Contemporary") Tracks charts. *Young Man* was certified gold by the [RIAA](/wiki/RIAA "RIAA").
Dean's self\-titled [second album](/wiki/Billy_Dean_%28album%29 "Billy Dean (album)") followed in 1991, and soon earned a gold certification as well. Four singles were released from it: "[You Don't Count the Cost](/wiki/You_Don%27t_Count_the_Cost "You Don't Count the Cost")", "[Only the Wind](/wiki/Only_the_Wind_%28song%29 "Only the Wind (song)")" and "[Billy the Kid](/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_%28Billy_Dean_song%29 "Billy the Kid (Billy Dean song)")" each peaked at No. 4 on the country charts, while "[If There Hadn't Been You](/wiki/If_There_Hadn%27t_Been_You "If There Hadn't Been You")" was a No. 3 on *Billboard*, and a No. 1 on both the former *[Radio \& Records](/wiki/Radio_%26_Records "Radio & Records")* (now *[Mediabase](/wiki/Mediabase "Mediabase")*) country charts in the U.S. and the *[RPM](/wiki/RPM_%28magazine%29 "RPM (magazine)")* Country Tracks charts in Canada.
Dean toured with [The Judds](/wiki/The_Judds "The Judds") on their farewell tour in 1991, he also toured with [Wynonna Judd](/wiki/Wynonna_Judd "Wynonna Judd") and [Clint Black](/wiki/Clint_Black "Clint Black"). He wrote and recorded the theme song to the [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") animated television series *[Wild West C.O.W.\-Boys of Moo Mesa](/wiki/Wild_West_C.O.W.-Boys_of_Moo_Mesa "Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa")*, and hosted a Top 21 countdown on [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1"). In 1992, he earned the Top New Male Vocalist award and the Song of the Year award for "Somewhere in My Broken Heart" from the [Academy of Country Music](/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music "Academy of Country Music").
*[Fire in the Dark](/wiki/Fire_in_the_Dark "Fire in the Dark")* was the title of Dean's third album. Issued in 1993, it was his third straight gold\-certified album, earning that certification from both the RIAA and [CRIA](/wiki/Music_Canada "Music Canada").His lead\-off single "[Tryin' to Hide a Fire in the Dark](/wiki/Tryin%27_to_Hide_a_Fire_in_the_Dark "Tryin' to Hide a Fire in the Dark")" peaked at No. 6 in the United States and became his second No. 1 in Canada. Following it were "I Wanna Take Care of You", "I'm Not Built That Way", and a cover of [Dave Mason](/wiki/Dave_Mason "Dave Mason")'s 1977 pop hit "[We Just Disagree](/wiki/We_Just_Disagree "We Just Disagree")". Also in 1993, Dean had an opening slot on [Alan Jackson](/wiki/Alan_Jackson "Alan Jackson")'s tour.
Following his first three studio albums was a [greatest hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Billy_Dean_album%29 "Greatest Hits (Billy Dean album)") album in 1994\. This album reprised his first nine singles, as well as a new song, "Once in a While", which Dean wrote and recorded for the [soundtrack](/wiki/8_Seconds_%28soundtrack%29 "8 Seconds (soundtrack)") to the 1994 film *[8 Seconds](/wiki/8_Seconds "8 Seconds")*. This song peaked at No. 53 based on unsolicited airplay.
*[Men'll Be Boys](/wiki/Men%27ll_Be_Boys "Men'll Be Boys")*, his final release for SBK/Liberty, came later in 1994\. This album was not as successful in sales or chart performance, producing the No. 24 "Cowboy Band" and No. 60 title track. After this album, Dean placed his career on hiatus to raise his children.
### 1996–present
Dean returned to the recording studio in 1996 for his fifth album, *[It's What I Do](/wiki/It%27s_What_I_Do "It's What I Do")*, on [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records "Capitol Records") Nashville. This album returned him to the Top Ten with its [title track](/wiki/It%27s_What_I_Do_%28song%29 "It's What I Do (song)") and "[That Girl's Been Spyin' on Me](/wiki/That_Girl%27s_Been_Spyin%27_on_Me "That Girl's Been Spyin' on Me")", which reached numbers 5 and 4, respectively. The final single, a cover of [Don Williams](/wiki/Don_Williams "Don Williams")' 1988 single "[I Wouldn't Be a Man](/wiki/I_Wouldn%27t_Be_a_Man "I Wouldn't Be a Man")", fell short of Top 40\. He also worked with actress and singer [Crystal Bernard](/wiki/Crystal_Bernard "Crystal Bernard") on her 1996 debut album *Girl Next Door*, in addition to co\-writing its debut single "Have We Forgotten What Love Is." Later that year, Dean released a non\-charting single, "In the Name of Love", which never appeared on an album. In 1998, [Victoria Shaw](/wiki/Victoria_Shaw_%28singer%29 "Victoria Shaw (singer)") and several other artists, including Dean, collaborated on the charity single "One Heart at a Time".
*[Real Man](/wiki/Real_Man "Real Man")*, his sixth album, was issued in mid\-1998\. This album produced only one Top 40 hit in its title track, followed by "Innocent Bystander" which reached number 68\. After this album, Dean exited Capitol's roster. He also took up acting once more, appearing in the minor TV specials *A Face to Kill For* and *Blue Valley Songbird*. In 2000, he and [Alison Krauss](/wiki/Alison_Krauss "Alison Krauss") made guest appearances on [Kenny Rogers](/wiki/Kenny_Rogers "Kenny Rogers")' single "[Buy Me a Rose](/wiki/Buy_Me_a_Rose "Buy Me a Rose")", which reached the top of the *Billboard* country charts in May of that year. This song was also a Top 40 hit on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100"), and Rogers' first number 1 single in thirteen years.
A year later, Dean joined [Suzy Bogguss](/wiki/Suzy_Bogguss "Suzy Bogguss") and 12\-year\-old singer [Jillian](/wiki/Jillian_Jacqueline "Jillian Jacqueline") on "Please Keep Mom and Dad in Love," which was issued on Rogers's Dreamcatcher Records, and never included on an album. Although he continued touring, he did not chart again until 2003 with "I'm in Love With You", released on the independent View 2 label. His next release for View 2 was a cover of [John Denver](/wiki/John_Denver "John Denver")'s "[Thank God I'm a Country Boy](/wiki/Thank_God_I%27m_a_Country_Boy "Thank God I'm a Country Boy")". [Curb Records](/wiki/Curb_Records "Curb Records") took over promotion of this single shortly after its release,{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KhAEAAAAMBAJ\&q\=%22Billy\+dean%22\+%22View\+2%22\&pg\=PA28 \|title\=Billboard – Google Books \|date\=April 10, 2004 \|access\-date\=2012\-03\-25}} and by mid\-2004 it reached number 27 on the country charts. Following it was the single "[Let Them Be Little](/wiki/Let_Them_Be_Little_%28song%29 "Let Them Be Little (song)")", co\-written by [Richie McDonald](/wiki/Richie_McDonald "Richie McDonald") of [Lonestar](/wiki/Lonestar "Lonestar") and recorded by the band on its 2004 album *[Let's Be Us Again](/wiki/Let%27s_Be_Us_Again "Let's Be Us Again")*. Dean's seventh studio album, also titled *[Let Them Be Little](/wiki/Let_Them_Be_Little "Let Them Be Little")*, was finally issued in late 2004 on Curb. Although "Let Them Be Little" reached a peak of number 8 on the country charts in early 2005, the album's other singles all failed to reach Top 40\. A [Christmas music](/wiki/Christmas_music "Christmas music") album, *The Christ (A Song for Joseph)*, followed in late 2005\. Included on the album was a duet with his daughter.
In addition to recording and touring, Dean is branching into using music for corporate marketing. One of his ventures, *Song Sessions*, combines songwriting and corporate team building exercises.
Billy has taken over the lead role (formerly played by Kenny Rogers), playing Hank Longley, in "The Toy Shoppe" (a musical written by Kenny Rogers and Kelly Junkerman) at the Starlite Theater in Branson, Missouri, through the end of 2013\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.starlitetheatre.com/show\-in\-branson\-mo/the\-toy\-shoppe\-shows\-in\-branson\-mo/ \|title\=The Toy Shoppe \- Shows in Branson MO \- Starlite Theatre \|access\-date\=2013\-11\-17 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115005605/http://www.starlitetheatre.com/show\-in\-branson\-mo/the\-toy\-shoppe\-shows\-in\-branson\-mo/ \|archive\-date\=November 15, 2013 \|df\=mdy }} Retrieved 2013\-11\-16\.
|
[
"Musical career\n--------------",
"### 1990–1995",
"Dean's first single was \"Lowdown Lonely\", which did not enter the charts.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Flint\\|first1\\=Joseph H.\\|last2\\=Nelson\\|first2\\=Judy A.\\|title\\=The insider's country music handbook\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pin7Ya25sGkC\\&q\\=%22billy\\+dean%22\\+%22lowdown\\+lonely%22\\|date\\=August 24, 1993\\|page\\=82\\|publisher\\=Gibbs\\-Smith \\|isbn\\=9780879055639}} It was followed by \"[Only Here for a Little While](/wiki/Only_Here_for_a_Little_While \"Only Here for a Little While\")\", the second release from his debut album *[Young Man](/wiki/Young_Man_%28Billy_Dean_album%29 \"Young Man (Billy Dean album)\")*. This song and its follow\\-up, \"[Somewhere in My Broken Heart](/wiki/Somewhere_in_My_Broken_Heart \"Somewhere in My Broken Heart\")\" (previously recorded by [Randy Travis](/wiki/Randy_Travis \"Randy Travis\") on his 1989 album *[No Holdin' Back](/wiki/No_Holdin%27_Back \"No Holdin' Back\")*) were both No. 3 hits on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* country charts. The latter was also a minor hit on the [Hot Adult Contemporary](/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary \"Hot Adult Contemporary\") Tracks charts. *Young Man* was certified gold by the [RIAA](/wiki/RIAA \"RIAA\").",
"Dean's self\\-titled [second album](/wiki/Billy_Dean_%28album%29 \"Billy Dean (album)\") followed in 1991, and soon earned a gold certification as well. Four singles were released from it: \"[You Don't Count the Cost](/wiki/You_Don%27t_Count_the_Cost \"You Don't Count the Cost\")\", \"[Only the Wind](/wiki/Only_the_Wind_%28song%29 \"Only the Wind (song)\")\" and \"[Billy the Kid](/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_%28Billy_Dean_song%29 \"Billy the Kid (Billy Dean song)\")\" each peaked at No. 4 on the country charts, while \"[If There Hadn't Been You](/wiki/If_There_Hadn%27t_Been_You \"If There Hadn't Been You\")\" was a No. 3 on *Billboard*, and a No. 1 on both the former *[Radio \\& Records](/wiki/Radio_%26_Records \"Radio & Records\")* (now *[Mediabase](/wiki/Mediabase \"Mediabase\")*) country charts in the U.S. and the *[RPM](/wiki/RPM_%28magazine%29 \"RPM (magazine)\")* Country Tracks charts in Canada.",
"Dean toured with [The Judds](/wiki/The_Judds \"The Judds\") on their farewell tour in 1991, he also toured with [Wynonna Judd](/wiki/Wynonna_Judd \"Wynonna Judd\") and [Clint Black](/wiki/Clint_Black \"Clint Black\"). He wrote and recorded the theme song to the [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") animated television series *[Wild West C.O.W.\\-Boys of Moo Mesa](/wiki/Wild_West_C.O.W.-Boys_of_Moo_Mesa \"Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa\")*, and hosted a Top 21 countdown on [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\"). In 1992, he earned the Top New Male Vocalist award and the Song of the Year award for \"Somewhere in My Broken Heart\" from the [Academy of Country Music](/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music \"Academy of Country Music\").",
"*[Fire in the Dark](/wiki/Fire_in_the_Dark \"Fire in the Dark\")* was the title of Dean's third album. Issued in 1993, it was his third straight gold\\-certified album, earning that certification from both the RIAA and [CRIA](/wiki/Music_Canada \"Music Canada\").His lead\\-off single \"[Tryin' to Hide a Fire in the Dark](/wiki/Tryin%27_to_Hide_a_Fire_in_the_Dark \"Tryin' to Hide a Fire in the Dark\")\" peaked at No. 6 in the United States and became his second No. 1 in Canada. Following it were \"I Wanna Take Care of You\", \"I'm Not Built That Way\", and a cover of [Dave Mason](/wiki/Dave_Mason \"Dave Mason\")'s 1977 pop hit \"[We Just Disagree](/wiki/We_Just_Disagree \"We Just Disagree\")\". Also in 1993, Dean had an opening slot on [Alan Jackson](/wiki/Alan_Jackson \"Alan Jackson\")'s tour.",
"Following his first three studio albums was a [greatest hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Billy_Dean_album%29 \"Greatest Hits (Billy Dean album)\") album in 1994\\. This album reprised his first nine singles, as well as a new song, \"Once in a While\", which Dean wrote and recorded for the [soundtrack](/wiki/8_Seconds_%28soundtrack%29 \"8 Seconds (soundtrack)\") to the 1994 film *[8 Seconds](/wiki/8_Seconds \"8 Seconds\")*. This song peaked at No. 53 based on unsolicited airplay.",
"*[Men'll Be Boys](/wiki/Men%27ll_Be_Boys \"Men'll Be Boys\")*, his final release for SBK/Liberty, came later in 1994\\. This album was not as successful in sales or chart performance, producing the No. 24 \"Cowboy Band\" and No. 60 title track. After this album, Dean placed his career on hiatus to raise his children.",
"### 1996–present",
"Dean returned to the recording studio in 1996 for his fifth album, *[It's What I Do](/wiki/It%27s_What_I_Do \"It's What I Do\")*, on [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\") Nashville. This album returned him to the Top Ten with its [title track](/wiki/It%27s_What_I_Do_%28song%29 \"It's What I Do (song)\") and \"[That Girl's Been Spyin' on Me](/wiki/That_Girl%27s_Been_Spyin%27_on_Me \"That Girl's Been Spyin' on Me\")\", which reached numbers 5 and 4, respectively. The final single, a cover of [Don Williams](/wiki/Don_Williams \"Don Williams\")' 1988 single \"[I Wouldn't Be a Man](/wiki/I_Wouldn%27t_Be_a_Man \"I Wouldn't Be a Man\")\", fell short of Top 40\\. He also worked with actress and singer [Crystal Bernard](/wiki/Crystal_Bernard \"Crystal Bernard\") on her 1996 debut album *Girl Next Door*, in addition to co\\-writing its debut single \"Have We Forgotten What Love Is.\" Later that year, Dean released a non\\-charting single, \"In the Name of Love\", which never appeared on an album. In 1998, [Victoria Shaw](/wiki/Victoria_Shaw_%28singer%29 \"Victoria Shaw (singer)\") and several other artists, including Dean, collaborated on the charity single \"One Heart at a Time\".",
"*[Real Man](/wiki/Real_Man \"Real Man\")*, his sixth album, was issued in mid\\-1998\\. This album produced only one Top 40 hit in its title track, followed by \"Innocent Bystander\" which reached number 68\\. After this album, Dean exited Capitol's roster. He also took up acting once more, appearing in the minor TV specials *A Face to Kill For* and *Blue Valley Songbird*. In 2000, he and [Alison Krauss](/wiki/Alison_Krauss \"Alison Krauss\") made guest appearances on [Kenny Rogers](/wiki/Kenny_Rogers \"Kenny Rogers\")' single \"[Buy Me a Rose](/wiki/Buy_Me_a_Rose \"Buy Me a Rose\")\", which reached the top of the *Billboard* country charts in May of that year. This song was also a Top 40 hit on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\"), and Rogers' first number 1 single in thirteen years.",
"A year later, Dean joined [Suzy Bogguss](/wiki/Suzy_Bogguss \"Suzy Bogguss\") and 12\\-year\\-old singer [Jillian](/wiki/Jillian_Jacqueline \"Jillian Jacqueline\") on \"Please Keep Mom and Dad in Love,\" which was issued on Rogers's Dreamcatcher Records, and never included on an album. Although he continued touring, he did not chart again until 2003 with \"I'm in Love With You\", released on the independent View 2 label. His next release for View 2 was a cover of [John Denver](/wiki/John_Denver \"John Denver\")'s \"[Thank God I'm a Country Boy](/wiki/Thank_God_I%27m_a_Country_Boy \"Thank God I'm a Country Boy\")\". [Curb Records](/wiki/Curb_Records \"Curb Records\") took over promotion of this single shortly after its release,{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KhAEAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=%22Billy\\+dean%22\\+%22View\\+2%22\\&pg\\=PA28 \\|title\\=Billboard – Google Books \\|date\\=April 10, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-25}} and by mid\\-2004 it reached number 27 on the country charts. Following it was the single \"[Let Them Be Little](/wiki/Let_Them_Be_Little_%28song%29 \"Let Them Be Little (song)\")\", co\\-written by [Richie McDonald](/wiki/Richie_McDonald \"Richie McDonald\") of [Lonestar](/wiki/Lonestar \"Lonestar\") and recorded by the band on its 2004 album *[Let's Be Us Again](/wiki/Let%27s_Be_Us_Again \"Let's Be Us Again\")*. Dean's seventh studio album, also titled *[Let Them Be Little](/wiki/Let_Them_Be_Little \"Let Them Be Little\")*, was finally issued in late 2004 on Curb. Although \"Let Them Be Little\" reached a peak of number 8 on the country charts in early 2005, the album's other singles all failed to reach Top 40\\. A [Christmas music](/wiki/Christmas_music \"Christmas music\") album, *The Christ (A Song for Joseph)*, followed in late 2005\\. Included on the album was a duet with his daughter.",
"In addition to recording and touring, Dean is branching into using music for corporate marketing. One of his ventures, *Song Sessions*, combines songwriting and corporate team building exercises.",
"Billy has taken over the lead role (formerly played by Kenny Rogers), playing Hank Longley, in \"The Toy Shoppe\" (a musical written by Kenny Rogers and Kelly Junkerman) at the Starlite Theater in Branson, Missouri, through the end of 2013\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.starlitetheatre.com/show\\-in\\-branson\\-mo/the\\-toy\\-shoppe\\-shows\\-in\\-branson\\-mo/ \\|title\\=The Toy Shoppe \\- Shows in Branson MO \\- Starlite Theatre \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115005605/http://www.starlitetheatre.com/show\\-in\\-branson\\-mo/the\\-toy\\-shoppe\\-shows\\-in\\-branson\\-mo/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 15, 2013 \\|df\\=mdy }} Retrieved 2013\\-11\\-16\\.",
""
] |
Business sections
-----------------
### Collections \& Litter Operations
Collections \& Litter Operations provides collection of garbage, blue bin recycling, green bin organics, yard waste, oversized and metal items.
They also provide litter cleaning operations on sidewalks across the city, and service litter receptacles throughout city streets and parks. In addition, they provide services to special events, including the provision of Blue and Green Bins and collection of the materials.
Community Environment Day events are also overseen by Collections \& Litter Operations.
### Customer Service \& Waste Diversion Operations
The Customer Service \& Waste Diversion Operations section was established to support the division in its goal of improving customer service and implementing new diversion initiatives.
### Transfer Station \& Landfill Operations
Transfer Station \& Landfill Operations is responsible for managing the performance and maintenance of the City’s network of facilities, including numerous closed landfill sites. The section is also responsible for the upkeep and repairs of an additional four operating and maintenance yards.
### Policy, Planning \& Outreach
Policy, Planning \& Outreach is responsible for monitoring trends in the solid waste industry and advising on policy and planning of new programs, program enhancements and new technologies. It provides technical review and comments on internal and external regulations, legislation, statutes and policies.
The section coordinates research, design and drafting of harmonized programs, policies, eligibility criteria and bylaws to support operations. In addition to working with various orders of government to coordinate new policies and programs and their impacts to residents of Toronto, the section is also responsible for community and stakeholder outreach, working closely with the media to provide messaging on new and upcoming policy/program changes, as well as setting guidelines and policies for health and safety and environmental compliance for the entire division.
### Business Services
Business Services manages the division’s financial planning, accounting, procurement, contract management and IT\-related functions. It is also responsible for managing Divisional procurement plans and initiatives as well as providing oversight and administration of the division’s contract portfolio including contract life\-cycle management and compliance\-related activities.
In addition, the section provides internal IT support and is responsible for delivering the divisional IT project portfolio and managing the development, implementation and sustainment of Divisional IT assets and applications.
### Infrastructure \& Resource Management
Infrastructure \& Resource Management is responsible for the division’s physical assets throughout their complete lifecycle, from initial design and construction; to commissioning and start\-up; to meeting major maintenance and rehabilitation requirements during the life of the asset; to the eventual retirement and disposal of the asset. In addition, the section is responsible for the management of contracts for processing of recycling, organics, yard waste, mattresses and ceramics from the City’s collection programs as well as the sales of separated recyclables to market. Materials are transferred to various facilities (City\-owned and non\-City\-owned) for processing and sales.
|
[
"Business sections\n-----------------",
"### Collections \\& Litter Operations",
"Collections \\& Litter Operations provides collection of garbage, blue bin recycling, green bin organics, yard waste, oversized and metal items.",
"They also provide litter cleaning operations on sidewalks across the city, and service litter receptacles throughout city streets and parks. In addition, they provide services to special events, including the provision of Blue and Green Bins and collection of the materials.",
"Community Environment Day events are also overseen by Collections \\& Litter Operations.",
"### Customer Service \\& Waste Diversion Operations",
"The Customer Service \\& Waste Diversion Operations section was established to support the division in its goal of improving customer service and implementing new diversion initiatives.",
"### Transfer Station \\& Landfill Operations",
"Transfer Station \\& Landfill Operations is responsible for managing the performance and maintenance of the City’s network of facilities, including numerous closed landfill sites. The section is also responsible for the upkeep and repairs of an additional four operating and maintenance yards.",
"### Policy, Planning \\& Outreach",
"Policy, Planning \\& Outreach is responsible for monitoring trends in the solid waste industry and advising on policy and planning of new programs, program enhancements and new technologies. It provides technical review and comments on internal and external regulations, legislation, statutes and policies.",
"The section coordinates research, design and drafting of harmonized programs, policies, eligibility criteria and bylaws to support operations. In addition to working with various orders of government to coordinate new policies and programs and their impacts to residents of Toronto, the section is also responsible for community and stakeholder outreach, working closely with the media to provide messaging on new and upcoming policy/program changes, as well as setting guidelines and policies for health and safety and environmental compliance for the entire division.",
"### Business Services",
"Business Services manages the division’s financial planning, accounting, procurement, contract management and IT\\-related functions. It is also responsible for managing Divisional procurement plans and initiatives as well as providing oversight and administration of the division’s contract portfolio including contract life\\-cycle management and compliance\\-related activities.",
"In addition, the section provides internal IT support and is responsible for delivering the divisional IT project portfolio and managing the development, implementation and sustainment of Divisional IT assets and applications.",
"### Infrastructure \\& Resource Management",
"Infrastructure \\& Resource Management is responsible for the division’s physical assets throughout their complete lifecycle, from initial design and construction; to commissioning and start\\-up; to meeting major maintenance and rehabilitation requirements during the life of the asset; to the eventual retirement and disposal of the asset. In addition, the section is responsible for the management of contracts for processing of recycling, organics, yard waste, mattresses and ceramics from the City’s collection programs as well as the sales of separated recyclables to market. Materials are transferred to various facilities (City\\-owned and non\\-City\\-owned) for processing and sales.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Two sisters Zara ([Shehnaz Sheikh](/wiki/Shehnaz_Sheikh "Shehnaz Sheikh")) and Sanya ([Marina Khan](/wiki/Marina_Khan "Marina Khan")) go to Karachi to visit their maternal aunt Zubi ([Badar Khalil](/wiki/Badar_Khalil "Badar Khalil")) while their parents, back home, meet with an unfortunate car accident and die. After their death, the girls find out that their father was heavily in debt and they have to sell all their assets including their house which their father had so lovingly built. All their friends turn their backs on them and they move in with their aunt Zubi.
In Karachi, while Sanya tries to adjust to their new life, Zara becomes obsessed with the idea to re\-buy their house. She begins the pursuit to become rich. Here Saad Salman (Amir Hatmi) becomes her partner and together they start a garment factory. Sanya, on the other hand, soon befriends their landlord Faraan ([Qazi Wajid](/wiki/Qazi_Wajid "Qazi Wajid")) and becomes a humorous pain for his secretary Qutbutdin ([Behroze Sabzwari](/wiki/Behroze_Sabzwari "Behroze Sabzwari")) whom she calls *Qabacha*. Faraan has a sister Apa Begum ([Azra Sherwani](/wiki/Azra_Sherwani "Azra Sherwani")) who lives in another house with her trusted servant Buqrat ([Jamshed Ansari](/wiki/Jamshed_Ansari "Jamshed Ansari")). Apa Begum and Sanya are very keen on getting Faraan married and he impulsively proposes to Zubi.
Zain ([Asif Raza Mir](/wiki/Asif_Raza_Mir "Asif Raza Mir")), Zara's childhood friend, after a long awaited reunion, runs into Zara. Zara asks Zain's fiancée Vida (Yasmeen Ismail) to join her factory as a designer and the two collaborate to start making brilliant designs which become very popular. However, Zara's quest for her house takes her away from her family, especially from her sister Sanya who feels neglected. Saad Salman proposes to Zara and even though the family disapproves, Zara finds herself in a dilemma.
Finally Zara's dream comes true and she gets enough money to buy back her house. She goes to [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore "Lahore") and finalizes the deal. However, when she enters her house, she is haunted by the memories of her past and all the love that she has lost during these years. In a flash, she realizes what she has achieved is an empty house, and in the process has distanced her family. Loneliness consumes her and makes her run out of the house, terrified, and meet an accident.
Zara awakens to find her family close by but without the ability to speak or move. Initially, the doctors explain that it might be due to her spinal injuries. Later on, doctors say that she has gone into shock and does not have the will to live; there is nothing wrong physically with her. It is implied to the viewer that she has lost the will to struggle as she realizes that she has pushed everyone away from her in pursuit of what she thought was important and was all alone when what should have been her biggest triumph of finally buying the parents' house back. Saad, her fiancé, prefers to have a very strong, smart and pretty wife to project success in life. Saad becomes unsure about Zara after her accident as the doctors are skeptical about her recovery. Zara notices that Saad has lost interest in her and decides to return the engagement ring, which she eventually throws away in the garbage. Saad leaves Pakistan and travels abroad. Zara's family try to reassure her regarding the love and affection they have for her. During this time, Zain is shown to be very concerned for Zara's well\-being. The closeness between Zara and Zain disturbs Vida (his fiancée); Zain's father senses this and insists that Zain marries Vida as he had promised her parents a long time back. Zain agrees to his father's wishes. Zain then meets Zara and tells her that he has to leave Pakistan and go to Canada after marrying Vida, and he wants to see Zara up and about before that. Upon hearing this, Zara takes hesitant steps and is able to walk. An overjoyed Zain recounts this to Vida, who comments that he must be the happiest man on earth. She tells him that she is happy for him and urges him to see clearly as he is madly in love with Zara. She tells him that she has explained the whole situation to Zain's father and would be flying off to Canada alone.
The last sequence shows Zara sitting alone in a party surrounded by friends and family as if waiting for somebody; suddenly the sounds and surroundings dim as Zain walks in. They have an unspoken conversation across the room when she tells that she had been waiting long for him and where he had gone all this time? He is shown expressing that he was and always will be with her. In a quick transition, the music and surroundings come back into focus with every body crowding in a loud cheer around them. Zara finally fills the void of loneliness (*Tanhaiyaan*).
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Two sisters Zara ([Shehnaz Sheikh](/wiki/Shehnaz_Sheikh \"Shehnaz Sheikh\")) and Sanya ([Marina Khan](/wiki/Marina_Khan \"Marina Khan\")) go to Karachi to visit their maternal aunt Zubi ([Badar Khalil](/wiki/Badar_Khalil \"Badar Khalil\")) while their parents, back home, meet with an unfortunate car accident and die. After their death, the girls find out that their father was heavily in debt and they have to sell all their assets including their house which their father had so lovingly built. All their friends turn their backs on them and they move in with their aunt Zubi.",
"In Karachi, while Sanya tries to adjust to their new life, Zara becomes obsessed with the idea to re\\-buy their house. She begins the pursuit to become rich. Here Saad Salman (Amir Hatmi) becomes her partner and together they start a garment factory. Sanya, on the other hand, soon befriends their landlord Faraan ([Qazi Wajid](/wiki/Qazi_Wajid \"Qazi Wajid\")) and becomes a humorous pain for his secretary Qutbutdin ([Behroze Sabzwari](/wiki/Behroze_Sabzwari \"Behroze Sabzwari\")) whom she calls *Qabacha*. Faraan has a sister Apa Begum ([Azra Sherwani](/wiki/Azra_Sherwani \"Azra Sherwani\")) who lives in another house with her trusted servant Buqrat ([Jamshed Ansari](/wiki/Jamshed_Ansari \"Jamshed Ansari\")). Apa Begum and Sanya are very keen on getting Faraan married and he impulsively proposes to Zubi.",
"Zain ([Asif Raza Mir](/wiki/Asif_Raza_Mir \"Asif Raza Mir\")), Zara's childhood friend, after a long awaited reunion, runs into Zara. Zara asks Zain's fiancée Vida (Yasmeen Ismail) to join her factory as a designer and the two collaborate to start making brilliant designs which become very popular. However, Zara's quest for her house takes her away from her family, especially from her sister Sanya who feels neglected. Saad Salman proposes to Zara and even though the family disapproves, Zara finds herself in a dilemma.",
"Finally Zara's dream comes true and she gets enough money to buy back her house. She goes to [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore \"Lahore\") and finalizes the deal. However, when she enters her house, she is haunted by the memories of her past and all the love that she has lost during these years. In a flash, she realizes what she has achieved is an empty house, and in the process has distanced her family. Loneliness consumes her and makes her run out of the house, terrified, and meet an accident.",
"Zara awakens to find her family close by but without the ability to speak or move. Initially, the doctors explain that it might be due to her spinal injuries. Later on, doctors say that she has gone into shock and does not have the will to live; there is nothing wrong physically with her. It is implied to the viewer that she has lost the will to struggle as she realizes that she has pushed everyone away from her in pursuit of what she thought was important and was all alone when what should have been her biggest triumph of finally buying the parents' house back. Saad, her fiancé, prefers to have a very strong, smart and pretty wife to project success in life. Saad becomes unsure about Zara after her accident as the doctors are skeptical about her recovery. Zara notices that Saad has lost interest in her and decides to return the engagement ring, which she eventually throws away in the garbage. Saad leaves Pakistan and travels abroad. Zara's family try to reassure her regarding the love and affection they have for her. During this time, Zain is shown to be very concerned for Zara's well\\-being. The closeness between Zara and Zain disturbs Vida (his fiancée); Zain's father senses this and insists that Zain marries Vida as he had promised her parents a long time back. Zain agrees to his father's wishes. Zain then meets Zara and tells her that he has to leave Pakistan and go to Canada after marrying Vida, and he wants to see Zara up and about before that. Upon hearing this, Zara takes hesitant steps and is able to walk. An overjoyed Zain recounts this to Vida, who comments that he must be the happiest man on earth. She tells him that she is happy for him and urges him to see clearly as he is madly in love with Zara. She tells him that she has explained the whole situation to Zain's father and would be flying off to Canada alone.",
"The last sequence shows Zara sitting alone in a party surrounded by friends and family as if waiting for somebody; suddenly the sounds and surroundings dim as Zain walks in. They have an unspoken conversation across the room when she tells that she had been waiting long for him and where he had gone all this time? He is shown expressing that he was and always will be with her. In a quick transition, the music and surroundings come back into focus with every body crowding in a loud cheer around them. Zara finally fills the void of loneliness (*Tanhaiyaan*).",
""
] |
Mechanisms
----------
[thumb\|right\|The entrance to a pachinko parlor in [Shibuya](/wiki/Shibuya%2C_Tokyo "Shibuya, Tokyo"), Tokyo, Japan](/wiki/File:Pachinko_entrance.jpg "Pachinko entrance.jpg")
To play pachinko, players get a number of metal balls by inserting cash or cards directly into the machine they want to use. They then shoot the balls into the machine. Older pachinko machines use a spring\-loaded lever for shooting balls individually; while later ones use a round knob, controlling the strength of a mechanically fired plunger that shoots the balls. The balls fall vertically through an array of pins, levers, cups, traps and obstacles until they enter a payoff target or reach the bottom of the playfield.
The player has a chance to get more balls if a launched ball lands in one of certain places as it falls. Having more balls is considered a benefit because it allows the player to remain in the game longer, and ultimately creates a larger winning chance.{{cite AV media \|title\=\#60 Japanese PACHINKO MACHINE played byTodd Tuckey from TNT Amusements – WHY BOTHER??? \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=BT\-PWC8\_h4M \|url\-status\=live \|date\=25 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/BT\-PWC8\_h4M \|archive\-date\=17 November 2021 \|via\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}
Newer "pachislot" machines have a digital [slot machine](/wiki/Slot_machine "Slot machine") display on a large screen, where the objective is to get three numbers or symbols in a row for a jackpot. {{Citation \|title\=Pachi\-slot: Akumajou Dracula \|url\=https://www.vgmuseum.com/mrp/cv\-pachislot/screen\-pachislot.htm}} When fired, the balls drop through an array of pins, similar to a pachinko machine. Some fall into a center gate and activate the slot\-machine display.
Every ball that goes into the center gate results in one spin, but there is a limit on the number of spins at one time because of the possibility of balls passing through the center gate while a spin is still in progress. Each spin pays out a small number of balls, but the objective is to hit the jackpot. The machine's programming decides the outcome of each spin.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}}
### Design
Pachinko machines vary in several aspects—including decorative mechanics, sound, gimmicks, modes, and gates. The playing field is usually a wooden board with a transparent acrylic overlay containing artwork. Most modern machines have an LCD screen over the main start pocket. The game is played by keeping the stream of balls to the left of the screen, but many models have their optimized ball stream. Vintage machines vary in pocket location and strategy, with most having a specific center area containing win pockets.
### Payout mode
[thumb\|right\|The inside workings of a pachinko machine being pulled out of a parlor](/wiki/File:Insideanoldpachinkomachine.jpg "Insideanoldpachinkomachine.jpg")
If the first two numbers, letters, or symbols of the spin match up, the digital program will display many animations before the third reel stops spinning, to give the player an added excitement. This is called a reach (or rīchi) and sometimes longer animations are played called super reaches. Pachinko machines offer different odds in hitting a jackpot; if the player manages to obtain a jackpot, the machine will enter into payout mode.
The payout mode lasts for a number of rounds. During each round, amidst more animations and movies playing on the center screen, a large payout gate opens up at the bottom of the machine layout and the player must try to shoot balls into it. Each ball that successfully enters into this gate results in many balls being dropped into a separate tray at the bottom of the machine, which can then be placed into a ball bucket.
### Hidden modes, hints, and instant wins
To enhance gameplay, modern machines have integrated several aspects not possible in vintage machines. A common one is the ability to switch between different play modes, including rare and hidden modes that can differ significantly from normal play. Two examples can be seen in the *[Neon Genesis Evangelion](/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion_%28franchise%29 "Neon Genesis Evangelion (franchise)")* series of pachinko machines, which include Mission Mode and Berserker Mode, ranging from having little effect on winning to being an almost guaranteed win.{{cite web\|author\=van custompachinko \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=eKPCx8uZHnM\&feature\=BFa\&list\=PL1ED4C101C86F244A \| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/eKPCx8uZHnM\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-17 \| url\-status\=live\|title\=Evangelion 4 pachinko 3 minute mission mode \|publisher\=YouTube \|date\=17 February 2010 \|access\-date\=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\|author\=van custompachinko \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=NWboJ8mwUNQ\&feature\=BFa\&list\=PLA226F31D09BDC567 \| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/NWboJ8mwUNQ\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-17 \| url\-status\=live\|title\=Evangelion: The Beginning and the End – Rei mode \|publisher\=YouTube \|date\=25 February 2010 \|access\-date\=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}
Graphics in videos and light patterns can also give players a general idea of what these winning odds are. For example, a super reach may cause a change in animation, or show an introductory animation or picture. This adds excitement, with some changes having much more significance than others in terms of odds of winning on a given spin. Some machines feature instant wins. There are also second\-chance wins, where a spin that appears to have lost, or to have a very low winning chance, gives the player three matching numbers and starts "fever mode".{{cite web\|author\=van custompachinko \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=c1Ua3fY6Aw8\&feature\=BFa\&list\=PL0295172B98329168 \| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/c1Ua3fY6Aw8\| archive\-date\=17 November 2021\|url\-status\=live \|title\=Ashita no Joe Rikishi Mode \|publisher\=YouTube \|date\=1 November 2010 \|access\-date\=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}
### Post\-payout systems
After the payout mode has ended, the pachinko machine may do one of two things. Most Pachinko machines employ the {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} ({{Lang\|ja\|確変}}, short for {{Nihongo\|2\=確率変動\|3\=kakuritsu hendō}} meaning probability change) system, where some percentage of the possible jackpots on the digital slot machine result in the odds of hitting the next jackpot multiplying by a large amount, followed by another spin regardless of the outcome. The probability of a {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} occurring is determined by a [random number generator](/wiki/Random_number_generation "Random number generation").
Hence, under this system, it is possible for a player to get a string of consecutive jackpots after the first "hard\-earned" one, commonly referred to as "fever mode". Another type of {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} system is a special time or ST *{{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}}*. With these machines, every jackpot earned results in a *{{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}}*, but in order to earn a payout beyond the first jackpot, the player must hit a certain set of odds within a given number of spins.
When a jackpot does not result in a {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} combination, the pachinko machine will enter into {{Transliteration\|ja\|jitan}} ({{Lang\|ja\|時短}}, short for {{Nihongo\|2\=時間短縮\|3\=jikan tanshuku}} meaning time\-reduction) mode, with a much larger number of spins than *{{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}}*. Under the original payout odds, the center gate widens to make it considerably easier for balls to fall into it; this system is also present in *{{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}}*.
To compensate for the increase in the number of spins, the digital slot machine reveals the final outcome of each spin sooner. ST pachinko machines do not offer this mode; after it ends, the machine spins as in *{{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}}*. Once no more jackpots have been made, the pachinko machine reverts to its original setting.
### Koatari
Starting in 2007, the majority of Japanese pachinko machines started to include {{Transliteration\|ja\|koatari}} ({{Lang\|ja\|小当たり}}, small jackpot) into their payout systems. {{Transliteration\|ja\|Koatari}} is shorter than the normal jackpot and during payout mode the payout gate opens for a short time only, even if no balls go into it. The timing of the opening of the gates is unpredictable, effectively making it a jackpot where the player receives no payout. {{Transliteration\|ja\|Koatari}} jackpots can result in a {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} as per normal operation, depending on the payout scheme of the machine in question. The main purpose of {{Transliteration\|ja\|koatari}} is so that pachinko manufacturers can offer payout schemes that *appear* to be largely favorable to customers, without losing any long\-term profit.
In addition to being able to offer higher {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} percentages, this made it possible for manufacturers to design battle\-type machines. Unlike old\-fashioned pachinko machines that offer a full payout or a {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} for any type of jackpot earned, these machines require players to hit a {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} jackpot with a certain probability in order to get a full payout. This is orchestrated by the player entering into "battle", where the player, in accordance with the item that the machine is based on, must "defeat" a certain enemy or foe in order to earn another *{{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}}*. If the player loses, it means that a normal {{Transliteration\|ja\|koatari}} has been hit and the machine enters into {{Transliteration\|ja\|jitan}} mode.
Another reason for incorporating every {{Transliteration\|ja\|koatari}} is that they have made it possible for a machine to go into {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} mode without the player's knowledge. This is referred to as {{Transliteration\|ja\|senpuku}} ({{Lang\|ja\|潜伏}} 'hidden') {{Transliteration\|ja\|kakuhen}} because it does not occur in any of the jackpot modes. A player sitting at a used pachinko machine offering the number 1 in *x* chance of hitting a jackpot in normal mode can hit it within *x* spins easily because the previous player did not realize that the machine was in *{{Transliteration\|ja\|senpuku}}*. This induces players to keep playing their machines, even though they may still be in normal mode. Japanese pachinko players have not shown significant signs of protest in response to the incorporation of *{{Transliteration\|ja\|koatari}}*; on the contrary, battle\-type pachinko machines have become a major part of most parlors.
|
[
"Mechanisms\n----------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The entrance to a pachinko parlor in [Shibuya](/wiki/Shibuya%2C_Tokyo \"Shibuya, Tokyo\"), Tokyo, Japan](/wiki/File:Pachinko_entrance.jpg \"Pachinko entrance.jpg\")\nTo play pachinko, players get a number of metal balls by inserting cash or cards directly into the machine they want to use. They then shoot the balls into the machine. Older pachinko machines use a spring\\-loaded lever for shooting balls individually; while later ones use a round knob, controlling the strength of a mechanically fired plunger that shoots the balls. The balls fall vertically through an array of pins, levers, cups, traps and obstacles until they enter a payoff target or reach the bottom of the playfield.",
"The player has a chance to get more balls if a launched ball lands in one of certain places as it falls. Having more balls is considered a benefit because it allows the player to remain in the game longer, and ultimately creates a larger winning chance.{{cite AV media \\|title\\=\\#60 Japanese PACHINKO MACHINE played byTodd Tuckey from TNT Amusements – WHY BOTHER??? \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=BT\\-PWC8\\_h4M \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|date\\=25 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/BT\\-PWC8\\_h4M \\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2021 \\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}",
"Newer \"pachislot\" machines have a digital [slot machine](/wiki/Slot_machine \"Slot machine\") display on a large screen, where the objective is to get three numbers or symbols in a row for a jackpot. {{Citation \\|title\\=Pachi\\-slot: Akumajou Dracula \\|url\\=https://www.vgmuseum.com/mrp/cv\\-pachislot/screen\\-pachislot.htm}} When fired, the balls drop through an array of pins, similar to a pachinko machine. Some fall into a center gate and activate the slot\\-machine display.",
"Every ball that goes into the center gate results in one spin, but there is a limit on the number of spins at one time because of the possibility of balls passing through the center gate while a spin is still in progress. Each spin pays out a small number of balls, but the objective is to hit the jackpot. The machine's programming decides the outcome of each spin.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}}",
"### Design",
"Pachinko machines vary in several aspects—including decorative mechanics, sound, gimmicks, modes, and gates. The playing field is usually a wooden board with a transparent acrylic overlay containing artwork. Most modern machines have an LCD screen over the main start pocket. The game is played by keeping the stream of balls to the left of the screen, but many models have their optimized ball stream. Vintage machines vary in pocket location and strategy, with most having a specific center area containing win pockets.",
"### Payout mode",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The inside workings of a pachinko machine being pulled out of a parlor](/wiki/File:Insideanoldpachinkomachine.jpg \"Insideanoldpachinkomachine.jpg\")\nIf the first two numbers, letters, or symbols of the spin match up, the digital program will display many animations before the third reel stops spinning, to give the player an added excitement. This is called a reach (or rīchi) and sometimes longer animations are played called super reaches. Pachinko machines offer different odds in hitting a jackpot; if the player manages to obtain a jackpot, the machine will enter into payout mode.",
"The payout mode lasts for a number of rounds. During each round, amidst more animations and movies playing on the center screen, a large payout gate opens up at the bottom of the machine layout and the player must try to shoot balls into it. Each ball that successfully enters into this gate results in many balls being dropped into a separate tray at the bottom of the machine, which can then be placed into a ball bucket.",
"### Hidden modes, hints, and instant wins",
"To enhance gameplay, modern machines have integrated several aspects not possible in vintage machines. A common one is the ability to switch between different play modes, including rare and hidden modes that can differ significantly from normal play. Two examples can be seen in the *[Neon Genesis Evangelion](/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion_%28franchise%29 \"Neon Genesis Evangelion (franchise)\")* series of pachinko machines, which include Mission Mode and Berserker Mode, ranging from having little effect on winning to being an almost guaranteed win.{{cite web\\|author\\=van custompachinko \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=eKPCx8uZHnM\\&feature\\=BFa\\&list\\=PL1ED4C101C86F244A \\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/eKPCx8uZHnM\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-17 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Evangelion 4 pachinko 3 minute mission mode \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|date\\=17 February 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\\|author\\=van custompachinko \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=NWboJ8mwUNQ\\&feature\\=BFa\\&list\\=PLA226F31D09BDC567 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/NWboJ8mwUNQ\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-17 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Evangelion: The Beginning and the End – Rei mode \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|date\\=25 February 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}",
"Graphics in videos and light patterns can also give players a general idea of what these winning odds are. For example, a super reach may cause a change in animation, or show an introductory animation or picture. This adds excitement, with some changes having much more significance than others in terms of odds of winning on a given spin. Some machines feature instant wins. There are also second\\-chance wins, where a spin that appears to have lost, or to have a very low winning chance, gives the player three matching numbers and starts \"fever mode\".{{cite web\\|author\\=van custompachinko \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=c1Ua3fY6Aw8\\&feature\\=BFa\\&list\\=PL0295172B98329168 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/c1Ua3fY6Aw8\\| archive\\-date\\=17 November 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Ashita no Joe Rikishi Mode \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|date\\=1 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}",
"### Post\\-payout systems",
"After the payout mode has ended, the pachinko machine may do one of two things. Most Pachinko machines employ the {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} ({{Lang\\|ja\\|確変}}, short for {{Nihongo\\|2\\=確率変動\\|3\\=kakuritsu hendō}} meaning probability change) system, where some percentage of the possible jackpots on the digital slot machine result in the odds of hitting the next jackpot multiplying by a large amount, followed by another spin regardless of the outcome. The probability of a {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} occurring is determined by a [random number generator](/wiki/Random_number_generation \"Random number generation\").",
"Hence, under this system, it is possible for a player to get a string of consecutive jackpots after the first \"hard\\-earned\" one, commonly referred to as \"fever mode\". Another type of {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} system is a special time or ST *{{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}}*. With these machines, every jackpot earned results in a *{{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}}*, but in order to earn a payout beyond the first jackpot, the player must hit a certain set of odds within a given number of spins.",
"When a jackpot does not result in a {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} combination, the pachinko machine will enter into {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|jitan}} ({{Lang\\|ja\\|時短}}, short for {{Nihongo\\|2\\=時間短縮\\|3\\=jikan tanshuku}} meaning time\\-reduction) mode, with a much larger number of spins than *{{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}}*. Under the original payout odds, the center gate widens to make it considerably easier for balls to fall into it; this system is also present in *{{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}}*.",
"To compensate for the increase in the number of spins, the digital slot machine reveals the final outcome of each spin sooner. ST pachinko machines do not offer this mode; after it ends, the machine spins as in *{{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}}*. Once no more jackpots have been made, the pachinko machine reverts to its original setting.",
"### Koatari",
"Starting in 2007, the majority of Japanese pachinko machines started to include {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|koatari}} ({{Lang\\|ja\\|小当たり}}, small jackpot) into their payout systems. {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|Koatari}} is shorter than the normal jackpot and during payout mode the payout gate opens for a short time only, even if no balls go into it. The timing of the opening of the gates is unpredictable, effectively making it a jackpot where the player receives no payout. {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|Koatari}} jackpots can result in a {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} as per normal operation, depending on the payout scheme of the machine in question. The main purpose of {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|koatari}} is so that pachinko manufacturers can offer payout schemes that *appear* to be largely favorable to customers, without losing any long\\-term profit.",
"In addition to being able to offer higher {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} percentages, this made it possible for manufacturers to design battle\\-type machines. Unlike old\\-fashioned pachinko machines that offer a full payout or a {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} for any type of jackpot earned, these machines require players to hit a {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} jackpot with a certain probability in order to get a full payout. This is orchestrated by the player entering into \"battle\", where the player, in accordance with the item that the machine is based on, must \"defeat\" a certain enemy or foe in order to earn another *{{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}}*. If the player loses, it means that a normal {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|koatari}} has been hit and the machine enters into {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|jitan}} mode.",
"Another reason for incorporating every {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|koatari}} is that they have made it possible for a machine to go into {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} mode without the player's knowledge. This is referred to as {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|senpuku}} ({{Lang\\|ja\\|潜伏}} 'hidden') {{Transliteration\\|ja\\|kakuhen}} because it does not occur in any of the jackpot modes. A player sitting at a used pachinko machine offering the number 1 in *x* chance of hitting a jackpot in normal mode can hit it within *x* spins easily because the previous player did not realize that the machine was in *{{Transliteration\\|ja\\|senpuku}}*. This induces players to keep playing their machines, even though they may still be in normal mode. Japanese pachinko players have not shown significant signs of protest in response to the incorporation of *{{Transliteration\\|ja\\|koatari}}*; on the contrary, battle\\-type pachinko machines have become a major part of most parlors.",
""
] |
Politician
----------
### Early years and first national assembly term
Đerić entered political life as a member of the [Serbian Renewal Movement](/wiki/Serbian_Renewal_Movement "Serbian Renewal Movement") (SPO). In the [1997 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/1997_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1997 Serbian parliamentary election"), she appeared in the lead position on the party's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list "Electoral list") for the Sombor division.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. и 28\. септембра и 5\. октобра 1997\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (8 Сомбор)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1997.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032405/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-1997\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 February 2024\. She would have automatically received a mandate had the party won any seats in the division, but it did not.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. и 28\. септембра и 5\. октобра 1997\. године – РЕЗУЛТАТИ ИЗБОРА (Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 21\. и 28\. септембра и 5\. октобра 1997\. године (Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. и 28\. септембра и 5\. октобра 1997\.) године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1997.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032405/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-1997\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 February 2024\.From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one\-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates from successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two\-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of the sponsoring parties. See [Guide to the Early Election](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116211426/https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002\.pdf \|date\=2022\-01\-16 }}, Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, December 1992, made available by the [International Foundation for Electoral Systems](/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems "International Foundation for Electoral Systems"), accessed 14 July 2017\.) The SPO experienced a serious split the following year, and Đerić joined the breakaway New Serbia party under the leadership of [Velimir Ilić](/wiki/Velimir_Ili%C4%87 "Velimir Ilić").
Serbia's electoral system was reformed prior to the [2000 parliamentary election](/wiki/2000_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2000 Serbian parliamentary election"), such that the entire country became a single electoral district and all mandates were assigned to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000\) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80\) that crossed the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") (Article 81\), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83\), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84\). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603055629/http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6 \|date\=2021\-06\-03 }}, accessed 7 April 2024\. New Serbia participated in the 2000 election as part of the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia "Democratic Opposition of Serbia") (DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to the [recently overthrown](/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević") regime of [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slobodan Milošević"). Đerić was included on the DOS list in the 212th position out of 250\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 23\. децембра 2000\. године и 10\. јануара 2001\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Демократска опозиција Србије – др Војислав Коштуница (4 Демократска странка, Демократска странка Србије, Социјалдемократија, Грађански савез Србије, Демохришћанска странка Србије, Нова Србија, Покрет за демократску Србију, Лига социјалдемократа Војводине, Реформска демократска странка Војводине, Коалиција Војводина, Савез војвођанских Мађара, Демократска алтернатива, Демократски центар, Нова демократија, Социјалдемократска унија, Санxачка демократска партија, Лига за Шумадију, Српски покрет отпора – Демократски покрет)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2000.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329184557/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2000\.php \|date\=2023\-03\-29 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\. The list won a landslide victory with 176 seats; she was not initially included in her party's assembly delegation but received a mandate on 4 December 2001 as the replacement for another NS member.[DRUGA SEDNICA, DRUGOG REDOVNOG ZASEDANJA, 04\.12\.2001\.](https://otvoreniparlament.rs/transkript/5905), Otvoreni Parlament, accessed 26 January 2021\. New Serbia provided support for Serbia's DOS government until 2002, when it broke from the alliance and moved into [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 "Opposition (politics)"). In her first term, Đerić was a member of the labour committee{{efn\|Formally known as the Committee for Labour, Veterans' Affairs, and Social Affairs}} and the committee for environmental protection.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЂЕРИЋ, ЗЛАТА {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=276 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-30 \|archive\-date\=2004\-01\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040108010107/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=276 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\.
New Serbia contested the [2003 parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2003 Serbian parliamentary election") in an alliance with the SPO, and Đerić received the twelfth position on their combined list.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\. децембра 2003\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (6\. СРПСКИ ПОКРЕТ ОБНОВЕ \- НОВА СРБИЈА \- ВУК ДРАШКОВИЋ \- ВЕЛИМИР ИЛИЋ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032353/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2003\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\. The list won twenty\-two seats, and she was not given a mandate. She later appeared in the second position on New Serbia's list for the [2004 Vojvodina provincial election](/wiki/2004_Vojvodina_provincial_election "2004 Vojvodina provincial election").РЕШЕЊЕ О УТВРЂИВАЊУ ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ ЗА ИЗБОРЕ ЗА ПОСЛАНИКЕ У СКУПШТИНУ АУТОНОМНЕ ПОКРАЈИНЕ ВОЈВОДИНЕ, 19\. СЕПТЕМБРА 2004\. ГОДИНЕ, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Her name is misspelled in this source as "Zlata Ćerić." The list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") for assembly representation.
Serbia introduced the direct election of [mayors](/wiki/Mayor "Mayor") for the [2004 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections "2004 Serbian local elections"), which took place concurrently with the provincial vote. Đerić ran as New Serbia's candidate for mayor of Sombor; her campaign was also endorsed by [Social Democracy](/wiki/Social_Democracy_%28Serbia%29 "Social Democracy (Serbia)") (SD) and two smaller political movements. She was defeated in the first round of voting.["Za sebe, stranku ili grad?"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/540/za-sebe-stranku-ili-grad/), soinfo.org, 26 August 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; ["Šest kandidata uz nove najave"](http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vijest/A2040/sest-kan%C2%ADdi%C2%ADda%C2%ADta--uz-no%C2%ADve-na%C2%ADja%C2%ADve/), Hrvatska Riječ, 27 August 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; [Uređene liste](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/4534/), soinfo.org, 8 September 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; ["Izborno rešavanje"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/585/izborno-resavanje/), soinfo.org, 1 October 2004, accessed 26 February 2004; ЛОКАЛНИ ИЗБОРИ: Председници општина и градова, изабрани на локалним изборима, 2004\., {{Cite web \|url\=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Izbori/spisakpn.php?ind\=1 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-29 \|archive\-date\=2010\-10\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003173307/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Izbori/spisakpn.php?ind\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }}, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 3 October 2010, accessed 12 July 2021\. She was, however, included on New Serbia's list for the Sombor municipal assembly and was elected when the list won three seats.["Sva skupštinska imena"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/596/sva-skupstinska-imena/), soinfo.org, 8 October 2004, accessed 25 February 2022\.Odbornici, {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.so\-sombor.com/Opstina/skupstina.php?id\=1004 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-26 \|archive\-date\=2007\-06\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623152036/http://www.so\-sombor.com/Opstina/skupstina.php?id\=1004 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 23 June 2007, accessed 12 February 2022\. The direct election of mayors proved to be a short\-lived experiment and was abandoned in 2008; since this time, mayors have been chosen by the elected members of the local assemblies.
New Serbia contested the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2007 Serbian parliamentary election") in an alliance with the Democratic Party of Serbia, and Đerić was given the sixteenth position on their combined list. The list won forty\-seven seats, and she once again did not receive a mandate.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. јануара и 8\. фебрауара 2007\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5 Демократска странка Србије \- Нова Србија \- др Војислав Коштуница)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2007.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032348/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2007\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\.[14 February 2007 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/14-february-2007-legislature.489.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 27 December 2022\.
### Return to the national assembly
The DSS and New Serbia continued their alliance into the [2008 parliamentary election](/wiki/2008_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2008 Serbian parliamentary election"); Đerić received the fiftieth position on their list and was given a mandate for a second assembly term when the list won thirty seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 11\. маја 2008\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (3 Демократска Странка Србије \- Нова Србија \- Војислав Коштуница)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2008.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032344/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2008\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\.[11 June 2008 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/11-june-2008-legislature.1570.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 24 November 2017\. In the concurrent [2008 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections "2008 Serbian local elections"), New Serbia formed an alliance in Sombor with the [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia "Socialist Party of Serbia") (SPS) and other parties. Đerić received the third position on their combined list, which did not cross the threshold for assembly representation.*Službeni List (Opštine Sombor)*, Volume 41 Number 5 (30 April 2008\), p. 8\.*Službeni List (Opštine Sombor)*, Volume 41 Number 6 (13 May 2008\), p. 2\.
The results of the parliamentary election were inconclusive, and serious discussions later took place between the DSS–NS alliance, the SPS, and the [Serbian Radical Party](/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party "Serbian Radical Party") (SRS) about forming a new [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government "Coalition government")."Serbian PM's party, Radicals to form coalition \- daily," *British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring European*, 22 April 2008 (Source: Blic, Belgrade, in Serbian 19 Apr 08, pp 2\-3\). This ultimately did not happen; the SPS instead entered a coalition government with the *[For a European Serbia](/wiki/For_a_European_Serbia "For a European Serbia")* (ZES) alliance, and New Serbia served in opposition. Đerić became deputy chair of the labour committee and was a member of the committee for gender equality, the working group on the rights of the child, and the parliamentary friendship groups with [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), and the [Sovereign Order of Malta](/wiki/Sovereign_Order_of_Malta "Sovereign Order of Malta").[ЗЛАТА ЂЕРИЋ](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/%D0%97%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90%2B_%D0%82%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%8B.430.245.html), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420163206/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/%D0%97%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90\+\_%D0%82%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%8B.430\.245\.html \|date\=2012\-04\-20 }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\.
Serbia's electoral system was reformed again in 2011, such that all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order. New Serbia formed an alliance with the [Serbian Progressive Party](/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party "Serbian Progressive Party") (SNS) in this period and contested the [2012 parliamentary election](/wiki/2012_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2012 Serbian parliamentary election") on the latter's *[Let's Get Serbia Moving](/wiki/Let%27s_Get_Serbia_Moving "Let's Get Serbia Moving")* list. Đerić received the fifty\-seventh position and was re\-elected when the list won seventy\-three mandates.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, 6\. мај 2012\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5 POKRENIMO SRBIJU \- TOMISLAV NIKOLIĆ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2012.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032340/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2012\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 10 July 2021\. The SNS and SPS subsequently formed a new coalition government that included New Serbia, and Đerić served as part of its parliamentary majority. In the 2012–14 parliament, she was a member of the committee for human and minority rights and gender equality, a deputy member of the foreign affairs committee and the committee on the rights of the child, and a member of Serbia's friendship groups with [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), Israel, Italy, [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), and the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").[ZLATA ĐERIĆ](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/ZLATA_%C4%90ERI%C4%86.430.891.html), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601003623/http://www.parlament.gov.rs:80/ZLATA\_%C4%90ERI%C4%86\.430\.891\.html \|date\=2013\-06\-01 }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\.
She was given the sixty\-ninth position on the Progressive Party's coalition list in the [2014 parliamentary election](/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2014 Serbian parliamentary election") and was elected to a fourth term when the list won a landslide majority victory with 158 mandates.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 16\. и 23\. марта 2014\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (1 ALEKSANDAR VUČIĆ \- BUDUĆNOST U KOJU VERUJEMO)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2014.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032336/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2014\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\. She served afterward as a member of the committee on foreign affairs, the committee for human and minority rights and gender equality, and the committee on [Kosovo and Metohija](/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija "Kosovo and Metohija"), and was a deputy member of the committee on the rights of the child. She was also part of Serbia's delegation to the parliamentary dimension of the [Central European Initiative](/wiki/Central_European_Initiative "Central European Initiative"), chaired Serbia's friendship groups with [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile") and [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia "Ethiopia"), and was a member of the friendship groups with Israel, Italy, [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), and [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia").[ZLATA ĐERIĆ](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/ZLATA_%C4%90ERI%C4%86.430.891.html), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414234024/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/ZLATA\_%C4%90ERI%C4%86\.430\.891\.html \|date\=2016\-04\-14 }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\. In September 2014, she was chosen to lead a working group on human rights and freedoms and the rights of the child.\<ref\>["Odbor za ljudska prava formirao pet radnih grupa"](https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/1697568/odbor-za-ljudska-prava-formirao-pet-radnih-grupa.html), *Radio Television of Serbia, 15 September 2014, accessed 26 January 2021\.\</ref\>*
### First term in the Vojvodina assembly
Đerić did not seek re\-election to the national assembly in 2016\. She instead appeared in the tenth position on the SNS's coalition list in the [2016 Vojvodina provincial election](/wiki/2016_Vojvodina_provincial_election "2016 Vojvodina provincial election") and was elected to the provincial assembly when the list won sixty\-three out of 120 mandates.[Изборне листе за изборе за посланике у Скупштину Аутономне покрајине Војводине (Изборна листа 1 \- АЛЕКСАНДАР ВУЧИЋ – СРБИЈА ПОБЕЂУЈЕ)](http://pik.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana?s=izborneliste&i=2016), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181827/http://pik.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana?s\=izborneliste\&i\=2016 \|date\=2022\-06\-28 }}, Izbori 2016, Provincial Election Commission, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia, accessed 6 April 2024\. She also led a list called "Truth – New Serbia" in Sombor in the concurrent [2016 local elections](/wiki/2016_Serbian_local_elections "2016 Serbian local elections"); the list did not cross the electoral threshold.*Službeni List (Grada Sombor)*, Volume 9 Number 5 (13 April 2016\), p. 14\.*Službeni List (Grada Sombor)*, Volume 9 Number 7 (25 April 2016\), p. 2\.
In early 2017, Velimir Ilić withdrew New Serbia's support for Serbia's SNS\-led government at the republic level. This led to a party split, with several prominent NS members leaving the party in order to continue supporting the Progressive alliance. Đerić initially remained with New Serbia; she left the SNS's group in the provincial assembly and joined the opposition "Alternative for Vojvodina" group.[Z. Rajić, "Vrbas: Veljini u novom pokretu"](https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/srbija.73.html:647717-Vrbas-Veljini-u-novom-pokretu), *Novosti*, 1 February 2017, accessed 26 January 2021\.["Банатска магистрала ујединила позицију и опозицију"](https://www.dnevnik.rs/politika/banatska-magistrala-ujedinila-poziciju-i-opoziciju-12-04-2017), *Dnevnik*, 12 April 2017, accessed 29 October 2022\. She ultimately left New Serbia as well, however, and in 2018 she created her own political movement called "Team for Life" (Tim za Život''). The group's primary focus was protecting what it considered the "demographic survival of Serbia" by increasing the country's birth rate.[Злата Ђерић](https://www.metla.rs/srp/predsednistvo/zlata-djeric/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809195330/https://www.metla.rs/srp/predsednistvo/zlata\-djeric/ \|date\=2020\-08\-09 }}, METLA 2020, accessed 27 January 2021\.["Udruženje iz Sombora pristupilo platformi Nacionalno\-demokratska alernativa"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/tag/tim%20za%20%C5%BEivot/), soinfo.org, 11 February 2021, accessed 29 October 2022\.
### "Team for Life"
Đerić led "Team for Life" into the DSS\-led METLA 2020 alliance in 2019 and served on the alliance's presidency.["Osnovan opozicioni politički blok 'Metla'"](http://www.politika.co.rs/sr/clanak/441128/Politika/Osnovan-opozicioni-politicki-blok-Metla#!), *Politika*, 3 November 2019, accessed 26 January 2021\.["Đerić (Metla 2020\): Korupcija tera mlade ljude iz Srbije"](https://rs.n1info.com/izbori-2020/a600770-djeric-metla-2020-korupcija-tera-mlade-ljude-iz-srbije/), N1, 18 May 2020, accessed 26 January 2021\. She received the fifth position on the alliance's list in the [2020 parliamentary election](/wiki/2020_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2020 Serbian parliamentary election"); the list did not cross the electoral threshold to win assembly representation.["Ko je sve na listi „Metla 2020“ za republičke poslanike?"](https://www.danas.rs/politika/izbori-2020/ko-je-sve-na-listi-metla-2020-za-republicke-poslanike/), *Danas*, 14 May 2020, accessed 26 January 2021\. She led "Team for Life" into the [National Democratic Alternative](/wiki/National_Democratic_Alternative_%28Serbia%29 "National Democratic Alternative (Serbia)") (NADA) alliance, which also included the DSS, in 2021\.["Udruženje iz Sombora pristupilo platformi Nacionalno\-demokratska alernativa"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/tag/tim%20za%20%C5%BEivot/), soinfo.org, 11 February 2021, accessed 29 October 2022\.
### New Democratic Party of Serbia
Đerić subsequently became a member of the New Democratic Party of Serbia, and in July 2022 she was elected to its presidency.["Među kadrovima Novog DSS\-a i stari kadrovi Koštunice i Velje Ilića"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/medju-kadrovima-novog-dss-a-i-stari-kadrovi-kostunice-i-velje-ilica/), *Danas*, 5 July 2022, accessed 29 July 2022\.[Председништво](https://www.novidss.rs/srp/o-nama/struktura/predsednistvo/), New Democratic Party of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\.
She received the fifteenth position on the NADA alliance's list in the [2023 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2023_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2023 Serbian parliamentary election") and was not elected when the list won thirteen seats. She is currently the first candidate in sequence with the right to enter the assembly as the replacement for another NDSS delegate, should a vacancy occur.["Pogledajte ko su kandidati na listi koalicije NADA – Novi DSS i POKS"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/koalicija-nada-kandidati-za-poslanika-novi-dss-poks/), *Danas*, 7 November 2023, accessed 25 April 2024\.
Đerić was also given the fifth position on NADA's list for the Vojvodina provincial assembly in the concurrent [2023 provincial election](/wiki/2023_Vojvodina_provincial_election "2023 Vojvodina provincial election") and was elected to a second term in that body when the list won seven seats.[АРХИВА: ИЗБОРИ 2023 – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ КАНДИДАТА ЗА ПОСЛАНИКЕ (Изборна листа 5 – ДР МИЛОШ ЈОВАНОВИЋ – НАДА за СРБИЈУ – НАДА за ВОЈВОДИНУ – Српска коалиција НАДА – Национално демократска алтернатива – Нова Демократска странка Србије (Нови ДСС) – Покрет обнове Краљевине Србије (ПОКС) – Војислав Михаиловић)](https://pik.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana/izborneliste2023?izbori=2023), Provincial Election Commission, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, accessed 6 April 2024\. The SNS and its allies won a majority victory, and she now serves in opposition. She is a member of the health committee{{efn\|Formally known as the Committee on Health, Social Policy, Labour, Demographic Policy, and Social Child Care}} and the committee on cooperation with the national assembly committees in exercise of competences of the province.[Zlata Đerić](https://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Poslanici.aspx?id=1380&s=poslanici), Assembly of Vojvodina, accessed 26 May 2024\.
|
[
"Politician\n----------",
"### Early years and first national assembly term",
"Đerić entered political life as a member of the [Serbian Renewal Movement](/wiki/Serbian_Renewal_Movement \"Serbian Renewal Movement\") (SPO). In the [1997 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/1997_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1997 Serbian parliamentary election\"), she appeared in the lead position on the party's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list \"Electoral list\") for the Sombor division.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. и 28\\. септембра и 5\\. октобра 1997\\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (8 Сомбор)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1997.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032405/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-1997\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 February 2024\\. She would have automatically received a mandate had the party won any seats in the division, but it did not.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. и 28\\. септембра и 5\\. октобра 1997\\. године – РЕЗУЛТАТИ ИЗБОРА (Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 21\\. и 28\\. септембра и 5\\. октобра 1997\\. године (Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. и 28\\. септембра и 5\\. октобра 1997\\.) године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1997.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032405/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-1997\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 February 2024\\.From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one\\-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates from successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two\\-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of the sponsoring parties. See [Guide to the Early Election](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116211426/https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002\\.pdf \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-16 }}, Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, December 1992, made available by the [International Foundation for Electoral Systems](/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems \"International Foundation for Electoral Systems\"), accessed 14 July 2017\\.) The SPO experienced a serious split the following year, and Đerić joined the breakaway New Serbia party under the leadership of [Velimir Ilić](/wiki/Velimir_Ili%C4%87 \"Velimir Ilić\").",
"Serbia's electoral system was reformed prior to the [2000 parliamentary election](/wiki/2000_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2000 Serbian parliamentary election\"), such that the entire country became a single electoral district and all mandates were assigned to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000\\) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80\\) that crossed the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") (Article 81\\), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83\\), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84\\). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603055629/http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6 \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-03 }}, accessed 7 April 2024\\. New Serbia participated in the 2000 election as part of the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia \"Democratic Opposition of Serbia\") (DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to the [recently overthrown](/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević\") regime of [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slobodan Milošević\"). Đerić was included on the DOS list in the 212th position out of 250\\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 23\\. децембра 2000\\. године и 10\\. јануара 2001\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Демократска опозиција Србије – др Војислав Коштуница (4 Демократска странка, Демократска странка Србије, Социјалдемократија, Грађански савез Србије, Демохришћанска странка Србије, Нова Србија, Покрет за демократску Србију, Лига социјалдемократа Војводине, Реформска демократска странка Војводине, Коалиција Војводина, Савез војвођанских Мађара, Демократска алтернатива, Демократски центар, Нова демократија, Социјалдемократска унија, Санxачка демократска партија, Лига за Шумадију, Српски покрет отпора – Демократски покрет)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2000.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329184557/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2000\\.php \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-29 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\\. The list won a landslide victory with 176 seats; she was not initially included in her party's assembly delegation but received a mandate on 4 December 2001 as the replacement for another NS member.[DRUGA SEDNICA, DRUGOG REDOVNOG ZASEDANJA, 04\\.12\\.2001\\.](https://otvoreniparlament.rs/transkript/5905), Otvoreni Parlament, accessed 26 January 2021\\. New Serbia provided support for Serbia's DOS government until 2002, when it broke from the alliance and moved into [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 \"Opposition (politics)\"). In her first term, Đerić was a member of the labour committee{{efn\\|Formally known as the Committee for Labour, Veterans' Affairs, and Social Affairs}} and the committee for environmental protection.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЂЕРИЋ, ЗЛАТА {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=276 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-30 \\|archive\\-date\\=2004\\-01\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040108010107/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=276 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\\.",
"New Serbia contested the [2003 parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2003 Serbian parliamentary election\") in an alliance with the SPO, and Đerić received the twelfth position on their combined list.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\\. децембра 2003\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (6\\. СРПСКИ ПОКРЕТ ОБНОВЕ \\- НОВА СРБИЈА \\- ВУК ДРАШКОВИЋ \\- ВЕЛИМИР ИЛИЋ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032353/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2003\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\\. The list won twenty\\-two seats, and she was not given a mandate. She later appeared in the second position on New Serbia's list for the [2004 Vojvodina provincial election](/wiki/2004_Vojvodina_provincial_election \"2004 Vojvodina provincial election\").РЕШЕЊЕ О УТВРЂИВАЊУ ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ ЗА ИЗБОРЕ ЗА ПОСЛАНИКЕ У СКУПШТИНУ АУТОНОМНЕ ПОКРАЈИНЕ ВОЈВОДИНЕ, 19\\. СЕПТЕМБРА 2004\\. ГОДИНЕ, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Her name is misspelled in this source as \"Zlata Ćerić.\" The list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") for assembly representation.",
"Serbia introduced the direct election of [mayors](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\") for the [2004 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections \"2004 Serbian local elections\"), which took place concurrently with the provincial vote. Đerić ran as New Serbia's candidate for mayor of Sombor; her campaign was also endorsed by [Social Democracy](/wiki/Social_Democracy_%28Serbia%29 \"Social Democracy (Serbia)\") (SD) and two smaller political movements. She was defeated in the first round of voting.[\"Za sebe, stranku ili grad?\"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/540/za-sebe-stranku-ili-grad/), soinfo.org, 26 August 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; [\"Šest kandidata uz nove najave\"](http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vijest/A2040/sest-kan%C2%ADdi%C2%ADda%C2%ADta--uz-no%C2%ADve-na%C2%ADja%C2%ADve/), Hrvatska Riječ, 27 August 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; [Uređene liste](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/4534/), soinfo.org, 8 September 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; [\"Izborno rešavanje\"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/585/izborno-resavanje/), soinfo.org, 1 October 2004, accessed 26 February 2004; ЛОКАЛНИ ИЗБОРИ: Председници општина и градова, изабрани на локалним изборима, 2004\\., {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Izbori/spisakpn.php?ind\\=1 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003173307/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Izbori/spisakpn.php?ind\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 3 October 2010, accessed 12 July 2021\\. She was, however, included on New Serbia's list for the Sombor municipal assembly and was elected when the list won three seats.[\"Sva skupštinska imena\"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/596/sva-skupstinska-imena/), soinfo.org, 8 October 2004, accessed 25 February 2022\\.Odbornici, {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.so\\-sombor.com/Opstina/skupstina.php?id\\=1004 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623152036/http://www.so\\-sombor.com/Opstina/skupstina.php?id\\=1004 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 23 June 2007, accessed 12 February 2022\\. The direct election of mayors proved to be a short\\-lived experiment and was abandoned in 2008; since this time, mayors have been chosen by the elected members of the local assemblies.",
"New Serbia contested the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2007 Serbian parliamentary election\") in an alliance with the Democratic Party of Serbia, and Đerić was given the sixteenth position on their combined list. The list won forty\\-seven seats, and she once again did not receive a mandate.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. јануара и 8\\. фебрауара 2007\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5 Демократска странка Србије \\- Нова Србија \\- др Војислав Коштуница)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2007.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032348/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2007\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\\.[14 February 2007 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/14-february-2007-legislature.489.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 27 December 2022\\.",
"### Return to the national assembly",
"The DSS and New Serbia continued their alliance into the [2008 parliamentary election](/wiki/2008_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2008 Serbian parliamentary election\"); Đerić received the fiftieth position on their list and was given a mandate for a second assembly term when the list won thirty seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 11\\. маја 2008\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (3 Демократска Странка Србије \\- Нова Србија \\- Војислав Коштуница)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2008.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032344/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2008\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\\.[11 June 2008 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/11-june-2008-legislature.1570.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 24 November 2017\\. In the concurrent [2008 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections \"2008 Serbian local elections\"), New Serbia formed an alliance in Sombor with the [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia \"Socialist Party of Serbia\") (SPS) and other parties. Đerić received the third position on their combined list, which did not cross the threshold for assembly representation.*Službeni List (Opštine Sombor)*, Volume 41 Number 5 (30 April 2008\\), p. 8\\.*Službeni List (Opštine Sombor)*, Volume 41 Number 6 (13 May 2008\\), p. 2\\.",
"The results of the parliamentary election were inconclusive, and serious discussions later took place between the DSS–NS alliance, the SPS, and the [Serbian Radical Party](/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party \"Serbian Radical Party\") (SRS) about forming a new [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\").\"Serbian PM's party, Radicals to form coalition \\- daily,\" *British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring European*, 22 April 2008 (Source: Blic, Belgrade, in Serbian 19 Apr 08, pp 2\\-3\\). This ultimately did not happen; the SPS instead entered a coalition government with the *[For a European Serbia](/wiki/For_a_European_Serbia \"For a European Serbia\")* (ZES) alliance, and New Serbia served in opposition. Đerić became deputy chair of the labour committee and was a member of the committee for gender equality, the working group on the rights of the child, and the parliamentary friendship groups with [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), and the [Sovereign Order of Malta](/wiki/Sovereign_Order_of_Malta \"Sovereign Order of Malta\").[ЗЛАТА ЂЕРИЋ](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/%D0%97%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90%2B_%D0%82%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%8B.430.245.html), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420163206/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/%D0%97%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90\\+\\_%D0%82%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%8B.430\\.245\\.html \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-20 }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\\.",
"Serbia's electoral system was reformed again in 2011, such that all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order. New Serbia formed an alliance with the [Serbian Progressive Party](/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party \"Serbian Progressive Party\") (SNS) in this period and contested the [2012 parliamentary election](/wiki/2012_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2012 Serbian parliamentary election\") on the latter's *[Let's Get Serbia Moving](/wiki/Let%27s_Get_Serbia_Moving \"Let's Get Serbia Moving\")* list. Đerić received the fifty\\-seventh position and was re\\-elected when the list won seventy\\-three mandates.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, 6\\. мај 2012\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5 POKRENIMO SRBIJU \\- TOMISLAV NIKOLIĆ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2012.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032340/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2012\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 10 July 2021\\. The SNS and SPS subsequently formed a new coalition government that included New Serbia, and Đerić served as part of its parliamentary majority. In the 2012–14 parliament, she was a member of the committee for human and minority rights and gender equality, a deputy member of the foreign affairs committee and the committee on the rights of the child, and a member of Serbia's friendship groups with [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), Israel, Italy, [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"), and the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\").[ZLATA ĐERIĆ](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/ZLATA_%C4%90ERI%C4%86.430.891.html), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601003623/http://www.parlament.gov.rs:80/ZLATA\\_%C4%90ERI%C4%86\\.430\\.891\\.html \\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-01 }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\\.",
"She was given the sixty\\-ninth position on the Progressive Party's coalition list in the [2014 parliamentary election](/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2014 Serbian parliamentary election\") and was elected to a fourth term when the list won a landslide majority victory with 158 mandates.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 16\\. и 23\\. марта 2014\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (1 ALEKSANDAR VUČIĆ \\- BUDUĆNOST U KOJU VERUJEMO)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2014.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032336/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2014\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\\. She served afterward as a member of the committee on foreign affairs, the committee for human and minority rights and gender equality, and the committee on [Kosovo and Metohija](/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija \"Kosovo and Metohija\"), and was a deputy member of the committee on the rights of the child. She was also part of Serbia's delegation to the parliamentary dimension of the [Central European Initiative](/wiki/Central_European_Initiative \"Central European Initiative\"), chaired Serbia's friendship groups with [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") and [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\"), and was a member of the friendship groups with Israel, Italy, [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), and [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\").[ZLATA ĐERIĆ](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/ZLATA_%C4%90ERI%C4%86.430.891.html), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414234024/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/ZLATA\\_%C4%90ERI%C4%86\\.430\\.891\\.html \\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-14 }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\\. In September 2014, she was chosen to lead a working group on human rights and freedoms and the rights of the child.\\<ref\\>[\"Odbor za ljudska prava formirao pet radnih grupa\"](https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/1697568/odbor-za-ljudska-prava-formirao-pet-radnih-grupa.html), *Radio Television of Serbia, 15 September 2014, accessed 26 January 2021\\.\\</ref\\>*",
"### First term in the Vojvodina assembly",
"Đerić did not seek re\\-election to the national assembly in 2016\\. She instead appeared in the tenth position on the SNS's coalition list in the [2016 Vojvodina provincial election](/wiki/2016_Vojvodina_provincial_election \"2016 Vojvodina provincial election\") and was elected to the provincial assembly when the list won sixty\\-three out of 120 mandates.[Изборне листе за изборе за посланике у Скупштину Аутономне покрајине Војводине (Изборна листа 1 \\- АЛЕКСАНДАР ВУЧИЋ – СРБИЈА ПОБЕЂУЈЕ)](http://pik.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana?s=izborneliste&i=2016), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181827/http://pik.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana?s\\=izborneliste\\&i\\=2016 \\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-28 }}, Izbori 2016, Provincial Election Commission, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia, accessed 6 April 2024\\. She also led a list called \"Truth – New Serbia\" in Sombor in the concurrent [2016 local elections](/wiki/2016_Serbian_local_elections \"2016 Serbian local elections\"); the list did not cross the electoral threshold.*Službeni List (Grada Sombor)*, Volume 9 Number 5 (13 April 2016\\), p. 14\\.*Službeni List (Grada Sombor)*, Volume 9 Number 7 (25 April 2016\\), p. 2\\.\nIn early 2017, Velimir Ilić withdrew New Serbia's support for Serbia's SNS\\-led government at the republic level. This led to a party split, with several prominent NS members leaving the party in order to continue supporting the Progressive alliance. Đerić initially remained with New Serbia; she left the SNS's group in the provincial assembly and joined the opposition \"Alternative for Vojvodina\" group.[Z. Rajić, \"Vrbas: Veljini u novom pokretu\"](https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/srbija.73.html:647717-Vrbas-Veljini-u-novom-pokretu), *Novosti*, 1 February 2017, accessed 26 January 2021\\.[\"Банатска магистрала ујединила позицију и опозицију\"](https://www.dnevnik.rs/politika/banatska-magistrala-ujedinila-poziciju-i-opoziciju-12-04-2017), *Dnevnik*, 12 April 2017, accessed 29 October 2022\\. She ultimately left New Serbia as well, however, and in 2018 she created her own political movement called \"Team for Life\" (Tim za Život''). The group's primary focus was protecting what it considered the \"demographic survival of Serbia\" by increasing the country's birth rate.[Злата Ђерић](https://www.metla.rs/srp/predsednistvo/zlata-djeric/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809195330/https://www.metla.rs/srp/predsednistvo/zlata\\-djeric/ \\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-09 }}, METLA 2020, accessed 27 January 2021\\.[\"Udruženje iz Sombora pristupilo platformi Nacionalno\\-demokratska alernativa\"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/tag/tim%20za%20%C5%BEivot/), soinfo.org, 11 February 2021, accessed 29 October 2022\\.",
"### \"Team for Life\"",
"Đerić led \"Team for Life\" into the DSS\\-led METLA 2020 alliance in 2019 and served on the alliance's presidency.[\"Osnovan opozicioni politički blok 'Metla'\"](http://www.politika.co.rs/sr/clanak/441128/Politika/Osnovan-opozicioni-politicki-blok-Metla#!), *Politika*, 3 November 2019, accessed 26 January 2021\\.[\"Đerić (Metla 2020\\): Korupcija tera mlade ljude iz Srbije\"](https://rs.n1info.com/izbori-2020/a600770-djeric-metla-2020-korupcija-tera-mlade-ljude-iz-srbije/), N1, 18 May 2020, accessed 26 January 2021\\. She received the fifth position on the alliance's list in the [2020 parliamentary election](/wiki/2020_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2020 Serbian parliamentary election\"); the list did not cross the electoral threshold to win assembly representation.[\"Ko je sve na listi „Metla 2020“ za republičke poslanike?\"](https://www.danas.rs/politika/izbori-2020/ko-je-sve-na-listi-metla-2020-za-republicke-poslanike/), *Danas*, 14 May 2020, accessed 26 January 2021\\. She led \"Team for Life\" into the [National Democratic Alternative](/wiki/National_Democratic_Alternative_%28Serbia%29 \"National Democratic Alternative (Serbia)\") (NADA) alliance, which also included the DSS, in 2021\\.[\"Udruženje iz Sombora pristupilo platformi Nacionalno\\-demokratska alernativa\"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/tag/tim%20za%20%C5%BEivot/), soinfo.org, 11 February 2021, accessed 29 October 2022\\.",
"### New Democratic Party of Serbia",
"Đerić subsequently became a member of the New Democratic Party of Serbia, and in July 2022 she was elected to its presidency.[\"Među kadrovima Novog DSS\\-a i stari kadrovi Koštunice i Velje Ilića\"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/medju-kadrovima-novog-dss-a-i-stari-kadrovi-kostunice-i-velje-ilica/), *Danas*, 5 July 2022, accessed 29 July 2022\\.[Председништво](https://www.novidss.rs/srp/o-nama/struktura/predsednistvo/), New Democratic Party of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\\.",
"She received the fifteenth position on the NADA alliance's list in the [2023 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2023_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2023 Serbian parliamentary election\") and was not elected when the list won thirteen seats. She is currently the first candidate in sequence with the right to enter the assembly as the replacement for another NDSS delegate, should a vacancy occur.[\"Pogledajte ko su kandidati na listi koalicije NADA – Novi DSS i POKS\"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/koalicija-nada-kandidati-za-poslanika-novi-dss-poks/), *Danas*, 7 November 2023, accessed 25 April 2024\\.",
"Đerić was also given the fifth position on NADA's list for the Vojvodina provincial assembly in the concurrent [2023 provincial election](/wiki/2023_Vojvodina_provincial_election \"2023 Vojvodina provincial election\") and was elected to a second term in that body when the list won seven seats.[АРХИВА: ИЗБОРИ 2023 – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ КАНДИДАТА ЗА ПОСЛАНИКЕ (Изборна листа 5 – ДР МИЛОШ ЈОВАНОВИЋ – НАДА за СРБИЈУ – НАДА за ВОЈВОДИНУ – Српска коалиција НАДА – Национално демократска алтернатива – Нова Демократска странка Србије (Нови ДСС) – Покрет обнове Краљевине Србије (ПОКС) – Војислав Михаиловић)](https://pik.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana/izborneliste2023?izbori=2023), Provincial Election Commission, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, accessed 6 April 2024\\. The SNS and its allies won a majority victory, and she now serves in opposition. She is a member of the health committee{{efn\\|Formally known as the Committee on Health, Social Policy, Labour, Demographic Policy, and Social Child Care}} and the committee on cooperation with the national assembly committees in exercise of competences of the province.[Zlata Đerić](https://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Poslanici.aspx?id=1380&s=poslanici), Assembly of Vojvodina, accessed 26 May 2024\\.",
""
] |
### Early years and first national assembly term
Đerić entered political life as a member of the [Serbian Renewal Movement](/wiki/Serbian_Renewal_Movement "Serbian Renewal Movement") (SPO). In the [1997 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/1997_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1997 Serbian parliamentary election"), she appeared in the lead position on the party's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list "Electoral list") for the Sombor division.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. и 28\. септембра и 5\. октобра 1997\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (8 Сомбор)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1997.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032405/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-1997\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 February 2024\. She would have automatically received a mandate had the party won any seats in the division, but it did not.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. и 28\. септембра и 5\. октобра 1997\. године – РЕЗУЛТАТИ ИЗБОРА (Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 21\. и 28\. септембра и 5\. октобра 1997\. године (Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. и 28\. септембра и 5\. октобра 1997\.) године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1997.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032405/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-1997\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 February 2024\.From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one\-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates from successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two\-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of the sponsoring parties. See [Guide to the Early Election](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116211426/https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002\.pdf \|date\=2022\-01\-16 }}, Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, December 1992, made available by the [International Foundation for Electoral Systems](/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems "International Foundation for Electoral Systems"), accessed 14 July 2017\.) The SPO experienced a serious split the following year, and Đerić joined the breakaway New Serbia party under the leadership of [Velimir Ilić](/wiki/Velimir_Ili%C4%87 "Velimir Ilić").
Serbia's electoral system was reformed prior to the [2000 parliamentary election](/wiki/2000_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2000 Serbian parliamentary election"), such that the entire country became a single electoral district and all mandates were assigned to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000\) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80\) that crossed the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") (Article 81\), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83\), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84\). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603055629/http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6 \|date\=2021\-06\-03 }}, accessed 7 April 2024\. New Serbia participated in the 2000 election as part of the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia "Democratic Opposition of Serbia") (DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to the [recently overthrown](/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević") regime of [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slobodan Milošević"). Đerić was included on the DOS list in the 212th position out of 250\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 23\. децембра 2000\. године и 10\. јануара 2001\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Демократска опозиција Србије – др Војислав Коштуница (4 Демократска странка, Демократска странка Србије, Социјалдемократија, Грађански савез Србије, Демохришћанска странка Србије, Нова Србија, Покрет за демократску Србију, Лига социјалдемократа Војводине, Реформска демократска странка Војводине, Коалиција Војводина, Савез војвођанских Мађара, Демократска алтернатива, Демократски центар, Нова демократија, Социјалдемократска унија, Санxачка демократска партија, Лига за Шумадију, Српски покрет отпора – Демократски покрет)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2000.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329184557/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2000\.php \|date\=2023\-03\-29 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\. The list won a landslide victory with 176 seats; she was not initially included in her party's assembly delegation but received a mandate on 4 December 2001 as the replacement for another NS member.[DRUGA SEDNICA, DRUGOG REDOVNOG ZASEDANJA, 04\.12\.2001\.](https://otvoreniparlament.rs/transkript/5905), Otvoreni Parlament, accessed 26 January 2021\. New Serbia provided support for Serbia's DOS government until 2002, when it broke from the alliance and moved into [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 "Opposition (politics)"). In her first term, Đerić was a member of the labour committee{{efn\|Formally known as the Committee for Labour, Veterans' Affairs, and Social Affairs}} and the committee for environmental protection.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЂЕРИЋ, ЗЛАТА {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=276 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-30 \|archive\-date\=2004\-01\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040108010107/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=276 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\.
New Serbia contested the [2003 parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2003 Serbian parliamentary election") in an alliance with the SPO, and Đerić received the twelfth position on their combined list.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\. децембра 2003\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (6\. СРПСКИ ПОКРЕТ ОБНОВЕ \- НОВА СРБИЈА \- ВУК ДРАШКОВИЋ \- ВЕЛИМИР ИЛИЋ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032353/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2003\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\. The list won twenty\-two seats, and she was not given a mandate. She later appeared in the second position on New Serbia's list for the [2004 Vojvodina provincial election](/wiki/2004_Vojvodina_provincial_election "2004 Vojvodina provincial election").РЕШЕЊЕ О УТВРЂИВАЊУ ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ ЗА ИЗБОРЕ ЗА ПОСЛАНИКЕ У СКУПШТИНУ АУТОНОМНЕ ПОКРАЈИНЕ ВОЈВОДИНЕ, 19\. СЕПТЕМБРА 2004\. ГОДИНЕ, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Her name is misspelled in this source as "Zlata Ćerić." The list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") for assembly representation.
Serbia introduced the direct election of [mayors](/wiki/Mayor "Mayor") for the [2004 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections "2004 Serbian local elections"), which took place concurrently with the provincial vote. Đerić ran as New Serbia's candidate for mayor of Sombor; her campaign was also endorsed by [Social Democracy](/wiki/Social_Democracy_%28Serbia%29 "Social Democracy (Serbia)") (SD) and two smaller political movements. She was defeated in the first round of voting.["Za sebe, stranku ili grad?"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/540/za-sebe-stranku-ili-grad/), soinfo.org, 26 August 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; ["Šest kandidata uz nove najave"](http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vijest/A2040/sest-kan%C2%ADdi%C2%ADda%C2%ADta--uz-no%C2%ADve-na%C2%ADja%C2%ADve/), Hrvatska Riječ, 27 August 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; [Uređene liste](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/4534/), soinfo.org, 8 September 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; ["Izborno rešavanje"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/585/izborno-resavanje/), soinfo.org, 1 October 2004, accessed 26 February 2004; ЛОКАЛНИ ИЗБОРИ: Председници општина и градова, изабрани на локалним изборима, 2004\., {{Cite web \|url\=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Izbori/spisakpn.php?ind\=1 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-29 \|archive\-date\=2010\-10\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003173307/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Izbori/spisakpn.php?ind\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }}, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 3 October 2010, accessed 12 July 2021\. She was, however, included on New Serbia's list for the Sombor municipal assembly and was elected when the list won three seats.["Sva skupštinska imena"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/596/sva-skupstinska-imena/), soinfo.org, 8 October 2004, accessed 25 February 2022\.Odbornici, {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.so\-sombor.com/Opstina/skupstina.php?id\=1004 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-26 \|archive\-date\=2007\-06\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623152036/http://www.so\-sombor.com/Opstina/skupstina.php?id\=1004 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 23 June 2007, accessed 12 February 2022\. The direct election of mayors proved to be a short\-lived experiment and was abandoned in 2008; since this time, mayors have been chosen by the elected members of the local assemblies.
New Serbia contested the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2007 Serbian parliamentary election") in an alliance with the Democratic Party of Serbia, and Đerić was given the sixteenth position on their combined list. The list won forty\-seven seats, and she once again did not receive a mandate.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. јануара и 8\. фебрауара 2007\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5 Демократска странка Србије \- Нова Србија \- др Војислав Коштуница)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2007.php), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032348/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2007\.php \|date\=2021\-04\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\.[14 February 2007 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/14-february-2007-legislature.489.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 27 December 2022\.
|
[
"### Early years and first national assembly term",
"Đerić entered political life as a member of the [Serbian Renewal Movement](/wiki/Serbian_Renewal_Movement \"Serbian Renewal Movement\") (SPO). In the [1997 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/1997_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1997 Serbian parliamentary election\"), she appeared in the lead position on the party's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list \"Electoral list\") for the Sombor division.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. и 28\\. септембра и 5\\. октобра 1997\\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (8 Сомбор)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1997.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032405/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-1997\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 February 2024\\. She would have automatically received a mandate had the party won any seats in the division, but it did not.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. и 28\\. септембра и 5\\. октобра 1997\\. године – РЕЗУЛТАТИ ИЗБОРА (Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 21\\. и 28\\. септембра и 5\\. октобра 1997\\. године (Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. и 28\\. септембра и 5\\. октобра 1997\\.) године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1997.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032405/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-1997\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 February 2024\\.From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one\\-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates from successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two\\-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of the sponsoring parties. See [Guide to the Early Election](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116211426/https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002\\.pdf \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-16 }}, Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, December 1992, made available by the [International Foundation for Electoral Systems](/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems \"International Foundation for Electoral Systems\"), accessed 14 July 2017\\.) The SPO experienced a serious split the following year, and Đerić joined the breakaway New Serbia party under the leadership of [Velimir Ilić](/wiki/Velimir_Ili%C4%87 \"Velimir Ilić\").",
"Serbia's electoral system was reformed prior to the [2000 parliamentary election](/wiki/2000_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2000 Serbian parliamentary election\"), such that the entire country became a single electoral district and all mandates were assigned to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000\\) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80\\) that crossed the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") (Article 81\\), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83\\), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84\\). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603055629/http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6 \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-03 }}, accessed 7 April 2024\\. New Serbia participated in the 2000 election as part of the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia \"Democratic Opposition of Serbia\") (DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to the [recently overthrown](/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević\") regime of [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slobodan Milošević\"). Đerić was included on the DOS list in the 212th position out of 250\\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 23\\. децембра 2000\\. године и 10\\. јануара 2001\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Демократска опозиција Србије – др Војислав Коштуница (4 Демократска странка, Демократска странка Србије, Социјалдемократија, Грађански савез Србије, Демохришћанска странка Србије, Нова Србија, Покрет за демократску Србију, Лига социјалдемократа Војводине, Реформска демократска странка Војводине, Коалиција Војводина, Савез војвођанских Мађара, Демократска алтернатива, Демократски центар, Нова демократија, Социјалдемократска унија, Санxачка демократска партија, Лига за Шумадију, Српски покрет отпора – Демократски покрет)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2000.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329184557/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2000\\.php \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-29 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\\. The list won a landslide victory with 176 seats; she was not initially included in her party's assembly delegation but received a mandate on 4 December 2001 as the replacement for another NS member.[DRUGA SEDNICA, DRUGOG REDOVNOG ZASEDANJA, 04\\.12\\.2001\\.](https://otvoreniparlament.rs/transkript/5905), Otvoreni Parlament, accessed 26 January 2021\\. New Serbia provided support for Serbia's DOS government until 2002, when it broke from the alliance and moved into [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 \"Opposition (politics)\"). In her first term, Đerić was a member of the labour committee{{efn\\|Formally known as the Committee for Labour, Veterans' Affairs, and Social Affairs}} and the committee for environmental protection.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЂЕРИЋ, ЗЛАТА {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=276 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-30 \\|archive\\-date\\=2004\\-01\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040108010107/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=276 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 29 October 2022\\.",
"New Serbia contested the [2003 parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2003 Serbian parliamentary election\") in an alliance with the SPO, and Đerić received the twelfth position on their combined list.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\\. децембра 2003\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (6\\. СРПСКИ ПОКРЕТ ОБНОВЕ \\- НОВА СРБИЈА \\- ВУК ДРАШКОВИЋ \\- ВЕЛИМИР ИЛИЋ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032353/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2003\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\\. The list won twenty\\-two seats, and she was not given a mandate. She later appeared in the second position on New Serbia's list for the [2004 Vojvodina provincial election](/wiki/2004_Vojvodina_provincial_election \"2004 Vojvodina provincial election\").РЕШЕЊЕ О УТВРЂИВАЊУ ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ ЗА ИЗБОРЕ ЗА ПОСЛАНИКЕ У СКУПШТИНУ АУТОНОМНЕ ПОКРАЈИНЕ ВОЈВОДИНЕ, 19\\. СЕПТЕМБРА 2004\\. ГОДИНЕ, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Her name is misspelled in this source as \"Zlata Ćerić.\" The list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") for assembly representation.",
"Serbia introduced the direct election of [mayors](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\") for the [2004 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections \"2004 Serbian local elections\"), which took place concurrently with the provincial vote. Đerić ran as New Serbia's candidate for mayor of Sombor; her campaign was also endorsed by [Social Democracy](/wiki/Social_Democracy_%28Serbia%29 \"Social Democracy (Serbia)\") (SD) and two smaller political movements. She was defeated in the first round of voting.[\"Za sebe, stranku ili grad?\"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/540/za-sebe-stranku-ili-grad/), soinfo.org, 26 August 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; [\"Šest kandidata uz nove najave\"](http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vijest/A2040/sest-kan%C2%ADdi%C2%ADda%C2%ADta--uz-no%C2%ADve-na%C2%ADja%C2%ADve/), Hrvatska Riječ, 27 August 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; [Uređene liste](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/4534/), soinfo.org, 8 September 2004, accessed 25 February 2022; [\"Izborno rešavanje\"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/585/izborno-resavanje/), soinfo.org, 1 October 2004, accessed 26 February 2004; ЛОКАЛНИ ИЗБОРИ: Председници општина и градова, изабрани на локалним изборима, 2004\\., {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Izbori/spisakpn.php?ind\\=1 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003173307/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Izbori/spisakpn.php?ind\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 3 October 2010, accessed 12 July 2021\\. She was, however, included on New Serbia's list for the Sombor municipal assembly and was elected when the list won three seats.[\"Sva skupštinska imena\"](https://www.soinfo.org/vesti/vest/596/sva-skupstinska-imena/), soinfo.org, 8 October 2004, accessed 25 February 2022\\.Odbornici, {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.so\\-sombor.com/Opstina/skupstina.php?id\\=1004 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623152036/http://www.so\\-sombor.com/Opstina/skupstina.php?id\\=1004 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 23 June 2007, accessed 12 February 2022\\. The direct election of mayors proved to be a short\\-lived experiment and was abandoned in 2008; since this time, mayors have been chosen by the elected members of the local assemblies.",
"New Serbia contested the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2007 Serbian parliamentary election\") in an alliance with the Democratic Party of Serbia, and Đerić was given the sixteenth position on their combined list. The list won forty\\-seven seats, and she once again did not receive a mandate.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. јануара и 8\\. фебрауара 2007\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5 Демократска странка Србије \\- Нова Србија \\- др Војислав Коштуница)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2007.php), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032348/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2007\\.php \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-22 }}, Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 7 April 2024\\.[14 February 2007 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/14-february-2007-legislature.489.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 27 December 2022\\.",
""
] |
Constructions
-------------
The figure below illustrates the constructions stage by stage from the implementation of SWSR register in an asynchronous message\-passing system to the implementation of MWMR register using a [SW Snapshot object](/wiki/Shared_snapshot_objects "Shared snapshot objects"). This kind of construction is sometimes called simulation or emulation.{{cite book\|last1\=Attiya\|first1\=Hagit\|last2\=Welch\|first2\=Jennifer\|title\=Distributed computing: fundamentals, simulations, and advanced topics\|date\=Mar 25, 2004\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.\|isbn\=978\-0\-471\-45324\-6\|url\=http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd\-0471453242\.html}} In each stage (except Stage 3\), the object type on the right can be implemented by the simpler object type on the left. The constructions of each stage (except Stage 3\) are briefly presented below. There is an article which discusses the details of constructing [snapshot objects](/wiki/Shared_snapshot_objects "Shared snapshot objects").
{{image frame\|align\=center\|caption\=Shared Register Stages of Constructions\|width\=700
\|content\=
{\\operatorname{Message\-passing} \\atop (MP)\~System} \-\>\[]\[\\text{Stage 1}] SWSR\~atomic \-\>\[]\[\\text{Stage 2}] SWMR \-\>\[]\[\\text{Stage 3}] SW\~snapshot \-\>\[]\[\\text{Stage 4}] MWMR
}}
An implementation is [linearizable](/wiki/Linearizability "Linearizability") if, for every execution there is a linearization ordering that satisfies the following two properties:
1. if operations were done sequentially in order of their linearization, they would return the same result as in the concurrent execution.
2. If operation op1 ends before operation op2 begins, then op1 comes before op2 in linearization.
### Implementing an atomic SWSR register in a message passing system
A SWSR atomic (linearizable) register can be implemented in an [asynchronous](/wiki/Asynchronous_system "Asynchronous system") message\-passing system, even if processes may crash. There is no time limit for processes to deliver messages to receivers or to execute local instructions. In other words, processes can not distinguish between processes which respond slowly or simply crash.
[frame\|center\|Implementation of Atomic SWSR Register in MP System](/wiki/File:SWSR2.JPG "SWSR2.JPG")
The implementation given by Attiya, Bar\-Noy and Dolev{{cite book\|last1\=Attiya\|first1\=Hagit\|last2\=Bar\-Noy\|first2\=Amotz\|last3\=Dolev\|first3\=Danny\|title\=Proceedings of the ninth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing \|chapter\=Sharing memory robustly in message\-passing systems \|date\=1990\|volume\=PODC '90\|pages\=363–375\|doi\=10\.1145/93385\.93441\|isbn\=089791404X\|s2cid\=1233774 }} requires {{math\|''n'' \> 2''f''}}, where {{mvar\|n}} is the total number of processes in the system, and {{mvar\|f}} is the maximum number of processes that can crash during execution. The algorithm is as follows:
| Writer | Reader |
| --- | --- |
| WRITE(v) ``` t++ send (v,t) to all processes wait until getting (n-f) acknowledgements ``` | READ() ``` send read request to all processes wait until getting (n-f) responses of them choose v with the biggest t ``` |
The linearization order of operations is: linearize *write*s in the order as they occur and insert the *read* after the *write* whose value it returns. We can check that the implementation is linearizable. We can check property 2 especially when op1 is *write* and op2 is *read*, and *read* is immediately after *write*. We can show by contradiction. Assume the *read* does not see the *write*, and then according to the implementation, we must have two disjoint sets of size {{math\|(''n'' \- ''f'')}} among the n processes. So {{math\|2 \* (''n'' \- ''f'') ≤ ''n''}} leading to {{math\|''n''≤ 2''f''}}, which contradicts the fact that {{math\|''n'' \> 2''f''}}. So the *read* must read at least one value written by that *write*.
### Implementing a SWMR register from SWSR registers
A SWMR register can be written by only one process but can be read by multiple processes.
| \+ Implementation of SWMR register using SWSR registers | {{Diagonal split header\|Writers\|Readers}} | {{tmath\|R\_1}} | {{tmath\|R\_2}} | ⋯ | {{tmath\|R\_n}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{tmath\|R\_1}} | A\[1,1] | A\[1,2] | ... | A\[1,n] |
| {{tmath\|R\_2}} | A\[2,1] | A\[2,2] | ... | A\[2,n] |
| ⋮ | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| {{tmath\|R\_n}} | A\[n,1] | A\[n,2] | ... | A\[n,n] |
| {{mvar\|w}} | A\[n\+1,1] | A\[n\+1,2] | ... | A\[n\+1,n] |
Let n be the number of processes which can read the SWMR register. Let {{mvar\|Ri}}, {{math\|0 \< ''i'' ≤ ''n''}}, refer to the readers of the SWMR register. Let {{mvar\|w}} be the single writer of the SWMR. The figure on the right shows a construction of a SWMR register using an array of {{math\|''n''(''n'' \+ 1\)}} SWSR registers. We denote the array by {{math\|A}}. Each SWSR register {{math\|A\[''i'',''j'']}} is writable by {{mvar\|Ri}} when {{math\|0 \< ''i''≤ ''n''}} and is writable by {{mvar\|w}} when {{math\|1\=''i'' \= ''n'' \+ 1}}. Each SWSR register {{math\|A\[''i'',''j'']}} is readable by {{mvar\|Rj}}. The implementations of *read* and *write* are shown below.
| Writer | w: WRITE(v) | for j \= i..n ``` t++ write (v,t) in A[n+1,j] ``` end for |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Readers | {{mvar\|Ri}}: READ() | for k \= 1\..(n\+1\) ``` (V[k],T[k]) <- read A[k,i] ``` end for take k such that for all l, T\[k] \>\= T\[l] r \<\- V\[k] t \<\- T\[k] for j\=1\..n ``` write (r,t) in A[i,j] ``` end for return r |
The t\-value of an operation is the value of t it writes and the operations are linearized by t\-values. If *write* and *read* have the same t\-value, order *write* before *read*. If several *read*s have the same t\-values, order them by the start time.
### Implementing a MWMR register from a SW Snapshot object
We can use the a SW Snapshot object of size n to construct a MWMR register.
| Writer | Readers |
| --- | --- |
| Pi: WRITE(v) | Pi: READ() |
| ((v1, t1\), ..., (vn, tn)) \<\- V.SCAN() let t \= max(t1, ..., tn) \+ 1 V.UPDATE(i, (v, t)) | V.SCAN return value with largest timestamp, in the result of the scan (break ties by using rightmost pair of largest timestamp) |
The linearization order is as follows. Order *write* operations by t\-values. If several *write*s have the same t\-value, order the operation with small process ID in front. Insert *read*s right after *write* whose value they return, breaking ties by process ID and if still tied, break tie by start time.
|
[
"Constructions\n-------------",
"The figure below illustrates the constructions stage by stage from the implementation of SWSR register in an asynchronous message\\-passing system to the implementation of MWMR register using a [SW Snapshot object](/wiki/Shared_snapshot_objects \"Shared snapshot objects\"). This kind of construction is sometimes called simulation or emulation.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Attiya\\|first1\\=Hagit\\|last2\\=Welch\\|first2\\=Jennifer\\|title\\=Distributed computing: fundamentals, simulations, and advanced topics\\|date\\=Mar 25, 2004\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons, Inc.\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-471\\-45324\\-6\\|url\\=http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd\\-0471453242\\.html}} In each stage (except Stage 3\\), the object type on the right can be implemented by the simpler object type on the left. The constructions of each stage (except Stage 3\\) are briefly presented below. There is an article which discusses the details of constructing [snapshot objects](/wiki/Shared_snapshot_objects \"Shared snapshot objects\").",
"{{image frame\\|align\\=center\\|caption\\=Shared Register Stages of Constructions\\|width\\=700\n\\|content\\= \n{\\\\operatorname{Message\\-passing} \\\\atop (MP)\\~System} \\-\\>\\[]\\[\\\\text{Stage 1}] SWSR\\~atomic \\-\\>\\[]\\[\\\\text{Stage 2}] SWMR \\-\\>\\[]\\[\\\\text{Stage 3}] SW\\~snapshot \\-\\>\\[]\\[\\\\text{Stage 4}] MWMR \n }}\nAn implementation is [linearizable](/wiki/Linearizability \"Linearizability\") if, for every execution there is a linearization ordering that satisfies the following two properties:\n1. if operations were done sequentially in order of their linearization, they would return the same result as in the concurrent execution.\n2. If operation op1 ends before operation op2 begins, then op1 comes before op2 in linearization.",
"### Implementing an atomic SWSR register in a message passing system",
"A SWSR atomic (linearizable) register can be implemented in an [asynchronous](/wiki/Asynchronous_system \"Asynchronous system\") message\\-passing system, even if processes may crash. There is no time limit for processes to deliver messages to receivers or to execute local instructions. In other words, processes can not distinguish between processes which respond slowly or simply crash.",
"[frame\\|center\\|Implementation of Atomic SWSR Register in MP System](/wiki/File:SWSR2.JPG \"SWSR2.JPG\")",
"The implementation given by Attiya, Bar\\-Noy and Dolev{{cite book\\|last1\\=Attiya\\|first1\\=Hagit\\|last2\\=Bar\\-Noy\\|first2\\=Amotz\\|last3\\=Dolev\\|first3\\=Danny\\|title\\=Proceedings of the ninth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing \\|chapter\\=Sharing memory robustly in message\\-passing systems \\|date\\=1990\\|volume\\=PODC '90\\|pages\\=363–375\\|doi\\=10\\.1145/93385\\.93441\\|isbn\\=089791404X\\|s2cid\\=1233774 }} requires {{math\\|''n'' \\> 2''f''}}, where {{mvar\\|n}} is the total number of processes in the system, and {{mvar\\|f}} is the maximum number of processes that can crash during execution. The algorithm is as follows:",
"| Writer | Reader |\n| --- | --- |\n| WRITE(v) ``` t++ send (v,t) to all processes wait until getting (n-f) acknowledgements ``` | READ() ``` send read request to all processes wait until getting (n-f) responses of them choose v with the biggest t ``` |",
"",
"The linearization order of operations is: linearize *write*s in the order as they occur and insert the *read* after the *write* whose value it returns. We can check that the implementation is linearizable. We can check property 2 especially when op1 is *write* and op2 is *read*, and *read* is immediately after *write*. We can show by contradiction. Assume the *read* does not see the *write*, and then according to the implementation, we must have two disjoint sets of size {{math\\|(''n'' \\- ''f'')}} among the n processes. So {{math\\|2 \\* (''n'' \\- ''f'') ≤ ''n''}} leading to {{math\\|''n''≤ 2''f''}}, which contradicts the fact that {{math\\|''n'' \\> 2''f''}}. So the *read* must read at least one value written by that *write*.",
"### Implementing a SWMR register from SWSR registers",
"A SWMR register can be written by only one process but can be read by multiple processes.",
"| \\+ Implementation of SWMR register using SWSR registers | {{Diagonal split header\\|Writers\\|Readers}} | {{tmath\\|R\\_1}} | {{tmath\\|R\\_2}} | ⋯ | {{tmath\\|R\\_n}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{tmath\\|R\\_1}} | A\\[1,1] | A\\[1,2] | ... | A\\[1,n] |\n| {{tmath\\|R\\_2}} | A\\[2,1] | A\\[2,2] | ... | A\\[2,n] |\n| ⋮ | ... | ... | ... | ... |\n| {{tmath\\|R\\_n}} | A\\[n,1] | A\\[n,2] | ... | A\\[n,n] |\n| {{mvar\\|w}} | A\\[n\\+1,1] | A\\[n\\+1,2] | ... | A\\[n\\+1,n] |",
"Let n be the number of processes which can read the SWMR register. Let {{mvar\\|Ri}}, {{math\\|0 \\< ''i'' ≤ ''n''}}, refer to the readers of the SWMR register. Let {{mvar\\|w}} be the single writer of the SWMR. The figure on the right shows a construction of a SWMR register using an array of {{math\\|''n''(''n'' \\+ 1\\)}} SWSR registers. We denote the array by {{math\\|A}}. Each SWSR register {{math\\|A\\[''i'',''j'']}} is writable by {{mvar\\|Ri}} when {{math\\|0 \\< ''i''≤ ''n''}} and is writable by {{mvar\\|w}} when {{math\\|1\\=''i'' \\= ''n'' \\+ 1}}. Each SWSR register {{math\\|A\\[''i'',''j'']}} is readable by {{mvar\\|Rj}}. The implementations of *read* and *write* are shown below.",
"| Writer | w: WRITE(v) | for j \\= i..n ``` t++ write (v,t) in A[n+1,j] ``` end for |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Readers | {{mvar\\|Ri}}: READ() | for k \\= 1\\..(n\\+1\\) ``` (V[k],T[k]) <- read A[k,i] ``` end for take k such that for all l, T\\[k] \\>\\= T\\[l] r \\<\\- V\\[k] t \\<\\- T\\[k] for j\\=1\\..n ``` write (r,t) in A[i,j] ``` end for return r |",
"",
"The t\\-value of an operation is the value of t it writes and the operations are linearized by t\\-values. If *write* and *read* have the same t\\-value, order *write* before *read*. If several *read*s have the same t\\-values, order them by the start time.",
"### Implementing a MWMR register from a SW Snapshot object",
"We can use the a SW Snapshot object of size n to construct a MWMR register.",
"| Writer | Readers |\n| --- | --- |\n| Pi: WRITE(v) | Pi: READ() |\n| ((v1, t1\\), ..., (vn, tn)) \\<\\- V.SCAN() let t \\= max(t1, ..., tn) \\+ 1 V.UPDATE(i, (v, t)) | V.SCAN return value with largest timestamp, in the result of the scan (break ties by using rightmost pair of largest timestamp) |",
"The linearization order is as follows. Order *write* operations by t\\-values. If several *write*s have the same t\\-value, order the operation with small process ID in front. Insert *read*s right after *write* whose value they return, breaking ties by process ID and if still tied, break tie by start time.",
""
] |
[Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario")
----------------------------------
### Rosie the Clown Elston ([Kingston and the Islands](/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_%28federal_electoral_district%29 "Kingston and the Islands (federal electoral district)"))
Rosie the Clown is the stage name of Laura Elston. She was 46 years old at the time of the election, and had been performing as Rosie in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa") and [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Ontario "Kingston, Ontario") for fifteen years. She campaigned in a red wig, jumpsuit and face paint, in a novelty candidacy influenced by groups like the defunct [Rhinoceros Party of Canada](/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_%281963%E2%80%931993%29 "Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–1993)"). She announced her candidacy by saying, "I've just been thinking wouldn't it be nice to lighten up just a little bit. The issues are serious, and it's a very momentous time and a difficult time for the world, but I find that when we get too totally stressed out and we take ourselves too seriously, we don't decide well about the serious issues." (*Kingston Whig\-Standard*, 7 June 2004\)
Elston was an aide to local [Progressive Conservative](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada "Progressive Conservative Party of Canada") [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") (MP) [Flora MacDonald](/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_%28politician%29 "Flora MacDonald (politician)") for two years in the 1980s (*KWS*, 23 June 2004\). She received 237 votes (0\.44%), finishing sixth against [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") incumbent [Peter Milliken](/wiki/Peter_Milliken "Peter Milliken").
Elston should not be confused with [Vicki Gabereau](/wiki/Vicki_Gabereau "Vicki Gabereau"), who campaigned for [Mayor of Toronto](/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto "Mayor of Toronto") under the pseudonym of clown "Rosie Sunrise" in 1974 (*Toronto Star*, 23 January 2003\).
### [Karl Eric Walker](/wiki/Karl_Eric_Walker "Karl Eric Walker") ([Kingston and the Islands](/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_%28federal_electoral_district%29 "Kingston and the Islands (federal electoral district)"))
Walker received 100 votes (0\.18%), finishing eighth against [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") incumbent [Peter Milliken](/wiki/Peter_Milliken "Peter Milliken").
### Edward John Slota ([Beaches—East York](/wiki/Beaches%E2%80%94East_York_%28federal_electoral_district%29 "Beaches—East York (federal electoral district)"))
Slota (born September 28, 1947, died March 14, 2005\) was Slota was born in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") to Polish parents. He worked in land development, construction, rental property management, securities, and machinery and robotics design and manufacturing. He died unexpectedly of a stroke on March 14, 2005, after a dinner being held to discuss his 2006 campaign. He won 85 votes, 0\.2% of the total vote in the riding.
Slota ran as the leader and only candidate of the **Global Party of Canada** . It advocated wealth redistribution through monetary reform, and aimed to change the Canadian economic system and to lead worldwide change through the associated "Global Party of the World". The party was not registered with [Elections Canada](/wiki/Elections_Canada "Elections Canada"). The Global Party attempted to ally itself with the [Green Party of Canada](/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada "Green Party of Canada") by encouraging voters to support Green candidates in other ridings.
The Global Party believed that a massive creation of new money by the [Bank of Canada](/wiki/Bank_of_Canada "Bank of Canada") would free enterprise, create jobs and wealth, and prevent [communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism") and dictatorship. The creation of new money would enable a Global Party government to pay every man, woman and child $1,500 to $3,000 per month for life, eliminate the need for taxes, and provide sufficient capital to increase spending for "common good" projects, such as schools, health and welfare, etc., by fifty percent. In addition to unleashing tremendous economic forces, this would eliminate the "hierarchy of money" and permit the "self\-actualization" of all people.
The party's monetary reform proposals were similar to those of the theory of [social credit](/wiki/Social_credit "Social credit") expounded by previous Canadian political parties, including the [Social Credit Party of Canada](/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada "Social Credit Party of Canada"). The party appears to have ceased functioning after his death.
|
[
"[Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\")\n----------------------------------",
"### Rosie the Clown Elston ([Kingston and the Islands](/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_%28federal_electoral_district%29 \"Kingston and the Islands (federal electoral district)\"))",
"Rosie the Clown is the stage name of Laura Elston. She was 46 years old at the time of the election, and had been performing as Rosie in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\") and [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Ontario \"Kingston, Ontario\") for fifteen years. She campaigned in a red wig, jumpsuit and face paint, in a novelty candidacy influenced by groups like the defunct [Rhinoceros Party of Canada](/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_%281963%E2%80%931993%29 \"Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–1993)\"). She announced her candidacy by saying, \"I've just been thinking wouldn't it be nice to lighten up just a little bit. The issues are serious, and it's a very momentous time and a difficult time for the world, but I find that when we get too totally stressed out and we take ourselves too seriously, we don't decide well about the serious issues.\" (*Kingston Whig\\-Standard*, 7 June 2004\\)",
"Elston was an aide to local [Progressive Conservative](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada \"Progressive Conservative Party of Canada\") [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") (MP) [Flora MacDonald](/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_%28politician%29 \"Flora MacDonald (politician)\") for two years in the 1980s (*KWS*, 23 June 2004\\). She received 237 votes (0\\.44%), finishing sixth against [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") incumbent [Peter Milliken](/wiki/Peter_Milliken \"Peter Milliken\").",
"Elston should not be confused with [Vicki Gabereau](/wiki/Vicki_Gabereau \"Vicki Gabereau\"), who campaigned for [Mayor of Toronto](/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto \"Mayor of Toronto\") under the pseudonym of clown \"Rosie Sunrise\" in 1974 (*Toronto Star*, 23 January 2003\\).",
"### [Karl Eric Walker](/wiki/Karl_Eric_Walker \"Karl Eric Walker\") ([Kingston and the Islands](/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_%28federal_electoral_district%29 \"Kingston and the Islands (federal electoral district)\"))",
"Walker received 100 votes (0\\.18%), finishing eighth against [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") incumbent [Peter Milliken](/wiki/Peter_Milliken \"Peter Milliken\").",
"### Edward John Slota ([Beaches—East York](/wiki/Beaches%E2%80%94East_York_%28federal_electoral_district%29 \"Beaches—East York (federal electoral district)\"))",
"Slota (born September 28, 1947, died March 14, 2005\\) was Slota was born in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") to Polish parents. He worked in land development, construction, rental property management, securities, and machinery and robotics design and manufacturing. He died unexpectedly of a stroke on March 14, 2005, after a dinner being held to discuss his 2006 campaign. He won 85 votes, 0\\.2% of the total vote in the riding.",
"Slota ran as the leader and only candidate of the **Global Party of Canada** . It advocated wealth redistribution through monetary reform, and aimed to change the Canadian economic system and to lead worldwide change through the associated \"Global Party of the World\". The party was not registered with [Elections Canada](/wiki/Elections_Canada \"Elections Canada\"). The Global Party attempted to ally itself with the [Green Party of Canada](/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada \"Green Party of Canada\") by encouraging voters to support Green candidates in other ridings.",
"The Global Party believed that a massive creation of new money by the [Bank of Canada](/wiki/Bank_of_Canada \"Bank of Canada\") would free enterprise, create jobs and wealth, and prevent [communism](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") and dictatorship. The creation of new money would enable a Global Party government to pay every man, woman and child $1,500 to $3,000 per month for life, eliminate the need for taxes, and provide sufficient capital to increase spending for \"common good\" projects, such as schools, health and welfare, etc., by fifty percent. In addition to unleashing tremendous economic forces, this would eliminate the \"hierarchy of money\" and permit the \"self\\-actualization\" of all people.",
"The party's monetary reform proposals were similar to those of the theory of [social credit](/wiki/Social_credit \"Social credit\") expounded by previous Canadian political parties, including the [Social Credit Party of Canada](/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada \"Social Credit Party of Canada\"). The party appears to have ceased functioning after his death.",
""
] |
Service history
---------------
### 1928–1937
Upon commissioning, *I\-24* was attached to the [Yokosuka Naval District](/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_District "Yokosuka Naval District") and assigned to Submarine [Division](/wiki/Division_%28naval%29 "Division (naval)") 9 in the Yokosuka Defense Division in the district. On 11 December 1933, Submarine Division 9 was reassigned to the Yokosuka Guard Unit or Yokosuka Guard Squadron in the Yokosuka Naval District.
While conducting deep diving trials with her [sister ship](/wiki/Sister_ship "Sister ship") *[I\-23](/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-123 "Japanese submarine I-123")* on 25 May 1935, *I\-24* suffered damage to her main [ballast tanks](/wiki/Ballast_tank "Ballast tank"). She was placed in [reserve](/wiki/Reserve_fleet "Reserve fleet") that day to have her ballast tanks reinforced. On 15 November 1935, Submarine Division 9 was reassigned to the Yokosuka Defense Squadron in the Yokosuka Naval District, and, with her ballast tank work complete, *I\-24* returned to active service that day, but in 1936 all four submarines of her [class](/wiki/Ship_class "Ship class") had their designed diving depth limited to {{convert\|180\|ft\|m\|0}}.
### Second Sino\-Japanese War
On 7 July 1937 the first day of the [Marco Polo Bridge Incident](/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident "Marco Polo Bridge Incident") took place, beginning the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War"). In September 1937, Submarine Division 9, consisting of *I\-23* and *I\-24*, moved to a base at [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao"), [China](/wiki/China "China") and began operations in northern Chinese waters as part of a Japanese [blockade](/wiki/Blockade "Blockade") of China.Boyd and Yoshida, p. 54\. On 1 December 1937, Submarine Division 13 was assigned to Submarine Squadron 3 in the [4th Fleet](/wiki/4th_Fleet_%28Imperial_Japanese_Navy%29 "4th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)"), a component of the [Combined Fleet](/wiki/Combined_Fleet "Combined Fleet"), and in December 1937, the [light cruiser](/wiki/Light_cruiser "Light cruiser") {{ship\|Japanese cruiser\|Kuma\|\|2}} arrived at Qingdao to serve as [flagship](/wiki/Flagship "Flagship") of Submarine Squadron 3, which consisted of Submarine Division 13 (made up of *[I\-21](/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-121 "Japanese submarine I-121")* and *[I\-22](/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-122 "Japanese submarine I-122")*) as well as Submarine Division 9 (*I\-23* and *I\-24*).
*I\-24* was renumbered ***I\-124*** on 1 June 1938, freeing up her previous number for the new submarine {{ship\|Japanese submarine\|I\-24\|1939\|2}}, whose keel was laid that year.[I\-24 ijnsubsite.com 20 April 2018 Accessed 8 February 2022](http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-24.htm){{cite web \|url\= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I\-24\.htm \|title\=IJN Submarine I\-24: Tabular Record of Movement \|first1\=Bob \|last1\=Hackett \|first2\=Sander \|last2\=Kingsepp \|work\=combinedfleet.com \|date\=20 July 2017\|access\-date\=8 February 2022}} On 20 June 1938, Submarine Division 9 was assigned to the [Gunnery](/wiki/Naval_artillery "Naval artillery") School in the Yokosuka Naval District. In an effort to reduce international tensions over the conflict in China, Japan withdrew its submarines from Chinese waters in December 1938,
### 1939–1941
On 1 May 1939, Submarine Division 9 was placed in the Third Reserve in the Yokosuka Naval District, and it moved to the Second Reserve in the district on 15 November 1939\. On 20 March 1940, *I\-124* herself was placed in reserve at [Yokosuka](/wiki/Yokosuka "Yokosuka"). While in reserve, *I\-124* and all three of her sister ships — which, like her, had been renumbered on 1 June 1938, *I\-21* becoming *I\-121*, *I\-22* becoming *I\-122* and *I\-23* becoming *I\-123* — underwent conversion into submarine [tankers](/wiki/Tanker_%28ship%29 "Tanker (ship)"). Retaining their minelaying and torpedo capabilities, they were modified so that each of them could carry 15 tons of [aviation gasoline](/wiki/Aviation_gasoline "Aviation gasoline") with which to refuel [flying boats](/wiki/Flying_boat "Flying boat"), allowing the flying boats to extend their range during reconnaissance and bombing missions by meeting the submarines in harbors and [lagoons](/wiki/Lagoon "Lagoon") for more fuel.
*I\-124* was recommissioned on 24 April 1940, and on 1 May 1940 Submarine Division 9 was assigned to Submarine Squadron 5 in the 4th Fleet. *I\-124* soon began a lengthy training cruise in the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean") in company with *I\-121*, *I\-122*, and *I\-123*:[I\-123 ijnsubsite.com 19 September 2018 Accessed 7 February 2022](http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-123.htm)[I\-121 ijnsubsite.com 19 September 2018 Accessed 7 February 2022](http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-121.htm)[I\-122 ijnsubsite.com 19 September 2018 Accessed 6 February 2022](http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-122.htm) The four submarines departed [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo "Sasebo"), Japan, on 16 May 1940 and visited the waters of the [Caroline Islands](/wiki/Caroline_Islands "Caroline Islands"), [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands"), and [Mariana Islands](/wiki/Mariana_Islands "Mariana Islands") before concluding their cruise with their arrival at [Yokosuka](/wiki/Yokosuka "Yokosuka"), Japan, on 22 September 1940\. On 11 October 1940, *I\-124* was one of 98 Imperial Japanese Navy ships that gathered along with more than 500 aircraft on the Japanese coast at [Yokohama Bay](/wiki/Yokohama_Bay "Yokohama Bay") for an [Imperial fleet review](/wiki/Fleet_Review_%28Japan%29 "Fleet Review (Japan)") — the largest [fleet review](/wiki/Fleet_review "Fleet review") in Japanese history — in honor of the 2,600th anniversary of the enthronement of the [Emperor Jimmu](/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu "Emperor Jimmu"), Japan's legendary first [emperor](/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan "Emperor of Japan").{{cite web \|url\= http://www.combinedfleet.com/chitosesp\_t.htm \|title\=IJN Seaplane Carrier CHITOSE: Tabular Record of Movement \|first1\=Anthony \|last1\=Tully \|work\=combinedfleet.com \|date\=19 May 2014\|access\-date\=11 December 2021}}{{cite news \|title\=2012 Fleet Review \|url\=https://www.mod.go.jp/e/jdf/pdf/jdf\_no35\.pdf \|accessdate\=October 8, 2019 \|work\=Japan Defense Focus \|date\=December 2012}}
Submarine Division 9 was reassigned directly to the Yokosuka Naval District on 15 November 1940\. On 1 May 1941, the division was assigned to Submarine Squadron 6 in the [3rd Fleet](/wiki/3rd_Fleet_%28Imperial_Japanese_Navy%29 "3rd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)"), a component of the Combined Fleet, and *I\-123* and *I\-124* were based at [Kure](/wiki/Kure%2C_Hiroshima "Kure, Hiroshima"). From 7 to 9 April 1941, {{nowrap\|''I\-123''}} temporarily substituted for *I\-124* as [flagship](/wiki/Flagship "Flagship") of Submarine Division 9\. *I\-123* again took over from *I\-124* as flagship of Submarine Division 9 on 2 August 1941\.
As the Imperial Japanese Navy began to deploy in preparation for the impending [conflict](/wiki/Pacific_War "Pacific War") in the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean"), *I\-123* and *I\-124*, under the command of [Lieutenant Commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander "Lieutenant Commander") Kishigami Koichi, moved from [Yokosuka](/wiki/Yokosuka "Yokosuka"), Japan, to [Samah](/wiki/Sanya "Sanya") on [Hainan Island](/wiki/Hainan_Island "Hainan Island") in China,{{cite web \|url\= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I\-123\.htm \|title\=IJN Submarine I\-123: Tabular Record of Movement \|first1\=Bob \|last1\=Hackett \|first2\=Sander \|last2\=Kingsepp \|work\=combinedfleet.com \|year\=2015\|access\-date\=15 August 2020}} where *I\-124* arrived on 27 November 1941 in company with the [submarine tender](/wiki/Submarine_tender "Submarine tender") {{ship\|Japanese submarine tender\|Chōgei\|\|2}}. She received the message "Climb [Mount Niitaka](/wiki/Yu_Shan "Yu Shan") 1208" ({{lang\-ja\|Niitakayama nobore 1208}}) from the [Combined Fleet](/wiki/Combined_Fleet "Combined Fleet") on 2 December 1941, indicating that war with the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") would commence on 8 December 1941 [Japan time](/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time "Japan Standard Time") (7 December 1941 on the other side of the [International Date Line](/wiki/International_Date_Line "International Date Line") in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"), where the war would begin with Japan's [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor")).
### World War II
#### First war patrol
On 7 December 1941, *I\-124* laid 39 Type 88 Mark 1 [mines](/wiki/Naval_mines "Naval mines") off [Manila Bay](/wiki/Manila_Bay "Manila Bay") in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"). *I\-124* then proceeded to an area southwest of [Lubang Island](/wiki/Lubang_Island "Lubang Island") to provide [weather reports](/wiki/Meteorology "Meteorology") and to stand by to rescue Japanese aircrews downed in air strikes on [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") launched from [Formosa](/wiki/Formosa "Formosa") after hostilities began.
On 8 December 1941, [Pacific campaign](/wiki/Pacific_War "Pacific War") of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") began in [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia"). On 10 December 1941, *I\-124* torpedoed and sank the 1,523\-[gross register ton](/wiki/Gross_register_ton "Gross register ton") British [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship "Cargo ship") *Hareldawns* — which was on a voyage from [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") to [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") — {{convert\|8\|nmi}} off western [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") at {{coord\|15\|N\|120\|E\|name\=''Hareldawns''}} and took her [captain](/wiki/Sea_captain "Sea captain") prisoner. She concluded her patrol with her arrival at [Cam Ranh Bay](/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay "Cam Ranh Bay") in Japanese\-occupied [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina "French Indochina") on 14 December 1941\.
The mines *I\-124* laid off Manila Bay sank the 1,881\-gross register ton American [merchant ship](/wiki/Merchant_ship "Merchant ship") *Corregidor* on 17 December 1941 at {{coord\|14\|N\|120\|E\|name\=''Corregidor''}} and the 1,976\-gross register ton [Panamanian](/wiki/Panama "Panama")\-flagged [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship "Cargo ship") *Daylite* on 10 January 1942, also at {{coord\|14\|N\|120\|E\|name\=''Daylite''}}.
#### Second war patrol
*I\-124* got back underway from Cam Ranh Bay on 18 December 1941 to begin her second war patrol. By 22 December she was patrolling off the entrance to Manila Bay. She then proceeded via [Mindoro Strait](/wiki/Mindoro_Strait "Mindoro Strait") to the [Sulu Sea](/wiki/Sulu_Sea "Sulu Sea"). Reassigned with *I\-121*, *I\-122* and *I\-123* to Submarine Group "A" on 26 December 1941, she concluded her uneventful patrol on 31 December 1941, arriving at newly captured [Davao](/wiki/Davao_City "Davao City") on [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao") in company with *I\-122*. The rest of Submarine Squadron 6 — *I\-121*, *I\-123* and *Chōgei* — soon joined them there.
#### Third war patrol
Submarine Squadron 6 received orders to operate next in the [Flores Sea](/wiki/Flores_Sea "Flores Sea") and the [Torres Strait](/wiki/Torres_Strait "Torres Strait") north of [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"). On 10 January 1942, the four submarines departed Davao, commencing *I\-124*′s third war patrol. *I\-124* reached her patrol area off the western entrance of the [Clarence Strait](/wiki/Clarence_Strait_%28Northern_Territory%29 "Clarence Strait (Northern Territory)") off Australia′s [Northern Territory](/wiki/Northern_Territory "Northern Territory") on 14 January 1942\. That day, she sighted the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") [heavy cruiser](/wiki/Heavy_cruiser "Heavy cruiser") {{USS\|Houston\|CA\-30}} and [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer "Destroyer") {{USS\|Alden\|DD\-211}} and {{USS\|Edsall\|DD\-219}}, which were returning to Australia from a sweep in the [Banda Sea](/wiki/Banda_Sea "Banda Sea"), but was unable to gain an attack position. On 16 January she laid 27 mines near [Darwin](/wiki/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory "Darwin, Northern Territory"), Australia. Four Japanese mines that washed ashore near Darwin on 11 February 1942 may have been laid by *I\-124*.
On 18 January 1942, *Houston* reported sighting two Japanese submarines — probably *I\-123* and *I\-124* — {{convert\|180\|nmi}} west of Darwin. At 17:40 on 19 January, *I\-124* reported the arrival at Darwin of three [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") [transports](/wiki/Transport_%28ship%29 "Transport (ship)") escorted by a destroyer. She repeated the report at 22:36, which was the last time the Japanese ever heard from her. Allied codebreakers intercepted the signal and warned Allied forces that *I\-124* was off Darwin.
### Loss
On 20 January 1942, *I\-124*′s sister ship *I\-123* conducted an unsuccessful torpedo attack in the [Beagle Gulf](/wiki/Beagle_Gulf "Beagle Gulf") {{convert\|40\|nmi}} west of Darwin at {{coord\|12\|08\|S\|130\|10\|E}} against the U.S. Navy [fleet oiler](/wiki/Fleet_oiler "Fleet oiler") {{USS\|Trinity\|AO\-13}}, escorted by *Alden* and *Edsall*. *Trinity* sighted the [wakes](/wiki/Wake_%28physics%29 "Wake (physics)") of three of *I\-123*′s torpedoes and reported the attack, after which *Alden* carried out a [depth charge](/wiki/Depth_charge "Depth charge") attack. *Alden* soon lost contact with *I\-123*, which escaped unscathed and departed the area. *Trinity*, *Alden* and *Edsall* continued their voyage and reached Darwin safely.
When news of the attack reached Darwin, the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy "Royal Australian Navy") [corvettes](/wiki/Corvette "Corvette") {{Ship\|HMAS\|Deloraine\|\|6}}, {{HMAS\|Lithgow\|J206\|6}} and {{HMAS\|Katoomba\|\|6}} put to sea to search for *I\-123*. *Deloraine* reached the vicinity of the attack first. In the meantime, *I\-124* also had arrived in the area and she fired a torpedo at *Deloraine* at 13:35\. *Deloraine* turned to [starboard](/wiki/Port_and_starboard "Port and starboard") and the torpedo passed {{convert\|10\|ft\|m\|0}} astern of her, [broaching](/wiki/Broach_%28nautical%29 "Broach (nautical)") as it passed through her wake. *Deloraine* established [asdic](/wiki/Asdic "Asdic") contact on *I\-124* at 13:38 and dropped six depth charges at 13:43\. She sighted oil and air bubbles on the surface after the attack. After *Deloraine* dropped another pattern of depth charges, *I\-124* briefly broached at {{coord\|12\|07\|S\|130\|09\|E}}, exposing her [bow](/wiki/Bow_%28ship%29 "Bow (ship)") and [periscope](/wiki/Periscope "Periscope"), down 5 degrees by the stern and listing 20 degrees to [port](/wiki/Port_and_starboard "Port and starboard"). Before *I\-124* fully submerged again, a depth charge from *Deloraine*′s port [depth charge thrower](/wiki/Depth_charge_thrower "Depth charge thrower") landed {{convert\|10\|ft\|m\|0}} from her periscope and a U.S. Navy [OS2U Kingfisher](/wiki/OS2U_Kingfisher "OS2U Kingfisher") [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane "Floatplane") from the [seaplane tender](/wiki/Seaplane_tender "Seaplane tender") {{USS\|Langley\|AV\-3}} arrived on the scene and dropped a bomb at the same spot. When *I\-124* submerged, she settled on the [seabed](/wiki/Seabed "Seabed") in {{convert\|150\|ft\|m\|0}} of water. *Deloraine* again depth\-charged the stationary submarine at 13:56, then noted more oil, bubbles and particles of [TNT](/wiki/TNT "TNT") on the surface. At 14:30 she made another underwater contact to the southeast and conducted two more attacks there, expending the last of her depth charges and noting more oil and bubbles rising to the surface.
*Lithgow* relieved *Deloraine* on the scene by 17:10\. By 18:39 *Lithgow* had made seven attacks, expending all 40 of her depth charges, and she observed [diesel oil](/wiki/Diesel_oil "Diesel oil") and bubbles on the surface. *Katoomba* arrived at 17:48 and deployed a [grapnel](/wiki/Grapnel "Grapnel") to drag the bottom for *I\-124*. The grapnel made contact, but broke off when *Katoomba* attempted to recover it. *Alden* and *Edsall* joined the Australian ships at 18:59\. *Edsall* detected a contact at the edge of the oil slick and dropped five depth charges at 19:40, noting three explosions. *Alden* attacked a contact of her own after 19:55\.
*Deloraine*, which had departed the area, returned at 03:05 on 21 January 1942 and made another submarine detection, which she attacked three times. The [boom defence vessel](/wiki/Boom_defence_vessel "Boom defence vessel") {{HMAS\|Kookaburra}} joined her and began a series of attempts to locate *I\-124* on the ocean floor. *Katoomba*, which also had left the scene, returned around 11:55, but at midday, the weather in the area deteriorated and no further attacks took place. *Delorainee* claimed two submarines sunk and *Katoomba* claimed one. In reality, *I\-124*, sunk with the loss of all 80 men on board, was the only submarine present and she was the first Japanese warship sunk by the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy "Royal Australian Navy") and fourth Japanese submarine lost in World War II.
On 26 January 1942, *Kookaburra* returned to the scene with a team of 16 U.S. Navy [divers](/wiki/Underwater_diving "Underwater diving") from the submarine tender {{USS\|Holland\|AS\-3}}. The fourth and fifth divers identified a large submarine on the sea bottom with one hatch apparently blown open. It was the first confirmation of the demise of *I\-124*. The divers recorded the location of her wreck as {{coord\|12\|03\|S\|130\|09\|E\|name\=''I\-124''}}.
The Japanese struck *I\-124* from the Navy List on 30 April 1942\.
|
[
"Service history\n---------------",
"### 1928–1937",
"Upon commissioning, *I\\-24* was attached to the [Yokosuka Naval District](/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_District \"Yokosuka Naval District\") and assigned to Submarine [Division](/wiki/Division_%28naval%29 \"Division (naval)\") 9 in the Yokosuka Defense Division in the district. On 11 December 1933, Submarine Division 9 was reassigned to the Yokosuka Guard Unit or Yokosuka Guard Squadron in the Yokosuka Naval District.",
"While conducting deep diving trials with her [sister ship](/wiki/Sister_ship \"Sister ship\") *[I\\-23](/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-123 \"Japanese submarine I-123\")* on 25 May 1935, *I\\-24* suffered damage to her main [ballast tanks](/wiki/Ballast_tank \"Ballast tank\"). She was placed in [reserve](/wiki/Reserve_fleet \"Reserve fleet\") that day to have her ballast tanks reinforced. On 15 November 1935, Submarine Division 9 was reassigned to the Yokosuka Defense Squadron in the Yokosuka Naval District, and, with her ballast tank work complete, *I\\-24* returned to active service that day, but in 1936 all four submarines of her [class](/wiki/Ship_class \"Ship class\") had their designed diving depth limited to {{convert\\|180\\|ft\\|m\\|0}}.",
"### Second Sino\\-Japanese War",
"On 7 July 1937 the first day of the [Marco Polo Bridge Incident](/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident \"Marco Polo Bridge Incident\") took place, beginning the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\"). In September 1937, Submarine Division 9, consisting of *I\\-23* and *I\\-24*, moved to a base at [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\") and began operations in northern Chinese waters as part of a Japanese [blockade](/wiki/Blockade \"Blockade\") of China.Boyd and Yoshida, p. 54\\. On 1 December 1937, Submarine Division 13 was assigned to Submarine Squadron 3 in the [4th Fleet](/wiki/4th_Fleet_%28Imperial_Japanese_Navy%29 \"4th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)\"), a component of the [Combined Fleet](/wiki/Combined_Fleet \"Combined Fleet\"), and in December 1937, the [light cruiser](/wiki/Light_cruiser \"Light cruiser\") {{ship\\|Japanese cruiser\\|Kuma\\|\\|2}} arrived at Qingdao to serve as [flagship](/wiki/Flagship \"Flagship\") of Submarine Squadron 3, which consisted of Submarine Division 13 (made up of *[I\\-21](/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-121 \"Japanese submarine I-121\")* and *[I\\-22](/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-122 \"Japanese submarine I-122\")*) as well as Submarine Division 9 (*I\\-23* and *I\\-24*).",
"*I\\-24* was renumbered ***I\\-124*** on 1 June 1938, freeing up her previous number for the new submarine {{ship\\|Japanese submarine\\|I\\-24\\|1939\\|2}}, whose keel was laid that year.[I\\-24 ijnsubsite.com 20 April 2018 Accessed 8 February 2022](http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-24.htm){{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I\\-24\\.htm \\|title\\=IJN Submarine I\\-24: Tabular Record of Movement \\|first1\\=Bob \\|last1\\=Hackett \\|first2\\=Sander \\|last2\\=Kingsepp \\|work\\=combinedfleet.com \\|date\\=20 July 2017\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2022}} On 20 June 1938, Submarine Division 9 was assigned to the [Gunnery](/wiki/Naval_artillery \"Naval artillery\") School in the Yokosuka Naval District. In an effort to reduce international tensions over the conflict in China, Japan withdrew its submarines from Chinese waters in December 1938,",
"### 1939–1941",
"On 1 May 1939, Submarine Division 9 was placed in the Third Reserve in the Yokosuka Naval District, and it moved to the Second Reserve in the district on 15 November 1939\\. On 20 March 1940, *I\\-124* herself was placed in reserve at [Yokosuka](/wiki/Yokosuka \"Yokosuka\"). While in reserve, *I\\-124* and all three of her sister ships — which, like her, had been renumbered on 1 June 1938, *I\\-21* becoming *I\\-121*, *I\\-22* becoming *I\\-122* and *I\\-23* becoming *I\\-123* — underwent conversion into submarine [tankers](/wiki/Tanker_%28ship%29 \"Tanker (ship)\"). Retaining their minelaying and torpedo capabilities, they were modified so that each of them could carry 15 tons of [aviation gasoline](/wiki/Aviation_gasoline \"Aviation gasoline\") with which to refuel [flying boats](/wiki/Flying_boat \"Flying boat\"), allowing the flying boats to extend their range during reconnaissance and bombing missions by meeting the submarines in harbors and [lagoons](/wiki/Lagoon \"Lagoon\") for more fuel.",
"*I\\-124* was recommissioned on 24 April 1940, and on 1 May 1940 Submarine Division 9 was assigned to Submarine Squadron 5 in the 4th Fleet. *I\\-124* soon began a lengthy training cruise in the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\") in company with *I\\-121*, *I\\-122*, and *I\\-123*:[I\\-123 ijnsubsite.com 19 September 2018 Accessed 7 February 2022](http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-123.htm)[I\\-121 ijnsubsite.com 19 September 2018 Accessed 7 February 2022](http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-121.htm)[I\\-122 ijnsubsite.com 19 September 2018 Accessed 6 February 2022](http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-122.htm) The four submarines departed [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo \"Sasebo\"), Japan, on 16 May 1940 and visited the waters of the [Caroline Islands](/wiki/Caroline_Islands \"Caroline Islands\"), [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\"), and [Mariana Islands](/wiki/Mariana_Islands \"Mariana Islands\") before concluding their cruise with their arrival at [Yokosuka](/wiki/Yokosuka \"Yokosuka\"), Japan, on 22 September 1940\\. On 11 October 1940, *I\\-124* was one of 98 Imperial Japanese Navy ships that gathered along with more than 500 aircraft on the Japanese coast at [Yokohama Bay](/wiki/Yokohama_Bay \"Yokohama Bay\") for an [Imperial fleet review](/wiki/Fleet_Review_%28Japan%29 \"Fleet Review (Japan)\") — the largest [fleet review](/wiki/Fleet_review \"Fleet review\") in Japanese history — in honor of the 2,600th anniversary of the enthronement of the [Emperor Jimmu](/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu \"Emperor Jimmu\"), Japan's legendary first [emperor](/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan \"Emperor of Japan\").{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.combinedfleet.com/chitosesp\\_t.htm \\|title\\=IJN Seaplane Carrier CHITOSE: Tabular Record of Movement \\|first1\\=Anthony \\|last1\\=Tully \\|work\\=combinedfleet.com \\|date\\=19 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2021}}{{cite news \\|title\\=2012 Fleet Review \\|url\\=https://www.mod.go.jp/e/jdf/pdf/jdf\\_no35\\.pdf \\|accessdate\\=October 8, 2019 \\|work\\=Japan Defense Focus \\|date\\=December 2012}}",
"Submarine Division 9 was reassigned directly to the Yokosuka Naval District on 15 November 1940\\. On 1 May 1941, the division was assigned to Submarine Squadron 6 in the [3rd Fleet](/wiki/3rd_Fleet_%28Imperial_Japanese_Navy%29 \"3rd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)\"), a component of the Combined Fleet, and *I\\-123* and *I\\-124* were based at [Kure](/wiki/Kure%2C_Hiroshima \"Kure, Hiroshima\"). From 7 to 9 April 1941, {{nowrap\\|''I\\-123''}} temporarily substituted for *I\\-124* as [flagship](/wiki/Flagship \"Flagship\") of Submarine Division 9\\. *I\\-123* again took over from *I\\-124* as flagship of Submarine Division 9 on 2 August 1941\\.",
"As the Imperial Japanese Navy began to deploy in preparation for the impending [conflict](/wiki/Pacific_War \"Pacific War\") in the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\"), *I\\-123* and *I\\-124*, under the command of [Lieutenant Commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander \"Lieutenant Commander\") Kishigami Koichi, moved from [Yokosuka](/wiki/Yokosuka \"Yokosuka\"), Japan, to [Samah](/wiki/Sanya \"Sanya\") on [Hainan Island](/wiki/Hainan_Island \"Hainan Island\") in China,{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I\\-123\\.htm \\|title\\=IJN Submarine I\\-123: Tabular Record of Movement \\|first1\\=Bob \\|last1\\=Hackett \\|first2\\=Sander \\|last2\\=Kingsepp \\|work\\=combinedfleet.com \\|year\\=2015\\|access\\-date\\=15 August 2020}} where *I\\-124* arrived on 27 November 1941 in company with the [submarine tender](/wiki/Submarine_tender \"Submarine tender\") {{ship\\|Japanese submarine tender\\|Chōgei\\|\\|2}}. She received the message \"Climb [Mount Niitaka](/wiki/Yu_Shan \"Yu Shan\") 1208\" ({{lang\\-ja\\|Niitakayama nobore 1208}}) from the [Combined Fleet](/wiki/Combined_Fleet \"Combined Fleet\") on 2 December 1941, indicating that war with the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") would commence on 8 December 1941 [Japan time](/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time \"Japan Standard Time\") (7 December 1941 on the other side of the [International Date Line](/wiki/International_Date_Line \"International Date Line\") in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"), where the war would begin with Japan's [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\")).",
"### World War II",
"#### First war patrol",
"On 7 December 1941, *I\\-124* laid 39 Type 88 Mark 1 [mines](/wiki/Naval_mines \"Naval mines\") off [Manila Bay](/wiki/Manila_Bay \"Manila Bay\") in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"). *I\\-124* then proceeded to an area southwest of [Lubang Island](/wiki/Lubang_Island \"Lubang Island\") to provide [weather reports](/wiki/Meteorology \"Meteorology\") and to stand by to rescue Japanese aircrews downed in air strikes on [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") launched from [Formosa](/wiki/Formosa \"Formosa\") after hostilities began.",
"On 8 December 1941, [Pacific campaign](/wiki/Pacific_War \"Pacific War\") of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") began in [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\"). On 10 December 1941, *I\\-124* torpedoed and sank the 1,523\\-[gross register ton](/wiki/Gross_register_ton \"Gross register ton\") British [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship \"Cargo ship\") *Hareldawns* — which was on a voyage from [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") to [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") — {{convert\\|8\\|nmi}} off western [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\") at {{coord\\|15\\|N\\|120\\|E\\|name\\=''Hareldawns''}} and took her [captain](/wiki/Sea_captain \"Sea captain\") prisoner. She concluded her patrol with her arrival at [Cam Ranh Bay](/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay \"Cam Ranh Bay\") in Japanese\\-occupied [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina \"French Indochina\") on 14 December 1941\\.",
"The mines *I\\-124* laid off Manila Bay sank the 1,881\\-gross register ton American [merchant ship](/wiki/Merchant_ship \"Merchant ship\") *Corregidor* on 17 December 1941 at {{coord\\|14\\|N\\|120\\|E\\|name\\=''Corregidor''}} and the 1,976\\-gross register ton [Panamanian](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\")\\-flagged [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship \"Cargo ship\") *Daylite* on 10 January 1942, also at {{coord\\|14\\|N\\|120\\|E\\|name\\=''Daylite''}}.",
"#### Second war patrol",
"*I\\-124* got back underway from Cam Ranh Bay on 18 December 1941 to begin her second war patrol. By 22 December she was patrolling off the entrance to Manila Bay. She then proceeded via [Mindoro Strait](/wiki/Mindoro_Strait \"Mindoro Strait\") to the [Sulu Sea](/wiki/Sulu_Sea \"Sulu Sea\"). Reassigned with *I\\-121*, *I\\-122* and *I\\-123* to Submarine Group \"A\" on 26 December 1941, she concluded her uneventful patrol on 31 December 1941, arriving at newly captured [Davao](/wiki/Davao_City \"Davao City\") on [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao \"Mindanao\") in company with *I\\-122*. The rest of Submarine Squadron 6 — *I\\-121*, *I\\-123* and *Chōgei* — soon joined them there.",
"#### Third war patrol",
"Submarine Squadron 6 received orders to operate next in the [Flores Sea](/wiki/Flores_Sea \"Flores Sea\") and the [Torres Strait](/wiki/Torres_Strait \"Torres Strait\") north of [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). On 10 January 1942, the four submarines departed Davao, commencing *I\\-124*′s third war patrol. *I\\-124* reached her patrol area off the western entrance of the [Clarence Strait](/wiki/Clarence_Strait_%28Northern_Territory%29 \"Clarence Strait (Northern Territory)\") off Australia′s [Northern Territory](/wiki/Northern_Territory \"Northern Territory\") on 14 January 1942\\. That day, she sighted the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") [heavy cruiser](/wiki/Heavy_cruiser \"Heavy cruiser\") {{USS\\|Houston\\|CA\\-30}} and [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer \"Destroyer\") {{USS\\|Alden\\|DD\\-211}} and {{USS\\|Edsall\\|DD\\-219}}, which were returning to Australia from a sweep in the [Banda Sea](/wiki/Banda_Sea \"Banda Sea\"), but was unable to gain an attack position. On 16 January she laid 27 mines near [Darwin](/wiki/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory \"Darwin, Northern Territory\"), Australia. Four Japanese mines that washed ashore near Darwin on 11 February 1942 may have been laid by *I\\-124*.",
"On 18 January 1942, *Houston* reported sighting two Japanese submarines — probably *I\\-123* and *I\\-124* — {{convert\\|180\\|nmi}} west of Darwin. At 17:40 on 19 January, *I\\-124* reported the arrival at Darwin of three [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") [transports](/wiki/Transport_%28ship%29 \"Transport (ship)\") escorted by a destroyer. She repeated the report at 22:36, which was the last time the Japanese ever heard from her. Allied codebreakers intercepted the signal and warned Allied forces that *I\\-124* was off Darwin.",
"### Loss",
"On 20 January 1942, *I\\-124*′s sister ship *I\\-123* conducted an unsuccessful torpedo attack in the [Beagle Gulf](/wiki/Beagle_Gulf \"Beagle Gulf\") {{convert\\|40\\|nmi}} west of Darwin at {{coord\\|12\\|08\\|S\\|130\\|10\\|E}} against the U.S. Navy [fleet oiler](/wiki/Fleet_oiler \"Fleet oiler\") {{USS\\|Trinity\\|AO\\-13}}, escorted by *Alden* and *Edsall*. *Trinity* sighted the [wakes](/wiki/Wake_%28physics%29 \"Wake (physics)\") of three of *I\\-123*′s torpedoes and reported the attack, after which *Alden* carried out a [depth charge](/wiki/Depth_charge \"Depth charge\") attack. *Alden* soon lost contact with *I\\-123*, which escaped unscathed and departed the area. *Trinity*, *Alden* and *Edsall* continued their voyage and reached Darwin safely.",
"When news of the attack reached Darwin, the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy \"Royal Australian Navy\") [corvettes](/wiki/Corvette \"Corvette\") {{Ship\\|HMAS\\|Deloraine\\|\\|6}}, {{HMAS\\|Lithgow\\|J206\\|6}} and {{HMAS\\|Katoomba\\|\\|6}} put to sea to search for *I\\-123*. *Deloraine* reached the vicinity of the attack first. In the meantime, *I\\-124* also had arrived in the area and she fired a torpedo at *Deloraine* at 13:35\\. *Deloraine* turned to [starboard](/wiki/Port_and_starboard \"Port and starboard\") and the torpedo passed {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} astern of her, [broaching](/wiki/Broach_%28nautical%29 \"Broach (nautical)\") as it passed through her wake. *Deloraine* established [asdic](/wiki/Asdic \"Asdic\") contact on *I\\-124* at 13:38 and dropped six depth charges at 13:43\\. She sighted oil and air bubbles on the surface after the attack. After *Deloraine* dropped another pattern of depth charges, *I\\-124* briefly broached at {{coord\\|12\\|07\\|S\\|130\\|09\\|E}}, exposing her [bow](/wiki/Bow_%28ship%29 \"Bow (ship)\") and [periscope](/wiki/Periscope \"Periscope\"), down 5 degrees by the stern and listing 20 degrees to [port](/wiki/Port_and_starboard \"Port and starboard\"). Before *I\\-124* fully submerged again, a depth charge from *Deloraine*′s port [depth charge thrower](/wiki/Depth_charge_thrower \"Depth charge thrower\") landed {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} from her periscope and a U.S. Navy [OS2U Kingfisher](/wiki/OS2U_Kingfisher \"OS2U Kingfisher\") [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane \"Floatplane\") from the [seaplane tender](/wiki/Seaplane_tender \"Seaplane tender\") {{USS\\|Langley\\|AV\\-3}} arrived on the scene and dropped a bomb at the same spot. When *I\\-124* submerged, she settled on the [seabed](/wiki/Seabed \"Seabed\") in {{convert\\|150\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} of water. *Deloraine* again depth\\-charged the stationary submarine at 13:56, then noted more oil, bubbles and particles of [TNT](/wiki/TNT \"TNT\") on the surface. At 14:30 she made another underwater contact to the southeast and conducted two more attacks there, expending the last of her depth charges and noting more oil and bubbles rising to the surface.",
"*Lithgow* relieved *Deloraine* on the scene by 17:10\\. By 18:39 *Lithgow* had made seven attacks, expending all 40 of her depth charges, and she observed [diesel oil](/wiki/Diesel_oil \"Diesel oil\") and bubbles on the surface. *Katoomba* arrived at 17:48 and deployed a [grapnel](/wiki/Grapnel \"Grapnel\") to drag the bottom for *I\\-124*. The grapnel made contact, but broke off when *Katoomba* attempted to recover it. *Alden* and *Edsall* joined the Australian ships at 18:59\\. *Edsall* detected a contact at the edge of the oil slick and dropped five depth charges at 19:40, noting three explosions. *Alden* attacked a contact of her own after 19:55\\.",
"*Deloraine*, which had departed the area, returned at 03:05 on 21 January 1942 and made another submarine detection, which she attacked three times. The [boom defence vessel](/wiki/Boom_defence_vessel \"Boom defence vessel\") {{HMAS\\|Kookaburra}} joined her and began a series of attempts to locate *I\\-124* on the ocean floor. *Katoomba*, which also had left the scene, returned around 11:55, but at midday, the weather in the area deteriorated and no further attacks took place. *Delorainee* claimed two submarines sunk and *Katoomba* claimed one. In reality, *I\\-124*, sunk with the loss of all 80 men on board, was the only submarine present and she was the first Japanese warship sunk by the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy \"Royal Australian Navy\") and fourth Japanese submarine lost in World War II.",
"On 26 January 1942, *Kookaburra* returned to the scene with a team of 16 U.S. Navy [divers](/wiki/Underwater_diving \"Underwater diving\") from the submarine tender {{USS\\|Holland\\|AS\\-3}}. The fourth and fifth divers identified a large submarine on the sea bottom with one hatch apparently blown open. It was the first confirmation of the demise of *I\\-124*. The divers recorded the location of her wreck as {{coord\\|12\\|03\\|S\\|130\\|09\\|E\\|name\\=''I\\-124''}}.",
"The Japanese struck *I\\-124* from the Navy List on 30 April 1942\\.",
""
] |
### World War II
#### First war patrol
On 7 December 1941, *I\-124* laid 39 Type 88 Mark 1 [mines](/wiki/Naval_mines "Naval mines") off [Manila Bay](/wiki/Manila_Bay "Manila Bay") in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"). *I\-124* then proceeded to an area southwest of [Lubang Island](/wiki/Lubang_Island "Lubang Island") to provide [weather reports](/wiki/Meteorology "Meteorology") and to stand by to rescue Japanese aircrews downed in air strikes on [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") launched from [Formosa](/wiki/Formosa "Formosa") after hostilities began.
On 8 December 1941, [Pacific campaign](/wiki/Pacific_War "Pacific War") of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") began in [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia"). On 10 December 1941, *I\-124* torpedoed and sank the 1,523\-[gross register ton](/wiki/Gross_register_ton "Gross register ton") British [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship "Cargo ship") *Hareldawns* — which was on a voyage from [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") to [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") — {{convert\|8\|nmi}} off western [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") at {{coord\|15\|N\|120\|E\|name\=''Hareldawns''}} and took her [captain](/wiki/Sea_captain "Sea captain") prisoner. She concluded her patrol with her arrival at [Cam Ranh Bay](/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay "Cam Ranh Bay") in Japanese\-occupied [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina "French Indochina") on 14 December 1941\.
The mines *I\-124* laid off Manila Bay sank the 1,881\-gross register ton American [merchant ship](/wiki/Merchant_ship "Merchant ship") *Corregidor* on 17 December 1941 at {{coord\|14\|N\|120\|E\|name\=''Corregidor''}} and the 1,976\-gross register ton [Panamanian](/wiki/Panama "Panama")\-flagged [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship "Cargo ship") *Daylite* on 10 January 1942, also at {{coord\|14\|N\|120\|E\|name\=''Daylite''}}.
#### Second war patrol
*I\-124* got back underway from Cam Ranh Bay on 18 December 1941 to begin her second war patrol. By 22 December she was patrolling off the entrance to Manila Bay. She then proceeded via [Mindoro Strait](/wiki/Mindoro_Strait "Mindoro Strait") to the [Sulu Sea](/wiki/Sulu_Sea "Sulu Sea"). Reassigned with *I\-121*, *I\-122* and *I\-123* to Submarine Group "A" on 26 December 1941, she concluded her uneventful patrol on 31 December 1941, arriving at newly captured [Davao](/wiki/Davao_City "Davao City") on [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao") in company with *I\-122*. The rest of Submarine Squadron 6 — *I\-121*, *I\-123* and *Chōgei* — soon joined them there.
#### Third war patrol
Submarine Squadron 6 received orders to operate next in the [Flores Sea](/wiki/Flores_Sea "Flores Sea") and the [Torres Strait](/wiki/Torres_Strait "Torres Strait") north of [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"). On 10 January 1942, the four submarines departed Davao, commencing *I\-124*′s third war patrol. *I\-124* reached her patrol area off the western entrance of the [Clarence Strait](/wiki/Clarence_Strait_%28Northern_Territory%29 "Clarence Strait (Northern Territory)") off Australia′s [Northern Territory](/wiki/Northern_Territory "Northern Territory") on 14 January 1942\. That day, she sighted the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") [heavy cruiser](/wiki/Heavy_cruiser "Heavy cruiser") {{USS\|Houston\|CA\-30}} and [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer "Destroyer") {{USS\|Alden\|DD\-211}} and {{USS\|Edsall\|DD\-219}}, which were returning to Australia from a sweep in the [Banda Sea](/wiki/Banda_Sea "Banda Sea"), but was unable to gain an attack position. On 16 January she laid 27 mines near [Darwin](/wiki/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory "Darwin, Northern Territory"), Australia. Four Japanese mines that washed ashore near Darwin on 11 February 1942 may have been laid by *I\-124*.
On 18 January 1942, *Houston* reported sighting two Japanese submarines — probably *I\-123* and *I\-124* — {{convert\|180\|nmi}} west of Darwin. At 17:40 on 19 January, *I\-124* reported the arrival at Darwin of three [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") [transports](/wiki/Transport_%28ship%29 "Transport (ship)") escorted by a destroyer. She repeated the report at 22:36, which was the last time the Japanese ever heard from her. Allied codebreakers intercepted the signal and warned Allied forces that *I\-124* was off Darwin.
|
[
"### World War II",
"#### First war patrol",
"On 7 December 1941, *I\\-124* laid 39 Type 88 Mark 1 [mines](/wiki/Naval_mines \"Naval mines\") off [Manila Bay](/wiki/Manila_Bay \"Manila Bay\") in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"). *I\\-124* then proceeded to an area southwest of [Lubang Island](/wiki/Lubang_Island \"Lubang Island\") to provide [weather reports](/wiki/Meteorology \"Meteorology\") and to stand by to rescue Japanese aircrews downed in air strikes on [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") launched from [Formosa](/wiki/Formosa \"Formosa\") after hostilities began.",
"On 8 December 1941, [Pacific campaign](/wiki/Pacific_War \"Pacific War\") of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") began in [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\"). On 10 December 1941, *I\\-124* torpedoed and sank the 1,523\\-[gross register ton](/wiki/Gross_register_ton \"Gross register ton\") British [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship \"Cargo ship\") *Hareldawns* — which was on a voyage from [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") to [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") — {{convert\\|8\\|nmi}} off western [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\") at {{coord\\|15\\|N\\|120\\|E\\|name\\=''Hareldawns''}} and took her [captain](/wiki/Sea_captain \"Sea captain\") prisoner. She concluded her patrol with her arrival at [Cam Ranh Bay](/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay \"Cam Ranh Bay\") in Japanese\\-occupied [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina \"French Indochina\") on 14 December 1941\\.",
"The mines *I\\-124* laid off Manila Bay sank the 1,881\\-gross register ton American [merchant ship](/wiki/Merchant_ship \"Merchant ship\") *Corregidor* on 17 December 1941 at {{coord\\|14\\|N\\|120\\|E\\|name\\=''Corregidor''}} and the 1,976\\-gross register ton [Panamanian](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\")\\-flagged [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship \"Cargo ship\") *Daylite* on 10 January 1942, also at {{coord\\|14\\|N\\|120\\|E\\|name\\=''Daylite''}}.",
"#### Second war patrol",
"*I\\-124* got back underway from Cam Ranh Bay on 18 December 1941 to begin her second war patrol. By 22 December she was patrolling off the entrance to Manila Bay. She then proceeded via [Mindoro Strait](/wiki/Mindoro_Strait \"Mindoro Strait\") to the [Sulu Sea](/wiki/Sulu_Sea \"Sulu Sea\"). Reassigned with *I\\-121*, *I\\-122* and *I\\-123* to Submarine Group \"A\" on 26 December 1941, she concluded her uneventful patrol on 31 December 1941, arriving at newly captured [Davao](/wiki/Davao_City \"Davao City\") on [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao \"Mindanao\") in company with *I\\-122*. The rest of Submarine Squadron 6 — *I\\-121*, *I\\-123* and *Chōgei* — soon joined them there.",
"#### Third war patrol",
"Submarine Squadron 6 received orders to operate next in the [Flores Sea](/wiki/Flores_Sea \"Flores Sea\") and the [Torres Strait](/wiki/Torres_Strait \"Torres Strait\") north of [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). On 10 January 1942, the four submarines departed Davao, commencing *I\\-124*′s third war patrol. *I\\-124* reached her patrol area off the western entrance of the [Clarence Strait](/wiki/Clarence_Strait_%28Northern_Territory%29 \"Clarence Strait (Northern Territory)\") off Australia′s [Northern Territory](/wiki/Northern_Territory \"Northern Territory\") on 14 January 1942\\. That day, she sighted the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") [heavy cruiser](/wiki/Heavy_cruiser \"Heavy cruiser\") {{USS\\|Houston\\|CA\\-30}} and [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer \"Destroyer\") {{USS\\|Alden\\|DD\\-211}} and {{USS\\|Edsall\\|DD\\-219}}, which were returning to Australia from a sweep in the [Banda Sea](/wiki/Banda_Sea \"Banda Sea\"), but was unable to gain an attack position. On 16 January she laid 27 mines near [Darwin](/wiki/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory \"Darwin, Northern Territory\"), Australia. Four Japanese mines that washed ashore near Darwin on 11 February 1942 may have been laid by *I\\-124*.",
"On 18 January 1942, *Houston* reported sighting two Japanese submarines — probably *I\\-123* and *I\\-124* — {{convert\\|180\\|nmi}} west of Darwin. At 17:40 on 19 January, *I\\-124* reported the arrival at Darwin of three [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") [transports](/wiki/Transport_%28ship%29 \"Transport (ship)\") escorted by a destroyer. She repeated the report at 22:36, which was the last time the Japanese ever heard from her. Allied codebreakers intercepted the signal and warned Allied forces that *I\\-124* was off Darwin.",
""
] |
Early campaigns
---------------
On 29 December 1789, Tipu marched 14,000 troops from Coimbatore and [attacked Nedumkotta](/wiki/Battle_of_Nedumkotta "Battle of Nedumkotta"). The first phase was a defeat for Tipu, when the Travancore forces under [Kesava Pillai](/wiki/Raja_Kesavadas "Raja Kesavadas") inflicted severe losses on the Tipu's forces and drove them back. While the Mysorean forces and their allies regrouped, Governor Holland, much to Cornwallis' dismay, engaged in negotiations with Tipu rather than mobilising the military. Cornwallis was on the brink of going to [Madras](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai") to take command when he received word that Holland's replacement, General [William Medows](/wiki/William_Medows "William Medows") was about to arrive. Medows forcibly removed Holland, and set about planning operations against Tipu while building up troops at [Trichinopoly](/wiki/Trichinopoly "Trichinopoly").{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1902\|p\=550}}
### Medows' campaign, 1790
{{Keralahistory}}
It was May before Medows was prepared to march. In the meantime, Tipu had renewed his attack on Travancore, and successfully breached the Nedumkotta line in late April 1790, despite the heavy losses inflicted by the Tranvancorean army.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1902\|p\=550}} The Travancorean army made a strategic retreat to the further bank of the [Periyar River](/wiki/Periyar_River "Periyar River") and regrouped, preparing to contest the crossing of the river. The [monsoon](/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") rains prevented the Mysorean army from fording the river and as Tipu received the news that the British campaign from Madras began to take shape as a significant threat, he retreated from Travancore.
The plan of attack developed by Medows called for a two\-pronged attack, with the main thrust against the [Coimbatore district](/wiki/Coimbatore_district "Coimbatore district") and a diversionary thrust into Mysore from the northeast.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1902\|pp\=550–551}} Cornwallis was unhappy with this plan, due in part to the lateness of the season (combat being much more difficult during the monsoon season), and the lengthy supply lines from Madras that the plan entailed. However, he was willing to give Medows the opportunity for independent command.
Medows moved out of Trichinopoly in late May. Hampered by weather and equipment problems, his progress was slow. He met little resistance, as Tipu had withdrawn his main forces to the Mysore highlands. On 21 July, Medows entered Coimbatore unopposed, after having taken some of the smaller fortifications in the district by either abandonment or the immediate surrender of the garrison.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1902\|p\=552}} His only opposition consisted of 4,000 cavalry under Sayed Sahib that Tipu had detached to observe and harass his operations; most of these were eventually driven across the [Bhavani River](/wiki/Bhavani_River "Bhavani River") by Medows' cavalry. Further strong points in the district fell, with [Palghat](/wiki/Palakkad_Fort "Palakkad Fort") and [Dindigul](/wiki/Dindigul_Fort "Dindigul Fort") requiring significant action to capture.
Although the campaign was successful in gaining complete control of the Coimbatore district, Medows had to divide his forces to hold it, with the largest detachments at Coimbatore, Palghat, and [Sathyamangalam](/wiki/Sathyamangalam "Sathyamangalam"). The attack from Bengal, and a third from [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay "Bombay"), were late in getting started when Tipu made his counterattack.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1902\|p\=554}}
[175px\|thumb\|left\|Unsigned watercolor by unknown Indian artist.](/wiki/File:Indian_Demons_Attacking_Fort_Defended_by_European_Troops_WDL2947.png "Indian Demons Attacking Fort Defended by European Troops WDL2947.png")
### Tipu's counterattack
On 2 September, Tipu left Srirangapatnam at the head of a 40,000\-man army. Descending the mountain passes beginning on 9 September, he began to move toward Sathyamangalam. While the 2,800\-man garrison there withstood an initial assault from Tipu's force on 13 September, Captain [John Floyd](/wiki/Sir_John_Floyd%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet"), the garrison commander, opted to withdraw. Under cover of night, they crossed the Bhavani and headed for Coimbatore. Tipu, slowed by heavy rains, sent 15,000 cavalry in pursuit. These eventually caught up and captured much of Floyd's baggage train, and continued to pursue the weary garrison.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1902\|p\=554}} That evening, the full force of Tipu's army fell upon them as they camped at Cheyoor. A desperate stand by the infantry repulsed repeated assaults, and only the arrival of reinforcements sent by Medows rescued them.
Tipu then embarked on a campaign of harassing the British supply and communications, while screening the movements of his main force. In early November, he successfully misled Medows, moving much of his army north to attack the smaller Bengal force. This force, about 9,000 men led by Colonel Maxwell, had reached [Kaveripattinam](/wiki/Kaveripattinam%2C_Krishnagiri "Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri") and strongly fortified his position.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1902\|p\=558}} Unable to penetrate the defences, Tipu withdrew to the south on 14 November after learning that Medows was on his trail again. Medows and Maxwell joined forces on 17 November, and pursued Tipu, who had decided to make a move toward Trichinopoly. Unable to do more than pillage the town before Medows arrived, Tipu then moved on to rampage through the [Carnatic](/wiki/Carnatic_region "Carnatic region"), destroying towns and seizing supplies as he went. He ended up at the French outpost at [Pondicherry](/wiki/Pondicherry "Pondicherry"), where he attempted to interest the French in supporting his efforts against the British. As France was then in the early stages of [its revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"), these efforts were entirely unsuccessful. Medows at this point moved toward Madras, where he turned over command of his army to Lord Cornwallis.
### Allied advances
Tipu sultan had turned the wars against the British, Kerala and the Marathas into a religious war, as evidenced by his personal letters.
He massacred numerous Hindus and Christians, not sparing even the women and children and destroyed numerous churches, Hindu temples and even synagogues. Tipu has been a controversial figure and criticised for his repression of Hindus and Christians.{{cite book\|last\=Varghese\|first\=Alexander P.\|year\= 2008\|title\=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=y7GKwhuea9kC\&q\=tipu\&pg\=PA404 \|volume\=I\|publisher\=Atlantic Publishers \& Distributors\|page\=404\|isbn\=978\-81\-269\-0903\-2}}{{cite book\|last\=Sanyal\|first\=Sanjeev\|author\-link\=Sanjeev Sanyal\|year\=2016 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oNekDAAAQBAJ\|title\=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History\|publisher\=Penguin UK\|page\=188\|isbn\=978\-93\-86057\-61\-7}} Various sources describe the massacres,{{cite book\|editor\-last\=Menon\|editor\-first\=A. Sreedhara \|editor\-link\=A. Sreedhara Menon\|year\=1972 \|url\=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file\=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/nvli\_pdfs/GR401\.pdf\#page\=146 \|title\=Kerala District Gazetteers: Cannanore \|location\=Trivandrum\|publisher\=Government Press\|pages\=134–137\|access\-date\=7 October 2021}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bk5uAAAAMAAJ\|title\=Tipu Sultan: Villain or Hero?: An Anthology\|publisher\=Voice of India\|year\=1993\|page\=30\|isbn\=978\-81\-85990\-08\-8\|access\-date\=15 November 2011}} imprisonment,{{cite book\|last\=Moegling\|first\=H.\|author\-link\=Hermann Mögling\|year\=1855\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=k5ABAAAAQAAJ\|title\=Coorg Memoirs: An Account of Coorg and of the Coorg Mission\|location\=Bangalore \|publisher\=Wesleyan Mission Press\|page\=117\|access\-date\=11 February 2014}}{{cite encyclopedia\|title\=Tippoo Saib\|encyclopedia\=\[\[Penny Cyclopaedia\|The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]] \|volume\=XXIII \|location\=London \|publisher\=Charles Knight and Co.\|year\=1842\|page\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=Ad9PAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=RA1\-PA494 494]}}{{sfnp\|Farias\|1999\|p\=76}} forced conversion,{{sfnp\|Cariappa\|1981\|p\=48}}{{cite encyclopedia\|editor\-last\=Knight\|editor\-first\=Charles\|editor\-link\=Charles Knight (publisher) \|title\=Tippoo Saib\|encyclopedia\=\[\[English Cyclopaedia\|The English Cyclopædia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge]]\|volume\=VI\|location\=London\|publisher\=Bradbury and Evans\|year\=1858\|page\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=QuY\-AAAAYAAJ\&pg\=PA85 85]}}{{cite interview\|last\=Sequeira\|first\=Jerald \|url\=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers\_view.asp?a\_id\=28\|title\=A Man with Mission \& Vision\|website\=\[\[Daijiworld Media\|daijiworld.com]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510000451/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers\_view.asp?a\_id\=28\|archive\-date\=10 May 2006\|access\-date\=29 February 2008}} and circumcision{{cite book\|last\=Wilks\|first\=Mark\|author\-link\=Mark Wilks\|editor\-last\=Hammick\|editor\-first\=Murray\|editor\-link\=Murray Hammick\|year\=1989 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MEvQL8wHHngC\&q\=coorgs\&pg\=PA283\|title\=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor\|volume\=II\|location\=New Delhi; Madras\|publisher\=Asian Educational Services \|page\=545\|isbn\=978\-81\-206\-0491\-9\|access\-date\=12 February 2014}}{{sfnp\|Prabhu\|1999\|p\=213}} of Hindus ([Kodavas of Coorg](/wiki/Captivity_of_Kodavas_at_Seringapatam "Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam") and [Nairs of Malabar](/wiki/Captivity_of_Nairs_at_Seringapatam "Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam")) and Christians ([Catholics of Mangalore](/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam "Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam")) and the destruction of churches{{cite web\|last\=Lobo\|first\=Joe \|date\=3 May 2007\|url\=http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=28:sarasvatis\-chi.\|title\=Sarasvati's Children\|website\=Kinnigoli.com\|publisher\=Immaculate Conception Church, Kinnigoli\|access\-date\=7 October 2021\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=28:sarasvatis\-chi. \|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-29}} and templesPanikkassery, Velayudhan. MM Publications (2007\), Kottayam India{{Full citation needed\|date\=October 2021}}{{page needed\|date\=October 2021}} which are cited as evidence for his religious intolerance. He also reneged on his promises of humanely treating and releasing the prisoners of wars, e.g. in one case noted by a chronicler, he killed a local king who had submitted to him and got his body dragged through the city. Many Christian missionaries also documented his torture of local Christians and destroying their churches and temples. {{Citation needed\|date\=September 2022}}
However, others have pointed out that Tipu's actions against the Hindus of Coorg and Malabar, and the Nairs were in consequence were due to political motives, after they had rebelled "six times" and he had forgiven them, similar to how he punished the Christians of Kanara {{cite book \|last1\=Mohibbul \|first1\=Hasan \|title\=History of Tipu Sultan \|date\=1971 \|publisher\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \|location\=Calcutta \|page\=362 \|edition\=2nd}}{{cite book \|last1\=Brittlebank \|first1\=Kate \|title\=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan \|date\=2019 \|publisher\=Juggernaut \|page\=48}} during the Second Anglo\-Mysore War after they had committed treason, rendering invaluable help to the English.{{cite book \|last1\=Mohibbul \|first1\=Hasan \|title\=History of Tipu Sultan \|date\=1971 \|publisher\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \|location\=Calcutta \|page\=362 \|edition\=2nd}}{{cite book \|last1\=Brittlebank \|first1\=Kate \|title\=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan \|date\=2019 \|publisher\=Juggernaut \|page\=24}} In fact, a Maratha raid had destroyed a Hindu temple at Sringeri during the war in 1791, committing sacrilege by plundering the temple and killing or wounding locals, which included locals and Brahamins, leading its Swami to plea for help from Tipu, who quickly dispatched men and funds to help restore the temple.{{cite book \|last1\=Mohibbul \|first1\=Hasan \|title\=History of Tipu Sultan \|date\=1971 \|publisher\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \|location\=Calcutta \|page\=361 \|edition\=2nd}}
That Tipu had appointed various Hindus to high posts at court and as officers in his army during the war stands contrary to the claims that he turned the battle into a religious war,{{cite book \|last1\=Mohibbul \|first1\=Hasan \|title\=History of Tipu Sultan \|date\=1971 \|publisher\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \|location\=Calcutta \|page\=358 \|edition\=2nd}} and given that Tipu had given grants to numerous temples, and never prevented Hindus from worshipping,{{cite book \|last1\=Mohibbul \|first1\=Hasan \|title\=History of Tipu Sultan \|date\=1971 \|publisher\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \|location\=Calcutta \|page\=361 \|edition\=2nd}} funded the construction of a Gopur temple in Conjeeveram during this war, and even participated in and bore some of the costs of the local Hindu festivals which occurred during his stay.{{cite book \|last1\=Mohibbul \|first1\=Hasan \|title\=History of Tipu Sultan \|date\=1971 \|publisher\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \|location\=Calcutta \|page\=361 \|edition\=2nd}}
During the summer of 1790, a Maratha army of some 30,000 under the command of Purseram Bhow, accompanied by a detachment of British troops from Bombay, began marching toward Mysore. The first several Mysorean outposts surrendered in the face of the large army, and it made steady if slow progress until it reached [Darwar](/wiki/Darwar "Darwar") in September. The fort was [weakly and indifferently besieged](/wiki/Siege_of_Darwar "Siege of Darwar") for 29 weeks, with the garrison finally surrendering on 3 April 1791\.{{sfnp\|Mill\|Wilson\|1858\|p\=275}} The army then continued to advance, reaching the [Tungabhadra River](/wiki/Tungabhadra_River "Tungabhadra River") in early May.
A second army, consisting of 25,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under the command of Hurry Punt assisted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Madras army, left [Poona](/wiki/Poona "Poona") in January 1791, eventually reaching [Kurnool](/wiki/Kurnool "Kurnool") without significant opposition.{{sfnp\|Duff\|1921\|p\=202}} Hurry Punt went to confer with the Nizam, who had not crossed into Mysore in fear that Tipu's large army would overwhelm his before it could be joined to that of one of the other allies. On receiving word that Cornwallis had captured [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore") and was moving toward the Mysorean capital, [Srirangapatnam](/wiki/Seringapatam "Seringapatam"), Hurry Punt moved out from Kurnool, and made junction with Cornwallis on 28 May.
The Nizam's army, led by Mahabat Jung, advanced to [Koppal](/wiki/Koppal "Koppal"), which [they besieged](/wiki/Siege_of_Koppal "Siege of Koppal") in October 1790\. Poor\-quality cannons impeded the conduct of the siege, which was not successfully concluded until April 1791\.
[thumb\|left\|upright\|[Earl Cornwallis](/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis "Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis"), portrait by [John Singleton Copley](/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley "John Singleton Copley")](/wiki/File:First_Marquis_of_Cornwallis.jpg "First Marquis of Cornwallis.jpg")
### British take the Malabar Coast
British forces succeeded in taking control of the Malabar Coast late in 1790\. One force under Colonel Hartley gained [a decisive victory](/wiki/Battle_of_Tirurangadi "Battle of Tirurangadi") at [Calicut](/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode "History of Kozhikode") in December, while a second under [Robert Abercromby](/wiki/Robert_Abercromby_of_Airthrey "Robert Abercromby of Airthrey") routed the Sultan [at Cannanore](/wiki/Capture_of_Cannanore "Capture of Cannanore") a few days later.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1902\|p\=561}}
### Nawab of Savanur
Territory associated with the Nawab of Savanur were lost to the [Maratha Confederacy](/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy "Maratha Confederacy"). Such events caused mistrust between the English and the agenda of the [Peshwa](/wiki/Peshwa "Peshwa").
|
[
"Early campaigns\n---------------",
"On 29 December 1789, Tipu marched 14,000 troops from Coimbatore and [attacked Nedumkotta](/wiki/Battle_of_Nedumkotta \"Battle of Nedumkotta\"). The first phase was a defeat for Tipu, when the Travancore forces under [Kesava Pillai](/wiki/Raja_Kesavadas \"Raja Kesavadas\") inflicted severe losses on the Tipu's forces and drove them back. While the Mysorean forces and their allies regrouped, Governor Holland, much to Cornwallis' dismay, engaged in negotiations with Tipu rather than mobilising the military. Cornwallis was on the brink of going to [Madras](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\") to take command when he received word that Holland's replacement, General [William Medows](/wiki/William_Medows \"William Medows\") was about to arrive. Medows forcibly removed Holland, and set about planning operations against Tipu while building up troops at [Trichinopoly](/wiki/Trichinopoly \"Trichinopoly\").{{sfnp\\|Fortescue\\|1902\\|p\\=550}}",
"### Medows' campaign, 1790",
"{{Keralahistory}}",
"It was May before Medows was prepared to march. In the meantime, Tipu had renewed his attack on Travancore, and successfully breached the Nedumkotta line in late April 1790, despite the heavy losses inflicted by the Tranvancorean army.{{sfnp\\|Fortescue\\|1902\\|p\\=550}} The Travancorean army made a strategic retreat to the further bank of the [Periyar River](/wiki/Periyar_River \"Periyar River\") and regrouped, preparing to contest the crossing of the river. The [monsoon](/wiki/Monsoon \"Monsoon\") rains prevented the Mysorean army from fording the river and as Tipu received the news that the British campaign from Madras began to take shape as a significant threat, he retreated from Travancore.",
"The plan of attack developed by Medows called for a two\\-pronged attack, with the main thrust against the [Coimbatore district](/wiki/Coimbatore_district \"Coimbatore district\") and a diversionary thrust into Mysore from the northeast.{{sfnp\\|Fortescue\\|1902\\|pp\\=550–551}} Cornwallis was unhappy with this plan, due in part to the lateness of the season (combat being much more difficult during the monsoon season), and the lengthy supply lines from Madras that the plan entailed. However, he was willing to give Medows the opportunity for independent command.",
"Medows moved out of Trichinopoly in late May. Hampered by weather and equipment problems, his progress was slow. He met little resistance, as Tipu had withdrawn his main forces to the Mysore highlands. On 21 July, Medows entered Coimbatore unopposed, after having taken some of the smaller fortifications in the district by either abandonment or the immediate surrender of the garrison.{{sfnp\\|Fortescue\\|1902\\|p\\=552}} His only opposition consisted of 4,000 cavalry under Sayed Sahib that Tipu had detached to observe and harass his operations; most of these were eventually driven across the [Bhavani River](/wiki/Bhavani_River \"Bhavani River\") by Medows' cavalry. Further strong points in the district fell, with [Palghat](/wiki/Palakkad_Fort \"Palakkad Fort\") and [Dindigul](/wiki/Dindigul_Fort \"Dindigul Fort\") requiring significant action to capture.",
"Although the campaign was successful in gaining complete control of the Coimbatore district, Medows had to divide his forces to hold it, with the largest detachments at Coimbatore, Palghat, and [Sathyamangalam](/wiki/Sathyamangalam \"Sathyamangalam\"). The attack from Bengal, and a third from [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay \"Bombay\"), were late in getting started when Tipu made his counterattack.{{sfnp\\|Fortescue\\|1902\\|p\\=554}}",
"[175px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Unsigned watercolor by unknown Indian artist.](/wiki/File:Indian_Demons_Attacking_Fort_Defended_by_European_Troops_WDL2947.png \"Indian Demons Attacking Fort Defended by European Troops WDL2947.png\")",
"### Tipu's counterattack",
"On 2 September, Tipu left Srirangapatnam at the head of a 40,000\\-man army. Descending the mountain passes beginning on 9 September, he began to move toward Sathyamangalam. While the 2,800\\-man garrison there withstood an initial assault from Tipu's force on 13 September, Captain [John Floyd](/wiki/Sir_John_Floyd%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet\"), the garrison commander, opted to withdraw. Under cover of night, they crossed the Bhavani and headed for Coimbatore. Tipu, slowed by heavy rains, sent 15,000 cavalry in pursuit. These eventually caught up and captured much of Floyd's baggage train, and continued to pursue the weary garrison.{{sfnp\\|Fortescue\\|1902\\|p\\=554}} That evening, the full force of Tipu's army fell upon them as they camped at Cheyoor. A desperate stand by the infantry repulsed repeated assaults, and only the arrival of reinforcements sent by Medows rescued them.",
"Tipu then embarked on a campaign of harassing the British supply and communications, while screening the movements of his main force. In early November, he successfully misled Medows, moving much of his army north to attack the smaller Bengal force. This force, about 9,000 men led by Colonel Maxwell, had reached [Kaveripattinam](/wiki/Kaveripattinam%2C_Krishnagiri \"Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri\") and strongly fortified his position.{{sfnp\\|Fortescue\\|1902\\|p\\=558}} Unable to penetrate the defences, Tipu withdrew to the south on 14 November after learning that Medows was on his trail again. Medows and Maxwell joined forces on 17 November, and pursued Tipu, who had decided to make a move toward Trichinopoly. Unable to do more than pillage the town before Medows arrived, Tipu then moved on to rampage through the [Carnatic](/wiki/Carnatic_region \"Carnatic region\"), destroying towns and seizing supplies as he went. He ended up at the French outpost at [Pondicherry](/wiki/Pondicherry \"Pondicherry\"), where he attempted to interest the French in supporting his efforts against the British. As France was then in the early stages of [its revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), these efforts were entirely unsuccessful. Medows at this point moved toward Madras, where he turned over command of his army to Lord Cornwallis.",
"### Allied advances",
"Tipu sultan had turned the wars against the British, Kerala and the Marathas into a religious war, as evidenced by his personal letters.\nHe massacred numerous Hindus and Christians, not sparing even the women and children and destroyed numerous churches, Hindu temples and even synagogues. Tipu has been a controversial figure and criticised for his repression of Hindus and Christians.{{cite book\\|last\\=Varghese\\|first\\=Alexander P.\\|year\\= 2008\\|title\\=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=y7GKwhuea9kC\\&q\\=tipu\\&pg\\=PA404 \\|volume\\=I\\|publisher\\=Atlantic Publishers \\& Distributors\\|page\\=404\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-269\\-0903\\-2}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Sanyal\\|first\\=Sanjeev\\|author\\-link\\=Sanjeev Sanyal\\|year\\=2016 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oNekDAAAQBAJ\\|title\\=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History\\|publisher\\=Penguin UK\\|page\\=188\\|isbn\\=978\\-93\\-86057\\-61\\-7}} Various sources describe the massacres,{{cite book\\|editor\\-last\\=Menon\\|editor\\-first\\=A. Sreedhara \\|editor\\-link\\=A. Sreedhara Menon\\|year\\=1972 \\|url\\=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file\\=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/nvli\\_pdfs/GR401\\.pdf\\#page\\=146 \\|title\\=Kerala District Gazetteers: Cannanore \\|location\\=Trivandrum\\|publisher\\=Government Press\\|pages\\=134–137\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2021}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bk5uAAAAMAAJ\\|title\\=Tipu Sultan: Villain or Hero?: An Anthology\\|publisher\\=Voice of India\\|year\\=1993\\|page\\=30\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-85990\\-08\\-8\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2011}} imprisonment,{{cite book\\|last\\=Moegling\\|first\\=H.\\|author\\-link\\=Hermann Mögling\\|year\\=1855\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=k5ABAAAAQAAJ\\|title\\=Coorg Memoirs: An Account of Coorg and of the Coorg Mission\\|location\\=Bangalore \\|publisher\\=Wesleyan Mission Press\\|page\\=117\\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2014}}{{cite encyclopedia\\|title\\=Tippoo Saib\\|encyclopedia\\=\\[\\[Penny Cyclopaedia\\|The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]] \\|volume\\=XXIII \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Charles Knight and Co.\\|year\\=1842\\|page\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Ad9PAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA494 494]}}{{sfnp\\|Farias\\|1999\\|p\\=76}} forced conversion,{{sfnp\\|Cariappa\\|1981\\|p\\=48}}{{cite encyclopedia\\|editor\\-last\\=Knight\\|editor\\-first\\=Charles\\|editor\\-link\\=Charles Knight (publisher) \\|title\\=Tippoo Saib\\|encyclopedia\\=\\[\\[English Cyclopaedia\\|The English Cyclopædia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge]]\\|volume\\=VI\\|location\\=London\\|publisher\\=Bradbury and Evans\\|year\\=1858\\|page\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QuY\\-AAAAYAAJ\\&pg\\=PA85 85]}}{{cite interview\\|last\\=Sequeira\\|first\\=Jerald \\|url\\=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers\\_view.asp?a\\_id\\=28\\|title\\=A Man with Mission \\& Vision\\|website\\=\\[\\[Daijiworld Media\\|daijiworld.com]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510000451/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers\\_view.asp?a\\_id\\=28\\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2006\\|access\\-date\\=29 February 2008}} and circumcision{{cite book\\|last\\=Wilks\\|first\\=Mark\\|author\\-link\\=Mark Wilks\\|editor\\-last\\=Hammick\\|editor\\-first\\=Murray\\|editor\\-link\\=Murray Hammick\\|year\\=1989 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MEvQL8wHHngC\\&q\\=coorgs\\&pg\\=PA283\\|title\\=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor\\|volume\\=II\\|location\\=New Delhi; Madras\\|publisher\\=Asian Educational Services \\|page\\=545\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-206\\-0491\\-9\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2014}}{{sfnp\\|Prabhu\\|1999\\|p\\=213}} of Hindus ([Kodavas of Coorg](/wiki/Captivity_of_Kodavas_at_Seringapatam \"Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam\") and [Nairs of Malabar](/wiki/Captivity_of_Nairs_at_Seringapatam \"Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam\")) and Christians ([Catholics of Mangalore](/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam \"Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam\")) and the destruction of churches{{cite web\\|last\\=Lobo\\|first\\=Joe \\|date\\=3 May 2007\\|url\\=http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=28:sarasvatis\\-chi.\\|title\\=Sarasvati's Children\\|website\\=Kinnigoli.com\\|publisher\\=Immaculate Conception Church, Kinnigoli\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=28:sarasvatis\\-chi. \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-29}} and templesPanikkassery, Velayudhan. MM Publications (2007\\), Kottayam India{{Full citation needed\\|date\\=October 2021}}{{page needed\\|date\\=October 2021}} which are cited as evidence for his religious intolerance. He also reneged on his promises of humanely treating and releasing the prisoners of wars, e.g. in one case noted by a chronicler, he killed a local king who had submitted to him and got his body dragged through the city. Many Christian missionaries also documented his torture of local Christians and destroying their churches and temples. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2022}}",
"However, others have pointed out that Tipu's actions against the Hindus of Coorg and Malabar, and the Nairs were in consequence were due to political motives, after they had rebelled \"six times\" and he had forgiven them, similar to how he punished the Christians of Kanara {{cite book \\|last1\\=Mohibbul \\|first1\\=Hasan \\|title\\=History of Tipu Sultan \\|date\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \\|location\\=Calcutta \\|page\\=362 \\|edition\\=2nd}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Brittlebank \\|first1\\=Kate \\|title\\=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan \\|date\\=2019 \\|publisher\\=Juggernaut \\|page\\=48}} during the Second Anglo\\-Mysore War after they had committed treason, rendering invaluable help to the English.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mohibbul \\|first1\\=Hasan \\|title\\=History of Tipu Sultan \\|date\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \\|location\\=Calcutta \\|page\\=362 \\|edition\\=2nd}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Brittlebank \\|first1\\=Kate \\|title\\=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan \\|date\\=2019 \\|publisher\\=Juggernaut \\|page\\=24}} In fact, a Maratha raid had destroyed a Hindu temple at Sringeri during the war in 1791, committing sacrilege by plundering the temple and killing or wounding locals, which included locals and Brahamins, leading its Swami to plea for help from Tipu, who quickly dispatched men and funds to help restore the temple.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mohibbul \\|first1\\=Hasan \\|title\\=History of Tipu Sultan \\|date\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \\|location\\=Calcutta \\|page\\=361 \\|edition\\=2nd}}\nThat Tipu had appointed various Hindus to high posts at court and as officers in his army during the war stands contrary to the claims that he turned the battle into a religious war,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mohibbul \\|first1\\=Hasan \\|title\\=History of Tipu Sultan \\|date\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \\|location\\=Calcutta \\|page\\=358 \\|edition\\=2nd}} and given that Tipu had given grants to numerous temples, and never prevented Hindus from worshipping,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mohibbul \\|first1\\=Hasan \\|title\\=History of Tipu Sultan \\|date\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \\|location\\=Calcutta \\|page\\=361 \\|edition\\=2nd}} funded the construction of a Gopur temple in Conjeeveram during this war, and even participated in and bore some of the costs of the local Hindu festivals which occurred during his stay.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mohibbul \\|first1\\=Hasan \\|title\\=History of Tipu Sultan \\|date\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD \\|location\\=Calcutta \\|page\\=361 \\|edition\\=2nd}}",
"During the summer of 1790, a Maratha army of some 30,000 under the command of Purseram Bhow, accompanied by a detachment of British troops from Bombay, began marching toward Mysore. The first several Mysorean outposts surrendered in the face of the large army, and it made steady if slow progress until it reached [Darwar](/wiki/Darwar \"Darwar\") in September. The fort was [weakly and indifferently besieged](/wiki/Siege_of_Darwar \"Siege of Darwar\") for 29 weeks, with the garrison finally surrendering on 3 April 1791\\.{{sfnp\\|Mill\\|Wilson\\|1858\\|p\\=275}} The army then continued to advance, reaching the [Tungabhadra River](/wiki/Tungabhadra_River \"Tungabhadra River\") in early May.",
"A second army, consisting of 25,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under the command of Hurry Punt assisted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Madras army, left [Poona](/wiki/Poona \"Poona\") in January 1791, eventually reaching [Kurnool](/wiki/Kurnool \"Kurnool\") without significant opposition.{{sfnp\\|Duff\\|1921\\|p\\=202}} Hurry Punt went to confer with the Nizam, who had not crossed into Mysore in fear that Tipu's large army would overwhelm his before it could be joined to that of one of the other allies. On receiving word that Cornwallis had captured [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore \"Bangalore\") and was moving toward the Mysorean capital, [Srirangapatnam](/wiki/Seringapatam \"Seringapatam\"), Hurry Punt moved out from Kurnool, and made junction with Cornwallis on 28 May.",
"The Nizam's army, led by Mahabat Jung, advanced to [Koppal](/wiki/Koppal \"Koppal\"), which [they besieged](/wiki/Siege_of_Koppal \"Siege of Koppal\") in October 1790\\. Poor\\-quality cannons impeded the conduct of the siege, which was not successfully concluded until April 1791\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Earl Cornwallis](/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis \"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis\"), portrait by [John Singleton Copley](/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley \"John Singleton Copley\")](/wiki/File:First_Marquis_of_Cornwallis.jpg \"First Marquis of Cornwallis.jpg\")",
"### British take the Malabar Coast",
"British forces succeeded in taking control of the Malabar Coast late in 1790\\. One force under Colonel Hartley gained [a decisive victory](/wiki/Battle_of_Tirurangadi \"Battle of Tirurangadi\") at [Calicut](/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode \"History of Kozhikode\") in December, while a second under [Robert Abercromby](/wiki/Robert_Abercromby_of_Airthrey \"Robert Abercromby of Airthrey\") routed the Sultan [at Cannanore](/wiki/Capture_of_Cannanore \"Capture of Cannanore\") a few days later.{{sfnp\\|Fortescue\\|1902\\|p\\=561}}",
"### Nawab of Savanur",
"Territory associated with the Nawab of Savanur were lost to the [Maratha Confederacy](/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy \"Maratha Confederacy\"). Such events caused mistrust between the English and the agenda of the [Peshwa](/wiki/Peshwa \"Peshwa\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Born in the Illinois capital of [Springfield](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Illinois "Springfield, Illinois"), McCain is the daughter of David McCain, a tennis coach who introduced her to the sport at age eight. The family moved to Florida and she went to Saddlebrook High School.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sptimes.com/News/061301/news\_pf/Sports/Saddlebrook\_star\_adds.shtml\|title\=Sports: Saddlebrook star adds to successful resume\|date\=June 13, 2001\|work\=\[\[St. Petersburg Times]]\|accessdate\=20 December 2017}}
### Tennis career
McCain, a right\-handed base\-liner, played Junior Davis Cup tennis for the United States.
While at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") she played NCAA tennis and was a two\-time All\-American.
In 2004, she made the main draw of two WTA Tour tournaments. At the [2004 Family Circle Cup](/wiki/2004_Family_Circle_Cup "2004 Family Circle Cup") in Charleston, she entered as a wildcard and lost to [Serena Williams](/wiki/Serena_Williams "Serena Williams") in the second round, having earlier beaten [Arantxa Parra Santonja](/wiki/Arantxa_Parra_Santonja "Arantxa Parra Santonja").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/tennis/sore\-knee\-sidelines\-serena\-williams\-1\.475783\|title\=Sore knee sidelines Serena Williams\|date\=April 16, 2004\|work\=\[\[CBC.ca]]\|accessdate\=20 December 2017}} She played as a qualifier at the [2004 DFS Classic](/wiki/2004_DFS_Classic "2004 DFS Classic") in Birmingham and upset 11th seed [Tina Pisnik](/wiki/Tina_Pisnik "Tina Pisnik") in the first round, before losing the next match to [Saori Obata](/wiki/Saori_Obata "Saori Obata").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Loit\-wins\-three\-seeds\-fall\-at\-DFS\-Classic/57581086649159/?spt\=su\|title\=Loit wins, three seeds fall at DFS Classic\|date\=June 7, 2004\|work\=\[\[United Press International]]\|accessdate\=20 December 2017}}
Both of her grand slam appearances came in 2004, at the French Open and US Open. Each time she came up against a seeded player in the first round, [Petra Mandula](/wiki/Petra_Mandula "Petra Mandula") at the French Open, who she took to three sets, and [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier "Amy Frazier") at the US Open, in a two set loss.
Following the 2004 US Open, she won a $25,000 ITF tournament in Tunica Resorts and finished runner up at the $50,000 Cary, North Carolina event, to reach her highest ranking of 117 in the world.
She was a doubles quarter\-finalist at the [Advanta Championships of Philadelphia](/wiki/Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia "Advanta Championships of Philadelphia") in 2004 and the [2005 Cellular South Cup](/wiki/2005_Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup "2005 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup") in Memphis, as well as competing in the singles draws at both.
Her professional career included singles wins over [Jelena Jankovic](/wiki/Jelena_Jankovic "Jelena Jankovic") and [Flavia Pennetta](/wiki/Flavia_Pennetta "Flavia Pennetta"), the latter in the qualifying draw for the [2005 Medibank International](/wiki/2005_Medibank_International "2005 Medibank International").
### Personal life
McCain married husband Michael Parker in September 2007\. In the same year, she was appointed as an assistant coach for the Duke University women's tennis team.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\=1369654\|title\=Kelly McCain\-Parker Bio\|publisher\=\[\[Duke University Blue Devils]] Official Athletics Site\|accessdate\=20 December 2017}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Born in the Illinois capital of [Springfield](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Illinois \"Springfield, Illinois\"), McCain is the daughter of David McCain, a tennis coach who introduced her to the sport at age eight. The family moved to Florida and she went to Saddlebrook High School.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sptimes.com/News/061301/news\\_pf/Sports/Saddlebrook\\_star\\_adds.shtml\\|title\\=Sports: Saddlebrook star adds to successful resume\\|date\\=June 13, 2001\\|work\\=\\[\\[St. Petersburg Times]]\\|accessdate\\=20 December 2017}}",
"### Tennis career",
"McCain, a right\\-handed base\\-liner, played Junior Davis Cup tennis for the United States.",
"While at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\") she played NCAA tennis and was a two\\-time All\\-American.",
"In 2004, she made the main draw of two WTA Tour tournaments. At the [2004 Family Circle Cup](/wiki/2004_Family_Circle_Cup \"2004 Family Circle Cup\") in Charleston, she entered as a wildcard and lost to [Serena Williams](/wiki/Serena_Williams \"Serena Williams\") in the second round, having earlier beaten [Arantxa Parra Santonja](/wiki/Arantxa_Parra_Santonja \"Arantxa Parra Santonja\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/tennis/sore\\-knee\\-sidelines\\-serena\\-williams\\-1\\.475783\\|title\\=Sore knee sidelines Serena Williams\\|date\\=April 16, 2004\\|work\\=\\[\\[CBC.ca]]\\|accessdate\\=20 December 2017}} She played as a qualifier at the [2004 DFS Classic](/wiki/2004_DFS_Classic \"2004 DFS Classic\") in Birmingham and upset 11th seed [Tina Pisnik](/wiki/Tina_Pisnik \"Tina Pisnik\") in the first round, before losing the next match to [Saori Obata](/wiki/Saori_Obata \"Saori Obata\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Loit\\-wins\\-three\\-seeds\\-fall\\-at\\-DFS\\-Classic/57581086649159/?spt\\=su\\|title\\=Loit wins, three seeds fall at DFS Classic\\|date\\=June 7, 2004\\|work\\=\\[\\[United Press International]]\\|accessdate\\=20 December 2017}}",
"Both of her grand slam appearances came in 2004, at the French Open and US Open. Each time she came up against a seeded player in the first round, [Petra Mandula](/wiki/Petra_Mandula \"Petra Mandula\") at the French Open, who she took to three sets, and [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier \"Amy Frazier\") at the US Open, in a two set loss.",
"Following the 2004 US Open, she won a $25,000 ITF tournament in Tunica Resorts and finished runner up at the $50,000 Cary, North Carolina event, to reach her highest ranking of 117 in the world.",
"She was a doubles quarter\\-finalist at the [Advanta Championships of Philadelphia](/wiki/Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia \"Advanta Championships of Philadelphia\") in 2004 and the [2005 Cellular South Cup](/wiki/2005_Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup \"2005 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup\") in Memphis, as well as competing in the singles draws at both.",
"Her professional career included singles wins over [Jelena Jankovic](/wiki/Jelena_Jankovic \"Jelena Jankovic\") and [Flavia Pennetta](/wiki/Flavia_Pennetta \"Flavia Pennetta\"), the latter in the qualifying draw for the [2005 Medibank International](/wiki/2005_Medibank_International \"2005 Medibank International\").",
"### Personal life",
"McCain married husband Michael Parker in September 2007\\. In the same year, she was appointed as an assistant coach for the Duke University women's tennis team.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\\=1369654\\|title\\=Kelly McCain\\-Parker Bio\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Duke University Blue Devils]] Official Athletics Site\\|accessdate\\=20 December 2017}}",
""
] |
### Tennis career
McCain, a right\-handed base\-liner, played Junior Davis Cup tennis for the United States.
While at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") she played NCAA tennis and was a two\-time All\-American.
In 2004, she made the main draw of two WTA Tour tournaments. At the [2004 Family Circle Cup](/wiki/2004_Family_Circle_Cup "2004 Family Circle Cup") in Charleston, she entered as a wildcard and lost to [Serena Williams](/wiki/Serena_Williams "Serena Williams") in the second round, having earlier beaten [Arantxa Parra Santonja](/wiki/Arantxa_Parra_Santonja "Arantxa Parra Santonja").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/tennis/sore\-knee\-sidelines\-serena\-williams\-1\.475783\|title\=Sore knee sidelines Serena Williams\|date\=April 16, 2004\|work\=\[\[CBC.ca]]\|accessdate\=20 December 2017}} She played as a qualifier at the [2004 DFS Classic](/wiki/2004_DFS_Classic "2004 DFS Classic") in Birmingham and upset 11th seed [Tina Pisnik](/wiki/Tina_Pisnik "Tina Pisnik") in the first round, before losing the next match to [Saori Obata](/wiki/Saori_Obata "Saori Obata").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Loit\-wins\-three\-seeds\-fall\-at\-DFS\-Classic/57581086649159/?spt\=su\|title\=Loit wins, three seeds fall at DFS Classic\|date\=June 7, 2004\|work\=\[\[United Press International]]\|accessdate\=20 December 2017}}
Both of her grand slam appearances came in 2004, at the French Open and US Open. Each time she came up against a seeded player in the first round, [Petra Mandula](/wiki/Petra_Mandula "Petra Mandula") at the French Open, who she took to three sets, and [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier "Amy Frazier") at the US Open, in a two set loss.
Following the 2004 US Open, she won a $25,000 ITF tournament in Tunica Resorts and finished runner up at the $50,000 Cary, North Carolina event, to reach her highest ranking of 117 in the world.
She was a doubles quarter\-finalist at the [Advanta Championships of Philadelphia](/wiki/Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia "Advanta Championships of Philadelphia") in 2004 and the [2005 Cellular South Cup](/wiki/2005_Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup "2005 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup") in Memphis, as well as competing in the singles draws at both.
Her professional career included singles wins over [Jelena Jankovic](/wiki/Jelena_Jankovic "Jelena Jankovic") and [Flavia Pennetta](/wiki/Flavia_Pennetta "Flavia Pennetta"), the latter in the qualifying draw for the [2005 Medibank International](/wiki/2005_Medibank_International "2005 Medibank International").
|
[
"### Tennis career",
"McCain, a right\\-handed base\\-liner, played Junior Davis Cup tennis for the United States.",
"While at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\") she played NCAA tennis and was a two\\-time All\\-American.",
"In 2004, she made the main draw of two WTA Tour tournaments. At the [2004 Family Circle Cup](/wiki/2004_Family_Circle_Cup \"2004 Family Circle Cup\") in Charleston, she entered as a wildcard and lost to [Serena Williams](/wiki/Serena_Williams \"Serena Williams\") in the second round, having earlier beaten [Arantxa Parra Santonja](/wiki/Arantxa_Parra_Santonja \"Arantxa Parra Santonja\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/tennis/sore\\-knee\\-sidelines\\-serena\\-williams\\-1\\.475783\\|title\\=Sore knee sidelines Serena Williams\\|date\\=April 16, 2004\\|work\\=\\[\\[CBC.ca]]\\|accessdate\\=20 December 2017}} She played as a qualifier at the [2004 DFS Classic](/wiki/2004_DFS_Classic \"2004 DFS Classic\") in Birmingham and upset 11th seed [Tina Pisnik](/wiki/Tina_Pisnik \"Tina Pisnik\") in the first round, before losing the next match to [Saori Obata](/wiki/Saori_Obata \"Saori Obata\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Loit\\-wins\\-three\\-seeds\\-fall\\-at\\-DFS\\-Classic/57581086649159/?spt\\=su\\|title\\=Loit wins, three seeds fall at DFS Classic\\|date\\=June 7, 2004\\|work\\=\\[\\[United Press International]]\\|accessdate\\=20 December 2017}}",
"Both of her grand slam appearances came in 2004, at the French Open and US Open. Each time she came up against a seeded player in the first round, [Petra Mandula](/wiki/Petra_Mandula \"Petra Mandula\") at the French Open, who she took to three sets, and [Amy Frazier](/wiki/Amy_Frazier \"Amy Frazier\") at the US Open, in a two set loss.",
"Following the 2004 US Open, she won a $25,000 ITF tournament in Tunica Resorts and finished runner up at the $50,000 Cary, North Carolina event, to reach her highest ranking of 117 in the world.",
"She was a doubles quarter\\-finalist at the [Advanta Championships of Philadelphia](/wiki/Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia \"Advanta Championships of Philadelphia\") in 2004 and the [2005 Cellular South Cup](/wiki/2005_Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup \"2005 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup\") in Memphis, as well as competing in the singles draws at both.",
"Her professional career included singles wins over [Jelena Jankovic](/wiki/Jelena_Jankovic \"Jelena Jankovic\") and [Flavia Pennetta](/wiki/Flavia_Pennetta \"Flavia Pennetta\"), the latter in the qualifying draw for the [2005 Medibank International](/wiki/2005_Medibank_International \"2005 Medibank International\").",
""
] |
Biography in the *Kano Chronicle*
---------------------------------
Below is a biography of Abdullahi from [Palmer](/wiki/Herbert_Richmond_Palmer "Herbert Richmond Palmer")'s 1908 English translation of the *[Kano Chronicle](/wiki/Kano_Chronicle "Kano Chronicle")*.
{{Blockquote
\|text\=
The 47th Sarki was Abdulahi, son of \[\[Ibrahim Dabo\|Dabo]]. His mother's name was Shekkara. When he became Sarki, he set out to work to kill all the robbers and cut off the hands of the thieves. He was called "Abdu Sarkin Yenka."
because he was a strong\-minded Sarki, ruthless, and victorious. He was quick to depose chiefs, but kept his word to his friends. He never stayed long in one place but went from town to town. In his time there was a very great famine, and the quarrel with Umbatu grew big from small beginnings. The Sarkin Kano was eager to make war upon Umbatu. His first move was to attack Kuluki. Dan Iya Lowal of Kano died at Kuluki, whereupon the Sarki returned home himself but sent Abdulahi Sarkin Dawaki Dan Ladan and his son Tafida to war in Zaria country. They went to Zaria together. This was in the time of Sarkin Zaria Abdulahi Dan Hamada. When they returned from Zaria it was not long before Dan Boskori made a descent upon Gworzo. The Sarkin Kano sent Sarkin Dawaki on ahead and followed himself personally to meet Dan Boskori Sarkin Maradi, west of Gworzo. A battle took place. The Kanawa ran away, deserting the Sarkin Dawaki Dan Ladan, Dan Boskori killed him. The Kanawa returned home in ones and twos.
The Sarkin Kano was very angry. He gave orders that a house was to be built at Nassarawa for him to live in during the hot season; he also built a house at Tarkai for the war with Umbatu. He had a house at Keffin Bako where he lived almost two years because of Dan Maji the neighbour of Umbatu. He fought with Warji after the war with Kuluki, and took enormous spoil. No one knows the amount of the spoil that was taken at a town called Sir. The corpses of Warjawa, slaughtered round their camp, were about 400\. The Sarki returned home.
After a short time, the Sarki attacked Warji again, and once more took many spoils. Kano was filled with slaves. Abdulahi went to Sokoto, leaving his son Yusufu at Tarkai. While he was there Dan Maji came to attack Yusufu. A battle was fought at Dubaiya. The Kanawa fled and deserted Yusufu. Many men were slain and captured. After this Yusufu was made Galadima Kano, and hence acquired much power. Abdulahi sent him to Dal from Tarkai to capture Haruna, the son of Dan Maji. Yusufu met Haruna at Jambo, and a battle took place. The Umbatawa ran away, deserting Haruna. Yusufu killed and took many men. It is said that about seven hundred were killed. Afterwards Yusufu tried to stir up rebellion and was deprived of his office and had to remain in chagrin and poverty till he was penniless. Abdulahi turned the Sarkin Dawaki Abdu out of his office and with him Makama Gadodamasu, Chiroma Diko, Dan Iya Alabirra, Galadima Abdul\-Kadiri, and Galadima Yusufu. Abdulahi killed the Alkali Kano Ahmedu Rufaiyi, and degraded Maaji Sulimanu, Maji Gajere, and San Kurmi Musa. He deprived Mallam Dogo of his office of Waziri. The number of people that he turned out of office was countless.
Hence the song—"Son of Ibrahim, a pick\-axe to physic hard ground."
He sacked many towns. He made a new gate, the Kofan Fada. In his father's time it had been built up. He rebuilt the mosque and house of the Turaki Mainya early in his reign. They had been in ruins for many years. Im his time Soron Giwa was built. At Woso he met Dan Maji in war. It was towards evening when the battle was fought. Dan Maji retreated. If it had not been that the light failed he would have been killed. Abdulahi attacked Betu, but failed. Abdulahi used to have guns fired off when he mounted his horse, till it became a custom.
His chief men were: Sarkin Yaki, called Mallam Dogo, Mallam Isiaka, Mallam Garuba, Sarkin Gaiya, Mallam Abdu Ba\-Danneji, Alhaji Nufu, his friend Mallam Masu, Tefida his son, Shamaki Naamu, Manassara, Jekada of Gerko, and Dan Tabshi. Mallam Ibrahim was his scribe, and was made Galadima. This man was afterwards turned out of office in the time of Mohammed Belo. Others were the Alkali Zengi and Alkali Sulimanu. Abdulahi went to Zaria and sat down at Afira, and then at Zungonaiya.
The Madawaki Ali of Zaria was in revolt against Sarkin Zaria. The Sarkin Kano made peace between them and returned home. In Abdulahi's time Salemma Berka became great. In the time of Mohammed Belo this man revolted and was degraded. In Abdulahi's time, too, the palace slaves became so great that they were like free men. They all rebelled in Mohammed Belo's time, but Allah helped Mohammed Belo to quell the rebellion.
There were many great captains of war in Abdulahi's time, men without fear—so many of them that they could not be enumerated, but a few may be mentioned: Sarkin Yaki, Mallam Dogo and his son Diiti, Jarumai Musa, Sarkin Bebeji Abubakr, Sarkin Rano Ali, Sarkin Gesu Osuman, Sarkin Ajura Jibbr.
In this reign Sarkin Damagaram Babba came as far as Jirima and sacked Garun Allah. Sarkin Guminel Abdu Jatau came to Pogolawa to attack it. Sarkin Maradi Dan Boskori came to Katsina. Abdulahi went to meet him. They met at Kusada, but did not fight. For this reason the meeting was called "Algish Bigish Zuru Yakin Zuru," for they looked at each other and went back. There was also a fight between Barafia Sarkin Maradi and Sarkin Kano at Bichi. Barafia ran away and Abdulahi took all the spoils. It is not known how many men were killed and slain.
We do not know much of what Abdulahi did in the early part of his reign. He ruled Kano 27 years and 8 days, and died at Karofi on his way to Sokoto.
\|multiline\=yes
\|title\=''\[\[Kano Chronicle]]''
}}
|
[
"Biography in the *Kano Chronicle*\n---------------------------------",
"Below is a biography of Abdullahi from [Palmer](/wiki/Herbert_Richmond_Palmer \"Herbert Richmond Palmer\")'s 1908 English translation of the *[Kano Chronicle](/wiki/Kano_Chronicle \"Kano Chronicle\")*.",
"{{Blockquote\n\\|text\\=\nThe 47th Sarki was Abdulahi, son of \\[\\[Ibrahim Dabo\\|Dabo]]. His mother's name was Shekkara. When he became Sarki, he set out to work to kill all the robbers and cut off the hands of the thieves. He was called \"Abdu Sarkin Yenka.\"",
"because he was a strong\\-minded Sarki, ruthless, and victorious. He was quick to depose chiefs, but kept his word to his friends. He never stayed long in one place but went from town to town. In his time there was a very great famine, and the quarrel with Umbatu grew big from small beginnings. The Sarkin Kano was eager to make war upon Umbatu. His first move was to attack Kuluki. Dan Iya Lowal of Kano died at Kuluki, whereupon the Sarki returned home himself but sent Abdulahi Sarkin Dawaki Dan Ladan and his son Tafida to war in Zaria country. They went to Zaria together. This was in the time of Sarkin Zaria Abdulahi Dan Hamada. When they returned from Zaria it was not long before Dan Boskori made a descent upon Gworzo. The Sarkin Kano sent Sarkin Dawaki on ahead and followed himself personally to meet Dan Boskori Sarkin Maradi, west of Gworzo. A battle took place. The Kanawa ran away, deserting the Sarkin Dawaki Dan Ladan, Dan Boskori killed him. The Kanawa returned home in ones and twos.",
"The Sarkin Kano was very angry. He gave orders that a house was to be built at Nassarawa for him to live in during the hot season; he also built a house at Tarkai for the war with Umbatu. He had a house at Keffin Bako where he lived almost two years because of Dan Maji the neighbour of Umbatu. He fought with Warji after the war with Kuluki, and took enormous spoil. No one knows the amount of the spoil that was taken at a town called Sir. The corpses of Warjawa, slaughtered round their camp, were about 400\\. The Sarki returned home.",
"After a short time, the Sarki attacked Warji again, and once more took many spoils. Kano was filled with slaves. Abdulahi went to Sokoto, leaving his son Yusufu at Tarkai. While he was there Dan Maji came to attack Yusufu. A battle was fought at Dubaiya. The Kanawa fled and deserted Yusufu. Many men were slain and captured. After this Yusufu was made Galadima Kano, and hence acquired much power. Abdulahi sent him to Dal from Tarkai to capture Haruna, the son of Dan Maji. Yusufu met Haruna at Jambo, and a battle took place. The Umbatawa ran away, deserting Haruna. Yusufu killed and took many men. It is said that about seven hundred were killed. Afterwards Yusufu tried to stir up rebellion and was deprived of his office and had to remain in chagrin and poverty till he was penniless. Abdulahi turned the Sarkin Dawaki Abdu out of his office and with him Makama Gadodamasu, Chiroma Diko, Dan Iya Alabirra, Galadima Abdul\\-Kadiri, and Galadima Yusufu. Abdulahi killed the Alkali Kano Ahmedu Rufaiyi, and degraded Maaji Sulimanu, Maji Gajere, and San Kurmi Musa. He deprived Mallam Dogo of his office of Waziri. The number of people that he turned out of office was countless.",
"Hence the song—\"Son of Ibrahim, a pick\\-axe to physic hard ground.\"",
"He sacked many towns. He made a new gate, the Kofan Fada. In his father's time it had been built up. He rebuilt the mosque and house of the Turaki Mainya early in his reign. They had been in ruins for many years. Im his time Soron Giwa was built. At Woso he met Dan Maji in war. It was towards evening when the battle was fought. Dan Maji retreated. If it had not been that the light failed he would have been killed. Abdulahi attacked Betu, but failed. Abdulahi used to have guns fired off when he mounted his horse, till it became a custom.",
"His chief men were: Sarkin Yaki, called Mallam Dogo, Mallam Isiaka, Mallam Garuba, Sarkin Gaiya, Mallam Abdu Ba\\-Danneji, Alhaji Nufu, his friend Mallam Masu, Tefida his son, Shamaki Naamu, Manassara, Jekada of Gerko, and Dan Tabshi. Mallam Ibrahim was his scribe, and was made Galadima. This man was afterwards turned out of office in the time of Mohammed Belo. Others were the Alkali Zengi and Alkali Sulimanu. Abdulahi went to Zaria and sat down at Afira, and then at Zungonaiya.",
"The Madawaki Ali of Zaria was in revolt against Sarkin Zaria. The Sarkin Kano made peace between them and returned home. In Abdulahi's time Salemma Berka became great. In the time of Mohammed Belo this man revolted and was degraded. In Abdulahi's time, too, the palace slaves became so great that they were like free men. They all rebelled in Mohammed Belo's time, but Allah helped Mohammed Belo to quell the rebellion.",
"There were many great captains of war in Abdulahi's time, men without fear—so many of them that they could not be enumerated, but a few may be mentioned: Sarkin Yaki, Mallam Dogo and his son Diiti, Jarumai Musa, Sarkin Bebeji Abubakr, Sarkin Rano Ali, Sarkin Gesu Osuman, Sarkin Ajura Jibbr.",
"In this reign Sarkin Damagaram Babba came as far as Jirima and sacked Garun Allah. Sarkin Guminel Abdu Jatau came to Pogolawa to attack it. Sarkin Maradi Dan Boskori came to Katsina. Abdulahi went to meet him. They met at Kusada, but did not fight. For this reason the meeting was called \"Algish Bigish Zuru Yakin Zuru,\" for they looked at each other and went back. There was also a fight between Barafia Sarkin Maradi and Sarkin Kano at Bichi. Barafia ran away and Abdulahi took all the spoils. It is not known how many men were killed and slain.",
"We do not know much of what Abdulahi did in the early part of his reign. He ruled Kano 27 years and 8 days, and died at Karofi on his way to Sokoto.\n\\|multiline\\=yes\n\\|title\\=''\\[\\[Kano Chronicle]]''\n}}",
""
] |
Career
------
After the Second World War, he was the second violinist of the same orchestra until 1950\.Dieter Härtwig: *125 Jahre Dresdner Philharmonie*. In Ders. (ed.): *125 Jahre Dresdner Philharmonie. 1870–1995*. DZA Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, Altenburg 1995, {{ISBN\|3\-9804226\-5\-8}}, {{pp.\|22\|103}}, here {{p.\|62}}. In 1947, he founded a chamber orchestra there, which he conducted for three years.[Wir über uns](http://www.philharmonischeskammerorchesterdresden.de/wir-ueber-uns.html), philharmonischeskammerorchesterdresden.de, retrieved 24 January 2021\.
He then went to the Landestheater Eisenach in [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia "Thuringia").Horst Förster, Eckart Schwinger: *Musikalische Schönheit als Leitmotiv. Interview with the chief conductor of the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra, Prof. Horst Förster*. In *Neue Zeit*, 28 April 1965, Vol. 20, Issue 98, {{p.\|8}}. On 1 January 1951, he succeeded [Peter Schmitz](/wiki/Peter_Schmitz_%28composer%29 "Peter Schmitz (composer)") Director of the {{Ill\|Stadtorchester Eisenach\|de}}. This was then subordinated to the theatre as a theatre and concert orchestra under the name *Landeskapelle Eisenach*.[Claus Oefner](/wiki/Claus_Oefner "Claus Oefner"): *Eisenach*. In [Ludwig Finscher](/wiki/Ludwig_Finscher "Ludwig Finscher") (ed.): *[Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart](/wiki/Die_Musik_in_Geschichte_und_Gegenwart "Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart")*. Second edition, subject part, volume 2 (Bolero \- Encyclopedie). Bärenreiter/Metzler, Kassel et al. 1995, {{ISBN\|3\-7618\-1103\-9}} (Online\-Edition, Subscription required for full access) In 1952, he was appointed as the youngest [General Music Director](/wiki/General_Music_Director "General Music Director") of the GDR at the time.
After initially being a guest conductor, he succeeded [Werner Gößling](/wiki/Werner_G%C3%B6%C3%9Fling "Werner Gößling") as chief conductor of the [Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Halle](/wiki/Philharmonisches_Staatsorchester_Halle "Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Halle") and the Singakademie Halle from 1956 to 1964\. He repeatedly took part in the [Handel Festival, Halle](/wiki/Handel_Festival%2C_Halle "Handel Festival, Halle").[Hansjürgen Schaefer](/wiki/Hansj%C3%BCrgen_Schaefer "Hansjürgen Schaefer"): *Kunst des Lichts und der Freude. For the seventh time: Handel Festival in Halle*. In *[Berliner Zeitung](/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung "Berliner Zeitung")*, 14 June 1958, vol. 14, issue 135, {{p.\|3}}; Heino Lüdicke: *Händels musikalisches Vermächtnis. Guests from all over the world at the celebrations in honour of the great composer in Halle*. In *Neue Zeit*, 14 April 1959, vol. 15, issue 86, {{p.\|4}}. According to Gilbert Stöck, he struck "a rather independent path in the programme conception" in the Saale city, which met with criticism in the {{Ill\|Ministerium für Kultur (DDR)\|de\|3\=Ministerium für Kultur (DDR)\|lt\=East\-German Ministry of Culture}}.Gilbert Stöck: *Neue Musik in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg zur Zeit der DDR. Compositions, Politics, Institutions*. Schröder, Leipzig 2008, {{ISBN\|978\-3\-926196\-50\-7}}, {{p.\|242}}. In coordination with the Halle\-Magdeburg {{Ill\|Verband der Komponisten und Musikwissenschaftler der DDR\|de\|3\=Verband der Komponisten und Musikwissenschaftler der DDR\|lt\=Association of Composers and Musicologists of the GDR}} ('VDK'), he founded the contemporary music series "Musica Viva" in the 1956/57 season, in which works by living composers from the region were to be performed.Gilbert Stöck: *Neue Musik in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg zur Zeit der DDR. Compositions, Politics, Institutions*. Schröder, Leipzig 2008, {{ISBN\|978\-3\-926196\-50\-7}}, pp. 242f. Thus, as late as 1956, on the occasion of the [Hallische Musiktage](/wiki/Hallische_Musiktage "Hallische Musiktage"), which he had helped to initiate,Gilbert Stöck: *Neue Musik in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg zur Zeit der DDR. Compositions, Politics, Institutions*. Schröder, Leipzig 2008, {{ISBN\|978\-3\-926196\-50\-7}}, {{p.\|246}}. [Walter Draeger](/wiki/Walter_Draeger "Walter Draeger")'s Violin Concerto.
Förster's refusal to join the VDK, however, resulted in a public controversy with [Walther Siegmund\-Schultze](/wiki/Walther_Siegmund-Schultze "Walther Siegmund-Schultze").Gilbert Stöck: *Neue Musik in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg zur Zeit der DDR. Compositions, Politics, Institutions*. Schröder, Leipzig 2008, {{ISBN\|978\-3\-926196\-50\-7}}, pp. 243ff. Afterwards, "\[Förster] adapted to certain political guidelines", aiming at "ensuring quality in performances of contemporary music" without having sustainably promoted composers of the region, Stöck says. In 1962, Förster premiered the Piano Concerto by [Ernst Hermann Meyer](/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Meyer "Ernst Hermann Meyer") with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra and [Dieter Zechlin](/wiki/Dieter_Zechlin "Dieter Zechlin") as soloist.E.Sr.: *Ereignis im neuen Musikschaffen. Piano concerto by Ernst Hermann Meyer premiered in Dresden*. In *Neue Zeit*, 12 January 1962, Vol. 18, Issue 10, {{p.\|4}}. He also appeared with a Mozart\-Beethoven\-Schumann cycle as guest conductor with the [Konzerthausorchester Berlin](/wiki/Konzerthausorchester_Berlin "Konzerthausorchester Berlin").H.L.: *Klarinette, Klavier und Geige. Orchestral and chamber music in Berlin concert halls*. In *[Neue Zeit](/wiki/Neue_Zeit "Neue Zeit")*, 7 February 1961, Vol. 17, Issue 32, {{p.\|4}}. Repeatedly he was invited abroad, for example in 1963 he gave guest performances with the [Riga Radio Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Latvian_National_Symphony_Orchestra "Latvian National Symphony Orchestra") and the [Saint Petersburg Philharmonic](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic "Saint Petersburg Philharmonic") in the Soviet Union.*Prof. Förster conducted in Leningrad and Riga*. In *Neues Deutschland*, 7 March 1963, Vol. 18, Issue 66, {{p.\|5}}. A year later he conducted the [National Philharmonic in Warsaw](/wiki/National_Philharmonic_in_Warsaw "National Philharmonic in Warsaw").*Festliche Haydn\-Aufführung*. In *Neues Deutschland*, 28 January 1964, Jg. 19, Ausgabe 28, {{p.\|4}}.
From September 1964 to 1966, he was principal conductor of the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra. He opened the 1964\-1965 season with a concert with the US violinist [Ruggiero Ricci](/wiki/Ruggiero_Ricci "Ruggiero Ricci").Sr.: *Neue Dresdner Chefdirigenten. First concerts by Kurt Sonderling and Horst Förster*. In *Neue Zeit*, 17 September 1964, Vol. 20, Issue 218, {{p.\|4}}. After Förster had been criticised by the state in Halle for his too Western repertoire, he tried to serve more composers from Eastern Europe in Dresden. Moreover, he continued the contemporary music cultivation of his predecessor [Heinz Bongartz](/wiki/Heinz_Bongartz "Heinz Bongartz"). Thus he performed the *Rhapsody for Orchestra* by [Johannes Paul Thilman](/wiki/Johannes_Paul_Thilman "Johannes Paul Thilman"),[Karl Laux](/wiki/Karl_Laux "Karl Laux"): *Thilman\-Uraufführung*. In *Neues Deutschland*, 20 January 1966, Jg. 21, Ausgabe 20, {{p.\|4}}. the concerto for piano (with [Annerose Schmidt](/wiki/Annerose_Schmidt "Annerose Schmidt"))[Hans Böhm](/wiki/Hans_B%C3%B6hm "Hans Böhm"): *Von der "Pantomime" zum Piano. The development of the Leipzig composer Siegfried Thiele*. In *Neue Zeit*, 15 February 1966, Vol. 20, Issue 38, {{p.\|4}}. and the Symphonic Concerto by [Gerhard Rosenfeld](/wiki/Gerhard_Rosenfeld "Gerhard Rosenfeld") as well as the cantatas *Eros* by [Fidelio F. Finke](/wiki/Fidelio_F._Finke "Fidelio F. Finke") and *Schir Haschirim* by [Rudolf Wagner\-Régeny](/wiki/Rudolf_Wagner-R%C3%A9geny "Rudolf Wagner-Régeny")es: *Liebeslieder nicht nur für die Jugend. World premiere by Fidelio F. Finke and Rudolf Wagner\-Regeny in Dresden*. In *Neue Zeit*, 18 May 1966, Vol. 20, Issue 115, {{p.\|4}}. on the premiere.[Dieter Härtwig](/wiki/Dieter_H%C3%A4rtwig "Dieter Härtwig"): *Dresdner Philharmonie. World premieres and selected first performances 1964\-1999*. In [Matthias Herrmann](/wiki/Matthias_Herrmann "Matthias Herrmann"), [Hanns\-Werner Heister](/wiki/Hanns-Werner_Heister "Hanns-Werner Heister") (eds.): *Dresden and Advanced Music in the 20th Century. Report on the colloquium organised by the Dresden Centre for Contemporary Music and the Institute for Musicology of the Hochschule für Musik "Carl Maria von Weber" Dresden* (*Music in Dresden*. Vol. 6\). Part 3: *1966\-1999*. Laaber, Laaber 2004, {{ISBN\|3\-89007\-511\-8}}, pp. 224ff.
In 1957, he received a teaching assignment and in 1961 a professorship*Aus Kultur und Wissenschaft*. In *[Neues Deutschland](/wiki/Neues_Deutschland "Neues Deutschland")*, 12 September 1961, Vol. 16, Issue 252, {{p.\|4}}. at the [Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler"](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_%22Hanns_Eisler%22 "Hochschule für Musik "). Until his Dresden appointment, he led a conducting class there. After his illness, he was again active as a university teacher. Among his students were [Peter Aderhold](/wiki/Peter_Aderhold "Peter Aderhold"), Hans\-Dieter Baum, [Christian Ehwald](/wiki/Christian_Ehwald "Christian Ehwald"), Helmut Gleim, [Hartmut Haenchen](/wiki/Hartmut_Haenchen "Hartmut Haenchen"), [Christian Kluttig](/wiki/Christian_Kluttig "Christian Kluttig"), [Volker Rohde](/wiki/Volker_Rohde "Volker Rohde") and [Jörg\-Peter Weigle](/wiki/J%C3%B6rg-Peter_Weigle "Jörg-Peter Weigle"). In Eisenach, he promoted the young *[Kapellmeister](/wiki/Kapellmeister "Kapellmeister")* [Rolf Reuter](/wiki/Rolf_Reuter "Rolf Reuter").
Also during his years of office in Dresden it took him abroad as a guest conductor, as in 1965 to Chile.J.M.: *Concert success in Santiago. Professor Horst Förster conducted in Chile*. In *Neue Zeit*, 5 September 1965, Vol. 20, Issue 208, {{p.\|10}}. Together with Bongartz, he undertook an extended orchestral concert tour to West Germany in the same year.*A master concert. Enthusiasm for Dresden Philharmonic in West Germany*. In *Neue Zeit*, 12 October 1965, Vol. 20, Issue 239, {{p.\|4}}. More and more, however, Förster's strength dwindled due to illness. Until 1965 he was still supported by the second conductor Gerhard Rolf Baue, then by the guest conductors György Lehel, [Klaus Tennstedt](/wiki/Klaus_Tennstedt "Klaus Tennstedt") and [Heinz Rögner](/wiki/Heinz_R%C3%B6gner "Heinz Rögner") as well as [Dieter Härtwig](/wiki/Dieter_H%C3%A4rtwig "Dieter Härtwig").[Dieter Härtwig](/wiki/Dieter_H%C3%A4rtwig "Dieter Härtwig"): *Von Horst Förster zu Michel Plasson. New Music at the Dresden Philharmonic (1964\-1999\)*. In [Matthias Herrmann](/wiki/Matthias_Herrmann "Matthias Herrmann"), [Hanns\-Werner Heister](/wiki/Hanns-Werner_Heister "Hanns-Werner Heister") (ed.): *Dresden and advanced music in the 20th century. Report on the conference organised by the Dresden Centre for Contemporary Music and the Institute for Musicology of the Dresden University of Music. "Carl Maria von Weber" Dresden veranstaltete Kolloquium* (*Musik in Dresden*. Vol. 6\). Part 3: *1966–1999*. Laaber, Laaber 2004, {{ISBN\|3\-89007\-511\-8}}, {{pp.\|211\|223}}, here {{p.\|211}}. Förster's successor in leading the Dresden Philharmonic was [Kurt Masur](/wiki/Kurt_Masur "Kurt Masur").
Förster died in Dresden at the age of 66\.\[Obituary] in the *Neues Deutschland*, 11 July 1986, Jg. 41, Ausgabe 162, {{p.\|7}}.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"After the Second World War, he was the second violinist of the same orchestra until 1950\\.Dieter Härtwig: *125 Jahre Dresdner Philharmonie*. In Ders. (ed.): *125 Jahre Dresdner Philharmonie. 1870–1995*. DZA Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, Altenburg 1995, {{ISBN\\|3\\-9804226\\-5\\-8}}, {{pp.\\|22\\|103}}, here {{p.\\|62}}. In 1947, he founded a chamber orchestra there, which he conducted for three years.[Wir über uns](http://www.philharmonischeskammerorchesterdresden.de/wir-ueber-uns.html), philharmonischeskammerorchesterdresden.de, retrieved 24 January 2021\\.",
"He then went to the Landestheater Eisenach in [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia \"Thuringia\").Horst Förster, Eckart Schwinger: *Musikalische Schönheit als Leitmotiv. Interview with the chief conductor of the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra, Prof. Horst Förster*. In *Neue Zeit*, 28 April 1965, Vol. 20, Issue 98, {{p.\\|8}}. On 1 January 1951, he succeeded [Peter Schmitz](/wiki/Peter_Schmitz_%28composer%29 \"Peter Schmitz (composer)\") Director of the {{Ill\\|Stadtorchester Eisenach\\|de}}. This was then subordinated to the theatre as a theatre and concert orchestra under the name *Landeskapelle Eisenach*.[Claus Oefner](/wiki/Claus_Oefner \"Claus Oefner\"): *Eisenach*. In [Ludwig Finscher](/wiki/Ludwig_Finscher \"Ludwig Finscher\") (ed.): *[Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart](/wiki/Die_Musik_in_Geschichte_und_Gegenwart \"Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart\")*. Second edition, subject part, volume 2 (Bolero \\- Encyclopedie). Bärenreiter/Metzler, Kassel et al. 1995, {{ISBN\\|3\\-7618\\-1103\\-9}} (Online\\-Edition, Subscription required for full access) In 1952, he was appointed as the youngest [General Music Director](/wiki/General_Music_Director \"General Music Director\") of the GDR at the time.",
"After initially being a guest conductor, he succeeded [Werner Gößling](/wiki/Werner_G%C3%B6%C3%9Fling \"Werner Gößling\") as chief conductor of the [Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Halle](/wiki/Philharmonisches_Staatsorchester_Halle \"Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Halle\") and the Singakademie Halle from 1956 to 1964\\. He repeatedly took part in the [Handel Festival, Halle](/wiki/Handel_Festival%2C_Halle \"Handel Festival, Halle\").[Hansjürgen Schaefer](/wiki/Hansj%C3%BCrgen_Schaefer \"Hansjürgen Schaefer\"): *Kunst des Lichts und der Freude. For the seventh time: Handel Festival in Halle*. In *[Berliner Zeitung](/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung \"Berliner Zeitung\")*, 14 June 1958, vol. 14, issue 135, {{p.\\|3}}; Heino Lüdicke: *Händels musikalisches Vermächtnis. Guests from all over the world at the celebrations in honour of the great composer in Halle*. In *Neue Zeit*, 14 April 1959, vol. 15, issue 86, {{p.\\|4}}. According to Gilbert Stöck, he struck \"a rather independent path in the programme conception\" in the Saale city, which met with criticism in the {{Ill\\|Ministerium für Kultur (DDR)\\|de\\|3\\=Ministerium für Kultur (DDR)\\|lt\\=East\\-German Ministry of Culture}}.Gilbert Stöck: *Neue Musik in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg zur Zeit der DDR. Compositions, Politics, Institutions*. Schröder, Leipzig 2008, {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-926196\\-50\\-7}}, {{p.\\|242}}. In coordination with the Halle\\-Magdeburg {{Ill\\|Verband der Komponisten und Musikwissenschaftler der DDR\\|de\\|3\\=Verband der Komponisten und Musikwissenschaftler der DDR\\|lt\\=Association of Composers and Musicologists of the GDR}} ('VDK'), he founded the contemporary music series \"Musica Viva\" in the 1956/57 season, in which works by living composers from the region were to be performed.Gilbert Stöck: *Neue Musik in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg zur Zeit der DDR. Compositions, Politics, Institutions*. Schröder, Leipzig 2008, {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-926196\\-50\\-7}}, pp. 242f. Thus, as late as 1956, on the occasion of the [Hallische Musiktage](/wiki/Hallische_Musiktage \"Hallische Musiktage\"), which he had helped to initiate,Gilbert Stöck: *Neue Musik in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg zur Zeit der DDR. Compositions, Politics, Institutions*. Schröder, Leipzig 2008, {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-926196\\-50\\-7}}, {{p.\\|246}}. [Walter Draeger](/wiki/Walter_Draeger \"Walter Draeger\")'s Violin Concerto.",
"Förster's refusal to join the VDK, however, resulted in a public controversy with [Walther Siegmund\\-Schultze](/wiki/Walther_Siegmund-Schultze \"Walther Siegmund-Schultze\").Gilbert Stöck: *Neue Musik in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg zur Zeit der DDR. Compositions, Politics, Institutions*. Schröder, Leipzig 2008, {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-926196\\-50\\-7}}, pp. 243ff. Afterwards, \"\\[Förster] adapted to certain political guidelines\", aiming at \"ensuring quality in performances of contemporary music\" without having sustainably promoted composers of the region, Stöck says. In 1962, Förster premiered the Piano Concerto by [Ernst Hermann Meyer](/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Meyer \"Ernst Hermann Meyer\") with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra and [Dieter Zechlin](/wiki/Dieter_Zechlin \"Dieter Zechlin\") as soloist.E.Sr.: *Ereignis im neuen Musikschaffen. Piano concerto by Ernst Hermann Meyer premiered in Dresden*. In *Neue Zeit*, 12 January 1962, Vol. 18, Issue 10, {{p.\\|4}}. He also appeared with a Mozart\\-Beethoven\\-Schumann cycle as guest conductor with the [Konzerthausorchester Berlin](/wiki/Konzerthausorchester_Berlin \"Konzerthausorchester Berlin\").H.L.: *Klarinette, Klavier und Geige. Orchestral and chamber music in Berlin concert halls*. In *[Neue Zeit](/wiki/Neue_Zeit \"Neue Zeit\")*, 7 February 1961, Vol. 17, Issue 32, {{p.\\|4}}. Repeatedly he was invited abroad, for example in 1963 he gave guest performances with the [Riga Radio Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Latvian_National_Symphony_Orchestra \"Latvian National Symphony Orchestra\") and the [Saint Petersburg Philharmonic](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic \"Saint Petersburg Philharmonic\") in the Soviet Union.*Prof. Förster conducted in Leningrad and Riga*. In *Neues Deutschland*, 7 March 1963, Vol. 18, Issue 66, {{p.\\|5}}. A year later he conducted the [National Philharmonic in Warsaw](/wiki/National_Philharmonic_in_Warsaw \"National Philharmonic in Warsaw\").*Festliche Haydn\\-Aufführung*. In *Neues Deutschland*, 28 January 1964, Jg. 19, Ausgabe 28, {{p.\\|4}}.",
"From September 1964 to 1966, he was principal conductor of the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra. He opened the 1964\\-1965 season with a concert with the US violinist [Ruggiero Ricci](/wiki/Ruggiero_Ricci \"Ruggiero Ricci\").Sr.: *Neue Dresdner Chefdirigenten. First concerts by Kurt Sonderling and Horst Förster*. In *Neue Zeit*, 17 September 1964, Vol. 20, Issue 218, {{p.\\|4}}. After Förster had been criticised by the state in Halle for his too Western repertoire, he tried to serve more composers from Eastern Europe in Dresden. Moreover, he continued the contemporary music cultivation of his predecessor [Heinz Bongartz](/wiki/Heinz_Bongartz \"Heinz Bongartz\"). Thus he performed the *Rhapsody for Orchestra* by [Johannes Paul Thilman](/wiki/Johannes_Paul_Thilman \"Johannes Paul Thilman\"),[Karl Laux](/wiki/Karl_Laux \"Karl Laux\"): *Thilman\\-Uraufführung*. In *Neues Deutschland*, 20 January 1966, Jg. 21, Ausgabe 20, {{p.\\|4}}. the concerto for piano (with [Annerose Schmidt](/wiki/Annerose_Schmidt \"Annerose Schmidt\"))[Hans Böhm](/wiki/Hans_B%C3%B6hm \"Hans Böhm\"): *Von der \"Pantomime\" zum Piano. The development of the Leipzig composer Siegfried Thiele*. In *Neue Zeit*, 15 February 1966, Vol. 20, Issue 38, {{p.\\|4}}. and the Symphonic Concerto by [Gerhard Rosenfeld](/wiki/Gerhard_Rosenfeld \"Gerhard Rosenfeld\") as well as the cantatas *Eros* by [Fidelio F. Finke](/wiki/Fidelio_F._Finke \"Fidelio F. Finke\") and *Schir Haschirim* by [Rudolf Wagner\\-Régeny](/wiki/Rudolf_Wagner-R%C3%A9geny \"Rudolf Wagner-Régeny\")es: *Liebeslieder nicht nur für die Jugend. World premiere by Fidelio F. Finke and Rudolf Wagner\\-Regeny in Dresden*. In *Neue Zeit*, 18 May 1966, Vol. 20, Issue 115, {{p.\\|4}}. on the premiere.[Dieter Härtwig](/wiki/Dieter_H%C3%A4rtwig \"Dieter Härtwig\"): *Dresdner Philharmonie. World premieres and selected first performances 1964\\-1999*. In [Matthias Herrmann](/wiki/Matthias_Herrmann \"Matthias Herrmann\"), [Hanns\\-Werner Heister](/wiki/Hanns-Werner_Heister \"Hanns-Werner Heister\") (eds.): *Dresden and Advanced Music in the 20th Century. Report on the colloquium organised by the Dresden Centre for Contemporary Music and the Institute for Musicology of the Hochschule für Musik \"Carl Maria von Weber\" Dresden* (*Music in Dresden*. Vol. 6\\). Part 3: *1966\\-1999*. Laaber, Laaber 2004, {{ISBN\\|3\\-89007\\-511\\-8}}, pp. 224ff.",
"In 1957, he received a teaching assignment and in 1961 a professorship*Aus Kultur und Wissenschaft*. In *[Neues Deutschland](/wiki/Neues_Deutschland \"Neues Deutschland\")*, 12 September 1961, Vol. 16, Issue 252, {{p.\\|4}}. at the [Hochschule für Musik \"Hanns Eisler\"](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_%22Hanns_Eisler%22 \"Hochschule für Musik \"). Until his Dresden appointment, he led a conducting class there. After his illness, he was again active as a university teacher. Among his students were [Peter Aderhold](/wiki/Peter_Aderhold \"Peter Aderhold\"), Hans\\-Dieter Baum, [Christian Ehwald](/wiki/Christian_Ehwald \"Christian Ehwald\"), Helmut Gleim, [Hartmut Haenchen](/wiki/Hartmut_Haenchen \"Hartmut Haenchen\"), [Christian Kluttig](/wiki/Christian_Kluttig \"Christian Kluttig\"), [Volker Rohde](/wiki/Volker_Rohde \"Volker Rohde\") and [Jörg\\-Peter Weigle](/wiki/J%C3%B6rg-Peter_Weigle \"Jörg-Peter Weigle\"). In Eisenach, he promoted the young *[Kapellmeister](/wiki/Kapellmeister \"Kapellmeister\")* [Rolf Reuter](/wiki/Rolf_Reuter \"Rolf Reuter\").",
"Also during his years of office in Dresden it took him abroad as a guest conductor, as in 1965 to Chile.J.M.: *Concert success in Santiago. Professor Horst Förster conducted in Chile*. In *Neue Zeit*, 5 September 1965, Vol. 20, Issue 208, {{p.\\|10}}. Together with Bongartz, he undertook an extended orchestral concert tour to West Germany in the same year.*A master concert. Enthusiasm for Dresden Philharmonic in West Germany*. In *Neue Zeit*, 12 October 1965, Vol. 20, Issue 239, {{p.\\|4}}. More and more, however, Förster's strength dwindled due to illness. Until 1965 he was still supported by the second conductor Gerhard Rolf Baue, then by the guest conductors György Lehel, [Klaus Tennstedt](/wiki/Klaus_Tennstedt \"Klaus Tennstedt\") and [Heinz Rögner](/wiki/Heinz_R%C3%B6gner \"Heinz Rögner\") as well as [Dieter Härtwig](/wiki/Dieter_H%C3%A4rtwig \"Dieter Härtwig\").[Dieter Härtwig](/wiki/Dieter_H%C3%A4rtwig \"Dieter Härtwig\"): *Von Horst Förster zu Michel Plasson. New Music at the Dresden Philharmonic (1964\\-1999\\)*. In [Matthias Herrmann](/wiki/Matthias_Herrmann \"Matthias Herrmann\"), [Hanns\\-Werner Heister](/wiki/Hanns-Werner_Heister \"Hanns-Werner Heister\") (ed.): *Dresden and advanced music in the 20th century. Report on the conference organised by the Dresden Centre for Contemporary Music and the Institute for Musicology of the Dresden University of Music. \"Carl Maria von Weber\" Dresden veranstaltete Kolloquium* (*Musik in Dresden*. Vol. 6\\). Part 3: *1966–1999*. Laaber, Laaber 2004, {{ISBN\\|3\\-89007\\-511\\-8}}, {{pp.\\|211\\|223}}, here {{p.\\|211}}. Förster's successor in leading the Dresden Philharmonic was [Kurt Masur](/wiki/Kurt_Masur \"Kurt Masur\").",
"Förster died in Dresden at the age of 66\\.\\[Obituary] in the *Neues Deutschland*, 11 July 1986, Jg. 41, Ausgabe 162, {{p.\\|7}}.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Tampa Bay Rays
Proctor made his professional debut with the [Hudson Valley Renegades](/wiki/Hudson_Valley_Renegades "Hudson Valley Renegades").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.chron.com/sports/rice/article/Rice\-product\-Ford\-Proctor\-to\-make\-pro\-debut\-12996107\.php\|title \= Rice product Ford Proctor to make pro debut Friday with Rays affiliate\|date \= June 15, 2018}} Over 60 games, he batted .256/.346/.339 with one home run and 24 RBIs, playing 55 games at shortstop and four games at second base.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=procto000for \| title\=Ford Proctor Amateur, College, Minor \& Independent Leagues Statistics \& History }}
In 2019, he played for the [Bowling Green Hot Rods](/wiki/Bowling_Green_Hot_Rods "Bowling Green Hot Rods"). He hit .290/.383/.402 in 458 at bats with six home runs, 76 runs (leading the Midwest League), 29 doubles (3rd), 53 RBIs (10th), 69 walks (2nd), 5 sacrifice flies (8th), and 11 stolen bases, while grounding into 12 double plays (5th), over 121 games.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type\=bat\&id\=7dc93b9d \| title\=2019 Midwest League Batting Leaders }} He played 57 games at shortstop, 47 games at second base, and 12 games at third base.
In 2020, he played for [Eastern Reyes del Tigre](/wiki/Eastern_Reyes_del_Tigre "Eastern Reyes del Tigre") of the independent [Constellation Energy League](/wiki/Constellation_Energy_League "Constellation Energy League").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type\=bat\&id\=1f573c2a \| title\=2020 Constellation Energy League Batting Leaders }} He batted .346/.500/.679 with 18 runs, 9 doubles, 3 triples, 21 RBIs, and 24 walks (leading the league in each category) in 81 at bats.
In 2020–21, he played for the [Perth Heat](/wiki/Perth_Heat "Perth Heat") of the [Australian Baseball League](/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League "Australian Baseball League"). He batted .324(9th in the league)/.452(1st)/.544(1st) with 19 runs(5th), 17 RBIs (8th), and 16 walks (3rd) in 68 at bats, playing 9 games at catcher, five games at third base, and 2 games at shortstop.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type\=bat\&id\=4b151585 \| title\=2020 Australian Baseball League Batting Leaders }}
Proctor spent 2021 with the [Montgomery Biscuits](/wiki/Montgomery_Biscuits "Montgomery Biscuits"). He slashed .244/.381(8th in the Double\-A South)/.419 in 308 at bats with 54 runs (5th), 3 triples (9th), 12 home runs, 63 walks (3rd), and 47 RBIs.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.mlb.com/news/rule\-5\-draft\-eligible\-prospects\-for\-each\-team\-2021\| title \= Rule 5 Draft eligible prospects for each team 2021\| website \= \[\[MLB.com]]}}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type\=bat\&id\=b18dd63f \| title\=2021 Double\-A South Batting Leaders }} He played 58 games at catcher, 28 games at shortstop, 6 games at third base, and 4 games at second base.
On November 19, 2021, the Rays added Proctor to their [40\-man roster](/wiki/40-man_roster "40-man roster") to protect him from the [Rule 5 draft](/wiki/Rule_5_draft "Rule 5 draft").{{cite web\| url \= https://www.mlb.com/press\-release/rays\-add\-four\-players\-to\-40\-man\-roster\| title \= Rays add four players to 40\-man roster\| website \= \[\[MLB.com]]}} He began the 2022 season playing for the Triple–A [Durham Bulls](/wiki/Durham_Bulls "Durham Bulls").
### San Francisco Giants
On August 1, 2022, Proctor was traded to the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") in exchange for pitcher [Jeremy Walker](/wiki/Jeremy_Walker_%28baseball%29 "Jeremy Walker (baseball)").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/giants\-acquire\-utility\-man\-ford\-proctor\-trade\-rays\-dfa\-kervin\-castro \| title\=Giants acquire utility man Proctor in trade with Rays, DFA Castro \| date\=August 2, 2022 }} On September 24, Proctor was promoted to the major leagues for the first time following an injury to [Luis González](/wiki/Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28outfielder%2C_born_1995%29 "Luis González (outfielder, born 1995)").{{Cite web\|title\=SF Giants recall versatile C/INF Ford Proctor from Triple\-A, place OF Luis González on IL\|url\=https://www.si.com/mlb/giants/news/sf\-giants\-recall\-ford\-proctor\-injured\-luis\-gonzalez\|access\-date\=June 21, 2023\|website\=si.com\|date\=September 24, 2022 \|language\=en}} The following day, Proctor collected his first career hit, a single off of [Kevin Ginkel](/wiki/Kevin_Ginkel "Kevin Ginkel") of the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks").{{Cite web\|title\=Proctor calls first MLB hit a 'moment you always dream of'\|url\=https://www.nbcsportsbayarea.com/mlb/proctor\-calls\-first\-mlb\-hit\-a\-moment\-you\-always\-dream\-of/1390125/?amp\=1\|access\-date\=June 21, 2023\|website\=nbcsportsbayarea.com\|language\=en}} On September 29, Proctor hit his first career home run, a [grand slam](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 "Grand slam (baseball)") off of [Ryan Feltner](/wiki/Ryan_Feltner "Ryan Feltner") of the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies").{{Cite web\|title\=A grand first homer shows Proctor's promise\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/ford\-proctor\-hits\-first\-homer\-grand\-slam\-in\-giants\-win\|access\-date\=June 21, 2023\|website\=mlb.com\|language\=en}}
In 2022 with the Triple\-A [Sacramento River Cats](/wiki/Sacramento_River_Cats "Sacramento River Cats"), he batted .267/.390/.448 in 116 at bats, with 19 runs, six home runs, and 14 RBI.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=procto000for\|title\=Ford Proctor Amateur, College, Minor \& Independent Leagues Statistics\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} He played 16 games at third base, 8 at second base, 4 each at shortstop and catcher, 3 at DH, and one at first base. With the Giants, he batted 2\-for\-18 with a home run and six RBIs. He was sent outright off the 40\-man roster on November 9, 2022\.
Proctor began the 2023 season back with Triple–A Sacramento. In 74 games, he hit .230/.358/.335 with 6 home runs and 29 RBI. On July 24, 2023, Proctor was released by the Giants organization.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.milb.com/transactions/2023\-07\-24 \| title\=Transactions }}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Tampa Bay Rays",
"Proctor made his professional debut with the [Hudson Valley Renegades](/wiki/Hudson_Valley_Renegades \"Hudson Valley Renegades\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chron.com/sports/rice/article/Rice\\-product\\-Ford\\-Proctor\\-to\\-make\\-pro\\-debut\\-12996107\\.php\\|title \\= Rice product Ford Proctor to make pro debut Friday with Rays affiliate\\|date \\= June 15, 2018}} Over 60 games, he batted .256/.346/.339 with one home run and 24 RBIs, playing 55 games at shortstop and four games at second base.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=procto000for \\| title\\=Ford Proctor Amateur, College, Minor \\& Independent Leagues Statistics \\& History }}",
"In 2019, he played for the [Bowling Green Hot Rods](/wiki/Bowling_Green_Hot_Rods \"Bowling Green Hot Rods\"). He hit .290/.383/.402 in 458 at bats with six home runs, 76 runs (leading the Midwest League), 29 doubles (3rd), 53 RBIs (10th), 69 walks (2nd), 5 sacrifice flies (8th), and 11 stolen bases, while grounding into 12 double plays (5th), over 121 games.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type\\=bat\\&id\\=7dc93b9d \\| title\\=2019 Midwest League Batting Leaders }} He played 57 games at shortstop, 47 games at second base, and 12 games at third base.",
"In 2020, he played for [Eastern Reyes del Tigre](/wiki/Eastern_Reyes_del_Tigre \"Eastern Reyes del Tigre\") of the independent [Constellation Energy League](/wiki/Constellation_Energy_League \"Constellation Energy League\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type\\=bat\\&id\\=1f573c2a \\| title\\=2020 Constellation Energy League Batting Leaders }} He batted .346/.500/.679 with 18 runs, 9 doubles, 3 triples, 21 RBIs, and 24 walks (leading the league in each category) in 81 at bats.",
"In 2020–21, he played for the [Perth Heat](/wiki/Perth_Heat \"Perth Heat\") of the [Australian Baseball League](/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League \"Australian Baseball League\"). He batted .324(9th in the league)/.452(1st)/.544(1st) with 19 runs(5th), 17 RBIs (8th), and 16 walks (3rd) in 68 at bats, playing 9 games at catcher, five games at third base, and 2 games at shortstop.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type\\=bat\\&id\\=4b151585 \\| title\\=2020 Australian Baseball League Batting Leaders }}",
"Proctor spent 2021 with the [Montgomery Biscuits](/wiki/Montgomery_Biscuits \"Montgomery Biscuits\"). He slashed .244/.381(8th in the Double\\-A South)/.419 in 308 at bats with 54 runs (5th), 3 triples (9th), 12 home runs, 63 walks (3rd), and 47 RBIs.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.mlb.com/news/rule\\-5\\-draft\\-eligible\\-prospects\\-for\\-each\\-team\\-2021\\| title \\= Rule 5 Draft eligible prospects for each team 2021\\| website \\= \\[\\[MLB.com]]}}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type\\=bat\\&id\\=b18dd63f \\| title\\=2021 Double\\-A South Batting Leaders }} He played 58 games at catcher, 28 games at shortstop, 6 games at third base, and 4 games at second base.",
"On November 19, 2021, the Rays added Proctor to their [40\\-man roster](/wiki/40-man_roster \"40-man roster\") to protect him from the [Rule 5 draft](/wiki/Rule_5_draft \"Rule 5 draft\").{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.mlb.com/press\\-release/rays\\-add\\-four\\-players\\-to\\-40\\-man\\-roster\\| title \\= Rays add four players to 40\\-man roster\\| website \\= \\[\\[MLB.com]]}} He began the 2022 season playing for the Triple–A [Durham Bulls](/wiki/Durham_Bulls \"Durham Bulls\").",
"### San Francisco Giants",
"On August 1, 2022, Proctor was traded to the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") in exchange for pitcher [Jeremy Walker](/wiki/Jeremy_Walker_%28baseball%29 \"Jeremy Walker (baseball)\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/giants\\-acquire\\-utility\\-man\\-ford\\-proctor\\-trade\\-rays\\-dfa\\-kervin\\-castro \\| title\\=Giants acquire utility man Proctor in trade with Rays, DFA Castro \\| date\\=August 2, 2022 }} On September 24, Proctor was promoted to the major leagues for the first time following an injury to [Luis González](/wiki/Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28outfielder%2C_born_1995%29 \"Luis González (outfielder, born 1995)\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=SF Giants recall versatile C/INF Ford Proctor from Triple\\-A, place OF Luis González on IL\\|url\\=https://www.si.com/mlb/giants/news/sf\\-giants\\-recall\\-ford\\-proctor\\-injured\\-luis\\-gonzalez\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023\\|website\\=si.com\\|date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|language\\=en}} The following day, Proctor collected his first career hit, a single off of [Kevin Ginkel](/wiki/Kevin_Ginkel \"Kevin Ginkel\") of the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Proctor calls first MLB hit a 'moment you always dream of'\\|url\\=https://www.nbcsportsbayarea.com/mlb/proctor\\-calls\\-first\\-mlb\\-hit\\-a\\-moment\\-you\\-always\\-dream\\-of/1390125/?amp\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023\\|website\\=nbcsportsbayarea.com\\|language\\=en}} On September 29, Proctor hit his first career home run, a [grand slam](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 \"Grand slam (baseball)\") off of [Ryan Feltner](/wiki/Ryan_Feltner \"Ryan Feltner\") of the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=A grand first homer shows Proctor's promise\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/ford\\-proctor\\-hits\\-first\\-homer\\-grand\\-slam\\-in\\-giants\\-win\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023\\|website\\=mlb.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"In 2022 with the Triple\\-A [Sacramento River Cats](/wiki/Sacramento_River_Cats \"Sacramento River Cats\"), he batted .267/.390/.448 in 116 at bats, with 19 runs, six home runs, and 14 RBI.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=procto000for\\|title\\=Ford Proctor Amateur, College, Minor \\& Independent Leagues Statistics\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} He played 16 games at third base, 8 at second base, 4 each at shortstop and catcher, 3 at DH, and one at first base. With the Giants, he batted 2\\-for\\-18 with a home run and six RBIs. He was sent outright off the 40\\-man roster on November 9, 2022\\.",
"Proctor began the 2023 season back with Triple–A Sacramento. In 74 games, he hit .230/.358/.335 with 6 home runs and 29 RBI. On July 24, 2023, Proctor was released by the Giants organization.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.milb.com/transactions/2023\\-07\\-24 \\| title\\=Transactions }}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=left
\|1890\= 1207
\|1900\= 1426
\|1910\= 2015
\|1920\= 2215
\|1930\= 2389
\|1940\= 2745
\|1950\= 2982
\|1960\= 3500
\|1970\= 3727
\|1980\= 4120
\|1990\= 3879
\|2000\= 3640
\|2010\= 3353
\|2020\= 3544
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=October 4, 2014}}
2015 Estimate{{cite web\|title\=Population Estimates\|url\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB\-EST2015\-3\.html\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=June 7, 2016\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019182931/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB\-EST2015\-3\.html\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\=P1\_001N,NAME\&for\=place:\*∈\=state:46\&key\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\|title\=Census Population API\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=Oct 15, 2022}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-06\-21}} of 2010, there were 3,353 people, 1,508 households, and 898 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1214\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 1,683 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|609\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.4% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 1\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.9% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.2% of the population.
There were 1,508 households, of which 25\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40\.5% were non\-families. 36\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.16 and the average family size was 2\.82\.
The median age in the city was 46\.3 years. 21\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19\.8% were from 25 to 44; 29\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 22\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.3% male and 51\.7% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 3,640 people, 1,533 households, and 964 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,367\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,698 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|637\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.93% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.03% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.08% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.36% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.14% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.47% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.36% of the population.
There were 1,533 households, out of which 30\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\.1% were non\-families. 35\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.25 and the average family size was 2\.90\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\.9% under the age of 18, 6\.1% from 18 to 24, 23\.5% from 25 to 44, 21\.2% from 45 to 64, and 24\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 85\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81\.4 males.
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $28,194, and the median income for a family was $40,117\. Males had a median income of $31,486 versus $20,890 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,446\. About 6\.8% of families and 10\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 9\.4% of those under age 18 and 9\.6% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=left\n\\|1890\\= 1207\n\\|1900\\= 1426\n\\|1910\\= 2015\n\\|1920\\= 2215\n\\|1930\\= 2389\n\\|1940\\= 2745\n\\|1950\\= 2982\n\\|1960\\= 3500\n\\|1970\\= 3727\n\\|1980\\= 4120\n\\|1990\\= 3879\n\\|2000\\= 3640\n\\|2010\\= 3353\n\\|2020\\= 3544\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2014}} \n2015 Estimate{{cite web\\|title\\=Population Estimates\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB\\-EST2015\\-3\\.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019182931/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB\\-EST2015\\-3\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\\=P1\\_001N,NAME\\&for\\=place:\\*∈\\=state:46\\&key\\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\\|title\\=Census Population API\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=Oct 15, 2022}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-21}} of 2010, there were 3,353 people, 1,508 households, and 898 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1214\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 1,683 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|609\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.4% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.9% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.2% of the population.",
"There were 1,508 households, of which 25\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40\\.5% were non\\-families. 36\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.16 and the average family size was 2\\.82\\.",
"The median age in the city was 46\\.3 years. 21\\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19\\.8% were from 25 to 44; 29\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 22\\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.3% male and 51\\.7% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 3,640 people, 1,533 households, and 964 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,367\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,698 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|637\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.93% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.03% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.08% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.36% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.14% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.47% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.36% of the population.",
"There were 1,533 households, out of which 30\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\\.1% were non\\-families. 35\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.25 and the average family size was 2\\.90\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\\.9% under the age of 18, 6\\.1% from 18 to 24, 23\\.5% from 25 to 44, 21\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 24\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 85\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81\\.4 males.",
"As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $28,194, and the median income for a family was $40,117\\. Males had a median income of $31,486 versus $20,890 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,446\\. About 6\\.8% of families and 10\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 9\\.4% of those under age 18 and 9\\.6% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
### KDZE
KKOL was first licensed, with the sequentially assigned [call letters](/wiki/Call_letters "Call letters") KDZE, on May 23, 1922\. It was owned by [the Rhodes Company](/wiki/Rhodes_Brothers%23Rhodes_Seattle "Rhodes Brothers#Rhodes Seattle") Department Store at 1321 Second Avenue in Seattle.["New Stations"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221816&view=1up&seq=662), *Radio Service Bulletin*, June 1, 1922, page 4\. Limited Commercial license, serial No. 417, issued May 23, 1922, for a three\-month period for operation on 360 meters to the Rhodes Company in Seattle, Washington. In the early days of broadcasting, some stations were owned by department stores and electronics stores, to promote the sale of receivers.
C. B. Williams, the department store's advertising manager, coordinated the installation of the initial 50\-watt transmitter.["KFOA, Seattle, Toastmaster of Northwest"](https://archive.org/stream/radiodigest19261618radi#page/n47/mode/1up), *Radio Digest*, January 16, 1926, page 6\. The station's glass\-enclosed studio was located on the second floor of the store, where shoppers could observe its operation.["Rhodes Radio Unique in N.W."](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093407/1922-05-20/ed-1/seq-2/), *Seattle Star*, May 20, 1922, page 2\.
At this time there was only a single wavelength, 360 meters (833 kHz) available for "entertainment" broadcasts, so KDZE was required to make a time\-sharing agreement with the other stations already in operation. On June 23, Seattle stations were scheduled to operate from noon to 10:30 pm, with KDZE assigned the 3:30 to 4:15 p.m time period.["Radio Broadcasts"](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093407/1922-06-23/ed-1/seq-2/), *Seattle Star*, June 23, 1922, page 2\.
In May 1923, the U.S. Commerce Department, which regulated radio at this time, made a range of frequencies available to "Class B" stations that had higher powers and better programming. The Seattle region was initially assigned 610 kHz, with 660 kHz assigned to Portland.["Radio Conference Recommendations: New Wave Lengths"](https://archive.org/stream/radioage12unse#page/n362/mode/1up/), *Radio Age*, May 1923, page 11\. Beginning with these assignments radio stations ended the practice of broadcasting their market reports and weather forecasts on the separate 485\-meter wavelength. These two assignments were soon swapped, and in the summer of 1923 KDZE moved to 660 kHz.["Alterations and Corrections"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=160), *Radio Service Bulletin*, August 1, 1923, page 8\.
### KFOA
In early 1924, in conjunction with an upgrade in facilities, the station's [call sign](/wiki/Call_sign "Call sign") was changed to KFOA.["Alterations and Corrections"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=256), *Radio Service Bulletin*, February 1, 1924, page 10\. At this time the department store was issued a license to operate a second radio station, with 100 watts on 1110 kHz, which inherited the original KDZE call letters.["New Stations"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=249), *Radio Service Bulletin*, February 1, 1924, page 3\. This second KDZE was primarily used to broadcast the weekly Chamber of Commerce luncheons,"Radio Program", *The Seattle Times*, January 18, 1924, p. 24\. and was deleted in March 1925\.["Strike out all particulars"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=555), *Radio Service Bulletin*, April 1, 1925, page 11\.
On November 11, 1928, under the provisions of a major reallocation resulting from the [Federal Radio Commission](/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission "Federal Radio Commission")'s (FRC) [General Order 40](/wiki/General_Order_40 "General Order 40"), KFOA was reassigned from 660 kHz to 1270 kHz, sharing the assignment with KTW (now [KKDZ](/wiki/KKDZ "KKDZ")).["Alterations and Corrections"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=745), *Radio Service Bulletin*, November 30, 1928, page 7\.
### KOL
[thumbnail\|right\|KOL radio broadcast with announcer Dudley Williamson and Seattle City Light Superintendent Eugene Hoffman, 1939](/wiki/File:KOL_Radio_broadcast%2C_1939.jpg "KOL Radio broadcast, 1939.jpg")
The next month the station was sold to the Seattle Broadcasting Company, headed by Archie Taft, with the call letters changing to KOL. The studios were moved to the [Northern Life Tower](/wiki/Northern_Life_Tower "Northern Life Tower")."KFOA is Sold, Call Letters Changed to KOL", *The Seattle Times*, December 9, 1928, p. 20\. In 1931, KTW moved to 1220 kHz, giving KOL unlimited use of 1270 kHz.["Alterations and Corrections"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221819&view=1up&seq=470), *Radio Service Bulletin*, June 30, 1931, page 22\.
From 1930 to 1938, KOL was Seattle's [CBS Radio](/wiki/CBS_Radio_News "CBS Radio News") [Network affiliate](/wiki/Network_affiliate "Network affiliate").John F. Schneider, *Seattle Radio*, (Charleston SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2013\), p. 64\. In 1934 the station abandoned the T\-wire antenna on the Rhodes Department Store building's roof, moving to a new transmitter site on [Harbor Island](/wiki/Harbor_Island "Harbor Island"), which featured a {{convert\|490\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} self\-supporting tower, which at the time was the tallest of its type in the United States."Radio Antenna of KOL Now is Tallest in U.S.", *The Seattle Times*, November 18, 1934, p. 32\. The studios were moved to the transmitter site in 1952\.Schnieder, p. 104\.
In 1941, the [North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement](/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement "North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement") (NARBA) was enacted. On March 29, 1941, KOL, along with all the other stations on 1270 kHz, moved to 1300 kHz.[*Radio Broadcast Stations*](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080119129&view=1up&seq=23), Federal Communications Commission (March 29, 1941, edition), page 23\.
In 1962, the Taft interests sold KOL to television producers and game show moguls [Mark Goodson](/wiki/Mark_Goodson "Mark Goodson") and [Bill Todman](/wiki/Bill_Todman "Bill Todman").["Changing Hands"](https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele63unse_0#page/n529/mode/1up), *Broadcasting*, October 29, 1962, p. 62\. KOL briefly adopted a [Top 40](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio "Contemporary hit radio") format which was dropped within a year due to the strong ratings of Top 40 leader [AM 950](/wiki/AM_950 "AM 950") [KJR](/wiki/KJR-AM "KJR-AM"), and reverted to a [Middle of the Road](/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_%28music%29 "Middle of the road (music)") (MOR) format.Warren Guykema, "KOL is Swinging Station With Some Serious Aims", *The Seattle Times*, November 17, 1963, TV Section, p. 4\.Marty Loken, "Like It or Loop It, KJR's Still No. 1", *The Seattle Times*, April 12, 1964, p. 19Schneider, *op. cit.*, p. 108\. By 1965, KOL's Top 40 format had returned.Marty Loken, "KOL's New Sound\-Rock and Roll from the Mudflats", *The Seattle Times*, June 13, 1965, TV Section, p. 17 In 1967, the station was sold to [Buckley Broadcasting](/wiki/Buckley_Broadcasting "Buckley Broadcasting").S.J. Skreen, "Leathernecks Land Again", *The Seattle Times*, March 21, 1967, p. 23\. From 1965 to 1975, KOL, favoring more progressive rock programming, battled KJR as the number\-one popular music station in Seattle.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.historylink.org/File/1463\| title \= KOL\-FM inaugurates underground format on June 17, 1968\. \- HistoryLink.org}}{{Cite web\|title\=Seattle Radio History \- 1300AM (KOL)\|date\=October 18, 2010 \|url\=https://vimeo.com/15965471}}
### KMPS
In 1975, the format flipped to [country music](/wiki/Country_music "Country music"). The call sign was changed to KMPS (for "Kountry Music Puget Sound") following another change in ownership.Victor Stredicke, "Multiple Messages behind Radio Station Call Letters", *The Seattle Times*, June 15, 1975, TV Section, p. 26\.Victor Stredicke, "Country air staff, others get Labor Day Workout", *The Seattle Times*, September 1, 1975, p. B\-6\. The country format was also added to 94\.1 KMPS\-FM (now [KSWD](/wiki/KSWD_%28FM%29 "KSWD (FM)") and formerly KOL\-FM) in February 1978\. The Harbor Island studio and transmitter site was demolished in 1981\.Schneider, *op. cit.*, p. 103\.[1983 KMPS AM 1300 Willie Nelson Commercial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hiyu4Xryb-M) (youtube.com)
While KMPS\-FM concentrated on contemporary country music with continuous music sweeps, KMPS 1300 had more personality and a [playlist](/wiki/Playlist "Playlist") with older country hits.
### KKOL
After then\-owners [EZ Communications](/wiki/EZ_Communications "EZ Communications") sold AM 1300 KMPS to [Salem Communications](/wiki/Salem_Communications "Salem Communications") in December 1996, the station's call sign was changed to KKOL in 1997, and a conservative talk format was adopted at that time.Chuck Taylor, "Summertime and News Just Keep Dribbling In", *The Seattle Times*, August 8, 1997, p. F\-3["Transactions: Washington"](https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1996/R&R-1996-12-20.pdf#page=9), *Radio \& Records*, December 12, 1996, page 9\.
In 2002, after losing its transmitter site, KKOL installed a temporary 1,000\-watt transmitter on a moored 175\-foot (53\-meter) cargo ship, and began to operate from a Seattle waterway. This was the only floating broadcasting station antenna in the U.S.["Aboard the Coastal Ranger: Seattle's KKOL Goes Maritime Mobile"](https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/aboard-the-coastal-ranger-seattle39s-kkol-goes-maritime-mobile), December 17, 2002 (radioworld.com) This unique configuration was used for almost five years.
In 2007, a new 50,000\-watt transmitter was built. However, there was a complaint from a nearby [U.S. Oil and Refining](/wiki/U.S._Oil_and_Refining "U.S. Oil and Refining") petroleum facility about the transmitter. There was concern that its proximity to the refinery produced electrical fields that exceeded safe limits at the loading docks, creating a potential source of ignition for the combustibles handled there. In particular, there was concern that a spark caused by the flow of [radio frequency](/wiki/Radio_frequency "Radio frequency") (RF) energy (a high\-frequency alternating current) within cranes, acting as receiving [antennas](/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29 "Antenna (radio)"), could trigger an explosion.["KKOL moves to bolster its signal power, format and market share"](https://www.seattlepi.com/ae/tv/article/KKOL-moves-to-bolster-its-signal-power-format-1234623.php) by Bill Virgin, April 18, 2007 (seattlepi.com) (This issue is a rarity in broadcast engineering, though a similar situation regarding fuel occurred at [AM 1010](/wiki/AM_1010 "AM 1010") [KIQI](/wiki/KIQI "KIQI") in [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California").)["Big Oil: Primary Issue Is Public Safety"](https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/big-oil-primary-issue-is-public-safety), November 6, 2007 (radioworld.com)
[U.S. Coast Guard](/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard "U.S. Coast Guard") standards specified that materials may not be handled with a signal strength of greater than 0\.7 [volts](/wiki/Volt "Volt") per square meter (700mV/m2), while the industry recommendation is 0\.5V/m2. U.S. Oil's request was for the station to introduce a [null](/wiki/Null_%28radio%29 "Null (radio)") toward the facility. However this was in the direction of downtown Seattle, which would necessitate a waiver of the regulation which requires radio stations to cover their [community of license](/wiki/Community_of_license "Community of license") with a grade A "city\-grade" signal. In addition, the proposed pattern had the effect of reducing KKOL's potential audience by 700,000 listeners.["KKOL Fights to Keep Transmitter Site"](https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/kkol-fights-to-keep-transmitter-site) by Scott Fybush, June 19, 2007 (radioworld.com)
### Business news and conservative talk
On November 3, 2008, KKOL switched from its news/talk format to [all\-business radio](/wiki/Business_news "Business news").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.seattlepi.com/tv/386555\_radiobeat06\.html?source\=rss \|work\=Seattle Post\-Intelligencer \|title\=On Radio on Radio: KKOL\-AM shifts to business news; Owner sees a market for new format \|first\=Bill \|last\=Virgin \|date\=November 5, 2008}} A portion of the station's programming was derived from [Bloomberg Radio](/wiki/Bloomberg_Radio "Bloomberg Radio") and [CNBC](/wiki/CNBC "CNBC").
In May 2018, Salem agreed to swap KKOL to Tron Dinh Do's Intelli LLC in exchange for [KPAM](/wiki/KPAM "KPAM") in [Troutdale](/wiki/Troutdale%2C_Oregon "Troutdale, Oregon")/[Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"). Salem had been operating KPAM via a [local marketing agreement](/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement "Local marketing agreement") (LMA) since March 2018\. KPAM is conservative talk "860 The Answer" with much of the same programming as "1590 The Answer" [KLFE](/wiki/KLFE "KLFE") in Seattle.["Salem Swaps KKOL/Seattle To Intelli For KPAM/Portland"](https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/176681/salem-swaps-kkol-seattle-to-intelli-for-kpam-portl) May 15, 2018 (allaccess.com)
KKOL went [silent](/wiki/Dark_%28broadcasting%29 "Dark (broadcasting)") on February 28, 2018, following the loss of its [transmitter](/wiki/Transmitter "Transmitter") site, and need to find a new site to resume broadcasting.{{cite web \|title\=Notification of Suspension of Operations / Request for Silent STA \|url\=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context\=25\&appn\=101780007\&formid\=910\&fac\_num\=20355 \|website\=CDBS Public Access \|publisher\=\[\[Federal Communications Commission]] \|access\-date\=June 27, 2018 \|date\=March 5, 2018}} After a year of being silent while the station changed transmitter locations to [Bainbridge Island](/wiki/Bainbridge_Island "Bainbridge Island"), KKOL signed back on in February 2019, playing [contemporary Christian music](/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music "Contemporary Christian music"), before going silent again in September 2019\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.radiodiscussions.com/showthread.php?710706\-1300\-KKOL\|title\=1300 KKOL... \| RadioDiscussions}}
In June 2021, KKOL returned to the air simulcasting [KNTS](/wiki/KNTS_%28AM%29 "KNTS (AM)"). The simulcast was then changed to [KLFE](/wiki/KLFE "KLFE") in October 2021\. On August 1, 2022, KKOL became the originating station of the conservative talk format.[THE ANSWER MOVES IN SEATTLE](https://radioinsight.com/headlines/235630/the-answer-moves-in-seattle/) Radioinsight \- August 1, 2022 Effective December 1, 2022, Intelli LLC sold KKOL to Salem Media Group for $500,000\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### KDZE",
"KKOL was first licensed, with the sequentially assigned [call letters](/wiki/Call_letters \"Call letters\") KDZE, on May 23, 1922\\. It was owned by [the Rhodes Company](/wiki/Rhodes_Brothers%23Rhodes_Seattle \"Rhodes Brothers#Rhodes Seattle\") Department Store at 1321 Second Avenue in Seattle.[\"New Stations\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221816&view=1up&seq=662), *Radio Service Bulletin*, June 1, 1922, page 4\\. Limited Commercial license, serial No. 417, issued May 23, 1922, for a three\\-month period for operation on 360 meters to the Rhodes Company in Seattle, Washington. In the early days of broadcasting, some stations were owned by department stores and electronics stores, to promote the sale of receivers.",
"C. B. Williams, the department store's advertising manager, coordinated the installation of the initial 50\\-watt transmitter.[\"KFOA, Seattle, Toastmaster of Northwest\"](https://archive.org/stream/radiodigest19261618radi#page/n47/mode/1up), *Radio Digest*, January 16, 1926, page 6\\. The station's glass\\-enclosed studio was located on the second floor of the store, where shoppers could observe its operation.[\"Rhodes Radio Unique in N.W.\"](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093407/1922-05-20/ed-1/seq-2/), *Seattle Star*, May 20, 1922, page 2\\.",
"At this time there was only a single wavelength, 360 meters (833 kHz) available for \"entertainment\" broadcasts, so KDZE was required to make a time\\-sharing agreement with the other stations already in operation. On June 23, Seattle stations were scheduled to operate from noon to 10:30 pm, with KDZE assigned the 3:30 to 4:15 p.m time period.[\"Radio Broadcasts\"](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093407/1922-06-23/ed-1/seq-2/), *Seattle Star*, June 23, 1922, page 2\\.",
"In May 1923, the U.S. Commerce Department, which regulated radio at this time, made a range of frequencies available to \"Class B\" stations that had higher powers and better programming. The Seattle region was initially assigned 610 kHz, with 660 kHz assigned to Portland.[\"Radio Conference Recommendations: New Wave Lengths\"](https://archive.org/stream/radioage12unse#page/n362/mode/1up/), *Radio Age*, May 1923, page 11\\. Beginning with these assignments radio stations ended the practice of broadcasting their market reports and weather forecasts on the separate 485\\-meter wavelength. These two assignments were soon swapped, and in the summer of 1923 KDZE moved to 660 kHz.[\"Alterations and Corrections\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=160), *Radio Service Bulletin*, August 1, 1923, page 8\\.",
"### KFOA",
"In early 1924, in conjunction with an upgrade in facilities, the station's [call sign](/wiki/Call_sign \"Call sign\") was changed to KFOA.[\"Alterations and Corrections\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=256), *Radio Service Bulletin*, February 1, 1924, page 10\\. At this time the department store was issued a license to operate a second radio station, with 100 watts on 1110 kHz, which inherited the original KDZE call letters.[\"New Stations\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=249), *Radio Service Bulletin*, February 1, 1924, page 3\\. This second KDZE was primarily used to broadcast the weekly Chamber of Commerce luncheons,\"Radio Program\", *The Seattle Times*, January 18, 1924, p. 24\\. and was deleted in March 1925\\.[\"Strike out all particulars\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=555), *Radio Service Bulletin*, April 1, 1925, page 11\\.",
"On November 11, 1928, under the provisions of a major reallocation resulting from the [Federal Radio Commission](/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission \"Federal Radio Commission\")'s (FRC) [General Order 40](/wiki/General_Order_40 \"General Order 40\"), KFOA was reassigned from 660 kHz to 1270 kHz, sharing the assignment with KTW (now [KKDZ](/wiki/KKDZ \"KKDZ\")).[\"Alterations and Corrections\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=745), *Radio Service Bulletin*, November 30, 1928, page 7\\.",
"### KOL",
"[thumbnail\\|right\\|KOL radio broadcast with announcer Dudley Williamson and Seattle City Light Superintendent Eugene Hoffman, 1939](/wiki/File:KOL_Radio_broadcast%2C_1939.jpg \"KOL Radio broadcast, 1939.jpg\")\nThe next month the station was sold to the Seattle Broadcasting Company, headed by Archie Taft, with the call letters changing to KOL. The studios were moved to the [Northern Life Tower](/wiki/Northern_Life_Tower \"Northern Life Tower\").\"KFOA is Sold, Call Letters Changed to KOL\", *The Seattle Times*, December 9, 1928, p. 20\\. In 1931, KTW moved to 1220 kHz, giving KOL unlimited use of 1270 kHz.[\"Alterations and Corrections\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221819&view=1up&seq=470), *Radio Service Bulletin*, June 30, 1931, page 22\\.",
"From 1930 to 1938, KOL was Seattle's [CBS Radio](/wiki/CBS_Radio_News \"CBS Radio News\") [Network affiliate](/wiki/Network_affiliate \"Network affiliate\").John F. Schneider, *Seattle Radio*, (Charleston SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2013\\), p. 64\\. In 1934 the station abandoned the T\\-wire antenna on the Rhodes Department Store building's roof, moving to a new transmitter site on [Harbor Island](/wiki/Harbor_Island \"Harbor Island\"), which featured a {{convert\\|490\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} self\\-supporting tower, which at the time was the tallest of its type in the United States.\"Radio Antenna of KOL Now is Tallest in U.S.\", *The Seattle Times*, November 18, 1934, p. 32\\. The studios were moved to the transmitter site in 1952\\.Schnieder, p. 104\\.",
"In 1941, the [North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement](/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement \"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement\") (NARBA) was enacted. On March 29, 1941, KOL, along with all the other stations on 1270 kHz, moved to 1300 kHz.[*Radio Broadcast Stations*](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080119129&view=1up&seq=23), Federal Communications Commission (March 29, 1941, edition), page 23\\.",
"In 1962, the Taft interests sold KOL to television producers and game show moguls [Mark Goodson](/wiki/Mark_Goodson \"Mark Goodson\") and [Bill Todman](/wiki/Bill_Todman \"Bill Todman\").[\"Changing Hands\"](https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele63unse_0#page/n529/mode/1up), *Broadcasting*, October 29, 1962, p. 62\\. KOL briefly adopted a [Top 40](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio \"Contemporary hit radio\") format which was dropped within a year due to the strong ratings of Top 40 leader [AM 950](/wiki/AM_950 \"AM 950\") [KJR](/wiki/KJR-AM \"KJR-AM\"), and reverted to a [Middle of the Road](/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_%28music%29 \"Middle of the road (music)\") (MOR) format.Warren Guykema, \"KOL is Swinging Station With Some Serious Aims\", *The Seattle Times*, November 17, 1963, TV Section, p. 4\\.Marty Loken, \"Like It or Loop It, KJR's Still No. 1\", *The Seattle Times*, April 12, 1964, p. 19Schneider, *op. cit.*, p. 108\\. By 1965, KOL's Top 40 format had returned.Marty Loken, \"KOL's New Sound\\-Rock and Roll from the Mudflats\", *The Seattle Times*, June 13, 1965, TV Section, p. 17 In 1967, the station was sold to [Buckley Broadcasting](/wiki/Buckley_Broadcasting \"Buckley Broadcasting\").S.J. Skreen, \"Leathernecks Land Again\", *The Seattle Times*, March 21, 1967, p. 23\\. From 1965 to 1975, KOL, favoring more progressive rock programming, battled KJR as the number\\-one popular music station in Seattle.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.historylink.org/File/1463\\| title \\= KOL\\-FM inaugurates underground format on June 17, 1968\\. \\- HistoryLink.org}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Seattle Radio History \\- 1300AM (KOL)\\|date\\=October 18, 2010 \\|url\\=https://vimeo.com/15965471}}",
"### KMPS",
"In 1975, the format flipped to [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\"). The call sign was changed to KMPS (for \"Kountry Music Puget Sound\") following another change in ownership.Victor Stredicke, \"Multiple Messages behind Radio Station Call Letters\", *The Seattle Times*, June 15, 1975, TV Section, p. 26\\.Victor Stredicke, \"Country air staff, others get Labor Day Workout\", *The Seattle Times*, September 1, 1975, p. B\\-6\\. The country format was also added to 94\\.1 KMPS\\-FM (now [KSWD](/wiki/KSWD_%28FM%29 \"KSWD (FM)\") and formerly KOL\\-FM) in February 1978\\. The Harbor Island studio and transmitter site was demolished in 1981\\.Schneider, *op. cit.*, p. 103\\.[1983 KMPS AM 1300 Willie Nelson Commercial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hiyu4Xryb-M) (youtube.com)",
"While KMPS\\-FM concentrated on contemporary country music with continuous music sweeps, KMPS 1300 had more personality and a [playlist](/wiki/Playlist \"Playlist\") with older country hits.",
"### KKOL",
"After then\\-owners [EZ Communications](/wiki/EZ_Communications \"EZ Communications\") sold AM 1300 KMPS to [Salem Communications](/wiki/Salem_Communications \"Salem Communications\") in December 1996, the station's call sign was changed to KKOL in 1997, and a conservative talk format was adopted at that time.Chuck Taylor, \"Summertime and News Just Keep Dribbling In\", *The Seattle Times*, August 8, 1997, p. F\\-3[\"Transactions: Washington\"](https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1996/R&R-1996-12-20.pdf#page=9), *Radio \\& Records*, December 12, 1996, page 9\\.",
"In 2002, after losing its transmitter site, KKOL installed a temporary 1,000\\-watt transmitter on a moored 175\\-foot (53\\-meter) cargo ship, and began to operate from a Seattle waterway. This was the only floating broadcasting station antenna in the U.S.[\"Aboard the Coastal Ranger: Seattle's KKOL Goes Maritime Mobile\"](https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/aboard-the-coastal-ranger-seattle39s-kkol-goes-maritime-mobile), December 17, 2002 (radioworld.com) This unique configuration was used for almost five years.",
"In 2007, a new 50,000\\-watt transmitter was built. However, there was a complaint from a nearby [U.S. Oil and Refining](/wiki/U.S._Oil_and_Refining \"U.S. Oil and Refining\") petroleum facility about the transmitter. There was concern that its proximity to the refinery produced electrical fields that exceeded safe limits at the loading docks, creating a potential source of ignition for the combustibles handled there. In particular, there was concern that a spark caused by the flow of [radio frequency](/wiki/Radio_frequency \"Radio frequency\") (RF) energy (a high\\-frequency alternating current) within cranes, acting as receiving [antennas](/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29 \"Antenna (radio)\"), could trigger an explosion.[\"KKOL moves to bolster its signal power, format and market share\"](https://www.seattlepi.com/ae/tv/article/KKOL-moves-to-bolster-its-signal-power-format-1234623.php) by Bill Virgin, April 18, 2007 (seattlepi.com) (This issue is a rarity in broadcast engineering, though a similar situation regarding fuel occurred at [AM 1010](/wiki/AM_1010 \"AM 1010\") [KIQI](/wiki/KIQI \"KIQI\") in [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\").)[\"Big Oil: Primary Issue Is Public Safety\"](https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/big-oil-primary-issue-is-public-safety), November 6, 2007 (radioworld.com)",
"[U.S. Coast Guard](/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard \"U.S. Coast Guard\") standards specified that materials may not be handled with a signal strength of greater than 0\\.7 [volts](/wiki/Volt \"Volt\") per square meter (700mV/m2), while the industry recommendation is 0\\.5V/m2. U.S. Oil's request was for the station to introduce a [null](/wiki/Null_%28radio%29 \"Null (radio)\") toward the facility. However this was in the direction of downtown Seattle, which would necessitate a waiver of the regulation which requires radio stations to cover their [community of license](/wiki/Community_of_license \"Community of license\") with a grade A \"city\\-grade\" signal. In addition, the proposed pattern had the effect of reducing KKOL's potential audience by 700,000 listeners.[\"KKOL Fights to Keep Transmitter Site\"](https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/kkol-fights-to-keep-transmitter-site) by Scott Fybush, June 19, 2007 (radioworld.com)",
"### Business news and conservative talk",
"On November 3, 2008, KKOL switched from its news/talk format to [all\\-business radio](/wiki/Business_news \"Business news\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.seattlepi.com/tv/386555\\_radiobeat06\\.html?source\\=rss \\|work\\=Seattle Post\\-Intelligencer \\|title\\=On Radio on Radio: KKOL\\-AM shifts to business news; Owner sees a market for new format \\|first\\=Bill \\|last\\=Virgin \\|date\\=November 5, 2008}} A portion of the station's programming was derived from [Bloomberg Radio](/wiki/Bloomberg_Radio \"Bloomberg Radio\") and [CNBC](/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\").",
"In May 2018, Salem agreed to swap KKOL to Tron Dinh Do's Intelli LLC in exchange for [KPAM](/wiki/KPAM \"KPAM\") in [Troutdale](/wiki/Troutdale%2C_Oregon \"Troutdale, Oregon\")/[Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"). Salem had been operating KPAM via a [local marketing agreement](/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement \"Local marketing agreement\") (LMA) since March 2018\\. KPAM is conservative talk \"860 The Answer\" with much of the same programming as \"1590 The Answer\" [KLFE](/wiki/KLFE \"KLFE\") in Seattle.[\"Salem Swaps KKOL/Seattle To Intelli For KPAM/Portland\"](https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/176681/salem-swaps-kkol-seattle-to-intelli-for-kpam-portl) May 15, 2018 (allaccess.com)",
"KKOL went [silent](/wiki/Dark_%28broadcasting%29 \"Dark (broadcasting)\") on February 28, 2018, following the loss of its [transmitter](/wiki/Transmitter \"Transmitter\") site, and need to find a new site to resume broadcasting.{{cite web \\|title\\=Notification of Suspension of Operations / Request for Silent STA \\|url\\=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\\-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context\\=25\\&appn\\=101780007\\&formid\\=910\\&fac\\_num\\=20355 \\|website\\=CDBS Public Access \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Communications Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2018 \\|date\\=March 5, 2018}} After a year of being silent while the station changed transmitter locations to [Bainbridge Island](/wiki/Bainbridge_Island \"Bainbridge Island\"), KKOL signed back on in February 2019, playing [contemporary Christian music](/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music \"Contemporary Christian music\"), before going silent again in September 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.radiodiscussions.com/showthread.php?710706\\-1300\\-KKOL\\|title\\=1300 KKOL... \\| RadioDiscussions}}",
"In June 2021, KKOL returned to the air simulcasting [KNTS](/wiki/KNTS_%28AM%29 \"KNTS (AM)\"). The simulcast was then changed to [KLFE](/wiki/KLFE \"KLFE\") in October 2021\\. On August 1, 2022, KKOL became the originating station of the conservative talk format.[THE ANSWER MOVES IN SEATTLE](https://radioinsight.com/headlines/235630/the-answer-moves-in-seattle/) Radioinsight \\- August 1, 2022 Effective December 1, 2022, Intelli LLC sold KKOL to Salem Media Group for $500,000\\.",
""
] |
Radio and television
--------------------
* [Radios](/wiki/Receiver_%28radio%29 "Receiver (radio)"): 1\.12 million radios (1997\).{{update after\|2014\|2\|4}}
* [Television sets](/wiki/Television_set "Television set"): 53,000 (1997\).{{update after\|2014\|2\|4}}
* [Television stations](/wiki/Television_broadcasting "Television broadcasting"): One government\-owned TV station; one private TV station began operating in 2005; pay\-TV services are available (2007\).["Communications: Sierra Leone"](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone/), *World Factbook*, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014\.
* [Radio stations](/wiki/Radio_broadcasting "Radio broadcasting"): One government\-owned national radio station; about two dozen private radio stations primarily clustered in major cities; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2007\).
+ [Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service](/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Service "Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service") (SLBS), government broadcaster on 100\.0 MHz (Freetown), Bo 96\.5 MHz, Kenema 93\.5 MHz, Makeni 88\.0 MHz, Koidu 89\.2 MHz and Kailahun.
+ [BBC World Service](/wiki/BBC_World_Service "BBC World Service"), 94\.3 MHz (Freetown), 94\.5 MHz Bo and 95\.3 MHz Kenema.
+ Believers Broadcasting Network (BBN), 93\.0 MHz.
+ [Capital Radio](/wiki/Capital_Radio_Sierra_Leone "Capital Radio Sierra Leone") 104\.9 MHz in Freetown and 102\.3 MHz in Bo.
+ Citizen, 103\.7 MHz.
+ Radio Democracy, 98\.1 MHz.
+ Kalleon, 105\.7 MHz.
+ [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale "Radio France Internationale") (RFI), 89\.9 MHz.
+ Sky, 106\.6 MHz.
+ [United Nations Radio](/wiki/United_Nations_Radio "United Nations Radio"), 103\.0 MHz.
+ [Voice of America](/wiki/Voice_of_America "Voice of America") (VoA), 102\.4 MHz.
+ Voice of the Handicapped (VoH), 96\.2 MHz.
Radio is the most\-popular and most\-trusted media in Sierra Leone, with 85% of people having access to a radio and 72% of people in the country listening to the radio daily. These levels vary between areas of the country, with the [Western Area](/wiki/Western_Area "Western Area") having the highest levels and [Kailahun](/wiki/Kailahun "Kailahun") the lowest. Stations mainly consist of local commercial stations with a limited broadcast range, combined with a few stations with national coverage – [Capital Radio Sierra Leone](/wiki/Capital_Radio_Sierra_Leone "Capital Radio Sierra Leone") being the largest of the commercial stations.{{cite web \| date \=June 2007 \| title \=Media use, and attitudes towards media in Sierra Leone: A comprehensive baseline study \| publisher\=BBC World Service Trust and Search for Common Ground \| url \=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/media\_report\_2007\.pdf \| access\-date \=19 April 2007}}
Outside the capital [Freetown](/wiki/Freetown "Freetown") and other major cities, television is not watched by a great many people, although [Bo](/wiki/Bo%2C_Sierra_Leone "Bo, Sierra Leone"), [Kenema](/wiki/Kenema "Kenema"), and [Makeni](/wiki/Makeni "Makeni") are served by their own relays of the main SLBC service. There are two national, free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other a private station, AIT (Africa Independent Television) which is linked with the [Nigerian station of the same name](/wiki/Africa_Independent_Television "Africa Independent Television").
In 2007, a new pay\-per\-view TV service was introduced by GTV as part of a pan\-African television service in addition to the then nine\-year\-old sub\-Saharan [Digital Satellite Television service](/wiki/DStv "DStv") (DStv) from the [South African](/wiki/Television_in_South_Africa "Television in South Africa") company [Multichoice](/wiki/Multichoice "Multichoice"). GTV subsequently went out of business, leaving DStv as the only provider of pay\-per\-view television in the country.
The [Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service](/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Service "Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service") (SLBS) was created by the colonial government in 1934 making it the earliest English language radio broadcaster service in West Africa. The service began broadcasting television in 1963, with coverage extended to all the districts in the country in 1978\.{{Citation \| last \=Wells \| first \=Alan \| publication\-date \=1997 \| title \=World Broadcasting: a comparative view \| publisher \=Greenwood Publishing Group \| page \=173 \| isbn \=1\-56750\-245\-8 \|url\=http://www.abc\-clio.com/product.aspx?isbn\=9781567502459 }}.
The [United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone](/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Office_in_Sierra_Leone "United Nations Integrated Office in Sierra Leone") (UNIOSIL) ran one of the most popular stations in the country, broadcasting programs in a range of languages. The UN mission was restructured in 2008 and it was decided that [UN Radio](/wiki/UN_Radio "UN Radio") would merge with SLBS to form the new [Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Corporation "Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation") (SLBC). This merger took place in April 2010 after the necessary legislation was enacted. SLBC transmits radio on [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting "FM broadcasting") and has two television services, one of which is uplinked by satellite for international consumption. The SLBC is operated by an Independent Media Commission (IMC), under the supervision of the Sierra Leone Ministry of Information and Communications.["About Us"](http://www.slbc.sl/about-us/), Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 February 2014\.["At Long Last, Recruitment Begins at Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation"](http://www.icfj.org/node/37444), Stephen Douglas, International Center for Journalists, 18 April 2011\. Retrieved 4 February 2014\.
FM relays of the [BBC World Service](/wiki/BBC_World_Service "BBC World Service"), [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale "Radio France Internationale") and [Voice of America](/wiki/Voice_of_America "Voice of America") are also broadcast.["Sierra Leone profile"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094381), *BBC News*, 23 March 2012\. Retrieved 4 February 2014\.
The [All People’s Congress](/wiki/All_People%E2%80%99s_Congress "All People’s Congress") (APC) and opposition [Sierra Leone People’s Party](/wiki/Sierra_Leone_People%E2%80%99s_Party "Sierra Leone People’s Party") (SLPP) radio stations that were shut down in the wake of the 2009 riots remain closed.
Challenges facing broadcasters include unreliable power supplies, poor funding and low advertising revenues. Media rights monitors say high\-level corruption is a taboo topic, with officials using [libel](/wiki/Libel "Libel") laws to target errant journalists.
|
[
"Radio and television\n--------------------",
"* [Radios](/wiki/Receiver_%28radio%29 \"Receiver (radio)\"): 1\\.12 million radios (1997\\).{{update after\\|2014\\|2\\|4}}\n* [Television sets](/wiki/Television_set \"Television set\"): 53,000 (1997\\).{{update after\\|2014\\|2\\|4}}\n* [Television stations](/wiki/Television_broadcasting \"Television broadcasting\"): One government\\-owned TV station; one private TV station began operating in 2005; pay\\-TV services are available (2007\\).[\"Communications: Sierra Leone\"](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone/), *World Factbook*, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014\\.\n* [Radio stations](/wiki/Radio_broadcasting \"Radio broadcasting\"): One government\\-owned national radio station; about two dozen private radio stations primarily clustered in major cities; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2007\\).\n\t+ [Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service](/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Service \"Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service\") (SLBS), government broadcaster on 100\\.0 MHz (Freetown), Bo 96\\.5 MHz, Kenema 93\\.5 MHz, Makeni 88\\.0 MHz, Koidu 89\\.2 MHz and Kailahun.\n\t+ [BBC World Service](/wiki/BBC_World_Service \"BBC World Service\"), 94\\.3 MHz (Freetown), 94\\.5 MHz Bo and 95\\.3 MHz Kenema.\n\t+ Believers Broadcasting Network (BBN), 93\\.0 MHz.\n\t+ [Capital Radio](/wiki/Capital_Radio_Sierra_Leone \"Capital Radio Sierra Leone\") 104\\.9 MHz in Freetown and 102\\.3 MHz in Bo.\n\t+ Citizen, 103\\.7 MHz.\n\t+ Radio Democracy, 98\\.1 MHz.\n\t+ Kalleon, 105\\.7 MHz.\n\t+ [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale \"Radio France Internationale\") (RFI), 89\\.9 MHz.\n\t+ Sky, 106\\.6 MHz.\n\t+ [United Nations Radio](/wiki/United_Nations_Radio \"United Nations Radio\"), 103\\.0 MHz.\n\t+ [Voice of America](/wiki/Voice_of_America \"Voice of America\") (VoA), 102\\.4 MHz.\n\t+ Voice of the Handicapped (VoH), 96\\.2 MHz.",
"Radio is the most\\-popular and most\\-trusted media in Sierra Leone, with 85% of people having access to a radio and 72% of people in the country listening to the radio daily. These levels vary between areas of the country, with the [Western Area](/wiki/Western_Area \"Western Area\") having the highest levels and [Kailahun](/wiki/Kailahun \"Kailahun\") the lowest. Stations mainly consist of local commercial stations with a limited broadcast range, combined with a few stations with national coverage – [Capital Radio Sierra Leone](/wiki/Capital_Radio_Sierra_Leone \"Capital Radio Sierra Leone\") being the largest of the commercial stations.{{cite web \\| date \\=June 2007 \\| title \\=Media use, and attitudes towards media in Sierra Leone: A comprehensive baseline study \\| publisher\\=BBC World Service Trust and Search for Common Ground \\| url \\=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/media\\_report\\_2007\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\=19 April 2007}}",
"Outside the capital [Freetown](/wiki/Freetown \"Freetown\") and other major cities, television is not watched by a great many people, although [Bo](/wiki/Bo%2C_Sierra_Leone \"Bo, Sierra Leone\"), [Kenema](/wiki/Kenema \"Kenema\"), and [Makeni](/wiki/Makeni \"Makeni\") are served by their own relays of the main SLBC service. There are two national, free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other a private station, AIT (Africa Independent Television) which is linked with the [Nigerian station of the same name](/wiki/Africa_Independent_Television \"Africa Independent Television\").",
"In 2007, a new pay\\-per\\-view TV service was introduced by GTV as part of a pan\\-African television service in addition to the then nine\\-year\\-old sub\\-Saharan [Digital Satellite Television service](/wiki/DStv \"DStv\") (DStv) from the [South African](/wiki/Television_in_South_Africa \"Television in South Africa\") company [Multichoice](/wiki/Multichoice \"Multichoice\"). GTV subsequently went out of business, leaving DStv as the only provider of pay\\-per\\-view television in the country.",
"The [Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service](/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Service \"Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service\") (SLBS) was created by the colonial government in 1934 making it the earliest English language radio broadcaster service in West Africa. The service began broadcasting television in 1963, with coverage extended to all the districts in the country in 1978\\.{{Citation \\| last \\=Wells \\| first \\=Alan \\| publication\\-date \\=1997 \\| title \\=World Broadcasting: a comparative view \\| publisher \\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\| page \\=173 \\| isbn \\=1\\-56750\\-245\\-8 \\|url\\=http://www.abc\\-clio.com/product.aspx?isbn\\=9781567502459 }}.",
"The [United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone](/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Office_in_Sierra_Leone \"United Nations Integrated Office in Sierra Leone\") (UNIOSIL) ran one of the most popular stations in the country, broadcasting programs in a range of languages. The UN mission was restructured in 2008 and it was decided that [UN Radio](/wiki/UN_Radio \"UN Radio\") would merge with SLBS to form the new [Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation\") (SLBC). This merger took place in April 2010 after the necessary legislation was enacted. SLBC transmits radio on [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting \"FM broadcasting\") and has two television services, one of which is uplinked by satellite for international consumption. The SLBC is operated by an Independent Media Commission (IMC), under the supervision of the Sierra Leone Ministry of Information and Communications.[\"About Us\"](http://www.slbc.sl/about-us/), Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 February 2014\\.[\"At Long Last, Recruitment Begins at Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation\"](http://www.icfj.org/node/37444), Stephen Douglas, International Center for Journalists, 18 April 2011\\. Retrieved 4 February 2014\\.",
"FM relays of the [BBC World Service](/wiki/BBC_World_Service \"BBC World Service\"), [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale \"Radio France Internationale\") and [Voice of America](/wiki/Voice_of_America \"Voice of America\") are also broadcast.[\"Sierra Leone profile\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094381), *BBC News*, 23 March 2012\\. Retrieved 4 February 2014\\.",
"The [All People’s Congress](/wiki/All_People%E2%80%99s_Congress \"All People’s Congress\") (APC) and opposition [Sierra Leone People’s Party](/wiki/Sierra_Leone_People%E2%80%99s_Party \"Sierra Leone People’s Party\") (SLPP) radio stations that were shut down in the wake of the 2009 riots remain closed.",
"Challenges facing broadcasters include unreliable power supplies, poor funding and low advertising revenues. Media rights monitors say high\\-level corruption is a taboo topic, with officials using [libel](/wiki/Libel \"Libel\") laws to target errant journalists.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1980\= 890
\|1990\= 1040
\|2000\= 1119
\|2010\= 1628
\|2020\= 1682
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-11\-13}} of 2010, there were 1,628 people, 582 households, and 441 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|37\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 635 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|14\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.7% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.1% of the population.
There were 582 households, of which 36\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6\.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24\.2% were non\-families. 17\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.76 and the average family size was 3\.05\.
The median age in the city was 39\.1 years. 25\.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26\.1% were from 25 to 44; 30\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 10\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52\.6% male and 47\.4% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 1,119 people, 389 households, and 301 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|26\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 417 housing units at an average density of 9\.7 per square mile (3\.7/km{{sup\|2}}). The racial makeup of the city was 98\.30% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.09% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.80% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.45% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.36% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.45% of the population.
There were 389 households, out of which 37\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22\.4% were non\-families. 15\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.88 and the average family size was 3\.24\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 30\.5% under the age of 18, 7\.0% from 18 to 24, 28\.4% from 25 to 44, 24\.2% from 45 to 64, and 9\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 109\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109\.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $48,482\. Males had a median income of $33,523 versus $20,391 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,281\. About 6\.8% of families and 11\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 13\.2% of those under age 18 and 12\.9% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1980\\= 890\n\\|1990\\= 1040\n\\|2000\\= 1119\n\\|2010\\= 1628\n\\|2020\\= 1682\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-13}} of 2010, there were 1,628 people, 582 households, and 441 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|37\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 635 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|14\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.7% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.1% of the population.",
"There were 582 households, of which 36\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6\\.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24\\.2% were non\\-families. 17\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.76 and the average family size was 3\\.05\\.",
"The median age in the city was 39\\.1 years. 25\\.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 30\\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 10\\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52\\.6% male and 47\\.4% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 1,119 people, 389 households, and 301 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|26\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 417 housing units at an average density of 9\\.7 per square mile (3\\.7/km{{sup\\|2}}). The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.30% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.09% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.80% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.45% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.36% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.45% of the population.",
"There were 389 households, out of which 37\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22\\.4% were non\\-families. 15\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.88 and the average family size was 3\\.24\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 30\\.5% under the age of 18, 7\\.0% from 18 to 24, 28\\.4% from 25 to 44, 24\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 9\\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 109\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109\\.1 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $48,482\\. Males had a median income of $33,523 versus $20,391 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,281\\. About 6\\.8% of families and 11\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 13\\.2% of those under age 18 and 12\\.9% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Public service for Parliament, City of London and pro\-bono activity
Histed serves as Past Master[Worshipful Company of Information Technologists – list of Court members](http://www.wcit.org.uk/staticc/court.html/) and is a [liveryman](/wiki/Liveryman "Liveryman") of the [Worshipful Company of Information Technologists](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Information_Technologists "Worshipful Company of Information Technologists"), the 100th livery company of the City of London which received a [royal charter](/wiki/Royal_charter "Royal charter") in June 2010; he was Master of the [Worshipful Company of Information Technologists](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Information_Technologists "Worshipful Company of Information Technologists") for the year 2016 – 2017\.{{cite book\|url\=https://www.amazon.com/Celebration\-Granting\-Charter\-Information\-Technologists\-ebook/dp/B01N115HY7\| first \= Christopher \| last \= Histed\| title \= A Celebration of the Granting of the Royal Charter to The Information Technologists' Company\| publisher \= \[\[Worshipful Company of Information Technologists]]\| year \= 2010\| isbn \= 978\-0\-9566011\-0\-0}} He is a Freeman of the [City of London](/wiki/City_of_London "City of London"), and a Liveryman of the [Worshipful Company of Pewterers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Pewterers "Worshipful Company of Pewterers").
In addition to his business activities, he has been a member of the [Parliamentary IT Committee](/wiki/Pitcom "Pitcom") (PITCOM).["PITCOM at 25, A short history of the Parliamentary Information Technology Committee"](http://www.pitcom.org.uk/pitcom25web.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728182818/http://www.pitcom.org.uk/pitcom25web.pdf \|date\=28 July 2011 }}, *[Parliamentary Information Technology Committee](/wiki/Parliamentary_Information_Technology_Committee "Parliamentary Information Technology Committee")*, Page 22, London, 2006\. His pro bono activities include providing guidance, consultancy and online services to charities and voluntary sector bodies. His pro\-bono work has included projects for [World Autism Awareness Day](/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day "World Autism Awareness Day"), the [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals "Royal Corps of Signals"), [Autistica](/wiki/Autistica "Autistica"), UK disability charity [Radar](/wiki/Royal_Association_for_Disability_Rights "Royal Association for Disability Rights")[Doing seniority differently – A study of high fliers living with ill\-health, injury or disability – Exec summary](http://www.radar.org.uk/doingsenioritydifferently/dsdexecsum.pdf/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108045107/http://www.radar.org.uk/doingsenioritydifferently/dsdexecsum.pdf \|date\=8 January 2011 }}, Page 5, RADAR, 2009,[Doing seniority differently – A study of high fliers living with ill\-health, injury or disability – Full report](http://www.radar.org.uk/dsdfullrpt.pdf/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108070552/http://www.radar.org.uk/dsdfullrpt.pdf \|date\=8 January 2011 }}, Page 8, RADAR, 2009 [Citizens Advice](/wiki/Citizens_Advice "Citizens Advice"), the Parliamentary All Party Group on Autism, e\-Skills UK, IT 4 Communities,["The New Web System"](http://www.it4communities.org.uk/it4c/newsletterarchives/newsletter23/website.html), *IT 4 Communities Volunteer Newsletter, issue 23*, London, 2006\. [National Autistic Society](/wiki/National_Autistic_Society "National Autistic Society") \& others.
Chris has been a Governor at [Lilian Baylis Technology School](/wiki/Lilian_Baylis_Technology_School "Lilian Baylis Technology School")["Lilian Baylis Technology School visits the ITC Hall"](http://www.wcit.org.uk/user_assets/383.pdf), *WCIT Monitor Magazine*, Page 5, January 2009\. in Lambeth, Trustee at The Vision Charity, has served in the [Territorial Army](/wiki/Territorial_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Territorial Army (United Kingdom)"), and served as a board director at the Association of Business Communicators.
### Business career
Histed is the co\-founder of *Publitas Consulting*, which provides strategic advice and guidance to board and head\-of\-service level at local authorities, NHS, universities and central government.
The first decade of his career was spent running traditional media portfolios starting in 1986 at *Centaur Media plc*, followed by seven years at [Emap](/wiki/Emap "Emap") Business CommunicationsHisted, C.S. ["Desktop video post\-production: the reality of its use in the UK. An analysis of the expansion in use of desktop video post\-production in the UK, across the broadcast and corporate video sectors "](https://archive.today/20120708223905/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesearchresult.jsp?newsearch=true&queryText=histed&x=0&y=0&filter=), *International Broadcasting Convention, 1995\. IBC 95\.*, Page(s): 208 – 212, Publication Year: 1995 .. ["Teesside VR centre forges business links"](http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=102087§ioncode=26), *TES timeshighereducation.co.uk*, 14 February 1997\. where he became a publishing director.
Internet ventures and interactive television were the theme for the second decade of Histed's career, and in 1997 he moved to become head of Aspen Interactive (part of Aspen Group plc) and was responsible for major interactive projects including e\-ticketing for [GNER](/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway "Great North Eastern Railway").
Then, Histed became general manager of *Sky Interactive Production* at [British Sky Broadcasting](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting "British Sky Broadcasting"), with P/L responsibility for Sky's web businesses, directing the teams which developed *SkySports Active* and *SkyNews Active*, the world's first interactive TV services.
Following a period as vice president at [FT.com](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")BEN ROSIER ["FT.com appoints former BSkyB general manager Christopher Histed as vice president"](http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/68434/MEDIA-Briefs/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *mediaweek.co.uk*, London, 18 May 2000\.. ["FT.com appoints Histed"](http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/68434/MEDIA-Briefs/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *Campaign Magazine campaignlive.co.uk*, 18 May 2000\. he was appointed director of strategy and UK general manager at *Silicon Media Group (Silicon.com)*. ["Silicon.com appoints former FT.com vice president Christopher Histed as UK country general manager"](https://archive.today/20120919055132/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2004-e-government-awards-launched-$28407.htm), *New Media Age – nma.co.uk*, London, 5 July 2001\.. ["Silicon.com hires UK country general manager"](http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/133402/BULLETS-Siliconcom-hires-UK-country-general-manager/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *[Marketing Magazine](/wiki/Marketing_Magazine "Marketing Magazine")*, 27 June 2001\.. ["Silicon confirms a raft of top changes"](http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/rss/508608/Silicon-confirms-raft-top-changes/), *Media Week*, London, 4 April 2002\.["Online Information Sources Replace Traditional Media "](http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1387), *[Ipsos MORI](/wiki/Ipsos_MORI "Ipsos MORI")*, London, 24 September 2001\. which was sold to NASDAQ\-listed [CNET Networks](/wiki/CNET_Networks "CNET Networks") (now part of CBS) in 2002\. Next, as chief operating officer, he assisted the sale of *Parliamentary Communications Ltd* to Huveaux plc.
In 2003 he founded *Public Technology Ltd*["Cabinet Office e\-Bulletin"](http://www.bipsolutions.com/docstore/pdf/12123.pdf), Page 6, *[Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office")*, London, November 2005\.["Public sectors contracts available on free website "](http://www.ktpknowledge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=529&Itemid=2){{Dead link\|date\=November 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, *[Knowledge Transfer Partnerships](/wiki/Knowledge_Transfer_Partnerships "Knowledge Transfer Partnerships")*.[About Public technology Limited \& the Public Technology Information network](http://www.publictechnology.net/content/14/) and as CEO launched the *Public Technology online information network* (ten separate content driven online information sites including *PublicTechnology.net*).["Better Connected 2008"](http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/Download/9963), *SOCITM Insight*, Page 19, 2008\.["What others are predicting for council websites in 10 years' time "](http://m.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=9148) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725022104/http://m.publicservice.co.uk/feature\_story.asp?id\=9148 \|date\=25 July 2011 }}, *publicservice.co.uk*, Monday, 3 March 2008 .
In 2004 he founded and then ran the *e\-Government National Awards*,["2004 e\-Government awards launched"](https://archive.today/20120919055132/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2004-e-government-awards-launched-$28407.htm), *Politics.co.uk*, London, Wednesday, 22, Sep 2004 01:04\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.e\-governmentawards.co.uk/judges/ \|title\=Judges for the e\-Government National Awards 2010 \|access\-date\=28 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201144333/http://www.e\-governmentawards.co.uk/judges \|archive\-date\=1 February 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} the UK's public sector annual technology competition. This has been supported since inception by [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office") ministers, the UK's government CIO, and has had prime ministerial input from [Number 10 Downing Street](/wiki/10_Downing_Street "10 Downing Street") and support from [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron"),[Prime Minister David Cameron at the e\-Government National Awards 2010](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIUKxaf1PdM/) [Gordon Brown](/wiki/Gordon_Brown "Gordon Brown")[Prime Minister Gordon Brown at the e\-Government National Awards 2009](https://www.flickr.com/photos/christopherhisted/4295032111/in/set-72157623137524967/) \& [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair").[Prime Minister Tony Blair at the e\-Government National Awards 2005](https://www.flickr.com/photos/christopherhisted/4295951948/in/set-72157623137886823/)
In 2009 he sold Public Technology Ltd to Sift Media Ltd,.["Sift Media buys PublicTechnology.net"](http://www.netimperative.com/news/2009/october/news-round-up-8th-october-2009) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055217/http://www.netimperative.com/news/2009/october/news\-round\-up\-8th\-october\-2009 \|date\=19 July 2011 }}, *netimperative.com*, 8 October 2009\.[Press release: Sift Media acquires public sector publisher PublicTechnology.net](http://www.siftmedia.co.uk/news/sift-media-acquires-public-sector-publisher-public-technologynet/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202304/http://www.siftmedia.co.uk/news/sift\-media\-acquires\-public\-sector\-publisher\-public\-technologynet \|date\=21 July 2011 }}, Sift Media, Tue, 3 November 2009[Sift\-Public Technology acquisition](http://www.ukaop.org.uk/news/siftmediaacquirespublictechnology1621.html/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703090136/http://www.ukaop.org.uk/news/siftmediaacquirespublictechnology1621\.html \|date\=3 July 2011 }} Association of Online Publishers, 2 October 2009
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Public service for Parliament, City of London and pro\\-bono activity",
"Histed serves as Past Master[Worshipful Company of Information Technologists – list of Court members](http://www.wcit.org.uk/staticc/court.html/) and is a [liveryman](/wiki/Liveryman \"Liveryman\") of the [Worshipful Company of Information Technologists](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Information_Technologists \"Worshipful Company of Information Technologists\"), the 100th livery company of the City of London which received a [royal charter](/wiki/Royal_charter \"Royal charter\") in June 2010; he was Master of the [Worshipful Company of Information Technologists](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Information_Technologists \"Worshipful Company of Information Technologists\") for the year 2016 – 2017\\.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/Celebration\\-Granting\\-Charter\\-Information\\-Technologists\\-ebook/dp/B01N115HY7\\| first \\= Christopher \\| last \\= Histed\\| title \\= A Celebration of the Granting of the Royal Charter to The Information Technologists' Company\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Worshipful Company of Information Technologists]]\\| year \\= 2010\\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-9566011\\-0\\-0}} He is a Freeman of the [City of London](/wiki/City_of_London \"City of London\"), and a Liveryman of the [Worshipful Company of Pewterers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Pewterers \"Worshipful Company of Pewterers\").",
"In addition to his business activities, he has been a member of the [Parliamentary IT Committee](/wiki/Pitcom \"Pitcom\") (PITCOM).[\"PITCOM at 25, A short history of the Parliamentary Information Technology Committee\"](http://www.pitcom.org.uk/pitcom25web.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728182818/http://www.pitcom.org.uk/pitcom25web.pdf \\|date\\=28 July 2011 }}, *[Parliamentary Information Technology Committee](/wiki/Parliamentary_Information_Technology_Committee \"Parliamentary Information Technology Committee\")*, Page 22, London, 2006\\. His pro bono activities include providing guidance, consultancy and online services to charities and voluntary sector bodies. His pro\\-bono work has included projects for [World Autism Awareness Day](/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day \"World Autism Awareness Day\"), the [Royal Corps of Signals](/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals \"Royal Corps of Signals\"), [Autistica](/wiki/Autistica \"Autistica\"), UK disability charity [Radar](/wiki/Royal_Association_for_Disability_Rights \"Royal Association for Disability Rights\")[Doing seniority differently – A study of high fliers living with ill\\-health, injury or disability – Exec summary](http://www.radar.org.uk/doingsenioritydifferently/dsdexecsum.pdf/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108045107/http://www.radar.org.uk/doingsenioritydifferently/dsdexecsum.pdf \\|date\\=8 January 2011 }}, Page 5, RADAR, 2009,[Doing seniority differently – A study of high fliers living with ill\\-health, injury or disability – Full report](http://www.radar.org.uk/dsdfullrpt.pdf/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108070552/http://www.radar.org.uk/dsdfullrpt.pdf \\|date\\=8 January 2011 }}, Page 8, RADAR, 2009 [Citizens Advice](/wiki/Citizens_Advice \"Citizens Advice\"), the Parliamentary All Party Group on Autism, e\\-Skills UK, IT 4 Communities,[\"The New Web System\"](http://www.it4communities.org.uk/it4c/newsletterarchives/newsletter23/website.html), *IT 4 Communities Volunteer Newsletter, issue 23*, London, 2006\\. [National Autistic Society](/wiki/National_Autistic_Society \"National Autistic Society\") \\& others.",
"Chris has been a Governor at [Lilian Baylis Technology School](/wiki/Lilian_Baylis_Technology_School \"Lilian Baylis Technology School\")[\"Lilian Baylis Technology School visits the ITC Hall\"](http://www.wcit.org.uk/user_assets/383.pdf), *WCIT Monitor Magazine*, Page 5, January 2009\\. in Lambeth, Trustee at The Vision Charity, has served in the [Territorial Army](/wiki/Territorial_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Territorial Army (United Kingdom)\"), and served as a board director at the Association of Business Communicators.",
"### Business career",
"Histed is the co\\-founder of *Publitas Consulting*, which provides strategic advice and guidance to board and head\\-of\\-service level at local authorities, NHS, universities and central government.",
"The first decade of his career was spent running traditional media portfolios starting in 1986 at *Centaur Media plc*, followed by seven years at [Emap](/wiki/Emap \"Emap\") Business CommunicationsHisted, C.S. [\"Desktop video post\\-production: the reality of its use in the UK. An analysis of the expansion in use of desktop video post\\-production in the UK, across the broadcast and corporate video sectors \"](https://archive.today/20120708223905/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesearchresult.jsp?newsearch=true&queryText=histed&x=0&y=0&filter=), *International Broadcasting Convention, 1995\\. IBC 95\\.*, Page(s): 208 – 212, Publication Year: 1995 .. [\"Teesside VR centre forges business links\"](http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=102087§ioncode=26), *TES timeshighereducation.co.uk*, 14 February 1997\\. where he became a publishing director.",
"Internet ventures and interactive television were the theme for the second decade of Histed's career, and in 1997 he moved to become head of Aspen Interactive (part of Aspen Group plc) and was responsible for major interactive projects including e\\-ticketing for [GNER](/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway \"Great North Eastern Railway\").",
"Then, Histed became general manager of *Sky Interactive Production* at [British Sky Broadcasting](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting \"British Sky Broadcasting\"), with P/L responsibility for Sky's web businesses, directing the teams which developed *SkySports Active* and *SkyNews Active*, the world's first interactive TV services.",
"Following a period as vice president at [FT.com](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")BEN ROSIER [\"FT.com appoints former BSkyB general manager Christopher Histed as vice president\"](http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/68434/MEDIA-Briefs/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *mediaweek.co.uk*, London, 18 May 2000\\.. [\"FT.com appoints Histed\"](http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/68434/MEDIA-Briefs/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *Campaign Magazine campaignlive.co.uk*, 18 May 2000\\. he was appointed director of strategy and UK general manager at *Silicon Media Group (Silicon.com)*. [\"Silicon.com appoints former FT.com vice president Christopher Histed as UK country general manager\"](https://archive.today/20120919055132/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2004-e-government-awards-launched-$28407.htm), *New Media Age – nma.co.uk*, London, 5 July 2001\\.. [\"Silicon.com hires UK country general manager\"](http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/133402/BULLETS-Siliconcom-hires-UK-country-general-manager/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *[Marketing Magazine](/wiki/Marketing_Magazine \"Marketing Magazine\")*, 27 June 2001\\.. [\"Silicon confirms a raft of top changes\"](http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/rss/508608/Silicon-confirms-raft-top-changes/), *Media Week*, London, 4 April 2002\\.[\"Online Information Sources Replace Traditional Media \"](http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1387), *[Ipsos MORI](/wiki/Ipsos_MORI \"Ipsos MORI\")*, London, 24 September 2001\\. which was sold to NASDAQ\\-listed [CNET Networks](/wiki/CNET_Networks \"CNET Networks\") (now part of CBS) in 2002\\. Next, as chief operating officer, he assisted the sale of *Parliamentary Communications Ltd* to Huveaux plc.",
"In 2003 he founded *Public Technology Ltd*[\"Cabinet Office e\\-Bulletin\"](http://www.bipsolutions.com/docstore/pdf/12123.pdf), Page 6, *[Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\")*, London, November 2005\\.[\"Public sectors contracts available on free website \"](http://www.ktpknowledge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=529&Itemid=2){{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, *[Knowledge Transfer Partnerships](/wiki/Knowledge_Transfer_Partnerships \"Knowledge Transfer Partnerships\")*.[About Public technology Limited \\& the Public Technology Information network](http://www.publictechnology.net/content/14/) and as CEO launched the *Public Technology online information network* (ten separate content driven online information sites including *PublicTechnology.net*).[\"Better Connected 2008\"](http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/Download/9963), *SOCITM Insight*, Page 19, 2008\\.[\"What others are predicting for council websites in 10 years' time \"](http://m.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=9148) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725022104/http://m.publicservice.co.uk/feature\\_story.asp?id\\=9148 \\|date\\=25 July 2011 }}, *publicservice.co.uk*, Monday, 3 March 2008 .",
"In 2004 he founded and then ran the *e\\-Government National Awards*,[\"2004 e\\-Government awards launched\"](https://archive.today/20120919055132/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2004-e-government-awards-launched-$28407.htm), *Politics.co.uk*, London, Wednesday, 22, Sep 2004 01:04\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.e\\-governmentawards.co.uk/judges/ \\|title\\=Judges for the e\\-Government National Awards 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201144333/http://www.e\\-governmentawards.co.uk/judges \\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} the UK's public sector annual technology competition. This has been supported since inception by [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\") ministers, the UK's government CIO, and has had prime ministerial input from [Number 10 Downing Street](/wiki/10_Downing_Street \"10 Downing Street\") and support from [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\"),[Prime Minister David Cameron at the e\\-Government National Awards 2010](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIUKxaf1PdM/) [Gordon Brown](/wiki/Gordon_Brown \"Gordon Brown\")[Prime Minister Gordon Brown at the e\\-Government National Awards 2009](https://www.flickr.com/photos/christopherhisted/4295032111/in/set-72157623137524967/) \\& [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\").[Prime Minister Tony Blair at the e\\-Government National Awards 2005](https://www.flickr.com/photos/christopherhisted/4295951948/in/set-72157623137886823/)",
"In 2009 he sold Public Technology Ltd to Sift Media Ltd,.[\"Sift Media buys PublicTechnology.net\"](http://www.netimperative.com/news/2009/october/news-round-up-8th-october-2009) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055217/http://www.netimperative.com/news/2009/october/news\\-round\\-up\\-8th\\-october\\-2009 \\|date\\=19 July 2011 }}, *netimperative.com*, 8 October 2009\\.[Press release: Sift Media acquires public sector publisher PublicTechnology.net](http://www.siftmedia.co.uk/news/sift-media-acquires-public-sector-publisher-public-technologynet/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202304/http://www.siftmedia.co.uk/news/sift\\-media\\-acquires\\-public\\-sector\\-publisher\\-public\\-technologynet \\|date\\=21 July 2011 }}, Sift Media, Tue, 3 November 2009[Sift\\-Public Technology acquisition](http://www.ukaop.org.uk/news/siftmediaacquirespublictechnology1621.html/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703090136/http://www.ukaop.org.uk/news/siftmediaacquirespublictechnology1621\\.html \\|date\\=3 July 2011 }} Association of Online Publishers, 2 October 2009",
""
] |
### Business career
Histed is the co\-founder of *Publitas Consulting*, which provides strategic advice and guidance to board and head\-of\-service level at local authorities, NHS, universities and central government.
The first decade of his career was spent running traditional media portfolios starting in 1986 at *Centaur Media plc*, followed by seven years at [Emap](/wiki/Emap "Emap") Business CommunicationsHisted, C.S. ["Desktop video post\-production: the reality of its use in the UK. An analysis of the expansion in use of desktop video post\-production in the UK, across the broadcast and corporate video sectors "](https://archive.today/20120708223905/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesearchresult.jsp?newsearch=true&queryText=histed&x=0&y=0&filter=), *International Broadcasting Convention, 1995\. IBC 95\.*, Page(s): 208 – 212, Publication Year: 1995 .. ["Teesside VR centre forges business links"](http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=102087§ioncode=26), *TES timeshighereducation.co.uk*, 14 February 1997\. where he became a publishing director.
Internet ventures and interactive television were the theme for the second decade of Histed's career, and in 1997 he moved to become head of Aspen Interactive (part of Aspen Group plc) and was responsible for major interactive projects including e\-ticketing for [GNER](/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway "Great North Eastern Railway").
Then, Histed became general manager of *Sky Interactive Production* at [British Sky Broadcasting](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting "British Sky Broadcasting"), with P/L responsibility for Sky's web businesses, directing the teams which developed *SkySports Active* and *SkyNews Active*, the world's first interactive TV services.
Following a period as vice president at [FT.com](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")BEN ROSIER ["FT.com appoints former BSkyB general manager Christopher Histed as vice president"](http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/68434/MEDIA-Briefs/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *mediaweek.co.uk*, London, 18 May 2000\.. ["FT.com appoints Histed"](http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/68434/MEDIA-Briefs/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *Campaign Magazine campaignlive.co.uk*, 18 May 2000\. he was appointed director of strategy and UK general manager at *Silicon Media Group (Silicon.com)*. ["Silicon.com appoints former FT.com vice president Christopher Histed as UK country general manager"](https://archive.today/20120919055132/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2004-e-government-awards-launched-$28407.htm), *New Media Age – nma.co.uk*, London, 5 July 2001\.. ["Silicon.com hires UK country general manager"](http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/133402/BULLETS-Siliconcom-hires-UK-country-general-manager/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *[Marketing Magazine](/wiki/Marketing_Magazine "Marketing Magazine")*, 27 June 2001\.. ["Silicon confirms a raft of top changes"](http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/rss/508608/Silicon-confirms-raft-top-changes/), *Media Week*, London, 4 April 2002\.["Online Information Sources Replace Traditional Media "](http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1387), *[Ipsos MORI](/wiki/Ipsos_MORI "Ipsos MORI")*, London, 24 September 2001\. which was sold to NASDAQ\-listed [CNET Networks](/wiki/CNET_Networks "CNET Networks") (now part of CBS) in 2002\. Next, as chief operating officer, he assisted the sale of *Parliamentary Communications Ltd* to Huveaux plc.
In 2003 he founded *Public Technology Ltd*["Cabinet Office e\-Bulletin"](http://www.bipsolutions.com/docstore/pdf/12123.pdf), Page 6, *[Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office")*, London, November 2005\.["Public sectors contracts available on free website "](http://www.ktpknowledge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=529&Itemid=2){{Dead link\|date\=November 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, *[Knowledge Transfer Partnerships](/wiki/Knowledge_Transfer_Partnerships "Knowledge Transfer Partnerships")*.[About Public technology Limited \& the Public Technology Information network](http://www.publictechnology.net/content/14/) and as CEO launched the *Public Technology online information network* (ten separate content driven online information sites including *PublicTechnology.net*).["Better Connected 2008"](http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/Download/9963), *SOCITM Insight*, Page 19, 2008\.["What others are predicting for council websites in 10 years' time "](http://m.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=9148) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725022104/http://m.publicservice.co.uk/feature\_story.asp?id\=9148 \|date\=25 July 2011 }}, *publicservice.co.uk*, Monday, 3 March 2008 .
In 2004 he founded and then ran the *e\-Government National Awards*,["2004 e\-Government awards launched"](https://archive.today/20120919055132/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2004-e-government-awards-launched-$28407.htm), *Politics.co.uk*, London, Wednesday, 22, Sep 2004 01:04\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.e\-governmentawards.co.uk/judges/ \|title\=Judges for the e\-Government National Awards 2010 \|access\-date\=28 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201144333/http://www.e\-governmentawards.co.uk/judges \|archive\-date\=1 February 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} the UK's public sector annual technology competition. This has been supported since inception by [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office") ministers, the UK's government CIO, and has had prime ministerial input from [Number 10 Downing Street](/wiki/10_Downing_Street "10 Downing Street") and support from [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron"),[Prime Minister David Cameron at the e\-Government National Awards 2010](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIUKxaf1PdM/) [Gordon Brown](/wiki/Gordon_Brown "Gordon Brown")[Prime Minister Gordon Brown at the e\-Government National Awards 2009](https://www.flickr.com/photos/christopherhisted/4295032111/in/set-72157623137524967/) \& [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair").[Prime Minister Tony Blair at the e\-Government National Awards 2005](https://www.flickr.com/photos/christopherhisted/4295951948/in/set-72157623137886823/)
In 2009 he sold Public Technology Ltd to Sift Media Ltd,.["Sift Media buys PublicTechnology.net"](http://www.netimperative.com/news/2009/october/news-round-up-8th-october-2009) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055217/http://www.netimperative.com/news/2009/october/news\-round\-up\-8th\-october\-2009 \|date\=19 July 2011 }}, *netimperative.com*, 8 October 2009\.[Press release: Sift Media acquires public sector publisher PublicTechnology.net](http://www.siftmedia.co.uk/news/sift-media-acquires-public-sector-publisher-public-technologynet/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202304/http://www.siftmedia.co.uk/news/sift\-media\-acquires\-public\-sector\-publisher\-public\-technologynet \|date\=21 July 2011 }}, Sift Media, Tue, 3 November 2009[Sift\-Public Technology acquisition](http://www.ukaop.org.uk/news/siftmediaacquirespublictechnology1621.html/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703090136/http://www.ukaop.org.uk/news/siftmediaacquirespublictechnology1621\.html \|date\=3 July 2011 }} Association of Online Publishers, 2 October 2009
|
[
"### Business career",
"Histed is the co\\-founder of *Publitas Consulting*, which provides strategic advice and guidance to board and head\\-of\\-service level at local authorities, NHS, universities and central government.",
"The first decade of his career was spent running traditional media portfolios starting in 1986 at *Centaur Media plc*, followed by seven years at [Emap](/wiki/Emap \"Emap\") Business CommunicationsHisted, C.S. [\"Desktop video post\\-production: the reality of its use in the UK. An analysis of the expansion in use of desktop video post\\-production in the UK, across the broadcast and corporate video sectors \"](https://archive.today/20120708223905/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesearchresult.jsp?newsearch=true&queryText=histed&x=0&y=0&filter=), *International Broadcasting Convention, 1995\\. IBC 95\\.*, Page(s): 208 – 212, Publication Year: 1995 .. [\"Teesside VR centre forges business links\"](http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=102087§ioncode=26), *TES timeshighereducation.co.uk*, 14 February 1997\\. where he became a publishing director.",
"Internet ventures and interactive television were the theme for the second decade of Histed's career, and in 1997 he moved to become head of Aspen Interactive (part of Aspen Group plc) and was responsible for major interactive projects including e\\-ticketing for [GNER](/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway \"Great North Eastern Railway\").",
"Then, Histed became general manager of *Sky Interactive Production* at [British Sky Broadcasting](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting \"British Sky Broadcasting\"), with P/L responsibility for Sky's web businesses, directing the teams which developed *SkySports Active* and *SkyNews Active*, the world's first interactive TV services.",
"Following a period as vice president at [FT.com](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")BEN ROSIER [\"FT.com appoints former BSkyB general manager Christopher Histed as vice president\"](http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/68434/MEDIA-Briefs/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *mediaweek.co.uk*, London, 18 May 2000\\.. [\"FT.com appoints Histed\"](http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/68434/MEDIA-Briefs/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *Campaign Magazine campaignlive.co.uk*, 18 May 2000\\. he was appointed director of strategy and UK general manager at *Silicon Media Group (Silicon.com)*. [\"Silicon.com appoints former FT.com vice president Christopher Histed as UK country general manager\"](https://archive.today/20120919055132/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2004-e-government-awards-launched-$28407.htm), *New Media Age – nma.co.uk*, London, 5 July 2001\\.. [\"Silicon.com hires UK country general manager\"](http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/133402/BULLETS-Siliconcom-hires-UK-country-general-manager/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH), *[Marketing Magazine](/wiki/Marketing_Magazine \"Marketing Magazine\")*, 27 June 2001\\.. [\"Silicon confirms a raft of top changes\"](http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/rss/508608/Silicon-confirms-raft-top-changes/), *Media Week*, London, 4 April 2002\\.[\"Online Information Sources Replace Traditional Media \"](http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1387), *[Ipsos MORI](/wiki/Ipsos_MORI \"Ipsos MORI\")*, London, 24 September 2001\\. which was sold to NASDAQ\\-listed [CNET Networks](/wiki/CNET_Networks \"CNET Networks\") (now part of CBS) in 2002\\. Next, as chief operating officer, he assisted the sale of *Parliamentary Communications Ltd* to Huveaux plc.",
"In 2003 he founded *Public Technology Ltd*[\"Cabinet Office e\\-Bulletin\"](http://www.bipsolutions.com/docstore/pdf/12123.pdf), Page 6, *[Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\")*, London, November 2005\\.[\"Public sectors contracts available on free website \"](http://www.ktpknowledge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=529&Itemid=2){{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, *[Knowledge Transfer Partnerships](/wiki/Knowledge_Transfer_Partnerships \"Knowledge Transfer Partnerships\")*.[About Public technology Limited \\& the Public Technology Information network](http://www.publictechnology.net/content/14/) and as CEO launched the *Public Technology online information network* (ten separate content driven online information sites including *PublicTechnology.net*).[\"Better Connected 2008\"](http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/Download/9963), *SOCITM Insight*, Page 19, 2008\\.[\"What others are predicting for council websites in 10 years' time \"](http://m.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=9148) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725022104/http://m.publicservice.co.uk/feature\\_story.asp?id\\=9148 \\|date\\=25 July 2011 }}, *publicservice.co.uk*, Monday, 3 March 2008 .",
"In 2004 he founded and then ran the *e\\-Government National Awards*,[\"2004 e\\-Government awards launched\"](https://archive.today/20120919055132/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2004-e-government-awards-launched-$28407.htm), *Politics.co.uk*, London, Wednesday, 22, Sep 2004 01:04\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.e\\-governmentawards.co.uk/judges/ \\|title\\=Judges for the e\\-Government National Awards 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201144333/http://www.e\\-governmentawards.co.uk/judges \\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} the UK's public sector annual technology competition. This has been supported since inception by [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\") ministers, the UK's government CIO, and has had prime ministerial input from [Number 10 Downing Street](/wiki/10_Downing_Street \"10 Downing Street\") and support from [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\"),[Prime Minister David Cameron at the e\\-Government National Awards 2010](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIUKxaf1PdM/) [Gordon Brown](/wiki/Gordon_Brown \"Gordon Brown\")[Prime Minister Gordon Brown at the e\\-Government National Awards 2009](https://www.flickr.com/photos/christopherhisted/4295032111/in/set-72157623137524967/) \\& [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\").[Prime Minister Tony Blair at the e\\-Government National Awards 2005](https://www.flickr.com/photos/christopherhisted/4295951948/in/set-72157623137886823/)",
"In 2009 he sold Public Technology Ltd to Sift Media Ltd,.[\"Sift Media buys PublicTechnology.net\"](http://www.netimperative.com/news/2009/october/news-round-up-8th-october-2009) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055217/http://www.netimperative.com/news/2009/october/news\\-round\\-up\\-8th\\-october\\-2009 \\|date\\=19 July 2011 }}, *netimperative.com*, 8 October 2009\\.[Press release: Sift Media acquires public sector publisher PublicTechnology.net](http://www.siftmedia.co.uk/news/sift-media-acquires-public-sector-publisher-public-technologynet/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202304/http://www.siftmedia.co.uk/news/sift\\-media\\-acquires\\-public\\-sector\\-publisher\\-public\\-technologynet \\|date\\=21 July 2011 }}, Sift Media, Tue, 3 November 2009[Sift\\-Public Technology acquisition](http://www.ukaop.org.uk/news/siftmediaacquirespublictechnology1621.html/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703090136/http://www.ukaop.org.uk/news/siftmediaacquirespublictechnology1621\\.html \\|date\\=3 July 2011 }} Association of Online Publishers, 2 October 2009",
""
] |
Action
------
The action is set in [Selucia](/wiki/Ctesiphon "Ctesiphon") in the year 628\. The characters are:
* *Cosroe* ([Khosrow II](/wiki/Khosrow_II "Khosrow II")), King of Persia
* *Siroe* ([Kavad II](/wiki/Kavad_II "Kavad II")), his oldest son
* *Medarse*, his second son
* *Emira*, Princess of [Cambaia](/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat "Gulf of Khambhat"), lover of Siroe disguised in men's clothing as Idaspe
* *Laodice*, lover of Siroe, sister of Arasse
* *Arasse*, General and friend of Siroe
The plot concerns the Persian king Cosroe, who wants to appoint his second son Medarse as his successor instead of his first\-born son Siroe
and thus arouses popular anger. The background to these events is that Cosroe had previously defeated his opponent Asbite, king of Cambaia, and had his family murdered. Only Asbite's daughter Emira survived to plan her revenge. For this purpose, she has disguised herself as a man and found her way into Cosroe's court under the assumed name of Idaspe. Only her lover, Cosroe's son Siroe, knows her true identity.
The following plot summary is based on the second version of the setting by [Johann Adolph Hasse](/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse "Johann Adolph Hasse"), performed in Dresden in 1763\.
### Act 1
**A large temple dedicated to the Sun**
Cosroe has called his sons to the temple of the sun to appoint his successor. Before he announces his choice, he extracts an oath from both of them to recognize his decision and keep the peace. His younger son Medarse is convinced that the choice will fall on him and immediately obeys. Siroe, however, refuses and accuses his father of preferring Medarse. As expected, Medarse is appointed heir. Emira arrives, disguised as Idaspe. In order to speak to Siroe alone, she sends Medarse away. Then she advises Siroe to call the people for support. In addition, as the price of her love, she demands that he assist her in killing his father. Cosroe's mistress arrives \- Laodice, who is secretly in love with Siroe. After Emira/Idaspe leaves the temple, Laodice asks Siroe to finally confess his love. However, he points to her relationship with Cosroe and indicates that there is another obstacle that he cannot yet reveal. Finally, he confesses to being in love with another and advises her to forget him.
Laodice feels scorned and swears vengeance on Siroe. She decides to ask for help from her brother Arasse, a friend of Siroe's. Arasse tells her about the impending popular uprising over the choice of Medarse as heir. He asks Laodice to speak to Cosroe on Siroe's behalf. She refuses but Arasse is not willing to forfeit his friendship with Siroe.
**Cosroe's inner room**
Siroe wants to warn his father about Emira/Idaspe's revenge plan, but in order not to reveal his lover's identity, he writes an anonymous letter. As Cosroe arrives, he hides. Laodice also arrives and complains to Cosroe that Siroe has forced his attentions on her. Outraged, Cosroe sits down and finds Siroe's letter. Medarse also comes into the room. Cosroe reads the letter to him, warning of a traitor who is one of his best friends. Medarse now claims that he wrote the letter himself and that the traitor was none other than Siroe, who he says wanted his help to murder their father. Siroe leaves his hiding place and accuses Medarse of lying. Finally, Emira/Idaspe also comes in and learns about the content of the letter. Siroe continues to refuse to name the traitor and is now accused by Emira/Idaspe. Siroe complains that he cannot prove his innocence and leaves the room. Cosroe is unsure whether he can trust Idaspe. Medarse and Laodice express disappointment at Siroe's behavior. Unexpectedly, Emira/Idaspe now defends it. Laodice is confused about Emira's/Idaspe's behavior, but Medarse believes that his intrigues will soon lead to his achieving his goal.
### Act 2
**The royal zoo**
Laodice regrets her actions, apologizes to Siroe and promises to speak to Cosroe to retract her false accusations. Siroe rejects this because it would only arouse suspicion. He just wants her to stop loving him. She leaves.
Now Emira comes and accuses Siroe of infidelity and cowardice for not telling his father about her plan. She thinks that as children of enemies they should also be enemies. He should therefore have warned his father about her. Since she does not want to renounce her planned revenge, he pulls out his sword to kill himself. At that moment, Cosroe arrives and mistakenly thinks Siroe has drawn his sword against Idaspe. Siroe declares himself guilty of this and asks his father to end his life. When Emira/Idaspe points out that he has not yet disclosed the name of the conspirator, Siroe explains that it might even be Idaspe himself. However, Cosroe doesn't believe him and has him led away. With Cosroe now lost in thought about his son, Emira sees an opportunity to attack him and pulls out her own sword. However, she is interrupted by Medarse and talks herself out of the situation by laying her sword at Cosroe's feet. Cosroe feels honored and asks Emira/Idaspe to take the sword back and look for the traitor. She leaves.
Medarse reports to Cosroe that Siroe has already drawn the people to his side. The only solution now is to kill him. Since Cosroe rejects this, Medarse suggests that Siroe be appointed king in his place. Cosroe no longer doubts Siroe's guilt, but also cannot bring himself to punish him.
**A room near the zoo**
Arasse urges Siroe to act but he refuses to do so. Arasse in any case swears allegiance to him and leaves. Cosroe and Emira/Idaspe come into the room. Cosroe wants to talk to Siroe alone. He has the room locked and sends Emira/Idaspe away, who nevertheless eavesdrops on their conversation. Cosroe tries everything possible to get Siroe to talk. He is ready to forgive him for wanting to seduce Laodice, seeking Idaspe's death and planning an uprising if only he will divulge the name of the traitor. Only when he declares that he also wants to forgive the traitor too does Siroe begin to speak but he is interrupted by Emira/Idaspe. Cosroe now offers Siroe to marry him to Laodice, but Siroe declares his revulsion for her. Now Cosroe thinks Siroe wants his death and asks him to kill him – but Siroe does not wish to do that either. Cosroe now has Laodice brought and gives Siroe an ultimatum: if he tells Idaspe the traitor's name, he will be named heir and have Laodice. Otherwise, a dungeon awaits him. After Cosroe leaves, Emira/Idaspe mocks Siroe's planned union with Laodice. Siroe replies that Idaspe should decide for him and leaves.
Emira/Idaspe then declares to Laodice that she/he is in love with her. Laodice asks Idaspe to change Siroe's mind as a sign of love. Emira/Idaspe refuses, and Laodice angrily leaves the room. Emira vacillates between her desire for revenge and her love for Siroe.
### Act 3
**Palace courtyard**
Cosroe orders Arasse to kill Siroe. Arasse tries to change his mind, not believing that this will pacify the people. However, Cosroe is determined and Arasse finally agrees to carry out the order. Laodice tells Cosroe that the people are asking for Siroe. Cosroe tells her about the order to kill him. Laodice now admits that she wrongly accused Siroe of attempting to rape her because he did not return her love. She asks him to keep Siroe alive, but Cosroe will not change his mind.
Emira/Idaspe also begs Cosroe for mercy for Siroe and reminds him that Siroe was always an exemplary son. Her appeal succeeds and Cosroe gives her his seal as a sign of authority to stop the killing. Arasse returns and announces that Siroe is already dead. Emira/Idaspe reproaches Cosroe and now reveals himself as Emira, surrendering her sword to Arasse. As she is led away, Cosroe remains inconsolable.
**Locked prison cell in the fortress**
Emira asks Arasse to kill her, but he confesses to her that he has only faked the death of Siroe, who is still alive. He asks Emira to hide for a while until he has called the people together, when Siroe will be hers. He then leaves.
Medarse enters the dungeon and finds Emira there. Because he does not yet know her true identity, she shows him the royal seal as proof of the king's trust in her. When Medarse explains that he wants to kill Siroe, Emira/Idaspe tells him that he is already dead. In order to be certain however, Medarse wants to see the body. Emira decides to trick him and offers to help. Siroe then appears. Medarse draws the sword, but is filled with remorse and hands the weapon to Emira/Idaspe to kill Siroe. She however hands it to Siroe and reveals to Medarse her identity as Emira. Arasse arrives with his guards and reports that the people have chosen Siroe as king. He leaves and Emira follows him. With no supporters left, Medarse finally gives up. Siroe, however, generously forgives his brother and returns his weapon. Medarse, left alone, reflects on the value of virtue.
**Large square in Seleukia**
The royal guard has been defeated in a final battle against the rebels. Cosroe, Emira and Siroe enter one after the other, followed by Arasse and the people. Cosroe is still defending himself against some of the conspirators. Emira tries to take her revenge on him, but Siroe stops her. Cosroe is happy to see his son alive again. Medarse and Laodice ask Cosroe to punish them for their offenses. Siroe explains that he is not angry with anyone and also asks Emira to forget her hatred. Only on these terms can he accept her as a lover. Emira eventually gives up her revenge and Cosroe gives her to Siroe in marriage, declaring him king. The opera ends with a chorus.
|
[
"Action\n------",
"The action is set in [Selucia](/wiki/Ctesiphon \"Ctesiphon\") in the year 628\\. The characters are:",
"* *Cosroe* ([Khosrow II](/wiki/Khosrow_II \"Khosrow II\")), King of Persia\n* *Siroe* ([Kavad II](/wiki/Kavad_II \"Kavad II\")), his oldest son\n* *Medarse*, his second son\n* *Emira*, Princess of [Cambaia](/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat \"Gulf of Khambhat\"), lover of Siroe disguised in men's clothing as Idaspe\n* *Laodice*, lover of Siroe, sister of Arasse\n* *Arasse*, General and friend of Siroe",
"The plot concerns the Persian king Cosroe, who wants to appoint his second son Medarse as his successor instead of his first\\-born son Siroe \nand thus arouses popular anger. The background to these events is that Cosroe had previously defeated his opponent Asbite, king of Cambaia, and had his family murdered. Only Asbite's daughter Emira survived to plan her revenge. For this purpose, she has disguised herself as a man and found her way into Cosroe's court under the assumed name of Idaspe. Only her lover, Cosroe's son Siroe, knows her true identity.",
"The following plot summary is based on the second version of the setting by [Johann Adolph Hasse](/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse \"Johann Adolph Hasse\"), performed in Dresden in 1763\\.",
"### Act 1",
"**A large temple dedicated to the Sun**",
"Cosroe has called his sons to the temple of the sun to appoint his successor. Before he announces his choice, he extracts an oath from both of them to recognize his decision and keep the peace. His younger son Medarse is convinced that the choice will fall on him and immediately obeys. Siroe, however, refuses and accuses his father of preferring Medarse. As expected, Medarse is appointed heir. Emira arrives, disguised as Idaspe. In order to speak to Siroe alone, she sends Medarse away. Then she advises Siroe to call the people for support. In addition, as the price of her love, she demands that he assist her in killing his father. Cosroe's mistress arrives \\- Laodice, who is secretly in love with Siroe. After Emira/Idaspe leaves the temple, Laodice asks Siroe to finally confess his love. However, he points to her relationship with Cosroe and indicates that there is another obstacle that he cannot yet reveal. Finally, he confesses to being in love with another and advises her to forget him.",
"Laodice feels scorned and swears vengeance on Siroe. She decides to ask for help from her brother Arasse, a friend of Siroe's. Arasse tells her about the impending popular uprising over the choice of Medarse as heir. He asks Laodice to speak to Cosroe on Siroe's behalf. She refuses but Arasse is not willing to forfeit his friendship with Siroe.",
"**Cosroe's inner room**",
"Siroe wants to warn his father about Emira/Idaspe's revenge plan, but in order not to reveal his lover's identity, he writes an anonymous letter. As Cosroe arrives, he hides. Laodice also arrives and complains to Cosroe that Siroe has forced his attentions on her. Outraged, Cosroe sits down and finds Siroe's letter. Medarse also comes into the room. Cosroe reads the letter to him, warning of a traitor who is one of his best friends. Medarse now claims that he wrote the letter himself and that the traitor was none other than Siroe, who he says wanted his help to murder their father. Siroe leaves his hiding place and accuses Medarse of lying. Finally, Emira/Idaspe also comes in and learns about the content of the letter. Siroe continues to refuse to name the traitor and is now accused by Emira/Idaspe. Siroe complains that he cannot prove his innocence and leaves the room. Cosroe is unsure whether he can trust Idaspe. Medarse and Laodice express disappointment at Siroe's behavior. Unexpectedly, Emira/Idaspe now defends it. Laodice is confused about Emira's/Idaspe's behavior, but Medarse believes that his intrigues will soon lead to his achieving his goal.",
"### Act 2",
"**The royal zoo**",
"Laodice regrets her actions, apologizes to Siroe and promises to speak to Cosroe to retract her false accusations. Siroe rejects this because it would only arouse suspicion. He just wants her to stop loving him. She leaves.",
"Now Emira comes and accuses Siroe of infidelity and cowardice for not telling his father about her plan. She thinks that as children of enemies they should also be enemies. He should therefore have warned his father about her. Since she does not want to renounce her planned revenge, he pulls out his sword to kill himself. At that moment, Cosroe arrives and mistakenly thinks Siroe has drawn his sword against Idaspe. Siroe declares himself guilty of this and asks his father to end his life. When Emira/Idaspe points out that he has not yet disclosed the name of the conspirator, Siroe explains that it might even be Idaspe himself. However, Cosroe doesn't believe him and has him led away. With Cosroe now lost in thought about his son, Emira sees an opportunity to attack him and pulls out her own sword. However, she is interrupted by Medarse and talks herself out of the situation by laying her sword at Cosroe's feet. Cosroe feels honored and asks Emira/Idaspe to take the sword back and look for the traitor. She leaves.",
"Medarse reports to Cosroe that Siroe has already drawn the people to his side. The only solution now is to kill him. Since Cosroe rejects this, Medarse suggests that Siroe be appointed king in his place. Cosroe no longer doubts Siroe's guilt, but also cannot bring himself to punish him.",
"**A room near the zoo**",
"Arasse urges Siroe to act but he refuses to do so. Arasse in any case swears allegiance to him and leaves. Cosroe and Emira/Idaspe come into the room. Cosroe wants to talk to Siroe alone. He has the room locked and sends Emira/Idaspe away, who nevertheless eavesdrops on their conversation. Cosroe tries everything possible to get Siroe to talk. He is ready to forgive him for wanting to seduce Laodice, seeking Idaspe's death and planning an uprising if only he will divulge the name of the traitor. Only when he declares that he also wants to forgive the traitor too does Siroe begin to speak but he is interrupted by Emira/Idaspe. Cosroe now offers Siroe to marry him to Laodice, but Siroe declares his revulsion for her. Now Cosroe thinks Siroe wants his death and asks him to kill him – but Siroe does not wish to do that either. Cosroe now has Laodice brought and gives Siroe an ultimatum: if he tells Idaspe the traitor's name, he will be named heir and have Laodice. Otherwise, a dungeon awaits him. After Cosroe leaves, Emira/Idaspe mocks Siroe's planned union with Laodice. Siroe replies that Idaspe should decide for him and leaves.",
"Emira/Idaspe then declares to Laodice that she/he is in love with her. Laodice asks Idaspe to change Siroe's mind as a sign of love. Emira/Idaspe refuses, and Laodice angrily leaves the room. Emira vacillates between her desire for revenge and her love for Siroe.",
"### Act 3",
"**Palace courtyard**",
"Cosroe orders Arasse to kill Siroe. Arasse tries to change his mind, not believing that this will pacify the people. However, Cosroe is determined and Arasse finally agrees to carry out the order. Laodice tells Cosroe that the people are asking for Siroe. Cosroe tells her about the order to kill him. Laodice now admits that she wrongly accused Siroe of attempting to rape her because he did not return her love. She asks him to keep Siroe alive, but Cosroe will not change his mind.",
"Emira/Idaspe also begs Cosroe for mercy for Siroe and reminds him that Siroe was always an exemplary son. Her appeal succeeds and Cosroe gives her his seal as a sign of authority to stop the killing. Arasse returns and announces that Siroe is already dead. Emira/Idaspe reproaches Cosroe and now reveals himself as Emira, surrendering her sword to Arasse. As she is led away, Cosroe remains inconsolable.",
"**Locked prison cell in the fortress**",
"Emira asks Arasse to kill her, but he confesses to her that he has only faked the death of Siroe, who is still alive. He asks Emira to hide for a while until he has called the people together, when Siroe will be hers. He then leaves.",
"Medarse enters the dungeon and finds Emira there. Because he does not yet know her true identity, she shows him the royal seal as proof of the king's trust in her. When Medarse explains that he wants to kill Siroe, Emira/Idaspe tells him that he is already dead. In order to be certain however, Medarse wants to see the body. Emira decides to trick him and offers to help. Siroe then appears. Medarse draws the sword, but is filled with remorse and hands the weapon to Emira/Idaspe to kill Siroe. She however hands it to Siroe and reveals to Medarse her identity as Emira. Arasse arrives with his guards and reports that the people have chosen Siroe as king. He leaves and Emira follows him. With no supporters left, Medarse finally gives up. Siroe, however, generously forgives his brother and returns his weapon. Medarse, left alone, reflects on the value of virtue.",
"**Large square in Seleukia**",
"The royal guard has been defeated in a final battle against the rebels. Cosroe, Emira and Siroe enter one after the other, followed by Arasse and the people. Cosroe is still defending himself against some of the conspirators. Emira tries to take her revenge on him, but Siroe stops her. Cosroe is happy to see his son alive again. Medarse and Laodice ask Cosroe to punish them for their offenses. Siroe explains that he is not angry with anyone and also asks Emira to forget her hatred. Only on these terms can he accept her as a lover. Emira eventually gives up her revenge and Cosroe gives her to Siroe in marriage, declaring him king. The opera ends with a chorus.",
""
] |
### Act 2
**The royal zoo**
Laodice regrets her actions, apologizes to Siroe and promises to speak to Cosroe to retract her false accusations. Siroe rejects this because it would only arouse suspicion. He just wants her to stop loving him. She leaves.
Now Emira comes and accuses Siroe of infidelity and cowardice for not telling his father about her plan. She thinks that as children of enemies they should also be enemies. He should therefore have warned his father about her. Since she does not want to renounce her planned revenge, he pulls out his sword to kill himself. At that moment, Cosroe arrives and mistakenly thinks Siroe has drawn his sword against Idaspe. Siroe declares himself guilty of this and asks his father to end his life. When Emira/Idaspe points out that he has not yet disclosed the name of the conspirator, Siroe explains that it might even be Idaspe himself. However, Cosroe doesn't believe him and has him led away. With Cosroe now lost in thought about his son, Emira sees an opportunity to attack him and pulls out her own sword. However, she is interrupted by Medarse and talks herself out of the situation by laying her sword at Cosroe's feet. Cosroe feels honored and asks Emira/Idaspe to take the sword back and look for the traitor. She leaves.
Medarse reports to Cosroe that Siroe has already drawn the people to his side. The only solution now is to kill him. Since Cosroe rejects this, Medarse suggests that Siroe be appointed king in his place. Cosroe no longer doubts Siroe's guilt, but also cannot bring himself to punish him.
**A room near the zoo**
Arasse urges Siroe to act but he refuses to do so. Arasse in any case swears allegiance to him and leaves. Cosroe and Emira/Idaspe come into the room. Cosroe wants to talk to Siroe alone. He has the room locked and sends Emira/Idaspe away, who nevertheless eavesdrops on their conversation. Cosroe tries everything possible to get Siroe to talk. He is ready to forgive him for wanting to seduce Laodice, seeking Idaspe's death and planning an uprising if only he will divulge the name of the traitor. Only when he declares that he also wants to forgive the traitor too does Siroe begin to speak but he is interrupted by Emira/Idaspe. Cosroe now offers Siroe to marry him to Laodice, but Siroe declares his revulsion for her. Now Cosroe thinks Siroe wants his death and asks him to kill him – but Siroe does not wish to do that either. Cosroe now has Laodice brought and gives Siroe an ultimatum: if he tells Idaspe the traitor's name, he will be named heir and have Laodice. Otherwise, a dungeon awaits him. After Cosroe leaves, Emira/Idaspe mocks Siroe's planned union with Laodice. Siroe replies that Idaspe should decide for him and leaves.
Emira/Idaspe then declares to Laodice that she/he is in love with her. Laodice asks Idaspe to change Siroe's mind as a sign of love. Emira/Idaspe refuses, and Laodice angrily leaves the room. Emira vacillates between her desire for revenge and her love for Siroe.
|
[
"### Act 2",
"**The royal zoo**",
"Laodice regrets her actions, apologizes to Siroe and promises to speak to Cosroe to retract her false accusations. Siroe rejects this because it would only arouse suspicion. He just wants her to stop loving him. She leaves.",
"Now Emira comes and accuses Siroe of infidelity and cowardice for not telling his father about her plan. She thinks that as children of enemies they should also be enemies. He should therefore have warned his father about her. Since she does not want to renounce her planned revenge, he pulls out his sword to kill himself. At that moment, Cosroe arrives and mistakenly thinks Siroe has drawn his sword against Idaspe. Siroe declares himself guilty of this and asks his father to end his life. When Emira/Idaspe points out that he has not yet disclosed the name of the conspirator, Siroe explains that it might even be Idaspe himself. However, Cosroe doesn't believe him and has him led away. With Cosroe now lost in thought about his son, Emira sees an opportunity to attack him and pulls out her own sword. However, she is interrupted by Medarse and talks herself out of the situation by laying her sword at Cosroe's feet. Cosroe feels honored and asks Emira/Idaspe to take the sword back and look for the traitor. She leaves.",
"Medarse reports to Cosroe that Siroe has already drawn the people to his side. The only solution now is to kill him. Since Cosroe rejects this, Medarse suggests that Siroe be appointed king in his place. Cosroe no longer doubts Siroe's guilt, but also cannot bring himself to punish him.",
"**A room near the zoo**",
"Arasse urges Siroe to act but he refuses to do so. Arasse in any case swears allegiance to him and leaves. Cosroe and Emira/Idaspe come into the room. Cosroe wants to talk to Siroe alone. He has the room locked and sends Emira/Idaspe away, who nevertheless eavesdrops on their conversation. Cosroe tries everything possible to get Siroe to talk. He is ready to forgive him for wanting to seduce Laodice, seeking Idaspe's death and planning an uprising if only he will divulge the name of the traitor. Only when he declares that he also wants to forgive the traitor too does Siroe begin to speak but he is interrupted by Emira/Idaspe. Cosroe now offers Siroe to marry him to Laodice, but Siroe declares his revulsion for her. Now Cosroe thinks Siroe wants his death and asks him to kill him – but Siroe does not wish to do that either. Cosroe now has Laodice brought and gives Siroe an ultimatum: if he tells Idaspe the traitor's name, he will be named heir and have Laodice. Otherwise, a dungeon awaits him. After Cosroe leaves, Emira/Idaspe mocks Siroe's planned union with Laodice. Siroe replies that Idaspe should decide for him and leaves.",
"Emira/Idaspe then declares to Laodice that she/he is in love with her. Laodice asks Idaspe to change Siroe's mind as a sign of love. Emira/Idaspe refuses, and Laodice angrily leaves the room. Emira vacillates between her desire for revenge and her love for Siroe.",
""
] |
### Act 3
**Palace courtyard**
Cosroe orders Arasse to kill Siroe. Arasse tries to change his mind, not believing that this will pacify the people. However, Cosroe is determined and Arasse finally agrees to carry out the order. Laodice tells Cosroe that the people are asking for Siroe. Cosroe tells her about the order to kill him. Laodice now admits that she wrongly accused Siroe of attempting to rape her because he did not return her love. She asks him to keep Siroe alive, but Cosroe will not change his mind.
Emira/Idaspe also begs Cosroe for mercy for Siroe and reminds him that Siroe was always an exemplary son. Her appeal succeeds and Cosroe gives her his seal as a sign of authority to stop the killing. Arasse returns and announces that Siroe is already dead. Emira/Idaspe reproaches Cosroe and now reveals himself as Emira, surrendering her sword to Arasse. As she is led away, Cosroe remains inconsolable.
**Locked prison cell in the fortress**
Emira asks Arasse to kill her, but he confesses to her that he has only faked the death of Siroe, who is still alive. He asks Emira to hide for a while until he has called the people together, when Siroe will be hers. He then leaves.
Medarse enters the dungeon and finds Emira there. Because he does not yet know her true identity, she shows him the royal seal as proof of the king's trust in her. When Medarse explains that he wants to kill Siroe, Emira/Idaspe tells him that he is already dead. In order to be certain however, Medarse wants to see the body. Emira decides to trick him and offers to help. Siroe then appears. Medarse draws the sword, but is filled with remorse and hands the weapon to Emira/Idaspe to kill Siroe. She however hands it to Siroe and reveals to Medarse her identity as Emira. Arasse arrives with his guards and reports that the people have chosen Siroe as king. He leaves and Emira follows him. With no supporters left, Medarse finally gives up. Siroe, however, generously forgives his brother and returns his weapon. Medarse, left alone, reflects on the value of virtue.
**Large square in Seleukia**
The royal guard has been defeated in a final battle against the rebels. Cosroe, Emira and Siroe enter one after the other, followed by Arasse and the people. Cosroe is still defending himself against some of the conspirators. Emira tries to take her revenge on him, but Siroe stops her. Cosroe is happy to see his son alive again. Medarse and Laodice ask Cosroe to punish them for their offenses. Siroe explains that he is not angry with anyone and also asks Emira to forget her hatred. Only on these terms can he accept her as a lover. Emira eventually gives up her revenge and Cosroe gives her to Siroe in marriage, declaring him king. The opera ends with a chorus.
|
[
"### Act 3",
"**Palace courtyard**",
"Cosroe orders Arasse to kill Siroe. Arasse tries to change his mind, not believing that this will pacify the people. However, Cosroe is determined and Arasse finally agrees to carry out the order. Laodice tells Cosroe that the people are asking for Siroe. Cosroe tells her about the order to kill him. Laodice now admits that she wrongly accused Siroe of attempting to rape her because he did not return her love. She asks him to keep Siroe alive, but Cosroe will not change his mind.",
"Emira/Idaspe also begs Cosroe for mercy for Siroe and reminds him that Siroe was always an exemplary son. Her appeal succeeds and Cosroe gives her his seal as a sign of authority to stop the killing. Arasse returns and announces that Siroe is already dead. Emira/Idaspe reproaches Cosroe and now reveals himself as Emira, surrendering her sword to Arasse. As she is led away, Cosroe remains inconsolable.",
"**Locked prison cell in the fortress**",
"Emira asks Arasse to kill her, but he confesses to her that he has only faked the death of Siroe, who is still alive. He asks Emira to hide for a while until he has called the people together, when Siroe will be hers. He then leaves.",
"Medarse enters the dungeon and finds Emira there. Because he does not yet know her true identity, she shows him the royal seal as proof of the king's trust in her. When Medarse explains that he wants to kill Siroe, Emira/Idaspe tells him that he is already dead. In order to be certain however, Medarse wants to see the body. Emira decides to trick him and offers to help. Siroe then appears. Medarse draws the sword, but is filled with remorse and hands the weapon to Emira/Idaspe to kill Siroe. She however hands it to Siroe and reveals to Medarse her identity as Emira. Arasse arrives with his guards and reports that the people have chosen Siroe as king. He leaves and Emira follows him. With no supporters left, Medarse finally gives up. Siroe, however, generously forgives his brother and returns his weapon. Medarse, left alone, reflects on the value of virtue.",
"**Large square in Seleukia**",
"The royal guard has been defeated in a final battle against the rebels. Cosroe, Emira and Siroe enter one after the other, followed by Arasse and the people. Cosroe is still defending himself against some of the conspirators. Emira tries to take her revenge on him, but Siroe stops her. Cosroe is happy to see his son alive again. Medarse and Laodice ask Cosroe to punish them for their offenses. Siroe explains that he is not angry with anyone and also asks Emira to forget her hatred. Only on these terms can he accept her as a lover. Emira eventually gives up her revenge and Cosroe gives her to Siroe in marriage, declaring him king. The opera ends with a chorus.",
""
] |
International branches
----------------------
{{Update\|section\|date\=July 2020}}
### Canada
The **Formosan Association for Public Affairs Canada** (**FAPA Canada**) is a non\-profit organization based in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). FAPA Canada aims to promote the sovereignty of [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") in Canada and across the world. The current{{when\|date\=July 2020}} president of FAPA Canada is Dr. [Harry Chen](/wiki/Harry_Chen "Harry Chen").
FAPA Canada was established originally as a chapter of the United States Formosan Association for Public Affairs in
1984, but was transformed into an independent organization in 1993\. FAPA Canada takes an active role in
cultivating a good relationship with the [Parliament of Canada](/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada "Parliament of Canada"); encouraging Canada\-Taiwan political, economical,
and cultural exchanges; and informing politicians and policy makers about the aspirations of the Taiwanese people.
Recent{{when\|date\=July 2020}} activities of FAPA Canada include letter writing campaigns to
Canadian Members of Parliament and [press releases](/wiki/Press_releases "Press releases") supporting
Taiwan's [sovereignty](/wiki/Sovereignty "Sovereignty") in the international arena.
It has also succeeded in publishing [letters to the editor](/wiki/Letters_to_the_editor "Letters to the editor") in several [Canadian newspapers](/wiki/Canadian_newspapers "Canadian newspapers").{{citation needed\|date\=November 2011}}
### Europe
The **Formosan Association for Public Affairs Europe** (**FAPA Europe**) is a non\-profit organization based in [Freiburg](/wiki/Freiburg "Freiburg"), [Mainz](/wiki/Mainz "Mainz"), and [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens"). FAPA Europe aims to promote the sovereignty of [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") and across the world. It was established in 2007, and was inspired by FAPA USA. The current{{when\|date\=July 2020}} chairperson of FAPA Europe is [Jenny Hsieh](/wiki/Jenny_Hsieh "Jenny Hsieh").
FAPA Europe operates in three languages: [English](/wiki/English_language "English language"), [French](/wiki/French_language "French language"), and [German](/wiki/German_language "German language").
The organization has had several letters to the editor published in various European newspapers. It also distributes the occasional press release, and has posted a number of online articles.
|
[
"International branches\n----------------------",
"{{Update\\|section\\|date\\=July 2020}}",
"### Canada",
"The **Formosan Association for Public Affairs Canada** (**FAPA Canada**) is a non\\-profit organization based in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). FAPA Canada aims to promote the sovereignty of [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") in Canada and across the world. The current{{when\\|date\\=July 2020}} president of FAPA Canada is Dr. [Harry Chen](/wiki/Harry_Chen \"Harry Chen\").",
"FAPA Canada was established originally as a chapter of the United States Formosan Association for Public Affairs in \n1984, but was transformed into an independent organization in 1993\\. FAPA Canada takes an active role in\ncultivating a good relationship with the [Parliament of Canada](/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada \"Parliament of Canada\"); encouraging Canada\\-Taiwan political, economical, \nand cultural exchanges; and informing politicians and policy makers about the aspirations of the Taiwanese people.",
"Recent{{when\\|date\\=July 2020}} activities of FAPA Canada include letter writing campaigns to\nCanadian Members of Parliament and [press releases](/wiki/Press_releases \"Press releases\") supporting \nTaiwan's [sovereignty](/wiki/Sovereignty \"Sovereignty\") in the international arena.\nIt has also succeeded in publishing [letters to the editor](/wiki/Letters_to_the_editor \"Letters to the editor\") in several [Canadian newspapers](/wiki/Canadian_newspapers \"Canadian newspapers\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2011}}",
"### Europe",
"The **Formosan Association for Public Affairs Europe** (**FAPA Europe**) is a non\\-profit organization based in [Freiburg](/wiki/Freiburg \"Freiburg\"), [Mainz](/wiki/Mainz \"Mainz\"), and [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"). FAPA Europe aims to promote the sovereignty of [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") and across the world. It was established in 2007, and was inspired by FAPA USA. The current{{when\\|date\\=July 2020}} chairperson of FAPA Europe is [Jenny Hsieh](/wiki/Jenny_Hsieh \"Jenny Hsieh\").",
"FAPA Europe operates in three languages: [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"), [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\"), and [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\").",
"The organization has had several letters to the editor published in various European newspapers. It also distributes the occasional press release, and has posted a number of online articles.",
""
] |
Commodities
-----------
### Gold
In 2012, there were hundreds of gold mines in Burkina Faso, most of them small\-scale.{{cite web \|title\=Child trafficking victims freed in Burkina Faso \|author\=Angela Charlton \|url\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/africa/7988458/Child\-trafficking\-victims\-freed\-in\-Burkina\-Faso \|website\=www.stuff.co.nz \|access\-date\=9 September 2024 \|date\=23 November 2012}}{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-04\-30 \|title\=Growth in Burkina Faso Gold Mining Fuels Human Trafficking \|url\=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa\_growth\-burkina\-faso\-gold\-mining\-fuels\-human\-trafficking/6205259\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-10 \|website\=Voice of America \|language\=en}} Burkina Faso is the 3rd biggest site for gold exploration in Africa and 4th biggest gold producer in Africa. West African gold is not as high grade as gold from South Africa.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report\-on\-business/industry\-news/energy\-and\-resources/iamgolds\-growing\-investment\-in\-burkina\-faso/article2403056/\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417022919/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report\-on\-business/industry\-news/energy\-and\-resources/iamgolds\-growing\-investment\-in\-burkina\-faso/article2403056/\| archive\-date \= 2012\-04\-17\| title \= Iamgold's growing investment in Burkina Faso \- The Globe and Mail\| website \= \[\[The Globe and Mail]]}}
Cluff updated its bankable [feasibility study](/wiki/Feasibility_study "Feasibility study") for the Kalsaka gold project, which is located about 150 km northwest of the country’s capital, [Ouagadougou](/wiki/Ouagadougou "Ouagadougou"). Measured resources were estimated to be 6\.5 million metric tons (Mt) at a grade of 1\.6 grams per metric ton (g/t) gold, and indicated resources were estimated to be 2\.7 Mt at a grade of 1\.2 g/t gold. Following the completion of the bankable feasibility study, the company decided to continue with the development of the project and to bring it into production. In October, [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana "Ghana")\-based Banlaw Africa Ltd. was appointed as the mining contractor. Cluff held a 78% interest in the project; the remaining was held by IMARB Indústria Metalúrgica of Brazil (12%) and the Government (10%).
Etruscan continued with construction work activities at its 90% owned Youga gold property, which is located about 180 km southeast of Ouagadougou. Gold reserve estimates at the Youga Mine were reported to be 6\.6 Mt at an average grade of 2\.7 g/t gold. Commissioning of the mine was scheduled for mid\-2007, and production was expected to be about 2,700 kilograms per year (kg/yr). As of November 30, 2006, the company had invested about $21\.7 million in the project, had made purchase commitments of about $7 million for equipment and services, and had made additional purchase commitments of about $10\.2 million for ongoing development activities.
High River continued with the construction of the Taparko\-Boroum open pit [gold mine](/wiki/Gold_mine "Gold mine") and mill facilities, which are located about 200 km northeast of Ouagadougou. The mine’s first gold pour was scheduled for the second quarter of 2007\. Initial production was expected to be about 3,100 kg/yr and to reach about 4,400 kg/yr by 2008\. Measured and indicated resources were estimated to be about 12\.6 Mt of ore at a grade of 2\.77 g/t gold. The Taparko\-Boroum Mine and mill would be operated by High River’s subsidiary Société des Mines de Taparko (Somita S.A.). High River held a 90% interest in the project, and the government held the remaining 10%. In addition to Taparko\-Boroum, High River held other exploration licenses in the country, including the 1,000\-km2 Bissa Group permits, which are located about 80 km north of Ouagadougou. Measured and indicated resources for the Bissa Group were estimated to be about 12 Mt of ore at a grade of 1\.72 g/t gold. The company invested about $2 million in exploration in 2006 and planned to invest an additional $8 million in 2007 to test identified target areas at the Bissa Group properties.
[Gold mining in Burkina Faso](https://web.archive.org/web/20130124100324/http://goldrushresources.ca/2013/01/gold-mining-in-burkina-faso-merger-and-acquisition-activity/) continues to grow rapidly, with more than fifteen major discoveries made since 2006\. With this has come increasing amounts of merger and acquisition activity and more explorers flocking to the region.
In 2017 junior mining company Nexus Gold began district\-scale exploration of the Niangouela and Bouboulou gold concessions, which are located within the Boromo greenstone belt of north\-central [Burkina Faso](/wiki/Burkina_Faso "Burkina Faso"). The belt is host to several active [gold](/wiki/Gold "Gold") mines.
{{cite web
\| url\= https://www.juniorminingnetwork.com/junior\-miner\-news/press\-releases/nexus\-gold/30599\-nexus\-gold\-outlines\-the\-path\-forward\-to\-becoming\-a\-preeminent\-gold\-explorer\-in\-burkina\-faso.html
\|title \= Nexus Gold Outlines the Path Forward to Becoming A Preeminent Gold Explorer in Burkina Faso
\|agency\=www.juniorminingnetwork.com
\| access\-date\=2017\-04\-05}}
A recent report from publication AllAfrica revealed that the recent boom in the country’s gold mining industry in the last three years has made the country one of Africa’s leading producers and also asserted that it was luring a whole generation into the sector for work. Children as young as six were reported to have left school in order to work in the mines – mainly artisanal ones where they crush stones, sieve dust and transport water around the site. Children are even visiting mines on their days off from school, influenced by their parents who have made money there.{{cite web \|title\=Burkina Faso: Gold Rush Hits Education \|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208310812\.html \|website\=AllAfrica \|date\=30 August 2012}}
According to the Ministry of Finance, gold has become the top export commodity. In 2011, it earned Burkina Faso 127 billion CFA (US$247 million). Between 2007 and 2011, it brought in 440 billion CFA, accounting for 64\.7 percent of all exports and 8 percent of GDP. Production rose from 23 tonnes in 2010 to 32 tonnes in 2011\. Gold mines are spread across the country's northern, western, southwestern and central regions.
Burkina Faso's gold industry employs [slave laborers](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery") and does not spare children. In 2013, the [U.S. Department of Labor](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor "United States Department of Labor") reported that gold mining becoming an even more fruitful industry, it has resulted in "an increased number of children working in gold mines and thousands of students leaving school."{{cite web \|title\=2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor \-Burkina Faso \|url\=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child\-labor/burkina\_faso.htm \|website\=www.dol.gov}}
A December 2014 report further corroborates the fact that [child labor](/wiki/Child_labor "Child labor") and [forced labor](/wiki/Forced_labor "Forced labor") are common practices in Burkina Faso's mining industry. The mentioned [DOL](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor "United States Department of Labor") report contains a *[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor](/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor")* and [Burkina Faso](/wiki/Burkina_Faso "Burkina Faso") is listed among 74 other countries where such labor conditions have been observed.{{cite web \|title\=List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor \|url\=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child\-labor/list\-of\-goods/ \|website\=www.dol.gov}}
In September 2024, it was announced that the Boungou and Wahgnio mines would be nationalised, with a payment to be made to [Endeavour Mining](/wiki/Endeavour_Mining "Endeavour Mining") of $60mn in cash.{{cite web \|title\=Burkina Faso reclaims gold mines from largest British mining firm \|url\=https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2024/09/04/burkina\-faso\-reclaims\-gold\-mines\-from\-largest\-british\-mining\-firm/ \|website\=Kaieteur News \|access\-date\=9 September 2024 \|date\=4 September 2024}}
### Zinc
Aim Resources Ltd. (AIM) of Australia continued with the development of the Perkoa zinc deposit, which is located about 120 km west of Ouagadougou. In December 2005, Snowden Mining Industry Consultants completed a bankable feasibility study for Perkoa. Production was expected to be about 130,000 t/yr of concentrate at a grade of 53% zinc. Overall zinc recovery to concentrate was projected to be 93%, and contained zinc production, to average 68,000 t/yr; zinc concentrates would be transported by railway to the port of [Abidjan](/wiki/Abidjan "Abidjan") in [Côte d’Ivoire](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%E2%80%99Ivoire "Côte d’Ivoire") and by road to the port of [Tema](/wiki/Tema "Tema") in Ghana. The first shipment of zinc concentrate was expected to be delivered in 2008\. In its 2006 annual report, AIM announced that it had signed letters of intent with [Louis Dreyfus Commodities Metals Suisse S.A.](/wiki/Louis_Dreyfus_Group "Louis Dreyfus Group"), Votorantim Metais of [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), and [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland")\-based Xstrata plc to finalize offtake agreements for the production of [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc") concentrates from [Perkoa](/wiki/Perkoa "Perkoa"). Xstrata planned to process Perkoa concentrates through either the San Juan de Nieva zinc smelter in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") or the [Nordenham](/wiki/Nordenham "Nordenham") zinc smelter in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). According to AIM company reports, the government had upgraded the road that leads to the mine and had constructed a dam that would provide water for the project. As of yearend, measured and indicated mineral resources at Perkoa were estimated to be 6\.72 Mt at grades of 16\.4% zinc and 35\.4 g/t silver at a 5% zinc cutoff grade.
In February 2006, Semafo awarded the engineering, procurement, and construction contract for the development of the Mana gold mine to Genviar Consulting Group Inc. According to the company’s 2006 annual report, measured resources were estimated to be about 2\.1 Mt at a grade of 1\.99 g/t gold and indicated resources were estimated to be 2\.5 Mt at a grade of 2\.03 g/t gold. Average production, which was expected to begin in late 2007, was estimated to be about 3,900 kg/yr of gold for the first 3 years and about 3,000 kg/yr for the remaining life of the mine. The company approved a $3\.5 million budget for the project for 2007\.
|
[
"Commodities\n-----------",
"### Gold",
"In 2012, there were hundreds of gold mines in Burkina Faso, most of them small\\-scale.{{cite web \\|title\\=Child trafficking victims freed in Burkina Faso \\|author\\=Angela Charlton \\|url\\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/africa/7988458/Child\\-trafficking\\-victims\\-freed\\-in\\-Burkina\\-Faso \\|website\\=www.stuff.co.nz \\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2024 \\|date\\=23 November 2012}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-30 \\|title\\=Growth in Burkina Faso Gold Mining Fuels Human Trafficking \\|url\\=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa\\_growth\\-burkina\\-faso\\-gold\\-mining\\-fuels\\-human\\-trafficking/6205259\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-10 \\|website\\=Voice of America \\|language\\=en}} Burkina Faso is the 3rd biggest site for gold exploration in Africa and 4th biggest gold producer in Africa. West African gold is not as high grade as gold from South Africa.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report\\-on\\-business/industry\\-news/energy\\-and\\-resources/iamgolds\\-growing\\-investment\\-in\\-burkina\\-faso/article2403056/\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417022919/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report\\-on\\-business/industry\\-news/energy\\-and\\-resources/iamgolds\\-growing\\-investment\\-in\\-burkina\\-faso/article2403056/\\| archive\\-date \\= 2012\\-04\\-17\\| title \\= Iamgold's growing investment in Burkina Faso \\- The Globe and Mail\\| website \\= \\[\\[The Globe and Mail]]}}",
"Cluff updated its bankable [feasibility study](/wiki/Feasibility_study \"Feasibility study\") for the Kalsaka gold project, which is located about 150 km northwest of the country’s capital, [Ouagadougou](/wiki/Ouagadougou \"Ouagadougou\"). Measured resources were estimated to be 6\\.5 million metric tons (Mt) at a grade of 1\\.6 grams per metric ton (g/t) gold, and indicated resources were estimated to be 2\\.7 Mt at a grade of 1\\.2 g/t gold. Following the completion of the bankable feasibility study, the company decided to continue with the development of the project and to bring it into production. In October, [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana \"Ghana\")\\-based Banlaw Africa Ltd. was appointed as the mining contractor. Cluff held a 78% interest in the project; the remaining was held by IMARB Indústria Metalúrgica of Brazil (12%) and the Government (10%).",
"Etruscan continued with construction work activities at its 90% owned Youga gold property, which is located about 180 km southeast of Ouagadougou. Gold reserve estimates at the Youga Mine were reported to be 6\\.6 Mt at an average grade of 2\\.7 g/t gold. Commissioning of the mine was scheduled for mid\\-2007, and production was expected to be about 2,700 kilograms per year (kg/yr). As of November 30, 2006, the company had invested about $21\\.7 million in the project, had made purchase commitments of about $7 million for equipment and services, and had made additional purchase commitments of about $10\\.2 million for ongoing development activities.",
"High River continued with the construction of the Taparko\\-Boroum open pit [gold mine](/wiki/Gold_mine \"Gold mine\") and mill facilities, which are located about 200 km northeast of Ouagadougou. The mine’s first gold pour was scheduled for the second quarter of 2007\\. Initial production was expected to be about 3,100 kg/yr and to reach about 4,400 kg/yr by 2008\\. Measured and indicated resources were estimated to be about 12\\.6 Mt of ore at a grade of 2\\.77 g/t gold. The Taparko\\-Boroum Mine and mill would be operated by High River’s subsidiary Société des Mines de Taparko (Somita S.A.). High River held a 90% interest in the project, and the government held the remaining 10%. In addition to Taparko\\-Boroum, High River held other exploration licenses in the country, including the 1,000\\-km2 Bissa Group permits, which are located about 80 km north of Ouagadougou. Measured and indicated resources for the Bissa Group were estimated to be about 12 Mt of ore at a grade of 1\\.72 g/t gold. The company invested about $2 million in exploration in 2006 and planned to invest an additional $8 million in 2007 to test identified target areas at the Bissa Group properties.",
"[Gold mining in Burkina Faso](https://web.archive.org/web/20130124100324/http://goldrushresources.ca/2013/01/gold-mining-in-burkina-faso-merger-and-acquisition-activity/) continues to grow rapidly, with more than fifteen major discoveries made since 2006\\. With this has come increasing amounts of merger and acquisition activity and more explorers flocking to the region.",
"In 2017 junior mining company Nexus Gold began district\\-scale exploration of the Niangouela and Bouboulou gold concessions, which are located within the Boromo greenstone belt of north\\-central [Burkina Faso](/wiki/Burkina_Faso \"Burkina Faso\"). The belt is host to several active [gold](/wiki/Gold \"Gold\") mines.\n{{cite web \n\\| url\\= https://www.juniorminingnetwork.com/junior\\-miner\\-news/press\\-releases/nexus\\-gold/30599\\-nexus\\-gold\\-outlines\\-the\\-path\\-forward\\-to\\-becoming\\-a\\-preeminent\\-gold\\-explorer\\-in\\-burkina\\-faso.html\n\\|title \\= Nexus Gold Outlines the Path Forward to Becoming A Preeminent Gold Explorer in Burkina Faso\n\\|agency\\=www.juniorminingnetwork.com\n\\| access\\-date\\=2017\\-04\\-05}}",
"",
"A recent report from publication AllAfrica revealed that the recent boom in the country’s gold mining industry in the last three years has made the country one of Africa’s leading producers and also asserted that it was luring a whole generation into the sector for work. Children as young as six were reported to have left school in order to work in the mines – mainly artisanal ones where they crush stones, sieve dust and transport water around the site. Children are even visiting mines on their days off from school, influenced by their parents who have made money there.{{cite web \\|title\\=Burkina Faso: Gold Rush Hits Education \\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208310812\\.html \\|website\\=AllAfrica \\|date\\=30 August 2012}}",
"According to the Ministry of Finance, gold has become the top export commodity. In 2011, it earned Burkina Faso 127 billion CFA (US$247 million). Between 2007 and 2011, it brought in 440 billion CFA, accounting for 64\\.7 percent of all exports and 8 percent of GDP. Production rose from 23 tonnes in 2010 to 32 tonnes in 2011\\. Gold mines are spread across the country's northern, western, southwestern and central regions.",
"Burkina Faso's gold industry employs [slave laborers](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\") and does not spare children. In 2013, the [U.S. Department of Labor](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor \"United States Department of Labor\") reported that gold mining becoming an even more fruitful industry, it has resulted in \"an increased number of children working in gold mines and thousands of students leaving school.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor \\-Burkina Faso \\|url\\=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child\\-labor/burkina\\_faso.htm \\|website\\=www.dol.gov}}",
"A December 2014 report further corroborates the fact that [child labor](/wiki/Child_labor \"Child labor\") and [forced labor](/wiki/Forced_labor \"Forced labor\") are common practices in Burkina Faso's mining industry. The mentioned [DOL](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor \"United States Department of Labor\") report contains a *[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor](/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor \"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor\")* and [Burkina Faso](/wiki/Burkina_Faso \"Burkina Faso\") is listed among 74 other countries where such labor conditions have been observed.{{cite web \\|title\\=List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor \\|url\\=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child\\-labor/list\\-of\\-goods/ \\|website\\=www.dol.gov}}",
"In September 2024, it was announced that the Boungou and Wahgnio mines would be nationalised, with a payment to be made to [Endeavour Mining](/wiki/Endeavour_Mining \"Endeavour Mining\") of $60mn in cash.{{cite web \\|title\\=Burkina Faso reclaims gold mines from largest British mining firm \\|url\\=https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2024/09/04/burkina\\-faso\\-reclaims\\-gold\\-mines\\-from\\-largest\\-british\\-mining\\-firm/ \\|website\\=Kaieteur News \\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2024 \\|date\\=4 September 2024}}",
"### Zinc",
"Aim Resources Ltd. (AIM) of Australia continued with the development of the Perkoa zinc deposit, which is located about 120 km west of Ouagadougou. In December 2005, Snowden Mining Industry Consultants completed a bankable feasibility study for Perkoa. Production was expected to be about 130,000 t/yr of concentrate at a grade of 53% zinc. Overall zinc recovery to concentrate was projected to be 93%, and contained zinc production, to average 68,000 t/yr; zinc concentrates would be transported by railway to the port of [Abidjan](/wiki/Abidjan \"Abidjan\") in [Côte d’Ivoire](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%E2%80%99Ivoire \"Côte d’Ivoire\") and by road to the port of [Tema](/wiki/Tema \"Tema\") in Ghana. The first shipment of zinc concentrate was expected to be delivered in 2008\\. In its 2006 annual report, AIM announced that it had signed letters of intent with [Louis Dreyfus Commodities Metals Suisse S.A.](/wiki/Louis_Dreyfus_Group \"Louis Dreyfus Group\"), Votorantim Metais of [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), and [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\")\\-based Xstrata plc to finalize offtake agreements for the production of [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\") concentrates from [Perkoa](/wiki/Perkoa \"Perkoa\"). Xstrata planned to process Perkoa concentrates through either the San Juan de Nieva zinc smelter in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") or the [Nordenham](/wiki/Nordenham \"Nordenham\") zinc smelter in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). According to AIM company reports, the government had upgraded the road that leads to the mine and had constructed a dam that would provide water for the project. As of yearend, measured and indicated mineral resources at Perkoa were estimated to be 6\\.72 Mt at grades of 16\\.4% zinc and 35\\.4 g/t silver at a 5% zinc cutoff grade.",
"In February 2006, Semafo awarded the engineering, procurement, and construction contract for the development of the Mana gold mine to Genviar Consulting Group Inc. According to the company’s 2006 annual report, measured resources were estimated to be about 2\\.1 Mt at a grade of 1\\.99 g/t gold and indicated resources were estimated to be 2\\.5 Mt at a grade of 2\\.03 g/t gold. Average production, which was expected to begin in late 2007, was estimated to be about 3,900 kg/yr of gold for the first 3 years and about 3,000 kg/yr for the remaining life of the mine. The company approved a $3\\.5 million budget for the project for 2007\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The story centres on an anguished English\-born Pittsburgh high school teacher Tom Crick and his life in 1974, going through a reassessment of his life. Crick finds out that his wife, Mary, is starting to lose her sanity and longing for a son they never had. Soon after, worried about Mary's [mental health](/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health"), Crick changes his method for teaching [History](/wiki/History "History"), and starts narrating his life to his class and interweaving three generations of his family. His narrative is told in flashbacks that tell the story of a teenage Crick and his [mentally challenged](/wiki/Mentally_challenged "Mentally challenged") older brother Dick, who live in [The Fens](/wiki/The_Fens "The Fens") of England with their widowed father during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
One day Crick arrives from school to discover Mary has [abducted a child](/wiki/Child_abduction%23By_stranger_to_raise "Child abduction#By stranger to raise") from a woman in a supermarket, which Mary believes it to be hers and "a gift from God". After Tom helps Mary return the baby and asks Mary to go to a [counsellor](/wiki/Counseling_psychology "Counseling psychology"), she leaves him and disappears. Crick then explains to his class how he and his wife had a teenage romance during the war, which led to a [disastrous abortion](/wiki/Unsafe_abortion "Unsafe abortion") that left her infertile. Crick is tortured by guilt over this, as well as the memory of the jealous behavior he had towards his brother when he began suspecting not only that his then girlfriend Mary was falling in love with Dick, but also that she was secretly carrying Dick's baby. Around the same time Mary was having intimate encounters with Dick since Tom had asked her to "teach" his older brother about sex; after which Mary denied to young Tom that any intercourse with his brother had actually taken place and insisted that she was expecting Tom's child. The issue was never actually cleared before the couple decided to ask for an abortion to an old [gypsy](/wiki/Gypsy "Gypsy") and [medicaster](/wiki/Medicaster "Medicaster") woman who lived by the riverbank, with the aforementioned results.
Back in the present and during his classes, Crick slowly creates a vivid and tangible world while talking to the students and developing a bond with Matthew Price, a young man worried about the future and the only student of Crick who understands the real reason behind the History teacher's delving into his personal past mixed with England's. Crick narrates to Price about his mother's life as a nurse in a [manor](/wiki/Estate_%28land%29 "Estate (land)") converted to a [psychiatric hospital](/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital "Psychiatric hospital") after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and which used to belong to Crick's grandfather, a successful brewer and a once respected and influential member of The Fens' community and town. The hospital was the place where his mother met Crick's father, Henry, who had fought in the Great War. Crick also tells Price that there were always rumours during his adolescence that his brother Dick was actually the product of [incest](/wiki/Incest "Incest") between his mother and his grandfather, with Dick being born shortly before his mother married Tom's father Henry.
Young Mary's relationship with Crick's older brother sets off a chain of tragic events when she becomes pregnant, either by Tom or by Dick. Believing that a wealthy young man in the community, Freddie Parr, was the father of Mary's baby, Dick murders him and throws his body into the river. After the boy appears at the dredging bridge run by their father Henry, Tom confronts Dick, telling him he knows he murdered Freddie and tried to make it look like an accidental drowning. Dick then threatens Tom with a beer bottle he used to hit Freddie Parr before drowning him. After calming himself, Dick takes Tom to their house's attic, where their mother had left Dick a case containing a special brew of beer created by their grandfather (which Dick used to get Parr drunk before hitting him in the head with it and throwing him in the river) and a letter, which was also written by Tom and Dick's grandfather and which reveals to the latter that he was indeed conceived by his mother and his grandfather. After Dick forces Tom to read the letter and tell him what it reveals, he suffers a [nervous breakdown](/wiki/Nervous_breakdown "Nervous breakdown") and runs away from his home, throwing himself into the water. Crick's narration to his class room or Price (Crick's perception starts becoming more confused after his wife leaves him) ends with the death of Dick by drowning.
Soon after finishing his adolescence's history, Crick is dismissed from his job as a teacher, as a result of the complaints some of the students had made regarding the subject and direction of Crick's stories. In his last speech before leaving school, Tom Crick starts talking to a full [auditorium](/wiki/Auditorium "Auditorium") of students, and ends up directly talking to Price, asking him to never lose hope in a better future for him and the whole mankind. It is then shown that Crick returns to the Fens in England to look for his estranged wife, while hoping for a possible renewal of their relationship.
Arriving at the place by the lake Tom and Mary used to walk when younger, Crick sees Mary far away, strolling down the fields. He walks in her direction.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The story centres on an anguished English\\-born Pittsburgh high school teacher Tom Crick and his life in 1974, going through a reassessment of his life. Crick finds out that his wife, Mary, is starting to lose her sanity and longing for a son they never had. Soon after, worried about Mary's [mental health](/wiki/Mental_health \"Mental health\"), Crick changes his method for teaching [History](/wiki/History \"History\"), and starts narrating his life to his class and interweaving three generations of his family. His narrative is told in flashbacks that tell the story of a teenage Crick and his [mentally challenged](/wiki/Mentally_challenged \"Mentally challenged\") older brother Dick, who live in [The Fens](/wiki/The_Fens \"The Fens\") of England with their widowed father during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"One day Crick arrives from school to discover Mary has [abducted a child](/wiki/Child_abduction%23By_stranger_to_raise \"Child abduction#By stranger to raise\") from a woman in a supermarket, which Mary believes it to be hers and \"a gift from God\". After Tom helps Mary return the baby and asks Mary to go to a [counsellor](/wiki/Counseling_psychology \"Counseling psychology\"), she leaves him and disappears. Crick then explains to his class how he and his wife had a teenage romance during the war, which led to a [disastrous abortion](/wiki/Unsafe_abortion \"Unsafe abortion\") that left her infertile. Crick is tortured by guilt over this, as well as the memory of the jealous behavior he had towards his brother when he began suspecting not only that his then girlfriend Mary was falling in love with Dick, but also that she was secretly carrying Dick's baby. Around the same time Mary was having intimate encounters with Dick since Tom had asked her to \"teach\" his older brother about sex; after which Mary denied to young Tom that any intercourse with his brother had actually taken place and insisted that she was expecting Tom's child. The issue was never actually cleared before the couple decided to ask for an abortion to an old [gypsy](/wiki/Gypsy \"Gypsy\") and [medicaster](/wiki/Medicaster \"Medicaster\") woman who lived by the riverbank, with the aforementioned results.",
"Back in the present and during his classes, Crick slowly creates a vivid and tangible world while talking to the students and developing a bond with Matthew Price, a young man worried about the future and the only student of Crick who understands the real reason behind the History teacher's delving into his personal past mixed with England's. Crick narrates to Price about his mother's life as a nurse in a [manor](/wiki/Estate_%28land%29 \"Estate (land)\") converted to a [psychiatric hospital](/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital \"Psychiatric hospital\") after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and which used to belong to Crick's grandfather, a successful brewer and a once respected and influential member of The Fens' community and town. The hospital was the place where his mother met Crick's father, Henry, who had fought in the Great War. Crick also tells Price that there were always rumours during his adolescence that his brother Dick was actually the product of [incest](/wiki/Incest \"Incest\") between his mother and his grandfather, with Dick being born shortly before his mother married Tom's father Henry.",
"Young Mary's relationship with Crick's older brother sets off a chain of tragic events when she becomes pregnant, either by Tom or by Dick. Believing that a wealthy young man in the community, Freddie Parr, was the father of Mary's baby, Dick murders him and throws his body into the river. After the boy appears at the dredging bridge run by their father Henry, Tom confronts Dick, telling him he knows he murdered Freddie and tried to make it look like an accidental drowning. Dick then threatens Tom with a beer bottle he used to hit Freddie Parr before drowning him. After calming himself, Dick takes Tom to their house's attic, where their mother had left Dick a case containing a special brew of beer created by their grandfather (which Dick used to get Parr drunk before hitting him in the head with it and throwing him in the river) and a letter, which was also written by Tom and Dick's grandfather and which reveals to the latter that he was indeed conceived by his mother and his grandfather. After Dick forces Tom to read the letter and tell him what it reveals, he suffers a [nervous breakdown](/wiki/Nervous_breakdown \"Nervous breakdown\") and runs away from his home, throwing himself into the water. Crick's narration to his class room or Price (Crick's perception starts becoming more confused after his wife leaves him) ends with the death of Dick by drowning.",
"Soon after finishing his adolescence's history, Crick is dismissed from his job as a teacher, as a result of the complaints some of the students had made regarding the subject and direction of Crick's stories. In his last speech before leaving school, Tom Crick starts talking to a full [auditorium](/wiki/Auditorium \"Auditorium\") of students, and ends up directly talking to Price, asking him to never lose hope in a better future for him and the whole mankind. It is then shown that Crick returns to the Fens in England to look for his estranged wife, while hoping for a possible renewal of their relationship.",
"Arriving at the place by the lake Tom and Mary used to walk when younger, Crick sees Mary far away, strolling down the fields. He walks in her direction.",
""
] |
Zanzibar and Tristan da Cunha
-----------------------------
Dodgson was appointed as Principal of the ([UMCA](/wiki/UMCA "UMCA")) Kiungani School in [Zanzibar](/wiki/Zanzibar "Zanzibar") in 1879, where he served under Bishop [Edward Steere](/wiki/Edward_Steere "Edward Steere"). However, as his brother Charles noted, "the [ague](/wiki/Malaria "Malaria") was too much for him there". In 1880 he was appointed by the [Society for the Propagation of the Gospel](/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel") (SPG) as missionary and school teacher to [Tristan da Cunha](/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha "Tristan da Cunha"), a post which the Bishop of St Helena had been attempting to fill since 1866\. Dodgson volunteered to fill the post and the SPG undertook to provide a stipend of £100 a year.
Tristan da Cunha is the most isolated human community in the world, {{convert\|2173\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} from the nearest inhabited place, [Saint Helena](/wiki/Saint_Helena "Saint Helena") island. At the time, the population of Tristan da Cunha was about 100 and there was no regular transport to the island. The schooner *Edward Vittery* was chartered at a cost of £35 to take Dodgson from Saint Helena to Tristan. He landed safely on 25 February 1881\. Unfortunately, a gale sprang up and the boat was driven ashore and wrecked at a spot later named in honour of the occasion as Down\-Where\-The\-Minister\-Land\-His\-Things, as it still appears on maps of the island. All of Dodgson's books (except 100 copies of the *Mission Hymn Book*), the [harmonium](/wiki/Pump_organ "Pump organ"), and most of his stores were lost, but the communion vessels were saved, as was a stone font.
Shortly after his arrival Dodgson noted that "There are now 107 persons on the island in sixteen families. They all speak English, slightly Yankeefied. I like them very much \[...] They live just like one large family \[...] Mostly the women can read a little, and some can write, but there is only one who can do both with any likelihood of being intelligible". He continued: "There are about forty children in the school, divided into four classes". With great effort he set about his major tasks as priest and school teacher. He remarked, "They are decidedly a religious people in their simple way." His brother Charles noted that "At Tristan he was monarch of all he surveyed and could carry on matters ecclesiastical exactly as he liked, which was delightful for such an extreme ritualist as he is".
In 1882 Dodgson was optimistic about his progress, and his reports to England reflect his enthusiasm and energy. During that year the Admiralty diverted *HMS Diamond* to Tristan to deliver books, school materials and a harmonium. With the aid of the harmonium Dodgson introduced daily choral services, even though at the time there was no church. He noted that the daily worship had a good attendance, "with an average congregation of 20 adults plus children" and the same year he noted "I have been able to supply everyone on the island who can read with a Bible, Prayer book and hymn book".
However, Dodgson was to lose his optimism. In 1884 he notes "Only three of the children show the smallest improvement in intelligence. I attribute this to the unnatural state of isolation in which they are living. It is simply impossible for you to realize the mindlessness of the children and young people and also of the grown\-up people". He despaired of the situation, and remarked, "There is not the slightest reason for this island to be inhabited at all. It has been my daily prayer that God would open up some way for us all to leave the island". Thus he advocated the evacuation of Tristan da Cunha, and on this, he seriously disagreed with Peter Green, the principal spokesman for the island.
Dodgson served as SPG priest in Tristan from 1880 to 1884, when Bishop [Thomas Welby](/wiki/Thomas_Welby "Thomas Welby") of Saint Helena granted him permission to return to England, having heard from a whaling captain of his "very depressed state of mind". He arrived back in England in February 1885, having paid for his own passage. On arrival in England, he was suffering from a concussion as a result of falling down a hatchway on board the ship. The injuries resulting from the fall were to plague him for many years.
In England, he continued to work for the well\-being of the people of Tristan and he was ably assisted in this by his brother Charles. Their efforts to arrange for the migration of the inhabitants of Tristan, which included an interview with the Prime Minister, [Lord Salisbury](/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury "Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury"), in December 1885, failed. At the beginning of 1886, Salisbury wrote that he considered the migration of islanders and cattle to be "entirely impracticable".
Fifteen working men, a large portion of the adult male population of Tristan, perished in a boat accident in 1885\. When Dodgson learned of this he actively sought to aid the surviving inhabitants and the Colonial Office paid for his return to Tristan da Cunha on board *HMS Thalia*. He arrived on the island on 4 August 1886\. "I think it is my plain duty to throw in my lot with them and minister to their souls", he wrote. He remained at Tristan, for a time without any stipend, until December 1889, when again he had to return to England because of poor health. At that time he remarked, "I have not the slightest intention of going back to Tristan da Cunha. The intellect of the Tristanites is now so dwarfed by reason of their utter isolation that I do not think that I or anyone else could be of use to them. The only thing is to get them all away so that no more children may be brought up there". Tristan remained without a priest until 1906\.
|
[
"Zanzibar and Tristan da Cunha\n-----------------------------",
"Dodgson was appointed as Principal of the ([UMCA](/wiki/UMCA \"UMCA\")) Kiungani School in [Zanzibar](/wiki/Zanzibar \"Zanzibar\") in 1879, where he served under Bishop [Edward Steere](/wiki/Edward_Steere \"Edward Steere\"). However, as his brother Charles noted, \"the [ague](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\") was too much for him there\". In 1880 he was appointed by the [Society for the Propagation of the Gospel](/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel \"Society for the Propagation of the Gospel\") (SPG) as missionary and school teacher to [Tristan da Cunha](/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha \"Tristan da Cunha\"), a post which the Bishop of St Helena had been attempting to fill since 1866\\. Dodgson volunteered to fill the post and the SPG undertook to provide a stipend of £100 a year.",
"Tristan da Cunha is the most isolated human community in the world, {{convert\\|2173\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} from the nearest inhabited place, [Saint Helena](/wiki/Saint_Helena \"Saint Helena\") island. At the time, the population of Tristan da Cunha was about 100 and there was no regular transport to the island. The schooner *Edward Vittery* was chartered at a cost of £35 to take Dodgson from Saint Helena to Tristan. He landed safely on 25 February 1881\\. Unfortunately, a gale sprang up and the boat was driven ashore and wrecked at a spot later named in honour of the occasion as Down\\-Where\\-The\\-Minister\\-Land\\-His\\-Things, as it still appears on maps of the island. All of Dodgson's books (except 100 copies of the *Mission Hymn Book*), the [harmonium](/wiki/Pump_organ \"Pump organ\"), and most of his stores were lost, but the communion vessels were saved, as was a stone font.",
"Shortly after his arrival Dodgson noted that \"There are now 107 persons on the island in sixteen families. They all speak English, slightly Yankeefied. I like them very much \\[...] They live just like one large family \\[...] Mostly the women can read a little, and some can write, but there is only one who can do both with any likelihood of being intelligible\". He continued: \"There are about forty children in the school, divided into four classes\". With great effort he set about his major tasks as priest and school teacher. He remarked, \"They are decidedly a religious people in their simple way.\" His brother Charles noted that \"At Tristan he was monarch of all he surveyed and could carry on matters ecclesiastical exactly as he liked, which was delightful for such an extreme ritualist as he is\".",
"In 1882 Dodgson was optimistic about his progress, and his reports to England reflect his enthusiasm and energy. During that year the Admiralty diverted *HMS Diamond* to Tristan to deliver books, school materials and a harmonium. With the aid of the harmonium Dodgson introduced daily choral services, even though at the time there was no church. He noted that the daily worship had a good attendance, \"with an average congregation of 20 adults plus children\" and the same year he noted \"I have been able to supply everyone on the island who can read with a Bible, Prayer book and hymn book\".",
"However, Dodgson was to lose his optimism. In 1884 he notes \"Only three of the children show the smallest improvement in intelligence. I attribute this to the unnatural state of isolation in which they are living. It is simply impossible for you to realize the mindlessness of the children and young people and also of the grown\\-up people\". He despaired of the situation, and remarked, \"There is not the slightest reason for this island to be inhabited at all. It has been my daily prayer that God would open up some way for us all to leave the island\". Thus he advocated the evacuation of Tristan da Cunha, and on this, he seriously disagreed with Peter Green, the principal spokesman for the island.",
"Dodgson served as SPG priest in Tristan from 1880 to 1884, when Bishop [Thomas Welby](/wiki/Thomas_Welby \"Thomas Welby\") of Saint Helena granted him permission to return to England, having heard from a whaling captain of his \"very depressed state of mind\". He arrived back in England in February 1885, having paid for his own passage. On arrival in England, he was suffering from a concussion as a result of falling down a hatchway on board the ship. The injuries resulting from the fall were to plague him for many years.",
"In England, he continued to work for the well\\-being of the people of Tristan and he was ably assisted in this by his brother Charles. Their efforts to arrange for the migration of the inhabitants of Tristan, which included an interview with the Prime Minister, [Lord Salisbury](/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury \"Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury\"), in December 1885, failed. At the beginning of 1886, Salisbury wrote that he considered the migration of islanders and cattle to be \"entirely impracticable\".",
"Fifteen working men, a large portion of the adult male population of Tristan, perished in a boat accident in 1885\\. When Dodgson learned of this he actively sought to aid the surviving inhabitants and the Colonial Office paid for his return to Tristan da Cunha on board *HMS Thalia*. He arrived on the island on 4 August 1886\\. \"I think it is my plain duty to throw in my lot with them and minister to their souls\", he wrote. He remained at Tristan, for a time without any stipend, until December 1889, when again he had to return to England because of poor health. At that time he remarked, \"I have not the slightest intention of going back to Tristan da Cunha. The intellect of the Tristanites is now so dwarfed by reason of their utter isolation that I do not think that I or anyone else could be of use to them. The only thing is to get them all away so that no more children may be brought up there\". Tristan remained without a priest until 1906\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### *Lazarillo de Tormes* and its sources
While elements of literature by [Geoffrey Chaucer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer "Geoffrey Chaucer") and [Giovanni Boccaccio](/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio "Giovanni Boccaccio") have a picaresque feel and may have contributed to the style,{{cite book\|author\=Seán Ó Neachtain\|title\=The History of Éamon O'Clery\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=d2hX\-AhmR04C\&pg\=PA6\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|year\=2000\|publisher\=Clo Iar\-Chonnacht\|isbn\=978\-1\-902420\-35\-6\|page\=6}} the modern picaresque begins with *[Lazarillo de Tormes](/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes "Lazarillo de Tormes")*,{{cite book\|author1\=Turner, Harriet \|author2\= López de Martínez, Adelaida\|title\=The Cambridge Companion to the Spanish Novel: From 1600 to the Present\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jUD5rWJufkoC\&pg\=PA15\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|date\=11 September 2003\|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]]\|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-77815\-2\|page\=15}} which was published anonymously in 1554 in [Burgos](/wiki/Burgos "Burgos"), [Medina del Campo](/wiki/Medina_del_Campo "Medina del Campo"), and [Alcalá de Henares](/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares "Alcalá de Henares") in Spain, and also in [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp"), which at the time was under Spanish rule as a major city in the [Spanish Netherlands](/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands "Spanish Netherlands"). It is variously considered either the first picaresque novel or at least the antecedent of the genre.
The protagonist, Lázaro, lives by his wits in an effort to survive and succeed in an impoverished country full of hypocrisy. As a *pícaro* character, he is an alienated outsider, whose ability to expose and ridicule individuals compromised within society gives him a revolutionary stance.Cruz, Anne J. (2008\). [*Approaches to teaching Lazarillo de Tormes and the picaresque tradition*, p. 19\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=WIwLAQAAMAAJ) ("The *pícaro*{{'}}s revolutionary stance, as an alienated outsider who nevertheless constructs his own self and his world"). Lázaro states that the motivation for his writing is to communicate his experiences of overcoming deception, hypocrisy, and falsehood (*engaño*).MacAdam, Alfred J. [*Textual confrontations: comparative readings in Latin American literature*, p. 138\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=08wGHT9iug8C&pg=PA138) *Google Books*.
The character type draws on elements of [characterization](/wiki/Characterization "Characterization") already present in [Roman literature](/wiki/Latin_literature "Latin literature"), especially [Petronius](/wiki/Petronius "Petronius")' *[Satyricon](/wiki/Satyricon "Satyricon")*. Lázaro shares some of the traits of the central figure of [Encolpius](/wiki/Satyricon%23Principal_characters "Satyricon#Principal characters"), a former gladiator,[*The life of Lazarillo de Tormes: his fortunes and adversities*](https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lAAAAAYAAJ) (1962\) p. 18\. though it is unlikely that the author had access to Petronius' work.Martin, René (1999\) [*Le Satyricon: Pétrone*, p. 105\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=rY9fAAAAMAAJ) *Google Books*. From the comedies of [Plautus](/wiki/Plautus "Plautus"), *Lazarillo* borrows the figure of the parasite and the supple slave. Other traits are taken from [Apuleius](/wiki/Apuleius "Apuleius")' *[The Golden Ass](/wiki/The_Golden_Ass "The Golden Ass")*.Chaytor, Henry John (1922\)[*La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eRJKAAAAIAAJ) p. vii. *The Golden Ass* and *Satyricon* are rare surviving samples of the "[Milesian tale](/wiki/Milesian_tale "Milesian tale")", a popular genre in the classical world, and were revived and widely read in Renaissance Europe.
[thumb\|One of the most influential novels on the picaresque genre was *[The Golden Ass](/wiki/The_Golden_Ass "The Golden Ass")* by [Apuleius](/wiki/Apuleius "Apuleius"), which he published sometime in the 2nd century AD. (ms. Vat. Lat. 2194, [Vatican Library](/wiki/Vatican_Library "Vatican Library")) (1345 illustration).](/wiki/File:Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg "Apuleius Metamorphoses c. 65.jpg")
The principal episodes of *Lazarillo* are based on Arabic folktales that were well known to the Moorish inhabitants of Spain. The Arabic influence may account for the negative portrayal of priests and other church officials in *Lazarillo*.Fouad Al\-Mounir, "The Muslim Heritage of *Lazarillo de Tormes*," *The Maghreb Review* vol. 8, no. 2 (1983\), pp. 16–17\. [Arabic literature](/wiki/Arabic_literature "Arabic literature"), which was read widely in Spain in the time of [Al\-Andalus](/wiki/Al-Andalus "Al-Andalus") and possessed a literary tradition with similar themes, is thus another possible influence on the picaresque style. [Al\-Hamadhani](/wiki/Al-Hamadhani "Al-Hamadhani") (d.1008\) of Hamadhan (Iran) is credited with inventing the literary genre of [*maqāmāt*](/wiki/Maqama "Maqama") in which a wandering vagabond makes his living on the gifts his listeners give him following his extemporaneous displays of rhetoric, erudition, or verse, often done with a [trickster](/wiki/Trickster "Trickster")'s touch.[James T. Monroe](/wiki/James_T._Monroe "James T. Monroe"), *The art of Badi'u 'l\-Zaman al\-Hamadhani as picaresque narrative* (American University of Beirut c1983\). Ibn al\-Astarkuwi or al\-Ashtarkuni (d.1134\) also wrote in the genre *maqāmāt*, comparable to later European picaresque.Monroe, James T. translator, *Al\-Maqamat al\-luzumiyah, by Abu\-l\-Tahir Muhammad ibn Yusuf al\-Tamimi al\-Saraqus'i ibn al\-Astarkuwi*. Leiden: Brill, 2002\.
The curious presence of Russian [loanwords](/wiki/Loanword "Loanword") in the text of the *Lazarillo* also suggests the influence of medieval Slavic tales of tricksters, thieves, itinerant prostitutes, and brigands, who were common figures in the impoverished areas bordering on Germany to the west. When diplomatic ties to Germany and Spain were established under the emperor [Charles V](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor"), these tales began to be read in Italian translations in the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula").S. Rodzevich, "K istorii russkogo romantizma", *Russky Filologichesky Vestnik*, 77 (1917\), 194–237 (in Russian).
As narrator of his own adventures, Lázaro seeks to portray himself as the victim of both his ancestry and his circumstance. This means of appealing to the compassion of the reader would be directly challenged by later picaresque novels such as *[Guzmán de Alfarache](/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache "Guzmán de Alfarache")* (1599/1604\) and *[El Buscón](/wiki/El_Busc%C3%B3n "El Buscón")* (composed in the first decade of the 17th century and first published in 1626\) because the idea of [determinism](/wiki/Determinism "Determinism") used to cast the *pícaro* as a victim clashed with the [Catholic Revival](/wiki/Catholic_Revival "Catholic Revival") doctrine of [free will](/wiki/Free_will "Free will").{{cite journal \|last\=Boruchoff \|first\=David A. \|title\=Free Will, the Picaresque, and the Exemplarity of Cervantes's ''Novelas ejemplares'' \|journal\=\[\[Modern Language Notes\|MLN]] \|volume\=124 \|issue\=2 \|year\=2009 \|pages\=372–403 \|doi\=10\.1353/mln.0\.0121 \|jstor\=29734505 \|s2cid\=162205817 }}
### Other initial works
[thumb\|left\|Title page of the book *Guzmán de Alfarache* (1599\)](/wiki/Image:Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg "Grabado Guzmán Alfarache.jpg")
An early example is [Mateo Alemán](/wiki/Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n "Mateo Alemán")'s *[Guzmán de Alfarache](/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache "Guzmán de Alfarache")* (1599\), characterized by religiosity. Guzmán de Alfarache is a fictional character who lived in the city of [San Juan de Aznalfarache](/wiki/San_Juan_de_Aznalfarache "San Juan de Aznalfarache"), in [Seville](/wiki/Seville "Seville"), Spain.
[Francisco de Quevedo](/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo "Francisco de Quevedo")'s *[El Buscón](/wiki/El_Busc%C3%B3n "El Buscón")* (1604 according to Francisco Rico; the exact date is uncertain, yet it was certainly a very early work) is considered the absolute masterpiece of the genre by A. A. Parker, because of his [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") style and the study of delinquent psychology. However, a different school of thought, led by [Francisco Rico](/wiki/Francisco_Rico "Francisco Rico"), rejects Parker's view, contending instead that the protagonist, Don Pablos, is a unrealistic character, simply a means for Quevedo to launch [classist](/wiki/Classism "Classism"), [racist](/wiki/Racism "Racism") and [sexist](/wiki/Sexism "Sexism") attacks. Moreover, argues Rico, the structure of the novel is radically different from previous works of the picaresque genre: Quevedo uses the conventions of the picaresque as a mere vehicle to show off his abilities with conceit and rhetoric, rather than to construct a satirical critique of [Spanish Golden Age](/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age "Spanish Golden Age") society.
[Miguel de Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes "Miguel de Cervantes") wrote several works "in the picaresque manner, notably *[Rinconete y Cortadillo](/wiki/Rinconete_y_Cortadillo "Rinconete y Cortadillo")* (1613\) and *[El coloquio de los perros](/wiki/El_coloquio_de_los_perros "El coloquio de los perros")* (1613; "Colloquy of the Dogs")". "Cervantes also incorporated elements of the picaresque into his greatest novel, *[Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote "Don Quixote")* (1605, 1615\)",["Picaresque", Britannica online](https://www.britannica.com/art/picaresque-novel) the "single most important progenitor of the modern novel", that [M. H. Abrams](/wiki/M._H._Abrams "M. H. Abrams") has described as a "quasi\-picaresque narrative".{{cite book \|title\=A Glossary of Literary Terms \|edition\=7th \|publisher\=Harcourt Brace \|year\=1985 \|page\=191 \|isbn\=0\-03\-054982\-5 }} Here the hero is not a rogue but a foolish knight.
In order to understand the historical context that led to the development of these paradigmatic picaresque novels in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries, it is essential to take into consideration the circumstances surrounding the lives of *[conversos](/wiki/Converso "Converso"),* whose ancestors had been Jewish, and whose [New Christian](/wiki/New_Christian "New Christian") faith was subjected to close scrutiny and mistrust.For an overview of scholarship on the role of *conversos* in the development of the picaresque novel in 16th\- and 17th\-century Spain, see {{cite book \|first\=Yael \|last\=Halevi\-Wise \|chapter\=The Life and Times of the Pícaro Converso from Spain to Latin America \|title\=Sephardism: Spanish Jewish History in the Modern Literary Imagination \|editor\-first\=Yael \|editor\-last\=Halevi\-Wise \|publisher\=Stanford University Press \|year\=2011 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8047\-7746\-9 \|pages\=143–167 }}
The Spanish novels were read and imitated in other European countries where their influence can be found. In Germany, [Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen](/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen "Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen") wrote *[Simplicius Simplicissimus](/wiki/Simplicius_Simplicissimus "Simplicius Simplicissimus")*{{cite book\|last\=Grimmelshausen\|first\=H. J. Chr.\|title\=Der abentheurliche Simplicissimus\|trans\-title\=The adventurous Simplicissimus\|language\=de\|url\=http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/show/grimmelshausen\_simplicissimus\_1669\|author\-link\=Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen\|location\=Nuremberg\|publisher\=J. Fillion\|year\=1669\|oclc\=22567416}} (1669\), considered the most important of non\-Spanish picaresque novels. It describes the devastation caused by the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War"). Grimmelshausen's novel has been called an example of the German *abenteuerroman* (which literally means "adventure novel"). An *abenteuerroman* is Germany's version of the picaresque novel; it is an "entertaining story of the adventures of the hero, but there is also often a serious aspect to the story."Merriam\-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam\-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers. Springfield, Massachusetts, 1995\. Page 3\.
[Alain\-René Le Sage](/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Le_Sage "Alain-René Le Sage")'s *[Gil Blas](/wiki/Gil_Blas "Gil Blas")* (1715\) is a classic example of the genre,{{cite journal \|last\=Paulson \|first\=Ronald \|jstor\=27714644 \|title\=Reviewed Work: ''Rogue's Progress: Studies in the Picaresque Novel by Robert Alter'' \|journal\=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology \|volume\=64 \|issue\=2 \|year\=1965 \|page\=303 }} which in France had declined into an aristocratic adventure.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2011}} In Britain, the first example is Thomas Nashe's *[The Unfortunate Traveller](/wiki/The_Unfortunate_Traveller "The Unfortunate Traveller")* (1594\) in which a court page, Jack Wilson, exposes the underclass life in a string of European cities through lively, often brutal descriptions.{{cite book \|last\=Schmidt \|first\=Michael \|title\=The Novel: A Biography \|location\=Cambridge \|publisher\=Belknap Press \|year\=2014 \|isbn\= }} The body of [Tobias Smollett](/wiki/Tobias_Smollett "Tobias Smollett")'s work, and [Daniel Defoe](/wiki/Daniel_Defoe "Daniel Defoe")'s *[Moll Flanders](/wiki/Moll_Flanders "Moll Flanders")* (1722\) are considered picaresque, but they lack the sense of religious redemption of delinquency that was very important in Spanish and German novels. The triumph of Moll Flanders is more economic than moral. While the mores of the early 18th century wouldn't permit Moll to be a heroine *per se*, Defoe hardly disguises his admiration for her resilience and resourcefulness.
#### Works with some picaresque elements
The autobiography of [Benvenuto Cellini](/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini "Benvenuto Cellini"), written in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") beginning in 1558, also has much in common with the picaresque.
The classic Chinese novel *[Journey to the West](/wiki/Journey_to_the_West "Journey to the West")* is considered to have considerable picaresque elements. Having been published in 1590, it is contemporary with much of the above—but is unlikely to have been directly influenced by the European genre.
### 18th and 19th centuries
[Henry Fielding](/wiki/Henry_Fielding "Henry Fielding") proved his mastery of the form in *[Joseph Andrews](/wiki/Joseph_Andrews "Joseph Andrews")* (1742\), *[The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great](/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_Jonathan_Wild%2C_the_Great "The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great")* (1743\) and *[The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones%2C_a_Foundling "The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling")* (1749\), though Fielding attributed his style to an "imitation of the manner of [Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes "Miguel de Cervantes"), author of *[Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote "Don Quixote")*".The title page of the first edition of *Joseph Andrews* lists its full title as: *The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams. Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, Author of Don Quixote*.
[William Makepeace Thackeray](/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray "William Makepeace Thackeray") is the master of the 19th\-century English picaresque. His best\-known work, *[Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28novel%29 "Vanity Fair (novel)")* (1847–1848\) — a title ironically derived from [John Bunyan](/wiki/John_Bunyan "John Bunyan")'s Puritan allegory of redemption *[The Pilgrim's Progress](/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress "The Pilgrim's Progress")* (1678\) — follows the career of fortune\-hunting adventuress [Becky Sharp](/wiki/Becky_Sharp "Becky Sharp"), her progress echoing the earlier *Moll Flanders*. His earlier novel *[The Luck of Barry Lyndon](/wiki/The_Luck_of_Barry_Lyndon "The Luck of Barry Lyndon")* (1844\) recounts the rise and fall of an Irish arriviste conniving his way into the 18th\-century English aristocracy.
The 1880 Romanian novella [Ivan Turbincă](/wiki/Ivan_Turbinc%C4%83 "Ivan Turbincă") tells the story of a kind, but hedonistic and scheming ex soldier who ends up tricking God, the Devil, and the Grim Reaper so that he can sneak into Heaven to party forever.
[Aleko Konstantinov](/wiki/Aleko_Konstantinov "Aleko Konstantinov") wrote the 1895 novel *[Bay Ganyo](/wiki/Bay_Ganyo "Bay Ganyo")* about the [eponymous Bulgarian rogue](/wiki/Bay_Ganyo "Bay Ganyo"). The character conducts business of uneven honesty around Europe before returning home to get into politics and newspaper publishing. Bay Ganyo is a well\-known stereotype in Bulgaria.
#### Works influenced by the picaresque
In the English\-speaking world, the term "picaresque" has referred more to a [literary technique](/wiki/Literary_technique "Literary technique") or model than to the precise genre that the Spanish call *picaresco*. The English\-language term can simply refer to an episodic recounting of the adventures of an [anti\-hero](/wiki/Anti-hero "Anti-hero") on the road.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.britannica.com/art/picaresque\-novel\|title\=Picaresque novel {{!}} literature\|website\=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-04}}
[Laurence Sterne](/wiki/Laurence_Sterne "Laurence Sterne")'s *[The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman](/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy%2C_Gentleman "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman")* (1761–1767\) and *[A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy](/wiki/A_Sentimental_Journey_Through_France_and_Italy "A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy")* (1768\) each have strong picaresque elements. [Voltaire](/wiki/Voltaire "Voltaire")'s [satirical](/wiki/Satirical "Satirical") novel *[Candide](/wiki/Candide "Candide")* (1759\) contains elements of the picaresque. An interesting variation on the tradition of the picaresque is *[The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Hajji_Baba_of_Ispahan "The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan")* (1824\), a satirical view on early 19th\-century [Persia](/wiki/Persia "Persia"), written by [James Morier](/wiki/James_Morier "James Morier"). Another novel on the same theme is *[A Rogue's Life](/wiki/A_Rogue%27s_Life "A Rogue's Life")* (1857\) by [Wilkie Collins](/wiki/Wilkie_Collins "Wilkie Collins").
Elements{{clarify\|date\=July 2018}} of the picaresque novel are found in [Charles Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens "Charles Dickens")' *[The Pickwick Papers](/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers "The Pickwick Papers")* (1836–37\)."Picaresque", Britannica online. [Nikolai Gogol](/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol "Nikolai Gogol") occasionally used the technique, as in *[Dead Souls](/wiki/Dead_Souls "Dead Souls")* (1842–52\).{{cite book \|last\=Striedter \|first\=Jurij \|title\=Der Schelmenroman in Russland: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Russischen Romans vor Gogol \|location\=Berlin \|publisher\=Freien Universität \|year\=1961 \|oclc\=1067476065 \|language\=de }} [Mark Twain](/wiki/Mark_Twain "Mark Twain")'s *[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn](/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn")* (1884\) also has some elements of the picaresque novel.
### 20th and 21st centuries
{{more citations needed section\|date\=July 2018}}
[thumb\|right\|Statue of [Ostap Bender](/wiki/Ostap_Bender "Ostap Bender") in [Elista](/wiki/Elista "Elista")](/wiki/File:Osstapp1.jpg "Osstapp1.jpg")
*[Kvachi Kvachantiradze](/wiki/Kvachi_Kvachantiradze "Kvachi Kvachantiradze")* is a novel by [Mikheil Javakhishvili](/wiki/Mikheil_Javakhishvili "Mikheil Javakhishvili") published in 1924\. This is, in brief, the story of a swindler, a Georgian [Felix Krull](/wiki/Confessions_of_Felix_Krull "Confessions of Felix Krull"), or perhaps a cynical [Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote "Don Quixote"), named Kvachi Kvachantiradze: womanizer, cheat, perpetrator of insurance fraud, bank\-robber, associate of Rasputin, filmmaker, revolutionary, and pimp.
*[The Twelve Chairs](/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs "The Twelve Chairs")* (1928\) and its sequel, *[The Little Golden Calf](/wiki/The_Little_Golden_Calf "The Little Golden Calf")* (1931\), by [Ilya Ilf](/wiki/Ilya_Ilf "Ilya Ilf") and [Yevgeni Petrov](/wiki/Yevgeni_Petrov_%28writer%29 "Yevgeni Petrov (writer)") (together known as [Ilf and Petrov](/wiki/Ilf_and_Petrov "Ilf and Petrov")) became classics of 20th\-century [Russian](/wiki/Russian_literature "Russian literature") satire and the basis for [numerous film adaptations](/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs_%28disambiguation%29 "The Twelve Chairs (disambiguation)").
[Camilo José Cela](/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela "Camilo José Cela")'s *[The Family of Pascual Duarte](/wiki/The_Family_of_Pascual_Duarte "The Family of Pascual Duarte")* (1942\),{{Citation\|last\=Godsland\|first\=Shelley\|title\=The neopicaresque: The picaresque myth in the twentieth\-century novel\|date\=2015\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/picaresque\-novel\-in\-western\-literature/neopicaresque/0DFBEE29CB4D6C25A7F156D256404CFA\|work\=The Picaresque Novel in Western Literature: From the Sixteenth Century to the Neopicaresque\|pages\=247–268\|editor\-last\=Garrido Ardila\|editor\-first\=J. A.\|place\=Cambridge\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-107\-03165\-4\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-11}} [Ralph Ellison](/wiki/Ralph_Ellison "Ralph Ellison")'s *[Invisible Man](/wiki/Invisible_Man "Invisible Man")* (1952\) and *[The Adventures of Augie March](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March "The Adventures of Augie March")* by [Saul Bellow](/wiki/Saul_Bellow "Saul Bellow") (1953\) were also among mid\-twentieth\-century picaresque literature.{{Cite thesis \|degree\=Master \|last\=Deters\|first\=Mary E.\|date\=1969\|title\=A Study of the Picaresque Novel in Twentieth\-Century America \|publisher\=Wisconsin State University \|url\=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/48359\|language\=en\-US}} [John A. Lee](/wiki/John_A._Lee "John A. Lee")'s *[Shining with the Shiner](/wiki/Shining_with_the_Shiner "Shining with the Shiner")* (1944\) tells amusing tales about New Zealand folk hero [Ned Slattery](/wiki/Edmond_Slattery "Edmond Slattery") (1840–1927\) surviving by his wits and beating the '[Protestant work ethic](/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic "Protestant work ethic")'. So too is [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann "Thomas Mann")'s *[Confessions of Felix Krull](/wiki/Confessions_of_Felix_Krull "Confessions of Felix Krull")* (1954\), which like many novels emphasizes the theme of a charmingly roguish ascent in the social order. *[Under the Net](/wiki/Under_the_Net "Under the Net")* (1954\) by [Iris Murdoch](/wiki/Iris_Murdoch "Iris Murdoch"),Chosen by *Time* magazine and Modern Library editors as one of the greatest English\-language novels of the 20th century. See [Under the Net](/wiki/Under_the_Net "Under the Net"). [Günter Grass](/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass "Günter Grass")'s *[The Tin Drum](/wiki/The_Tin_Drum "The Tin Drum")* (1959\) is a German picaresque novel. [John Barth](/wiki/John_Barth "John Barth")'s *[The Sot\-Weed Factor](/wiki/The_Sot-Weed_Factor_%281960_novel%29 "The Sot-Weed Factor (1960 novel)")* (1960\) is a picaresque novel that parodies the [historical novel](/wiki/Historical_novel "Historical novel") and uses [black humor](/wiki/Black_humor "Black humor") by intentionally incorrectly using [literary devices](/wiki/Literary_device "Literary device").
Other examples from the 1960s and 1970s include [Jerzy Kosinski](/wiki/Jerzy_Kosinski "Jerzy Kosinski")'s *[The Painted Bird](/wiki/The_Painted_Bird "The Painted Bird")* (1965\), [Vladimir Voinovich](/wiki/Vladimir_Voinovich "Vladimir Voinovich")'s *[The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin](/wiki/The_Life_and_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Private_Ivan_Chonkin "The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin")* (1969\), and [Arto Paasilinna](/wiki/Arto_Paasilinna "Arto Paasilinna")'s *[The Year of the Hare](/wiki/The_Year_of_the_Hare_%28novel%29 "The Year of the Hare (novel)")* (1975\).
Examples from the 1980s include [John Kennedy Toole](/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole "John Kennedy Toole")'s novel *[A Confederacy of Dunces](/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces "A Confederacy of Dunces")*, which was published in 1980, eleven years after the author's suicide, and won the 1981 [Pulitzer Prize for Fiction](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction "Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"). It follows the adventures of Ignatius J. Reilly, a well\-educated but lazy and obese slob, as he attempts to find stable employment in New Orleans and meets many colorful characters along the way.
Later examples include [Umberto Eco](/wiki/Umberto_Eco "Umberto Eco")'s *[Baudolino](/wiki/Baudolino "Baudolino")* (2000\),As expressed by the author {{Cite periodical \|periodical\=The Modern World \| title \= With Baudolino, Eco Returns to Romance Writing\| date \= 11 September 2000\| url \= http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco\_repubblica\_00\_baud.html\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060906080208/http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco\_repubblica\_00\_baud.html\| archive\-date \= 6 September 2006}} and [Aravind Adiga](/wiki/Aravind_Adiga "Aravind Adiga")'s *[The White Tiger](/wiki/The_White_Tiger_%28Adiga_novel%29 "The White Tiger (Adiga novel)")* (Booker Prize 2008\).{{cite news\| newspaper \= Telegraph\|location\=UK \| title \= The picaresque, in detail\|date\=4 November 2003\| access\-date \= March 16, 2010\| url \= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3605787/The\-picaresque\-in\-detail.html\| first \= Mark\| last \= Sanderson}}
[William S. Burroughs](/wiki/William_S._Burroughs "William S. Burroughs") was a devoted fan of picaresque novels, and gave a series of lectures involving the topic in 1979 at [Naropa University](/wiki/Naropa_University "Naropa University") in Colorado. He says it is impossible to separate the [anti\-hero](/wiki/Anti-hero "Anti-hero") from the picaresque novel, that most of these are funny, and they all have protagonists who are outsiders by their nature. His list of picaresque novels includes Petronius' novel *[Satyricon](/wiki/Satyricon "Satyricon")* (54–68 AD), *[The Unfortunate Traveller](/wiki/The_Unfortunate_Traveller "The Unfortunate Traveller")* (1594\) by Thomas Nashe, both *[Maiden Voyage](/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_%28novel%29 "Maiden Voyage (novel)")* (1943\) and *[A Voice Through a Cloud](/wiki/A_Voice_Through_a_Cloud "A Voice Through a Cloud")* (1950\) by [Denton Welch](/wiki/Denton_Welch "Denton Welch"), *[Two Serious Ladies](/wiki/Two_Serious_Ladies "Two Serious Ladies")* (1943\) by [Jane Bowles](/wiki/Jane_Bowles "Jane Bowles"), *[Death on Credit](/wiki/Death_on_Credit "Death on Credit")* (1936\) by [Louis\-Ferdinand Céline](/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line "Louis-Ferdinand Céline"), and even himself.Archived at [Ghostarchive](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4d3fDtxCiAQ){{cbignore}} and the [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20130509142235/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d3fDtxCiAQ&gl=US&hl=en){{cbignore}}: {{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=4d3fDtxCiAQ\|title\=Class On Creative Reading – William S. Burroughs – 2/3\|last\=NewThinkable\|date\=7 March 2013\|access\-date\=14 March 2018\|via\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}
In contemporary Latin American literature, there are [Manuel Rojas](/wiki/Manuel_Rojas_%28author%29 "Manuel Rojas (author)")' *[Hijo de ladrón](/wiki/Hijo_de_ladr%C3%B3n "Hijo de ladrón")* (1951\), [Joaquín Edwards](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Edwards_Bello "Joaquín Edwards Bello")' *El roto* (1968\), [Elena Poniatowska](/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska "Elena Poniatowska")'s *Hasta no verte Jesús mío* (1969\), [Luis Zapata](/wiki/Luis_Zapata_%28writer%29 "Luis Zapata (writer)")'s *[Las aventuras, desventuras y sueños de Adonis García, el vampiro de la colonia Roma](/wiki/El_vampiro_de_la_colonia_Roma "El vampiro de la colonia Roma")* (1978\) and [José Baroja](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Baroja "José Baroja")'s *Un hijo de perra* (2017\), among others.{{Cite journal\|title\=Sobre la picaresca en Hispanoamérica\|last\=Fernández\|first\=Teodosio\|year\=2001\|hdl\=10486/670544\|hdl\-access\=free\|journal\=Edad de Oro\|volume\=XX\|pages\=95–104\|language\=es\|issn\=0212\-0429}}
#### Works influenced by the picaresque
* [Jaroslav Hašek](/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek "Jaroslav Hašek")'s *[The Good Soldier Švejk](/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk "The Good Soldier Švejk")* (1923\) is an example of a work from Central Europe that has picaresque elements.{{cite journal \| last\=Weitzman \| first\=Erica \| title\=Imperium Stupidum: Švejk, Satire, Sabotage, Sabotage \| journal\=Law and Literature \| publisher\=University of California Press \| volume\=18 \| issue\=2 \| year\=2006 \| issn\=1535\-685X \| doi\=10\.1525/lal.2006\.18\.2\.117 \| pages\=117–148\| s2cid\=144736158 }}
* [J. B. Priestley](/wiki/J._B._Priestley "J. B. Priestley") made use of the form in his *[The Good Companions](/wiki/The_Good_Companions "The Good Companions")* (1929\), which won the [James Tait Black Memorial Prize](/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize "James Tait Black Memorial Prize") for Fiction.
* [Fritz Leiber](/wiki/Fritz_Leiber "Fritz Leiber")'s [sword and sorcery](/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery "Sword and sorcery") series of novels, *[Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser](/wiki/Fafhrd_and_the_Gray_Mouser "Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser")*, are considered to have many picaresque elements, and are sometimes described as picaresque on the whole.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sfsite.com/07a/fgm131\.htm\|title\=The First \& Second Books of Lankhmar\|last\=Thompson\|first\=William\|date\=2014\|website\=SF Site\|access\-date\=4 August 2022}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://totally\-epic.kwakk.info/2020/03/27/1990\-fafhrd\-and\-the\-gray\-mouser/\|title\=1990: Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser\|date\=27 May 2020\|website\=Totally Epic\|publisher\=Epic Comics\|access\-date\=4 August 2022}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://speculiction.blogspot.com/2012/11/review\-of\-first\-book\-of\-lankhmar\-by.html\|title\=Review of "The First Book of Lankhmar" by Fritz Leiber\|date\=8 November 2012\|website\=Speculiction\|access\-date\=4 August 2022}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://theoutcastrogue.tumblr.com/post/640310065062182912/besides\-the\-mafia\-what\-exactly\-is\-a\-thieves\|title\=we ARE Rogue\|date\=14 January 2021\|website\=The Outcast Rogue\|publisher\=Tumblr\|access\-date\=4 August 2022}}
* [Hannah Tinti](/wiki/Hannah_Tinti "Hannah Tinti")'s novel *[The Good Thief](/wiki/The_Good_Thief_%28novel%29 "The Good Thief (novel)")* (2008\) features a young, one\-handed orphan who craves a family, and finds one in a group of rogues and misfits.
### In cinema
In 1987 an [Italian](/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy "Cinema of Italy") [comedy](/wiki/Comedy "Comedy") film written and directed by [Mario Monicelli](/wiki/Mario_Monicelli "Mario Monicelli") was released under the Italian title *I picari*. It was co\-produced with Spain, where it was released as *Los alegres pícaros*,{{cite book\|author1\=Roberto Chiti \|author2\=Roberto Poppi \|author3\=Enrico Lancia \|title\=Dizionario del cinema italiano\|publisher\=Gremese Editore, 1991}} and internationally as *[The Rogues](/wiki/The_Rogues_%28film%29 "The Rogues (film)")*. Starring [Vittorio Gassman](/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman "Vittorio Gassman"), [Nino Manfredi](/wiki/Nino_Manfredi "Nino Manfredi"), [Enrico Montesano](/wiki/Enrico_Montesano "Enrico Montesano"), [Giuliana De Sio](/wiki/Giuliana_De_Sio "Giuliana De Sio") and [Giancarlo Giannini](/wiki/Giancarlo_Giannini "Giancarlo Giannini"), the film is freely inspired by the Spanish novels *[Lazarillo de Tormes](/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes "Lazarillo de Tormes")* and *[Guzman de Alfarache](/wiki/Guzman_de_Alfarache "Guzman de Alfarache")*.{{cite book\|last\=Leonardo De Franceschi\|title\=Lo sguardo eclettico\|publisher\=Marsilio, 2001}} The [Disney](/wiki/Disney "Disney") film *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_Disney_film%29 "Aladdin (1992 Disney film)")* (1992\) can be considered a picaresque story.{{Cite web\|url\=https://onthewarside.wordpress.com/2015/10/30/wait\-what\-aladdin\-is\-a\-picaro/\|title\="Wait! What? Aladdin is a Picaro?" by unknown\|date\=30 October 2015\|website\=onthewarside.wordpress.com\|access\-date\=2 February 2024}}
### In television
The sixth episode of Season 1 of the Spanish fantasy television series, *[El ministerio del tiempo](/wiki/El_ministerio_del_tiempo "El ministerio del tiempo")* (English title: *The Ministry of Time*), entitled "Tiempo de pícaros" (Time of rascals) focuses on Lazarillo de Tormes as a young boy prior to his adventures in the genre\-creating novel that bears his name. The [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") series *[Inventing Anna](/wiki/Inventing_Anna "Inventing Anna")* (2022\) has been called "somewhat anhedonic post\-internet picaresque".
{{cite web \|title\=False Profit\|url\=https://www.artforum.com/columns/chloe\-wyma\-on\-shonda\-rhimess\-inventing\-anna\-251377/\|website\=artforum\|date\=February 2022 \|access\-date\=2 February 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### *Lazarillo de Tormes* and its sources",
"While elements of literature by [Geoffrey Chaucer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer \"Geoffrey Chaucer\") and [Giovanni Boccaccio](/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio \"Giovanni Boccaccio\") have a picaresque feel and may have contributed to the style,{{cite book\\|author\\=Seán Ó Neachtain\\|title\\=The History of Éamon O'Clery\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=d2hX\\-AhmR04C\\&pg\\=PA6\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|year\\=2000\\|publisher\\=Clo Iar\\-Chonnacht\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-902420\\-35\\-6\\|page\\=6}} the modern picaresque begins with *[Lazarillo de Tormes](/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes \"Lazarillo de Tormes\")*,{{cite book\\|author1\\=Turner, Harriet \\|author2\\= López de Martínez, Adelaida\\|title\\=The Cambridge Companion to the Spanish Novel: From 1600 to the Present\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jUD5rWJufkoC\\&pg\\=PA15\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|date\\=11 September 2003\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]]\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-77815\\-2\\|page\\=15}} which was published anonymously in 1554 in [Burgos](/wiki/Burgos \"Burgos\"), [Medina del Campo](/wiki/Medina_del_Campo \"Medina del Campo\"), and [Alcalá de Henares](/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares \"Alcalá de Henares\") in Spain, and also in [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\"), which at the time was under Spanish rule as a major city in the [Spanish Netherlands](/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands \"Spanish Netherlands\"). It is variously considered either the first picaresque novel or at least the antecedent of the genre.",
"The protagonist, Lázaro, lives by his wits in an effort to survive and succeed in an impoverished country full of hypocrisy. As a *pícaro* character, he is an alienated outsider, whose ability to expose and ridicule individuals compromised within society gives him a revolutionary stance.Cruz, Anne J. (2008\\). [*Approaches to teaching Lazarillo de Tormes and the picaresque tradition*, p. 19\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=WIwLAQAAMAAJ) (\"The *pícaro*{{'}}s revolutionary stance, as an alienated outsider who nevertheless constructs his own self and his world\"). Lázaro states that the motivation for his writing is to communicate his experiences of overcoming deception, hypocrisy, and falsehood (*engaño*).MacAdam, Alfred J. [*Textual confrontations: comparative readings in Latin American literature*, p. 138\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=08wGHT9iug8C&pg=PA138) *Google Books*.",
"The character type draws on elements of [characterization](/wiki/Characterization \"Characterization\") already present in [Roman literature](/wiki/Latin_literature \"Latin literature\"), especially [Petronius](/wiki/Petronius \"Petronius\")' *[Satyricon](/wiki/Satyricon \"Satyricon\")*. Lázaro shares some of the traits of the central figure of [Encolpius](/wiki/Satyricon%23Principal_characters \"Satyricon#Principal characters\"), a former gladiator,[*The life of Lazarillo de Tormes: his fortunes and adversities*](https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lAAAAAYAAJ) (1962\\) p. 18\\. though it is unlikely that the author had access to Petronius' work.Martin, René (1999\\) [*Le Satyricon: Pétrone*, p. 105\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=rY9fAAAAMAAJ) *Google Books*. From the comedies of [Plautus](/wiki/Plautus \"Plautus\"), *Lazarillo* borrows the figure of the parasite and the supple slave. Other traits are taken from [Apuleius](/wiki/Apuleius \"Apuleius\")' *[The Golden Ass](/wiki/The_Golden_Ass \"The Golden Ass\")*.Chaytor, Henry John (1922\\)[*La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eRJKAAAAIAAJ) p. vii. *The Golden Ass* and *Satyricon* are rare surviving samples of the \"[Milesian tale](/wiki/Milesian_tale \"Milesian tale\")\", a popular genre in the classical world, and were revived and widely read in Renaissance Europe.",
"[thumb\\|One of the most influential novels on the picaresque genre was *[The Golden Ass](/wiki/The_Golden_Ass \"The Golden Ass\")* by [Apuleius](/wiki/Apuleius \"Apuleius\"), which he published sometime in the 2nd century AD. (ms. Vat. Lat. 2194, [Vatican Library](/wiki/Vatican_Library \"Vatican Library\")) (1345 illustration).](/wiki/File:Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg \"Apuleius Metamorphoses c. 65.jpg\")\nThe principal episodes of *Lazarillo* are based on Arabic folktales that were well known to the Moorish inhabitants of Spain. The Arabic influence may account for the negative portrayal of priests and other church officials in *Lazarillo*.Fouad Al\\-Mounir, \"The Muslim Heritage of *Lazarillo de Tormes*,\" *The Maghreb Review* vol. 8, no. 2 (1983\\), pp. 16–17\\. [Arabic literature](/wiki/Arabic_literature \"Arabic literature\"), which was read widely in Spain in the time of [Al\\-Andalus](/wiki/Al-Andalus \"Al-Andalus\") and possessed a literary tradition with similar themes, is thus another possible influence on the picaresque style. [Al\\-Hamadhani](/wiki/Al-Hamadhani \"Al-Hamadhani\") (d.1008\\) of Hamadhan (Iran) is credited with inventing the literary genre of [*maqāmāt*](/wiki/Maqama \"Maqama\") in which a wandering vagabond makes his living on the gifts his listeners give him following his extemporaneous displays of rhetoric, erudition, or verse, often done with a [trickster](/wiki/Trickster \"Trickster\")'s touch.[James T. Monroe](/wiki/James_T._Monroe \"James T. Monroe\"), *The art of Badi'u 'l\\-Zaman al\\-Hamadhani as picaresque narrative* (American University of Beirut c1983\\). Ibn al\\-Astarkuwi or al\\-Ashtarkuni (d.1134\\) also wrote in the genre *maqāmāt*, comparable to later European picaresque.Monroe, James T. translator, *Al\\-Maqamat al\\-luzumiyah, by Abu\\-l\\-Tahir Muhammad ibn Yusuf al\\-Tamimi al\\-Saraqus'i ibn al\\-Astarkuwi*. Leiden: Brill, 2002\\.",
"The curious presence of Russian [loanwords](/wiki/Loanword \"Loanword\") in the text of the *Lazarillo* also suggests the influence of medieval Slavic tales of tricksters, thieves, itinerant prostitutes, and brigands, who were common figures in the impoverished areas bordering on Germany to the west. When diplomatic ties to Germany and Spain were established under the emperor [Charles V](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\"), these tales began to be read in Italian translations in the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\").S. Rodzevich, \"K istorii russkogo romantizma\", *Russky Filologichesky Vestnik*, 77 (1917\\), 194–237 (in Russian).",
"As narrator of his own adventures, Lázaro seeks to portray himself as the victim of both his ancestry and his circumstance. This means of appealing to the compassion of the reader would be directly challenged by later picaresque novels such as *[Guzmán de Alfarache](/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache \"Guzmán de Alfarache\")* (1599/1604\\) and *[El Buscón](/wiki/El_Busc%C3%B3n \"El Buscón\")* (composed in the first decade of the 17th century and first published in 1626\\) because the idea of [determinism](/wiki/Determinism \"Determinism\") used to cast the *pícaro* as a victim clashed with the [Catholic Revival](/wiki/Catholic_Revival \"Catholic Revival\") doctrine of [free will](/wiki/Free_will \"Free will\").{{cite journal \\|last\\=Boruchoff \\|first\\=David A. \\|title\\=Free Will, the Picaresque, and the Exemplarity of Cervantes's ''Novelas ejemplares'' \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Modern Language Notes\\|MLN]] \\|volume\\=124 \\|issue\\=2 \\|year\\=2009 \\|pages\\=372–403 \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/mln.0\\.0121 \\|jstor\\=29734505 \\|s2cid\\=162205817 }}",
"### Other initial works",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Title page of the book *Guzmán de Alfarache* (1599\\)](/wiki/Image:Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg \"Grabado Guzmán Alfarache.jpg\")\nAn early example is [Mateo Alemán](/wiki/Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n \"Mateo Alemán\")'s *[Guzmán de Alfarache](/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache \"Guzmán de Alfarache\")* (1599\\), characterized by religiosity. Guzmán de Alfarache is a fictional character who lived in the city of [San Juan de Aznalfarache](/wiki/San_Juan_de_Aznalfarache \"San Juan de Aznalfarache\"), in [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\"), Spain.",
"[Francisco de Quevedo](/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo \"Francisco de Quevedo\")'s *[El Buscón](/wiki/El_Busc%C3%B3n \"El Buscón\")* (1604 according to Francisco Rico; the exact date is uncertain, yet it was certainly a very early work) is considered the absolute masterpiece of the genre by A. A. Parker, because of his [baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") style and the study of delinquent psychology. However, a different school of thought, led by [Francisco Rico](/wiki/Francisco_Rico \"Francisco Rico\"), rejects Parker's view, contending instead that the protagonist, Don Pablos, is a unrealistic character, simply a means for Quevedo to launch [classist](/wiki/Classism \"Classism\"), [racist](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\") and [sexist](/wiki/Sexism \"Sexism\") attacks. Moreover, argues Rico, the structure of the novel is radically different from previous works of the picaresque genre: Quevedo uses the conventions of the picaresque as a mere vehicle to show off his abilities with conceit and rhetoric, rather than to construct a satirical critique of [Spanish Golden Age](/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age \"Spanish Golden Age\") society.",
"[Miguel de Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes \"Miguel de Cervantes\") wrote several works \"in the picaresque manner, notably *[Rinconete y Cortadillo](/wiki/Rinconete_y_Cortadillo \"Rinconete y Cortadillo\")* (1613\\) and *[El coloquio de los perros](/wiki/El_coloquio_de_los_perros \"El coloquio de los perros\")* (1613; \"Colloquy of the Dogs\")\". \"Cervantes also incorporated elements of the picaresque into his greatest novel, *[Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote \"Don Quixote\")* (1605, 1615\\)\",[\"Picaresque\", Britannica online](https://www.britannica.com/art/picaresque-novel) the \"single most important progenitor of the modern novel\", that [M. H. Abrams](/wiki/M._H._Abrams \"M. H. Abrams\") has described as a \"quasi\\-picaresque narrative\".{{cite book \\|title\\=A Glossary of Literary Terms \\|edition\\=7th \\|publisher\\=Harcourt Brace \\|year\\=1985 \\|page\\=191 \\|isbn\\=0\\-03\\-054982\\-5 }} Here the hero is not a rogue but a foolish knight.",
"In order to understand the historical context that led to the development of these paradigmatic picaresque novels in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries, it is essential to take into consideration the circumstances surrounding the lives of *[conversos](/wiki/Converso \"Converso\"),* whose ancestors had been Jewish, and whose [New Christian](/wiki/New_Christian \"New Christian\") faith was subjected to close scrutiny and mistrust.For an overview of scholarship on the role of *conversos* in the development of the picaresque novel in 16th\\- and 17th\\-century Spain, see {{cite book \\|first\\=Yael \\|last\\=Halevi\\-Wise \\|chapter\\=The Life and Times of the Pícaro Converso from Spain to Latin America \\|title\\=Sephardism: Spanish Jewish History in the Modern Literary Imagination \\|editor\\-first\\=Yael \\|editor\\-last\\=Halevi\\-Wise \\|publisher\\=Stanford University Press \\|year\\=2011 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8047\\-7746\\-9 \\|pages\\=143–167 }}",
"The Spanish novels were read and imitated in other European countries where their influence can be found. In Germany, [Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen](/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen \"Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen\") wrote *[Simplicius Simplicissimus](/wiki/Simplicius_Simplicissimus \"Simplicius Simplicissimus\")*{{cite book\\|last\\=Grimmelshausen\\|first\\=H. J. Chr.\\|title\\=Der abentheurliche Simplicissimus\\|trans\\-title\\=The adventurous Simplicissimus\\|language\\=de\\|url\\=http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/show/grimmelshausen\\_simplicissimus\\_1669\\|author\\-link\\=Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen\\|location\\=Nuremberg\\|publisher\\=J. Fillion\\|year\\=1669\\|oclc\\=22567416}} (1669\\), considered the most important of non\\-Spanish picaresque novels. It describes the devastation caused by the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\"). Grimmelshausen's novel has been called an example of the German *abenteuerroman* (which literally means \"adventure novel\"). An *abenteuerroman* is Germany's version of the picaresque novel; it is an \"entertaining story of the adventures of the hero, but there is also often a serious aspect to the story.\"Merriam\\-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam\\-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers. Springfield, Massachusetts, 1995\\. Page 3\\.",
"[Alain\\-René Le Sage](/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Le_Sage \"Alain-René Le Sage\")'s *[Gil Blas](/wiki/Gil_Blas \"Gil Blas\")* (1715\\) is a classic example of the genre,{{cite journal \\|last\\=Paulson \\|first\\=Ronald \\|jstor\\=27714644 \\|title\\=Reviewed Work: ''Rogue's Progress: Studies in the Picaresque Novel by Robert Alter'' \\|journal\\=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=2 \\|year\\=1965 \\|page\\=303 }} which in France had declined into an aristocratic adventure.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2011}} In Britain, the first example is Thomas Nashe's *[The Unfortunate Traveller](/wiki/The_Unfortunate_Traveller \"The Unfortunate Traveller\")* (1594\\) in which a court page, Jack Wilson, exposes the underclass life in a string of European cities through lively, often brutal descriptions.{{cite book \\|last\\=Schmidt \\|first\\=Michael \\|title\\=The Novel: A Biography \\|location\\=Cambridge \\|publisher\\=Belknap Press \\|year\\=2014 \\|isbn\\= }} The body of [Tobias Smollett](/wiki/Tobias_Smollett \"Tobias Smollett\")'s work, and [Daniel Defoe](/wiki/Daniel_Defoe \"Daniel Defoe\")'s *[Moll Flanders](/wiki/Moll_Flanders \"Moll Flanders\")* (1722\\) are considered picaresque, but they lack the sense of religious redemption of delinquency that was very important in Spanish and German novels. The triumph of Moll Flanders is more economic than moral. While the mores of the early 18th century wouldn't permit Moll to be a heroine *per se*, Defoe hardly disguises his admiration for her resilience and resourcefulness.",
"#### Works with some picaresque elements",
"The autobiography of [Benvenuto Cellini](/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini \"Benvenuto Cellini\"), written in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") beginning in 1558, also has much in common with the picaresque.",
"The classic Chinese novel *[Journey to the West](/wiki/Journey_to_the_West \"Journey to the West\")* is considered to have considerable picaresque elements. Having been published in 1590, it is contemporary with much of the above—but is unlikely to have been directly influenced by the European genre.",
"### 18th and 19th centuries",
"[Henry Fielding](/wiki/Henry_Fielding \"Henry Fielding\") proved his mastery of the form in *[Joseph Andrews](/wiki/Joseph_Andrews \"Joseph Andrews\")* (1742\\), *[The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great](/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_Jonathan_Wild%2C_the_Great \"The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great\")* (1743\\) and *[The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones%2C_a_Foundling \"The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling\")* (1749\\), though Fielding attributed his style to an \"imitation of the manner of [Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes \"Miguel de Cervantes\"), author of *[Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote \"Don Quixote\")*\".The title page of the first edition of *Joseph Andrews* lists its full title as: *The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams. Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, Author of Don Quixote*.",
"[William Makepeace Thackeray](/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray \"William Makepeace Thackeray\") is the master of the 19th\\-century English picaresque. His best\\-known work, *[Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28novel%29 \"Vanity Fair (novel)\")* (1847–1848\\) — a title ironically derived from [John Bunyan](/wiki/John_Bunyan \"John Bunyan\")'s Puritan allegory of redemption *[The Pilgrim's Progress](/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress \"The Pilgrim's Progress\")* (1678\\) — follows the career of fortune\\-hunting adventuress [Becky Sharp](/wiki/Becky_Sharp \"Becky Sharp\"), her progress echoing the earlier *Moll Flanders*. His earlier novel *[The Luck of Barry Lyndon](/wiki/The_Luck_of_Barry_Lyndon \"The Luck of Barry Lyndon\")* (1844\\) recounts the rise and fall of an Irish arriviste conniving his way into the 18th\\-century English aristocracy.",
"The 1880 Romanian novella [Ivan Turbincă](/wiki/Ivan_Turbinc%C4%83 \"Ivan Turbincă\") tells the story of a kind, but hedonistic and scheming ex soldier who ends up tricking God, the Devil, and the Grim Reaper so that he can sneak into Heaven to party forever.",
"[Aleko Konstantinov](/wiki/Aleko_Konstantinov \"Aleko Konstantinov\") wrote the 1895 novel *[Bay Ganyo](/wiki/Bay_Ganyo \"Bay Ganyo\")* about the [eponymous Bulgarian rogue](/wiki/Bay_Ganyo \"Bay Ganyo\"). The character conducts business of uneven honesty around Europe before returning home to get into politics and newspaper publishing. Bay Ganyo is a well\\-known stereotype in Bulgaria.",
"#### Works influenced by the picaresque",
"In the English\\-speaking world, the term \"picaresque\" has referred more to a [literary technique](/wiki/Literary_technique \"Literary technique\") or model than to the precise genre that the Spanish call *picaresco*. The English\\-language term can simply refer to an episodic recounting of the adventures of an [anti\\-hero](/wiki/Anti-hero \"Anti-hero\") on the road.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/art/picaresque\\-novel\\|title\\=Picaresque novel {{!}} literature\\|website\\=Encyclopedia Britannica\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-04}}",
"[Laurence Sterne](/wiki/Laurence_Sterne \"Laurence Sterne\")'s *[The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman](/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy%2C_Gentleman \"The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman\")* (1761–1767\\) and *[A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy](/wiki/A_Sentimental_Journey_Through_France_and_Italy \"A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy\")* (1768\\) each have strong picaresque elements. [Voltaire](/wiki/Voltaire \"Voltaire\")'s [satirical](/wiki/Satirical \"Satirical\") novel *[Candide](/wiki/Candide \"Candide\")* (1759\\) contains elements of the picaresque. An interesting variation on the tradition of the picaresque is *[The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Hajji_Baba_of_Ispahan \"The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan\")* (1824\\), a satirical view on early 19th\\-century [Persia](/wiki/Persia \"Persia\"), written by [James Morier](/wiki/James_Morier \"James Morier\"). Another novel on the same theme is *[A Rogue's Life](/wiki/A_Rogue%27s_Life \"A Rogue's Life\")* (1857\\) by [Wilkie Collins](/wiki/Wilkie_Collins \"Wilkie Collins\").",
"Elements{{clarify\\|date\\=July 2018}} of the picaresque novel are found in [Charles Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens \"Charles Dickens\")' *[The Pickwick Papers](/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers \"The Pickwick Papers\")* (1836–37\\).\"Picaresque\", Britannica online. [Nikolai Gogol](/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol \"Nikolai Gogol\") occasionally used the technique, as in *[Dead Souls](/wiki/Dead_Souls \"Dead Souls\")* (1842–52\\).{{cite book \\|last\\=Striedter \\|first\\=Jurij \\|title\\=Der Schelmenroman in Russland: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Russischen Romans vor Gogol \\|location\\=Berlin \\|publisher\\=Freien Universität \\|year\\=1961 \\|oclc\\=1067476065 \\|language\\=de }} [Mark Twain](/wiki/Mark_Twain \"Mark Twain\")'s *[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn](/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\")* (1884\\) also has some elements of the picaresque novel.",
"### 20th and 21st centuries",
"{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=July 2018}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Statue of [Ostap Bender](/wiki/Ostap_Bender \"Ostap Bender\") in [Elista](/wiki/Elista \"Elista\")](/wiki/File:Osstapp1.jpg \"Osstapp1.jpg\")\n*[Kvachi Kvachantiradze](/wiki/Kvachi_Kvachantiradze \"Kvachi Kvachantiradze\")* is a novel by [Mikheil Javakhishvili](/wiki/Mikheil_Javakhishvili \"Mikheil Javakhishvili\") published in 1924\\. This is, in brief, the story of a swindler, a Georgian [Felix Krull](/wiki/Confessions_of_Felix_Krull \"Confessions of Felix Krull\"), or perhaps a cynical [Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote \"Don Quixote\"), named Kvachi Kvachantiradze: womanizer, cheat, perpetrator of insurance fraud, bank\\-robber, associate of Rasputin, filmmaker, revolutionary, and pimp.",
"*[The Twelve Chairs](/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs \"The Twelve Chairs\")* (1928\\) and its sequel, *[The Little Golden Calf](/wiki/The_Little_Golden_Calf \"The Little Golden Calf\")* (1931\\), by [Ilya Ilf](/wiki/Ilya_Ilf \"Ilya Ilf\") and [Yevgeni Petrov](/wiki/Yevgeni_Petrov_%28writer%29 \"Yevgeni Petrov (writer)\") (together known as [Ilf and Petrov](/wiki/Ilf_and_Petrov \"Ilf and Petrov\")) became classics of 20th\\-century [Russian](/wiki/Russian_literature \"Russian literature\") satire and the basis for [numerous film adaptations](/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs_%28disambiguation%29 \"The Twelve Chairs (disambiguation)\").",
"[Camilo José Cela](/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela \"Camilo José Cela\")'s *[The Family of Pascual Duarte](/wiki/The_Family_of_Pascual_Duarte \"The Family of Pascual Duarte\")* (1942\\),{{Citation\\|last\\=Godsland\\|first\\=Shelley\\|title\\=The neopicaresque: The picaresque myth in the twentieth\\-century novel\\|date\\=2015\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/picaresque\\-novel\\-in\\-western\\-literature/neopicaresque/0DFBEE29CB4D6C25A7F156D256404CFA\\|work\\=The Picaresque Novel in Western Literature: From the Sixteenth Century to the Neopicaresque\\|pages\\=247–268\\|editor\\-last\\=Garrido Ardila\\|editor\\-first\\=J. A.\\|place\\=Cambridge\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-107\\-03165\\-4\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-11}} [Ralph Ellison](/wiki/Ralph_Ellison \"Ralph Ellison\")'s *[Invisible Man](/wiki/Invisible_Man \"Invisible Man\")* (1952\\) and *[The Adventures of Augie March](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March \"The Adventures of Augie March\")* by [Saul Bellow](/wiki/Saul_Bellow \"Saul Bellow\") (1953\\) were also among mid\\-twentieth\\-century picaresque literature.{{Cite thesis \\|degree\\=Master \\|last\\=Deters\\|first\\=Mary E.\\|date\\=1969\\|title\\=A Study of the Picaresque Novel in Twentieth\\-Century America \\|publisher\\=Wisconsin State University \\|url\\=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/48359\\|language\\=en\\-US}} [John A. Lee](/wiki/John_A._Lee \"John A. Lee\")'s *[Shining with the Shiner](/wiki/Shining_with_the_Shiner \"Shining with the Shiner\")* (1944\\) tells amusing tales about New Zealand folk hero [Ned Slattery](/wiki/Edmond_Slattery \"Edmond Slattery\") (1840–1927\\) surviving by his wits and beating the '[Protestant work ethic](/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic \"Protestant work ethic\")'. So too is [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann \"Thomas Mann\")'s *[Confessions of Felix Krull](/wiki/Confessions_of_Felix_Krull \"Confessions of Felix Krull\")* (1954\\), which like many novels emphasizes the theme of a charmingly roguish ascent in the social order. *[Under the Net](/wiki/Under_the_Net \"Under the Net\")* (1954\\) by [Iris Murdoch](/wiki/Iris_Murdoch \"Iris Murdoch\"),Chosen by *Time* magazine and Modern Library editors as one of the greatest English\\-language novels of the 20th century. See [Under the Net](/wiki/Under_the_Net \"Under the Net\"). [Günter Grass](/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass \"Günter Grass\")'s *[The Tin Drum](/wiki/The_Tin_Drum \"The Tin Drum\")* (1959\\) is a German picaresque novel. [John Barth](/wiki/John_Barth \"John Barth\")'s *[The Sot\\-Weed Factor](/wiki/The_Sot-Weed_Factor_%281960_novel%29 \"The Sot-Weed Factor (1960 novel)\")* (1960\\) is a picaresque novel that parodies the [historical novel](/wiki/Historical_novel \"Historical novel\") and uses [black humor](/wiki/Black_humor \"Black humor\") by intentionally incorrectly using [literary devices](/wiki/Literary_device \"Literary device\").",
"Other examples from the 1960s and 1970s include [Jerzy Kosinski](/wiki/Jerzy_Kosinski \"Jerzy Kosinski\")'s *[The Painted Bird](/wiki/The_Painted_Bird \"The Painted Bird\")* (1965\\), [Vladimir Voinovich](/wiki/Vladimir_Voinovich \"Vladimir Voinovich\")'s *[The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin](/wiki/The_Life_and_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Private_Ivan_Chonkin \"The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin\")* (1969\\), and [Arto Paasilinna](/wiki/Arto_Paasilinna \"Arto Paasilinna\")'s *[The Year of the Hare](/wiki/The_Year_of_the_Hare_%28novel%29 \"The Year of the Hare (novel)\")* (1975\\).",
"Examples from the 1980s include [John Kennedy Toole](/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole \"John Kennedy Toole\")'s novel *[A Confederacy of Dunces](/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces \"A Confederacy of Dunces\")*, which was published in 1980, eleven years after the author's suicide, and won the 1981 [Pulitzer Prize for Fiction](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction \"Pulitzer Prize for Fiction\"). It follows the adventures of Ignatius J. Reilly, a well\\-educated but lazy and obese slob, as he attempts to find stable employment in New Orleans and meets many colorful characters along the way.",
"Later examples include [Umberto Eco](/wiki/Umberto_Eco \"Umberto Eco\")'s *[Baudolino](/wiki/Baudolino \"Baudolino\")* (2000\\),As expressed by the author {{Cite periodical \\|periodical\\=The Modern World \\| title \\= With Baudolino, Eco Returns to Romance Writing\\| date \\= 11 September 2000\\| url \\= http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco\\_repubblica\\_00\\_baud.html\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060906080208/http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco\\_repubblica\\_00\\_baud.html\\| archive\\-date \\= 6 September 2006}} and [Aravind Adiga](/wiki/Aravind_Adiga \"Aravind Adiga\")'s *[The White Tiger](/wiki/The_White_Tiger_%28Adiga_novel%29 \"The White Tiger (Adiga novel)\")* (Booker Prize 2008\\).{{cite news\\| newspaper \\= Telegraph\\|location\\=UK \\| title \\= The picaresque, in detail\\|date\\=4 November 2003\\| access\\-date \\= March 16, 2010\\| url \\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3605787/The\\-picaresque\\-in\\-detail.html\\| first \\= Mark\\| last \\= Sanderson}}",
"[William S. Burroughs](/wiki/William_S._Burroughs \"William S. Burroughs\") was a devoted fan of picaresque novels, and gave a series of lectures involving the topic in 1979 at [Naropa University](/wiki/Naropa_University \"Naropa University\") in Colorado. He says it is impossible to separate the [anti\\-hero](/wiki/Anti-hero \"Anti-hero\") from the picaresque novel, that most of these are funny, and they all have protagonists who are outsiders by their nature. His list of picaresque novels includes Petronius' novel *[Satyricon](/wiki/Satyricon \"Satyricon\")* (54–68 AD), *[The Unfortunate Traveller](/wiki/The_Unfortunate_Traveller \"The Unfortunate Traveller\")* (1594\\) by Thomas Nashe, both *[Maiden Voyage](/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_%28novel%29 \"Maiden Voyage (novel)\")* (1943\\) and *[A Voice Through a Cloud](/wiki/A_Voice_Through_a_Cloud \"A Voice Through a Cloud\")* (1950\\) by [Denton Welch](/wiki/Denton_Welch \"Denton Welch\"), *[Two Serious Ladies](/wiki/Two_Serious_Ladies \"Two Serious Ladies\")* (1943\\) by [Jane Bowles](/wiki/Jane_Bowles \"Jane Bowles\"), *[Death on Credit](/wiki/Death_on_Credit \"Death on Credit\")* (1936\\) by [Louis\\-Ferdinand Céline](/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line \"Louis-Ferdinand Céline\"), and even himself.Archived at [Ghostarchive](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4d3fDtxCiAQ){{cbignore}} and the [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20130509142235/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d3fDtxCiAQ&gl=US&hl=en){{cbignore}}: {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=4d3fDtxCiAQ\\|title\\=Class On Creative Reading – William S. Burroughs – 2/3\\|last\\=NewThinkable\\|date\\=7 March 2013\\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2018\\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}",
"In contemporary Latin American literature, there are [Manuel Rojas](/wiki/Manuel_Rojas_%28author%29 \"Manuel Rojas (author)\")' *[Hijo de ladrón](/wiki/Hijo_de_ladr%C3%B3n \"Hijo de ladrón\")* (1951\\), [Joaquín Edwards](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Edwards_Bello \"Joaquín Edwards Bello\")' *El roto* (1968\\), [Elena Poniatowska](/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska \"Elena Poniatowska\")'s *Hasta no verte Jesús mío* (1969\\), [Luis Zapata](/wiki/Luis_Zapata_%28writer%29 \"Luis Zapata (writer)\")'s *[Las aventuras, desventuras y sueños de Adonis García, el vampiro de la colonia Roma](/wiki/El_vampiro_de_la_colonia_Roma \"El vampiro de la colonia Roma\")* (1978\\) and [José Baroja](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Baroja \"José Baroja\")'s *Un hijo de perra* (2017\\), among others.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=Sobre la picaresca en Hispanoamérica\\|last\\=Fernández\\|first\\=Teodosio\\|year\\=2001\\|hdl\\=10486/670544\\|hdl\\-access\\=free\\|journal\\=Edad de Oro\\|volume\\=XX\\|pages\\=95–104\\|language\\=es\\|issn\\=0212\\-0429}}",
"#### Works influenced by the picaresque",
"* [Jaroslav Hašek](/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek \"Jaroslav Hašek\")'s *[The Good Soldier Švejk](/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk \"The Good Soldier Švejk\")* (1923\\) is an example of a work from Central Europe that has picaresque elements.{{cite journal \\| last\\=Weitzman \\| first\\=Erica \\| title\\=Imperium Stupidum: Švejk, Satire, Sabotage, Sabotage \\| journal\\=Law and Literature \\| publisher\\=University of California Press \\| volume\\=18 \\| issue\\=2 \\| year\\=2006 \\| issn\\=1535\\-685X \\| doi\\=10\\.1525/lal.2006\\.18\\.2\\.117 \\| pages\\=117–148\\| s2cid\\=144736158 }}\n* [J. B. Priestley](/wiki/J._B._Priestley \"J. B. Priestley\") made use of the form in his *[The Good Companions](/wiki/The_Good_Companions \"The Good Companions\")* (1929\\), which won the [James Tait Black Memorial Prize](/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize \"James Tait Black Memorial Prize\") for Fiction.\n* [Fritz Leiber](/wiki/Fritz_Leiber \"Fritz Leiber\")'s [sword and sorcery](/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery \"Sword and sorcery\") series of novels, *[Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser](/wiki/Fafhrd_and_the_Gray_Mouser \"Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser\")*, are considered to have many picaresque elements, and are sometimes described as picaresque on the whole.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sfsite.com/07a/fgm131\\.htm\\|title\\=The First \\& Second Books of Lankhmar\\|last\\=Thompson\\|first\\=William\\|date\\=2014\\|website\\=SF Site\\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2022}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://totally\\-epic.kwakk.info/2020/03/27/1990\\-fafhrd\\-and\\-the\\-gray\\-mouser/\\|title\\=1990: Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser\\|date\\=27 May 2020\\|website\\=Totally Epic\\|publisher\\=Epic Comics\\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2022}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://speculiction.blogspot.com/2012/11/review\\-of\\-first\\-book\\-of\\-lankhmar\\-by.html\\|title\\=Review of \"The First Book of Lankhmar\" by Fritz Leiber\\|date\\=8 November 2012\\|website\\=Speculiction\\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2022}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://theoutcastrogue.tumblr.com/post/640310065062182912/besides\\-the\\-mafia\\-what\\-exactly\\-is\\-a\\-thieves\\|title\\=we ARE Rogue\\|date\\=14 January 2021\\|website\\=The Outcast Rogue\\|publisher\\=Tumblr\\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2022}}\n* [Hannah Tinti](/wiki/Hannah_Tinti \"Hannah Tinti\")'s novel *[The Good Thief](/wiki/The_Good_Thief_%28novel%29 \"The Good Thief (novel)\")* (2008\\) features a young, one\\-handed orphan who craves a family, and finds one in a group of rogues and misfits.",
"### In cinema",
"In 1987 an [Italian](/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy \"Cinema of Italy\") [comedy](/wiki/Comedy \"Comedy\") film written and directed by [Mario Monicelli](/wiki/Mario_Monicelli \"Mario Monicelli\") was released under the Italian title *I picari*. It was co\\-produced with Spain, where it was released as *Los alegres pícaros*,{{cite book\\|author1\\=Roberto Chiti \\|author2\\=Roberto Poppi \\|author3\\=Enrico Lancia \\|title\\=Dizionario del cinema italiano\\|publisher\\=Gremese Editore, 1991}} and internationally as *[The Rogues](/wiki/The_Rogues_%28film%29 \"The Rogues (film)\")*. Starring [Vittorio Gassman](/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman \"Vittorio Gassman\"), [Nino Manfredi](/wiki/Nino_Manfredi \"Nino Manfredi\"), [Enrico Montesano](/wiki/Enrico_Montesano \"Enrico Montesano\"), [Giuliana De Sio](/wiki/Giuliana_De_Sio \"Giuliana De Sio\") and [Giancarlo Giannini](/wiki/Giancarlo_Giannini \"Giancarlo Giannini\"), the film is freely inspired by the Spanish novels *[Lazarillo de Tormes](/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes \"Lazarillo de Tormes\")* and *[Guzman de Alfarache](/wiki/Guzman_de_Alfarache \"Guzman de Alfarache\")*.{{cite book\\|last\\=Leonardo De Franceschi\\|title\\=Lo sguardo eclettico\\|publisher\\=Marsilio, 2001}} The [Disney](/wiki/Disney \"Disney\") film *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_Disney_film%29 \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\")* (1992\\) can be considered a picaresque story.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://onthewarside.wordpress.com/2015/10/30/wait\\-what\\-aladdin\\-is\\-a\\-picaro/\\|title\\=\"Wait! What? Aladdin is a Picaro?\" by unknown\\|date\\=30 October 2015\\|website\\=onthewarside.wordpress.com\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2024}}",
"### In television",
"The sixth episode of Season 1 of the Spanish fantasy television series, *[El ministerio del tiempo](/wiki/El_ministerio_del_tiempo \"El ministerio del tiempo\")* (English title: *The Ministry of Time*), entitled \"Tiempo de pícaros\" (Time of rascals) focuses on Lazarillo de Tormes as a young boy prior to his adventures in the genre\\-creating novel that bears his name. The [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") series *[Inventing Anna](/wiki/Inventing_Anna \"Inventing Anna\")* (2022\\) has been called \"somewhat anhedonic post\\-internet picaresque\".\n{{cite web \\|title\\=False Profit\\|url\\=https://www.artforum.com/columns/chloe\\-wyma\\-on\\-shonda\\-rhimess\\-inventing\\-anna\\-251377/\\|website\\=artforum\\|date\\=February 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2024}}",
""
] |
Mason Radcliffe
---------------
{{Infobox soap character
\| name \= Mason Radcliffe
\| series \= Coronation Street
\| portrayer \= Luca Toolan
\| introducer \= Iain MacLeod
\| first \= Episode 11055
11 September 2023
\| years \= 2023–present
\| classification \= \[\[List of Coronation Street characters\#Present characters\|Present; regular]]
\| occupation \= Student
\| brothers \= \[\[List of Coronation Street characters (2024\)\#Logan Radcliffe\|Logan Radcliffe]]
}}
**Mason Radcliffe**, played by Luca Toolan, first appeared in September 2023\. Toolan announced his casting on social media saying: "There’s a new kid joining the cobbles \- Mason Radcliffe. It’s an honour to be a part of a show that I’ve grown up on that has some of the warmest and most talented people."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\-news/coronation\-streets\-newcomer\-secretly\-famous\-31114292\|work\=\[\[Daily Mirror]]\|first\=Lucretia\|last\=Munro\|date\=5 October 2023\|title\=Coronation Street's newcomer has a secretly famous dad \- and a link to rival soap\|publisher\=\[\[Reach plc]]}} He was introduced as part of a bullying story line and first appeared when he first targeted [Ruby Dobbs](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282012%29%23Ruby_Dobbs "List of Coronation Street characters (2012)#Ruby Dobbs") (Billie Naylor) before recruiting others to help him bully her more. For his role as Mason, Radcliffe was longlisted for "Best Villain" at the [2024 *Inside Soap* Awards](/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards%232024 "Inside Soap Awards#2024").{{cite web \|last1\=Harp \|first1\=Justin \|title\=Emmerdale's Tom and Belle story and EastEnders' Six drama among Inside Soap Award nominees \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/a61602668/inside\-soap\-awards\-nominations\-2024/ \|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]] \|publisher\=\[\[Hearst Communications]] \|access\-date\=16 July 2024 \|date\=16 July 2024}}{{cite magazine \|last1\=Timms\|first1\=Chloe \|title\=Cast your vote now! Inside Soap Awards 2024\|magazine\=\[\[Inside Soap]] \|date\=20–26 July 2024 \|pages\=49–52\|issue\=29}}
Mason catches the attentions of [Dylan Wilson](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282008%29%23Dylan_Wilson "List of Coronation Street characters (2008)#Dylan Wilson") (Liam McCheyne) and Ryan's adoptive cousin [Liam Connor](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282009%29%23Liam_Connor_Jr "List of Coronation Street characters (2009)#Liam Connor Jr") (Charlie Wrenshall). Mason, Dylan and Liam witnessed [Tyrone Dobbs](/wiki/Tyrone_Dobbs "Tyrone Dobbs") ([Alan Halsall](/wiki/Alan_Halsall "Alan Halsall")) talking to a police officer about his car being stolen and used in a hit and run which injured [Eliza Woodrow](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282022%29%23Eliza_Woodrow "List of Coronation Street characters (2022)#Eliza Woodrow"). A shocked Mason fled and later told Dylan and Liam that he was the one who stole Tyrone's car and had caused the accident and tells them to give him an alibi. Amy Jones from OK! suggested the story line was impactual by saying: "Coronation Street star Luca Toolan certainly made an impact when he joined the ITV soap earlier this year as bad boy Mason Radcliffe. Recently we've watched Mason rule the cobbles as he continues to influence those around him by leading them astray, particularly when it comes to young Dylan Wilson (Liam McCheyne). Just last month, we saw Dylan, Mason and Liam Connor picking on Ruby Dobbs in the heartwrenching school bullying storyline."{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.ok.co.uk/tv/inside\-coronation\-streets\-luca\-toolans\-31094912\| first\=Amy\| last\=Jones\|date\=3 October 2023\| work\=\[\[OK! Magazine]]\|title\=Inside Coronation Street's Luca Toolan's star Mason Radcliffe life off screen}}
At Weatherfield High, Mason and his friends teased [Ryan Connor](/wiki/Ryan_Connor "Ryan Connor") ([Ryan Prescott](/wiki/Ryan_Prescott_%28actor%29 "Ryan Prescott (actor)")) over his scars (which he got after being involved in an acid attack) but backed away when Ryan shouted at them. [Daniel Osbourne](/wiki/Daniel_Osbourne_%28Coronation_Street%29 "Daniel Osbourne (Coronation Street)") ([Rob Mallard](/wiki/Rob_Mallard "Rob Mallard")) intervenes and makes Mason and his friends leave. Mason later encouraged Dylan and Liam to smoke a disposable vape pen, which makes Dylan feel sick and Liam suffer a severe asthma attack. Mason runs off, leaving Dylan to call an ambulance. Mason and his friends later mocked [Amy Barlow](/wiki/Amy_Barlow "Amy Barlow") ([Elle Mulvaney](/wiki/Elle_Mulvaney "Elle Mulvaney")) and her fellow protesters placards. This resulted in Amy nearly hitting Mason with one of the placards before police intervened and sent Mason and his friends on their way.
After learning that Dylan's father [Sean Tully](/wiki/Sean_Tully "Sean Tully") ([Antony Cotton](/wiki/Antony_Cotton "Antony Cotton")) had disposed of their remaining vapes, Mason demanded that Dylan give him his designer trainers, which Sean had got him, as compensation for the lose of the vapes. After Sean discovered that Dylan's trainers were missing, he planned to go to the school about it. This caused Dylan to inform Mason of Sean's intentions. Not wanting to get into trouble, Mason framed Liam by placing the trainers in his school locker. Later, Mason was confronted by Liam's stepfather [Gary Windass](/wiki/Gary_Windass "Gary Windass") ([Mikey North](/wiki/Mikey_North "Mikey North")), who guessed that Mason had framed Liam. Gary warned Mason to stay away from Liam or else he would see more of him and next time, he would not be so friendly. Mason later sent a threatening voicemail to Liam in retaliation. At school, Mason warned Liam not to tell on him again or else his mother [Maria Connor](/wiki/Maria_Connor "Maria Connor") ([Samia Longchambon](/wiki/Samia_Longchambon "Samia Longchambon")) would suffer.
Mason and his friends later confronted Liam and threw rubbish on him and called him a rat. Dylan witnessed the event, but did not intervene out of fear of Mason. When Mason started filming Liam on his phone, the latter retaliated and knocked the phone out of Mason's hand. This resulted in Mason threatening Liam with a knife. Mason was later approached by local police officer [Craig Tinker](/wiki/Craig_Tinker "Craig Tinker") ([Colson Smith](/wiki/Colson_Smith "Colson Smith")) and another police officer, who searched Mason for the knife, but did not find it on him. It was later revealed that Mason had Dylan hide the knife. Mason believed that Liam was the one who reported him to the police and sent him a vile picture of a rat, unaware that it was in fact Liam's stepbrother [Jake Windass](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282013%29%23Jake_Windass "List of Coronation Street characters (2013)#Jake Windass") (Bobby Bradshaw) who had phoned the police.
Mason and Dylan later bunked off school and stole a box of vapes from Simon Barlow and went to Dylan's home. Afterwards, Simon's father [Peter Barlow](/wiki/Peter_Barlow_%28Coronation_Street%29 "Peter Barlow (Coronation Street)") ([Chris Gascoyne](/wiki/Chris_Gascoyne "Chris Gascoyne")) arrived outside the House to confront the pair over the theft and threatened to break down the door. Upon learning from Dylan that Peter killed [Stephen Reid](/wiki/Stephen_Reid_%28Coronation_Street%29 "Stephen Reid (Coronation Street)") ([Todd Boyce](/wiki/Todd_Boyce "Todd Boyce")), Mason challenged Peter to run him and Dylan over with his car. Outraged, Peter kicked open the door, causing Mason to flee the house in fear whilst Peter restrained Dylan. Later, Dylan tells Mason that he had hidden the vapes and the knife in a bin, to which Mason tells him to sell the vapes at Prima Doner and that he will collect the money whilst Dylan can keep the knife.
After Liam got Dylan into trouble at school by questioning him about selling vapes, which was overheard by their headteacher, Mason confronted Liam and opened his bag and threw the contents to the ground before throwing the bag on top of a van as a warning to Liam to not interfere with his business again. Mason also videoed Liam struggling to retrieve his bag, which Liam later saw footage of.
In January 2024, Mason stole Liam's phone at school and made him to beg in front of other students order to have it back. After Liam does this, Mason changes his mind and refuses to return the phone. Mason later pinned Liam to a wall, but Liam manages to escape by setting off the school's fire alarm. Mason reports what Liam did to the school's deputy headmistress [Orla Crawshaw](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282021%29%23Orla_Crawshaw "List of Coronation Street characters (2021)#Orla Crawshaw") ([Carla Mendonça](/wiki/Carla_Mendon%C3%A7a "Carla Mendonça")) and later contacts Jake on his PlayStation 4 and tells him to tell Liam that if he wants his phone back, he will have to meet him at school the following day. Liam tells Jake to ignore the message as he thinks that meeting with Mason would lead to a fight, but following a talk with Gary about how bullies only understand violence, Liam decides that he will stand up to Mason. The following day, Mason gives Liam back his phone but then goads him into fighting Dylan, who had referred to Liam as a loser. Mrs Crawshaw arrives and breaks up the fight. Mason claims that Liam attacked Dylan for no reason, to which Liam agrees, out of worry of what the outcome would be if he told the truth. This results in Liam getting suspended from school.
When Liam returns to school, Mason destroys a puppet he brought into school whilst Dylan films the scene on his phone. Mason later learns from Dylan that Maria had seen abusive messages they had sent Liam online, resulting in them deleting the messages in order to avoid punishment. Mason and Dylan are later confronted by Maria, who was returning a laptop Liam borrowed from school. She tells them that Liam would be moving schools because of them. Dylan began to feel bad about his actions whilst Mason treated the situation like a joke. After Mrs Crawshaw learnt that Liam used the laptop to search about suicide, she tells Maria, Gary and Liam that she would put Mason and Dylan into isolation for their actions towards Liam. Mason and Dylan later had a confrontation with Gary in the local playground with Mason warning Gary that Liam needs to watch his back. This causes Gary to lash out at Mason and throw him to the ground. Sean witnesses this and intervenes by threatening to report Gary to the police. Mason later visits Dylan and learns that Sean is now aware that Liam is being bullied. Mason warns Dylan not to mention him to Mrs Crawshaw.
Mason later came across a remorseful Dylan about knock on Liam to apologise for his behaviour. Dylan claims that he was pressured by Sean into going to Liam. Mason tells Dylan not to speak to Liam and has him leave with him. Mason later texts Dylan and tells him not to mention his name to Mrs Crawshaw. However, this results in Dylan getting suspended from school by Mrs Crawshaw after he blamed only himself for Liam getting bullied and would not say who was also involved. Mason later visits Roy's Rolls where Liam, Maria and Gary are. Mason tries to act friendly towards Liam, only for Maria to confront him and tell him to stay away from them. Gary then tells Mason to leave, which he does. Liam later witnesses Mason bullying another boy at school.
When the police learn about Mason threatening Liam with the knife, they search both Mason and Dylan's homes, but the searches are unsuccessful as Dylan had hidden the knife in Tyrone's garden. Mason later tells Dylan to meet him at a precinct with the knife. Dylan goes to the precinct and waits for Mason, only to approached by Craig and other police officers, who find the knife in Dylan's possession and arrest him. This makes Dylan realise that Mason set him up. Dylan tells the police about Mason giving him the knife and decides to plead guilty after learning that the bullying nearly caused Liam commit suicide. Mason attempts to visit Dylan at his home, but is sent away by Sean and [Eileen Grimshaw](/wiki/Eileen_Grimshaw "Eileen Grimshaw") ([Sue Cleaver](/wiki/Sue_Cleaver "Sue Cleaver")). Mason later meets Dylan at Victoria Gardens and is pleased when Dylan speaks of his intentions to plead guilty for possession of the knife. Dylan then reveals that he had told the police about the hit and run Mason did, but Mason stated that the police had to prove he did it. Unbeknownst to the two, their conversion is overheard by Gary, who passes on the information to Sean and Eileen. Maria and Gary are later told by the police that Mason had been charged after his fingerprints were found on the knife and that he could face a custodial sentence if he is found guilty.
In April 2024 on the lead up to his court hearing, Mason has a girl named Bella lure Dylan to him under the claim of wanting to make peace with him. Bella agrees and invites Dylan in meet her for ice cream at the precinct. However, Bella is horrified when Mason along with his friends, confronts Dylan and warns him to retract his statement and pull out of giving evidence at the hearing under the threat of Mason's two older brothers coming after Dylan. At Mason's hearing, both Liam and Dylan make statements. At first, Dylan, after being threatened earlier by one of Mason's friends, denies that Mason had the knife, but is later convinced to be truthful. Mason is declared guilty by the judge in part because of Mason's unwillingness to give a testimony in his defence, but also says that she would not have come to her decision without Liam and Dylan's statements, though the judge delayed his sentencing for a week until she could hear from his youth justice worker, but as this had been Mason's second knife crime offence, the judge warned him that as a matter of law, the only sentence available would be a sentence of imprisonment.
{{clear}}
A few months later, upon Mason's release, Stu finds him beaten with a bloody face in the park, and offers him food at Speed Daal after he reveals his brother was responsible for his attack. Once there, Mason is outed by the furious parents for his previous actions. Stu and Yasmeen hear him out but say he must leave, though Stu is conflicted.
Stu later offers him a job at Speed Daal. Again, Dylan and Liam are worried and their parents demand that Yasmeen fires him, but she and Stu come to his defence. Sean Tully posts damning reviews about the restaurant hiring a criminal.
Yasmeen speaks to Stu about what they have done, asking if it's worth it. Stu says that Mason deserves a chance.
Betsy Swain, who has been hanging around and flirty with Mason, later frames him for the theft of a purse when he rejects hanging out with her. Dylan \[who has become friends with Betsy] finds out what she has done, and despite what Mason put him through, tries to convince her to tell the police the truth \- as Mason has been sent back to prison \[Juvie] as he was reported by Stu for theft \- despite pleading he didn't do it, Stu did not believe him.
|
[
"Mason Radcliffe\n---------------",
"{{Infobox soap character\n\\| name \\= Mason Radcliffe\n\\| series \\= Coronation Street\n\\| portrayer \\= Luca Toolan\n\\| introducer \\= Iain MacLeod\n\\| first \\= Episode 11055 \n 11 September 2023\n\\| years \\= 2023–present\n\\| classification \\= \\[\\[List of Coronation Street characters\\#Present characters\\|Present; regular]]\n\\| occupation \\= Student\n\\| brothers \\= \\[\\[List of Coronation Street characters (2024\\)\\#Logan Radcliffe\\|Logan Radcliffe]]\n}}\n**Mason Radcliffe**, played by Luca Toolan, first appeared in September 2023\\. Toolan announced his casting on social media saying: \"There’s a new kid joining the cobbles \\- Mason Radcliffe. It’s an honour to be a part of a show that I’ve grown up on that has some of the warmest and most talented people.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\\-news/coronation\\-streets\\-newcomer\\-secretly\\-famous\\-31114292\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Mirror]]\\|first\\=Lucretia\\|last\\=Munro\\|date\\=5 October 2023\\|title\\=Coronation Street's newcomer has a secretly famous dad \\- and a link to rival soap\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reach plc]]}} He was introduced as part of a bullying story line and first appeared when he first targeted [Ruby Dobbs](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282012%29%23Ruby_Dobbs \"List of Coronation Street characters (2012)#Ruby Dobbs\") (Billie Naylor) before recruiting others to help him bully her more. For his role as Mason, Radcliffe was longlisted for \"Best Villain\" at the [2024 *Inside Soap* Awards](/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards%232024 \"Inside Soap Awards#2024\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Harp \\|first1\\=Justin \\|title\\=Emmerdale's Tom and Belle story and EastEnders' Six drama among Inside Soap Award nominees \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/a61602668/inside\\-soap\\-awards\\-nominations\\-2024/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hearst Communications]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2024 \\|date\\=16 July 2024}}{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Timms\\|first1\\=Chloe \\|title\\=Cast your vote now! Inside Soap Awards 2024\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Inside Soap]] \\|date\\=20–26 July 2024 \\|pages\\=49–52\\|issue\\=29}}",
"Mason catches the attentions of [Dylan Wilson](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282008%29%23Dylan_Wilson \"List of Coronation Street characters (2008)#Dylan Wilson\") (Liam McCheyne) and Ryan's adoptive cousin [Liam Connor](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282009%29%23Liam_Connor_Jr \"List of Coronation Street characters (2009)#Liam Connor Jr\") (Charlie Wrenshall). Mason, Dylan and Liam witnessed [Tyrone Dobbs](/wiki/Tyrone_Dobbs \"Tyrone Dobbs\") ([Alan Halsall](/wiki/Alan_Halsall \"Alan Halsall\")) talking to a police officer about his car being stolen and used in a hit and run which injured [Eliza Woodrow](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282022%29%23Eliza_Woodrow \"List of Coronation Street characters (2022)#Eliza Woodrow\"). A shocked Mason fled and later told Dylan and Liam that he was the one who stole Tyrone's car and had caused the accident and tells them to give him an alibi. Amy Jones from OK! suggested the story line was impactual by saying: \"Coronation Street star Luca Toolan certainly made an impact when he joined the ITV soap earlier this year as bad boy Mason Radcliffe. Recently we've watched Mason rule the cobbles as he continues to influence those around him by leading them astray, particularly when it comes to young Dylan Wilson (Liam McCheyne). Just last month, we saw Dylan, Mason and Liam Connor picking on Ruby Dobbs in the heartwrenching school bullying storyline.\"{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.ok.co.uk/tv/inside\\-coronation\\-streets\\-luca\\-toolans\\-31094912\\| first\\=Amy\\| last\\=Jones\\|date\\=3 October 2023\\| work\\=\\[\\[OK! Magazine]]\\|title\\=Inside Coronation Street's Luca Toolan's star Mason Radcliffe life off screen}}",
"At Weatherfield High, Mason and his friends teased [Ryan Connor](/wiki/Ryan_Connor \"Ryan Connor\") ([Ryan Prescott](/wiki/Ryan_Prescott_%28actor%29 \"Ryan Prescott (actor)\")) over his scars (which he got after being involved in an acid attack) but backed away when Ryan shouted at them. [Daniel Osbourne](/wiki/Daniel_Osbourne_%28Coronation_Street%29 \"Daniel Osbourne (Coronation Street)\") ([Rob Mallard](/wiki/Rob_Mallard \"Rob Mallard\")) intervenes and makes Mason and his friends leave. Mason later encouraged Dylan and Liam to smoke a disposable vape pen, which makes Dylan feel sick and Liam suffer a severe asthma attack. Mason runs off, leaving Dylan to call an ambulance. Mason and his friends later mocked [Amy Barlow](/wiki/Amy_Barlow \"Amy Barlow\") ([Elle Mulvaney](/wiki/Elle_Mulvaney \"Elle Mulvaney\")) and her fellow protesters placards. This resulted in Amy nearly hitting Mason with one of the placards before police intervened and sent Mason and his friends on their way.",
"After learning that Dylan's father [Sean Tully](/wiki/Sean_Tully \"Sean Tully\") ([Antony Cotton](/wiki/Antony_Cotton \"Antony Cotton\")) had disposed of their remaining vapes, Mason demanded that Dylan give him his designer trainers, which Sean had got him, as compensation for the lose of the vapes. After Sean discovered that Dylan's trainers were missing, he planned to go to the school about it. This caused Dylan to inform Mason of Sean's intentions. Not wanting to get into trouble, Mason framed Liam by placing the trainers in his school locker. Later, Mason was confronted by Liam's stepfather [Gary Windass](/wiki/Gary_Windass \"Gary Windass\") ([Mikey North](/wiki/Mikey_North \"Mikey North\")), who guessed that Mason had framed Liam. Gary warned Mason to stay away from Liam or else he would see more of him and next time, he would not be so friendly. Mason later sent a threatening voicemail to Liam in retaliation. At school, Mason warned Liam not to tell on him again or else his mother [Maria Connor](/wiki/Maria_Connor \"Maria Connor\") ([Samia Longchambon](/wiki/Samia_Longchambon \"Samia Longchambon\")) would suffer.",
"Mason and his friends later confronted Liam and threw rubbish on him and called him a rat. Dylan witnessed the event, but did not intervene out of fear of Mason. When Mason started filming Liam on his phone, the latter retaliated and knocked the phone out of Mason's hand. This resulted in Mason threatening Liam with a knife. Mason was later approached by local police officer [Craig Tinker](/wiki/Craig_Tinker \"Craig Tinker\") ([Colson Smith](/wiki/Colson_Smith \"Colson Smith\")) and another police officer, who searched Mason for the knife, but did not find it on him. It was later revealed that Mason had Dylan hide the knife. Mason believed that Liam was the one who reported him to the police and sent him a vile picture of a rat, unaware that it was in fact Liam's stepbrother [Jake Windass](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282013%29%23Jake_Windass \"List of Coronation Street characters (2013)#Jake Windass\") (Bobby Bradshaw) who had phoned the police.",
"Mason and Dylan later bunked off school and stole a box of vapes from Simon Barlow and went to Dylan's home. Afterwards, Simon's father [Peter Barlow](/wiki/Peter_Barlow_%28Coronation_Street%29 \"Peter Barlow (Coronation Street)\") ([Chris Gascoyne](/wiki/Chris_Gascoyne \"Chris Gascoyne\")) arrived outside the House to confront the pair over the theft and threatened to break down the door. Upon learning from Dylan that Peter killed [Stephen Reid](/wiki/Stephen_Reid_%28Coronation_Street%29 \"Stephen Reid (Coronation Street)\") ([Todd Boyce](/wiki/Todd_Boyce \"Todd Boyce\")), Mason challenged Peter to run him and Dylan over with his car. Outraged, Peter kicked open the door, causing Mason to flee the house in fear whilst Peter restrained Dylan. Later, Dylan tells Mason that he had hidden the vapes and the knife in a bin, to which Mason tells him to sell the vapes at Prima Doner and that he will collect the money whilst Dylan can keep the knife.\nAfter Liam got Dylan into trouble at school by questioning him about selling vapes, which was overheard by their headteacher, Mason confronted Liam and opened his bag and threw the contents to the ground before throwing the bag on top of a van as a warning to Liam to not interfere with his business again. Mason also videoed Liam struggling to retrieve his bag, which Liam later saw footage of.",
"In January 2024, Mason stole Liam's phone at school and made him to beg in front of other students order to have it back. After Liam does this, Mason changes his mind and refuses to return the phone. Mason later pinned Liam to a wall, but Liam manages to escape by setting off the school's fire alarm. Mason reports what Liam did to the school's deputy headmistress [Orla Crawshaw](/wiki/List_of_Coronation_Street_characters_%282021%29%23Orla_Crawshaw \"List of Coronation Street characters (2021)#Orla Crawshaw\") ([Carla Mendonça](/wiki/Carla_Mendon%C3%A7a \"Carla Mendonça\")) and later contacts Jake on his PlayStation 4 and tells him to tell Liam that if he wants his phone back, he will have to meet him at school the following day. Liam tells Jake to ignore the message as he thinks that meeting with Mason would lead to a fight, but following a talk with Gary about how bullies only understand violence, Liam decides that he will stand up to Mason. The following day, Mason gives Liam back his phone but then goads him into fighting Dylan, who had referred to Liam as a loser. Mrs Crawshaw arrives and breaks up the fight. Mason claims that Liam attacked Dylan for no reason, to which Liam agrees, out of worry of what the outcome would be if he told the truth. This results in Liam getting suspended from school.",
"When Liam returns to school, Mason destroys a puppet he brought into school whilst Dylan films the scene on his phone. Mason later learns from Dylan that Maria had seen abusive messages they had sent Liam online, resulting in them deleting the messages in order to avoid punishment. Mason and Dylan are later confronted by Maria, who was returning a laptop Liam borrowed from school. She tells them that Liam would be moving schools because of them. Dylan began to feel bad about his actions whilst Mason treated the situation like a joke. After Mrs Crawshaw learnt that Liam used the laptop to search about suicide, she tells Maria, Gary and Liam that she would put Mason and Dylan into isolation for their actions towards Liam. Mason and Dylan later had a confrontation with Gary in the local playground with Mason warning Gary that Liam needs to watch his back. This causes Gary to lash out at Mason and throw him to the ground. Sean witnesses this and intervenes by threatening to report Gary to the police. Mason later visits Dylan and learns that Sean is now aware that Liam is being bullied. Mason warns Dylan not to mention him to Mrs Crawshaw.",
"Mason later came across a remorseful Dylan about knock on Liam to apologise for his behaviour. Dylan claims that he was pressured by Sean into going to Liam. Mason tells Dylan not to speak to Liam and has him leave with him. Mason later texts Dylan and tells him not to mention his name to Mrs Crawshaw. However, this results in Dylan getting suspended from school by Mrs Crawshaw after he blamed only himself for Liam getting bullied and would not say who was also involved. Mason later visits Roy's Rolls where Liam, Maria and Gary are. Mason tries to act friendly towards Liam, only for Maria to confront him and tell him to stay away from them. Gary then tells Mason to leave, which he does. Liam later witnesses Mason bullying another boy at school.",
"When the police learn about Mason threatening Liam with the knife, they search both Mason and Dylan's homes, but the searches are unsuccessful as Dylan had hidden the knife in Tyrone's garden. Mason later tells Dylan to meet him at a precinct with the knife. Dylan goes to the precinct and waits for Mason, only to approached by Craig and other police officers, who find the knife in Dylan's possession and arrest him. This makes Dylan realise that Mason set him up. Dylan tells the police about Mason giving him the knife and decides to plead guilty after learning that the bullying nearly caused Liam commit suicide. Mason attempts to visit Dylan at his home, but is sent away by Sean and [Eileen Grimshaw](/wiki/Eileen_Grimshaw \"Eileen Grimshaw\") ([Sue Cleaver](/wiki/Sue_Cleaver \"Sue Cleaver\")). Mason later meets Dylan at Victoria Gardens and is pleased when Dylan speaks of his intentions to plead guilty for possession of the knife. Dylan then reveals that he had told the police about the hit and run Mason did, but Mason stated that the police had to prove he did it. Unbeknownst to the two, their conversion is overheard by Gary, who passes on the information to Sean and Eileen. Maria and Gary are later told by the police that Mason had been charged after his fingerprints were found on the knife and that he could face a custodial sentence if he is found guilty.",
"In April 2024 on the lead up to his court hearing, Mason has a girl named Bella lure Dylan to him under the claim of wanting to make peace with him. Bella agrees and invites Dylan in meet her for ice cream at the precinct. However, Bella is horrified when Mason along with his friends, confronts Dylan and warns him to retract his statement and pull out of giving evidence at the hearing under the threat of Mason's two older brothers coming after Dylan. At Mason's hearing, both Liam and Dylan make statements. At first, Dylan, after being threatened earlier by one of Mason's friends, denies that Mason had the knife, but is later convinced to be truthful. Mason is declared guilty by the judge in part because of Mason's unwillingness to give a testimony in his defence, but also says that she would not have come to her decision without Liam and Dylan's statements, though the judge delayed his sentencing for a week until she could hear from his youth justice worker, but as this had been Mason's second knife crime offence, the judge warned him that as a matter of law, the only sentence available would be a sentence of imprisonment.\n{{clear}}",
"A few months later, upon Mason's release, Stu finds him beaten with a bloody face in the park, and offers him food at Speed Daal after he reveals his brother was responsible for his attack. Once there, Mason is outed by the furious parents for his previous actions. Stu and Yasmeen hear him out but say he must leave, though Stu is conflicted.",
"Stu later offers him a job at Speed Daal. Again, Dylan and Liam are worried and their parents demand that Yasmeen fires him, but she and Stu come to his defence. Sean Tully posts damning reviews about the restaurant hiring a criminal.",
"Yasmeen speaks to Stu about what they have done, asking if it's worth it. Stu says that Mason deserves a chance.",
"Betsy Swain, who has been hanging around and flirty with Mason, later frames him for the theft of a purse when he rejects hanging out with her. Dylan \\[who has become friends with Betsy] finds out what she has done, and despite what Mason put him through, tries to convince her to tell the police the truth \\- as Mason has been sent back to prison \\[Juvie] as he was reported by Stu for theft \\- despite pleading he didn't do it, Stu did not believe him.",
""
] |
Personal life
-------------
Nader Naderpour was born on 6 June 1929 in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), Iran. His parents were both fluent in French and had a deep love for art, music and history. His father, Taghi Mirza, was a descendant of Reza Gholi Mirza, the eldest son of [Nader Shah](/wiki/Nader_Shah "Nader Shah"). The eldest of two brothers and three sisters, Naderpour grew up under the supervision and care of his culturally rich parents. His father, who died when Naderpour was only fourteen, was a skillful painter and also a man familiar with poetry and literature. It was he who taught young Naderpour [Persian literature](/wiki/Persian_literature "Persian literature") and classic poetry. When he was a preschooler, Naderpour would sit on his father's lap and be encouraged to read the newspaper every night. His father also had Naderpour memorize classical and modern poetry. His mother was a talented player of the string instrument the [tar](/wiki/Tar_%28lute%29 "Tar (lute)"), and she helped Naderpour to develop an appreciation for music.
In 1942 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Naderpour entered Iran\-Shahr High School in Tehran. A year later when Iran was occupied by the Allied military forces, Naderpour, like many other students of the time, got involved in politics, and he participated in a small nationalist party group. Later he joined the [Tudeh Party of Iran](/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran "Tudeh Party of Iran") (TPI), which became the major Communist Party of the country. Like Nima, Naderpour also published a number of poems in journals such as *People* (in Persian: *Mardom*), *Leader* (in Persian: *Rahbar*), and *Our Iran* (in Persian: *Iran\-e Maa*), which were all supported by TPI at the time.
By the time Naderpour graduated from high school in 1948, he had already left the Party. In fact, since 1946 Naderpour had been unhappy about the [Iran\-Azerbaijan crisis](/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946 "Iran crisis of 1946"), and like many other nationalist students, he was convinced that [Soviet communism](/wiki/Soviet_communism "Soviet communism") could not make any provision for the independent nationalist communist movements in other countries. Subsequently, Naderpour worked wholeheartedly to ensure that Iran's parliamentary elections would be open, honest, and fair. He therefore became sympathetic to the [National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28Iran%29 "National Front (Iran)") (in Persian: *Jebheh\-ye Melli*) and its leader, [Mohammad Mosaddegh](/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh "Mohammad Mosaddegh"), and other nationalist champions in those elections.
In 1950 Naderpour was sent to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), France, to continue his education in French Language and Literature at the [Sorbonne](/wiki/University_of_Paris "University of Paris") University. During his stay in Paris, he not only became a freelance writer for various publications but he also wrote for the Third Force Party (in Persian: *Nirooy\-e Sevvom*), which Iranian ideologue and writer [Khalil Maleki](/wiki/Khalil_Maleki "Khalil Maleki") had established under the aegis of the National Front in Iran. After receiving his BA degree, Naderpour returned to Tehran and started working in the private sector.
In 1960 Naderpour arranged the first modernist Persian poetry reading in Tehran, held at the Cultural Society of Iran \& America (in Persian: *Anjoman\-e Farhangi\-e Iran\-o Amrika*). Later, he worked as a consultant at the Office of Dramatic Arts of the Ministry of Arts and Culture (in Persian: *Vezaarat\-e Farhang\-o Honar*). He was also appointed as the Editor of *Theater Magazine* (in Persian: *Majaleh\-ye Namayesh*), and as the Editor\-in\-Chief of the *Monthly Journal of Art and People* (in Persian: *Honar\-o Mardom*).
In 1964 Naderpour traveled to Europe. In [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), he continued his studies on the Italian Language and Literature. He also spent some time in Paris, studying [French cinema](/wiki/Cinema_of_France "Cinema of France"), and devoting time to his own poetry.
In 1968, Naderpour became one of the thirty or so founding members of the first Association of Writers of Iran (in Persian: *Kaanoon\-e Nevisandegaan\-e Iran*). He was also one of the signatories of its manifesto, along with several other famous Iranian writers and poets. When [Jalal Al\-e\-Ahmad](/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad "Jalal Al-e-Ahmad"), the driving force behind the Association, died in 1969, the Association chose Naderpour to speak on its behalf at the interment ceremony. For two consecutive years Naderpour was elected as a member of the steering committee for the Association of Writers of Iran. Later on, in 1977, he decided not to participate in the rejuvenation of the Association due to differences of opinion.
In 1971, Naderpour took over as the director of Contemporary Literature Department (in Persian: *Gorooh\-e Adab\-e Emrooz*) in the [National Iranian Radio and Television](/wiki/National_Iranian_Radio_and_Television "National Iranian Radio and Television"), where he directed many programs on the life and works of contemporary literary figures. Naderpour fled the [Iranian Revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Revolution "Iranian Revolution") in 1980 for France and resided there until 1987\. He was elected to France's Authors' Association, and participated in several conferences and gatherings. In 1987, he moved to [California](/wiki/California "California"). During his residence in the United States, Naderpour gave several speeches and lectures at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University"), [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA"), and [UC Berkeley](/wiki/UC_Berkeley "UC Berkeley"). Naderpour was considered as the first Iranian poet who opened up exciting vistas of the new Persian poetry, and he was regarded as one of the leaders of the movement for the New Poetry or She'r\-e Now in Iran and among other [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language") speaking nations like [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"), [Tajikistan](/wiki/Tajikistan "Tajikistan") and [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan").
|
[
"Personal life\n-------------",
"Nader Naderpour was born on 6 June 1929 in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\"), Iran. His parents were both fluent in French and had a deep love for art, music and history. His father, Taghi Mirza, was a descendant of Reza Gholi Mirza, the eldest son of [Nader Shah](/wiki/Nader_Shah \"Nader Shah\"). The eldest of two brothers and three sisters, Naderpour grew up under the supervision and care of his culturally rich parents. His father, who died when Naderpour was only fourteen, was a skillful painter and also a man familiar with poetry and literature. It was he who taught young Naderpour [Persian literature](/wiki/Persian_literature \"Persian literature\") and classic poetry. When he was a preschooler, Naderpour would sit on his father's lap and be encouraged to read the newspaper every night. His father also had Naderpour memorize classical and modern poetry. His mother was a talented player of the string instrument the [tar](/wiki/Tar_%28lute%29 \"Tar (lute)\"), and she helped Naderpour to develop an appreciation for music.",
"In 1942 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Naderpour entered Iran\\-Shahr High School in Tehran. A year later when Iran was occupied by the Allied military forces, Naderpour, like many other students of the time, got involved in politics, and he participated in a small nationalist party group. Later he joined the [Tudeh Party of Iran](/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran \"Tudeh Party of Iran\") (TPI), which became the major Communist Party of the country. Like Nima, Naderpour also published a number of poems in journals such as *People* (in Persian: *Mardom*), *Leader* (in Persian: *Rahbar*), and *Our Iran* (in Persian: *Iran\\-e Maa*), which were all supported by TPI at the time.",
"By the time Naderpour graduated from high school in 1948, he had already left the Party. In fact, since 1946 Naderpour had been unhappy about the [Iran\\-Azerbaijan crisis](/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946 \"Iran crisis of 1946\"), and like many other nationalist students, he was convinced that [Soviet communism](/wiki/Soviet_communism \"Soviet communism\") could not make any provision for the independent nationalist communist movements in other countries. Subsequently, Naderpour worked wholeheartedly to ensure that Iran's parliamentary elections would be open, honest, and fair. He therefore became sympathetic to the [National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28Iran%29 \"National Front (Iran)\") (in Persian: *Jebheh\\-ye Melli*) and its leader, [Mohammad Mosaddegh](/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh \"Mohammad Mosaddegh\"), and other nationalist champions in those elections.",
"In 1950 Naderpour was sent to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), France, to continue his education in French Language and Literature at the [Sorbonne](/wiki/University_of_Paris \"University of Paris\") University. During his stay in Paris, he not only became a freelance writer for various publications but he also wrote for the Third Force Party (in Persian: *Nirooy\\-e Sevvom*), which Iranian ideologue and writer [Khalil Maleki](/wiki/Khalil_Maleki \"Khalil Maleki\") had established under the aegis of the National Front in Iran. After receiving his BA degree, Naderpour returned to Tehran and started working in the private sector.",
"In 1960 Naderpour arranged the first modernist Persian poetry reading in Tehran, held at the Cultural Society of Iran \\& America (in Persian: *Anjoman\\-e Farhangi\\-e Iran\\-o Amrika*). Later, he worked as a consultant at the Office of Dramatic Arts of the Ministry of Arts and Culture (in Persian: *Vezaarat\\-e Farhang\\-o Honar*). He was also appointed as the Editor of *Theater Magazine* (in Persian: *Majaleh\\-ye Namayesh*), and as the Editor\\-in\\-Chief of the *Monthly Journal of Art and People* (in Persian: *Honar\\-o Mardom*).",
"In 1964 Naderpour traveled to Europe. In [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), he continued his studies on the Italian Language and Literature. He also spent some time in Paris, studying [French cinema](/wiki/Cinema_of_France \"Cinema of France\"), and devoting time to his own poetry.",
"In 1968, Naderpour became one of the thirty or so founding members of the first Association of Writers of Iran (in Persian: *Kaanoon\\-e Nevisandegaan\\-e Iran*). He was also one of the signatories of its manifesto, along with several other famous Iranian writers and poets. When [Jalal Al\\-e\\-Ahmad](/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad \"Jalal Al-e-Ahmad\"), the driving force behind the Association, died in 1969, the Association chose Naderpour to speak on its behalf at the interment ceremony. For two consecutive years Naderpour was elected as a member of the steering committee for the Association of Writers of Iran. Later on, in 1977, he decided not to participate in the rejuvenation of the Association due to differences of opinion.",
"In 1971, Naderpour took over as the director of Contemporary Literature Department (in Persian: *Gorooh\\-e Adab\\-e Emrooz*) in the [National Iranian Radio and Television](/wiki/National_Iranian_Radio_and_Television \"National Iranian Radio and Television\"), where he directed many programs on the life and works of contemporary literary figures. Naderpour fled the [Iranian Revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Revolution \"Iranian Revolution\") in 1980 for France and resided there until 1987\\. He was elected to France's Authors' Association, and participated in several conferences and gatherings. In 1987, he moved to [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). During his residence in the United States, Naderpour gave several speeches and lectures at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\"), [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\"), and [UC Berkeley](/wiki/UC_Berkeley \"UC Berkeley\"). Naderpour was considered as the first Iranian poet who opened up exciting vistas of the new Persian poetry, and he was regarded as one of the leaders of the movement for the New Poetry or She'r\\-e Now in Iran and among other [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language \"Persian language\") speaking nations like [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"), [Tajikistan](/wiki/Tajikistan \"Tajikistan\") and [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\").",
""
] |
Imperial Yeomanry
-----------------
[thumb\|right\|275px\|Imperial yeoman on the Veldt.](/wiki/File:Boer_War_Q71976.jpg "Boer War Q71976.jpg")
The Yeomanry was not intended to serve overseas, but due to the string of defeats during [Black Week](/wiki/Black_Week "Black Week") in December 1899, the British government realised they were going to need more troops than just the regular army. A Royal Warrant was issued on 24 December 1899 to allow volunteer forces to serve in the [Second Boer War](/wiki/Second_Boer_War "Second Boer War"). The Royal Warrant asked standing Yeomanry [regiments](/wiki/Regiment "Regiment") to provide service [companies](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 "Company (military unit)") of approximately 115 men each for the [Imperial Yeomanry](/wiki/Imperial_Yeomanry "Imperial Yeomanry"), which was equipped to operate as [Mounted infantry](/wiki/Mounted_infantry "Mounted infantry").Dunlop, pp. 104–18\.Rogers, p. 228\.Spiers, p. 239\.{{harvnb\|Mileham\|1994\|p\=27}} The regiment provided:{{cite web \|url\=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/ImpYeo.htm \|title\=Imperial Yeomanry at regiments.org by T.F.Mills \|access\-date\=2007\-05\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529010837/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/ImpYeo.htm \|archive\-date\=29 May 2007 \|df\=dmy\-all }}
The Yorkshire Dragoons sponsored the **11th (Yorkshire Dragoons) Company** and the Yorkshire Hussars the 9th (Yorkshire (Doncaster)) Company. An equipment and emergency fund was set up and by 2 January 1900 13th Yeomanry Brigade had enrolled 330 volunteers (180 from the Dragoons) at Leeds. Selection and mobilisation began at [Sheffield Cavalry Barracks](/wiki/Hillsborough_Barracks "Hillsborough Barracks") on 6 January and the two companies were completed by 17 January.Barlow \& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, p. 24\.[IY at Regiments.org.](https://web.archive.org/web/20051226131012/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/ImpYeo.htm)[IY Companies at Roll of Honour.](http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Regiments/ImperialYeomanryCompaniesBoerBn.html)[IY at Anglo\-Boer War.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/unit-information/imperial-yeomanry-by-company/1946-imperial-yeomanry?showall=1&limitstart=)[*The Times* 3, 8, 17 January 1900 quoted in *Les Hussards*.](http://www.hussards-photos.com/UK/UK_Yeomanry_Yorkshire_CAB1.htm) Along with two companies from [Nottinghamshire](/wiki/Nottinghamshire "Nottinghamshire"), the 9th and 11th served in the 3rd Battalion, IY, which was placed under the command of Temporary Lt\-Col [George Younghusband](/wiki/George_Younghusband "George Younghusband") from the [Indian Army](/wiki/British_Indian_Army "British Indian Army"). The Earl of Scarbrough was appointed second\-in\-command as a Temporary Major.[*London Gazette*, 26 January 1900\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27157/page/515)[*London Gazette*, 2 February 1900\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27160/page/691)
3rd Battalion with its horses embarked on {{SS\|Winifredian\|\|2}} at [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") on 29 January and was the first IY battalion to arrive in South Africa, disembarking at [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town") on 20 February 1900\.['Yorkshire Hussars at *Les Hussards*.](http://www.hussards-photos.com/UK/UK_Yeomanry_Yorkshire_CAB1.htm)
The Yorkshire Dragoons and Hussars also co\-sponsored the **66th (Yorkshire) Company**, formed in March 1900\. The 66th Company arrived in South Africa on 10 April and joined in the 16th Battalion, IY, transferring to the 3rd when the 16th was broken up in 1902\. The Yorkshire Dragoons later raised the **111th (Yorkshire Dragoons) Company** for the Second Contingent of the IY in 1902\.
### Boshof
The 3rd Bn IY was attached to [1st Division](/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_between_1809%E2%80%931909 "History of the British 1st Division between 1809–1909") under the command of [Lord Methuen](/wiki/Paul_Methuen%2C_3rd_Baron_Methuen "Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen"). On 5 April Methuen learned of the presence of a small [Boer Commando](/wiki/Boer_Commando "Boer Commando") led by the French [Comte de Villebois\-Mareuil](/wiki/George_Henri_Anne-Marie_Victor_de_Villebois-Mareuil "George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil") and ordered the IY and other mounted troops to saddle up at once. The force caught the commando, pinned it with a few rounds of artillery fire, and then advanced by short rushes. The Earl of Scarbrough led the Yorkshire contingent round the left flank while the Kimberly Mounted Volunteers went round the right, taking advantage of the natural cover. The whole force then closed in and stormed the hill. De Villebois\-Mareuil was killed and his men surrendered. The [Battle of Boshof](/wiki/Battle_of_Boshof "Battle of Boshof") was the first action for the new IY, but with little field training, only a brief musketry course, and few officers, they 'acted like veteran troops'. Methuen was 'much struck by the intelligent manner in which they carried out the attack and made use of cover'.Creswicke, pp. 39–41\.Miller, pp. 184–6\.
Boshof had been a dismounted action, but at Rooidam on 5 May the Yorkshire Dragoons seized a *[kraal](/wiki/Kraal "Kraal")* at a gallop, which allowed them to secure a *[kopje](/wiki/Kopje "Kopje")* from which they could [enfilade](/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade "Enfilade and defilade") the Boers' main position.Creswicke, pp. 133\. Methuen's Column quickly became known as the 'Mobile Marvels'. On 14 May Methuen marched on [Hoopstad](/wiki/Hoopstad "Hoopstad") and then continued into [Orange Free State](/wiki/Orange_Free_State "Orange Free State") protecting the flank of [Lord Roberts'](/wiki/Frederick_Roberts%2C_1st_Earl_Roberts "Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts") main army. Methuen's column reached [Bothaville](/wiki/Bothaville "Bothaville") on 24 May, but Roberts became concerned about his communications, so Methuen was switched to protecting the rear, and marched to [Kroonstad](/wiki/Kroonstad "Kroonstad"), where his force arrived on 28 May, having completed a march of {{convert\|168\|mi\|km}} in 15 days over poor roads. On 30 May, Methuen was informed that the 13th (Irish) Bn IY was cut off at [Lindley](/wiki/Lindley%2C_Free_State "Lindley, Free State"), and he rode with his own IY battalions to relieve them, covering {{convert\|44\|mi\|km}} in 24 hours. The mounted column had a five\-hour fight to force its way past 3000 Boers led by [Christiaan de Wet](/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet "Christiaan de Wet"). Most of the force in Lindley had already surrendered, but Younghusband was able to free a number of the prisoners. Methuen then pushed on to relieve 9th Division, which was besieged at [Heilbron](/wiki/Heilbron "Heilbron"), completing a march of {{convert\|267\|mi\|km}} in under a month.Miller, pp. 187–89, fns 94 \& 118\.
[thumb\|left\|Imperial Yeomanry galloping over a plain during the Second Boer War.](/wiki/File:The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_Q72318.jpg "The Second Anglo - Boer War, South Africa 1899 - 1902 Q72318.jpg")
### Guerrilla warfare
Methuen's Column now took part in the pursuit of de Wet's force south down the railway towards Kroonstad, beginning with a sharp action at [Renoster River](/wiki/Petrus_Steyn%23The_origin_of_the_Renoster_river "Petrus Steyn#The origin of the Renoster river") on 24 June. The 'Great de Wet Hunt' began in earnest in August, with Methuen personally leading a column including the 1st Yeomanry Brigade. Methuen drove his force on with little rest, to [Welverdiend Pass](/wiki/Welverdiend%2C_Ehlanzeni "Welverdiend, Ehlanzeni") and Taaibosch Spruit, then to [Frederikstad](/wiki/Frederikstad "Frederikstad"). On 12 August the column engaged the Boers at Mooi River Bridge for four hours, capturing guns and wagons and freeing British prisoners. Methuen's column had covered {{convert\|150\|mi\|km}} in six days, driving de Wet towards the Olifant's Nek pass, which Methuen believed was blocked by other columns. On the night of 13/14 August his troops set out to catch the Boers, engaging them at [Buffelshoek](/wiki/Buffelshoek "Buffelshoek") about {{convert\|6\|mi\|km}} from the pass. However, the Boers escaped through the pass, which had not been blocked. With his troops exhausted, Methuen had to call off the pursuit.Miller, pp. 190, 201–7, fn. 37\.
Drives to catch the remaining commandos went on for almost another two years. The First Contingent of the Imperial Yeomanry completed their year's term of service in 1901\. Between 24 March 1900 and 4 April 1901 the 3rd Battalion marched {{convert\|3171\|mi\|km}} and was in action 39 times, suffering 109 casualties out of a strength of 500 men. The 66th Company in 16th Bn was in 16 major actions.[*London Gazette*, 16 April 1901\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27305/page/2604) Lieutenant [Alexis Charles Doxat](/wiki/Alexis_Charles_Doxat "Alexis Charles Doxat"), who had gone out to South Africa in 11th Company, became reconnaissance officer to Maj\-Gen [Douglas's](/wiki/Charles_W._H._Douglas "Charles W. H. Douglas") column and won a [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross") at [Zeerust](/wiki/Zeerust "Zeerust") on 20 October 1900, galloping back to rescue a man who had lost his horse.[Doxat at Anglo\-Boer War.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/medals-and-awards/12-victoria-cross/181-doxat-alexis-charles)[*London Gazette*, 15 January 1901\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27266/page/308)
Many of the Yeomanry went home after their year's service and were replaced by a Second Contingent, including the 111th (Yorkshire Dragoons) Company, which joined the 3rd Bn, while others stayed on during the gruelling last year of the war. At Middlepost on 5 February 1902 Lts Chichester and Tabor were sent up to hold a ridge with 11 men of the Yorkshire Dragoons. Both officers and five men were killed, the others wounded before they were overrun.[Complete Works of Arthur Conan Doyle.](https://books.google.com/books?id=KV01DwAAQBAJ&dq=Chichester+Tabor+Middlepost+February+1902&pg=PT7380) The war ended on 31 May 1902 with the [Treaty of Vereeniging](/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging "Treaty of Vereeniging"). The service of its IY companies earned the Yorkshire its first [Battle honour](/wiki/Battle_honour "Battle honour"): **South Africa 1900–02**.Leslie.
The Imperial Yeomanry had been trained and equipped as mounted infantry. The concept was considered a success and before the war ended the existing Yeomanry regiments at home were converted into Imperial Yeomanry, with an establishment of HQ and four squadrons with a machine gun section. This included the retitled **Yorkshire Dragoons Imperial Yeomanry (Queen's Own)**.
[thumb\|275px\|right\|[Nether Hall, Doncaster](/wiki/Nether_Hall%2C_Doncaster "Nether Hall, Doncaster"), RHQ in the early 20th century](/wiki/File:Entrance_on_south_side%2C_Nether_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4147566.jpg "Entrance on south side, Nether Hall - geograph.org.uk - 4147566.jpg")
{{Yorkshire Mounted Brigade}}
|
[
"Imperial Yeomanry\n-----------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|275px\\|Imperial yeoman on the Veldt.](/wiki/File:Boer_War_Q71976.jpg \"Boer War Q71976.jpg\")\nThe Yeomanry was not intended to serve overseas, but due to the string of defeats during [Black Week](/wiki/Black_Week \"Black Week\") in December 1899, the British government realised they were going to need more troops than just the regular army. A Royal Warrant was issued on 24 December 1899 to allow volunteer forces to serve in the [Second Boer War](/wiki/Second_Boer_War \"Second Boer War\"). The Royal Warrant asked standing Yeomanry [regiments](/wiki/Regiment \"Regiment\") to provide service [companies](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 \"Company (military unit)\") of approximately 115 men each for the [Imperial Yeomanry](/wiki/Imperial_Yeomanry \"Imperial Yeomanry\"), which was equipped to operate as [Mounted infantry](/wiki/Mounted_infantry \"Mounted infantry\").Dunlop, pp. 104–18\\.Rogers, p. 228\\.Spiers, p. 239\\.{{harvnb\\|Mileham\\|1994\\|p\\=27}} The regiment provided:{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/ImpYeo.htm \\|title\\=Imperial Yeomanry at regiments.org by T.F.Mills \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529010837/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/ImpYeo.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=29 May 2007 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}\nThe Yorkshire Dragoons sponsored the **11th (Yorkshire Dragoons) Company** and the Yorkshire Hussars the 9th (Yorkshire (Doncaster)) Company. An equipment and emergency fund was set up and by 2 January 1900 13th Yeomanry Brigade had enrolled 330 volunteers (180 from the Dragoons) at Leeds. Selection and mobilisation began at [Sheffield Cavalry Barracks](/wiki/Hillsborough_Barracks \"Hillsborough Barracks\") on 6 January and the two companies were completed by 17 January.Barlow \\& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, p. 24\\.[IY at Regiments.org.](https://web.archive.org/web/20051226131012/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/ImpYeo.htm)[IY Companies at Roll of Honour.](http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Regiments/ImperialYeomanryCompaniesBoerBn.html)[IY at Anglo\\-Boer War.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/unit-information/imperial-yeomanry-by-company/1946-imperial-yeomanry?showall=1&limitstart=)[*The Times* 3, 8, 17 January 1900 quoted in *Les Hussards*.](http://www.hussards-photos.com/UK/UK_Yeomanry_Yorkshire_CAB1.htm) Along with two companies from [Nottinghamshire](/wiki/Nottinghamshire \"Nottinghamshire\"), the 9th and 11th served in the 3rd Battalion, IY, which was placed under the command of Temporary Lt\\-Col [George Younghusband](/wiki/George_Younghusband \"George Younghusband\") from the [Indian Army](/wiki/British_Indian_Army \"British Indian Army\"). The Earl of Scarbrough was appointed second\\-in\\-command as a Temporary Major.[*London Gazette*, 26 January 1900\\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27157/page/515)[*London Gazette*, 2 February 1900\\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27160/page/691)",
"3rd Battalion with its horses embarked on {{SS\\|Winifredian\\|\\|2}} at [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") on 29 January and was the first IY battalion to arrive in South Africa, disembarking at [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") on 20 February 1900\\.['Yorkshire Hussars at *Les Hussards*.](http://www.hussards-photos.com/UK/UK_Yeomanry_Yorkshire_CAB1.htm)",
"The Yorkshire Dragoons and Hussars also co\\-sponsored the **66th (Yorkshire) Company**, formed in March 1900\\. The 66th Company arrived in South Africa on 10 April and joined in the 16th Battalion, IY, transferring to the 3rd when the 16th was broken up in 1902\\. The Yorkshire Dragoons later raised the **111th (Yorkshire Dragoons) Company** for the Second Contingent of the IY in 1902\\.",
"### Boshof",
"The 3rd Bn IY was attached to [1st Division](/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_between_1809%E2%80%931909 \"History of the British 1st Division between 1809–1909\") under the command of [Lord Methuen](/wiki/Paul_Methuen%2C_3rd_Baron_Methuen \"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen\"). On 5 April Methuen learned of the presence of a small [Boer Commando](/wiki/Boer_Commando \"Boer Commando\") led by the French [Comte de Villebois\\-Mareuil](/wiki/George_Henri_Anne-Marie_Victor_de_Villebois-Mareuil \"George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil\") and ordered the IY and other mounted troops to saddle up at once. The force caught the commando, pinned it with a few rounds of artillery fire, and then advanced by short rushes. The Earl of Scarbrough led the Yorkshire contingent round the left flank while the Kimberly Mounted Volunteers went round the right, taking advantage of the natural cover. The whole force then closed in and stormed the hill. De Villebois\\-Mareuil was killed and his men surrendered. The [Battle of Boshof](/wiki/Battle_of_Boshof \"Battle of Boshof\") was the first action for the new IY, but with little field training, only a brief musketry course, and few officers, they 'acted like veteran troops'. Methuen was 'much struck by the intelligent manner in which they carried out the attack and made use of cover'.Creswicke, pp. 39–41\\.Miller, pp. 184–6\\.",
"Boshof had been a dismounted action, but at Rooidam on 5 May the Yorkshire Dragoons seized a *[kraal](/wiki/Kraal \"Kraal\")* at a gallop, which allowed them to secure a *[kopje](/wiki/Kopje \"Kopje\")* from which they could [enfilade](/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade \"Enfilade and defilade\") the Boers' main position.Creswicke, pp. 133\\. Methuen's Column quickly became known as the 'Mobile Marvels'. On 14 May Methuen marched on [Hoopstad](/wiki/Hoopstad \"Hoopstad\") and then continued into [Orange Free State](/wiki/Orange_Free_State \"Orange Free State\") protecting the flank of [Lord Roberts'](/wiki/Frederick_Roberts%2C_1st_Earl_Roberts \"Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts\") main army. Methuen's column reached [Bothaville](/wiki/Bothaville \"Bothaville\") on 24 May, but Roberts became concerned about his communications, so Methuen was switched to protecting the rear, and marched to [Kroonstad](/wiki/Kroonstad \"Kroonstad\"), where his force arrived on 28 May, having completed a march of {{convert\\|168\\|mi\\|km}} in 15 days over poor roads. On 30 May, Methuen was informed that the 13th (Irish) Bn IY was cut off at [Lindley](/wiki/Lindley%2C_Free_State \"Lindley, Free State\"), and he rode with his own IY battalions to relieve them, covering {{convert\\|44\\|mi\\|km}} in 24 hours. The mounted column had a five\\-hour fight to force its way past 3000 Boers led by [Christiaan de Wet](/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet \"Christiaan de Wet\"). Most of the force in Lindley had already surrendered, but Younghusband was able to free a number of the prisoners. Methuen then pushed on to relieve 9th Division, which was besieged at [Heilbron](/wiki/Heilbron \"Heilbron\"), completing a march of {{convert\\|267\\|mi\\|km}} in under a month.Miller, pp. 187–89, fns 94 \\& 118\\.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Imperial Yeomanry galloping over a plain during the Second Boer War.](/wiki/File:The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_Q72318.jpg \"The Second Anglo - Boer War, South Africa 1899 - 1902 Q72318.jpg\")",
"### Guerrilla warfare",
"Methuen's Column now took part in the pursuit of de Wet's force south down the railway towards Kroonstad, beginning with a sharp action at [Renoster River](/wiki/Petrus_Steyn%23The_origin_of_the_Renoster_river \"Petrus Steyn#The origin of the Renoster river\") on 24 June. The 'Great de Wet Hunt' began in earnest in August, with Methuen personally leading a column including the 1st Yeomanry Brigade. Methuen drove his force on with little rest, to [Welverdiend Pass](/wiki/Welverdiend%2C_Ehlanzeni \"Welverdiend, Ehlanzeni\") and Taaibosch Spruit, then to [Frederikstad](/wiki/Frederikstad \"Frederikstad\"). On 12 August the column engaged the Boers at Mooi River Bridge for four hours, capturing guns and wagons and freeing British prisoners. Methuen's column had covered {{convert\\|150\\|mi\\|km}} in six days, driving de Wet towards the Olifant's Nek pass, which Methuen believed was blocked by other columns. On the night of 13/14 August his troops set out to catch the Boers, engaging them at [Buffelshoek](/wiki/Buffelshoek \"Buffelshoek\") about {{convert\\|6\\|mi\\|km}} from the pass. However, the Boers escaped through the pass, which had not been blocked. With his troops exhausted, Methuen had to call off the pursuit.Miller, pp. 190, 201–7, fn. 37\\.",
"Drives to catch the remaining commandos went on for almost another two years. The First Contingent of the Imperial Yeomanry completed their year's term of service in 1901\\. Between 24 March 1900 and 4 April 1901 the 3rd Battalion marched {{convert\\|3171\\|mi\\|km}} and was in action 39 times, suffering 109 casualties out of a strength of 500 men. The 66th Company in 16th Bn was in 16 major actions.[*London Gazette*, 16 April 1901\\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27305/page/2604) Lieutenant [Alexis Charles Doxat](/wiki/Alexis_Charles_Doxat \"Alexis Charles Doxat\"), who had gone out to South Africa in 11th Company, became reconnaissance officer to Maj\\-Gen [Douglas's](/wiki/Charles_W._H._Douglas \"Charles W. H. Douglas\") column and won a [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\") at [Zeerust](/wiki/Zeerust \"Zeerust\") on 20 October 1900, galloping back to rescue a man who had lost his horse.[Doxat at Anglo\\-Boer War.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/medals-and-awards/12-victoria-cross/181-doxat-alexis-charles)[*London Gazette*, 15 January 1901\\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27266/page/308)",
"Many of the Yeomanry went home after their year's service and were replaced by a Second Contingent, including the 111th (Yorkshire Dragoons) Company, which joined the 3rd Bn, while others stayed on during the gruelling last year of the war. At Middlepost on 5 February 1902 Lts Chichester and Tabor were sent up to hold a ridge with 11 men of the Yorkshire Dragoons. Both officers and five men were killed, the others wounded before they were overrun.[Complete Works of Arthur Conan Doyle.](https://books.google.com/books?id=KV01DwAAQBAJ&dq=Chichester+Tabor+Middlepost+February+1902&pg=PT7380) The war ended on 31 May 1902 with the [Treaty of Vereeniging](/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging \"Treaty of Vereeniging\"). The service of its IY companies earned the Yorkshire its first [Battle honour](/wiki/Battle_honour \"Battle honour\"): **South Africa 1900–02**.Leslie.",
"The Imperial Yeomanry had been trained and equipped as mounted infantry. The concept was considered a success and before the war ended the existing Yeomanry regiments at home were converted into Imperial Yeomanry, with an establishment of HQ and four squadrons with a machine gun section. This included the retitled **Yorkshire Dragoons Imperial Yeomanry (Queen's Own)**.",
"[thumb\\|275px\\|right\\|[Nether Hall, Doncaster](/wiki/Nether_Hall%2C_Doncaster \"Nether Hall, Doncaster\"), RHQ in the early 20th century](/wiki/File:Entrance_on_south_side%2C_Nether_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4147566.jpg \"Entrance on south side, Nether Hall - geograph.org.uk - 4147566.jpg\")\n{{Yorkshire Mounted Brigade}}",
""
] |
Uniforms and insignia
---------------------
The uniform of both the Southern and Northern West Riding Yeomanry in 1794 was a long\-skirted scarlet coat with green collar and cuffs, and silver fringed epaulettes for officers; white breeches and black boots; white belts and gloves. The trumpeters were mounted on grey horses from October 1794\. The original headgear was a 'round hat' (a low top hat) with a fore\-and\-aft bearskin crest over the crown. The original uniforms were such poor quality that they were replaced the following year, when new pattern 'Tarleton' light cavalry helmets were issued with 'Y.W.R.C' on the front band and probably a buff 'turban' (but re\-using the same bearskin crest) and the shorter red jackets were given buff silk cord trimmings and white metal shoulder\-wings for the men, with silver fringes for the officers. A scarlet waistcoat trimmed in buff was added (from 1797 the trumpeters wore a plain buff waistcoat). Sergeant\-Majors (one per Troop, all ex\-Regular NCOs) wore four silver chevrons on a green ground, sergeants wore three similar chevrons. When the regiment was reclothed again in 1799 the jacket was replaced by an Austrian\-style light dragoon jacket and the helmet turban was changed to green.
Three standards were presented to the Southern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry on 8 November 1794: a Royal Standard given by Doncaster Corporation, a Provincial Standard bearing the arms of [York](/wiki/York "York") given by Earl Fitzwilliam, and a third given by the ladies of Rotherham bearing the motto 'Law, Liberty and Religion'. Each standard bore the inscription South Regiment, W.R.Y.C.'.
When the regiment was re\-raised in 1803 the jacket colour was changed from red to dark blue, with dark blue pantaloons (later light blue [overalls](/wiki/Overall%23Garments_adapted_from_the_overall "Overall#Garments adapted from the overall")), and brown [Hessian boots](/wiki/Hessian_%28boot%29 "Hessian (boot)"). This uniform was still worn with the Tarleton helmet, now with black or dark blue turban and white plume. By 1808 the plain jacket had acquired lacing in [Hussar](/wiki/Hussar "Hussar") style (silver for officers, white for other ranks), and by *ca* 1819 the Tarleton helmet had been replaced by a Light Dragoon [Shako](/wiki/Shako "Shako") with silver/white band around the top. The [Barrel sash](/wiki/Barrel_sash "Barrel sash") was in white and red, the [Sabretache](/wiki/Sabretache "Sabretache") was scarlet with broad silver/white lace edging and bore an embroidered crown above a silver\-plated [White Rose of York](/wiki/White_Rose_of_York "White Rose of York").Barlow \& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, pp. 4–15\.
From 1861 the regiment began a major overhaul of its uniform from Hussar style. First the lace was removed from the jacket and the sash and sabretache abandoned, before the jacket was replaced by a [Lancer](/wiki/Lancer "Lancer") pattern tunic with half\-plastron front in 1863\. The tunic had no facings but was outlined in thin silver/white lace with simple [Austrian knots](/wiki/Austrian_knot "Austrian knot") on the sleeve. The light blue overalls were replaced by one in 'Oxford mixture' (blue\-black) with double silver/white stripes. In 1862 the shako was replaced by a [Bearskin](/wiki/Bearskin "Bearskin") fur cap similar to a [Fusilier](/wiki/Fusilier "Fusilier") cap rather than a Hussar [Busby](/wiki/Busby_%28military_headdress%29 "Busby (military headdress)"), with a short white plume supported on the left side by a silver rose mounted on a gilt half\-ball. In 1876 the 'Albert' pattern silver\-plated/white metal Dragoon helmet with white horsehair plume replaced the fur cap, and a white waist sash with two blue lines was introduced.Barlow \& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, pp. 15–7\.
When the regiment's title was changed to Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons in 1889 it adopted with minor variations the uniform of its affiliated Regular regiment, the Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards). This involved replacing the lancer tunic by one of heavy dragoon pattern in blue, with white [facings](/wiki/Facing_colour "Facing colour"), but retaining the 1876 dragoon helmet, sash *etc*. The regiment also obtained blue regular cavalry cloaks with white collars by about 1893–4, and officers wore a black sabretache from 1898\. Full dress was supplemented by stable jackets and dark blue [pillbox caps](/wiki/Pillbox_hat "Pillbox hat") with white bands (scarlet caps for the band) for less formal orders of dress.Barlow \& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, pp. 17–23\.
[thumb\|right\|Richard Simkin's illustration of an Imperial Yeomanry trooper; the Yorkshire IY wore their slouch hats with the other side turned up.](/wiki/File:Imperial_yeomanry.jpg "Imperial yeomanry.jpg")
During the Second Boer War the Imperial Yeomanry wore khaki field service dress, brown leather equipment with an ammunition [Bandolier](/wiki/Bandolier "Bandolier"), and a [Slouch hat](/wiki/Slouch_hat "Slouch hat") with one side turned up (the right side for the Yorkshire IY) and a short brown turkey feather plume. This became the universal uniform for the Imperial Yeomanry regiments at home from 1901, but the regulations were later relaxed and full dress returned for ceremonial occasions. Other older items remained in use, such as the blue cavalry cloaks. When the IY were incorporated into the TF in 1908, the slouch hat was replaced by the peaked [Service cap](/wiki/Peaked_cap "Peaked cap"). The other ranks' shoulder straps bore brass titles with 'T' and 'Y' over a curved 'Yorkshire Dragoons'.Barlow \& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, pp. 24–31\.
|
[
"Uniforms and insignia\n---------------------",
"The uniform of both the Southern and Northern West Riding Yeomanry in 1794 was a long\\-skirted scarlet coat with green collar and cuffs, and silver fringed epaulettes for officers; white breeches and black boots; white belts and gloves. The trumpeters were mounted on grey horses from October 1794\\. The original headgear was a 'round hat' (a low top hat) with a fore\\-and\\-aft bearskin crest over the crown. The original uniforms were such poor quality that they were replaced the following year, when new pattern 'Tarleton' light cavalry helmets were issued with 'Y.W.R.C' on the front band and probably a buff 'turban' (but re\\-using the same bearskin crest) and the shorter red jackets were given buff silk cord trimmings and white metal shoulder\\-wings for the men, with silver fringes for the officers. A scarlet waistcoat trimmed in buff was added (from 1797 the trumpeters wore a plain buff waistcoat). Sergeant\\-Majors (one per Troop, all ex\\-Regular NCOs) wore four silver chevrons on a green ground, sergeants wore three similar chevrons. When the regiment was reclothed again in 1799 the jacket was replaced by an Austrian\\-style light dragoon jacket and the helmet turban was changed to green.",
"Three standards were presented to the Southern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry on 8 November 1794: a Royal Standard given by Doncaster Corporation, a Provincial Standard bearing the arms of [York](/wiki/York \"York\") given by Earl Fitzwilliam, and a third given by the ladies of Rotherham bearing the motto 'Law, Liberty and Religion'. Each standard bore the inscription South Regiment, W.R.Y.C.'.",
"When the regiment was re\\-raised in 1803 the jacket colour was changed from red to dark blue, with dark blue pantaloons (later light blue [overalls](/wiki/Overall%23Garments_adapted_from_the_overall \"Overall#Garments adapted from the overall\")), and brown [Hessian boots](/wiki/Hessian_%28boot%29 \"Hessian (boot)\"). This uniform was still worn with the Tarleton helmet, now with black or dark blue turban and white plume. By 1808 the plain jacket had acquired lacing in [Hussar](/wiki/Hussar \"Hussar\") style (silver for officers, white for other ranks), and by *ca* 1819 the Tarleton helmet had been replaced by a Light Dragoon [Shako](/wiki/Shako \"Shako\") with silver/white band around the top. The [Barrel sash](/wiki/Barrel_sash \"Barrel sash\") was in white and red, the [Sabretache](/wiki/Sabretache \"Sabretache\") was scarlet with broad silver/white lace edging and bore an embroidered crown above a silver\\-plated [White Rose of York](/wiki/White_Rose_of_York \"White Rose of York\").Barlow \\& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, pp. 4–15\\.",
"From 1861 the regiment began a major overhaul of its uniform from Hussar style. First the lace was removed from the jacket and the sash and sabretache abandoned, before the jacket was replaced by a [Lancer](/wiki/Lancer \"Lancer\") pattern tunic with half\\-plastron front in 1863\\. The tunic had no facings but was outlined in thin silver/white lace with simple [Austrian knots](/wiki/Austrian_knot \"Austrian knot\") on the sleeve. The light blue overalls were replaced by one in 'Oxford mixture' (blue\\-black) with double silver/white stripes. In 1862 the shako was replaced by a [Bearskin](/wiki/Bearskin \"Bearskin\") fur cap similar to a [Fusilier](/wiki/Fusilier \"Fusilier\") cap rather than a Hussar [Busby](/wiki/Busby_%28military_headdress%29 \"Busby (military headdress)\"), with a short white plume supported on the left side by a silver rose mounted on a gilt half\\-ball. In 1876 the 'Albert' pattern silver\\-plated/white metal Dragoon helmet with white horsehair plume replaced the fur cap, and a white waist sash with two blue lines was introduced.Barlow \\& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, pp. 15–7\\.",
"When the regiment's title was changed to Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons in 1889 it adopted with minor variations the uniform of its affiliated Regular regiment, the Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards). This involved replacing the lancer tunic by one of heavy dragoon pattern in blue, with white [facings](/wiki/Facing_colour \"Facing colour\"), but retaining the 1876 dragoon helmet, sash *etc*. The regiment also obtained blue regular cavalry cloaks with white collars by about 1893–4, and officers wore a black sabretache from 1898\\. Full dress was supplemented by stable jackets and dark blue [pillbox caps](/wiki/Pillbox_hat \"Pillbox hat\") with white bands (scarlet caps for the band) for less formal orders of dress.Barlow \\& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, pp. 17–23\\.\n[thumb\\|right\\|Richard Simkin's illustration of an Imperial Yeomanry trooper; the Yorkshire IY wore their slouch hats with the other side turned up.](/wiki/File:Imperial_yeomanry.jpg \"Imperial yeomanry.jpg\")\nDuring the Second Boer War the Imperial Yeomanry wore khaki field service dress, brown leather equipment with an ammunition [Bandolier](/wiki/Bandolier \"Bandolier\"), and a [Slouch hat](/wiki/Slouch_hat \"Slouch hat\") with one side turned up (the right side for the Yorkshire IY) and a short brown turkey feather plume. This became the universal uniform for the Imperial Yeomanry regiments at home from 1901, but the regulations were later relaxed and full dress returned for ceremonial occasions. Other older items remained in use, such as the blue cavalry cloaks. When the IY were incorporated into the TF in 1908, the slouch hat was replaced by the peaked [Service cap](/wiki/Peaked_cap \"Peaked cap\"). The other ranks' shoulder straps bore brass titles with 'T' and 'Y' over a curved 'Yorkshire Dragoons'.Barlow \\& Smith, *Yorkshire Dragoons*, pp. 24–31\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
It started with the [Rebbe](/wiki/Rebbe%23Hasidic_Rebbe "Rebbe#Hasidic Rebbe") Rabbi Mordechai Shraga Feivish Friedman, the youngest son of Rabbi [Israel Friedmann](/wiki/Israel_Friedmann "Israel Friedmann") of Rizhin. Reb Mordechai Shraga Feivish was only 16 when his father died and when he turned 30 in 1865, he moved to [Husiatyn](/wiki/Husiatyn "Husiatyn") where he established a large Hasidic court. He died during the spring of 1894 and was succeeded by his son Reb Yisroel who took over the position of rebbe in Husiatyn until 1912\. At the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), he together with other Rebbes of Rizhin moved to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), subsequently settling there. From time to time he made trips to visit his chassidim that remained in [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Central_Europe%29 "Galicia (Central Europe)").
The [Admorim](/wiki/Rebbe%23Hasidic_Rebbe "Rebbe#Hasidic Rebbe") of Rizhin were known for their love of the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel"), and Reb Yisroel's feelings were especially deep. The Husiatyn Rebbe was very pro yishuv ha'aretz, settling the land with frum Jews, in order to have influence over secular Jews settling the land. He wanted to exert a more Torah and Jewish influence to a very secular Zionism.
When one of the rebbes of Rizhin died, plans were made to establish a Rizhin section in the Jewish cemetery in Vienna. The rebbe of Husiatyn stated that there would be no need to take him into account as he proposed to emigrate to [Eretz Israel](/wiki/Eretz_Israel "Eretz Israel"). And so it was, during the 1930s, Reb Yisroel made plans to make [aliyah](/wiki/Aliyah "Aliyah"). He traveled around [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") to bid farewell to his followers and warn them of the impending danger. He urged them to make aliyah and leave Europe.
As a result of the increased [anti\-Semitism](/wiki/Anti-Semitism "Anti-Semitism") he had witnessed, himself being a victim of stone throwers in a Viennese street, he had visions of what was to befall the Jewish people in the years to come. In [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków") he was reported to have instructed: "Whoever has some sense should flee while he can \- even in his slippers!" To the Jews who came to the train station in [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv") to greet him he said: "Whoever can sell his property should do so, and those who are unable to sell should leave everything and flee from here, even if only with a sack on his back!"
In 1937 the rebbe docked at [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") and settled in Tel Aviv. Aged 80 and the only surviving grandson of the [Rizhiner Rebbe](/wiki/Israel_Friedmann "Israel Friedmann"), he was considered the "elder" of the rebbes of Rizhin. During the summer months he would reside in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") until the 3rd of [cheshvan](/wiki/Cheshvan "Cheshvan"), the [yartzeit](/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism%23Yahrtzeit "Bereavement in Judaism#Yahrtzeit") of his grandfather. On that day he would visit the [Western Wall](/wiki/Western_Wall "Western Wall") and go to pray at the grave of the holy [Ohr Hachaim](/wiki/Chaim_ibn_Attar "Chaim ibn Attar") on the [Mount of Olives](/wiki/Mount_of_Olives "Mount of Olives").
He led his Hasidim for over 50 years until he died in Tel Aviv aged 92\. In his [will](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 "Will (law)") he requested to be buried on the Mount of Olives and if that was not possible, in [Safad](/wiki/Safad "Safad") or [Tiberias](/wiki/Tiberias "Tiberias"). When he died on the fifth day of [Hanukkah](/wiki/Hanukkah "Hanukkah") 1949, the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem was inaccessible being under Jordanian control. As he died on a Friday there was also not enough time to organise a plot in the ancient Jewish cemetery in Safed. He was therefore buried in Tiberias amongst the students of the [Baal Shem Tov](/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov "Baal Shem Tov").
His son\-in\-law, Rabbi Yaakov Freidman, a son of the [Bohusher](/wiki/Bohush_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29 "Bohush (Hasidic dynasty)") Rebbe, Rabbi Yitzchok Friedman, was appointed as the new leader. He continued the dynasty until his death in 1957 when his son Reb Yitzchok took over. When Reb Yitzchok died in 1968, the Husiatyn dynasty ended. Today the Husiatyn [Beth midrash](/wiki/Beth_midrash "Beth midrash") on Bialik Street, Tel Aviv, continues to be used for prayer and study.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"It started with the [Rebbe](/wiki/Rebbe%23Hasidic_Rebbe \"Rebbe#Hasidic Rebbe\") Rabbi Mordechai Shraga Feivish Friedman, the youngest son of Rabbi [Israel Friedmann](/wiki/Israel_Friedmann \"Israel Friedmann\") of Rizhin. Reb Mordechai Shraga Feivish was only 16 when his father died and when he turned 30 in 1865, he moved to [Husiatyn](/wiki/Husiatyn \"Husiatyn\") where he established a large Hasidic court. He died during the spring of 1894 and was succeeded by his son Reb Yisroel who took over the position of rebbe in Husiatyn until 1912\\. At the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), he together with other Rebbes of Rizhin moved to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), subsequently settling there. From time to time he made trips to visit his chassidim that remained in [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Central_Europe%29 \"Galicia (Central Europe)\").",
"The [Admorim](/wiki/Rebbe%23Hasidic_Rebbe \"Rebbe#Hasidic Rebbe\") of Rizhin were known for their love of the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\"), and Reb Yisroel's feelings were especially deep. The Husiatyn Rebbe was very pro yishuv ha'aretz, settling the land with frum Jews, in order to have influence over secular Jews settling the land. He wanted to exert a more Torah and Jewish influence to a very secular Zionism.",
"When one of the rebbes of Rizhin died, plans were made to establish a Rizhin section in the Jewish cemetery in Vienna. The rebbe of Husiatyn stated that there would be no need to take him into account as he proposed to emigrate to [Eretz Israel](/wiki/Eretz_Israel \"Eretz Israel\"). And so it was, during the 1930s, Reb Yisroel made plans to make [aliyah](/wiki/Aliyah \"Aliyah\"). He traveled around [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") to bid farewell to his followers and warn them of the impending danger. He urged them to make aliyah and leave Europe.",
"As a result of the increased [anti\\-Semitism](/wiki/Anti-Semitism \"Anti-Semitism\") he had witnessed, himself being a victim of stone throwers in a Viennese street, he had visions of what was to befall the Jewish people in the years to come. In [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\") he was reported to have instructed: \"Whoever has some sense should flee while he can \\- even in his slippers!\" To the Jews who came to the train station in [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\") to greet him he said: \"Whoever can sell his property should do so, and those who are unable to sell should leave everything and flee from here, even if only with a sack on his back!\"",
"In 1937 the rebbe docked at [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") and settled in Tel Aviv. Aged 80 and the only surviving grandson of the [Rizhiner Rebbe](/wiki/Israel_Friedmann \"Israel Friedmann\"), he was considered the \"elder\" of the rebbes of Rizhin. During the summer months he would reside in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") until the 3rd of [cheshvan](/wiki/Cheshvan \"Cheshvan\"), the [yartzeit](/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism%23Yahrtzeit \"Bereavement in Judaism#Yahrtzeit\") of his grandfather. On that day he would visit the [Western Wall](/wiki/Western_Wall \"Western Wall\") and go to pray at the grave of the holy [Ohr Hachaim](/wiki/Chaim_ibn_Attar \"Chaim ibn Attar\") on the [Mount of Olives](/wiki/Mount_of_Olives \"Mount of Olives\").",
"He led his Hasidim for over 50 years until he died in Tel Aviv aged 92\\. In his [will](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 \"Will (law)\") he requested to be buried on the Mount of Olives and if that was not possible, in [Safad](/wiki/Safad \"Safad\") or [Tiberias](/wiki/Tiberias \"Tiberias\"). When he died on the fifth day of [Hanukkah](/wiki/Hanukkah \"Hanukkah\") 1949, the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem was inaccessible being under Jordanian control. As he died on a Friday there was also not enough time to organise a plot in the ancient Jewish cemetery in Safed. He was therefore buried in Tiberias amongst the students of the [Baal Shem Tov](/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov \"Baal Shem Tov\").",
"His son\\-in\\-law, Rabbi Yaakov Freidman, a son of the [Bohusher](/wiki/Bohush_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29 \"Bohush (Hasidic dynasty)\") Rebbe, Rabbi Yitzchok Friedman, was appointed as the new leader. He continued the dynasty until his death in 1957 when his son Reb Yitzchok took over. When Reb Yitzchok died in 1968, the Husiatyn dynasty ended. Today the Husiatyn [Beth midrash](/wiki/Beth_midrash \"Beth midrash\") on Bialik Street, Tel Aviv, continues to be used for prayer and study.",
""
] |
Types
-----
### Beef
{{multiple image
\| Align \= right
\| direction \= vertical
\| total\_width \=
\| image1 \= Rumen\-blanket1\.jpg
\| alt1 \= Rumen tripe
\| caption1 \= Rumen beef tripe, stomach chamber 1\. Blanket or flat tripe.
\| image2 \= Reticulum\-honeycomb2\.jpg
\| alt2 \= Reticulum beef tripe
\| caption2 \= Reticulum beef tripe, stomach chamber 2\. Honeycomb tripe.
\| image3 \= Omasum\-book3\.jpg
\| alt3 \= Omasum beef tripe
\| caption3 \= Omasum beef tripe, stomach chamber 3\. Book tripe.
\| image4 \= Abomasum\-reed4\.jpg
\| alt4 \= Abomasum beef tripe
\| caption4 \= Abomasum beef tripe, stomach chamber 4\. Reed tripe.
}}
Beef tripe is made from the muscle wall (the interior mucosal lining is removed) of a [cow](/wiki/Cattle "Cattle")'s stomach chambers: the [rumen](/wiki/Rumen "Rumen") (blanket/flat/smooth tripe), the [reticulum](/wiki/Reticulum_%28anatomy%29 "Reticulum (anatomy)") (honeycomb and pocket tripe), and the [omasum](/wiki/Omasum "Omasum") (book/bible/leaf tripe). [Abomasum](/wiki/Abomasum "Abomasum") (reed) tripe is seen less frequently, owing to its glandular tissue content.
### Other animals
Tripe refers to cow (beef) stomach, but includes stomach of any [ruminant](/wiki/Ruminant "Ruminant") including cattle, sheep, deer, antelope, goat, ox, giraffes, and their relatives. {{Lang\|es\|Tripas}}, the related Spanish word, refers to culinary dishes produced from the small intestines of an animal. In some cases, other names have been applied to the tripe of other animals. For example, tripe from pigs may be referred to as *paunch*, *pig bag*, or *[hog maw](/wiki/Hog_maw "Hog maw")*.
### Washed tripe
{{Nutritional value
\| name \= Tripe, raw
\| kJ \= 355
\| carbs \= 0 g
\| sugars \= 0 g
\| lactose \= 0 g
\| fibre \= 0 g
\| fat \= 3\.69 g
\| satfat \= 1\.291 g
\| monofat \= 1\.533 g
\| polyfat \= 0\.180 g
\| protein \= 12\.07 g
\| water \= 84\.16 g
\| vitA\_ug \= 0
\| thiamin\_mg \= 0
\| riboflavin\_mg \= 0\.064
\| niacin\_mg \= 0\.881
\| pantothenic\_mg \= 0\.1
\| vitB6\_mg \= 0\.014
\| folate\_ug \= 5
\| vitB12\_ug \= 1\.39
\| vitC\_mg \= 0
\| vitD\_ug \= 0
\| vitE\_mg \= 0\.09
\| vitK\_ug \= 0
\| calcium\_mg \= 69
\| iron\_mg \= 0\.59
\| magnesium\_mg \= 13
\| manganese\_mg \= 0\.085
\| phosphorus\_mg \= 64
\| potassium\_mg \= 67
\| sodium\_mg \= 97
\| zinc\_mg \= 1\.42
\| note \=
\| source\_usda \= 1
\| float \=
}}
Washed tripe is more typically known as dressed tripe. To dress the tripe, the stomachs are cleaned and the fat trimmed off.{{cite book\|title\=IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology\|year\=2009\|publisher\=Wiley\-Blackwell\|isbn\=978\-1\-4051\-8740\-4}} It is then boiled and bleached, giving it the white color more commonly associated with tripe as seen on market stalls and in butchers' shops. The task of dressing the tripe is usually carried out by a professional tripe dresser.
Dressed tripe was a popular, nutritious and cheap dish for the British working classes from Victorian times until the latter half of the 20th century.{{cite web\|title\=United Cattle Products\|url\=http://www.unitedcattleproducts.co.uk/\|access\-date\=19 February 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=Butchers Hook\|url\=http://butchershook.net/2011/04/05/talking\-tripe/\|access\-date\=26 March 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022071733/http://butchershook.net/2011/04/05/talking\-tripe/\|archive\-date\=22 October 2011}}{{cite book\|last\=Houlihan\|first\=Marjorie\|title\=A Most Excellent Dish (The English Kitchen)\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Prospect Books\|isbn\=978\-1\-903018\-81\-1}} While it is still popular in many parts of the world today, the number of tripe eaters, and consequently the number of tripe dressers, in the UK has rapidly declined. Tripe has come to be regarded as a pet food, as the increased affluence of postwar Britain has reduced the appeal of this once staple food.
It remains a popular dish in many parts of continental Europe such as Portugal, Spain, France and Italy. In France, a very popular dish, sold in most supermarkets, is *[tripes à la mode de Caen](/wiki/Tripes_%C3%A0_la_mode_de_Caen "Tripes à la mode de Caen")*. In Spain {{Lang\|es\|\[\[Callos\_a\_la\_Madrileña\|callos a la madrileña]]}} are served as [tapas](/wiki/Tapas "Tapas") in many restaurants as well as in supermarkets. The most beloved and celebrated dish in the city of [Porto](/wiki/Porto "Porto") and surrounding areas, in Portugal, is '[tripas à moda do Porto](/wiki/Tripas_%C3%A0_moda_do_Porto "Tripas à moda do Porto")', a tripe stew made with white butter beans, carrots, paprika and chouriço. It is so loved that locals are called 'Tripeiros', in an homage to the 'tripa' (tripe).
|
[
"Types\n-----",
"### Beef",
"{{multiple image\n \\| Align \\= right\n \\| direction \\= vertical\n \\| total\\_width \\= \n \\| image1 \\= Rumen\\-blanket1\\.jpg\n \\| alt1 \\= Rumen tripe\n \\| caption1 \\= Rumen beef tripe, stomach chamber 1\\. Blanket or flat tripe.\n \\| image2 \\= Reticulum\\-honeycomb2\\.jpg\n \\| alt2 \\= Reticulum beef tripe\n \\| caption2 \\= Reticulum beef tripe, stomach chamber 2\\. Honeycomb tripe.\n \\| image3 \\= Omasum\\-book3\\.jpg\n \\| alt3 \\= Omasum beef tripe\n \\| caption3 \\= Omasum beef tripe, stomach chamber 3\\. Book tripe.\n \\| image4 \\= Abomasum\\-reed4\\.jpg\n \\| alt4 \\= Abomasum beef tripe\n \\| caption4 \\= Abomasum beef tripe, stomach chamber 4\\. Reed tripe.\n}}",
"Beef tripe is made from the muscle wall (the interior mucosal lining is removed) of a [cow](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\")'s stomach chambers: the [rumen](/wiki/Rumen \"Rumen\") (blanket/flat/smooth tripe), the [reticulum](/wiki/Reticulum_%28anatomy%29 \"Reticulum (anatomy)\") (honeycomb and pocket tripe), and the [omasum](/wiki/Omasum \"Omasum\") (book/bible/leaf tripe). [Abomasum](/wiki/Abomasum \"Abomasum\") (reed) tripe is seen less frequently, owing to its glandular tissue content.",
"### Other animals",
"Tripe refers to cow (beef) stomach, but includes stomach of any [ruminant](/wiki/Ruminant \"Ruminant\") including cattle, sheep, deer, antelope, goat, ox, giraffes, and their relatives. {{Lang\\|es\\|Tripas}}, the related Spanish word, refers to culinary dishes produced from the small intestines of an animal. In some cases, other names have been applied to the tripe of other animals. For example, tripe from pigs may be referred to as *paunch*, *pig bag*, or *[hog maw](/wiki/Hog_maw \"Hog maw\")*.",
"### Washed tripe",
"{{Nutritional value\n \\| name \\= Tripe, raw\n \\| kJ \\= 355\n \\| carbs \\= 0 g\n \\| sugars \\= 0 g\n \\| lactose \\= 0 g\n \\| fibre \\= 0 g\n \\| fat \\= 3\\.69 g\n \\| satfat \\= 1\\.291 g\n \\| monofat \\= 1\\.533 g\n \\| polyfat \\= 0\\.180 g\n \\| protein \\= 12\\.07 g\n \\| water \\= 84\\.16 g\n \\| vitA\\_ug \\= 0\n \\| thiamin\\_mg \\= 0\n \\| riboflavin\\_mg \\= 0\\.064\n \\| niacin\\_mg \\= 0\\.881\n \\| pantothenic\\_mg \\= 0\\.1\n \\| vitB6\\_mg \\= 0\\.014\n \\| folate\\_ug \\= 5\n \\| vitB12\\_ug \\= 1\\.39\n \\| vitC\\_mg \\= 0\n \\| vitD\\_ug \\= 0\n \\| vitE\\_mg \\= 0\\.09\n \\| vitK\\_ug \\= 0\n \\| calcium\\_mg \\= 69\n \\| iron\\_mg \\= 0\\.59\n \\| magnesium\\_mg \\= 13\n \\| manganese\\_mg \\= 0\\.085\n \\| phosphorus\\_mg \\= 64\n \\| potassium\\_mg \\= 67\n \\| sodium\\_mg \\= 97\n \\| zinc\\_mg \\= 1\\.42\n \\| note \\= \n \\| source\\_usda \\= 1\n \\| float \\= \n}}",
"Washed tripe is more typically known as dressed tripe. To dress the tripe, the stomachs are cleaned and the fat trimmed off.{{cite book\\|title\\=IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology\\|year\\=2009\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\-Blackwell\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4051\\-8740\\-4}} It is then boiled and bleached, giving it the white color more commonly associated with tripe as seen on market stalls and in butchers' shops. The task of dressing the tripe is usually carried out by a professional tripe dresser.",
"Dressed tripe was a popular, nutritious and cheap dish for the British working classes from Victorian times until the latter half of the 20th century.{{cite web\\|title\\=United Cattle Products\\|url\\=http://www.unitedcattleproducts.co.uk/\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Butchers Hook\\|url\\=http://butchershook.net/2011/04/05/talking\\-tripe/\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022071733/http://butchershook.net/2011/04/05/talking\\-tripe/\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2011}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Houlihan\\|first\\=Marjorie\\|title\\=A Most Excellent Dish (The English Kitchen)\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Prospect Books\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-903018\\-81\\-1}} While it is still popular in many parts of the world today, the number of tripe eaters, and consequently the number of tripe dressers, in the UK has rapidly declined. Tripe has come to be regarded as a pet food, as the increased affluence of postwar Britain has reduced the appeal of this once staple food.",
"It remains a popular dish in many parts of continental Europe such as Portugal, Spain, France and Italy. In France, a very popular dish, sold in most supermarkets, is *[tripes à la mode de Caen](/wiki/Tripes_%C3%A0_la_mode_de_Caen \"Tripes à la mode de Caen\")*. In Spain {{Lang\\|es\\|\\[\\[Callos\\_a\\_la\\_Madrileña\\|callos a la madrileña]]}} are served as [tapas](/wiki/Tapas \"Tapas\") in many restaurants as well as in supermarkets. The most beloved and celebrated dish in the city of [Porto](/wiki/Porto \"Porto\") and surrounding areas, in Portugal, is '[tripas à moda do Porto](/wiki/Tripas_%C3%A0_moda_do_Porto \"Tripas à moda do Porto\")', a tripe stew made with white butter beans, carrots, paprika and chouriço. It is so loved that locals are called 'Tripeiros', in an homage to the 'tripa' (tripe).",
""
] |
Career
------
Pretorius made his international debut for the [Springboks](/wiki/Springboks "Springboks") on 8 June 2002 at fly\-half against [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team "Wales national rugby union team") at the [Free State Stadium](/wiki/Free_State_Stadium "Free State Stadium") in [Bloemfontein](/wiki/Bloemfontein "Bloemfontein"). The Springboks won 34–19, with Pretorius kicking three conversions and one penalty goal. He played in the subsequent 19–8 victory over the Welsh. He notched up one try, five conversions and three penalty goals in his third match as a Springbok against [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team "Argentina national rugby union team"). When kicking at goal, he would usually create his own tee out of dirt, drawing an arrow on the ground towards the goal.
After playing in another Test against [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team "Samoa national rugby union team"), in which he again played a large role with his kicking ability, Pretorius was included in the Springboks [2002 Tri Nations Series](/wiki/2002_Tri_Nations_Series "2002 Tri Nations Series") squad. He played in three Tri Nations matches, two against the [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks "All Blacks") and one against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team "Australia national rugby union team"), with South Africa losing all three. He earned a further three caps for the Springboks that year in November against Northern Hemisphere sides, playing matches against [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team "France national rugby union team"), [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team "England national rugby union team") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team"), all of which South Africa lost.
He returned to international duties in July 2003 as a reserve in the 52–16 loss against the All Blacks during the [2003 Tri Nations Series](/wiki/2003_Tri_Nations_Series "2003 Tri Nations Series"). He was moved to fullback for the following match against Australia which the Springboks lost 29–9\. He next played for the Springboks on 23 July 2005 as fly\-half against Australia during the [2005 Tri Nations Series](/wiki/2005_Tri_Nations_Series "2005 Tri Nations Series"), which the Springboks won 22–16, with Pretorius landing a drop goal. He played at fly\-half in the subsequent matches and earned another international cap in November in the 34–23 win over Argentina in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires").
After undergoing major surgery, Pretorius turned out for the [Lions](/wiki/Lions_%28Super_Rugby%29 "Lions (Super Rugby)") in the [2006 Currie Cup](/wiki/2006_Currie_Cup "2006 Currie Cup") season. Putting the surgery setbacks behind him, he guided the Lions to a 74–15 win over the [Pumas](/wiki/Pumas_%28Currie_Cup%29 "Pumas (Currie Cup)") in round seven. Pretorius himself scored a try, as well as eight conversions and a penalty goal – 24 of the Lions' total 74 points.{{SA Rugby Match Centre \| id\=13386 \| homeid\=5912 \| awayid\=5917 \| leagueid\=414 \| hometeam\=Lions \| homescore\=74 \| awayscore\=15 \| awayteam\=@lantic Pumas \| matchdate\=5 August 2006 \| date\=21 June 2016}}
In 2007, he returned to the national side and became [Jake White](/wiki/Jake_White "Jake White")'s 2nd\-choice fly\-half to [Butch James](/wiki/Butch_James "Butch James"), playing an extensive reserve role in the [2007 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup "2007 Rugby World Cup"), coming on as a replacement in the final which South Africa won 15–6 against England.
On 19 June 2009, [Perth](/wiki/Perth "Perth")\-based [Super Rugby](/wiki/Super_Rugby "Super Rugby") franchise the [Western Force](/wiki/Western_Force "Western Force") announced Pretorius as its international marquee\-signing for the [2010 Super 14 season](/wiki/2010_Super_14_season "2010 Super 14 season").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0,25883,16024\_5388205,00\.html \|title\=Force sign Springbok Pretorius \|publisher\=Planet Rugby \|date\=19 June 2009 \|access\-date\=6 October 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622171328/http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0%2C25883%2C16024\_5388205%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=22 June 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }} However, he failed to appear in any matches for the side and he returned to South Africa to rejoin the {{Rut\|Lions}}.
In May 2011, he signed up with [French](/wiki/France "France") club [Toulon](/wiki/RC_Toulonnais "RC Toulonnais"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rugbyweek.com/news/article.asp?id\=30503 \|title\=Andre Pretorius replaces Henson at Toulon \|publisher\=Rugby Week \|date\=27 May 2011 \|access\-date\=6 October 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007040834/http://www.rugbyweek.com/news/article.asp?id\=30503 \|archive\-date\=7 October 2014 }} where he made 5 appearances.
He returned to South Africa to play for the [Potchefstroom](/wiki/Potchefstroom "Potchefstroom")\-based {{Rut\|Leopards}} at the start of 2012\. He had one more spell in France, this time with [Carcassonne](/wiki/US_Carcassonne "US Carcassonne") for the [2013–14 Rugby Pro D2 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Rugby_Pro_D2_season "2013–14 Rugby Pro D2 season"). In 2014, he returned to the Leopards once again, where he made a further 12 appearances in the [2014 Currie Cup qualification](/wiki/2014_Currie_Cup_qualification "2014 Currie Cup qualification") series and [2014 Currie Cup First Division](/wiki/2014_Currie_Cup_First_Division "2014 Currie Cup First Division") before announcing his retirement as a player.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rugby365\.com/article/62458\-first\-div\-griffons\-v\-falcons\-in\-final \| title\=First Div: Griffons v Falcons in Final \| publisher\=Rugby365 \| date\=3 October 2014 \| access\-date\=6 October 2014}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Pretorius made his international debut for the [Springboks](/wiki/Springboks \"Springboks\") on 8 June 2002 at fly\\-half against [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team \"Wales national rugby union team\") at the [Free State Stadium](/wiki/Free_State_Stadium \"Free State Stadium\") in [Bloemfontein](/wiki/Bloemfontein \"Bloemfontein\"). The Springboks won 34–19, with Pretorius kicking three conversions and one penalty goal. He played in the subsequent 19–8 victory over the Welsh. He notched up one try, five conversions and three penalty goals in his third match as a Springbok against [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team \"Argentina national rugby union team\"). When kicking at goal, he would usually create his own tee out of dirt, drawing an arrow on the ground towards the goal.",
"After playing in another Test against [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team \"Samoa national rugby union team\"), in which he again played a large role with his kicking ability, Pretorius was included in the Springboks [2002 Tri Nations Series](/wiki/2002_Tri_Nations_Series \"2002 Tri Nations Series\") squad. He played in three Tri Nations matches, two against the [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks \"All Blacks\") and one against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team \"Australia national rugby union team\"), with South Africa losing all three. He earned a further three caps for the Springboks that year in November against Northern Hemisphere sides, playing matches against [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team \"France national rugby union team\"), [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team \"England national rugby union team\") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland national rugby union team\"), all of which South Africa lost.",
"He returned to international duties in July 2003 as a reserve in the 52–16 loss against the All Blacks during the [2003 Tri Nations Series](/wiki/2003_Tri_Nations_Series \"2003 Tri Nations Series\"). He was moved to fullback for the following match against Australia which the Springboks lost 29–9\\. He next played for the Springboks on 23 July 2005 as fly\\-half against Australia during the [2005 Tri Nations Series](/wiki/2005_Tri_Nations_Series \"2005 Tri Nations Series\"), which the Springboks won 22–16, with Pretorius landing a drop goal. He played at fly\\-half in the subsequent matches and earned another international cap in November in the 34–23 win over Argentina in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\").",
"After undergoing major surgery, Pretorius turned out for the [Lions](/wiki/Lions_%28Super_Rugby%29 \"Lions (Super Rugby)\") in the [2006 Currie Cup](/wiki/2006_Currie_Cup \"2006 Currie Cup\") season. Putting the surgery setbacks behind him, he guided the Lions to a 74–15 win over the [Pumas](/wiki/Pumas_%28Currie_Cup%29 \"Pumas (Currie Cup)\") in round seven. Pretorius himself scored a try, as well as eight conversions and a penalty goal – 24 of the Lions' total 74 points.{{SA Rugby Match Centre \\| id\\=13386 \\| homeid\\=5912 \\| awayid\\=5917 \\| leagueid\\=414 \\| hometeam\\=Lions \\| homescore\\=74 \\| awayscore\\=15 \\| awayteam\\=@lantic Pumas \\| matchdate\\=5 August 2006 \\| date\\=21 June 2016}}",
"In 2007, he returned to the national side and became [Jake White](/wiki/Jake_White \"Jake White\")'s 2nd\\-choice fly\\-half to [Butch James](/wiki/Butch_James \"Butch James\"), playing an extensive reserve role in the [2007 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup \"2007 Rugby World Cup\"), coming on as a replacement in the final which South Africa won 15–6 against England.",
"On 19 June 2009, [Perth](/wiki/Perth \"Perth\")\\-based [Super Rugby](/wiki/Super_Rugby \"Super Rugby\") franchise the [Western Force](/wiki/Western_Force \"Western Force\") announced Pretorius as its international marquee\\-signing for the [2010 Super 14 season](/wiki/2010_Super_14_season \"2010 Super 14 season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0,25883,16024\\_5388205,00\\.html \\|title\\=Force sign Springbok Pretorius \\|publisher\\=Planet Rugby \\|date\\=19 June 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622171328/http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0%2C25883%2C16024\\_5388205%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} However, he failed to appear in any matches for the side and he returned to South Africa to rejoin the {{Rut\\|Lions}}.",
"In May 2011, he signed up with [French](/wiki/France \"France\") club [Toulon](/wiki/RC_Toulonnais \"RC Toulonnais\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rugbyweek.com/news/article.asp?id\\=30503 \\|title\\=Andre Pretorius replaces Henson at Toulon \\|publisher\\=Rugby Week \\|date\\=27 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007040834/http://www.rugbyweek.com/news/article.asp?id\\=30503 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2014 }} where he made 5 appearances.",
"He returned to South Africa to play for the [Potchefstroom](/wiki/Potchefstroom \"Potchefstroom\")\\-based {{Rut\\|Leopards}} at the start of 2012\\. He had one more spell in France, this time with [Carcassonne](/wiki/US_Carcassonne \"US Carcassonne\") for the [2013–14 Rugby Pro D2 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Rugby_Pro_D2_season \"2013–14 Rugby Pro D2 season\"). In 2014, he returned to the Leopards once again, where he made a further 12 appearances in the [2014 Currie Cup qualification](/wiki/2014_Currie_Cup_qualification \"2014 Currie Cup qualification\") series and [2014 Currie Cup First Division](/wiki/2014_Currie_Cup_First_Division \"2014 Currie Cup First Division\") before announcing his retirement as a player.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rugby365\\.com/article/62458\\-first\\-div\\-griffons\\-v\\-falcons\\-in\\-final \\| title\\=First Div: Griffons v Falcons in Final \\| publisher\\=Rugby365 \\| date\\=3 October 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=6 October 2014}}",
""
] |
Cast
----
### Cast table
| Portrayed By | Character | *[The Fosters](/wiki/The_Fosters_%28American_TV_series%29 "The Fosters (American TV series)")* | | | | | *[Good Trouble](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 "Good Trouble (TV series)")* | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Season 1](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_1 "The Fosters season 1") | [Season 2](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_2 "The Fosters season 2") | [Season 3](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_3 "The Fosters season 3") | [Season 4](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_4 "The Fosters season 4") | [Season 5](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_5 "The Fosters season 5") | [Season 1](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 "Good Trouble (TV series)") | [Season 2](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 "Good Trouble (TV series)") | [Season 3](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 "Good Trouble (TV series)") | [Season 4](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 "Good Trouble (TV series)") | [Season 5](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 "Good Trouble (TV series)") |
| [Teri Polo](/wiki/Teri_Polo "Teri Polo") | Stephanie "Stef" Adams Foster | colspan\="5" {{cMain}} | colspan\="5" {{cGuest\|\[\[Special Guest]]}} |
| [Sherri Saum](/wiki/Sherri_Saum "Sherri Saum") | Lena Adams Foster | colspan\=5 {{cMain\|Main}} | colspan\="5" {{cGuest\|Special Guest}} |
| [Jake T. Austin](/wiki/Jake_T._Austin "Jake T. Austin") | Jesus Adams Foster | colspan\="2" {{cMain\|Main}} | | | |
| [Noah Centineo](/wiki/Noah_Centineo "Noah Centineo") | | | colspan\="3" {{cMain\|Main}} | colspan\="2" {{cGuest\|Special Guest}} | | | |
| [Hayden Byerly](/wiki/Hayden_Byerly "Hayden Byerly") | Jude Adams Foster | colspan\=5 {{cMain\|Main}} | colspan\="5" {{cGuest\|Special Guest}} |
| [David Lambert](/wiki/David_Lambert_%28actor%29 "David Lambert (actor)") | Brandon Foster | colspan\="5" {{cMain\|Main}} | colspan\=3 {{cGuest\|Special Guest}} | | | colspan\="1" {{cGuest\|Special Guest}} |
| [Maia Mitchell](/wiki/Maia_Mitchell "Maia Mitchell") | Callie Adams Foster | colspan\="9" {{cMain\|Main}} | {{CRecurring\|Special Guest}} |
| [Danny Nucci](/wiki/Danny_Nucci "Danny Nucci") | Mike Foster {{note label\|Mike\|A}} | colspan\="5" {{cMain\|Main}} | | |
| [Cierra Ramirez](/wiki/Cierra_Ramirez "Cierra Ramirez") | Mariana Adams Foster | colspan\="10" {{cMain\|Main}} |
| Zuri Adele | Malika Williams | colspan\=5 {{CNone}} | colspan\=5 {{CMain\|Main}} |
| [Sherry Cola](/wiki/Sherry_Cola "Sherry Cola") | Alice Kwan | colspan\=5 {{CNone}} | colspan\=5 {{CMain\|Main}} |
| Tommy Martinez | Gael Martinez | colspan\=5 {{CNone}} | colspan\=5 {{CMain\|Main}} |
| [Roger Bart](/wiki/Roger_Bart "Roger Bart") | Curtis Wilson | colspan\=5 {{CNone}} | colspan\=2 {{CMain\|Main}} | {{CGuest\|Guest}} | colspan\=2 {{CNone}} |
| Emma Hunton | Davia Moss | colspan\=5 {{CNone}} | {{CRecurring}} | colspan\=4 {{CMain\|Main}} |
| [Josh Pence](/wiki/Josh_Pence "Josh Pence") | Dennis Cooper | colspan\=5 {{CNone}} | {{CRecurring\|Recurring}} | colspan\=4 {{CMain\|Main}} |
| [Beau Mirchoff](/wiki/Beau_Mirchoff "Beau Mirchoff") | Jamie Hunter | colspan\=4 {{CNone}} | colspan\=3 {{CRecurring\|Recurring}} | colspan\=2 {{CMain\|Main}} | {{CGuest\|Guest}} |
| [Bryan Craig](/wiki/Bryan_Craig "Bryan Craig") | Joaquin Peréz | colspan\=8 {{CNone}} | colspan\=2 {{CMain\|Main}} |
| [Priscilla Quintana](/wiki/Priscilla_Quintana "Priscilla Quintana") | Isabella Tavez | colspan\=6 {{CNone}} | colspan\=2 {{CRecurring\|Recurring}} | colspan\=1 {{CMain\|Main}} | colspan\=1 {{CGuest\|Guest}} |
| [Booboo Stewart](/wiki/Booboo_Stewart "Booboo Stewart") | Luca Ryusaki | colspan\=8 {{CNone}} | colspan\=1 {{CRecurring\|Recurring}} | colspan\=1 {{CMain\|Main}} |
{{refbegin}}
{{note label\|Mike\|A}} In season 5, Danny Nucci is only credited on the episodes in which Mike appears but still in the opening titles.
{{refend}}
### Main characters
#### Stef Adams Foster
* Portrayed by [Teri Polo](/wiki/Teri_Polo "Teri Polo"){{cite web\|last\=Kondolojy\|first\=Amanda\|title\=ABC Family Casts Teri Polo and Sherri Saum in Drama Series Pilot 'The Fosters' Produced by Jennifer Lopez\|url\=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/09/24/abc\-family\-casts\-teri\-polo\-and\-sherri\-saum\-in\-drama\-series\-pilot\-the\-fosters\-produced\-by\-jennifer\-lopez/149992/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214002717/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/09/24/abc\-family\-casts\-teri\-polo\-and\-sherri\-saum\-in\-drama\-series\-pilot\-the\-fosters\-produced\-by\-jennifer\-lopez/149992/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=December 14, 2013\|work\=\[\[Zap2It]]\|publisher\=(\[\[Tribune Media Services]])\|accessdate\=November 2, 2012\|date\=September 24, 2012}}
**Jesus Adams Foster** (season 1–present) was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. He is the more laid\-back of the twins. He had [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD "ADHD"), for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in "House and Home", he decided with the suggestion of the fat ugly stupid single made stupid AF decisions, Mike to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD "ADHD"). He is close with his sister as they were both in the foster care system and he acted as her protector; however their personalities and values clash occasionally, causing many arguments. He even went as far to take the blame for her selling his pills to have money for their birth mom, Ana, who he feels disgust and resentment towards because she chose drugs over him and his sister. He starts dating Mariana's childhood best friend Lexi, in "Consequently" after defending her from a guy. He falls out with his sister in "Quinceanera" when she finds out he's been secretly dating Lexi and feels betrayed by Jesus for doing so. They make up in "The Fall\-Out". He has sex with Lexi once in "The Morning After". His relationship with Lexi is on hold when she moves back to Honduras because her grandmother is sick and her family cannot find a way back as they are undocumented immigrants. He eventually moves on from their relationship and falls into a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley.
**Stefanie "Stef" Marie Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is a police officer. She and Mike Foster, her partner at work, are Brandon's biological parents. They divorced shortly after Stef met Lena and realized she's a lesbian and wanted to be with her. In a flashback in episode 9, when she first met the twins, it is shown that she has a very caring nature despite her tough appearance. At the end of episode 1x10, Stef and Lena are officially married, legally cementing their long\-term union of ten years. Stef is very strong and tough, but is also very funny and loving. Callie initially doesn't feel comfortable around her due to her position as a cop, but gradually forms a close bond with her. While Stef likes to act tough around everyone, especially Lena, it is shown that she cares a great deal about her wife and family, although she won't hesitate to discipline her kids if need be.
#### Lena Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Sherri Saum](/wiki/Sherri_Saum "Sherri Saum"){{cite web\|last\=Bowe \|first\=Jillian \|title\=Jennifer Lopez Soap Alum Sherri Saum Cast as Lesbian Mom in Jennifer Lopez's New ABC Family Drama \|url\=http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/news/jennifer\-lopez \|work\=\[\[Zap2It]] \|publisher\=(\[\[Tribune Media Services]]) \|accessdate\=November 2, 2012 \|date\=September 25, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425022809/http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/news/jennifer\-lopez \|archivedate\=April 25, 2013 }}
**Lena Elizabeth Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is the [biracial](/wiki/Biracial "Biracial") vice principal of the [charter school](/wiki/Charter_school "Charter school") the kids attend. She's Stef's wife, Brandon's stepmother, and the other children's adoptive/foster mother. She is good with kids, and often tries to reason with her kids more so than punish them, in contrast to Stef's often "quick to act" nature. It was Lena who decided to take Callie in after she was released from the juvenile detention center. Lena is very aware of the people around her. At the end of season 1, she is artificially inseminated with co\-worker Timothy's sperm desiring to have a biological child of her own, and finds out she is pregnant shortly afterwards in the season 1 finale. However, in season 2, she is diagnosed with life\-threatening [pre\-eclampsia](/wiki/Pre-eclampsia "Pre-eclampsia") and, consequently, loses the baby.
#### Brandon Foster
Portrayed by [David Lambert](/wiki/David_Lambert_%28actor%29 "David Lambert (actor)")
**Brandon Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is the 16\-year\-old son of Stef and her ex\-husband, Mike. He is one of Callie's love interests. He is very talented musically, specifically with the piano, and writes piano pieces which he presents for chances at scholarships. He has been shown to have an unsteady relationship with his father, Mike, due to the fact that Mike is a struggling alcoholic and has disappointed him many times through his childhood and teen years. At the start of Season 1, Brandon has a girlfriend named Talya, but breaks up with her because of his growing feelings for Callie and his annoyance and anger at her harassment and jealousy directed at Callie. For most of the first season, Brandon continues to pursue Callie romantically, even though she warned him that she could be kicked out of the house if they got involved. Brandon continues to make reckless decisions, included violating a restraining order, in order to be with Callie. Ultimately, he accepts that Callie needs a family more than a relationship, and eventually agrees to a mutual break up. He eventually joins a band and begins a relationship with bandmate Lou.
Brandon spent his summer is going to Idyllwild Music Program, where he faced with serious competition and backstabbing. For the competition Brandon takes a huge risk and decides to play his own piece. He wins the competition and feeling good about himself catches up with Callie who was assuming she will not be adopted so they have sex. Brandon performs at Walt Disney Concert Hall and he writes a Shakespeare Musical for his final year project. When Callie upsets her donors they seek revenge, trolling her web site with nasty rumours but in this case were true. The failout of the tryst between Brandon and Callie continues. Avoiding the roth of his mothers Brandon moves in with a single mom but finds parenthood a struggle. He goes to desperate measures in order to secure his place in Juilliard, which eventually backfires on him bigtime. Find parenthood too hard he returns home to help with Jesus's TBI recovery. Brandon goes through misery and heartache when his new girlfriend Grace gets sick with leukaemia and eventually dies. Grace teaches Brandon valuable lessons on not wasting time and trying something new every day.
#### Jesus Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Jake T. Austin](/wiki/Jake_T._Austin "Jake T. Austin") (1–2\)
Portrayed by [Noah Centineo](/wiki/Noah_Centineo "Noah Centineo") (3–5\)
Jesus Adams Foster (born Jesus Gutierrez) is the biological son of Ana Gutierrez and Gabriel Duncroft, as well as, the adoptive son of Stef and Lena Adams Foster. He is the fraternal twin brother of Mariana and the adoptive brother of Brandon, Callie, and Jude. He is the more laid\-back of the twins. He had [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD "ADHD"), for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in "House and Home", he decided to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD "ADHD"). He is overly protective with his sister but their differences in personalities and values cause many arguments.
He becomes sexually active mainly with his sister's friends. He falls out with his sister in "Quinceanera" when she finds out he's been secretly dating her childhood friend Lexi. When Lexi moved to [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras "Honduras"), he moves on to create a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley. after winning a wrestling scholarship to a school in the mid west, he abandons it when he reveals that half of the team are using steroids. The use of steroids mess with his other medication.
With encouragement from his new friend at school Nick, Jesus searches for and locates his biological father. Jesus tries to befriend him but it doesn't go well. His father is on the sex offenders list because he had underage sex with Ana that resulted in her pregnancy with the twins.
Jesus and Emma begin a strictly sexual relationship, and are considering getting back together. Jesus suffers from two BTI, first by a nail gun then later being assaulted. Jesus need full time care and Lena takes time off to care for him. He gets upset with both Emma and Brandon when he finds out that Brandon drove Emma to an abortion clinic. He takes a baseball bat to Brandon's room and was only stopped be Gabe overpowering him.
Jesus continues his rehab and finally returns to his studies. His on again, off again relationship with Emma has some highs and lows. He later helps out with the local roller derby girls team. His girlfriend Emma successfully tries out for the team.
Jesus eventually graduates and goes to a local community college and becomes a contractor.
#### Mariana Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Cierra Ramirez](/wiki/Cierra_Ramirez "Cierra Ramirez")
**Mariana Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\) was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. She was fostered as a young child, and eventually adopted, by Lena and Stef around the age of three. She is very smart and girly, and cares about her appearance very much. She is popular and social, likes to gossip, and speaks Spanish fluently. Callie thinks she is a compulsory liar and often warns her about the consequences. She is naive when it comes to certain topics \- especially her birth mother, but she smartens up about her when finally realizing she was using her for money. She changes herself for guys and friends like in "The Morning After" when she sees that an old friend, Garrett is cute now and writes poetry, she goes to a Poetry Slam with him, and pierces her nose herself for him since he was hanging out with a girl who was dressed much edgier than Mariana. Also, in season 2, she dyes her hair blonde to fit in when making it on a dance team only to overhear the other girls say she only did because she is Latina. However, she eventually gains the confidence in herself to not give in to what other people say and make her feel. Mariana has a thing for the bad boys later on in the seasons and she gets caught up into some trouble. Her ex\-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices.
When Brandon writes a high school musical, Mariana gets the lead.
Mariana struggles to let go of Nick after the incident at school. Mariana also struggles with the fact that Ana is now sober and is a caring mother to her baby sister. Her ex\-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices.
When developers want to take over the school Mariana and Jude rally the students to their cause. A power struggle over the control of Anchor Beach leads to the school being saved and Lena as the principal. Mariana has several boys interested in being her boyfriend, she must make a hard choice in the end. She takes roller derby and later has Jesus manage the team
#### Callie Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Maia Mitchell](/wiki/Maia_Mitchell "Maia Mitchell")
**Callie Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\), is the oldest girl in the Adams Foster family. She was adopted when she was 16\. She was placed with the Fosters after being released from Juvie, She was sent to Juvie for destroying a car in order to protect her younger brother (Jude) from their foster father's abuse. Callie and Jude had been in six foster homes in six years before being placed in Stef and Lena's care. As her brother Jude would say, " We'd just get settled then Callie would do something!"
During season four, Callie received her file from the state, the state had diagnosed her as a [sociopath](/wiki/Sociopath "Sociopath"). Callie displayed symptoms of this condition by acting impulsively, lying, breaking laws, and no regard for her own safety. She is however very protective for her younger brother Jude, so much so she tends to mother him much to his regret when he gets older. She can be irrational and prone to be reactive, resulting in [Fight\-or\-flight response](/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response "Fight-or-flight response").
Callie has had a troubled life — her mother died in a car accident in which her father was jailed because he was drunk driving. The result of which made her and her brother placed in the foster care system. She initially has trouble opening herself up to her new family, but she slowly comes to love and accept them as her "forever" family. Initially, Callie opens up mainly to Brandon, and the two develop a romantic relationship, although it is forbidden by the rules of the foster system, which soon meets a heartbreaking end. Callie also develops a strong bond with her sister Mariana with whom she shares a bedroom. Initially bitchy towards each other they start bonding as they both mature. She holds an on\-again, off\-again relationship with a classmate named Wyatt. Unfortunately, after the Fosters decide to adopt Callie and Jude, Callie learns that the man she thought was her father (Donald Jacob) is not. She then pursues to meet her biological father, as well as her half\-sister who looks as if she could be her identical twin. In the episode "Lucky" from season 3, she is officially adopted and an "Adams Foster." She is also the step\-daughter of Donald Jacob and the adoptive daughter of Stef and Lena Adams Foster. She is the maternal half\-sister of Jude, the paternal half\-sister of Sophia, and the adoptive sister of Mariana, Jesus, and Brandon.
#### Jude Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Hayden Byerly](/wiki/Hayden_Byerly "Hayden Byerly")
**Jude Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is Callie's younger half brother by 3 and a half years, who Callie and Brandon rescue from an abusive foster home. He is a quiet child with somewhat more optimistic views on foster homes than Callie, though he has been moved from foster home to foster home along with his sister and been abused as well. Once he is moved into the Fosters' home, he quickly begins to adjust to the new lifestyle and becomes more talkative and energetic. He is seen to be Callie's emotional rock, while Callie tries to mother him but in reality he is the one that grounds Callie. At school, he develops a close friendship with a handsome and kind\-hearted boy named Connor, a growing relationship which prompts Jude to begin [questioning](/wiki/Questioning_%28sexuality_and_gender%29 "Questioning (sexuality and gender)") his [sexuality](/wiki/Sexual_orientation "Sexual orientation").{{cite web\|url\=http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/03/24/the\-fosters\-finale\-season\-1\-episode\-21\-recap/\|title\='The Fosters' Season Finale Recap\|author\=Lee Hernandez\|date\=24 March 2014\|accessdate\=24 March 2014\|work\=\[\[Hollywood Life]]}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hollywood.com/news/tv/56811911/our\-favorite\-lgbtq\-characters\-on\-tv\|title\=Our Favorite LGBTQ Characters on TV\|author\=Christian Clinton\|date\=14 March 2014\|accessdate\=14 March 2014\|work\=\[\[Hollywood.com]]}} As the series progresses, Jude turns 13 and is subsequently adopted by Lena and Stef, although a technicality regarding Callie's birth certificate prevents her from being adopted along with him. He deals with the emotional impact of Callie becoming close to her biological family, but realizes that she will always be his sister no matter what. He later develops a romance with his best friend, Connor, and the two begin dating in the season 2 finale. In the mid\-season 3 finale the two admit they love each other for the first time after Connor considers moving to Los Angeles to live with his more accepting mother. After breaking up with Connor, Jude starts spending more time with Noah (Kalama Epstein), an avid gay churchgoing Christian who has a wild side. Noah introduces Jude to drugs. Jude decides to clean up his act in season five by not consuming medicinal marijuana he was getting off his boyfriend, Noah. With the help Mariana he participates in protests over Anchor Beach Charter's privatization. He starts a webcast with his friend Taylor and it leads to online gaming and royalties. His parents put a stop to it when what he thought was playful banter could be considered softcore.
#### Mike Foster
Portrayed by [Danny Nucci](/wiki/Danny_Nucci "Danny Nucci"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/abc\-familys\-fosters\-adds\-bianca\-433274 \|title\=ABC Family's 'The Fosters' Adds Bianca Santos \|publisher\=Hollywoodreporter.com \|date\=April 5, 2013 \|accessdate\=April 21, 2013}}
**Michael "Mike" Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is a San Diego police sergeant, Brandon's father, and Stef's ex\-husband and ex\-police patrol partner. As the series progresses, it is revealed that Mike has a drinking problem due to the break up of his marriage, but joins AA to cope with it. A frequent visitor to the Foster household, Mike is familiar with his son's family. Toward the end of the first season, he started dating Dani, who helped him to keep his sobriety. However, he soon discovers that Dani had sex with a drunken Brandon one night and arrests her for statutory rape. Since then, Mike helps Ana (Jesus and Mariana's birth mother) come to terms with her addiction and live a clean life. Mike later becomes a foster parent to AJ.
In season five, Mike proposes to Ana and later marry. She is unable to attend Brandon's wedding because she is eight months pregnant. Mike arrives early at Brandon's wedding and tell Brandon to grow a spine and stand up for himself because if he allows himself to be bullied by his in\-laws then he will never be happy.
|
[
"Cast\n----",
"### Cast table",
"",
"| Portrayed By | Character | *[The Fosters](/wiki/The_Fosters_%28American_TV_series%29 \"The Fosters (American TV series)\")* | | | | | *[Good Trouble](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 \"Good Trouble (TV series)\")* | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Season 1](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_1 \"The Fosters season 1\") | [Season 2](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_2 \"The Fosters season 2\") | [Season 3](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_3 \"The Fosters season 3\") | [Season 4](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_4 \"The Fosters season 4\") | [Season 5](/wiki/The_Fosters_season_5 \"The Fosters season 5\") | [Season 1](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 \"Good Trouble (TV series)\") | [Season 2](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 \"Good Trouble (TV series)\") | [Season 3](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 \"Good Trouble (TV series)\") | [Season 4](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 \"Good Trouble (TV series)\") | [Season 5](/wiki/Good_Trouble_%28TV_series%29 \"Good Trouble (TV series)\") |\n| [Teri Polo](/wiki/Teri_Polo \"Teri Polo\") | Stephanie \"Stef\" Adams Foster | colspan\\=\"5\" {{cMain}} | colspan\\=\"5\" {{cGuest\\|\\[\\[Special Guest]]}} |\n| [Sherri Saum](/wiki/Sherri_Saum \"Sherri Saum\") | Lena Adams Foster | colspan\\=5 {{cMain\\|Main}} | colspan\\=\"5\" {{cGuest\\|Special Guest}} |\n| [Jake T. Austin](/wiki/Jake_T._Austin \"Jake T. Austin\") | Jesus Adams Foster | colspan\\=\"2\" {{cMain\\|Main}} | | | |\n| [Noah Centineo](/wiki/Noah_Centineo \"Noah Centineo\") | | | colspan\\=\"3\" {{cMain\\|Main}} | colspan\\=\"2\" {{cGuest\\|Special Guest}} | | | |\n| [Hayden Byerly](/wiki/Hayden_Byerly \"Hayden Byerly\") | Jude Adams Foster | colspan\\=5 {{cMain\\|Main}} | colspan\\=\"5\" {{cGuest\\|Special Guest}} |\n| [David Lambert](/wiki/David_Lambert_%28actor%29 \"David Lambert (actor)\") | Brandon Foster | colspan\\=\"5\" {{cMain\\|Main}} | colspan\\=3 {{cGuest\\|Special Guest}} | | | colspan\\=\"1\" {{cGuest\\|Special Guest}} |\n| [Maia Mitchell](/wiki/Maia_Mitchell \"Maia Mitchell\") | Callie Adams Foster | colspan\\=\"9\" {{cMain\\|Main}} | {{CRecurring\\|Special Guest}} |\n| [Danny Nucci](/wiki/Danny_Nucci \"Danny Nucci\") | Mike Foster {{note label\\|Mike\\|A}} | colspan\\=\"5\" {{cMain\\|Main}} | | |\n| [Cierra Ramirez](/wiki/Cierra_Ramirez \"Cierra Ramirez\") | Mariana Adams Foster | colspan\\=\"10\" {{cMain\\|Main}} |\n| Zuri Adele | Malika Williams | colspan\\=5 {{CNone}} | colspan\\=5 {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| [Sherry Cola](/wiki/Sherry_Cola \"Sherry Cola\") | Alice Kwan | colspan\\=5 {{CNone}} | colspan\\=5 {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| Tommy Martinez | Gael Martinez | colspan\\=5 {{CNone}} | colspan\\=5 {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| [Roger Bart](/wiki/Roger_Bart \"Roger Bart\") | Curtis Wilson | colspan\\=5 {{CNone}} | colspan\\=2 {{CMain\\|Main}} | {{CGuest\\|Guest}} | colspan\\=2 {{CNone}} |\n| Emma Hunton | Davia Moss | colspan\\=5 {{CNone}} | {{CRecurring}} | colspan\\=4 {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| [Josh Pence](/wiki/Josh_Pence \"Josh Pence\") | Dennis Cooper | colspan\\=5 {{CNone}} | {{CRecurring\\|Recurring}} | colspan\\=4 {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| [Beau Mirchoff](/wiki/Beau_Mirchoff \"Beau Mirchoff\") | Jamie Hunter | colspan\\=4 {{CNone}} | colspan\\=3 {{CRecurring\\|Recurring}} | colspan\\=2 {{CMain\\|Main}} | {{CGuest\\|Guest}} |\n| [Bryan Craig](/wiki/Bryan_Craig \"Bryan Craig\") | Joaquin Peréz | colspan\\=8 {{CNone}} | colspan\\=2 {{CMain\\|Main}} |\n| [Priscilla Quintana](/wiki/Priscilla_Quintana \"Priscilla Quintana\") | Isabella Tavez | colspan\\=6 {{CNone}} | colspan\\=2 {{CRecurring\\|Recurring}} | colspan\\=1 {{CMain\\|Main}} | colspan\\=1 {{CGuest\\|Guest}} |\n| [Booboo Stewart](/wiki/Booboo_Stewart \"Booboo Stewart\") | Luca Ryusaki | colspan\\=8 {{CNone}} | colspan\\=1 {{CRecurring\\|Recurring}} | colspan\\=1 {{CMain\\|Main}} |",
"{{refbegin}}\n {{note label\\|Mike\\|A}} In season 5, Danny Nucci is only credited on the episodes in which Mike appears but still in the opening titles.\n{{refend}}",
"### Main characters",
"#### Stef Adams Foster",
"* Portrayed by [Teri Polo](/wiki/Teri_Polo \"Teri Polo\"){{cite web\\|last\\=Kondolojy\\|first\\=Amanda\\|title\\=ABC Family Casts Teri Polo and Sherri Saum in Drama Series Pilot 'The Fosters' Produced by Jennifer Lopez\\|url\\=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/09/24/abc\\-family\\-casts\\-teri\\-polo\\-and\\-sherri\\-saum\\-in\\-drama\\-series\\-pilot\\-the\\-fosters\\-produced\\-by\\-jennifer\\-lopez/149992/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214002717/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/09/24/abc\\-family\\-casts\\-teri\\-polo\\-and\\-sherri\\-saum\\-in\\-drama\\-series\\-pilot\\-the\\-fosters\\-produced\\-by\\-jennifer\\-lopez/149992/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=December 14, 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Zap2It]]\\|publisher\\=(\\[\\[Tribune Media Services]])\\|accessdate\\=November 2, 2012\\|date\\=September 24, 2012}}\n**Jesus Adams Foster** (season 1–present) was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. He is the more laid\\-back of the twins. He had [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD \"ADHD\"), for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in \"House and Home\", he decided with the suggestion of the fat ugly stupid single made stupid AF decisions, Mike to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD \"ADHD\"). He is close with his sister as they were both in the foster care system and he acted as her protector; however their personalities and values clash occasionally, causing many arguments. He even went as far to take the blame for her selling his pills to have money for their birth mom, Ana, who he feels disgust and resentment towards because she chose drugs over him and his sister. He starts dating Mariana's childhood best friend Lexi, in \"Consequently\" after defending her from a guy. He falls out with his sister in \"Quinceanera\" when she finds out he's been secretly dating Lexi and feels betrayed by Jesus for doing so. They make up in \"The Fall\\-Out\". He has sex with Lexi once in \"The Morning After\". His relationship with Lexi is on hold when she moves back to Honduras because her grandmother is sick and her family cannot find a way back as they are undocumented immigrants. He eventually moves on from their relationship and falls into a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley.\n**Stefanie \"Stef\" Marie Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is a police officer. She and Mike Foster, her partner at work, are Brandon's biological parents. They divorced shortly after Stef met Lena and realized she's a lesbian and wanted to be with her. In a flashback in episode 9, when she first met the twins, it is shown that she has a very caring nature despite her tough appearance. At the end of episode 1x10, Stef and Lena are officially married, legally cementing their long\\-term union of ten years. Stef is very strong and tough, but is also very funny and loving. Callie initially doesn't feel comfortable around her due to her position as a cop, but gradually forms a close bond with her. While Stef likes to act tough around everyone, especially Lena, it is shown that she cares a great deal about her wife and family, although she won't hesitate to discipline her kids if need be.",
"#### Lena Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Sherri Saum](/wiki/Sherri_Saum \"Sherri Saum\"){{cite web\\|last\\=Bowe \\|first\\=Jillian \\|title\\=Jennifer Lopez Soap Alum Sherri Saum Cast as Lesbian Mom in Jennifer Lopez's New ABC Family Drama \\|url\\=http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/news/jennifer\\-lopez \\|work\\=\\[\\[Zap2It]] \\|publisher\\=(\\[\\[Tribune Media Services]]) \\|accessdate\\=November 2, 2012 \\|date\\=September 25, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425022809/http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/news/jennifer\\-lopez \\|archivedate\\=April 25, 2013 }}\n**Lena Elizabeth Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is the [biracial](/wiki/Biracial \"Biracial\") vice principal of the [charter school](/wiki/Charter_school \"Charter school\") the kids attend. She's Stef's wife, Brandon's stepmother, and the other children's adoptive/foster mother. She is good with kids, and often tries to reason with her kids more so than punish them, in contrast to Stef's often \"quick to act\" nature. It was Lena who decided to take Callie in after she was released from the juvenile detention center. Lena is very aware of the people around her. At the end of season 1, she is artificially inseminated with co\\-worker Timothy's sperm desiring to have a biological child of her own, and finds out she is pregnant shortly afterwards in the season 1 finale. However, in season 2, she is diagnosed with life\\-threatening [pre\\-eclampsia](/wiki/Pre-eclampsia \"Pre-eclampsia\") and, consequently, loses the baby.\n#### Brandon Foster",
"Portrayed by [David Lambert](/wiki/David_Lambert_%28actor%29 \"David Lambert (actor)\")\n**Brandon Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is the 16\\-year\\-old son of Stef and her ex\\-husband, Mike. He is one of Callie's love interests. He is very talented musically, specifically with the piano, and writes piano pieces which he presents for chances at scholarships. He has been shown to have an unsteady relationship with his father, Mike, due to the fact that Mike is a struggling alcoholic and has disappointed him many times through his childhood and teen years. At the start of Season 1, Brandon has a girlfriend named Talya, but breaks up with her because of his growing feelings for Callie and his annoyance and anger at her harassment and jealousy directed at Callie. For most of the first season, Brandon continues to pursue Callie romantically, even though she warned him that she could be kicked out of the house if they got involved. Brandon continues to make reckless decisions, included violating a restraining order, in order to be with Callie. Ultimately, he accepts that Callie needs a family more than a relationship, and eventually agrees to a mutual break up. He eventually joins a band and begins a relationship with bandmate Lou.\nBrandon spent his summer is going to Idyllwild Music Program, where he faced with serious competition and backstabbing. For the competition Brandon takes a huge risk and decides to play his own piece. He wins the competition and feeling good about himself catches up with Callie who was assuming she will not be adopted so they have sex. Brandon performs at Walt Disney Concert Hall and he writes a Shakespeare Musical for his final year project. When Callie upsets her donors they seek revenge, trolling her web site with nasty rumours but in this case were true. The failout of the tryst between Brandon and Callie continues. Avoiding the roth of his mothers Brandon moves in with a single mom but finds parenthood a struggle. He goes to desperate measures in order to secure his place in Juilliard, which eventually backfires on him bigtime. Find parenthood too hard he returns home to help with Jesus's TBI recovery. Brandon goes through misery and heartache when his new girlfriend Grace gets sick with leukaemia and eventually dies. Grace teaches Brandon valuable lessons on not wasting time and trying something new every day.\n#### Jesus Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Jake T. Austin](/wiki/Jake_T._Austin \"Jake T. Austin\") (1–2\\) \nPortrayed by [Noah Centineo](/wiki/Noah_Centineo \"Noah Centineo\") (3–5\\)\nJesus Adams Foster (born Jesus Gutierrez) is the biological son of Ana Gutierrez and Gabriel Duncroft, as well as, the adoptive son of Stef and Lena Adams Foster. He is the fraternal twin brother of Mariana and the adoptive brother of Brandon, Callie, and Jude. He is the more laid\\-back of the twins. He had [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD \"ADHD\"), for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in \"House and Home\", he decided to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD \"ADHD\"). He is overly protective with his sister but their differences in personalities and values cause many arguments.\nHe becomes sexually active mainly with his sister's friends. He falls out with his sister in \"Quinceanera\" when she finds out he's been secretly dating her childhood friend Lexi. When Lexi moved to [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras \"Honduras\"), he moves on to create a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley. after winning a wrestling scholarship to a school in the mid west, he abandons it when he reveals that half of the team are using steroids. The use of steroids mess with his other medication.",
"With encouragement from his new friend at school Nick, Jesus searches for and locates his biological father. Jesus tries to befriend him but it doesn't go well. His father is on the sex offenders list because he had underage sex with Ana that resulted in her pregnancy with the twins.",
"Jesus and Emma begin a strictly sexual relationship, and are considering getting back together. Jesus suffers from two BTI, first by a nail gun then later being assaulted. Jesus need full time care and Lena takes time off to care for him. He gets upset with both Emma and Brandon when he finds out that Brandon drove Emma to an abortion clinic. He takes a baseball bat to Brandon's room and was only stopped be Gabe overpowering him.",
"Jesus continues his rehab and finally returns to his studies. His on again, off again relationship with Emma has some highs and lows. He later helps out with the local roller derby girls team. His girlfriend Emma successfully tries out for the team.",
"Jesus eventually graduates and goes to a local community college and becomes a contractor.",
"#### Mariana Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Cierra Ramirez](/wiki/Cierra_Ramirez \"Cierra Ramirez\")\n**Mariana Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. She was fostered as a young child, and eventually adopted, by Lena and Stef around the age of three. She is very smart and girly, and cares about her appearance very much. She is popular and social, likes to gossip, and speaks Spanish fluently. Callie thinks she is a compulsory liar and often warns her about the consequences. She is naive when it comes to certain topics \\- especially her birth mother, but she smartens up about her when finally realizing she was using her for money. She changes herself for guys and friends like in \"The Morning After\" when she sees that an old friend, Garrett is cute now and writes poetry, she goes to a Poetry Slam with him, and pierces her nose herself for him since he was hanging out with a girl who was dressed much edgier than Mariana. Also, in season 2, she dyes her hair blonde to fit in when making it on a dance team only to overhear the other girls say she only did because she is Latina. However, she eventually gains the confidence in herself to not give in to what other people say and make her feel. Mariana has a thing for the bad boys later on in the seasons and she gets caught up into some trouble. Her ex\\-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices.\nWhen Brandon writes a high school musical, Mariana gets the lead.\nMariana struggles to let go of Nick after the incident at school. Mariana also struggles with the fact that Ana is now sober and is a caring mother to her baby sister. Her ex\\-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices.\nWhen developers want to take over the school Mariana and Jude rally the students to their cause. A power struggle over the control of Anchor Beach leads to the school being saved and Lena as the principal. Mariana has several boys interested in being her boyfriend, she must make a hard choice in the end. She takes roller derby and later has Jesus manage the team\n#### Callie Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Maia Mitchell](/wiki/Maia_Mitchell \"Maia Mitchell\")\n**Callie Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\), is the oldest girl in the Adams Foster family. She was adopted when she was 16\\. She was placed with the Fosters after being released from Juvie, She was sent to Juvie for destroying a car in order to protect her younger brother (Jude) from their foster father's abuse. Callie and Jude had been in six foster homes in six years before being placed in Stef and Lena's care. As her brother Jude would say, \" We'd just get settled then Callie would do something!\"\nDuring season four, Callie received her file from the state, the state had diagnosed her as a [sociopath](/wiki/Sociopath \"Sociopath\"). Callie displayed symptoms of this condition by acting impulsively, lying, breaking laws, and no regard for her own safety. She is however very protective for her younger brother Jude, so much so she tends to mother him much to his regret when he gets older. She can be irrational and prone to be reactive, resulting in [Fight\\-or\\-flight response](/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response \"Fight-or-flight response\").",
"Callie has had a troubled life — her mother died in a car accident in which her father was jailed because he was drunk driving. The result of which made her and her brother placed in the foster care system. She initially has trouble opening herself up to her new family, but she slowly comes to love and accept them as her \"forever\" family. Initially, Callie opens up mainly to Brandon, and the two develop a romantic relationship, although it is forbidden by the rules of the foster system, which soon meets a heartbreaking end. Callie also develops a strong bond with her sister Mariana with whom she shares a bedroom. Initially bitchy towards each other they start bonding as they both mature. She holds an on\\-again, off\\-again relationship with a classmate named Wyatt. Unfortunately, after the Fosters decide to adopt Callie and Jude, Callie learns that the man she thought was her father (Donald Jacob) is not. She then pursues to meet her biological father, as well as her half\\-sister who looks as if she could be her identical twin. In the episode \"Lucky\" from season 3, she is officially adopted and an \"Adams Foster.\" She is also the step\\-daughter of Donald Jacob and the adoptive daughter of Stef and Lena Adams Foster. She is the maternal half\\-sister of Jude, the paternal half\\-sister of Sophia, and the adoptive sister of Mariana, Jesus, and Brandon.",
"#### Jude Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Hayden Byerly](/wiki/Hayden_Byerly \"Hayden Byerly\")\n**Jude Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is Callie's younger half brother by 3 and a half years, who Callie and Brandon rescue from an abusive foster home. He is a quiet child with somewhat more optimistic views on foster homes than Callie, though he has been moved from foster home to foster home along with his sister and been abused as well. Once he is moved into the Fosters' home, he quickly begins to adjust to the new lifestyle and becomes more talkative and energetic. He is seen to be Callie's emotional rock, while Callie tries to mother him but in reality he is the one that grounds Callie. At school, he develops a close friendship with a handsome and kind\\-hearted boy named Connor, a growing relationship which prompts Jude to begin [questioning](/wiki/Questioning_%28sexuality_and_gender%29 \"Questioning (sexuality and gender)\") his [sexuality](/wiki/Sexual_orientation \"Sexual orientation\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/03/24/the\\-fosters\\-finale\\-season\\-1\\-episode\\-21\\-recap/\\|title\\='The Fosters' Season Finale Recap\\|author\\=Lee Hernandez\\|date\\=24 March 2014\\|accessdate\\=24 March 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hollywood Life]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hollywood.com/news/tv/56811911/our\\-favorite\\-lgbtq\\-characters\\-on\\-tv\\|title\\=Our Favorite LGBTQ Characters on TV\\|author\\=Christian Clinton\\|date\\=14 March 2014\\|accessdate\\=14 March 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hollywood.com]]}} As the series progresses, Jude turns 13 and is subsequently adopted by Lena and Stef, although a technicality regarding Callie's birth certificate prevents her from being adopted along with him. He deals with the emotional impact of Callie becoming close to her biological family, but realizes that she will always be his sister no matter what. He later develops a romance with his best friend, Connor, and the two begin dating in the season 2 finale. In the mid\\-season 3 finale the two admit they love each other for the first time after Connor considers moving to Los Angeles to live with his more accepting mother. After breaking up with Connor, Jude starts spending more time with Noah (Kalama Epstein), an avid gay churchgoing Christian who has a wild side. Noah introduces Jude to drugs. Jude decides to clean up his act in season five by not consuming medicinal marijuana he was getting off his boyfriend, Noah. With the help Mariana he participates in protests over Anchor Beach Charter's privatization. He starts a webcast with his friend Taylor and it leads to online gaming and royalties. His parents put a stop to it when what he thought was playful banter could be considered softcore.\n#### Mike Foster",
"Portrayed by [Danny Nucci](/wiki/Danny_Nucci \"Danny Nucci\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/abc\\-familys\\-fosters\\-adds\\-bianca\\-433274 \\|title\\=ABC Family's 'The Fosters' Adds Bianca Santos \\|publisher\\=Hollywoodreporter.com \\|date\\=April 5, 2013 \\|accessdate\\=April 21, 2013}}\n**Michael \"Mike\" Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is a San Diego police sergeant, Brandon's father, and Stef's ex\\-husband and ex\\-police patrol partner. As the series progresses, it is revealed that Mike has a drinking problem due to the break up of his marriage, but joins AA to cope with it. A frequent visitor to the Foster household, Mike is familiar with his son's family. Toward the end of the first season, he started dating Dani, who helped him to keep his sobriety. However, he soon discovers that Dani had sex with a drunken Brandon one night and arrests her for statutory rape. Since then, Mike helps Ana (Jesus and Mariana's birth mother) come to terms with her addiction and live a clean life. Mike later becomes a foster parent to AJ. \nIn season five, Mike proposes to Ana and later marry. She is unable to attend Brandon's wedding because she is eight months pregnant. Mike arrives early at Brandon's wedding and tell Brandon to grow a spine and stand up for himself because if he allows himself to be bullied by his in\\-laws then he will never be happy."
] |
### Main characters
#### Stef Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Teri Polo](/wiki/Teri_Polo "Teri Polo"){{cite web\|last\=Kondolojy\|first\=Amanda\|title\=ABC Family Casts Teri Polo and Sherri Saum in Drama Series Pilot 'The Fosters' Produced by Jennifer Lopez\|url\=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/09/24/abc\-family\-casts\-teri\-polo\-and\-sherri\-saum\-in\-drama\-series\-pilot\-the\-fosters\-produced\-by\-jennifer\-lopez/149992/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214002717/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/09/24/abc\-family\-casts\-teri\-polo\-and\-sherri\-saum\-in\-drama\-series\-pilot\-the\-fosters\-produced\-by\-jennifer\-lopez/149992/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=December 14, 2013\|work\=\[\[Zap2It]]\|publisher\=(\[\[Tribune Media Services]])\|accessdate\=November 2, 2012\|date\=September 24, 2012}}
**Jesus Adams Foster** (season 1–present) was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. He is the more laid\-back of the twins. He had [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD "ADHD"), for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in "House and Home", he decided with the suggestion of the fat ugly stupid single made stupid AF decisions, Mike to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD "ADHD"). He is close with his sister as they were both in the foster care system and he acted as her protector; however their personalities and values clash occasionally, causing many arguments. He even went as far to take the blame for her selling his pills to have money for their birth mom, Ana, who he feels disgust and resentment towards because she chose drugs over him and his sister. He starts dating Mariana's childhood best friend Lexi, in "Consequently" after defending her from a guy. He falls out with his sister in "Quinceanera" when she finds out he's been secretly dating Lexi and feels betrayed by Jesus for doing so. They make up in "The Fall\-Out". He has sex with Lexi once in "The Morning After". His relationship with Lexi is on hold when she moves back to Honduras because her grandmother is sick and her family cannot find a way back as they are undocumented immigrants. He eventually moves on from their relationship and falls into a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley.
**Stefanie "Stef" Marie Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is a police officer. She and Mike Foster, her partner at work, are Brandon's biological parents. They divorced shortly after Stef met Lena and realized she's a lesbian and wanted to be with her. In a flashback in episode 9, when she first met the twins, it is shown that she has a very caring nature despite her tough appearance. At the end of episode 1x10, Stef and Lena are officially married, legally cementing their long\-term union of ten years. Stef is very strong and tough, but is also very funny and loving. Callie initially doesn't feel comfortable around her due to her position as a cop, but gradually forms a close bond with her. While Stef likes to act tough around everyone, especially Lena, it is shown that she cares a great deal about her wife and family, although she won't hesitate to discipline her kids if need be.
#### Lena Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Sherri Saum](/wiki/Sherri_Saum "Sherri Saum"){{cite web\|last\=Bowe \|first\=Jillian \|title\=Jennifer Lopez Soap Alum Sherri Saum Cast as Lesbian Mom in Jennifer Lopez's New ABC Family Drama \|url\=http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/news/jennifer\-lopez \|work\=\[\[Zap2It]] \|publisher\=(\[\[Tribune Media Services]]) \|accessdate\=November 2, 2012 \|date\=September 25, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425022809/http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/news/jennifer\-lopez \|archivedate\=April 25, 2013 }}
**Lena Elizabeth Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is the [biracial](/wiki/Biracial "Biracial") vice principal of the [charter school](/wiki/Charter_school "Charter school") the kids attend. She's Stef's wife, Brandon's stepmother, and the other children's adoptive/foster mother. She is good with kids, and often tries to reason with her kids more so than punish them, in contrast to Stef's often "quick to act" nature. It was Lena who decided to take Callie in after she was released from the juvenile detention center. Lena is very aware of the people around her. At the end of season 1, she is artificially inseminated with co\-worker Timothy's sperm desiring to have a biological child of her own, and finds out she is pregnant shortly afterwards in the season 1 finale. However, in season 2, she is diagnosed with life\-threatening [pre\-eclampsia](/wiki/Pre-eclampsia "Pre-eclampsia") and, consequently, loses the baby.
#### Brandon Foster
Portrayed by [David Lambert](/wiki/David_Lambert_%28actor%29 "David Lambert (actor)")
**Brandon Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is the 16\-year\-old son of Stef and her ex\-husband, Mike. He is one of Callie's love interests. He is very talented musically, specifically with the piano, and writes piano pieces which he presents for chances at scholarships. He has been shown to have an unsteady relationship with his father, Mike, due to the fact that Mike is a struggling alcoholic and has disappointed him many times through his childhood and teen years. At the start of Season 1, Brandon has a girlfriend named Talya, but breaks up with her because of his growing feelings for Callie and his annoyance and anger at her harassment and jealousy directed at Callie. For most of the first season, Brandon continues to pursue Callie romantically, even though she warned him that she could be kicked out of the house if they got involved. Brandon continues to make reckless decisions, included violating a restraining order, in order to be with Callie. Ultimately, he accepts that Callie needs a family more than a relationship, and eventually agrees to a mutual break up. He eventually joins a band and begins a relationship with bandmate Lou.
Brandon spent his summer is going to Idyllwild Music Program, where he faced with serious competition and backstabbing. For the competition Brandon takes a huge risk and decides to play his own piece. He wins the competition and feeling good about himself catches up with Callie who was assuming she will not be adopted so they have sex. Brandon performs at Walt Disney Concert Hall and he writes a Shakespeare Musical for his final year project. When Callie upsets her donors they seek revenge, trolling her web site with nasty rumours but in this case were true. The failout of the tryst between Brandon and Callie continues. Avoiding the roth of his mothers Brandon moves in with a single mom but finds parenthood a struggle. He goes to desperate measures in order to secure his place in Juilliard, which eventually backfires on him bigtime. Find parenthood too hard he returns home to help with Jesus's TBI recovery. Brandon goes through misery and heartache when his new girlfriend Grace gets sick with leukaemia and eventually dies. Grace teaches Brandon valuable lessons on not wasting time and trying something new every day.
#### Jesus Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Jake T. Austin](/wiki/Jake_T._Austin "Jake T. Austin") (1–2\)
Portrayed by [Noah Centineo](/wiki/Noah_Centineo "Noah Centineo") (3–5\)
Jesus Adams Foster (born Jesus Gutierrez) is the biological son of Ana Gutierrez and Gabriel Duncroft, as well as, the adoptive son of Stef and Lena Adams Foster. He is the fraternal twin brother of Mariana and the adoptive brother of Brandon, Callie, and Jude. He is the more laid\-back of the twins. He had [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD "ADHD"), for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in "House and Home", he decided to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD "ADHD"). He is overly protective with his sister but their differences in personalities and values cause many arguments.
He becomes sexually active mainly with his sister's friends. He falls out with his sister in "Quinceanera" when she finds out he's been secretly dating her childhood friend Lexi. When Lexi moved to [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras "Honduras"), he moves on to create a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley. after winning a wrestling scholarship to a school in the mid west, he abandons it when he reveals that half of the team are using steroids. The use of steroids mess with his other medication.
With encouragement from his new friend at school Nick, Jesus searches for and locates his biological father. Jesus tries to befriend him but it doesn't go well. His father is on the sex offenders list because he had underage sex with Ana that resulted in her pregnancy with the twins.
Jesus and Emma begin a strictly sexual relationship, and are considering getting back together. Jesus suffers from two BTI, first by a nail gun then later being assaulted. Jesus need full time care and Lena takes time off to care for him. He gets upset with both Emma and Brandon when he finds out that Brandon drove Emma to an abortion clinic. He takes a baseball bat to Brandon's room and was only stopped be Gabe overpowering him.
Jesus continues his rehab and finally returns to his studies. His on again, off again relationship with Emma has some highs and lows. He later helps out with the local roller derby girls team. His girlfriend Emma successfully tries out for the team.
Jesus eventually graduates and goes to a local community college and becomes a contractor.
#### Mariana Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Cierra Ramirez](/wiki/Cierra_Ramirez "Cierra Ramirez")
**Mariana Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\) was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. She was fostered as a young child, and eventually adopted, by Lena and Stef around the age of three. She is very smart and girly, and cares about her appearance very much. She is popular and social, likes to gossip, and speaks Spanish fluently. Callie thinks she is a compulsory liar and often warns her about the consequences. She is naive when it comes to certain topics \- especially her birth mother, but she smartens up about her when finally realizing she was using her for money. She changes herself for guys and friends like in "The Morning After" when she sees that an old friend, Garrett is cute now and writes poetry, she goes to a Poetry Slam with him, and pierces her nose herself for him since he was hanging out with a girl who was dressed much edgier than Mariana. Also, in season 2, she dyes her hair blonde to fit in when making it on a dance team only to overhear the other girls say she only did because she is Latina. However, she eventually gains the confidence in herself to not give in to what other people say and make her feel. Mariana has a thing for the bad boys later on in the seasons and she gets caught up into some trouble. Her ex\-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices.
When Brandon writes a high school musical, Mariana gets the lead.
Mariana struggles to let go of Nick after the incident at school. Mariana also struggles with the fact that Ana is now sober and is a caring mother to her baby sister. Her ex\-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices.
When developers want to take over the school Mariana and Jude rally the students to their cause. A power struggle over the control of Anchor Beach leads to the school being saved and Lena as the principal. Mariana has several boys interested in being her boyfriend, she must make a hard choice in the end. She takes roller derby and later has Jesus manage the team
#### Callie Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Maia Mitchell](/wiki/Maia_Mitchell "Maia Mitchell")
**Callie Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\), is the oldest girl in the Adams Foster family. She was adopted when she was 16\. She was placed with the Fosters after being released from Juvie, She was sent to Juvie for destroying a car in order to protect her younger brother (Jude) from their foster father's abuse. Callie and Jude had been in six foster homes in six years before being placed in Stef and Lena's care. As her brother Jude would say, " We'd just get settled then Callie would do something!"
During season four, Callie received her file from the state, the state had diagnosed her as a [sociopath](/wiki/Sociopath "Sociopath"). Callie displayed symptoms of this condition by acting impulsively, lying, breaking laws, and no regard for her own safety. She is however very protective for her younger brother Jude, so much so she tends to mother him much to his regret when he gets older. She can be irrational and prone to be reactive, resulting in [Fight\-or\-flight response](/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response "Fight-or-flight response").
Callie has had a troubled life — her mother died in a car accident in which her father was jailed because he was drunk driving. The result of which made her and her brother placed in the foster care system. She initially has trouble opening herself up to her new family, but she slowly comes to love and accept them as her "forever" family. Initially, Callie opens up mainly to Brandon, and the two develop a romantic relationship, although it is forbidden by the rules of the foster system, which soon meets a heartbreaking end. Callie also develops a strong bond with her sister Mariana with whom she shares a bedroom. Initially bitchy towards each other they start bonding as they both mature. She holds an on\-again, off\-again relationship with a classmate named Wyatt. Unfortunately, after the Fosters decide to adopt Callie and Jude, Callie learns that the man she thought was her father (Donald Jacob) is not. She then pursues to meet her biological father, as well as her half\-sister who looks as if she could be her identical twin. In the episode "Lucky" from season 3, she is officially adopted and an "Adams Foster." She is also the step\-daughter of Donald Jacob and the adoptive daughter of Stef and Lena Adams Foster. She is the maternal half\-sister of Jude, the paternal half\-sister of Sophia, and the adoptive sister of Mariana, Jesus, and Brandon.
#### Jude Adams Foster
Portrayed by [Hayden Byerly](/wiki/Hayden_Byerly "Hayden Byerly")
**Jude Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is Callie's younger half brother by 3 and a half years, who Callie and Brandon rescue from an abusive foster home. He is a quiet child with somewhat more optimistic views on foster homes than Callie, though he has been moved from foster home to foster home along with his sister and been abused as well. Once he is moved into the Fosters' home, he quickly begins to adjust to the new lifestyle and becomes more talkative and energetic. He is seen to be Callie's emotional rock, while Callie tries to mother him but in reality he is the one that grounds Callie. At school, he develops a close friendship with a handsome and kind\-hearted boy named Connor, a growing relationship which prompts Jude to begin [questioning](/wiki/Questioning_%28sexuality_and_gender%29 "Questioning (sexuality and gender)") his [sexuality](/wiki/Sexual_orientation "Sexual orientation").{{cite web\|url\=http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/03/24/the\-fosters\-finale\-season\-1\-episode\-21\-recap/\|title\='The Fosters' Season Finale Recap\|author\=Lee Hernandez\|date\=24 March 2014\|accessdate\=24 March 2014\|work\=\[\[Hollywood Life]]}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hollywood.com/news/tv/56811911/our\-favorite\-lgbtq\-characters\-on\-tv\|title\=Our Favorite LGBTQ Characters on TV\|author\=Christian Clinton\|date\=14 March 2014\|accessdate\=14 March 2014\|work\=\[\[Hollywood.com]]}} As the series progresses, Jude turns 13 and is subsequently adopted by Lena and Stef, although a technicality regarding Callie's birth certificate prevents her from being adopted along with him. He deals with the emotional impact of Callie becoming close to her biological family, but realizes that she will always be his sister no matter what. He later develops a romance with his best friend, Connor, and the two begin dating in the season 2 finale. In the mid\-season 3 finale the two admit they love each other for the first time after Connor considers moving to Los Angeles to live with his more accepting mother. After breaking up with Connor, Jude starts spending more time with Noah (Kalama Epstein), an avid gay churchgoing Christian who has a wild side. Noah introduces Jude to drugs. Jude decides to clean up his act in season five by not consuming medicinal marijuana he was getting off his boyfriend, Noah. With the help Mariana he participates in protests over Anchor Beach Charter's privatization. He starts a webcast with his friend Taylor and it leads to online gaming and royalties. His parents put a stop to it when what he thought was playful banter could be considered softcore.
#### Mike Foster
Portrayed by [Danny Nucci](/wiki/Danny_Nucci "Danny Nucci"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/abc\-familys\-fosters\-adds\-bianca\-433274 \|title\=ABC Family's 'The Fosters' Adds Bianca Santos \|publisher\=Hollywoodreporter.com \|date\=April 5, 2013 \|accessdate\=April 21, 2013}}
**Michael "Mike" Foster** (seasons 1–5\) is a San Diego police sergeant, Brandon's father, and Stef's ex\-husband and ex\-police patrol partner. As the series progresses, it is revealed that Mike has a drinking problem due to the break up of his marriage, but joins AA to cope with it. A frequent visitor to the Foster household, Mike is familiar with his son's family. Toward the end of the first season, he started dating Dani, who helped him to keep his sobriety. However, he soon discovers that Dani had sex with a drunken Brandon one night and arrests her for statutory rape. Since then, Mike helps Ana (Jesus and Mariana's birth mother) come to terms with her addiction and live a clean life. Mike later becomes a foster parent to AJ.
In season five, Mike proposes to Ana and later marry. She is unable to attend Brandon's wedding because she is eight months pregnant. Mike arrives early at Brandon's wedding and tell Brandon to grow a spine and stand up for himself because if he allows himself to be bullied by his in\-laws then he will never be happy.
|
[
"### Main characters",
"#### Stef Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Teri Polo](/wiki/Teri_Polo \"Teri Polo\"){{cite web\\|last\\=Kondolojy\\|first\\=Amanda\\|title\\=ABC Family Casts Teri Polo and Sherri Saum in Drama Series Pilot 'The Fosters' Produced by Jennifer Lopez\\|url\\=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/09/24/abc\\-family\\-casts\\-teri\\-polo\\-and\\-sherri\\-saum\\-in\\-drama\\-series\\-pilot\\-the\\-fosters\\-produced\\-by\\-jennifer\\-lopez/149992/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214002717/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/09/24/abc\\-family\\-casts\\-teri\\-polo\\-and\\-sherri\\-saum\\-in\\-drama\\-series\\-pilot\\-the\\-fosters\\-produced\\-by\\-jennifer\\-lopez/149992/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=December 14, 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Zap2It]]\\|publisher\\=(\\[\\[Tribune Media Services]])\\|accessdate\\=November 2, 2012\\|date\\=September 24, 2012}}\n**Jesus Adams Foster** (season 1–present) was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. He is the more laid\\-back of the twins. He had [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD \"ADHD\"), for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in \"House and Home\", he decided with the suggestion of the fat ugly stupid single made stupid AF decisions, Mike to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD \"ADHD\"). He is close with his sister as they were both in the foster care system and he acted as her protector; however their personalities and values clash occasionally, causing many arguments. He even went as far to take the blame for her selling his pills to have money for their birth mom, Ana, who he feels disgust and resentment towards because she chose drugs over him and his sister. He starts dating Mariana's childhood best friend Lexi, in \"Consequently\" after defending her from a guy. He falls out with his sister in \"Quinceanera\" when she finds out he's been secretly dating Lexi and feels betrayed by Jesus for doing so. They make up in \"The Fall\\-Out\". He has sex with Lexi once in \"The Morning After\". His relationship with Lexi is on hold when she moves back to Honduras because her grandmother is sick and her family cannot find a way back as they are undocumented immigrants. He eventually moves on from their relationship and falls into a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley.\n**Stefanie \"Stef\" Marie Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is a police officer. She and Mike Foster, her partner at work, are Brandon's biological parents. They divorced shortly after Stef met Lena and realized she's a lesbian and wanted to be with her. In a flashback in episode 9, when she first met the twins, it is shown that she has a very caring nature despite her tough appearance. At the end of episode 1x10, Stef and Lena are officially married, legally cementing their long\\-term union of ten years. Stef is very strong and tough, but is also very funny and loving. Callie initially doesn't feel comfortable around her due to her position as a cop, but gradually forms a close bond with her. While Stef likes to act tough around everyone, especially Lena, it is shown that she cares a great deal about her wife and family, although she won't hesitate to discipline her kids if need be.\n#### Lena Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Sherri Saum](/wiki/Sherri_Saum \"Sherri Saum\"){{cite web\\|last\\=Bowe \\|first\\=Jillian \\|title\\=Jennifer Lopez Soap Alum Sherri Saum Cast as Lesbian Mom in Jennifer Lopez's New ABC Family Drama \\|url\\=http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/news/jennifer\\-lopez \\|work\\=\\[\\[Zap2It]] \\|publisher\\=(\\[\\[Tribune Media Services]]) \\|accessdate\\=November 2, 2012 \\|date\\=September 25, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425022809/http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/news/jennifer\\-lopez \\|archivedate\\=April 25, 2013 }}\n**Lena Elizabeth Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is the [biracial](/wiki/Biracial \"Biracial\") vice principal of the [charter school](/wiki/Charter_school \"Charter school\") the kids attend. She's Stef's wife, Brandon's stepmother, and the other children's adoptive/foster mother. She is good with kids, and often tries to reason with her kids more so than punish them, in contrast to Stef's often \"quick to act\" nature. It was Lena who decided to take Callie in after she was released from the juvenile detention center. Lena is very aware of the people around her. At the end of season 1, she is artificially inseminated with co\\-worker Timothy's sperm desiring to have a biological child of her own, and finds out she is pregnant shortly afterwards in the season 1 finale. However, in season 2, she is diagnosed with life\\-threatening [pre\\-eclampsia](/wiki/Pre-eclampsia \"Pre-eclampsia\") and, consequently, loses the baby.\n#### Brandon Foster",
"Portrayed by [David Lambert](/wiki/David_Lambert_%28actor%29 \"David Lambert (actor)\")\n**Brandon Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is the 16\\-year\\-old son of Stef and her ex\\-husband, Mike. He is one of Callie's love interests. He is very talented musically, specifically with the piano, and writes piano pieces which he presents for chances at scholarships. He has been shown to have an unsteady relationship with his father, Mike, due to the fact that Mike is a struggling alcoholic and has disappointed him many times through his childhood and teen years. At the start of Season 1, Brandon has a girlfriend named Talya, but breaks up with her because of his growing feelings for Callie and his annoyance and anger at her harassment and jealousy directed at Callie. For most of the first season, Brandon continues to pursue Callie romantically, even though she warned him that she could be kicked out of the house if they got involved. Brandon continues to make reckless decisions, included violating a restraining order, in order to be with Callie. Ultimately, he accepts that Callie needs a family more than a relationship, and eventually agrees to a mutual break up. He eventually joins a band and begins a relationship with bandmate Lou.\nBrandon spent his summer is going to Idyllwild Music Program, where he faced with serious competition and backstabbing. For the competition Brandon takes a huge risk and decides to play his own piece. He wins the competition and feeling good about himself catches up with Callie who was assuming she will not be adopted so they have sex. Brandon performs at Walt Disney Concert Hall and he writes a Shakespeare Musical for his final year project. When Callie upsets her donors they seek revenge, trolling her web site with nasty rumours but in this case were true. The failout of the tryst between Brandon and Callie continues. Avoiding the roth of his mothers Brandon moves in with a single mom but finds parenthood a struggle. He goes to desperate measures in order to secure his place in Juilliard, which eventually backfires on him bigtime. Find parenthood too hard he returns home to help with Jesus's TBI recovery. Brandon goes through misery and heartache when his new girlfriend Grace gets sick with leukaemia and eventually dies. Grace teaches Brandon valuable lessons on not wasting time and trying something new every day.\n#### Jesus Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Jake T. Austin](/wiki/Jake_T._Austin \"Jake T. Austin\") (1–2\\) \nPortrayed by [Noah Centineo](/wiki/Noah_Centineo \"Noah Centineo\") (3–5\\)\nJesus Adams Foster (born Jesus Gutierrez) is the biological son of Ana Gutierrez and Gabriel Duncroft, as well as, the adoptive son of Stef and Lena Adams Foster. He is the fraternal twin brother of Mariana and the adoptive brother of Brandon, Callie, and Jude. He is the more laid\\-back of the twins. He had [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD \"ADHD\"), for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in \"House and Home\", he decided to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of [ADHD](/wiki/ADHD \"ADHD\"). He is overly protective with his sister but their differences in personalities and values cause many arguments.\nHe becomes sexually active mainly with his sister's friends. He falls out with his sister in \"Quinceanera\" when she finds out he's been secretly dating her childhood friend Lexi. When Lexi moved to [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras \"Honduras\"), he moves on to create a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley. after winning a wrestling scholarship to a school in the mid west, he abandons it when he reveals that half of the team are using steroids. The use of steroids mess with his other medication.",
"With encouragement from his new friend at school Nick, Jesus searches for and locates his biological father. Jesus tries to befriend him but it doesn't go well. His father is on the sex offenders list because he had underage sex with Ana that resulted in her pregnancy with the twins.",
"Jesus and Emma begin a strictly sexual relationship, and are considering getting back together. Jesus suffers from two BTI, first by a nail gun then later being assaulted. Jesus need full time care and Lena takes time off to care for him. He gets upset with both Emma and Brandon when he finds out that Brandon drove Emma to an abortion clinic. He takes a baseball bat to Brandon's room and was only stopped be Gabe overpowering him.",
"Jesus continues his rehab and finally returns to his studies. His on again, off again relationship with Emma has some highs and lows. He later helps out with the local roller derby girls team. His girlfriend Emma successfully tries out for the team.",
"Jesus eventually graduates and goes to a local community college and becomes a contractor.",
"#### Mariana Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Cierra Ramirez](/wiki/Cierra_Ramirez \"Cierra Ramirez\")\n**Mariana Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. She was fostered as a young child, and eventually adopted, by Lena and Stef around the age of three. She is very smart and girly, and cares about her appearance very much. She is popular and social, likes to gossip, and speaks Spanish fluently. Callie thinks she is a compulsory liar and often warns her about the consequences. She is naive when it comes to certain topics \\- especially her birth mother, but she smartens up about her when finally realizing she was using her for money. She changes herself for guys and friends like in \"The Morning After\" when she sees that an old friend, Garrett is cute now and writes poetry, she goes to a Poetry Slam with him, and pierces her nose herself for him since he was hanging out with a girl who was dressed much edgier than Mariana. Also, in season 2, she dyes her hair blonde to fit in when making it on a dance team only to overhear the other girls say she only did because she is Latina. However, she eventually gains the confidence in herself to not give in to what other people say and make her feel. Mariana has a thing for the bad boys later on in the seasons and she gets caught up into some trouble. Her ex\\-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices.\nWhen Brandon writes a high school musical, Mariana gets the lead.\nMariana struggles to let go of Nick after the incident at school. Mariana also struggles with the fact that Ana is now sober and is a caring mother to her baby sister. Her ex\\-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices.\nWhen developers want to take over the school Mariana and Jude rally the students to their cause. A power struggle over the control of Anchor Beach leads to the school being saved and Lena as the principal. Mariana has several boys interested in being her boyfriend, she must make a hard choice in the end. She takes roller derby and later has Jesus manage the team\n#### Callie Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Maia Mitchell](/wiki/Maia_Mitchell \"Maia Mitchell\")\n**Callie Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\), is the oldest girl in the Adams Foster family. She was adopted when she was 16\\. She was placed with the Fosters after being released from Juvie, She was sent to Juvie for destroying a car in order to protect her younger brother (Jude) from their foster father's abuse. Callie and Jude had been in six foster homes in six years before being placed in Stef and Lena's care. As her brother Jude would say, \" We'd just get settled then Callie would do something!\"\nDuring season four, Callie received her file from the state, the state had diagnosed her as a [sociopath](/wiki/Sociopath \"Sociopath\"). Callie displayed symptoms of this condition by acting impulsively, lying, breaking laws, and no regard for her own safety. She is however very protective for her younger brother Jude, so much so she tends to mother him much to his regret when he gets older. She can be irrational and prone to be reactive, resulting in [Fight\\-or\\-flight response](/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response \"Fight-or-flight response\").",
"Callie has had a troubled life — her mother died in a car accident in which her father was jailed because he was drunk driving. The result of which made her and her brother placed in the foster care system. She initially has trouble opening herself up to her new family, but she slowly comes to love and accept them as her \"forever\" family. Initially, Callie opens up mainly to Brandon, and the two develop a romantic relationship, although it is forbidden by the rules of the foster system, which soon meets a heartbreaking end. Callie also develops a strong bond with her sister Mariana with whom she shares a bedroom. Initially bitchy towards each other they start bonding as they both mature. She holds an on\\-again, off\\-again relationship with a classmate named Wyatt. Unfortunately, after the Fosters decide to adopt Callie and Jude, Callie learns that the man she thought was her father (Donald Jacob) is not. She then pursues to meet her biological father, as well as her half\\-sister who looks as if she could be her identical twin. In the episode \"Lucky\" from season 3, she is officially adopted and an \"Adams Foster.\" She is also the step\\-daughter of Donald Jacob and the adoptive daughter of Stef and Lena Adams Foster. She is the maternal half\\-sister of Jude, the paternal half\\-sister of Sophia, and the adoptive sister of Mariana, Jesus, and Brandon.",
"#### Jude Adams Foster",
"Portrayed by [Hayden Byerly](/wiki/Hayden_Byerly \"Hayden Byerly\")\n**Jude Adams Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is Callie's younger half brother by 3 and a half years, who Callie and Brandon rescue from an abusive foster home. He is a quiet child with somewhat more optimistic views on foster homes than Callie, though he has been moved from foster home to foster home along with his sister and been abused as well. Once he is moved into the Fosters' home, he quickly begins to adjust to the new lifestyle and becomes more talkative and energetic. He is seen to be Callie's emotional rock, while Callie tries to mother him but in reality he is the one that grounds Callie. At school, he develops a close friendship with a handsome and kind\\-hearted boy named Connor, a growing relationship which prompts Jude to begin [questioning](/wiki/Questioning_%28sexuality_and_gender%29 \"Questioning (sexuality and gender)\") his [sexuality](/wiki/Sexual_orientation \"Sexual orientation\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/03/24/the\\-fosters\\-finale\\-season\\-1\\-episode\\-21\\-recap/\\|title\\='The Fosters' Season Finale Recap\\|author\\=Lee Hernandez\\|date\\=24 March 2014\\|accessdate\\=24 March 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hollywood Life]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hollywood.com/news/tv/56811911/our\\-favorite\\-lgbtq\\-characters\\-on\\-tv\\|title\\=Our Favorite LGBTQ Characters on TV\\|author\\=Christian Clinton\\|date\\=14 March 2014\\|accessdate\\=14 March 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hollywood.com]]}} As the series progresses, Jude turns 13 and is subsequently adopted by Lena and Stef, although a technicality regarding Callie's birth certificate prevents her from being adopted along with him. He deals with the emotional impact of Callie becoming close to her biological family, but realizes that she will always be his sister no matter what. He later develops a romance with his best friend, Connor, and the two begin dating in the season 2 finale. In the mid\\-season 3 finale the two admit they love each other for the first time after Connor considers moving to Los Angeles to live with his more accepting mother. After breaking up with Connor, Jude starts spending more time with Noah (Kalama Epstein), an avid gay churchgoing Christian who has a wild side. Noah introduces Jude to drugs. Jude decides to clean up his act in season five by not consuming medicinal marijuana he was getting off his boyfriend, Noah. With the help Mariana he participates in protests over Anchor Beach Charter's privatization. He starts a webcast with his friend Taylor and it leads to online gaming and royalties. His parents put a stop to it when what he thought was playful banter could be considered softcore.\n#### Mike Foster",
"Portrayed by [Danny Nucci](/wiki/Danny_Nucci \"Danny Nucci\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/abc\\-familys\\-fosters\\-adds\\-bianca\\-433274 \\|title\\=ABC Family's 'The Fosters' Adds Bianca Santos \\|publisher\\=Hollywoodreporter.com \\|date\\=April 5, 2013 \\|accessdate\\=April 21, 2013}}\n**Michael \"Mike\" Foster** (seasons 1–5\\) is a San Diego police sergeant, Brandon's father, and Stef's ex\\-husband and ex\\-police patrol partner. As the series progresses, it is revealed that Mike has a drinking problem due to the break up of his marriage, but joins AA to cope with it. A frequent visitor to the Foster household, Mike is familiar with his son's family. Toward the end of the first season, he started dating Dani, who helped him to keep his sobriety. However, he soon discovers that Dani had sex with a drunken Brandon one night and arrests her for statutory rape. Since then, Mike helps Ana (Jesus and Mariana's birth mother) come to terms with her addiction and live a clean life. Mike later becomes a foster parent to AJ. \nIn season five, Mike proposes to Ana and later marry. She is unable to attend Brandon's wedding because she is eight months pregnant. Mike arrives early at Brandon's wedding and tell Brandon to grow a spine and stand up for himself because if he allows himself to be bullied by his in\\-laws then he will never be happy."
] |
Character history
-----------------
### First season
Nunnally's role in the first season is rather minor, serving as little more than motivation for Lelouch's goal of overthrowing the Britannian empire and creating a world where Nunnally can live in peace. She is kidnapped by V.V. near the end of the season, and Lelouch abandons the [Black Knights](/wiki/List_of_Code_Geass_characters%23The_Black_Knights "List of Code Geass characters#The Black Knights") in the middle of battle to save her. Not only is he unsuccessful in doing so, being captured by Suzaku en route, but his departure leaves his forces powerless against the better trained Britannian forces, ending in their decisive defeat.
### Second season (R2\)
[thumb\|left\|Nunnally vi Britannia as the Viceroy of Area 11\.](/wiki/Image:Code_Geass_-_Lelouch_of_the_Rebellion_R2_-_06_106_0001.jpg "Code Geass - Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 - 06 106 0001.jpg")
The second season reveals that everyone's memories of Nunnally have been erased, Lelouch's included. Everyone at Ashford Academy believes that Rolo Lamperouge is Lelouch's younger brother instead and has been the entire time. After Nunnally was taken, Rolo took over as Lelouch's younger brother. After recovering his memory, Lelouch deduces that Nunnally is likely being held hostage by the Emperor, who would not hesitate to use his children to achieve his goals. As a result, Lelouch must try to maintain the masquerade that he has not regained his memories in order to protect her.
Nunnally makes her first appearance in the second season as a Britannian princess and the new [Viceroy](/wiki/Viceroy "Viceroy") of Area 11\. She still remembers Lelouch as her older brother, though she is unaware of his identity as Zero. Nunnally has vowed to continue her late older half\-sister [Princess Euphemia](/wiki/Euphemia_li_Britannia "Euphemia li Britannia")'s will by reinstating the Special Administrative Region in Japan, sharing her and Suzaku's belief that the world can be changed in gentle ways.
After [Kallen Stadtfeld](/wiki/Kallen_Stadtfeld "Kallen Stadtfeld") is captured and sent back to Area 11, Nunnally has her transferred to a better facility and gives her a dress to wear in lieu of an ordinary prisoner jumpsuit. They strike up a conversation about Lelouch, which Suzaku interrupts. He asks to speak with Kallen alone, specifically using her prisoner number rather than her name, which Nunnally notices. She also suspects that he is lying about Lelouch to protect her. During a meeting discussing the redevelopment of the ghettos, she confronts [Miss Lohmeyer](/wiki/List_of_Code_Geass_characters%23Alicia_Lohmeyer "List of Code Geass characters#Alicia Lohmeyer") on the burdens it places on the Eleven population, able to tell from holding her hand that she is downplaying the problems it will cause. She insists that it be rewritten until it does not do so.
During the second battle of Tokyo, Rolo and Sayoko are sent to retrieve Nunnally. Though Sayoko manages to commandeer the transport set to evacuate Nunnally, both are seemingly killed when they are caught in the blast radius of Nina's *F.L.E.I.J.A.* bomb, fired unwillingly by Suzaku (compelled by Lelouch's Geass command "to live") when his life was in danger. When Lelouch converses with Charles and Marianne in episode 21, it is revealed that Nunnally's injuries were orchestrated by V.V., who set her up to be a false witness to the murder of her mother. Her blindness, which was thought to be a result of the traumatic assassination of her own mother, was actually induced by Charles' Geass, in order to protect her against possible reprisal by V.V before sending both her and Lelouch away to Japan. However, since Charles went ahead with his war and did not care about their subsequent fate, Lelouch concluded that they were less important than his grand plan: the Ragnarök Connection. Lelouch spurns his parents, asking them why Nunnally always smiled. When they do not get the question, he answers that her smile was in gratitude since her blindness placed her at the mercy of others.
At the end of episode 22, Nunnally is revealed to be alive, having taken a different ship that evaded the *F.L.E.I.J.A.* She is now on board Schneizel's floating fortress, the *Damocles*. She declares herself to be an enemy of Lelouch and Suzaku, being supported by Schneizel as the rightful heir to the throne. However, Schneizel is actually manipulating her to ensure that she remains an enemy of Lelouch and wishes to seize the throne only for himself. Nunnally insists on being given the *F.L.E.I.J.A.* launch button, wanting to personally atone for her brother's sins. She is disturbed by how easy it is to launch warheads at Lelouch, destroying a large portion of his fleet and causing many deaths. When Lelouch's counterattack succeeds in reaching the *Damocles*, Nunnally drops the launch key and is thrown off of her wheelchair. While she is on the ground trying to find the key, she manages to break Charles' Geass with her own willpower and returns to her wheelchair before Lelouch arrives. When Lelouch confirms that he has come for the key, she opens her eyes and asks her brother if he will now use his Geass on her.
Though hesitant to use his Geass on her, Lelouch uses it after Nunnally explains she intends to turn the *Damocles* into a symbol of hatred to unite everyone in the world—a near\-duplicate of his own plan to use himself as the symbol. Lelouch forces her to relinquish the key so he can use the *Damocles* to take over the world, telling her that he does and will always love her in the process. After realizing what occurred, unaware of the kind words Lelouch said to her while under her trance, Nunnally calls Lelouch a demon as she helplessly watches him leave. Two months later, Nunnally is a prisoner being taken to witness the execution of the U.F.N. and Black Knight leaders. When Suzaku, masquerading as Zero, appears and kills Lelouch, Nunnally can only watch helplessly in horror as her brother is impaled. When Lelouch falls near her, she takes his hand, and immediately understands Lelouch and Suzaku's plan, realizing the truth as her brother dies. Nunnally cries hysterically while holding her brother's lifeless body as the crowd cheers Zero. Following Lelouch's death, Nunnally ascends the throne as the Empress of Britannia{{citation needed\|date\=June 2019}}, with Suzaku (as Zero) and a Geass\-compelled Schneizel by her side.{{cite journal \|last\=Ichiro \|first\=Okouchi \|title\=Lelouch dead!? Was it a good one or a bad one!? \|journal\=Continue \|volume\=42 \|date\=October 2008}}
|
[
"Character history\n-----------------",
"### First season",
"Nunnally's role in the first season is rather minor, serving as little more than motivation for Lelouch's goal of overthrowing the Britannian empire and creating a world where Nunnally can live in peace. She is kidnapped by V.V. near the end of the season, and Lelouch abandons the [Black Knights](/wiki/List_of_Code_Geass_characters%23The_Black_Knights \"List of Code Geass characters#The Black Knights\") in the middle of battle to save her. Not only is he unsuccessful in doing so, being captured by Suzaku en route, but his departure leaves his forces powerless against the better trained Britannian forces, ending in their decisive defeat.",
"### Second season (R2\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Nunnally vi Britannia as the Viceroy of Area 11\\.](/wiki/Image:Code_Geass_-_Lelouch_of_the_Rebellion_R2_-_06_106_0001.jpg \"Code Geass - Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 - 06 106 0001.jpg\")\nThe second season reveals that everyone's memories of Nunnally have been erased, Lelouch's included. Everyone at Ashford Academy believes that Rolo Lamperouge is Lelouch's younger brother instead and has been the entire time. After Nunnally was taken, Rolo took over as Lelouch's younger brother. After recovering his memory, Lelouch deduces that Nunnally is likely being held hostage by the Emperor, who would not hesitate to use his children to achieve his goals. As a result, Lelouch must try to maintain the masquerade that he has not regained his memories in order to protect her.",
"Nunnally makes her first appearance in the second season as a Britannian princess and the new [Viceroy](/wiki/Viceroy \"Viceroy\") of Area 11\\. She still remembers Lelouch as her older brother, though she is unaware of his identity as Zero. Nunnally has vowed to continue her late older half\\-sister [Princess Euphemia](/wiki/Euphemia_li_Britannia \"Euphemia li Britannia\")'s will by reinstating the Special Administrative Region in Japan, sharing her and Suzaku's belief that the world can be changed in gentle ways.",
"After [Kallen Stadtfeld](/wiki/Kallen_Stadtfeld \"Kallen Stadtfeld\") is captured and sent back to Area 11, Nunnally has her transferred to a better facility and gives her a dress to wear in lieu of an ordinary prisoner jumpsuit. They strike up a conversation about Lelouch, which Suzaku interrupts. He asks to speak with Kallen alone, specifically using her prisoner number rather than her name, which Nunnally notices. She also suspects that he is lying about Lelouch to protect her. During a meeting discussing the redevelopment of the ghettos, she confronts [Miss Lohmeyer](/wiki/List_of_Code_Geass_characters%23Alicia_Lohmeyer \"List of Code Geass characters#Alicia Lohmeyer\") on the burdens it places on the Eleven population, able to tell from holding her hand that she is downplaying the problems it will cause. She insists that it be rewritten until it does not do so.",
"During the second battle of Tokyo, Rolo and Sayoko are sent to retrieve Nunnally. Though Sayoko manages to commandeer the transport set to evacuate Nunnally, both are seemingly killed when they are caught in the blast radius of Nina's *F.L.E.I.J.A.* bomb, fired unwillingly by Suzaku (compelled by Lelouch's Geass command \"to live\") when his life was in danger. When Lelouch converses with Charles and Marianne in episode 21, it is revealed that Nunnally's injuries were orchestrated by V.V., who set her up to be a false witness to the murder of her mother. Her blindness, which was thought to be a result of the traumatic assassination of her own mother, was actually induced by Charles' Geass, in order to protect her against possible reprisal by V.V before sending both her and Lelouch away to Japan. However, since Charles went ahead with his war and did not care about their subsequent fate, Lelouch concluded that they were less important than his grand plan: the Ragnarök Connection. Lelouch spurns his parents, asking them why Nunnally always smiled. When they do not get the question, he answers that her smile was in gratitude since her blindness placed her at the mercy of others.",
"At the end of episode 22, Nunnally is revealed to be alive, having taken a different ship that evaded the *F.L.E.I.J.A.* She is now on board Schneizel's floating fortress, the *Damocles*. She declares herself to be an enemy of Lelouch and Suzaku, being supported by Schneizel as the rightful heir to the throne. However, Schneizel is actually manipulating her to ensure that she remains an enemy of Lelouch and wishes to seize the throne only for himself. Nunnally insists on being given the *F.L.E.I.J.A.* launch button, wanting to personally atone for her brother's sins. She is disturbed by how easy it is to launch warheads at Lelouch, destroying a large portion of his fleet and causing many deaths. When Lelouch's counterattack succeeds in reaching the *Damocles*, Nunnally drops the launch key and is thrown off of her wheelchair. While she is on the ground trying to find the key, she manages to break Charles' Geass with her own willpower and returns to her wheelchair before Lelouch arrives. When Lelouch confirms that he has come for the key, she opens her eyes and asks her brother if he will now use his Geass on her.",
"Though hesitant to use his Geass on her, Lelouch uses it after Nunnally explains she intends to turn the *Damocles* into a symbol of hatred to unite everyone in the world—a near\\-duplicate of his own plan to use himself as the symbol. Lelouch forces her to relinquish the key so he can use the *Damocles* to take over the world, telling her that he does and will always love her in the process. After realizing what occurred, unaware of the kind words Lelouch said to her while under her trance, Nunnally calls Lelouch a demon as she helplessly watches him leave. Two months later, Nunnally is a prisoner being taken to witness the execution of the U.F.N. and Black Knight leaders. When Suzaku, masquerading as Zero, appears and kills Lelouch, Nunnally can only watch helplessly in horror as her brother is impaled. When Lelouch falls near her, she takes his hand, and immediately understands Lelouch and Suzaku's plan, realizing the truth as her brother dies. Nunnally cries hysterically while holding her brother's lifeless body as the crowd cheers Zero. Following Lelouch's death, Nunnally ascends the throne as the Empress of Britannia{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2019}}, with Suzaku (as Zero) and a Geass\\-compelled Schneizel by her side.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Ichiro \\|first\\=Okouchi \\|title\\=Lelouch dead!? Was it a good one or a bad one!? \\|journal\\=Continue \\|volume\\=42 \\|date\\=October 2008}}",
""
] |
Appearances in other media
--------------------------
### Nightmare of Nunnally
[thumb\|Front cover of volume one of *Code Geass: Nightmare of Nunnally*](/wiki/File:Front_cover_of_volume_one_of_Nightmare_of_Nunnally.jpg "Front cover of volume one of Nightmare of Nunnally.jpg")
*Nightmare of Nunnally* features an alternate story to the *Code Geass* series with Nunnally as the protagonist. It is not connected with the television series.
After the so\-called "gas release" incident in the Shinjuku Ghetto, Nunnally arrives in the ruins seeking her missing brother Lelouch. A disembodied doll\-like energy life form, {{nihongo\|Magical Device Nemo\|魔導器ネモ\|madouki nemo}}, appears before her and offers her a Geass contract. Nunnally accepts the contract and in turn gains the ability to see "lines of the future", a skill functionally identical to [precognition](/wiki/Precognition "Precognition"). Nemo assumes an appearance resembling an albino Nunnally upon contract finalization, and the two of them come to share a single mind. Nemo's personality remains distinct from Nunnally, and is said to be a manifestation of Nunnally's subconscious negative emotions.
Nunnally and Nemo find themselves "as one" aboard the mysteriously manifested Knightmare Frame *Mark Nemo*. Nemo states that as per their contract, she will now become Nunnally's knight and protector. Nunnally is the only one that can see Nemo. A red, bird\-like sigil lights up in Nemo's left eye when their Geass is activated. When combined with their Knightmare Frame, the *Mark Nemo*, Nunnally and Nemo are unstoppable on the battlefield, since every move is known to them beforehand (however, Suzaku and Alice are shown to be able to move faster than Nemo/Nunnally can read the future). In the anime, this type of Geass is used by Bismarck Waldstein, the Knight of One; however, his is slightly different, in that it only reads a specific person's "line", rather than that of the future in general.
However, there is a side effect to extensively using the Geass, that it leads to the witch's cells trying to take over Nunnally's body. When Nunnally learns that one of her recurring enemies is also Alice, her best friend from school, she breaks the contract with Nemo and falls unconscious, being captured as a result. She is saved when Nemo makes a contract with Alice, and intervenes to help Suzaku, Lelouch and Euphemia's attempt to rescue her. However, C.C.'s cells begin to take over her body, and Alice, after defeating Lelouch's twin brother Rolo vi Britannia, learns that if Nunnally goes to Kamine Island, she can be saved. Nunnally goes there with Alice, where she learns that her mother is alive and that her ability to see the lines of the future was merely a side\-effect of her true Geass: "The Zero." Her Geass allows her the ability to interact with the World of C to open Heaven's Door in order for all people to become one, which her parents try to persuade her to do. Nunnally refuses after Alice tells her what she means to her, stating that there is no future in the plan that her parents want, regaining her sight and mobility in the process. This also causes Charles, Marianne and *Mark Nemo* to disappear forever. In the last chapter, she becomes a goodwill ambassador to Japan under Empress Euphemia, says goodbye to her brother, and makes Alice her knight.
### Code Geass: The Manga
Similar to her anime counterpart, she has a limited role in the series. Unlike the anime, in the 2nd part of the storyline, she arrives after the Chinese Federation dispute and does not reestablish the Special Administrative Zone.
### Lost Colors
In the [video game](/wiki/Video_game "Video game") spin\-off for the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2") and [PlayStation Portable](/wiki/PlayStation_Portable "PlayStation Portable"), the player can make Rai fall for Nunnally. Lelouch will be reluctant to accept their relationship, and if Nunnally is the chosen girl in the Blue Moon route, he will be with them during their first date.
In the Geass route ending, Nunnally met with Rai in her room while making origami, revealing to him that she had made a sakura flower. While Rai didn't say anything Nunnally however noticed something was wrong, which led her to tremble as she fears that he will disappear. Rai however confirmed it, but also lied her that he will return, calming Nunnally down. Nunnally later told Rai that she will continue making origami until he returns, which pleases him but was secretly saddened as he gives her his last lesson.Code Geass: Lost Colors dialogue After Rai sealed himself in the Through Elevator, a scene shows Nunnally with Sayoko seeing bright lights falling from the sky. Later Nunnally was greeted by Sayoko, who was surprised as she witnesses Nunnally's room being filled with origami. When Nunnally picked up an earlier flower shaped origami with folded creases, she unknowingly started to cry and didn't know why.
### Nunnally in Wonderland
In a special OVA parody episode, based on the *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland "Alice in Wonderland")* story, Nunnally appears in the role of Alice.Code Geass: Nunnally in Wonderland
|
[
"Appearances in other media\n--------------------------",
"### Nightmare of Nunnally",
"[thumb\\|Front cover of volume one of *Code Geass: Nightmare of Nunnally*](/wiki/File:Front_cover_of_volume_one_of_Nightmare_of_Nunnally.jpg \"Front cover of volume one of Nightmare of Nunnally.jpg\")\n*Nightmare of Nunnally* features an alternate story to the *Code Geass* series with Nunnally as the protagonist. It is not connected with the television series.",
"After the so\\-called \"gas release\" incident in the Shinjuku Ghetto, Nunnally arrives in the ruins seeking her missing brother Lelouch. A disembodied doll\\-like energy life form, {{nihongo\\|Magical Device Nemo\\|魔導器ネモ\\|madouki nemo}}, appears before her and offers her a Geass contract. Nunnally accepts the contract and in turn gains the ability to see \"lines of the future\", a skill functionally identical to [precognition](/wiki/Precognition \"Precognition\"). Nemo assumes an appearance resembling an albino Nunnally upon contract finalization, and the two of them come to share a single mind. Nemo's personality remains distinct from Nunnally, and is said to be a manifestation of Nunnally's subconscious negative emotions.",
"Nunnally and Nemo find themselves \"as one\" aboard the mysteriously manifested Knightmare Frame *Mark Nemo*. Nemo states that as per their contract, she will now become Nunnally's knight and protector. Nunnally is the only one that can see Nemo. A red, bird\\-like sigil lights up in Nemo's left eye when their Geass is activated. When combined with their Knightmare Frame, the *Mark Nemo*, Nunnally and Nemo are unstoppable on the battlefield, since every move is known to them beforehand (however, Suzaku and Alice are shown to be able to move faster than Nemo/Nunnally can read the future). In the anime, this type of Geass is used by Bismarck Waldstein, the Knight of One; however, his is slightly different, in that it only reads a specific person's \"line\", rather than that of the future in general.",
"However, there is a side effect to extensively using the Geass, that it leads to the witch's cells trying to take over Nunnally's body. When Nunnally learns that one of her recurring enemies is also Alice, her best friend from school, she breaks the contract with Nemo and falls unconscious, being captured as a result. She is saved when Nemo makes a contract with Alice, and intervenes to help Suzaku, Lelouch and Euphemia's attempt to rescue her. However, C.C.'s cells begin to take over her body, and Alice, after defeating Lelouch's twin brother Rolo vi Britannia, learns that if Nunnally goes to Kamine Island, she can be saved. Nunnally goes there with Alice, where she learns that her mother is alive and that her ability to see the lines of the future was merely a side\\-effect of her true Geass: \"The Zero.\" Her Geass allows her the ability to interact with the World of C to open Heaven's Door in order for all people to become one, which her parents try to persuade her to do. Nunnally refuses after Alice tells her what she means to her, stating that there is no future in the plan that her parents want, regaining her sight and mobility in the process. This also causes Charles, Marianne and *Mark Nemo* to disappear forever. In the last chapter, she becomes a goodwill ambassador to Japan under Empress Euphemia, says goodbye to her brother, and makes Alice her knight.",
"### Code Geass: The Manga",
"Similar to her anime counterpart, she has a limited role in the series. Unlike the anime, in the 2nd part of the storyline, she arrives after the Chinese Federation dispute and does not reestablish the Special Administrative Zone.",
"### Lost Colors",
"In the [video game](/wiki/Video_game \"Video game\") spin\\-off for the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\") and [PlayStation Portable](/wiki/PlayStation_Portable \"PlayStation Portable\"), the player can make Rai fall for Nunnally. Lelouch will be reluctant to accept their relationship, and if Nunnally is the chosen girl in the Blue Moon route, he will be with them during their first date.",
"In the Geass route ending, Nunnally met with Rai in her room while making origami, revealing to him that she had made a sakura flower. While Rai didn't say anything Nunnally however noticed something was wrong, which led her to tremble as she fears that he will disappear. Rai however confirmed it, but also lied her that he will return, calming Nunnally down. Nunnally later told Rai that she will continue making origami until he returns, which pleases him but was secretly saddened as he gives her his last lesson.Code Geass: Lost Colors dialogue After Rai sealed himself in the Through Elevator, a scene shows Nunnally with Sayoko seeing bright lights falling from the sky. Later Nunnally was greeted by Sayoko, who was surprised as she witnesses Nunnally's room being filled with origami. When Nunnally picked up an earlier flower shaped origami with folded creases, she unknowingly started to cry and didn't know why.",
"### Nunnally in Wonderland",
"In a special OVA parody episode, based on the *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland \"Alice in Wonderland\")* story, Nunnally appears in the role of Alice.Code Geass: Nunnally in Wonderland",
""
] |
History
-------
Raised in April 1940 from volunteers for overseas service as part of the [Second Australian Imperial Force](/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force "Second Australian Imperial Force"), the regiment's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel [Thomas Eastick](/wiki/Tom_Eastick "Tom Eastick"),{{sfn\|Horner\|1995\|p\=230}} who had formerly commanded the 13th Field Brigade.{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=92}}. Upon formation, it initially consisted of a regimental headquarters and two [batteries](/wiki/Battery_%28artillery%29 "Battery (artillery)"): the 13th, which was formed in [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia "South Australia"), and the 14th, in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia"). Later, a third battery – the 57th – was added. The majority of the new regiment's initial intake of personnel – particularly its officers – were drawn from the [Militia](/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve "Australian Army Reserve"). In October, the regiment was assigned to the [9th Division](/wiki/9th_Division_%28Australia%29 "9th Division (Australia)").{{cite web \|url\= https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U54397 \|title\=2/7th Field Regiment \|publisher\=Australian War Memorial \|accessdate\=21 November 2021}}{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|pp\=92–93}}.
Initial training was split between [Woodside](/wiki/Woodside_Camp "Woodside Camp") and [Northam Camps](/wiki/Northam%2C_Western_Australia "Northam, Western Australia"){{harvnb\|Johnston\|2002\|p\=7}}. as the South Australian and Western Australian batteries remained in their respective states until November 1940 when the regiment was concentrated at [Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle "Fremantle") and deployed to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") aboard the troopship *Stratheden*.{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=93}}. Arriving there in December, the regiment moved to Qastina in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 "Palestine (region)"), where it undertook training, albeit without any equipment or vehicles, which were in short supply in the theatre as the British sought to make up losses in home regiments following the [Fall of France](/wiki/Fall_of_France "Fall of France").{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=94}}.
As such, it was not until April 1941 that the regiment received a supply of vehicles and its first artillery pieces. These came in the form of a mix of antiquated [18\-pounders](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_18_pounder "Ordnance QF 18 pounder") and [4\.5\-inch howitzers](/wiki/QF_4.5-inch_howitzer "QF 4.5-inch howitzer"). These were replaced in July with twenty\-four [25\-pounders](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder "Ordnance QF 25 pounder") when the regiment moved to [Mersa Matruh](/wiki/Mersa_Matruh "Mersa Matruh"), which it employed against German and Italian forces in defence of the garrison at [Tobruk](/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk "Siege of Tobruk") and then later around Halfaya Pass–Sidi Barrani before being withdrawn back to [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"), in [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"), where they undertook a training role from October 1941 to early 1942\. During this time the regiment trained reinforcements for British and Commonwealth artillery units in the theatre and undertook daily shoots on the Almaza firing range.{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=96}}.
[left\|thumb\|One of the regiment's 25\-pounders firing at Almaza, January 1942](/wiki/File:AWM_023080_2_7th_Field_Regiment_Cairo_1942.jpg "AWM 023080 2 7th Field Regiment Cairo 1942.jpg")
A move to [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria") followed in February and for a while the regiment was based around [Tripoli](/wiki/Tripoli%2C_Libya "Tripoli, Libya") and then [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo "Aleppo") where they were assigned to support the [20th Brigade](/wiki/20th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 "20th Brigade (Australia)") as they undertook garrison duties following the successful Allied campaign against the [Vichy French](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France") government.{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=97}}. The regiment remained there until the middle part of 1942 when the regiment was committed to both the [First](/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein "First Battle of El Alamein") and [Second Battles of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein "Second Battle of El Alamein").{{sfn\|Horner\|1995\|pp\=323–329}} During this time, the regiment fired 157,847 shells of all types, including smoke, and suffered 36 killed and 73 wounded.{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=105}}.
In early 1943, the regiment was withdrawn back to Australia along with the rest of the 9th Division as the Australian Army's focus shifted towards fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific. Embarking upon the Dutch troopship [*Nieuw Amsterdam*](/wiki/SS_Nieuw_Amsterdam_%281937%29 "SS Nieuw Amsterdam (1937)"), on 18 February the men from the 14th Battery were landed in Fremantle for leave, while the rest of the regiment continued on to [Port Melbourne](/wiki/Port_Melbourne "Port Melbourne") where they were transferred to a train on 25 February and moved by rail to [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide") for three weeks of leave.
Upon completion of this leave, the regiment was reconstituted on the [Atherton Tablelands](/wiki/Atherton_Tablelands "Atherton Tablelands") in [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland"), along with the rest of the 9th Division. In July 1943, Lieutenant Colonel William Green took over command of the regiment and as the 9th Division was [re\-organised and re\-equipped to take part in jungle warfare](/wiki/Jungle_division "Jungle division"), the regiment was reformed on a reduced equipment scale. Two batteries – the 13th and 57th continued to operate the standard 25\-pounders, while the 14th was re\-equipped with the [Short version](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short "Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short").{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=108}}. Training progressed well, but in September 1943, when the division left to take part in the [Landing at Lae](/wiki/Landing_at_Lae "Landing at Lae") and the [Huon Peninsula campaign](/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_campaign "Huon Peninsula campaign"), the 2/7th remained in the Australia. This was because it had deemed by Australian planners that artillery only had a limited role to play in jungle warfare and, consequently, when the 9th Division deployed it only took one field regiment with it: the [2/12th](/wiki/2/12th_Field_Regiment_%28Australia%29 "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia)").{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|pp\=105–106}}.
As a result, the regiment spent a total of 22 months out of action on the Atherton Tablelands and it was not until late in the war, in mid\-1945, that it was deployed on operations again. When it came, it was under [Operation Oboe](/wiki/Operation_Oboe "Operation Oboe"), which saw them once again fire in support of the 9th Division. Assigned to the [26th Brigade](/wiki/26th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 "26th Brigade (Australia)") which was to [capture Tarakan](/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_%281945%29 "Battle of Tarakan (1945)"), in April 1945 the regiment was moved to [Morotai Island](/wiki/Morotai_Island "Morotai Island").{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=106}}. The day before the main landing at Lingkas on 1 May, the 57th Battery landed on Sadau Island, where they established themselves to fire on Lingkas to provide cover for engineers that were tasked with clearing the beach obstacles.{{harvnb\|Long\|1963\|p\=410}}. For the operation, the regiment was equipped with twenty\-four 25\-pounder field guns.{{sfn\|Horner\|1995\|p\=412}}
[thumb\|right\|Guns from the 2/7th Field Regiment fire along with Matilda tanks from the [2/9th Armoured Regiment](/wiki/2/9th_Armoured_Regiment_%28Australia%29 "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia)") at "HMAS *Margy*", Tarakan, June 1945](/wiki/File:AWM_108885_2_7th_Field_Regiment_and_2_9th_Armoured_Regiment_Tarakan_June_1945.jpg "AWM 108885 2 7th Field Regiment and 2 9th Armoured Regiment Tarakan June 1945.jpg")
The following morning the battery fired in direct support of the seaborne assault; it was the first time ever that a unit of the [Royal Australian Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery "Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery") was ever employed in such a role. Once the beachhead was established amidst some confusion caused by muddy conditions and congestion, both the 13th and 14th Batteries came ashore and by 4:00 pm on the first day, they were both in action, while the 57th was also moved to Tarakan from Sadau late in the day.{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|pp\=108–109}}. Small parties from the 2/7th also took over control of naval gunfire support after the naval shore fire control parties were withdrawn at the end of the first month.{{sfn\|Horner\|1995\|pp\=412–413}}
Over the next three months they would fire over 37,000 rounds in support of the 26th Brigade's three infantry battalions; this included rounds from a captured Japanese 75 mm mountain gun. The regiment also provided fire control for a 3\.7\-inch anti\-aircraft gun from the 132nd Anti\-Aircraft Battery that was employed to clear areas of thick jungle and which was co\-located with the regiment's guns in a position that came to be known as "HMAS *Margy*".{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=110}}. In order to maintain ammunition supplies, the regiment was resupplied by air from Morotai, while the captured Japanese gun was resupplied as rounds were found by the advancing troops. In total 851 rounds were fired from this gun.{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|pp\=110–111}}. In order to ensure accuracy in the dense jungle, forward observers were detached forward with infantry patrols and even sent aloft on board small observation aircraft.{{harvnb\|Long\|1963\|p\=451}}. The regiment's casualties during this time amounted to seven killed and 27 wounded.{{harvnb\|Rungie\|1986\|p\=111}}.
Following the conclusion of hostilities in August 1945, the regiment remained on Tarakan as the [demobilisation process](/wiki/Demobilisation_of_the_Australian_military_after_World_War_II "Demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II"), which had begun in early July,{{harvnb\|Long\|1963\|p\=450}}. was ramped up. Slowly the regiment's size declined and by 30 November 28 officers and 324 other ranks had been repatriated to Australia. The following month the regiment turned in its guns and the last of its personnel left Tarakan on board *Stanford Victory*. The regiment was finally disbanded on 30 January 1946\. During the course of its service, the 2/7th lost 45 men killed in action or died on active service. The following decorations were awarded: three [Distinguished Service Orders](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order"), one [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross "Military Cross"), four [Military Medals](/wiki/Military_Medal "Military Medal") and two [Mentions in Despatches](/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches "Mentioned in Despatches").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Raised in April 1940 from volunteers for overseas service as part of the [Second Australian Imperial Force](/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force \"Second Australian Imperial Force\"), the regiment's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel [Thomas Eastick](/wiki/Tom_Eastick \"Tom Eastick\"),{{sfn\\|Horner\\|1995\\|p\\=230}} who had formerly commanded the 13th Field Brigade.{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=92}}. Upon formation, it initially consisted of a regimental headquarters and two [batteries](/wiki/Battery_%28artillery%29 \"Battery (artillery)\"): the 13th, which was formed in [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"), and the 14th, in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\"). Later, a third battery – the 57th – was added. The majority of the new regiment's initial intake of personnel – particularly its officers – were drawn from the [Militia](/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve \"Australian Army Reserve\"). In October, the regiment was assigned to the [9th Division](/wiki/9th_Division_%28Australia%29 \"9th Division (Australia)\").{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U54397 \\|title\\=2/7th Field Regiment \\|publisher\\=Australian War Memorial \\|accessdate\\=21 November 2021}}{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|pp\\=92–93}}.",
"Initial training was split between [Woodside](/wiki/Woodside_Camp \"Woodside Camp\") and [Northam Camps](/wiki/Northam%2C_Western_Australia \"Northam, Western Australia\"){{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2002\\|p\\=7}}. as the South Australian and Western Australian batteries remained in their respective states until November 1940 when the regiment was concentrated at [Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle \"Fremantle\") and deployed to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") aboard the troopship *Stratheden*.{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=93}}. Arriving there in December, the regiment moved to Qastina in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\"), where it undertook training, albeit without any equipment or vehicles, which were in short supply in the theatre as the British sought to make up losses in home regiments following the [Fall of France](/wiki/Fall_of_France \"Fall of France\").{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=94}}.",
"As such, it was not until April 1941 that the regiment received a supply of vehicles and its first artillery pieces. These came in the form of a mix of antiquated [18\\-pounders](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_18_pounder \"Ordnance QF 18 pounder\") and [4\\.5\\-inch howitzers](/wiki/QF_4.5-inch_howitzer \"QF 4.5-inch howitzer\"). These were replaced in July with twenty\\-four [25\\-pounders](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder \"Ordnance QF 25 pounder\") when the regiment moved to [Mersa Matruh](/wiki/Mersa_Matruh \"Mersa Matruh\"), which it employed against German and Italian forces in defence of the garrison at [Tobruk](/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk \"Siege of Tobruk\") and then later around Halfaya Pass–Sidi Barrani before being withdrawn back to [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\"), in [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\"), where they undertook a training role from October 1941 to early 1942\\. During this time the regiment trained reinforcements for British and Commonwealth artillery units in the theatre and undertook daily shoots on the Almaza firing range.{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=96}}.",
"[left\\|thumb\\|One of the regiment's 25\\-pounders firing at Almaza, January 1942](/wiki/File:AWM_023080_2_7th_Field_Regiment_Cairo_1942.jpg \"AWM 023080 2 7th Field Regiment Cairo 1942.jpg\")",
"A move to [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\") followed in February and for a while the regiment was based around [Tripoli](/wiki/Tripoli%2C_Libya \"Tripoli, Libya\") and then [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo \"Aleppo\") where they were assigned to support the [20th Brigade](/wiki/20th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 \"20th Brigade (Australia)\") as they undertook garrison duties following the successful Allied campaign against the [Vichy French](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\") government.{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=97}}. The regiment remained there until the middle part of 1942 when the regiment was committed to both the [First](/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein \"First Battle of El Alamein\") and [Second Battles of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein \"Second Battle of El Alamein\").{{sfn\\|Horner\\|1995\\|pp\\=323–329}} During this time, the regiment fired 157,847 shells of all types, including smoke, and suffered 36 killed and 73 wounded.{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=105}}.",
"In early 1943, the regiment was withdrawn back to Australia along with the rest of the 9th Division as the Australian Army's focus shifted towards fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific. Embarking upon the Dutch troopship [*Nieuw Amsterdam*](/wiki/SS_Nieuw_Amsterdam_%281937%29 \"SS Nieuw Amsterdam (1937)\"), on 18 February the men from the 14th Battery were landed in Fremantle for leave, while the rest of the regiment continued on to [Port Melbourne](/wiki/Port_Melbourne \"Port Melbourne\") where they were transferred to a train on 25 February and moved by rail to [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide \"Adelaide\") for three weeks of leave.",
"Upon completion of this leave, the regiment was reconstituted on the [Atherton Tablelands](/wiki/Atherton_Tablelands \"Atherton Tablelands\") in [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\"), along with the rest of the 9th Division. In July 1943, Lieutenant Colonel William Green took over command of the regiment and as the 9th Division was [re\\-organised and re\\-equipped to take part in jungle warfare](/wiki/Jungle_division \"Jungle division\"), the regiment was reformed on a reduced equipment scale. Two batteries – the 13th and 57th continued to operate the standard 25\\-pounders, while the 14th was re\\-equipped with the [Short version](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short \"Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short\").{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=108}}. Training progressed well, but in September 1943, when the division left to take part in the [Landing at Lae](/wiki/Landing_at_Lae \"Landing at Lae\") and the [Huon Peninsula campaign](/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_campaign \"Huon Peninsula campaign\"), the 2/7th remained in the Australia. This was because it had deemed by Australian planners that artillery only had a limited role to play in jungle warfare and, consequently, when the 9th Division deployed it only took one field regiment with it: the [2/12th](/wiki/2/12th_Field_Regiment_%28Australia%29 \"2/12th Field Regiment (Australia)\").{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|pp\\=105–106}}.",
"As a result, the regiment spent a total of 22 months out of action on the Atherton Tablelands and it was not until late in the war, in mid\\-1945, that it was deployed on operations again. When it came, it was under [Operation Oboe](/wiki/Operation_Oboe \"Operation Oboe\"), which saw them once again fire in support of the 9th Division. Assigned to the [26th Brigade](/wiki/26th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 \"26th Brigade (Australia)\") which was to [capture Tarakan](/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_%281945%29 \"Battle of Tarakan (1945)\"), in April 1945 the regiment was moved to [Morotai Island](/wiki/Morotai_Island \"Morotai Island\").{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=106}}. The day before the main landing at Lingkas on 1 May, the 57th Battery landed on Sadau Island, where they established themselves to fire on Lingkas to provide cover for engineers that were tasked with clearing the beach obstacles.{{harvnb\\|Long\\|1963\\|p\\=410}}. For the operation, the regiment was equipped with twenty\\-four 25\\-pounder field guns.{{sfn\\|Horner\\|1995\\|p\\=412}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Guns from the 2/7th Field Regiment fire along with Matilda tanks from the [2/9th Armoured Regiment](/wiki/2/9th_Armoured_Regiment_%28Australia%29 \"2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\") at \"HMAS *Margy*\", Tarakan, June 1945](/wiki/File:AWM_108885_2_7th_Field_Regiment_and_2_9th_Armoured_Regiment_Tarakan_June_1945.jpg \"AWM 108885 2 7th Field Regiment and 2 9th Armoured Regiment Tarakan June 1945.jpg\")",
"The following morning the battery fired in direct support of the seaborne assault; it was the first time ever that a unit of the [Royal Australian Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery \"Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery\") was ever employed in such a role. Once the beachhead was established amidst some confusion caused by muddy conditions and congestion, both the 13th and 14th Batteries came ashore and by 4:00 pm on the first day, they were both in action, while the 57th was also moved to Tarakan from Sadau late in the day.{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|pp\\=108–109}}. Small parties from the 2/7th also took over control of naval gunfire support after the naval shore fire control parties were withdrawn at the end of the first month.{{sfn\\|Horner\\|1995\\|pp\\=412–413}}",
"Over the next three months they would fire over 37,000 rounds in support of the 26th Brigade's three infantry battalions; this included rounds from a captured Japanese 75 mm mountain gun. The regiment also provided fire control for a 3\\.7\\-inch anti\\-aircraft gun from the 132nd Anti\\-Aircraft Battery that was employed to clear areas of thick jungle and which was co\\-located with the regiment's guns in a position that came to be known as \"HMAS *Margy*\".{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=110}}. In order to maintain ammunition supplies, the regiment was resupplied by air from Morotai, while the captured Japanese gun was resupplied as rounds were found by the advancing troops. In total 851 rounds were fired from this gun.{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|pp\\=110–111}}. In order to ensure accuracy in the dense jungle, forward observers were detached forward with infantry patrols and even sent aloft on board small observation aircraft.{{harvnb\\|Long\\|1963\\|p\\=451}}. The regiment's casualties during this time amounted to seven killed and 27 wounded.{{harvnb\\|Rungie\\|1986\\|p\\=111}}.",
"Following the conclusion of hostilities in August 1945, the regiment remained on Tarakan as the [demobilisation process](/wiki/Demobilisation_of_the_Australian_military_after_World_War_II \"Demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II\"), which had begun in early July,{{harvnb\\|Long\\|1963\\|p\\=450}}. was ramped up. Slowly the regiment's size declined and by 30 November 28 officers and 324 other ranks had been repatriated to Australia. The following month the regiment turned in its guns and the last of its personnel left Tarakan on board *Stanford Victory*. The regiment was finally disbanded on 30 January 1946\\. During the course of its service, the 2/7th lost 45 men killed in action or died on active service. The following decorations were awarded: three [Distinguished Service Orders](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\"), one [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross \"Military Cross\"), four [Military Medals](/wiki/Military_Medal \"Military Medal\") and two [Mentions in Despatches](/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches \"Mentioned in Despatches\").",
""
] |
Format
------
The competition is an annual [knockout](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament "Single-elimination tournament") tournament.
In the first round proper, two pots are made, the first pot with [Divizia A](/wiki/Divizia_A "Divizia A") teams and other teams till 16 and the second pot with the rest of teams qualified in this phase. First\-pot teams will play [away](/wiki/Road_%28sports%29 "Road (sports)"). Each tie is played as a single leg.
In the first round proper, if a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in [extra time](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)"), and if the score is still tied after 120 minutes, the team from the lower league will qualify.
In the rest of the rounds, if a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in extra time, and if the score is still tied after 120 minutes, the team who plays away will qualify.
In case the teams are from same city, a [replay](/wiki/Replay_%28sports%29 "Replay (sports)") will be played.
In case the teams play in the final, a replay will be played.
From the first edition, the teams from Divizia A entered in competition in sixteen finals, rule which remained till today.
{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ripensia\-sport\-magazin.ro/istoria\-fotbalului/lista\-tuturor\-finalelor\-cupei\-romaniei/\|title \= Lista tuturor finalelor Cupei României\|date \= 17 May 2016}}
|
[
"Format\n------",
"The competition is an annual [knockout](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament \"Single-elimination tournament\") tournament.",
"In the first round proper, two pots are made, the first pot with [Divizia A](/wiki/Divizia_A \"Divizia A\") teams and other teams till 16 and the second pot with the rest of teams qualified in this phase. First\\-pot teams will play [away](/wiki/Road_%28sports%29 \"Road (sports)\"). Each tie is played as a single leg.",
"In the first round proper, if a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in [extra time](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\"), and if the score is still tied after 120 minutes, the team from the lower league will qualify.",
"In the rest of the rounds, if a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in extra time, and if the score is still tied after 120 minutes, the team who plays away will qualify.",
"In case the teams are from same city, a [replay](/wiki/Replay_%28sports%29 \"Replay (sports)\") will be played.",
"In case the teams play in the final, a replay will be played.",
"From the first edition, the teams from Divizia A entered in competition in sixteen finals, rule which remained till today.",
"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ripensia\\-sport\\-magazin.ro/istoria\\-fotbalului/lista\\-tuturor\\-finalelor\\-cupei\\-romaniei/\\|title \\= Lista tuturor finalelor Cupei României\\|date \\= 17 May 2016}}",
""
] |
The Dutch Rating System
-----------------------
Prior to 1632, the Dutch did not have a system of categorising vessels beyond a simple functional division into "ships", "frigates" and lesser ship\-rigged "three\-mast yachts".Frank Fox, *The Four Days' Battle of 1666*. On 11 March 1632, the Dutch government approved three standard designs (which they termed "charters") to which all new warships should be built. These set the requirement for low\-built ships without castles, an uninterrupted deck, slim hulls and light construction; the three designs were of 100 (Amsterdam) feet, 120 feet and 128 feet length (measured on the uppermost continuous deck) respectively, and future charter divisions retained this classification by length rather than by tonnage or number of guns (as used by England and France). However, later in the 17th century, the Dutch moved towards using a Rating system similar (but not identical) to the English or French system, while retaining the terminology of "Charters" well into the 18th century. To provide flagships for the battlefleet, two two\-decked ships were built in this period, both at Rotterdam for the Admiralty of the Maas \- the *Aemilia* of 1632 and the *Brederode* of 1644; each was 144 (Amsterdam) feet in length and 35 feet in breadth.
The system coincided with the English categories of 1st to 4th Rates, i.e. they comprised the battlefleet units. In 1652 the Dutch \- under pressure from their naval commander [Maarten Tromp](/wiki/Maarten_Tromp "Maarten Tromp") to build larger ships to combat the English \- revised this rating system which was still based on a series of *Charters*, initially grading the battlefleet units by length of ship with classes of 130 [(Amsterdam) feet](/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement "Dutch units of measurement"), 136 feet and 140 feet; this was at a time when the largest ship in the Dutch navies measured 134 feet in length. Subsequently, having won the [Battle of Dungeness](/wiki/Battle_of_Dungeness "Battle of Dungeness") in November 1652, Tromp persuaded the [Staten\-Generaal](/wiki/Staten-Generaal "Staten-Generaal") to add a further class of 150 feet ships as the "1st Charter", although only two of this length were built initially \- the *Eendracht* and *Groot Hollandia*, both launched at Rotterdam for the Admiralty of the Maas in 1653 and 1654 respectively with 58 guns each.
Between 1652 and 1680 the "Charters" underwent drastic revision, but it was still more appropriate to classify ships of the line during this era by their (gundeck) length than by the number of guns carried. The lengths remained the basis of the Charters. By 1680, following the end of the later Anglo\-Dutch Wars, the Staten\-Generaal divided the warships of the five Admiralties into eight *charters*. The first four charters comprised the battlefleet, while the next three (5th to 7th Charters) covered frigates down to 20 guns, and the 8th Charter included smaller cruising warships.
The 1st Charter comprised the largest two\-deckers before 1680, together with 'partial' three\-deckers (i.e. ships with only a partial battery on the third deck, without any guns in the waist), then subsequently covered the full three\-deckers (for which see note below). These were ships carrying more than 70 guns, although this had risen to about 80 guns by 1670 and by 1680 to encompass ships of 90 guns or more. They generally (but not always) carried a mix of 36\-pounder and 24\-pounder guns on their primary (lower) gun deck, with lighter cannon (18\-pounders and 12\-pounders) on the upper deck and 6\-pounders on their quarterdecks.
The other battlefleet Charters were all two\-decked warships. By the 1670s the 2nd Charter were all two\-decker warships with a number of guns initially around 60 to 74, although by 1680 the 60\-gun and 64\-gun ships had been relegated to the 3rd Charter. They usually carried 18\-pounders (or a mixture of 24\-pounders and 18\-pounders) on the lower deck. The 3rd and 4th Charter ships usually carried 18\-pounders or 12\-pounders as their main battery. The 4th Charter ships by 1680 carried between 44 and 56 guns; by 1714 a minimum of 50 guns applied.
|
[
"The Dutch Rating System\n-----------------------",
"Prior to 1632, the Dutch did not have a system of categorising vessels beyond a simple functional division into \"ships\", \"frigates\" and lesser ship\\-rigged \"three\\-mast yachts\".Frank Fox, *The Four Days' Battle of 1666*. On 11 March 1632, the Dutch government approved three standard designs (which they termed \"charters\") to which all new warships should be built. These set the requirement for low\\-built ships without castles, an uninterrupted deck, slim hulls and light construction; the three designs were of 100 (Amsterdam) feet, 120 feet and 128 feet length (measured on the uppermost continuous deck) respectively, and future charter divisions retained this classification by length rather than by tonnage or number of guns (as used by England and France). However, later in the 17th century, the Dutch moved towards using a Rating system similar (but not identical) to the English or French system, while retaining the terminology of \"Charters\" well into the 18th century. To provide flagships for the battlefleet, two two\\-decked ships were built in this period, both at Rotterdam for the Admiralty of the Maas \\- the *Aemilia* of 1632 and the *Brederode* of 1644; each was 144 (Amsterdam) feet in length and 35 feet in breadth.",
"The system coincided with the English categories of 1st to 4th Rates, i.e. they comprised the battlefleet units. In 1652 the Dutch \\- under pressure from their naval commander [Maarten Tromp](/wiki/Maarten_Tromp \"Maarten Tromp\") to build larger ships to combat the English \\- revised this rating system which was still based on a series of *Charters*, initially grading the battlefleet units by length of ship with classes of 130 [(Amsterdam) feet](/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement \"Dutch units of measurement\"), 136 feet and 140 feet; this was at a time when the largest ship in the Dutch navies measured 134 feet in length. Subsequently, having won the [Battle of Dungeness](/wiki/Battle_of_Dungeness \"Battle of Dungeness\") in November 1652, Tromp persuaded the [Staten\\-Generaal](/wiki/Staten-Generaal \"Staten-Generaal\") to add a further class of 150 feet ships as the \"1st Charter\", although only two of this length were built initially \\- the *Eendracht* and *Groot Hollandia*, both launched at Rotterdam for the Admiralty of the Maas in 1653 and 1654 respectively with 58 guns each.",
"Between 1652 and 1680 the \"Charters\" underwent drastic revision, but it was still more appropriate to classify ships of the line during this era by their (gundeck) length than by the number of guns carried. The lengths remained the basis of the Charters. By 1680, following the end of the later Anglo\\-Dutch Wars, the Staten\\-Generaal divided the warships of the five Admiralties into eight *charters*. The first four charters comprised the battlefleet, while the next three (5th to 7th Charters) covered frigates down to 20 guns, and the 8th Charter included smaller cruising warships.",
"The 1st Charter comprised the largest two\\-deckers before 1680, together with 'partial' three\\-deckers (i.e. ships with only a partial battery on the third deck, without any guns in the waist), then subsequently covered the full three\\-deckers (for which see note below). These were ships carrying more than 70 guns, although this had risen to about 80 guns by 1670 and by 1680 to encompass ships of 90 guns or more. They generally (but not always) carried a mix of 36\\-pounder and 24\\-pounder guns on their primary (lower) gun deck, with lighter cannon (18\\-pounders and 12\\-pounders) on the upper deck and 6\\-pounders on their quarterdecks.",
"The other battlefleet Charters were all two\\-decked warships. By the 1670s the 2nd Charter were all two\\-decker warships with a number of guns initially around 60 to 74, although by 1680 the 60\\-gun and 64\\-gun ships had been relegated to the 3rd Charter. They usually carried 18\\-pounders (or a mixture of 24\\-pounders and 18\\-pounders) on the lower deck. The 3rd and 4th Charter ships usually carried 18\\-pounders or 12\\-pounders as their main battery. The 4th Charter ships by 1680 carried between 44 and 56 guns; by 1714 a minimum of 50 guns applied.",
""
] |
Ships of the Dutch Navies 1771 to 1795
--------------------------------------
In the period of higher international tension, culminating in the Fourth Anglo\-Dutch War, a massive effort to renew the Dutch navies was undertaken. No three\-deckers were built, hence no "1st Charter" is listed. This period continues until the French occupation of December 1794 to February 1795, following which the five separate Admiralties were replaced on 27 February 1795 by a single committee dealing with all navy affairs. The list below is continued beyond 1795 to include other ships originally ordered for the United Netherlands but subsequently brought into service for the (French dominated) Batavian Republic.
### 2nd Charter
The ships of the 2nd Charter each carried 74 guns. In general, they measured 179 (Amsterdam) feet on the upper deck (equivalent to 166 ft on the upper deck (equivalent to 166 ft 2 in in British units of measurement), with a breadth of 49 Amsterdam feet (45{{frac\|1\|2}} British feet) and a depth in hold of 20 Amsterdam feet (18{{frac\|1\|2}} British feet).
* (A) [*Neptunus*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Neptunus_%281782%29 "Dutch ship Neptunus (1782)") 74 guns (1782\) \- condemned 1794
* (A) [*Jupiter*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Jupiter_%281782%29 "Dutch ship Jupiter (1782)") 74 guns (1782\) \- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown "Battle of Camperdown") on 11 October 1797 and became HMS *Camperdown*
* (F) [*Stad en Lande*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Stad_en_Lande_%281782%29 "Dutch ship Stad en Lande (1782)") 74 guns (1782\) \- broken up 1792
* (F) [*Friesland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Friesland_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Friesland (1783)") 74 guns (1783\) \- broken up 1792
* (N) [*Zeven Provinciën*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Zeven_Provincien_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Zeven Provincien (1783)") 74 guns (1783\) \- sold to be broken up 1794
* (A) [*Vrijheid*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Vrijheid "Dutch ship Vrijheid") 74 guns (1783\) \- captured by the British at the Battle of Camperdown on 11 October 1797
* (A) [*Prins Maurits*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Prins_Maurits_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Prins Maurits (1783)") 74 guns (1783\) \- captured in 1797
* (M) [*Willem de Eerste*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Willem_de_Eerste "Dutch ship Willem de Eerste") 74 guns (1785\) \- renamed *Brutus* in 1795 by the Batavian Republic, then *Noord Brabant* in 1806 under French control; sold to be broken up in 1820
* (M) [*Staaten Generaal*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Staaten_Generaal "Dutch ship Staaten Generaal") 74 guns (1788\) \- renamed *Bato* in 1798 by the Batavian Republic \- run ashore and burnt at Simon's Bay on 10 January 1806 to avoid capture by the British
Note a further 74\-gun ship begun at Amsterdam in 1795 (and thus not for the pre\-1795 United Provinces) was launched on 9 August 1796 for the Batavian Republic as [*Washington*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Washington_%281796%29 "Dutch ship Washington (1796)") – captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 28 August 1799 and became HMS *Princess of Orange*.
### 3rd Charter
The ships of the 3rd Charter each carried between 64 and 68 guns. In general, they measured between 167 and 168 (Amsterdam) feet on the upper deck (equivalent to 155 ft to 156 ft in British units of measurement), with a breadth of 46{{frac\|3\|4}} to 47 Amsterdam feet (about 42 ft 10 in to 43 ft 7 in British feet) and a depth in hold of 19 Amsterdam feet (17{{frac\|1\|2}} British feet).
* ***Prins Frederik* Class**, measuring 167 ft x {{frac\|46\|3\|11}} ft.
+ (M) [*Prins Frederik*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Prins_Frederik_%281779%29 "Dutch ship Prins Frederik (1779)") 68 guns (1777 at Zwindrecht) \- renamed *Revolutie* in 1796 by the Batavian Republic, captured in Saldanha Bay 17 August 1796 by the British
+ (M) [*Hercules*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Hercules "Dutch ship Hercules") 66 guns (1781\) \- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown "Battle of Camperdown") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797, becoming HMS *Delft*.
+ (M) [*Kortenaer*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Kortenaer_%281781%29 "Dutch ship Kortenaer (1781)") 64 guns (1781\) \- broken up 1794
+ (M) [*Wassenaer*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Wassenaer_%281781%29 "Dutch ship Wassenaer (1781)") 68 guns (1781 at Zwindrecht) \- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown "Battle of Camperdown") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797
+ (M) [*Prins Willem*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Prins_Willem_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Prins Willem (1783)") 64 guns (1783\) \- broken up 1795
+ (M) [*Dordrecht*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Dordrecht_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Dordrecht (1783)") 68 guns (1783 at Dort) \- captured by the British in Saldanha Bay on 17 August 1796
+ (M) [*Rotterdam*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Rotterdam_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Rotterdam (1783)") 68 guns (1783\) \- sold 1799
* ***De Ruyter* Class**, measuring 167{{frac\|1\|2}}ft x {{frac\|46\|9\|11}} ft.
+ (A) [*Admiraal de Ruyter*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Admiraal_de_Ruiter_%281778%29 "Dutch ship Admiraal de Ruiter (1778)") 68 guns (1778\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799
+ (A) [*Gelderland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Gelderland_%281781%29 "Dutch ship Gelderland (1781)") 68 guns (1781\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799
+ (A) [*Utrecht*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Utrecht_%281781%29 "Dutch ship Utrecht (1781)") 68 guns (1781\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799
+ (A) [*Unie*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Unie_%281781%29 "Dutch ship Unie (1781)") 68 guns (1781\) \- capsized and sank with all (450\) hands on 19 October 1782\.
+ (A) [*Holland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Holland_%281782%29 "Dutch ship Holland (1782)") 68 guns (1782\) \- wrecked 1786
+ (A) [*Drente*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Drente_%281782%29 "Dutch ship Drente (1782)") 68 guns (1782\) \- sold to be broken up in 1794
+ (A) [*Overijssel*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Overijssel_%281782%29 "Dutch ship Overijssel (1782)") 68 guns (1782\) \- wrecked in 1786
* (F) [*Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes de Vries*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Admiraal_Tjerk_Hiddes_De_Vries "Dutch ship Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes De Vries") 68 guns (1782\) \- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown "Battle of Camperdown") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797
* (N) [*Hoop*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Hoop_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Hoop (1783)") 64 guns (1783\) \- broken up 1794
* (N) [*Westfriesland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Westfriesland_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Westfriesland (1783)") 64 guns (1783\) \- broken up 1795
* (N) [*Hersteller*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Hersteller_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Hersteller (1783)") 68 guns (1783\) \- broken up 1795
* (N) [*Noord Holland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Noord_Holland_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Noord Holland (1783)") 68 guns (1783\) \- sold to be broken up 1795
* (F) [*Oostergo*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Oostergo_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Oostergo (1783)") 68 guns (1783\) \- not mentioned after 1794
* (F) [*Westergo*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Westergo_%281784%29 "Dutch ship Westergo (1784)") 68 guns (1784\) \- condemned 1795
* (Z) [*Zeeland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Zeeland_%281784%29 "Dutch ship Zeeland (1784)") 68 guns (1784\) \- captured by the British at Plymouth on 4 March 1796
* (F) [*Zevenwolden*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Zevenwolden_%281784%29 "Dutch ship Zevenwolden (1784)") 68 guns (1784\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799
* (N) [*Verwagting*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Verwagting_%281784%29 "Dutch ship Verwagting (1784)") 68 guns (1784\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799, but not added to the British Navy
* (A) [*Cerberus*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Cerberus_%281784%29 "Dutch ship Cerberus (1784)") 68 guns (1784\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799
* (A) [*Haarlem*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Haarlem_%281785%29 "Dutch ship Haarlem (1785)") 68 guns (1785\) \- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown "Battle of Camperdown") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797
* (A) [*Leiden*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Leiden_%281786%29 "Dutch ship Leiden (1786)") 68 guns (1786\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799
* ***Pluto* Class**, measuring 167{{frac\|1\|2}}ft x {{frac\|46\|3\|11}} ft.
+ (N) [*Pluto*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Pluto_%281786%29 "Dutch ship Pluto (1786)") 68 guns (1786\) \- sold to be broken up 1797\.
+ (N) [*Pieter Florisz*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Pieter_Plorisz_%281788%29 "Dutch ship Pieter Plorisz (1788)") 68 guns (1788\) \- broken up 1795\.
+ (A) [*Prins Frederik Willem*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Gelijkheid "Dutch ship Gelijkheid") 68 guns (1788\) \- renamed *Gelikheid* in 1795 by the Batavian Republic, captured by the British on 11 October 1797\.
* (A) [*Overijssel*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Overijssel_%281794%29 "Dutch ship Overijssel (1794)") 64 guns (former Spanish *San Felipe Apostol*, purchased from Spain in July 1794\) \- captured by the British HMS *Polyphemus* at Queenstown on 22 October 1795\.
### 4th Charter
The ships of the 4th Charter each carried from 50 to 56 guns. In general, they chiefly between 154 and 156 (Amsterdam) feet on the upper deck (equivalent to between 143 ft and 144 ft 10 in in British units of measurement. However, the larger *Brakel* and *Tromp* measured about 160 (Amsterdam) feet on the upper deck (equivalent to 148 ft 7 in in British units of measurement), with a breadth of about 45 Amsterdam feet (41{{frac\|3\|4}} British feet) and a depth in hold of 20 Amsterdam feet (18{{frac\|1\|2}} British feet).
* *Admiraal Piet Hein* Class. Measuring 154 ft x 43 ft 9 in.
+ (A) [*Admiraal Piet Hein*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Admiraal_Piet_Hein_%281774%29 "Dutch ship Admiraal Piet Hein (1774)"). 54 guns (1774\) \- sold to be broken up in 1799
+ (M) [*Admiraal Maarten Harpentzoon Tromp*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Tromp_%281777%29 "Dutch ship Tromp (1777)"). 54 guns (Zwindrecht, 1777\) \- captured by the British in Saldanha Bay on 17 August 1796
+ (A) [*Batavier*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Batavier_%281779%29 "Dutch ship Batavier (1779)"). 54 guns (Amsterdam, 1779\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799
+ (Z) [*Goes*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Goes_%281781%29 "Dutch ship Goes (1781)"). 54 guns (1781\) \- broken up 1797
* (F) [*Prinses Frederika Louisa Wilhelmina*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Prinses_Frederika_Louisa_Wilhelmina_%281779%29 "Dutch ship Prinses Frederika Louisa Wilhelmina (1779)") 54 guns (1779\) \- wrecked 1781
* *Delft* Class. Measuring 160 ft x 45 ft.
+ (M) [*Delft*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Delft_%281783%29 "Dutch ship Delft (1783)") 54 guns (Zwindrecht, 1782\) \- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown "Battle of Camperdown") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797, but foundered on route to England.
+ (M) [*Brakel*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Brakel_%281782%29 "Dutch ship Brakel (1782)") 56 guns (Zwindrecht, 1782\) \- captured by the British at Plymouth on 4 March 1796\.
* *Alkmar* Class. Measuring 154{{frac\|1\|2}} ft x 43 ft.
+ (N) [*Alkmaar*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Alkmaar_%281782%29 "Dutch ship Alkmaar (1782)") 50 guns (Enkhuizen, 1783\) \- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown "Battle of Camperdown") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797\.
+ (N) [*Beschermer*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Beschermer_%281784%29 "Dutch ship Beschermer (1784)") 50 guns (Enkhuizen, 1784\) \- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\.
### 5th Charter
Although no longer considered ships of the line, these two\-decked small ships were still classed as 4th Rates by the Dutch.
* (A) *Hector*. (Amsterdam, 1784\). Measured 145 ft x 51 ft. Captured 28 August 1799 by Mitchell's squadron in the Vlieter, renamed HMS *Pandour* and used as troopship, later floating battery until 1805\.
* (A) *Unie*. (1795\) Former VOC ship, taken into Dutch naval service 1795, captured 28 August 1799 by Mitchell's squadron in the Vlieter, renamed HMS *Drochterland* and used as receiving ship at Sheerness until taken to pieces 1815\.
|
[
"Ships of the Dutch Navies 1771 to 1795\n--------------------------------------",
"In the period of higher international tension, culminating in the Fourth Anglo\\-Dutch War, a massive effort to renew the Dutch navies was undertaken. No three\\-deckers were built, hence no \"1st Charter\" is listed. This period continues until the French occupation of December 1794 to February 1795, following which the five separate Admiralties were replaced on 27 February 1795 by a single committee dealing with all navy affairs. The list below is continued beyond 1795 to include other ships originally ordered for the United Netherlands but subsequently brought into service for the (French dominated) Batavian Republic.",
"### 2nd Charter",
"The ships of the 2nd Charter each carried 74 guns. In general, they measured 179 (Amsterdam) feet on the upper deck (equivalent to 166 ft on the upper deck (equivalent to 166 ft 2 in in British units of measurement), with a breadth of 49 Amsterdam feet (45{{frac\\|1\\|2}} British feet) and a depth in hold of 20 Amsterdam feet (18{{frac\\|1\\|2}} British feet).\n* (A) [*Neptunus*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Neptunus_%281782%29 \"Dutch ship Neptunus (1782)\") 74 guns (1782\\) \\- condemned 1794\n* (A) [*Jupiter*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Jupiter_%281782%29 \"Dutch ship Jupiter (1782)\") 74 guns (1782\\) \\- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown \"Battle of Camperdown\") on 11 October 1797 and became HMS *Camperdown*\n* (F) [*Stad en Lande*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Stad_en_Lande_%281782%29 \"Dutch ship Stad en Lande (1782)\") 74 guns (1782\\) \\- broken up 1792\n* (F) [*Friesland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Friesland_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Friesland (1783)\") 74 guns (1783\\) \\- broken up 1792\n* (N) [*Zeven Provinciën*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Zeven_Provincien_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Zeven Provincien (1783)\") 74 guns (1783\\) \\- sold to be broken up 1794\n* (A) [*Vrijheid*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Vrijheid \"Dutch ship Vrijheid\") 74 guns (1783\\) \\- captured by the British at the Battle of Camperdown on 11 October 1797\n* (A) [*Prins Maurits*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Prins_Maurits_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Prins Maurits (1783)\") 74 guns (1783\\) \\- captured in 1797\n* (M) [*Willem de Eerste*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Willem_de_Eerste \"Dutch ship Willem de Eerste\") 74 guns (1785\\) \\- renamed *Brutus* in 1795 by the Batavian Republic, then *Noord Brabant* in 1806 under French control; sold to be broken up in 1820\n* (M) [*Staaten Generaal*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Staaten_Generaal \"Dutch ship Staaten Generaal\") 74 guns (1788\\) \\- renamed *Bato* in 1798 by the Batavian Republic \\- run ashore and burnt at Simon's Bay on 10 January 1806 to avoid capture by the British",
"Note a further 74\\-gun ship begun at Amsterdam in 1795 (and thus not for the pre\\-1795 United Provinces) was launched on 9 August 1796 for the Batavian Republic as [*Washington*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Washington_%281796%29 \"Dutch ship Washington (1796)\") – captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 28 August 1799 and became HMS *Princess of Orange*.",
"### 3rd Charter",
"The ships of the 3rd Charter each carried between 64 and 68 guns. In general, they measured between 167 and 168 (Amsterdam) feet on the upper deck (equivalent to 155 ft to 156 ft in British units of measurement), with a breadth of 46{{frac\\|3\\|4}} to 47 Amsterdam feet (about 42 ft 10 in to 43 ft 7 in British feet) and a depth in hold of 19 Amsterdam feet (17{{frac\\|1\\|2}} British feet).\n* ***Prins Frederik* Class**, measuring 167 ft x {{frac\\|46\\|3\\|11}} ft.\n\t+ (M) [*Prins Frederik*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Prins_Frederik_%281779%29 \"Dutch ship Prins Frederik (1779)\") 68 guns (1777 at Zwindrecht) \\- renamed *Revolutie* in 1796 by the Batavian Republic, captured in Saldanha Bay 17 August 1796 by the British\n\t+ (M) [*Hercules*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Hercules \"Dutch ship Hercules\") 66 guns (1781\\) \\- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown \"Battle of Camperdown\") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797, becoming HMS *Delft*.\n\t+ (M) [*Kortenaer*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Kortenaer_%281781%29 \"Dutch ship Kortenaer (1781)\") 64 guns (1781\\) \\- broken up 1794\n\t+ (M) [*Wassenaer*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Wassenaer_%281781%29 \"Dutch ship Wassenaer (1781)\") 68 guns (1781 at Zwindrecht) \\- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown \"Battle of Camperdown\") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797\n\t+ (M) [*Prins Willem*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Prins_Willem_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Prins Willem (1783)\") 64 guns (1783\\) \\- broken up 1795\n\t+ (M) [*Dordrecht*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Dordrecht_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Dordrecht (1783)\") 68 guns (1783 at Dort) \\- captured by the British in Saldanha Bay on 17 August 1796\n\t+ (M) [*Rotterdam*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Rotterdam_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Rotterdam (1783)\") 68 guns (1783\\) \\- sold 1799\n* ***De Ruyter* Class**, measuring 167{{frac\\|1\\|2}}ft x {{frac\\|46\\|9\\|11}} ft.\n\t+ (A) [*Admiraal de Ruyter*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Admiraal_de_Ruiter_%281778%29 \"Dutch ship Admiraal de Ruiter (1778)\") 68 guns (1778\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\n\t+ (A) [*Gelderland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Gelderland_%281781%29 \"Dutch ship Gelderland (1781)\") 68 guns (1781\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\n\t+ (A) [*Utrecht*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Utrecht_%281781%29 \"Dutch ship Utrecht (1781)\") 68 guns (1781\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\n\t+ (A) [*Unie*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Unie_%281781%29 \"Dutch ship Unie (1781)\") 68 guns (1781\\) \\- capsized and sank with all (450\\) hands on 19 October 1782\\.\n\t+ (A) [*Holland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Holland_%281782%29 \"Dutch ship Holland (1782)\") 68 guns (1782\\) \\- wrecked 1786\n\t+ (A) [*Drente*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Drente_%281782%29 \"Dutch ship Drente (1782)\") 68 guns (1782\\) \\- sold to be broken up in 1794\n\t+ (A) [*Overijssel*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Overijssel_%281782%29 \"Dutch ship Overijssel (1782)\") 68 guns (1782\\) \\- wrecked in 1786\n* (F) [*Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes de Vries*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Admiraal_Tjerk_Hiddes_De_Vries \"Dutch ship Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes De Vries\") 68 guns (1782\\) \\- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown \"Battle of Camperdown\") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797\n* (N) [*Hoop*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Hoop_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Hoop (1783)\") 64 guns (1783\\) \\- broken up 1794\n* (N) [*Westfriesland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Westfriesland_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Westfriesland (1783)\") 64 guns (1783\\) \\- broken up 1795\n* (N) [*Hersteller*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Hersteller_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Hersteller (1783)\") 68 guns (1783\\) \\- broken up 1795\n* (N) [*Noord Holland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Noord_Holland_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Noord Holland (1783)\") 68 guns (1783\\) \\- sold to be broken up 1795\n* (F) [*Oostergo*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Oostergo_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Oostergo (1783)\") 68 guns (1783\\) \\- not mentioned after 1794\n* (F) [*Westergo*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Westergo_%281784%29 \"Dutch ship Westergo (1784)\") 68 guns (1784\\) \\- condemned 1795\n* (Z) [*Zeeland*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Zeeland_%281784%29 \"Dutch ship Zeeland (1784)\") 68 guns (1784\\) \\- captured by the British at Plymouth on 4 March 1796\n* (F) [*Zevenwolden*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Zevenwolden_%281784%29 \"Dutch ship Zevenwolden (1784)\") 68 guns (1784\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\n* (N) [*Verwagting*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Verwagting_%281784%29 \"Dutch ship Verwagting (1784)\") 68 guns (1784\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799, but not added to the British Navy\n* (A) [*Cerberus*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Cerberus_%281784%29 \"Dutch ship Cerberus (1784)\") 68 guns (1784\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\n* (A) [*Haarlem*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Haarlem_%281785%29 \"Dutch ship Haarlem (1785)\") 68 guns (1785\\) \\- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown \"Battle of Camperdown\") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797\n* (A) [*Leiden*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Leiden_%281786%29 \"Dutch ship Leiden (1786)\") 68 guns (1786\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\n* ***Pluto* Class**, measuring 167{{frac\\|1\\|2}}ft x {{frac\\|46\\|3\\|11}} ft.\n\t+ (N) [*Pluto*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Pluto_%281786%29 \"Dutch ship Pluto (1786)\") 68 guns (1786\\) \\- sold to be broken up 1797\\.\n\t+ (N) [*Pieter Florisz*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Pieter_Plorisz_%281788%29 \"Dutch ship Pieter Plorisz (1788)\") 68 guns (1788\\) \\- broken up 1795\\.\n\t+ (A) [*Prins Frederik Willem*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Gelijkheid \"Dutch ship Gelijkheid\") 68 guns (1788\\) \\- renamed *Gelikheid* in 1795 by the Batavian Republic, captured by the British on 11 October 1797\\.\n* (A) [*Overijssel*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Overijssel_%281794%29 \"Dutch ship Overijssel (1794)\") 64 guns (former Spanish *San Felipe Apostol*, purchased from Spain in July 1794\\) \\- captured by the British HMS *Polyphemus* at Queenstown on 22 October 1795\\.",
"### 4th Charter",
"The ships of the 4th Charter each carried from 50 to 56 guns. In general, they chiefly between 154 and 156 (Amsterdam) feet on the upper deck (equivalent to between 143 ft and 144 ft 10 in in British units of measurement. However, the larger *Brakel* and *Tromp* measured about 160 (Amsterdam) feet on the upper deck (equivalent to 148 ft 7 in in British units of measurement), with a breadth of about 45 Amsterdam feet (41{{frac\\|3\\|4}} British feet) and a depth in hold of 20 Amsterdam feet (18{{frac\\|1\\|2}} British feet).\n* *Admiraal Piet Hein* Class. Measuring 154 ft x 43 ft 9 in.\n\t+ (A) [*Admiraal Piet Hein*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Admiraal_Piet_Hein_%281774%29 \"Dutch ship Admiraal Piet Hein (1774)\"). 54 guns (1774\\) \\- sold to be broken up in 1799\n\t+ (M) [*Admiraal Maarten Harpentzoon Tromp*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Tromp_%281777%29 \"Dutch ship Tromp (1777)\"). 54 guns (Zwindrecht, 1777\\) \\- captured by the British in Saldanha Bay on 17 August 1796\n\t+ (A) [*Batavier*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Batavier_%281779%29 \"Dutch ship Batavier (1779)\"). 54 guns (Amsterdam, 1779\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\n\t+ (Z) [*Goes*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Goes_%281781%29 \"Dutch ship Goes (1781)\"). 54 guns (1781\\) \\- broken up 1797\n* (F) [*Prinses Frederika Louisa Wilhelmina*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Prinses_Frederika_Louisa_Wilhelmina_%281779%29 \"Dutch ship Prinses Frederika Louisa Wilhelmina (1779)\") 54 guns (1779\\) \\- wrecked 1781\n* *Delft* Class. Measuring 160 ft x 45 ft.\n\t+ (M) [*Delft*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Delft_%281783%29 \"Dutch ship Delft (1783)\") 54 guns (Zwindrecht, 1782\\) \\- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown \"Battle of Camperdown\") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797, but foundered on route to England.\n\t+ (M) [*Brakel*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Brakel_%281782%29 \"Dutch ship Brakel (1782)\") 56 guns (Zwindrecht, 1782\\) \\- captured by the British at Plymouth on 4 March 1796\\.\n* *Alkmar* Class. Measuring 154{{frac\\|1\\|2}} ft x 43 ft.\n\t+ (N) [*Alkmaar*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Alkmaar_%281782%29 \"Dutch ship Alkmaar (1782)\") 50 guns (Enkhuizen, 1783\\) \\- captured by the British at the [Battle of Camperdown](/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown \"Battle of Camperdown\") (Camperduin), 11 October 1797\\.\n\t+ (N) [*Beschermer*](/wiki/Dutch_ship_Beschermer_%281784%29 \"Dutch ship Beschermer (1784)\") 50 guns (Enkhuizen, 1784\\) \\- captured by the British in the Vlieter (off Texel) on 30 August 1799\\.",
"### 5th Charter",
"Although no longer considered ships of the line, these two\\-decked small ships were still classed as 4th Rates by the Dutch.\n* (A) *Hector*. (Amsterdam, 1784\\). Measured 145 ft x 51 ft. Captured 28 August 1799 by Mitchell's squadron in the Vlieter, renamed HMS *Pandour* and used as troopship, later floating battery until 1805\\.\n* (A) *Unie*. (1795\\) Former VOC ship, taken into Dutch naval service 1795, captured 28 August 1799 by Mitchell's squadron in the Vlieter, renamed HMS *Drochterland* and used as receiving ship at Sheerness until taken to pieces 1815\\.",
""
] |
Events
------
### Before the shootings
Hours before the shootings, [Jason Brian Dalton](/wiki/%23Perpetrator "#Perpetrator") went to three different gun stores with a friend. At one of them, he purchased a black jacket with pockets designed to conceal a handgun.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mlive.com/business/west\-michigan/index.ssf/2016/02/gun\_owner\_describe\_purchase\_by.html\|title\=Gun shop owner describes purchase by Kalamazoo mass murder suspect\|work\=Michigan Live\|date\=February 22, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016\|first\=Shandra\|last\=Martinez}} Though the store owner said Dalton was in "good spirits" during the visit, the friend who accompanied Dalton said that he was a "little more quiet than normal" during the trip. Dalton was an occasional customer at the same store, but never purchased a firearm there.
Shortly after 4:00 p.m. on February 20, 2016, Matt Mellen requested an Uber pickup to drive him over to a friend's house. He was picked up at 4:21 by Dalton, who was driving a silver [Chevrolet Equinox](/wiki/Chevrolet_Equinox "Chevrolet Equinox"). During the drive, Dalton received a call, and after finishing, he allegedly "started driving crazy". At one point, he entered an oncoming lane of traffic, drove through a [median strip](/wiki/Median_strip "Median strip"), ignored a stop sign, and sideswiped a [Ford Taurus](/wiki/Ford_Taurus "Ford Taurus"), all the while ignoring Mellen's pleas to stop. When Dalton came to a stop at another stop sign, Mellen jumped out and called [9\-1\-1](/wiki/9-1-1 "9-1-1"). He gave the dispatcher information about Dalton's Equinox, including its license plate number, and the dispatcher put out a "Be on the lookout" notification on the vehicle.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.policefoundation.org/publication/managing\-the\-response\-to\-a\-mobile\-mass\-shooting/\|title\=Managing the Response to a Mobile Mass Shooting\|publisher\=Police Foundation\|date\=April 2017\|access\-date\=November 10, 2017}} There were multiple calls to 911 by others before the following incidents took place, all of which were ignored.
At 4:34, Dalton returned home and then called his wife 41 minutes later, asking her for the keys to their [Chevy HHR](/wiki/Chevy_HHR "Chevy HHR"). They agreed to meet at his parents' residence, located approximately {{convert\|10\|mi}} away. On the way, however, Dalton accepted another pickup request at 5:15, from a woman who wanted him to pick up her boyfriend at a [Richland Township](/wiki/Richland_Township%2C_Kalamazoo_County%2C_Michigan "Richland Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan") apartment complex.
### Richland Township apartment shooting
The shootings began around 5:42 [EST](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone "Eastern Time Zone") when a woman was shot repeatedly in a parking lot of the same apartment complex. She survived her injuries.{{cite web\|url\=http://wjtv.com/2016/03/14/police\-jason\-dalton\-said\-uber\-app\-controlled\-him\-like\-a\-i/\|title\=Police: Jason Dalton said Uber app controlled him 'like A.I.'\|work\=WJTV\|date\=March 14, 2016\|access\-date\=March 14, 2016}}{{cite news \|title\= 6 Killed, 2 Injured After Kalamazoo\-Area Shooting Spree \|url\= http://woodtv.com/2016/02/20/multiple\-fatally\-shot\-at\-2\-locations\-in\-kalamazoo\-co/ \|location\= Grand Rapids, MI \|publisher\= \[\[WOOD\-TV]] \|date\= February 20, 2016 \|access\-date\= February 21, 2016 \|archive\-date\= February 21, 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160221215651/http://woodtv.com/2016/02/20/multiple\-fatally\-shot\-at\-2\-locations\-in\-kalamazoo\-co/ }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2016/02/4\_things\_we\_know\_about\_kalamaz.html\|title\=4 things we know about Kalamazoo mass shooting suspect's gun\|work\=Michigan Live\|date\=February 24, 2016\|access\-date\=February 25, 2016\|first\=Rex Jr.\|last\=Hall}}{{cite news \|title\= 6 Dead in Kalamazoo County Shootings: Suspect Arrested \|url\= http://fox17online.com/2016/02/20/police\-man\-randomly\-shooting\-in\-kalamazoo\-co\-dead/ \|location\= Grand Rapids, MI \|publisher\= \[\[WXMI\-TV]] \|agency\= \[\[Associated Press]] \|date\= February 20, 2016 \|access\-date\= February 21, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation\-now/2016/02/21/reports\-gunman\-kills\-least\-6\-michigan/80694468/\|title\=After Kalamazoo shootings, the big question: Why?\|work\=USA Today\|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016\|first\=Katrease\|last\=Stafford}} According to the woman, she was confronted by a man in a vehicle with a [German Shepherd](/wiki/German_Shepherd "German Shepherd")\-type dog sitting in the back. The driver asked her if she was another person by a different name. When she replied that she was not, the man turned his car around and fired repeatedly at her. She survived by playing dead. Approximately fifteen rounds were fired; ten shell casings were recovered at the scene of the first shooting.{{cite web\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/accused\-kalamazoo\-shooters\-outbursts\-victim\-cry\-hysterically\-stand/story?id\=39254263\|title\=Kalamazoo Shooting Victim Testifies in Court: 'I Pretended Like I Was Dead'\|work\=ABC News\|date\=May 20, 2016\|access\-date\=May 20, 2016\|first\=Emily\|last\=Shapiro}} Five children, including the woman's daughter, were present at the scene of the shooting, but they escaped unharmed through her efforts.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2016/05/he\_still\_kept\_shooting\_shootin.html\|title\='He kept ... shooting, shooting, shooting,' Kalamazoo victim recalls\|work\=Michigan Live\|date\=May 5, 2016\|access\-date\=May 5, 2016\|first\=Al\|last\=Jones}}
Investigators believe that Dalton's request for an Uber ride at the apartment complex had become botched. The requester texted Dalton moments after the initial request with a correction of the address, which would have led him to another location in the same area. She later attempted to call him to follow up with him on the address correction, but he did not respond. A witness later reported seeing an Equinox driving "so aggressively" towards the apartment, at one point cutting him off at a southbound curve and risking a [head\-on collision](/wiki/Head-on_collision "Head-on collision"); he later recognized Dalton on the news as the Equinox's driver. At 6:05, approximately twenty minutes after the first shooting occurred, Dalton called the requester, saying that he hadn't responded to her text and that he could not do the ride because "something had come up".
### Between the first and second shootings
One minute after the shooting, Dalton's Equinox was seen driving through a red traffic light at an intersection approximately {{convert\|1\|mi}} away from the crime scene. It struck another vehicle and fled the scene, with the driver calling 9\-1\-1 to report the crash. At around the same time, a neighbor found the injured woman, who was soon treated by responding emergency personnel.
Later on, Dalton allegedly met with his wife and children at his parents' home in [Comstock Township](/wiki/Comstock_Township%2C_Michigan "Comstock Township, Michigan"). He explained to his wife that the Equinox had been sideswiped by a disgruntled taxi driver in a [Chevrolet Impala](/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala "Chevrolet Impala"), who fired a gunshot at him due to rage at having his business taken away by Uber. He then assured her that he called Uber and they were handling the incident. He also provided his wife with a 9 mm [Taurus](/wiki/Taurus_%28manufacturer%29 "Taurus (manufacturer)") handgun, telling her it was not safe to be at the house without it. In addition, he instructed her not to go to work and not to take their children to school. Dalton then attempted to leave in the Hummer H3, but it would not start, so he took the black [Chevrolet HHR](/wiki/Chevrolet_HHR "Chevrolet HHR") that his wife had been driving. As he left, he allegedly told his wife that he could not tell her what was going on, but that it would be on the news.
After leaving, Dalton withdrew money from an [automated teller machine](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine "Automated teller machine") at 6:44\. Then, after driving around for 35 minutes, he allegedly returned to his house and switched handguns. He left again at 7:37 and continued accepting Uber requests, which he carried out without incident. None of the passengers he took noticed anything unusual or alarming about him. Later that night, at 8:26, Dalton called his wife and told her not to call her parents.
### Kia dealership and Cracker Barrel shootings
At 10:01, the shooter arrived at a [Kia](/wiki/Kia_Motors "Kia Motors") dealership in [Kalamazoo](/wiki/Kalamazoo%2C_Michigan "Kalamazoo, Michigan"). According to a witness, after parking his car, the shooter approached her boyfriend and his father at 10:05, and asked them what they were looking at. Before they could respond, he fired approximately eighteen rounds, fatally striking both males.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2016/05/kalamazoo\_mass\_shooting\_dash\_c.html\|title\=Police dashcam video from Kalamazoo mass shooting scenes released\|work\=Michigan Live\|date\=May 2, 2016\|access\-date\=May 5, 2016\|first\=Rosemary\|last\=Parker}} Other witnesses in a [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King") parking lot across the street recorded the shooter fleeing, and one called 9\-1\-1 a minute after the shots were fired.
About ten minutes later, a third shooting occurred outside a [Cracker Barrel](/wiki/Cracker_Barrel "Cracker Barrel") restaurant in [Texas Township](/wiki/Texas_Township%2C_Michigan "Texas Township, Michigan"),{{cite news \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Ew0oRK3blLQ \|title\=Live At Cracker Barrel \|location\= Kalamazoo, MI \|publisher\= WWMT\-TV \|date\= February 21, 2016 \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]}} located about {{convert\|5\|mi}} from the Kia dealership. Four people seated inside two vehicles were killed and one other person was wounded.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/kalamazoo\-shootings\-6\-dead\-3\-wounded\-after\-random\-shootings\-michigan\-n522946 \|title\= Kalamazoo Shootings: 6 Dead, 2 Wounded After 'Random' Shootings in Michigan \|work\= \[\[NBC News]] \|date\= February 21, 2016 \|access\-date\=February 21, 2016 \|first1\= Erin \|last1\= Calabrese \|first2\= Blake \|last2\= McCoy \|first3\= Jon \|last3\= Schuppe}} The shooter reportedly approached one victim inside a white van, asked her a question, and then shot her before shooting into an adjacent vehicle, which contained the other victims. This shooting took about one minute before the gunman fled. He was alleged to have returned home and reloaded his gun there.
### Police response, manhunt, and Dalton's arrest
After officers responding to the scene of the Kia dealership shooting heard reports of the gunfire at Cracker Barrel, they realized there might be a mobile [active shooter](/wiki/Active_shooter "Active shooter"). Interviewing witnesses, police learned the gunman was driving a dark\-colored Chevrolet HHR. Using newly installed security footage from the Kia dealership,
police put out a description of the gunman over the radio. The [Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety](/wiki/Kalamazoo_Department_of_Public_Safety "Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety") (KDPS) issued a statement to the public on its [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") page, warning residents to be on the lookout for the shooter and his vehicle. Numerous traffic stops of vehicles matching the description of the gunman's were also conducted. In addition, multiple reports of gunfire at several locations, including the [Western Michigan University](/wiki/Western_Michigan_University "Western Michigan University") (WMU) campus, were investigated but ultimately determined to be false.
As police continued the manhunt, Dalton reportedly continued to accept Uber fares. At 12:04 a.m. on February 21, he picked up three people and dropped them off at a dormitory on the WMU campus. The passengers later recalled that their driver wasn't overly friendly, but did nothing to alarm them. Later, at 12:12, Dalton picked up four people and drove them to their hotel. During the ride, one passenger, who had been hearing reports of the shooting spree, jokingly asked Dalton, "Are you the shooter?" Dalton simply replied, "No." A few minutes later, he picked up another three people, and just like the previous ride, a passenger asked if he was the shooter, which Dalton vehemently denied.
At 12:36, a police sergeant with the Kalamazoo County Sheriff's Office observed Dalton dropping off the three passengers, followed him, and requested backup. He was joined by a KDPS officer, and the two conducted a traffic stop at 12:40\. When additional officers arrived, the first two pulled Dalton out of his vehicle and arrested him. At the time of his arrest, Dalton was wearing the jacket he purchased from the gun store, along with a [bulletproof vest](/wiki/Bulletproof_vest "Bulletproof vest"). He told police that he bought the vest for his son, who was an explorer for the Kalamazoo County Sheriff's Office. They found a handgun at the back of his waistband.
Police believe none of the victims at the separate scenes were connected. At least 30 rounds were said to have been fired during the shootings.{{cite news \|url\= http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2016/02/prosecutor\_mass\_shooting\_suspe.html\#incart\_river\_index \|title\= Kalamazoo Mass Shooting Suspect Fired 30\-Plus Rounds at His 8 Victims \|work\= \[\[MLive]] \|date\= February 21, 2016 \|access\-date\= February 21, 2016 \|first\= Rex Jr. \|last\= Hall}}
| \+Locations |
| --- |
| Location | Casualties | Time |
| Meadows Townhomes complex5066 Meadows Boulevard{{Coord\|42\.3338\|\-85\.5203\|display\=inline\|name\=Meadows Townhomes complex}} | One wounded{{cite news \|url\= https://news.yahoo.com/least\-six\-dead\-shooting\-spree\-060100559\.html \|work\= \[\[Yahoo! News]] \|date\= February 21, 2016 \|access\-date\= February 21, 2016 \|first\= Tom \|last\= McKay \|title\= At Least 6 Dead After Shooting Spree in Kalamazoo County, Michigan}} | 5:42 p.m.
| Seelye [Kia](/wiki/Kia_Motors "Kia Motors") Dealership4102 Stadium Drive{{Coord\|42\.2715\|\-85\.6384\|display\=inline\|name\=Seelye Kia dealership}} | Two dead{{cite news \|url\= https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN0VU05U?sp\=true \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225171204/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN0VU05U?sp\=true \|archive\-date\= February 25, 2016 \|title\=Uber Driver Suspected in Michigan Shootings, Six Dead \|publisher\= \[\[Reuters]] Africa \|first\= Ian \|last\= Simpson \|date\= February 21, 2016 \|access\-date\= February 21, 2016}}{{cite news \|url\= http://www.upi.com/Top\_News/US/2016/02/21/6\-dead\-in\-Michigan\-shooting\-spree\-suspect\-has\-no\-criminal\-history/1071456059807/ \|title\= Uber Driver Suspected in Michigan Shooting Spree, 6 Dead \|publisher\= \[\[United Press International]] \|date\= February 21, 2016 \|access\-date\= February 21, 2016}} | 10:08 p.m.
| [Cracker Barrel](/wiki/Cracker_Barrel "Cracker Barrel")5581 Cracker Barrel Boulevard{{Coord\|42\.2363\|\-85\.6779\|display\=inline\|name\=Cracker Barrel}} | Four dead, one wounded{{cite news \|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/6\-people\-killed\-michigan\-restaurant\-car\-dealership\-article\-1\.2538898 \|work\=\[\[Daily News (New York)\|Daily News]] \|location\= New York \|title\=Uber driver allegedly kills 6 people in Kalamazoo During Hours\-Long Shooting Spree \|first1\= Jason \|last1\= Silverstein \|first2\= Nicole \|last2\= Hensley \|first3\= Thomas \|last3\= Tracy \|date\= February 21, 2016 \|access\-date\= February 21, 2016}} | 10:24 p.m.
|
[
"Events\n------",
"### Before the shootings",
"Hours before the shootings, [Jason Brian Dalton](/wiki/%23Perpetrator \"#Perpetrator\") went to three different gun stores with a friend. At one of them, he purchased a black jacket with pockets designed to conceal a handgun.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlive.com/business/west\\-michigan/index.ssf/2016/02/gun\\_owner\\_describe\\_purchase\\_by.html\\|title\\=Gun shop owner describes purchase by Kalamazoo mass murder suspect\\|work\\=Michigan Live\\|date\\=February 22, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016\\|first\\=Shandra\\|last\\=Martinez}} Though the store owner said Dalton was in \"good spirits\" during the visit, the friend who accompanied Dalton said that he was a \"little more quiet than normal\" during the trip. Dalton was an occasional customer at the same store, but never purchased a firearm there.",
"Shortly after 4:00 p.m. on February 20, 2016, Matt Mellen requested an Uber pickup to drive him over to a friend's house. He was picked up at 4:21 by Dalton, who was driving a silver [Chevrolet Equinox](/wiki/Chevrolet_Equinox \"Chevrolet Equinox\"). During the drive, Dalton received a call, and after finishing, he allegedly \"started driving crazy\". At one point, he entered an oncoming lane of traffic, drove through a [median strip](/wiki/Median_strip \"Median strip\"), ignored a stop sign, and sideswiped a [Ford Taurus](/wiki/Ford_Taurus \"Ford Taurus\"), all the while ignoring Mellen's pleas to stop. When Dalton came to a stop at another stop sign, Mellen jumped out and called [9\\-1\\-1](/wiki/9-1-1 \"9-1-1\"). He gave the dispatcher information about Dalton's Equinox, including its license plate number, and the dispatcher put out a \"Be on the lookout\" notification on the vehicle.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.policefoundation.org/publication/managing\\-the\\-response\\-to\\-a\\-mobile\\-mass\\-shooting/\\|title\\=Managing the Response to a Mobile Mass Shooting\\|publisher\\=Police Foundation\\|date\\=April 2017\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2017}} There were multiple calls to 911 by others before the following incidents took place, all of which were ignored.",
"At 4:34, Dalton returned home and then called his wife 41 minutes later, asking her for the keys to their [Chevy HHR](/wiki/Chevy_HHR \"Chevy HHR\"). They agreed to meet at his parents' residence, located approximately {{convert\\|10\\|mi}} away. On the way, however, Dalton accepted another pickup request at 5:15, from a woman who wanted him to pick up her boyfriend at a [Richland Township](/wiki/Richland_Township%2C_Kalamazoo_County%2C_Michigan \"Richland Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan\") apartment complex.",
"### Richland Township apartment shooting",
"The shootings began around 5:42 [EST](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone \"Eastern Time Zone\") when a woman was shot repeatedly in a parking lot of the same apartment complex. She survived her injuries.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wjtv.com/2016/03/14/police\\-jason\\-dalton\\-said\\-uber\\-app\\-controlled\\-him\\-like\\-a\\-i/\\|title\\=Police: Jason Dalton said Uber app controlled him 'like A.I.'\\|work\\=WJTV\\|date\\=March 14, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2016}}{{cite news \\|title\\= 6 Killed, 2 Injured After Kalamazoo\\-Area Shooting Spree \\|url\\= http://woodtv.com/2016/02/20/multiple\\-fatally\\-shot\\-at\\-2\\-locations\\-in\\-kalamazoo\\-co/ \\|location\\= Grand Rapids, MI \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[WOOD\\-TV]] \\|date\\= February 20, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160221215651/http://woodtv.com/2016/02/20/multiple\\-fatally\\-shot\\-at\\-2\\-locations\\-in\\-kalamazoo\\-co/ }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2016/02/4\\_things\\_we\\_know\\_about\\_kalamaz.html\\|title\\=4 things we know about Kalamazoo mass shooting suspect's gun\\|work\\=Michigan Live\\|date\\=February 24, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2016\\|first\\=Rex Jr.\\|last\\=Hall}}{{cite news \\|title\\= 6 Dead in Kalamazoo County Shootings: Suspect Arrested \\|url\\= http://fox17online.com/2016/02/20/police\\-man\\-randomly\\-shooting\\-in\\-kalamazoo\\-co\\-dead/ \\|location\\= Grand Rapids, MI \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[WXMI\\-TV]] \\|agency\\= \\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|date\\= February 20, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= February 21, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation\\-now/2016/02/21/reports\\-gunman\\-kills\\-least\\-6\\-michigan/80694468/\\|title\\=After Kalamazoo shootings, the big question: Why?\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016\\|first\\=Katrease\\|last\\=Stafford}} According to the woman, she was confronted by a man in a vehicle with a [German Shepherd](/wiki/German_Shepherd \"German Shepherd\")\\-type dog sitting in the back. The driver asked her if she was another person by a different name. When she replied that she was not, the man turned his car around and fired repeatedly at her. She survived by playing dead. Approximately fifteen rounds were fired; ten shell casings were recovered at the scene of the first shooting.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/accused\\-kalamazoo\\-shooters\\-outbursts\\-victim\\-cry\\-hysterically\\-stand/story?id\\=39254263\\|title\\=Kalamazoo Shooting Victim Testifies in Court: 'I Pretended Like I Was Dead'\\|work\\=ABC News\\|date\\=May 20, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2016\\|first\\=Emily\\|last\\=Shapiro}} Five children, including the woman's daughter, were present at the scene of the shooting, but they escaped unharmed through her efforts.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2016/05/he\\_still\\_kept\\_shooting\\_shootin.html\\|title\\='He kept ... shooting, shooting, shooting,' Kalamazoo victim recalls\\|work\\=Michigan Live\\|date\\=May 5, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2016\\|first\\=Al\\|last\\=Jones}}",
"Investigators believe that Dalton's request for an Uber ride at the apartment complex had become botched. The requester texted Dalton moments after the initial request with a correction of the address, which would have led him to another location in the same area. She later attempted to call him to follow up with him on the address correction, but he did not respond. A witness later reported seeing an Equinox driving \"so aggressively\" towards the apartment, at one point cutting him off at a southbound curve and risking a [head\\-on collision](/wiki/Head-on_collision \"Head-on collision\"); he later recognized Dalton on the news as the Equinox's driver. At 6:05, approximately twenty minutes after the first shooting occurred, Dalton called the requester, saying that he hadn't responded to her text and that he could not do the ride because \"something had come up\".",
"### Between the first and second shootings",
"One minute after the shooting, Dalton's Equinox was seen driving through a red traffic light at an intersection approximately {{convert\\|1\\|mi}} away from the crime scene. It struck another vehicle and fled the scene, with the driver calling 9\\-1\\-1 to report the crash. At around the same time, a neighbor found the injured woman, who was soon treated by responding emergency personnel.",
"Later on, Dalton allegedly met with his wife and children at his parents' home in [Comstock Township](/wiki/Comstock_Township%2C_Michigan \"Comstock Township, Michigan\"). He explained to his wife that the Equinox had been sideswiped by a disgruntled taxi driver in a [Chevrolet Impala](/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala \"Chevrolet Impala\"), who fired a gunshot at him due to rage at having his business taken away by Uber. He then assured her that he called Uber and they were handling the incident. He also provided his wife with a 9 mm [Taurus](/wiki/Taurus_%28manufacturer%29 \"Taurus (manufacturer)\") handgun, telling her it was not safe to be at the house without it. In addition, he instructed her not to go to work and not to take their children to school. Dalton then attempted to leave in the Hummer H3, but it would not start, so he took the black [Chevrolet HHR](/wiki/Chevrolet_HHR \"Chevrolet HHR\") that his wife had been driving. As he left, he allegedly told his wife that he could not tell her what was going on, but that it would be on the news.",
"After leaving, Dalton withdrew money from an [automated teller machine](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine \"Automated teller machine\") at 6:44\\. Then, after driving around for 35 minutes, he allegedly returned to his house and switched handguns. He left again at 7:37 and continued accepting Uber requests, which he carried out without incident. None of the passengers he took noticed anything unusual or alarming about him. Later that night, at 8:26, Dalton called his wife and told her not to call her parents.",
"### Kia dealership and Cracker Barrel shootings",
"At 10:01, the shooter arrived at a [Kia](/wiki/Kia_Motors \"Kia Motors\") dealership in [Kalamazoo](/wiki/Kalamazoo%2C_Michigan \"Kalamazoo, Michigan\"). According to a witness, after parking his car, the shooter approached her boyfriend and his father at 10:05, and asked them what they were looking at. Before they could respond, he fired approximately eighteen rounds, fatally striking both males.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2016/05/kalamazoo\\_mass\\_shooting\\_dash\\_c.html\\|title\\=Police dashcam video from Kalamazoo mass shooting scenes released\\|work\\=Michigan Live\\|date\\=May 2, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2016\\|first\\=Rosemary\\|last\\=Parker}} Other witnesses in a [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King \"Burger King\") parking lot across the street recorded the shooter fleeing, and one called 9\\-1\\-1 a minute after the shots were fired.",
"About ten minutes later, a third shooting occurred outside a [Cracker Barrel](/wiki/Cracker_Barrel \"Cracker Barrel\") restaurant in [Texas Township](/wiki/Texas_Township%2C_Michigan \"Texas Township, Michigan\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Ew0oRK3blLQ \\|title\\=Live At Cracker Barrel \\|location\\= Kalamazoo, MI \\|publisher\\= WWMT\\-TV \\|date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}} located about {{convert\\|5\\|mi}} from the Kia dealership. Four people seated inside two vehicles were killed and one other person was wounded.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/kalamazoo\\-shootings\\-6\\-dead\\-3\\-wounded\\-after\\-random\\-shootings\\-michigan\\-n522946 \\|title\\= Kalamazoo Shootings: 6 Dead, 2 Wounded After 'Random' Shootings in Michigan \\|work\\= \\[\\[NBC News]] \\|date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016 \\|first1\\= Erin \\|last1\\= Calabrese \\|first2\\= Blake \\|last2\\= McCoy \\|first3\\= Jon \\|last3\\= Schuppe}} The shooter reportedly approached one victim inside a white van, asked her a question, and then shot her before shooting into an adjacent vehicle, which contained the other victims. This shooting took about one minute before the gunman fled. He was alleged to have returned home and reloaded his gun there.",
"### Police response, manhunt, and Dalton's arrest",
"After officers responding to the scene of the Kia dealership shooting heard reports of the gunfire at Cracker Barrel, they realized there might be a mobile [active shooter](/wiki/Active_shooter \"Active shooter\"). Interviewing witnesses, police learned the gunman was driving a dark\\-colored Chevrolet HHR. Using newly installed security footage from the Kia dealership, \npolice put out a description of the gunman over the radio. The [Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety](/wiki/Kalamazoo_Department_of_Public_Safety \"Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety\") (KDPS) issued a statement to the public on its [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") page, warning residents to be on the lookout for the shooter and his vehicle. Numerous traffic stops of vehicles matching the description of the gunman's were also conducted. In addition, multiple reports of gunfire at several locations, including the [Western Michigan University](/wiki/Western_Michigan_University \"Western Michigan University\") (WMU) campus, were investigated but ultimately determined to be false.",
"As police continued the manhunt, Dalton reportedly continued to accept Uber fares. At 12:04 a.m. on February 21, he picked up three people and dropped them off at a dormitory on the WMU campus. The passengers later recalled that their driver wasn't overly friendly, but did nothing to alarm them. Later, at 12:12, Dalton picked up four people and drove them to their hotel. During the ride, one passenger, who had been hearing reports of the shooting spree, jokingly asked Dalton, \"Are you the shooter?\" Dalton simply replied, \"No.\" A few minutes later, he picked up another three people, and just like the previous ride, a passenger asked if he was the shooter, which Dalton vehemently denied.",
"At 12:36, a police sergeant with the Kalamazoo County Sheriff's Office observed Dalton dropping off the three passengers, followed him, and requested backup. He was joined by a KDPS officer, and the two conducted a traffic stop at 12:40\\. When additional officers arrived, the first two pulled Dalton out of his vehicle and arrested him. At the time of his arrest, Dalton was wearing the jacket he purchased from the gun store, along with a [bulletproof vest](/wiki/Bulletproof_vest \"Bulletproof vest\"). He told police that he bought the vest for his son, who was an explorer for the Kalamazoo County Sheriff's Office. They found a handgun at the back of his waistband.",
"Police believe none of the victims at the separate scenes were connected. At least 30 rounds were said to have been fired during the shootings.{{cite news \\|url\\= http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2016/02/prosecutor\\_mass\\_shooting\\_suspe.html\\#incart\\_river\\_index \\|title\\= Kalamazoo Mass Shooting Suspect Fired 30\\-Plus Rounds at His 8 Victims \\|work\\= \\[\\[MLive]] \\|date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|first\\= Rex Jr. \\|last\\= Hall}}",
"",
"| \\+Locations |\n| --- |\n| Location | Casualties | Time |\n| Meadows Townhomes complex5066 Meadows Boulevard{{Coord\\|42\\.3338\\|\\-85\\.5203\\|display\\=inline\\|name\\=Meadows Townhomes complex}} | One wounded{{cite news \\|url\\= https://news.yahoo.com/least\\-six\\-dead\\-shooting\\-spree\\-060100559\\.html \\|work\\= \\[\\[Yahoo! News]] \\|date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|first\\= Tom \\|last\\= McKay \\|title\\= At Least 6 Dead After Shooting Spree in Kalamazoo County, Michigan}} | 5:42 p.m.",
"| Seelye [Kia](/wiki/Kia_Motors \"Kia Motors\") Dealership4102 Stadium Drive{{Coord\\|42\\.2715\\|\\-85\\.6384\\|display\\=inline\\|name\\=Seelye Kia dealership}} | Two dead{{cite news \\|url\\= https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN0VU05U?sp\\=true \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225171204/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN0VU05U?sp\\=true \\|archive\\-date\\= February 25, 2016 \\|title\\=Uber Driver Suspected in Michigan Shootings, Six Dead \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Reuters]] Africa \\|first\\= Ian \\|last\\= Simpson \\|date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= February 21, 2016}}{{cite news \\|url\\= http://www.upi.com/Top\\_News/US/2016/02/21/6\\-dead\\-in\\-Michigan\\-shooting\\-spree\\-suspect\\-has\\-no\\-criminal\\-history/1071456059807/ \\|title\\= Uber Driver Suspected in Michigan Shooting Spree, 6 Dead \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[United Press International]] \\|date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= February 21, 2016}} | 10:08 p.m.",
"| [Cracker Barrel](/wiki/Cracker_Barrel \"Cracker Barrel\")5581 Cracker Barrel Boulevard{{Coord\\|42\\.2363\\|\\-85\\.6779\\|display\\=inline\\|name\\=Cracker Barrel}} | Four dead, one wounded{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/6\\-people\\-killed\\-michigan\\-restaurant\\-car\\-dealership\\-article\\-1\\.2538898 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily News (New York)\\|Daily News]] \\|location\\= New York \\|title\\=Uber driver allegedly kills 6 people in Kalamazoo During Hours\\-Long Shooting Spree \\|first1\\= Jason \\|last1\\= Silverstein \\|first2\\= Nicole \\|last2\\= Hensley \\|first3\\= Thomas \\|last3\\= Tracy \\|date\\= February 21, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= February 21, 2016}} | 10:24 p.m.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1880\= 207
\|1890\= 281
\|1900\= 335
\|1910\= 379
\|1920\= 773
\|1930\= 1094
\|1940\= 1249
\|1950\= 1975
\|1960\= 2173
\|1970\= 2336
\|1980\= 2640
\|1990\= 2873
\|2000\= 3490
\|2010\= 3845
\|2020\= 4175
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2020 census
| \+Franklin racial composition{{Cite web\|title\=Explore Census Data\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US3724640\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|access\-date\=December 19, 2021\|website\=data.census.gov}} | Race
Number
Percentage
| --- |
| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic)
3,206 |
76\.79% |
| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic)
50 |
1\.2% |
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)")
13 |
0\.31% |
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)")
50 |
1\.2% |
| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)")
174 |
4\.17% |
| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)")
682 |
16\.34% |
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 4,175 people, 1,817 households, and 1,030 families residing in the town.
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2010, there were 3,845 people, 1,627 households, and 899 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\|911\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,916 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|500\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 82\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.9% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.40% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.63% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.03% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.49% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.15% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 13\.01% of the population.
There were 1,627 households, out of which 24\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.4% were a single person household and 44\.7% were non\-families. 40\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.08 and the average family size was 2\.79\.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 21\.3% under the age of 18, 8\.1% from 18 to 24, 24\.1% from 25 to 44, 23\.0% from 45 to 64, and 23\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 79\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74\.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $30,425\. Males had a median income of $33,957 versus $27,363 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $19,761\. About 15\.2% of families and 20\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 28\.4% of those under age 18 and 16\.2% of those age 65 or over.
### Growth and cost of living
Franklin's rate of population growth is 12% higher than the national average.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.city\-data.com/city/Franklin\-North\-Carolina.html\|title\=Franklin, North Carolina (NC 28734\) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders\|website\=www.city\-data.com\|access\-date\=April 20, 2018}} Located in the Great Smoky Mountains, Franklin is situated more than one hour from [Asheville](/wiki/Asheville%2C_North_Carolina "Asheville, North Carolina"). It is two hours from [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia"); [Knoxville, Tennessee](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee "Knoxville, Tennessee"); or [Greenville, South Carolina](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina "Greenville, South Carolina"). Due to its proximity to these major cities, combined with a relatively rural location and lower cost of living, Franklin has developed as a destination for persons seeking retirement, recreational, permanent, or second homes.
The 2010 [cost\-of\-living index](/wiki/Cost-of-living_index "Cost-of-living index") in Franklin: 86\.7 (less than average, U.S. average is 100\).
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 207\n\\|1890\\= 281\n\\|1900\\= 335\n\\|1910\\= 379\n\\|1920\\= 773\n\\|1930\\= 1094\n\\|1940\\= 1249\n\\|1950\\= 1975\n\\|1960\\= 2173\n\\|1970\\= 2336\n\\|1980\\= 2640\n\\|1990\\= 2873\n\\|2000\\= 3490\n\\|2010\\= 3845\n\\|2020\\= 4175\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+Franklin racial composition{{Cite web\\|title\\=Explore Census Data\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US3724640\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2021\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} | Race",
"Number",
"Percentage",
"| --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)",
"3,206 |\n 76\\.79% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)",
"50 |\n 1\\.2% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\")",
"13 |\n 0\\.31% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\")",
"50 |\n 1\\.2% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\")",
"174 |\n 4\\.17% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\")",
"682 |\n 16\\.34% |",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 4,175 people, 1,817 households, and 1,030 families residing in the town.",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 3,845 people, 1,627 households, and 899 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|911\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,916 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|500\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 82\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.9% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.40% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.63% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.03% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.49% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.15% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 13\\.01% of the population.",
"There were 1,627 households, out of which 24\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.4% were a single person household and 44\\.7% were non\\-families. 40\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.08 and the average family size was 2\\.79\\.",
"In the town, the population was spread out, with 21\\.3% under the age of 18, 8\\.1% from 18 to 24, 24\\.1% from 25 to 44, 23\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 23\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 79\\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74\\.8 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $30,425\\. Males had a median income of $33,957 versus $27,363 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $19,761\\. About 15\\.2% of families and 20\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 28\\.4% of those under age 18 and 16\\.2% of those age 65 or over.",
"### Growth and cost of living",
"Franklin's rate of population growth is 12% higher than the national average.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.city\\-data.com/city/Franklin\\-North\\-Carolina.html\\|title\\=Franklin, North Carolina (NC 28734\\) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders\\|website\\=www.city\\-data.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2018}} Located in the Great Smoky Mountains, Franklin is situated more than one hour from [Asheville](/wiki/Asheville%2C_North_Carolina \"Asheville, North Carolina\"). It is two hours from [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\"); [Knoxville, Tennessee](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee \"Knoxville, Tennessee\"); or [Greenville, South Carolina](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina \"Greenville, South Carolina\"). Due to its proximity to these major cities, combined with a relatively rural location and lower cost of living, Franklin has developed as a destination for persons seeking retirement, recreational, permanent, or second homes.\nThe 2010 [cost\\-of\\-living index](/wiki/Cost-of-living_index \"Cost-of-living index\") in Franklin: 86\\.7 (less than average, U.S. average is 100\\).",
""
] |
Recreation
----------
### Hiking
The mountains that surround Franklin are lined with many hiking trails including the famous [Appalachian Trail](/wiki/Appalachian_Trail "Appalachian Trail"). The AT runs north and south, passing 10 miles west of Franklin; it can be accessed at many locations in the area. Some 40 miles of side trails interlace with the AT in the region as well.
Another, lesser known trail also passes through the area: [Bartram Trail](/wiki/Bartram_Trail "Bartram Trail"), named for American botanist [William Bartram](/wiki/William_Bartram "William Bartram"), who documented the native flora and fauna of the area in 1775\. Bartram Trail climbs into the hills of the Franklin area; hikers may follow the explorer's footsteps and discover the exuberant natural world in which he took such delight.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.franklin\-chamber.com/visitorInformation/ \|title\=Mountain Treasure, Simple Pleasures \|access\-date\=January 16, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220012929/http://www.franklin\-chamber.com/visitorInformation/ \|archive\-date\=December 20, 2008 }}
Both the Appalachian Trail and Bartram Trail cross over [Wayah Bald](/wiki/Wayah_Bald "Wayah Bald"), one of the best known places in the Franklin area for [sightseeing](/wiki/Sightseeing "Sightseeing").
### Gem mining
The Franklin area is famous for its gem mining. Franklin hosts the jewelry and gem show, "Macon County Gemboree", twice a year. The Cowee Valley north of Franklin attracts thousands of visitors annually to its mines, which continue to yield valuable stones. There are also other gem mines located throughout the area. Among the native stones found are [ruby](/wiki/Ruby "Ruby"), [sapphire](/wiki/Sapphire "Sapphire"), and [garnets](/wiki/Garnet "Garnet"). The Franklin Gem and Mineral Museum is free to the public and is noted for its exhibits.<http://www.fgmm.org/> Franklin Gem \& Mineral Museum
### Waterfalls
#### Cullasaja Falls
{{main\|Cullasaja Falls}}
Cullasaja Falls is a [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall "Waterfall") in Southwestern [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"). The waterfall is located on the [Cullasaja River](/wiki/Cullasaja_River "Cullasaja River") in the [Nantahala National Forest](/wiki/Nantahala_National_Forest "Nantahala National Forest") and is part of the [Mountain Waters Scenic Byway](/wiki/Mountain_Waters_Scenic_Byway "Mountain Waters Scenic Byway"). *Cullasaja* comes from a Cherokee word meaning "honey locust place." The falls is the last major waterfall on the Cullasaja river.Kevin Adams, *North Carolina Waterfalls*, p. 470 The falls is a long cascade over the course of {{convert\|0\.2\|mi\|km}}.
The height of the falls is given as 200 ft (61 m) in Kevin Adams' book, *North Carolina Waterfalls* and 250 ft (77\.1 m) by NCWaterfalls.com.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ncwaterfalls.com/cull1\.htm\|title\=Cullasaja River Gorge \& Falls\|website\=www.ncwaterfalls.com\|access\-date\=April 20, 2018}} However, Google Earth gives a height (based on the elevation of the water at the top of the falls and the elevation of the plunge pool at the bottom of the falls) of 137 ft (42 m). The falls may be glimpsed by people driving along [Highway 64](/wiki/U.S._Highway_64 "U.S. Highway 64"), but it is difficult to see more fully from the road. The falls are located beside of a series of blind curves on with sheer rock cliffs above and below the road. A small pull\-off is located near the falls, but walking on the road puts visitors in danger of being hit by a passing vehicle.
#### Dry Falls
{{main\|Dry Falls (Macon County)}}
Dry Falls, also known as Upper Cullasaja Falls, is a 65\-foot (20\.1 m) [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall "Waterfall") located in the [Nantahala National Forest](/wiki/Nantahala_National_Forest "Nantahala National Forest"), northwest of [Highlands, North Carolina](/wiki/Highlands%2C_North_Carolina "Highlands, North Carolina"). Dry Falls flows on the [Cullasaja River](/wiki/Cullasaja_River "Cullasaja River") through the Nantahala National Forest. It is part of a series of waterfalls on a {{convert\|8\.7\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} stretch of the river that eventually ends with [Cullasaja Falls](/wiki/Cullasaja_Falls "Cullasaja Falls"). Dry Falls flows over an overhanging bluff that allows visitors to walk up under the falls and remain relatively dry when the waterflow is low, hence its name. Visitors will get wet if the waterflow is high. The falls has been called Dry Falls for a long time, but has also gone by a few other names, including High Falls, Pitcher Falls, and Cullasaja Falls.Kevin Adams, *North Carolina Waterfalls*, p. 467 Dry Falls is located on the side of [U.S. Highway 64](/wiki/U.S._Highway_64 "U.S. Highway 64") {{convert\|15\.7\|mi\|km}} southeast of Franklin, North Carolina. There is a parking area on the side of the road, where visitors can park before walking the short path with stairs to the falls. The [United States Forest Service](/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service "United States Forest Service") has made improvements to the parking area and has reopened the public area.
#### Bridal Veil Falls
{{main\|Bridal Veil Falls (Macon County)}}
Bridal Veil Falls is a 45\-foot (20\.1 m) [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall "Waterfall") located in the [Nantahala National Forest](/wiki/Nantahala_National_Forest "Nantahala National Forest"), southeast of Franklin. With a short curve of roadway that passes behind the falls, this is the only waterfall in the state where one can drive a vehicle under the water. Bridal Veil Falls flows on a tributary of the [Cullasaja River](/wiki/Cullasaja_River "Cullasaja River") through the Nantahala National Forest. The falls flows over an overhanging bluff. Visitors can walk behind the falls and remain dry when the waterflow is low. During periods of drought, the stream may nearly dry up, though visitors will get wet if the waterflow is moderate or high.
Bridal Veil Falls is located on the side of [U.S. Highway 64](/wiki/U.S._Highway_64 "U.S. Highway 64") {{convert\|16\.5\|mi\|km}} southeast of Franklin. Highway 64 originally used the curve of roadway behind the falls exclusively, so that all traffic went behind them. But this caused problems with [icing](/wiki/Ice "Ice") of the roadway during freezing weather, and Hwy. 64 has been re\-routed around the front of the falls since. A parking area is located on the side of the road, so that visitors can park and view the falls from there.
In 2003, a massive boulder slid off the left side of the falls, blocking that side of the drive\-under completely. However, in July 2007, that boulder was removed by a local developer.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ncwaterfalls.com/bridal\_veil1\.htm\|title\=Bridal Veil Falls, Highlands North Carolina \- drive behind\|website\=www.ncwaterfalls.com\|access\-date\=April 20, 2018}}
#### Quarry Falls
{{main\|Quarry Falls (Macon County)}}
Quarry Falls is a small [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall "Waterfall") (or perhaps large rapid in high water) located beside US Hwy. 64 southeast of Franklin, North Carolina. Known to locals as "Sliding Rock", it is best known for the large, deep pool at the bottom. It is a popular place for swimming during warm weather.
### Scottish Tartans Museum
Franklin has been home to the Scottish Tartans Museum since 1994\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.scottishtartans.org/about.html \|title\=What is the Scottish Tartans Museum \|publisher\=Scottish Tartans Museum \|access\-date\=June 22, 2012}} It shows materials common to some of the Scots\-Irish immigrants who settled in this area in the late eighteenth century and later.
|
[
"Recreation\n----------",
"### Hiking",
"The mountains that surround Franklin are lined with many hiking trails including the famous [Appalachian Trail](/wiki/Appalachian_Trail \"Appalachian Trail\"). The AT runs north and south, passing 10 miles west of Franklin; it can be accessed at many locations in the area. Some 40 miles of side trails interlace with the AT in the region as well.",
"Another, lesser known trail also passes through the area: [Bartram Trail](/wiki/Bartram_Trail \"Bartram Trail\"), named for American botanist [William Bartram](/wiki/William_Bartram \"William Bartram\"), who documented the native flora and fauna of the area in 1775\\. Bartram Trail climbs into the hills of the Franklin area; hikers may follow the explorer's footsteps and discover the exuberant natural world in which he took such delight.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.franklin\\-chamber.com/visitorInformation/ \\|title\\=Mountain Treasure, Simple Pleasures \\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220012929/http://www.franklin\\-chamber.com/visitorInformation/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2008 }}",
"Both the Appalachian Trail and Bartram Trail cross over [Wayah Bald](/wiki/Wayah_Bald \"Wayah Bald\"), one of the best known places in the Franklin area for [sightseeing](/wiki/Sightseeing \"Sightseeing\").",
"### Gem mining",
"The Franklin area is famous for its gem mining. Franklin hosts the jewelry and gem show, \"Macon County Gemboree\", twice a year. The Cowee Valley north of Franklin attracts thousands of visitors annually to its mines, which continue to yield valuable stones. There are also other gem mines located throughout the area. Among the native stones found are [ruby](/wiki/Ruby \"Ruby\"), [sapphire](/wiki/Sapphire \"Sapphire\"), and [garnets](/wiki/Garnet \"Garnet\"). The Franklin Gem and Mineral Museum is free to the public and is noted for its exhibits.<http://www.fgmm.org/> Franklin Gem \\& Mineral Museum",
"### Waterfalls",
"#### Cullasaja Falls",
"{{main\\|Cullasaja Falls}}\nCullasaja Falls is a [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall \"Waterfall\") in Southwestern [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"). The waterfall is located on the [Cullasaja River](/wiki/Cullasaja_River \"Cullasaja River\") in the [Nantahala National Forest](/wiki/Nantahala_National_Forest \"Nantahala National Forest\") and is part of the [Mountain Waters Scenic Byway](/wiki/Mountain_Waters_Scenic_Byway \"Mountain Waters Scenic Byway\"). *Cullasaja* comes from a Cherokee word meaning \"honey locust place.\" The falls is the last major waterfall on the Cullasaja river.Kevin Adams, *North Carolina Waterfalls*, p. 470 The falls is a long cascade over the course of {{convert\\|0\\.2\\|mi\\|km}}.",
"The height of the falls is given as 200 ft (61 m) in Kevin Adams' book, *North Carolina Waterfalls* and 250 ft (77\\.1 m) by NCWaterfalls.com.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ncwaterfalls.com/cull1\\.htm\\|title\\=Cullasaja River Gorge \\& Falls\\|website\\=www.ncwaterfalls.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2018}} However, Google Earth gives a height (based on the elevation of the water at the top of the falls and the elevation of the plunge pool at the bottom of the falls) of 137 ft (42 m). The falls may be glimpsed by people driving along [Highway 64](/wiki/U.S._Highway_64 \"U.S. Highway 64\"), but it is difficult to see more fully from the road. The falls are located beside of a series of blind curves on with sheer rock cliffs above and below the road. A small pull\\-off is located near the falls, but walking on the road puts visitors in danger of being hit by a passing vehicle.",
"#### Dry Falls",
"{{main\\|Dry Falls (Macon County)}}\nDry Falls, also known as Upper Cullasaja Falls, is a 65\\-foot (20\\.1 m) [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall \"Waterfall\") located in the [Nantahala National Forest](/wiki/Nantahala_National_Forest \"Nantahala National Forest\"), northwest of [Highlands, North Carolina](/wiki/Highlands%2C_North_Carolina \"Highlands, North Carolina\"). Dry Falls flows on the [Cullasaja River](/wiki/Cullasaja_River \"Cullasaja River\") through the Nantahala National Forest. It is part of a series of waterfalls on a {{convert\\|8\\.7\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} stretch of the river that eventually ends with [Cullasaja Falls](/wiki/Cullasaja_Falls \"Cullasaja Falls\"). Dry Falls flows over an overhanging bluff that allows visitors to walk up under the falls and remain relatively dry when the waterflow is low, hence its name. Visitors will get wet if the waterflow is high. The falls has been called Dry Falls for a long time, but has also gone by a few other names, including High Falls, Pitcher Falls, and Cullasaja Falls.Kevin Adams, *North Carolina Waterfalls*, p. 467 Dry Falls is located on the side of [U.S. Highway 64](/wiki/U.S._Highway_64 \"U.S. Highway 64\") {{convert\\|15\\.7\\|mi\\|km}} southeast of Franklin, North Carolina. There is a parking area on the side of the road, where visitors can park before walking the short path with stairs to the falls. The [United States Forest Service](/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service \"United States Forest Service\") has made improvements to the parking area and has reopened the public area.",
"#### Bridal Veil Falls",
"{{main\\|Bridal Veil Falls (Macon County)}}\nBridal Veil Falls is a 45\\-foot (20\\.1 m) [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall \"Waterfall\") located in the [Nantahala National Forest](/wiki/Nantahala_National_Forest \"Nantahala National Forest\"), southeast of Franklin. With a short curve of roadway that passes behind the falls, this is the only waterfall in the state where one can drive a vehicle under the water. Bridal Veil Falls flows on a tributary of the [Cullasaja River](/wiki/Cullasaja_River \"Cullasaja River\") through the Nantahala National Forest. The falls flows over an overhanging bluff. Visitors can walk behind the falls and remain dry when the waterflow is low. During periods of drought, the stream may nearly dry up, though visitors will get wet if the waterflow is moderate or high.",
"Bridal Veil Falls is located on the side of [U.S. Highway 64](/wiki/U.S._Highway_64 \"U.S. Highway 64\") {{convert\\|16\\.5\\|mi\\|km}} southeast of Franklin. Highway 64 originally used the curve of roadway behind the falls exclusively, so that all traffic went behind them. But this caused problems with [icing](/wiki/Ice \"Ice\") of the roadway during freezing weather, and Hwy. 64 has been re\\-routed around the front of the falls since. A parking area is located on the side of the road, so that visitors can park and view the falls from there.",
"In 2003, a massive boulder slid off the left side of the falls, blocking that side of the drive\\-under completely. However, in July 2007, that boulder was removed by a local developer.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ncwaterfalls.com/bridal\\_veil1\\.htm\\|title\\=Bridal Veil Falls, Highlands North Carolina \\- drive behind\\|website\\=www.ncwaterfalls.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2018}}",
"#### Quarry Falls",
"{{main\\|Quarry Falls (Macon County)}}\nQuarry Falls is a small [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall \"Waterfall\") (or perhaps large rapid in high water) located beside US Hwy. 64 southeast of Franklin, North Carolina. Known to locals as \"Sliding Rock\", it is best known for the large, deep pool at the bottom. It is a popular place for swimming during warm weather.",
"### Scottish Tartans Museum",
"Franklin has been home to the Scottish Tartans Museum since 1994\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.scottishtartans.org/about.html \\|title\\=What is the Scottish Tartans Museum \\|publisher\\=Scottish Tartans Museum \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2012}} It shows materials common to some of the Scots\\-Irish immigrants who settled in this area in the late eighteenth century and later.",
""
] |
Economic policies
-----------------
### Monetary policy
Prior to the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis, the [Malaysian Ringgit](/wiki/Malaysian_Ringgit "Malaysian Ringgit") (MYR) was a floating currency that traded at RM2\.50 at the dollar. As speculative activities spread across the region, the Ringgit fell to as much as RM4\.10 to the dollar in matter of weeks.
An executive decision led by the then Prime Minister [Mahathir Mohamad](/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad "Mahathir Mohamad") decided to peg the MYR to the dollar and impose capital controls to prevent excessive outflow of the Ringgit in the open market. The Ringgit became was pegged at RM3\.80 to the US dollar and a traveller had to declare to the central bank if taking out more than RM10,000 out of the country and the Ringgit itself .
The [fixed exchange rate](/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system "Fixed exchange rate system") was abandoned in favour of the [floating exchange rate](/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate "Floating exchange rate") in July 2005, hours after China announced the same move.
{{cite news \| url \= http://www.theedgedaily.com/cms/contentPrint.jsp?id\=com.tms.cms.article.Article\_3f579c44\-cb73c03a\-1cf662f0\-6b76946b\&paging\=0 \| title \= 22\-07\-2005: Ringgit depeg not likely to have immediate impact on sovereign, banks, corporates \| work \= The Edge \| access\-date \= 10 March 2008 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318142607/http://www.theedgedaily.com/cms/contentPrint.jsp?id\=com.tms.cms.article.Article\_3f579c44\-cb73c03a\-1cf662f0\-6b76946b\&paging\=0 \| archive\-date \= 18 March 2015 \| url\-status \= dead \| df \= dmy\-all }} At this point, the Ringgit was still not internationalised. The Ringgit continued to strengthen to 3\.18 to the dollar by March 2008 and appreciated as low as 2\.94 to the dollar in May 2011\. Meanwhile, many aspects of capital control have been slowly relaxed by Bank Negara Malaysia. However, the government continues to not internationalise the Ringgit. The government stated that the Ringgit will be internationalised once it is ready.{{cite news \| work \= Reuters \| url \= https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSKLR5369320070319 \| title \= Malaysia says offshore ringgit trade not needed \| author \= Liau Y\-Sing \| date \= 19 March 2007 \| access\-date \= 2 July 2017 \| archive\-date \= 6 July 2022 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220706084745/https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSKLR5369320070319 \| url\-status \= live }}
Bank Negara Malaysia for the time being, uses interest rate targeting. The [Overnight Policy Rate](/wiki/Overnight_Policy_Rate "Overnight Policy Rate") (OPR) is their policy instrument, and is used to guide the short term interbank rates which will hopefully influence inflation and economic growth.
### Affirmative action
{{main\|Malaysian New Economic Policy}}
Tun Abdul Razak, who was then the Prime Minister, implemented the [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action "Affirmative action") policy named as New Economic Policy (NEP) soon after [13 May Incident](/wiki/13_May_Incident "13 May Incident") in 1969\.{{cite news\|title\=EPU:New Economic Policy\|url\=http://www.epu.jpm.my/new%20folder/development%20policies/cont%20key%20policies/NEP.htm\|publisher\=Economic Planning Unit, Prime Ministers Department Malaysia\|access\-date\=28 July 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828045029/http://www.epu.jpm.my/new%20folder/development%20policies/cont%20key%20policies/NEP.htm\|archive\-date\=28 August 2008\|url\-status\=dead}} Prior to the incident, the poverty rates among [Malays](/wiki/Ethnic_Malays "Ethnic Malays") were extremely high (at 65%) as was discontent between races, particularly towards the Chinese, who controlled 74% of the economy at the time.{{cite news \|title\=Jabatan Penerangan Rakyat: Dasar Ekonomy Baru \|language\=ms \|url\=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/page.cfm?name\=DasarEkonomiBaru \|publisher\=Ministry of Information Malaysia \|access\-date\=28 July 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623083028/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/page.cfm?name\=DasarEkonomiBaru \|archive\-date\=23 June 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news\| title\=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia\| url\=http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/0/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument\| publisher\=United Nations Research Institute for Social Development\| date\=1 September 2004\| access\-date\=28 July 2008\| author\=Jomo K.S.\| archive\-date\=22 October 2008\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022184208/http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/0/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument\| url\-status\=dead}} Through NEP, the Bumiputeras majority were given priority and special privileges in housing developments, scholarship admission and also for ownership of publicly listed companies.
The [Malaysian New Economic Policy](/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy "Malaysian New Economic Policy") was created in 1971 with the aim of bringing Malays a 30% share of the economy of Malaysia and eradicating poverty amongst Malays, primarily through encouraging enterprise ownership by [Bumiputeras](/wiki/Bumiputera_%28Malaysia%29 "Bumiputera (Malaysia)"). After 40 years of the program, bumiputra equity ownership rose to 23% worth RM167\.7 billion in 2010 against 2\.4% in 1970\.
The NEP was accused of creating an [oligarchy](/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy"), and creating a 'subsidy mentality'.{{cite news\| author\=Thomas Fuller\| url\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/01/05/kuala.2\.t.php\| title\=Criticism of 30\-Year\-Old Affirmative\-Action Policy Grows in Malaysia\| date\=5 January 2001\| access\-date\=7 March 2008\| archive\-date\=14 March 2008\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314223335/http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/01/05/kuala.2\.t.php\| url\-status\=dead}} Political parties such as [Parti Keadilan Rakyat](/wiki/Parti_Keadilan_Rakyat "Parti Keadilan Rakyat") and [Democratic Action Party](/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_%28Malaysia%29 "Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)") proposed a new policy which will be equal for every Malaysian, regardless of race.{{cite news\|title\=A Malaysian Economic Agenda \|url\=http://www.keadilanrakyat.org/library/documents/mea.pdf \|publisher\=Parti Keadilan Rakyat \|author\=Anwar Ibrahim \|access\-date\=28 July 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908013110/http://www.keadilanrakyat.org/library/documents/mea.pdf \|archive\-date\=8 September 2008 }} When the Democratic Action Party was elected in the state of [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang") in 2008, it announced that it would do away with the NEP, claiming that it "... breeds [nepotism](/wiki/Nepotism "Nepotism"), corruption and systemic inefficiency".{{cite news\| author\= Niluksi Koswanage\| title\= Malaysia opposition takes aim at affirmative action\| work\= Reuters\| url\= https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSKLR17040020080311\| date\= 11 March 2008\| access\-date\= 2 July 2017\| archive\-date\= 18 November 2020\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201118023906/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSKLR17040020080311\| url\-status\= live}}
Wolfgang Kasper, a professor of economics at [University of New South Wales](/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales "University of New South Wales"), and once an adviser to Malaysia's Finance Ministry, criticized the NEP, saying that "NEP handouts (are) making Malays lazy, corrupt \& swell\-headed. Worst of all, it keeps them poor." He also criticized the Federal Government giving cash\-handouts and financial aid instead of providing equal access to education to help the marginalized poor to lift their income status.
On 21 April 2009, the prime minister [Najib Tun Razak](/wiki/Najib_Tun_Razak "Najib Tun Razak") announced the liberalization of 27 services sub\-sector by abolishing the 30% bumiputera requirement. The move was seen as a government effort to increase investment in the service sector of the economy. According to the premier, many more sectors of the economy would be liberalized.{{cite news\| title\=Bumi proviso removed to rope in more investments, says Najib\| date\=22 April 2009\| work\=The Star\| url\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2009/4/23/nation/3751636\&sec\=nation\| access\-date\=23 April 2009\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424063929/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=%2F2009%2F4%2F23%2Fnation%2F3751636\&sec\=nation\| archive\-date\=24 April 2009\| url\-status\=dead\| df\=dmy\-all}}
On 30 June 2009, the prime minister announced further liberation moves including the dismantling of the Bumiputera equity quotas and repealing the guidelines of the Foreign Investment Committee, which was responsible to monitor foreign shareholding in Malaysian companies. However, any Malaysian companies that wished to list in Malaysia would still need to offer 50 percent of public shareholding spread to Bumiputera investors.{{cite news\|title\=Foreign ownership in stockbroking firms raised to 70pc \|url\=http://www.nst.com.my/Current\_News/NST/Tuesday/Frontpage/20090630104237/Article/index\_html \|work\=New Straits Times \|date\=30 June 2009 \|agency\=Bernama }}{{dead link\|date\=June 2016\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
### Subsidies and price controls
{{See also\|Petrol prices\#Malaysia\|Subsidy reform in Malaysia}}
The Malaysian government subsidises and controls prices on a lot of essential items to keep the prices low. Prices of items such as palm oil, cooking oil, petrol, flour, bread, rice and other essentials have been kept under market prices to keep cost of living low.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.bt.com.bn/en/international\_business/2008/02/25/malaysia\_2007\_fuel\_subsidies\_at\_rm40b\_pm \|title\=Malaysia 2007 fuel subsidies at RM40b: PM \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112222346/http://www.bt.com.bn/en/international\_business/2008/02/25/malaysia\_2007\_fuel\_subsidies\_at\_rm40b\_pm \|archive\-date\=12 January 2009 }} As of 2009, 22 per cent of government expenditures were subsidies, with petrol subsidies alone taking up 12 per cent.Economic numbers bode well for M'sia. Business Times. 22 September 2009
Since 2010, the government has been gradually reforming Malaysia's subsidy system, via a series of reductions in subsidies for fuel and sugar to improve government finances and to improve economic efficiency. As a result, in December 2014, the government officially ended all fuel subsidies and implemented a 'managed float' system,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/11/22/fuel\-subsidies\-to\-be\-removed\-prices\-for\-ron95\-and\-diesel\-to\-be\-determined\-by\-float\-system/\|title\=Prices for RON95 and diesel to be determined by float system \- Nation {{!}} The Star Online\|website\=thestar.com.my\|access\-date\=24 August 2017\|archive\-date\=24 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824221402/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/11/22/fuel\-subsidies\-to\-be\-removed\-prices\-for\-ron95\-and\-diesel\-to\-be\-determined\-by\-float\-system/\|url\-status\=live}} taking advantage of low oil prices at the time, potentially saving the government almost RM20 billion ringgit (US$5\.97 billion) annually.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.establishmentpost.com/malaysias\-fuel\-subsidy\-removal\-unpopular\-necessary/ \| title\=Establishment Post \| access\-date\=4 April 2015 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406063651/http://www.establishmentpost.com/malaysias\-fuel\-subsidy\-removal\-unpopular\-necessary/ \| archive\-date\=6 April 2015 \| df\=dmy\-all }}
### Sovereign wealth funds
The government owns and operates several [sovereign wealth funds](/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund "Sovereign wealth fund") that invest in local companies and also foreign companies. One such fund is [Khazanah Nasional](/wiki/Khazanah_Nasional "Khazanah Nasional") [Berhad](/wiki/Berhad "Berhad") which was established in 1993, and as of 31 December 2013 has US$41 billion worth of assets.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business\-News/2014/01/21/Khazanah\-portfolio\-hits\-new\-high\-in\-2013\-State\-investment\-agencys\-net\-worth\-up\-191\-to\-RM1035bil/?style\=biz \| title\=The Star \| access\-date\=4 April 2015 \| archive\-date\=9 April 2015 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409015859/http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business\-News/2014/01/21/Khazanah\-portfolio\-hits\-new\-high\-in\-2013\-State\-investment\-agencys\-net\-worth\-up\-191\-to\-RM1035bil/?style\=biz \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite news\| url\=http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/truman1107tables.pdf\| title\=Sovereign Wealth Fund Acquisitions and Other Foreign Government Investments in the United States: Assessing the Economic and National Security Implications\| access\-date\=16 March 2008\| archive\-date\=8 April 2008\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408212519/http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/truman1107tables.pdf\| url\-status\=dead}} The fund invests in major companies in Malaysia such as [CIMB](/wiki/CIMB "CIMB") in the banking sector, [UEM Group](/wiki/UEM_Group "UEM Group") in the construction sector, [Telekom Malaysia](/wiki/Telekom_Malaysia "Telekom Malaysia") and [Axiata](/wiki/Axiata "Axiata") in the communications industry, [Malaysia Airports](/wiki/Malaysia_Airports "Malaysia Airports") and [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines "Malaysia Airlines") in the aerospace industry, as well as [Tenaga Nasional](/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional "Tenaga Nasional") in the energy sector{{cite web \| url\=http://www.khazanah.com/docs/KAR2015\_Brochure.pdf \| title\=Khazanah Nasional \| access\-date\=4 April 2015 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409025321/http://www.khazanah.com/docs/KAR2015\_Brochure.pdf \| archive\-date\=9 April 2015 \| url\-status\=dead \| df\=dmy\-all }}
Another fund that is owned by the Malaysian government is the [Employees Provident Fund](/wiki/Employees_Provident_Fund_%28Malaysia%29 "Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)") which is a retirement fund that as of 31 March 2014, has an asset size of [RM](/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit "Malaysian ringgit")597 billion. (US$184 billion),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business\-News/2014/05/27/EPF\-asset\-size\-swells\-Total\-hits\-RM597bil\-boosted\-by\-strong\-stock\-market\-performance/\|title\=EPF asset size swells to RM597bil, boosted by strong stock market performance\|access\-date\=24 September 2014\|archive\-date\=12 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112221516/https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business\-news/2014/05/27/epf\-asset\-size\-swells\-total\-hits\-rm597bil\-boosted\-by\-strong\-stock\-market\-performance\|url\-status\=live}} making it the fourth largest pension fund in Asia and seventh largest in the world.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.towerswatson.com/en/Insights/IC\-Types/Survey\-Research\-Results/2014/09/The\-worlds\-300\-largest\-pension\-funds\-year\-end\-2013 \| title\=TowersWatson \| access\-date\=4 April 2015 \| archive\-date\=17 February 2019 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217201051/https://www.towerswatson.com/en/Insights/IC\-Types/Survey\-Research\-Results/2014/09/The\-worlds\-300\-largest\-pension\-funds\-year\-end\-2013 \| url\-status\=live }} Like [Khazanah Nasional](/wiki/Khazanah_Nasional "Khazanah Nasional"), the EPF invests and sometimes owns several major companies in Malaysia such as [RHB Bank](/wiki/RHB_Bank "RHB Bank").{{cite news\|title\=EPF to double overseas investments \|url\=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current\_News/BTIMES/Wednesday/Latest/EPFBB.xml/Article/index\_html \|work\=Business Times \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312070654/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current\_News/BTIMES/Wednesday/Latest/EPFBB.xml/Article/index\_html \|archive\-date\=12 March 2008 }} EPF investment is diversified over a number of sectors but almost 40% of their investment are in the services sector.{{cite news\|title\=EPF's Investment Income Increases To RM3\.6 Billion in Q2 \|url\=http://www.kwsp.gov.my/index.php?ch\=p2news\&pg\=en\_p2news\_press∾\=1431 \|publisher\=Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508002654/http://www.kwsp.gov.my/index.php?ch\=p2news\&pg\=en\_p2news\_press∾\=1431 \|archive\-date\=8 May 2012 }}
[Permodalan Nasional Berhad](/wiki/Permodalan_Nasional_Berhad "Permodalan Nasional Berhad") is another major fund manager controlled by the Malaysian Government. It offers [capital guaranteed](/wiki/Capital_guarantee "Capital guarantee") mutual funds such as Amanah Saham Bumiputera and Amanah Saham Wawasan 2020 which are open only to Malaysian and in some cases, [Bumiputeras](/wiki/Bumiputera_%28Malaysia%29 "Bumiputera (Malaysia)").{{cite news\| title\=Eligibility to Invest\| url\=http://www.asnb.com.my/english/eligibility.htm\| publisher\=Amanah Saham Nasional Berhad\| access\-date\=9 June 2008\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415231705/http://www.asnb.com.my/english/eligibility.htm\| archive\-date\=15 April 2008\| url\-status\=dead\| df\=dmy\-all}}
### Government influence
Although the federal government promotes private enterprise and ownership in the economy, the economic direction of the country is heavily influenced by the government through five years development plans since independence. The economy is also influenced by the government through agencies such as the Economic Planning Unit and government\-linked wealth funds such as [Khazanah Nasional](/wiki/Khazanah_Nasional "Khazanah Nasional") [Berhad](/wiki/Berhad "Berhad"), [Employees Provident Fund](/wiki/Employees_Provident_Fund_%28Malaysia%29 "Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)") and [Permodalan Nasional Berhad](/wiki/Permodalan_Nasional_Berhad "Permodalan Nasional Berhad").
The government's development plans, called the Malaysian Plan, currently the [Tenth Malaysia Plan](/wiki/Tenth_Malaysia_Plan "Tenth Malaysia Plan"), started in 1950 during the British colonial rule.{{cite news\| title\=Growth, Structural Change, and Regional Inequality in Malaysia\| author\=Asan Ali Golam\| year\=2004\| page\=67\| publisher\=Ashgate\| isbn\=9780754643326\| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TtKxDem7CrsC\&q\=malaysia\+five\+years\+development\+plans\&pg\=PA67}} The plans were largely centred around accelerating the growth of the economy by selectively investing in selective sectors of the economy and building infrastructure to support said sectors. For example, in the current national plan, three sectors – agriculture, manufacturing and [services](/wiki/Service_%28economics%29 "Service (economics)"), will receive special attention to promote the transition to high value\-added activities in the respective areas.{{cite news\|title\=Investment in Malaysia \|url\=http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/Internasjonale\-markeder/Kontorer\-i\-utlandet/Malaysia/ \|publisher\=Innovasjon Norge \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102063500/http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/Internasjonale\-markeder/Kontorer\-i\-utlandet/Malaysia/ \|archive\-date\=2 January 2011 }}
Government\-linked investment vehicles such as [Khazanah Nasional](/wiki/Khazanah_Nasional "Khazanah Nasional") [Berhad](/wiki/Berhad "Berhad"), [Employees Provident Fund](/wiki/Employees_Provident_Fund_%28Malaysia%29 "Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)") and [Permodalan Nasional Berhad](/wiki/Permodalan_Nasional_Berhad "Permodalan Nasional Berhad") invest in and sometimes own major companies in major sectors of the Malaysian economy.
|
[
"Economic policies\n-----------------",
"### Monetary policy",
"Prior to the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis, the [Malaysian Ringgit](/wiki/Malaysian_Ringgit \"Malaysian Ringgit\") (MYR) was a floating currency that traded at RM2\\.50 at the dollar. As speculative activities spread across the region, the Ringgit fell to as much as RM4\\.10 to the dollar in matter of weeks.",
"An executive decision led by the then Prime Minister [Mahathir Mohamad](/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad \"Mahathir Mohamad\") decided to peg the MYR to the dollar and impose capital controls to prevent excessive outflow of the Ringgit in the open market. The Ringgit became was pegged at RM3\\.80 to the US dollar and a traveller had to declare to the central bank if taking out more than RM10,000 out of the country and the Ringgit itself .",
"The [fixed exchange rate](/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system \"Fixed exchange rate system\") was abandoned in favour of the [floating exchange rate](/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate \"Floating exchange rate\") in July 2005, hours after China announced the same move.",
"",
"{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.theedgedaily.com/cms/contentPrint.jsp?id\\=com.tms.cms.article.Article\\_3f579c44\\-cb73c03a\\-1cf662f0\\-6b76946b\\&paging\\=0 \\| title \\= 22\\-07\\-2005: Ringgit depeg not likely to have immediate impact on sovereign, banks, corporates \\| work \\= The Edge \\| access\\-date \\= 10 March 2008 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318142607/http://www.theedgedaily.com/cms/contentPrint.jsp?id\\=com.tms.cms.article.Article\\_3f579c44\\-cb73c03a\\-1cf662f0\\-6b76946b\\&paging\\=0 \\| archive\\-date \\= 18 March 2015 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| df \\= dmy\\-all }} At this point, the Ringgit was still not internationalised. The Ringgit continued to strengthen to 3\\.18 to the dollar by March 2008 and appreciated as low as 2\\.94 to the dollar in May 2011\\. Meanwhile, many aspects of capital control have been slowly relaxed by Bank Negara Malaysia. However, the government continues to not internationalise the Ringgit. The government stated that the Ringgit will be internationalised once it is ready.{{cite news \\| work \\= Reuters \\| url \\= https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSKLR5369320070319 \\| title \\= Malaysia says offshore ringgit trade not needed \\| author \\= Liau Y\\-Sing \\| date \\= 19 March 2007 \\| access\\-date \\= 2 July 2017 \\| archive\\-date \\= 6 July 2022 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220706084745/https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSKLR5369320070319 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"Bank Negara Malaysia for the time being, uses interest rate targeting. The [Overnight Policy Rate](/wiki/Overnight_Policy_Rate \"Overnight Policy Rate\") (OPR) is their policy instrument, and is used to guide the short term interbank rates which will hopefully influence inflation and economic growth.",
"### Affirmative action",
"{{main\\|Malaysian New Economic Policy}}\nTun Abdul Razak, who was then the Prime Minister, implemented the [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action \"Affirmative action\") policy named as New Economic Policy (NEP) soon after [13 May Incident](/wiki/13_May_Incident \"13 May Incident\") in 1969\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=EPU:New Economic Policy\\|url\\=http://www.epu.jpm.my/new%20folder/development%20policies/cont%20key%20policies/NEP.htm\\|publisher\\=Economic Planning Unit, Prime Ministers Department Malaysia\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828045029/http://www.epu.jpm.my/new%20folder/development%20policies/cont%20key%20policies/NEP.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Prior to the incident, the poverty rates among [Malays](/wiki/Ethnic_Malays \"Ethnic Malays\") were extremely high (at 65%) as was discontent between races, particularly towards the Chinese, who controlled 74% of the economy at the time.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jabatan Penerangan Rakyat: Dasar Ekonomy Baru \\|language\\=ms \\|url\\=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/page.cfm?name\\=DasarEkonomiBaru \\|publisher\\=Ministry of Information Malaysia \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623083028/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/page.cfm?name\\=DasarEkonomiBaru \\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news\\| title\\=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia\\| url\\=http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/0/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument\\| publisher\\=United Nations Research Institute for Social Development\\| date\\=1 September 2004\\| access\\-date\\=28 July 2008\\| author\\=Jomo K.S.\\| archive\\-date\\=22 October 2008\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022184208/http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/0/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} Through NEP, the Bumiputeras majority were given priority and special privileges in housing developments, scholarship admission and also for ownership of publicly listed companies.",
"The [Malaysian New Economic Policy](/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy \"Malaysian New Economic Policy\") was created in 1971 with the aim of bringing Malays a 30% share of the economy of Malaysia and eradicating poverty amongst Malays, primarily through encouraging enterprise ownership by [Bumiputeras](/wiki/Bumiputera_%28Malaysia%29 \"Bumiputera (Malaysia)\"). After 40 years of the program, bumiputra equity ownership rose to 23% worth RM167\\.7 billion in 2010 against 2\\.4% in 1970\\.",
"The NEP was accused of creating an [oligarchy](/wiki/Oligarchy \"Oligarchy\"), and creating a 'subsidy mentality'.{{cite news\\| author\\=Thomas Fuller\\| url\\=http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/01/05/kuala.2\\.t.php\\| title\\=Criticism of 30\\-Year\\-Old Affirmative\\-Action Policy Grows in Malaysia\\| date\\=5 January 2001\\| access\\-date\\=7 March 2008\\| archive\\-date\\=14 March 2008\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314223335/http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/01/05/kuala.2\\.t.php\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} Political parties such as [Parti Keadilan Rakyat](/wiki/Parti_Keadilan_Rakyat \"Parti Keadilan Rakyat\") and [Democratic Action Party](/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_%28Malaysia%29 \"Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)\") proposed a new policy which will be equal for every Malaysian, regardless of race.{{cite news\\|title\\=A Malaysian Economic Agenda \\|url\\=http://www.keadilanrakyat.org/library/documents/mea.pdf \\|publisher\\=Parti Keadilan Rakyat \\|author\\=Anwar Ibrahim \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908013110/http://www.keadilanrakyat.org/library/documents/mea.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=8 September 2008 }} When the Democratic Action Party was elected in the state of [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\") in 2008, it announced that it would do away with the NEP, claiming that it \"... breeds [nepotism](/wiki/Nepotism \"Nepotism\"), corruption and systemic inefficiency\".{{cite news\\| author\\= Niluksi Koswanage\\| title\\= Malaysia opposition takes aim at affirmative action\\| work\\= Reuters\\| url\\= https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSKLR17040020080311\\| date\\= 11 March 2008\\| access\\-date\\= 2 July 2017\\| archive\\-date\\= 18 November 2020\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201118023906/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSKLR17040020080311\\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"Wolfgang Kasper, a professor of economics at [University of New South Wales](/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales \"University of New South Wales\"), and once an adviser to Malaysia's Finance Ministry, criticized the NEP, saying that \"NEP handouts (are) making Malays lazy, corrupt \\& swell\\-headed. Worst of all, it keeps them poor.\" He also criticized the Federal Government giving cash\\-handouts and financial aid instead of providing equal access to education to help the marginalized poor to lift their income status.",
"On 21 April 2009, the prime minister [Najib Tun Razak](/wiki/Najib_Tun_Razak \"Najib Tun Razak\") announced the liberalization of 27 services sub\\-sector by abolishing the 30% bumiputera requirement. The move was seen as a government effort to increase investment in the service sector of the economy. According to the premier, many more sectors of the economy would be liberalized.{{cite news\\| title\\=Bumi proviso removed to rope in more investments, says Najib\\| date\\=22 April 2009\\| work\\=The Star\\| url\\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2009/4/23/nation/3751636\\&sec\\=nation\\| access\\-date\\=23 April 2009\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424063929/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=%2F2009%2F4%2F23%2Fnation%2F3751636\\&sec\\=nation\\| archive\\-date\\=24 April 2009\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"On 30 June 2009, the prime minister announced further liberation moves including the dismantling of the Bumiputera equity quotas and repealing the guidelines of the Foreign Investment Committee, which was responsible to monitor foreign shareholding in Malaysian companies. However, any Malaysian companies that wished to list in Malaysia would still need to offer 50 percent of public shareholding spread to Bumiputera investors.{{cite news\\|title\\=Foreign ownership in stockbroking firms raised to 70pc \\|url\\=http://www.nst.com.my/Current\\_News/NST/Tuesday/Frontpage/20090630104237/Article/index\\_html \\|work\\=New Straits Times \\|date\\=30 June 2009 \\|agency\\=Bernama }}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2016\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"### Subsidies and price controls",
"{{See also\\|Petrol prices\\#Malaysia\\|Subsidy reform in Malaysia}}\nThe Malaysian government subsidises and controls prices on a lot of essential items to keep the prices low. Prices of items such as palm oil, cooking oil, petrol, flour, bread, rice and other essentials have been kept under market prices to keep cost of living low.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.bt.com.bn/en/international\\_business/2008/02/25/malaysia\\_2007\\_fuel\\_subsidies\\_at\\_rm40b\\_pm \\|title\\=Malaysia 2007 fuel subsidies at RM40b: PM \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112222346/http://www.bt.com.bn/en/international\\_business/2008/02/25/malaysia\\_2007\\_fuel\\_subsidies\\_at\\_rm40b\\_pm \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2009 }} As of 2009, 22 per cent of government expenditures were subsidies, with petrol subsidies alone taking up 12 per cent.Economic numbers bode well for M'sia. Business Times. 22 September 2009",
"Since 2010, the government has been gradually reforming Malaysia's subsidy system, via a series of reductions in subsidies for fuel and sugar to improve government finances and to improve economic efficiency. As a result, in December 2014, the government officially ended all fuel subsidies and implemented a 'managed float' system,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/11/22/fuel\\-subsidies\\-to\\-be\\-removed\\-prices\\-for\\-ron95\\-and\\-diesel\\-to\\-be\\-determined\\-by\\-float\\-system/\\|title\\=Prices for RON95 and diesel to be determined by float system \\- Nation {{!}} The Star Online\\|website\\=thestar.com.my\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=24 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824221402/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/11/22/fuel\\-subsidies\\-to\\-be\\-removed\\-prices\\-for\\-ron95\\-and\\-diesel\\-to\\-be\\-determined\\-by\\-float\\-system/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} taking advantage of low oil prices at the time, potentially saving the government almost RM20 billion ringgit (US$5\\.97 billion) annually.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.establishmentpost.com/malaysias\\-fuel\\-subsidy\\-removal\\-unpopular\\-necessary/ \\| title\\=Establishment Post \\| access\\-date\\=4 April 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406063651/http://www.establishmentpost.com/malaysias\\-fuel\\-subsidy\\-removal\\-unpopular\\-necessary/ \\| archive\\-date\\=6 April 2015 \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"### Sovereign wealth funds",
"The government owns and operates several [sovereign wealth funds](/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund \"Sovereign wealth fund\") that invest in local companies and also foreign companies. One such fund is [Khazanah Nasional](/wiki/Khazanah_Nasional \"Khazanah Nasional\") [Berhad](/wiki/Berhad \"Berhad\") which was established in 1993, and as of 31 December 2013 has US$41 billion worth of assets.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business\\-News/2014/01/21/Khazanah\\-portfolio\\-hits\\-new\\-high\\-in\\-2013\\-State\\-investment\\-agencys\\-net\\-worth\\-up\\-191\\-to\\-RM1035bil/?style\\=biz \\| title\\=The Star \\| access\\-date\\=4 April 2015 \\| archive\\-date\\=9 April 2015 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409015859/http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business\\-News/2014/01/21/Khazanah\\-portfolio\\-hits\\-new\\-high\\-in\\-2013\\-State\\-investment\\-agencys\\-net\\-worth\\-up\\-191\\-to\\-RM1035bil/?style\\=biz \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/truman1107tables.pdf\\| title\\=Sovereign Wealth Fund Acquisitions and Other Foreign Government Investments in the United States: Assessing the Economic and National Security Implications\\| access\\-date\\=16 March 2008\\| archive\\-date\\=8 April 2008\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408212519/http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/truman1107tables.pdf\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} The fund invests in major companies in Malaysia such as [CIMB](/wiki/CIMB \"CIMB\") in the banking sector, [UEM Group](/wiki/UEM_Group \"UEM Group\") in the construction sector, [Telekom Malaysia](/wiki/Telekom_Malaysia \"Telekom Malaysia\") and [Axiata](/wiki/Axiata \"Axiata\") in the communications industry, [Malaysia Airports](/wiki/Malaysia_Airports \"Malaysia Airports\") and [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines \"Malaysia Airlines\") in the aerospace industry, as well as [Tenaga Nasional](/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional \"Tenaga Nasional\") in the energy sector{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.khazanah.com/docs/KAR2015\\_Brochure.pdf \\| title\\=Khazanah Nasional \\| access\\-date\\=4 April 2015 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409025321/http://www.khazanah.com/docs/KAR2015\\_Brochure.pdf \\| archive\\-date\\=9 April 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"Another fund that is owned by the Malaysian government is the [Employees Provident Fund](/wiki/Employees_Provident_Fund_%28Malaysia%29 \"Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)\") which is a retirement fund that as of 31 March 2014, has an asset size of [RM](/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit \"Malaysian ringgit\")597 billion. (US$184 billion),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business\\-News/2014/05/27/EPF\\-asset\\-size\\-swells\\-Total\\-hits\\-RM597bil\\-boosted\\-by\\-strong\\-stock\\-market\\-performance/\\|title\\=EPF asset size swells to RM597bil, boosted by strong stock market performance\\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112221516/https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business\\-news/2014/05/27/epf\\-asset\\-size\\-swells\\-total\\-hits\\-rm597bil\\-boosted\\-by\\-strong\\-stock\\-market\\-performance\\|url\\-status\\=live}} making it the fourth largest pension fund in Asia and seventh largest in the world.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.towerswatson.com/en/Insights/IC\\-Types/Survey\\-Research\\-Results/2014/09/The\\-worlds\\-300\\-largest\\-pension\\-funds\\-year\\-end\\-2013 \\| title\\=TowersWatson \\| access\\-date\\=4 April 2015 \\| archive\\-date\\=17 February 2019 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217201051/https://www.towerswatson.com/en/Insights/IC\\-Types/Survey\\-Research\\-Results/2014/09/The\\-worlds\\-300\\-largest\\-pension\\-funds\\-year\\-end\\-2013 \\| url\\-status\\=live }} Like [Khazanah Nasional](/wiki/Khazanah_Nasional \"Khazanah Nasional\"), the EPF invests and sometimes owns several major companies in Malaysia such as [RHB Bank](/wiki/RHB_Bank \"RHB Bank\").{{cite news\\|title\\=EPF to double overseas investments \\|url\\=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current\\_News/BTIMES/Wednesday/Latest/EPFBB.xml/Article/index\\_html \\|work\\=Business Times \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312070654/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current\\_News/BTIMES/Wednesday/Latest/EPFBB.xml/Article/index\\_html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2008 }} EPF investment is diversified over a number of sectors but almost 40% of their investment are in the services sector.{{cite news\\|title\\=EPF's Investment Income Increases To RM3\\.6 Billion in Q2 \\|url\\=http://www.kwsp.gov.my/index.php?ch\\=p2news\\&pg\\=en\\_p2news\\_press∾\\=1431 \\|publisher\\=Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508002654/http://www.kwsp.gov.my/index.php?ch\\=p2news\\&pg\\=en\\_p2news\\_press∾\\=1431 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2012 }}",
"[Permodalan Nasional Berhad](/wiki/Permodalan_Nasional_Berhad \"Permodalan Nasional Berhad\") is another major fund manager controlled by the Malaysian Government. It offers [capital guaranteed](/wiki/Capital_guarantee \"Capital guarantee\") mutual funds such as Amanah Saham Bumiputera and Amanah Saham Wawasan 2020 which are open only to Malaysian and in some cases, [Bumiputeras](/wiki/Bumiputera_%28Malaysia%29 \"Bumiputera (Malaysia)\").{{cite news\\| title\\=Eligibility to Invest\\| url\\=http://www.asnb.com.my/english/eligibility.htm\\| publisher\\=Amanah Saham Nasional Berhad\\| access\\-date\\=9 June 2008\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415231705/http://www.asnb.com.my/english/eligibility.htm\\| archive\\-date\\=15 April 2008\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"### Government influence",
"Although the federal government promotes private enterprise and ownership in the economy, the economic direction of the country is heavily influenced by the government through five years development plans since independence. The economy is also influenced by the government through agencies such as the Economic Planning Unit and government\\-linked wealth funds such as [Khazanah Nasional](/wiki/Khazanah_Nasional \"Khazanah Nasional\") [Berhad](/wiki/Berhad \"Berhad\"), [Employees Provident Fund](/wiki/Employees_Provident_Fund_%28Malaysia%29 \"Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)\") and [Permodalan Nasional Berhad](/wiki/Permodalan_Nasional_Berhad \"Permodalan Nasional Berhad\").",
"The government's development plans, called the Malaysian Plan, currently the [Tenth Malaysia Plan](/wiki/Tenth_Malaysia_Plan \"Tenth Malaysia Plan\"), started in 1950 during the British colonial rule.{{cite news\\| title\\=Growth, Structural Change, and Regional Inequality in Malaysia\\| author\\=Asan Ali Golam\\| year\\=2004\\| page\\=67\\| publisher\\=Ashgate\\| isbn\\=9780754643326\\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TtKxDem7CrsC\\&q\\=malaysia\\+five\\+years\\+development\\+plans\\&pg\\=PA67}} The plans were largely centred around accelerating the growth of the economy by selectively investing in selective sectors of the economy and building infrastructure to support said sectors. For example, in the current national plan, three sectors – agriculture, manufacturing and [services](/wiki/Service_%28economics%29 \"Service (economics)\"), will receive special attention to promote the transition to high value\\-added activities in the respective areas.{{cite news\\|title\\=Investment in Malaysia \\|url\\=http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/Internasjonale\\-markeder/Kontorer\\-i\\-utlandet/Malaysia/ \\|publisher\\=Innovasjon Norge \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102063500/http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/Internasjonale\\-markeder/Kontorer\\-i\\-utlandet/Malaysia/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2011 }}",
"Government\\-linked investment vehicles such as [Khazanah Nasional](/wiki/Khazanah_Nasional \"Khazanah Nasional\") [Berhad](/wiki/Berhad \"Berhad\"), [Employees Provident Fund](/wiki/Employees_Provident_Fund_%28Malaysia%29 \"Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)\") and [Permodalan Nasional Berhad](/wiki/Permodalan_Nasional_Berhad \"Permodalan Nasional Berhad\") invest in and sometimes own major companies in major sectors of the Malaysian economy.",
""
] |
Industry sector
---------------
[Science policies in Malaysia](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia "Science and technology in Malaysia") are regulated by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation. The country is one of the world's largest exporters of semiconductor devices, electrical devices, and IT and communication products.
Malaysia's industrial sector accounts for 36\.8%, over a third of the country's GDP in 2014, and employs 36% of the labour force in 2012\. The industrial sector mostly contributed by the [electronics industry](/wiki/Electronics_industry "Electronics industry"), [automotive industry](/wiki/Automotive_industry "Automotive industry") and [construction industry](/wiki/Construction_industry "Construction industry").
### Electrical and electronics
The electrical \& electronics (E\&E) industry is the leading sector in Malaysia's manufacturing sector, contributing significantly to the country's exports (32\.8 per cent) and employment (27\.2 per cent) in 2013\. Malaysia benefits from the global demand in the usage of [mobile devices](/wiki/Mobile_device "Mobile device") (smartphones, tablets), [storage devices](/wiki/Data_storage_device "Data storage device") (cloud computing, data centres), [optoelectronics](/wiki/Optoelectronics "Optoelectronics") (photonics, fibre optics, LEDs) and embedded technology ([integrated circuits](/wiki/Integrated_circuits "Integrated circuits"), [PCBs](/wiki/Printed_circuit_board "Printed circuit board"), [LEDs](/wiki/LED "LED")).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.mida.gov.my/home/electrical\-and\-electronic/posts/ \| title\=MIDA \| access\-date\=5 April 2015 \| archive\-date\=10 April 2015 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410105123/http://www.mida.gov.my/home/electrical\-and\-electronic/posts/ \| url\-status\=dead }}
#### Electronic components
Products/activities which fall under this sub\-sector include [semiconductor devices](/wiki/Semiconductor_devices "Semiconductor devices"), [passive components](/wiki/Passive_components "Passive components"), [printed circuits](/wiki/Printed_circuits "Printed circuits") and other components such as media, substrates and connectors.
Within the electronic components sub\-sector, the semiconductor devices is the leading contributor of exports for the E\&E industry. Exports of semiconductor devices were RM111\.19 billion or 47% of the total E\&E products exported in 2013\.
Malaysia is a major hub for electrical component manufacturing, with factories of international companies like [Intel](/wiki/Intel "Intel"), [AMD](/wiki/AMD "AMD"), [Freescale Semiconductor](/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor "Freescale Semiconductor"), [ASE](/wiki/Advanced_Semiconductor_Engineering "Advanced Semiconductor Engineering"), [Infineon](/wiki/Infineon "Infineon"), [STMicroelectronics](/wiki/STMicroelectronics "STMicroelectronics"), [Texas Instruments](/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments"), [Fairchild Semiconductor](/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor "Fairchild Semiconductor"), [Renesas](/wiki/Renesas "Renesas"), [X\-Fab](/wiki/X-Fab "X-Fab") and major Malaysian\-owned companies such as [Green Packet](/wiki/Green_Packet "Green Packet"), Silterra, Globetronics, Unisem and Inari which have contributed to the steady growth of the semiconductor industry in Malaysia. To date, there are more than 50 companies, largely MNCs producing semiconductors devices in Malaysia.
#### Photovoltaics
{{see also\|Photovoltaics manufacturing in Malaysia}}Malaysia is a major hub for solar equipment manufacturing, with factories of companies like [First Solar](/wiki/First_Solar "First Solar"), [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic"), TS Solartech, [Jinko Solar](/wiki/Jinko_Solar "Jinko Solar"), JA Solar, [SunPower](/wiki/SunPower "SunPower"), [Hanwha Q Cells](/wiki/Hanwha_Q_Cells "Hanwha Q Cells"), and [SunEdison](/wiki/SunEdison "SunEdison") in locations like [Kulim](/wiki/Kulim "Kulim"), [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang"), [Malacca](/wiki/Malacca "Malacca"), [Cyberjaya](/wiki/Cyberjaya "Cyberjaya") and [Ipoh](/wiki/Ipoh "Ipoh").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/12/business/energy\-environment/solar\-rises\-in\-malaysia\-during\-trade\-wars\-over\-panels.html?\_r\=0\|title\=NYTimes\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=12 December 2014\|access\-date\=25 July 2015\|last1\=Bradsher\|first1\=Keith\|archive\-date\=16 March 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316095048/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/12/business/energy\-environment/solar\-rises\-in\-malaysia\-during\-trade\-wars\-over\-panels.html?\_r\=0\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jinkosolar.com/press\_detail\_1056\.html\|title\=Jinkosolar\|access\-date\=25 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725175111/http://www.jinkosolar.com/press\_detail\_1056\.html\|archive\-date\=25 July 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}[thumb\|[First Solar](/wiki/First_Solar "First Solar")'s factory in [Kulim](/wiki/Kulim "Kulim")](/wiki/File:FirstSolarKulim.jpg "FirstSolarKulim.jpg")
In 2013, Malaysia's total production capacity for [solar wafers](/wiki/Solar_wafer "Solar wafer"), [solar cells](/wiki/Solar_cells "Solar cells") and [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") totalled 4,042 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt "Watt#Megawatt").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.exim.com.my/sites/default/files/industry\_assessment\_\-\_solar\_panel\_industry\_in\_malaysia\_january\_2015\.pdf \| title\=eximbank \| access\-date\=26 July 2015 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001602/http://www.exim.com.my/sites/default/files/industry\_assessment\_\-\_solar\_panel\_industry\_in\_malaysia\_january\_2015\.pdf \| archive\-date\=4 September 2015 \| df\=dmy\-all }} By 2014, Malaysia was the world's third largest manufacturer of [photovoltaics](/wiki/Photovoltaics "Photovoltaics") equipment, behind [China](/wiki/China "China") and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union").
Many international companies have the majority of production capacity located in [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), such as the American company [First Solar](/wiki/First_Solar "First Solar") which has over 2,000 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt "Watt#Megawatt") of production capacity located in [Kulim](/wiki/Kulim "Kulim") and only 280 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt "Watt#Megawatt") located in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"),{{cite web \| url\=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/what\-does\-first\-solars\-plant\-closures\-say\-about\-thin\-film\-pvs\-competitivene \| title\=Ohio \| access\-date\=26 July 2015 \| archive\-date\=16 October 2015 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010329/http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/what\-does\-first\-solars\-plant\-closures\-say\-about\-thin\-film\-pvs\-competitivene \| url\-status\=live }} and formerly German\-based [Hanwha Q Cells](/wiki/Hanwha_Q_Cells "Hanwha Q Cells") which produces 1,100 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt "Watt#Megawatt") worth of solar cells in [Cyberjaya](/wiki/Cyberjaya "Cyberjaya") while producing only 200 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt "Watt#Megawatt") worth of solar cells in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). [SunPower](/wiki/SunPower "SunPower")'s largest manufacturing facility with a capacity of 1,400 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt "Watt#Megawatt") is also located in [Malacca](/wiki/Malacca "Malacca").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.pv\-tech.org/news/sunpower\_plotting\_next\_gen\_gigawatt\_scale\_fab \| title\=PV Tech \| access\-date\=25 July 2015 \| archive\-date\=25 July 2015 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725162707/http://www.pv\-tech.org/news/sunpower\_plotting\_next\_gen\_gigawatt\_scale\_fab \| url\-status\=dead }}
### Automotive
[thumb\|The [Proton Prevé](/wiki/Proton_Prev%C3%A9 "Proton Prevé"), a car made by Malaysian car company [Proton](/wiki/PROTON_Holdings "PROTON Holdings").](/wiki/File:2013_Proton_Prev%C3%A9_Premium_%28Test_Drive_Car%29_in_Glenmarie%2C_Malaysia.jpg "2013 Proton Prevé Premium (Test Drive Car) in Glenmarie, Malaysia.jpg")
{{See also\|Automotive industry in Malaysia}}
The automotive industry in Malaysia consists of 27 vehicle producers and over 640 component manufacturers.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mai.org.my/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=32\&Itemid\=111⟨\=en \|title\=The Automotive Industry \|publisher\=mai.org.my \|date\=20 May 2017 \|access\-date\=20 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519160932/http://www.mai.org.my/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=32\&Itemid\=111⟨\=en \|archive\-date\=19 May 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }} The Malaysian automotive industry is the third largest in [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"), and the [23rd largest in the world](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production "List of countries by motor vehicle production"), with an annual production output of over 500,000 vehicles.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.maa.org.my/info\_summary.htm \| title\=Malaysia automotive association \| access\-date\=5 April 2015 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329081427/http://www.maa.org.my/info\_summary.htm \| archive\-date\=29 March 2015 \| url\-status\=dead }} The automotive industry contributes 4% or RM 40 billion to Malaysia's [GDP](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product"), and employs a workforce of over 700,000 throughout a nationwide ecosystem.
The Malaysian automotive industry is Southeast Asia's sole pioneer of indigenous car companies, namely [Proton](/wiki/PROTON_Holdings "PROTON Holdings") and [Perodua](/wiki/Perodua "Perodua"). In 2002, Proton helped Malaysia become the 11th country in the world with the capability to fully design, engineer and manufacture cars from the ground up.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.proton.com:80/about\_proton/facts\_figures/astonishing\_facts.php \|title\=Astonishing facts \|publisher\=proton.com \|date\=5 August 2007 \|access\-date\=20 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805223038/http://www.proton.com/about\_proton/facts\_figures/astonishing\_facts.php \|archive\-date\=5 August 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} The Malaysian automotive industry also hosts several domestic\-foreign joint venture companies, which assemble a large variety of vehicles from imported complete knock down (CKD) kits.
Malaysia's first tech unicorn startup, automotive e\-commerce platform Carsome, raised $290 million in a Series E funding round to expand its product, technology and infrastructure in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. This latest funding round values the used\-car online marketplace at $1\.7 billion.{{Cite web \|last\=Vaswani \|first\=Simran \|title\=Malaysian Unicorn Carsome Raises $290 Million To Fund Southeast Asia Expansion Plans \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simranvaswani/2022/01/10/malaysian\-unicorn\-carsome\-raises\-290\-million\-to\-fund\-southeast\-asia\-expansion\-plans/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-27 \|website\=Forbes \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=27 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427093018/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simranvaswani/2022/01/10/malaysian\-unicorn\-carsome\-raises\-290\-million\-to\-fund\-southeast\-asia\-expansion\-plans/ \|url\-status\=live }}
### Construction
[thumb\|[Penang Bridge](/wiki/Penang_Bridge "Penang Bridge")](/wiki/File:Penang_Bridge_in_extension.jpg "Penang Bridge in extension.jpg")
Malaysia has a large construction industry of over RM102\.2 billion (US$32 billion). The highest percentage share was contributed by construction of non\-residential buildings which recorded 34\.6 per cent. This was followed by [civil engineering](/wiki/Civil_engineering "Civil engineering") sub\-sector (30\.6%), [residential buildings](/wiki/Residential_buildings "Residential buildings") (29\.7%), and special trades (5\.1%).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r\=column/cthemeByCat\&cat\=77\&bul\_id\=WkxHdXZhK3grREJPSndEY3dSeFBwQT09\&menu\_id\=OEY5SWtFSVVFVUpmUXEyaHppMVhEdz09 \| title\=Statistics \| access\-date\=5 April 2015 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411095214/http://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r\=column%2FcthemeByCat\&cat\=77\&bul\_id\=WkxHdXZhK3grREJPSndEY3dSeFBwQT09\&menu\_id\=OEY5SWtFSVVFVUpmUXEyaHppMVhEdz09 \| archive\-date\=11 April 2015 \| url\-status\=dead \| df\=dmy\-all }}
[Selangor](/wiki/Selangor "Selangor") recorded the highest value of construction work done at 24\.5% among the states, followed by [Johor](/wiki/Johor "Johor") at 16\.5%, [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") at 15\.8%, [Sarawak](/wiki/Sarawak "Sarawak") at 8\.6% and [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang") at 6\.4%. The contribution of these five states accounted for 71\.8% of the total value of construction work in Malaysia.
The expansion of the construction industry has been catalysed by major capital expenditure projects, and a key factor has been the government's Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) and public\-private partnership (PPP) mega\-projects like [Tun Razak Exchange](/wiki/Tun_Razak_Exchange "Tun Razak Exchange"), [KVMRT](/wiki/KVMRT "KVMRT") and [Iskandar Malaysia](/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia "Iskandar Malaysia").
### Defence
[thumb\|A [Kedah\-class](/wiki/Kedah_class_offshore_patrol_vessel "Kedah class offshore patrol vessel") warship, with another unit being built in the background](/wiki/File:Perak_F173.jpg "Perak F173.jpg")
Malaysia has a relatively new [defence industry](/wiki/Defence_industry "Defence industry") that was created after the government created the [Malaysia Defence Industry Council](/wiki/Malaysia_Defence_Industry_Council "Malaysia Defence Industry Council") to encourage local companies to participate in the country's defence sector in 1999\.
The land sector of the defence industry is dominated by [DefTech](/wiki/DRB-HICOM_Defence_Technologies "DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies"), a subsidiary of Malaysia's largest automotive manufacturer, [DRB\-HICOM](/wiki/DRB-HICOM "DRB-HICOM"). The company focuses on manufacturing [armoured vehicles](/wiki/Armoured_vehicles "Armoured vehicles") and specialised logistics vehicles. The company has supplied [ACV\-15](/wiki/ACV-15 "ACV-15") infantry fighting vehicles to the Malaysian Army in the past and is currently supplying the [DefTech AV8](/wiki/DefTech_AV8 "DefTech AV8") amphibious multirole armoured vehicle to the [Malaysian Army](/wiki/Malaysian_Army "Malaysian Army").
The sea sector of the defence industry is dominated by [Boustead Heavy Industries](/wiki/Boustead_Heavy_Industries_Corporation "Boustead Heavy Industries Corporation"), who builds warships for the [Royal Malaysian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy "Royal Malaysian Navy") (RMN) through [transfer of technology](/wiki/Transfer_of_technology "Transfer of technology") with foreign companies. The company has built 4 [Kedah\-class offshore patrol vessels](/wiki/Kedah-class_offshore_patrol_vessel "Kedah-class offshore patrol vessel") for the RMN in the past and is currently undertaking a project to build 6 more [Second Generation Patrol Vessels](/wiki/Second_Generation_Patrol_Vessel "Second Generation Patrol Vessel") for the RMN.
|
[
"Industry sector\n---------------",
"[Science policies in Malaysia](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia \"Science and technology in Malaysia\") are regulated by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation. The country is one of the world's largest exporters of semiconductor devices, electrical devices, and IT and communication products.",
"Malaysia's industrial sector accounts for 36\\.8%, over a third of the country's GDP in 2014, and employs 36% of the labour force in 2012\\. The industrial sector mostly contributed by the [electronics industry](/wiki/Electronics_industry \"Electronics industry\"), [automotive industry](/wiki/Automotive_industry \"Automotive industry\") and [construction industry](/wiki/Construction_industry \"Construction industry\").",
"### Electrical and electronics",
"The electrical \\& electronics (E\\&E) industry is the leading sector in Malaysia's manufacturing sector, contributing significantly to the country's exports (32\\.8 per cent) and employment (27\\.2 per cent) in 2013\\. Malaysia benefits from the global demand in the usage of [mobile devices](/wiki/Mobile_device \"Mobile device\") (smartphones, tablets), [storage devices](/wiki/Data_storage_device \"Data storage device\") (cloud computing, data centres), [optoelectronics](/wiki/Optoelectronics \"Optoelectronics\") (photonics, fibre optics, LEDs) and embedded technology ([integrated circuits](/wiki/Integrated_circuits \"Integrated circuits\"), [PCBs](/wiki/Printed_circuit_board \"Printed circuit board\"), [LEDs](/wiki/LED \"LED\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.mida.gov.my/home/electrical\\-and\\-electronic/posts/ \\| title\\=MIDA \\| access\\-date\\=5 April 2015 \\| archive\\-date\\=10 April 2015 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410105123/http://www.mida.gov.my/home/electrical\\-and\\-electronic/posts/ \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"#### Electronic components",
"Products/activities which fall under this sub\\-sector include [semiconductor devices](/wiki/Semiconductor_devices \"Semiconductor devices\"), [passive components](/wiki/Passive_components \"Passive components\"), [printed circuits](/wiki/Printed_circuits \"Printed circuits\") and other components such as media, substrates and connectors.",
"Within the electronic components sub\\-sector, the semiconductor devices is the leading contributor of exports for the E\\&E industry. Exports of semiconductor devices were RM111\\.19 billion or 47% of the total E\\&E products exported in 2013\\.",
"Malaysia is a major hub for electrical component manufacturing, with factories of international companies like [Intel](/wiki/Intel \"Intel\"), [AMD](/wiki/AMD \"AMD\"), [Freescale Semiconductor](/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor \"Freescale Semiconductor\"), [ASE](/wiki/Advanced_Semiconductor_Engineering \"Advanced Semiconductor Engineering\"), [Infineon](/wiki/Infineon \"Infineon\"), [STMicroelectronics](/wiki/STMicroelectronics \"STMicroelectronics\"), [Texas Instruments](/wiki/Texas_Instruments \"Texas Instruments\"), [Fairchild Semiconductor](/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor \"Fairchild Semiconductor\"), [Renesas](/wiki/Renesas \"Renesas\"), [X\\-Fab](/wiki/X-Fab \"X-Fab\") and major Malaysian\\-owned companies such as [Green Packet](/wiki/Green_Packet \"Green Packet\"), Silterra, Globetronics, Unisem and Inari which have contributed to the steady growth of the semiconductor industry in Malaysia. To date, there are more than 50 companies, largely MNCs producing semiconductors devices in Malaysia.",
"#### Photovoltaics",
"{{see also\\|Photovoltaics manufacturing in Malaysia}}Malaysia is a major hub for solar equipment manufacturing, with factories of companies like [First Solar](/wiki/First_Solar \"First Solar\"), [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic \"Panasonic\"), TS Solartech, [Jinko Solar](/wiki/Jinko_Solar \"Jinko Solar\"), JA Solar, [SunPower](/wiki/SunPower \"SunPower\"), [Hanwha Q Cells](/wiki/Hanwha_Q_Cells \"Hanwha Q Cells\"), and [SunEdison](/wiki/SunEdison \"SunEdison\") in locations like [Kulim](/wiki/Kulim \"Kulim\"), [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\"), [Malacca](/wiki/Malacca \"Malacca\"), [Cyberjaya](/wiki/Cyberjaya \"Cyberjaya\") and [Ipoh](/wiki/Ipoh \"Ipoh\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/12/business/energy\\-environment/solar\\-rises\\-in\\-malaysia\\-during\\-trade\\-wars\\-over\\-panels.html?\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=NYTimes\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=12 December 2014\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2015\\|last1\\=Bradsher\\|first1\\=Keith\\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316095048/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/12/business/energy\\-environment/solar\\-rises\\-in\\-malaysia\\-during\\-trade\\-wars\\-over\\-panels.html?\\_r\\=0\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jinkosolar.com/press\\_detail\\_1056\\.html\\|title\\=Jinkosolar\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725175111/http://www.jinkosolar.com/press\\_detail\\_1056\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[thumb\\|[First Solar](/wiki/First_Solar \"First Solar\")'s factory in [Kulim](/wiki/Kulim \"Kulim\")](/wiki/File:FirstSolarKulim.jpg \"FirstSolarKulim.jpg\")\nIn 2013, Malaysia's total production capacity for [solar wafers](/wiki/Solar_wafer \"Solar wafer\"), [solar cells](/wiki/Solar_cells \"Solar cells\") and [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panel \"Solar panel\") totalled 4,042 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt \"Watt#Megawatt\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.exim.com.my/sites/default/files/industry\\_assessment\\_\\-\\_solar\\_panel\\_industry\\_in\\_malaysia\\_january\\_2015\\.pdf \\| title\\=eximbank \\| access\\-date\\=26 July 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001602/http://www.exim.com.my/sites/default/files/industry\\_assessment\\_\\-\\_solar\\_panel\\_industry\\_in\\_malaysia\\_january\\_2015\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date\\=4 September 2015 \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }} By 2014, Malaysia was the world's third largest manufacturer of [photovoltaics](/wiki/Photovoltaics \"Photovoltaics\") equipment, behind [China](/wiki/China \"China\") and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\").",
"Many international companies have the majority of production capacity located in [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), such as the American company [First Solar](/wiki/First_Solar \"First Solar\") which has over 2,000 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt \"Watt#Megawatt\") of production capacity located in [Kulim](/wiki/Kulim \"Kulim\") and only 280 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt \"Watt#Megawatt\") located in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"),{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/what\\-does\\-first\\-solars\\-plant\\-closures\\-say\\-about\\-thin\\-film\\-pvs\\-competitivene \\| title\\=Ohio \\| access\\-date\\=26 July 2015 \\| archive\\-date\\=16 October 2015 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010329/http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/what\\-does\\-first\\-solars\\-plant\\-closures\\-say\\-about\\-thin\\-film\\-pvs\\-competitivene \\| url\\-status\\=live }} and formerly German\\-based [Hanwha Q Cells](/wiki/Hanwha_Q_Cells \"Hanwha Q Cells\") which produces 1,100 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt \"Watt#Megawatt\") worth of solar cells in [Cyberjaya](/wiki/Cyberjaya \"Cyberjaya\") while producing only 200 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt \"Watt#Megawatt\") worth of solar cells in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). [SunPower](/wiki/SunPower \"SunPower\")'s largest manufacturing facility with a capacity of 1,400 [MW](/wiki/Watt%23Megawatt \"Watt#Megawatt\") is also located in [Malacca](/wiki/Malacca \"Malacca\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.pv\\-tech.org/news/sunpower\\_plotting\\_next\\_gen\\_gigawatt\\_scale\\_fab \\| title\\=PV Tech \\| access\\-date\\=25 July 2015 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 July 2015 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725162707/http://www.pv\\-tech.org/news/sunpower\\_plotting\\_next\\_gen\\_gigawatt\\_scale\\_fab \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Automotive",
"[thumb\\|The [Proton Prevé](/wiki/Proton_Prev%C3%A9 \"Proton Prevé\"), a car made by Malaysian car company [Proton](/wiki/PROTON_Holdings \"PROTON Holdings\").](/wiki/File:2013_Proton_Prev%C3%A9_Premium_%28Test_Drive_Car%29_in_Glenmarie%2C_Malaysia.jpg \"2013 Proton Prevé Premium (Test Drive Car) in Glenmarie, Malaysia.jpg\")\n{{See also\\|Automotive industry in Malaysia}}",
"The automotive industry in Malaysia consists of 27 vehicle producers and over 640 component manufacturers.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mai.org.my/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=32\\&Itemid\\=111⟨\\=en \\|title\\=The Automotive Industry \\|publisher\\=mai.org.my \\|date\\=20 May 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519160932/http://www.mai.org.my/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=32\\&Itemid\\=111⟨\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The Malaysian automotive industry is the third largest in [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"), and the [23rd largest in the world](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production \"List of countries by motor vehicle production\"), with an annual production output of over 500,000 vehicles.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.maa.org.my/info\\_summary.htm \\| title\\=Malaysia automotive association \\| access\\-date\\=5 April 2015 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329081427/http://www.maa.org.my/info\\_summary.htm \\| archive\\-date\\=29 March 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} The automotive industry contributes 4% or RM 40 billion to Malaysia's [GDP](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product \"Gross domestic product\"), and employs a workforce of over 700,000 throughout a nationwide ecosystem.",
"The Malaysian automotive industry is Southeast Asia's sole pioneer of indigenous car companies, namely [Proton](/wiki/PROTON_Holdings \"PROTON Holdings\") and [Perodua](/wiki/Perodua \"Perodua\"). In 2002, Proton helped Malaysia become the 11th country in the world with the capability to fully design, engineer and manufacture cars from the ground up.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.proton.com:80/about\\_proton/facts\\_figures/astonishing\\_facts.php \\|title\\=Astonishing facts \\|publisher\\=proton.com \\|date\\=5 August 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805223038/http://www.proton.com/about\\_proton/facts\\_figures/astonishing\\_facts.php \\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The Malaysian automotive industry also hosts several domestic\\-foreign joint venture companies, which assemble a large variety of vehicles from imported complete knock down (CKD) kits.",
"Malaysia's first tech unicorn startup, automotive e\\-commerce platform Carsome, raised $290 million in a Series E funding round to expand its product, technology and infrastructure in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. This latest funding round values the used\\-car online marketplace at $1\\.7 billion.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Vaswani \\|first\\=Simran \\|title\\=Malaysian Unicorn Carsome Raises $290 Million To Fund Southeast Asia Expansion Plans \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simranvaswani/2022/01/10/malaysian\\-unicorn\\-carsome\\-raises\\-290\\-million\\-to\\-fund\\-southeast\\-asia\\-expansion\\-plans/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-27 \\|website\\=Forbes \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427093018/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simranvaswani/2022/01/10/malaysian\\-unicorn\\-carsome\\-raises\\-290\\-million\\-to\\-fund\\-southeast\\-asia\\-expansion\\-plans/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Construction",
"[thumb\\|[Penang Bridge](/wiki/Penang_Bridge \"Penang Bridge\")](/wiki/File:Penang_Bridge_in_extension.jpg \"Penang Bridge in extension.jpg\")\nMalaysia has a large construction industry of over RM102\\.2 billion (US$32 billion). The highest percentage share was contributed by construction of non\\-residential buildings which recorded 34\\.6 per cent. This was followed by [civil engineering](/wiki/Civil_engineering \"Civil engineering\") sub\\-sector (30\\.6%), [residential buildings](/wiki/Residential_buildings \"Residential buildings\") (29\\.7%), and special trades (5\\.1%).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r\\=column/cthemeByCat\\&cat\\=77\\&bul\\_id\\=WkxHdXZhK3grREJPSndEY3dSeFBwQT09\\&menu\\_id\\=OEY5SWtFSVVFVUpmUXEyaHppMVhEdz09 \\| title\\=Statistics \\| access\\-date\\=5 April 2015 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411095214/http://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r\\=column%2FcthemeByCat\\&cat\\=77\\&bul\\_id\\=WkxHdXZhK3grREJPSndEY3dSeFBwQT09\\&menu\\_id\\=OEY5SWtFSVVFVUpmUXEyaHppMVhEdz09 \\| archive\\-date\\=11 April 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"[Selangor](/wiki/Selangor \"Selangor\") recorded the highest value of construction work done at 24\\.5% among the states, followed by [Johor](/wiki/Johor \"Johor\") at 16\\.5%, [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") at 15\\.8%, [Sarawak](/wiki/Sarawak \"Sarawak\") at 8\\.6% and [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\") at 6\\.4%. The contribution of these five states accounted for 71\\.8% of the total value of construction work in Malaysia.",
"The expansion of the construction industry has been catalysed by major capital expenditure projects, and a key factor has been the government's Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) and public\\-private partnership (PPP) mega\\-projects like [Tun Razak Exchange](/wiki/Tun_Razak_Exchange \"Tun Razak Exchange\"), [KVMRT](/wiki/KVMRT \"KVMRT\") and [Iskandar Malaysia](/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia \"Iskandar Malaysia\").",
"### Defence",
"[thumb\\|A [Kedah\\-class](/wiki/Kedah_class_offshore_patrol_vessel \"Kedah class offshore patrol vessel\") warship, with another unit being built in the background](/wiki/File:Perak_F173.jpg \"Perak F173.jpg\")\nMalaysia has a relatively new [defence industry](/wiki/Defence_industry \"Defence industry\") that was created after the government created the [Malaysia Defence Industry Council](/wiki/Malaysia_Defence_Industry_Council \"Malaysia Defence Industry Council\") to encourage local companies to participate in the country's defence sector in 1999\\.",
"The land sector of the defence industry is dominated by [DefTech](/wiki/DRB-HICOM_Defence_Technologies \"DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies\"), a subsidiary of Malaysia's largest automotive manufacturer, [DRB\\-HICOM](/wiki/DRB-HICOM \"DRB-HICOM\"). The company focuses on manufacturing [armoured vehicles](/wiki/Armoured_vehicles \"Armoured vehicles\") and specialised logistics vehicles. The company has supplied [ACV\\-15](/wiki/ACV-15 \"ACV-15\") infantry fighting vehicles to the Malaysian Army in the past and is currently supplying the [DefTech AV8](/wiki/DefTech_AV8 \"DefTech AV8\") amphibious multirole armoured vehicle to the [Malaysian Army](/wiki/Malaysian_Army \"Malaysian Army\").",
"The sea sector of the defence industry is dominated by [Boustead Heavy Industries](/wiki/Boustead_Heavy_Industries_Corporation \"Boustead Heavy Industries Corporation\"), who builds warships for the [Royal Malaysian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy \"Royal Malaysian Navy\") (RMN) through [transfer of technology](/wiki/Transfer_of_technology \"Transfer of technology\") with foreign companies. The company has built 4 [Kedah\\-class offshore patrol vessels](/wiki/Kedah-class_offshore_patrol_vessel \"Kedah-class offshore patrol vessel\") for the RMN in the past and is currently undertaking a project to build 6 more [Second Generation Patrol Vessels](/wiki/Second_Generation_Patrol_Vessel \"Second Generation Patrol Vessel\") for the RMN.",
""
] |
Infrastructure
--------------
The infrastructure of Malaysia is one of the most developed in Asia.{{Cite web \|title\=Malaysia's economy to grow by 4\-5% this year, central bank says – GE63 \|date\=2 April 2023 \|url\=https://ge63\.com/malaysia\-economy\-2023 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-02 \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=2 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402123418/https://ge63\.com/malaysia\-economy\-2023 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mida.gov.my/env3/index.php?page\=developed\-infrastructure \|title\=Why Malaysia \|publisher\=Malaysia Industrial Development Authority \|access\-date\=20 August 2011 \|archive\-date\=23 July 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723213941/http://www.mida.gov.my/env3/index.php?page\=developed\-infrastructure \|url\-status\=dead }} Its [telecommunications network](/wiki/Telecommunications_network "Telecommunications network") is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia, with 4\.7 million fixed\-line subscribers and more than 30 million cellular subscribers.(2011\){{cite web \|url\=http://www1\.american.edu/initeb/ym6974a/telecom.htm \|title\=Malaysian Telecommunications Overview \|publisher\=American University \|access\-date\=25 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504165602/http://www1\.american.edu/initeb/ym6974a/telecom.htm \|archive\-date\=4 May 2011 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the\-world\-factbook/rankorder/2151rank.html?countryName\=Malaysia\&countryCode\=my\®ionCode\=eas\&rank\=31\#my \|title\=Telephones – mobile cellular \|work\=The World Factbook \|access\-date\=25 May 2011 \|archive\-date\=16 November 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116085719/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the\-world\-factbook/rankorder/2151rank.html?countryName\=Malaysia\&countryCode\=my\®ionCode\=eas\&rank\=31\#my \|url\-status\=dead }} The country has seven international ports, the major one being the [Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang "Port Klang"). There are 200 [industrial parks](/wiki/Industrial_park "Industrial park") along with specialised parks such as [Technology Park Malaysia](/wiki/Technology_Park_Malaysia "Technology Park Malaysia") and [Kulim Hi\-Tech Park](/wiki/Kulim_Hi-tech_Park "Kulim Hi-tech Park"). Fresh water is available to over 95 per cent of the population. During the colonial period, development was mainly concentrated in economically powerful cities and in areas forming security concerns. Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as those in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cirdap.org.sg/Paper3\_KKLWDoc.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133723/http://www.cirdap.org.sg/Paper3\_KKLWDoc.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 May 2011 \|title\=Infrastructure and Rural Development in Malaysia \|publisher\=Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific \|access\-date\=25 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} The telecommunication network, although strong in urban areas, is less available to the rural population.
### Energy
[thumb\|[Bakun Dam](/wiki/Bakun_Dam "Bakun Dam") under construction in 2009](/wiki/File:BakunDam.jpg "BakunDam.jpg")
{{See also\|Energy policy of Malaysia\|Tenaga Nasional\|List of power stations in Malaysia\|National Grid (Malaysia)}}
Malaysia's energy infrastructure sector is largely dominated by [Tenaga Nasional](/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional "Tenaga Nasional"), the largest [electric utility](/wiki/Electric_utility "Electric utility") company in [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"), with over RM99\.03 billion of assets. Customers are connected to electricity through the [National Grid](/wiki/National_Grid_%28Malaysia%29 "National Grid (Malaysia)"), with more than 420 [transmission substations](/wiki/Electrical_substation%23Transmission_substation "Electrical substation#Transmission substation") in the Peninsular linked together by approximately 11,000 km{{cite web\|title\=Tenaga Nasional Berhad 500kV Transmission System, Phase 1 \|url\=http://www.ranhill.com.my/tenaganasional.asp \|publisher\=Ranhill Berhad \|access\-date\=23 May 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227183633/http://www.ranhill.com.my/tenaganasional.asp \|archive\-date\=27 February 2009 }} of transmission lines operating at 132, 275 and 500 [kilovolts](/wiki/Kilovolts "Kilovolts").
In 2013, Malaysia's total power generation capacity was over 29,728 [megawatts](/wiki/Megawatts "Megawatts"). Total electricity generation was 140,985\.01 [GWh](/wiki/GWh "GWh") and total electricity consumption was 116,087\.51 GWh.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.st.gov.my/index.php/industry/statistics\-reports.html \| title\=Energy Commission \| access\-date\=11 April 2015 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509023944/http://www.st.gov.my/index.php/industry/statistics\-reports.html \| archive\-date\=9 May 2015 \| df\=dmy\-all }}
Energy production in Malaysia is largely based on oil and natural gas, owing to Malaysia's oil reserves and natural gas reserves, which is the fourth largest in [Asia\-Pacific](/wiki/Asia-Pacific "Asia-Pacific") after China, India and [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam").{{cite web\|url\=http://ppkas.unimap.edu.my/index.php/news/articles/29\-renewable\-energy\-and\-kyoto\-protocol\-adoption\-in\-malaysia \|title\=Renewable Energy and Kyoto Protocol: Adoption in Malaysia \|author1\=Selamat, Salsuwanda \|author2\=Abidin, Che Zulzikrami Azner \|publisher\=Universiti Malaysia Perlis \|access\-date\=15 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904032630/http://ppkas.unimap.edu.my/index.php/news/articles/29\-renewable\-energy\-and\-kyoto\-protocol\-adoption\-in\-malaysia \|archive\-date\=4 September 2013 }}
Malaysia has also significant renewable energy resources and has high potential for the development of large\-scale solar power and it has one of the most advanced legal frameworks in the ASEAN region for promoting renewables.{{cite web \|last1\=Vakulchuk \|first1\=Roman \|last2\=Kresnawan \|first2\=Muhammad Rizki \|last3\=Merdekawati \|first3\=Monika \|last4\=Overland \|first4\=Indra \|last5\=Sagbakken \|first5\=Haakon Fossum \|last6\=Suryadi \|first6\=Beni \|last7\=Yurnaidi \|first7\=Zulfikar \|title\=Malaysia: How to Scale Up Investment in Renewable Energy \|date\=2020 \|doi\=10\.13140/RG.2\.2\.32870\.45124 \|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793894 \|publisher\=ASEAN Centre for Energy}} The country set a 20% target of renewable energy in its energy mix by 2025 and to achieve this the government will need to improve its renewable energy governance, investment policy and market entry for foreign investors as well to develop a framework for easier grid connection and use. As of 2021, Malaysia is one of the major producers of solar panels for the international market, but paradoxically it has yet to fully capitalize on this for domestic electricity generation.{{cite journal \|last1\=Overland \|first1\=Indra \|last2\=Sagbakken \|first2\=Haakon Fossum \|last3\=Chan \|first3\=Hoy\-Yen \|last4\=Merdekawati \|first4\=Monika \|last5\=Suryadi \|first5\=Beni \|last6\=Utama \|first6\=Nuki Agya \|last7\=Vakulchuk \|first7\=Roman \|title\=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox \|journal\=Energy and Climate Change \|date\=December 2021 \|volume\=2 \|pages\=100019 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.egycc.2020\.100019 \|hdl\=11250/2734506 \|doi\-access\=free \|hdl\-access\=free }}
### Transport network
{{See also\|Transport in Malaysia}}
#### Road network
[thumb\|The [North–South Expressway](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_%28Malaysia%29 "North–South Expressway (Malaysia)"), the longest highway in Malaysia](/wiki/File:NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg "NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg")
Malaysia's road network is one of the most comprehensive in Asia and covers a total of {{convert\|144403\|km\|mi\|0}}.
The main national road network is the [Malaysian Federal Roads System](/wiki/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_System "Malaysian Federal Roads System"), which span over {{convert\|49935\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}. Most of the federal roads in Malaysia are 2\-lane roads. In town areas, federal roads may become 4\-lane roads to increase traffic capacity. Nearly all federal roads are paved with [tarmac](/wiki/Tarmacadam "Tarmacadam") except parts of the [Skudai–Pontian Highway](/wiki/Skudai%E2%80%93Pontian_Highway "Skudai–Pontian Highway") which is paved with [concrete](/wiki/Concrete "Concrete"), while parts of the [Federal Highway](/wiki/Federal_Highway%2C_Malaysia "Federal Highway, Malaysia") linking Klang to Kuala Lumpur, is paved with [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete "Asphalt concrete").
Malaysia has over {{convert\|1798\|km\|mi\|0}} of highways and the longest highway, the [North–South Expressway](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_%28Malaysia%29 "North–South Expressway (Malaysia)"), extends over {{convert\|800\|km\|mi\|0}} on the West Coast of [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia "Peninsular Malaysia"), connecting major urban centres like [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") and [Johor Bahru](/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"). In 2015, the government announced a RM27 billion (US$8\.23 billion) [Pan\-Borneo Highway](/wiki/Pan-Borneo_Highway "Pan-Borneo Highway") project to upgrade all [trunk roads](/wiki/Trunk_road "Trunk road") to [dual carriage expressways](/wiki/Dual_carriageway "Dual carriageway"), bringing the standard of [East Malaysian](/wiki/East_Malaysia "East Malaysia") highways to the same level of quality of Peninsular highways.{{Cite book\|last \= Mody\|first \= Ashoka\|title \= Infrastructure strategies in East Asia: the untold story\|publisher \= The World Bank\|year \= 1997\|page \= 35\|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=jSVNQi3UZKgC\|isbn \= 0\-8213\-4027\-1}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/10/17/fadillah\-says\-pan\-borneo\-highway\-to\-be\-built\-under\-ukas\-initiative/\|title\=Fadillah says Pan Borneo Highway to be built under Ukas initiative\|author\=Pim, Lim How\|work\=Borneo Post\|date\=17 October 2014\|access\-date\=19 October 2014\|archive\-date\=19 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019124934/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/10/17/fadillah\-says\-pan\-borneo\-highway\-to\-be\-built\-under\-ukas\-initiative/\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Rail network
{{See also\|Rail transport in Malaysia}}
There are currently {{convert\|1833\|km\|mi}} of railways in Malaysia, {{convert\|767\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} are [double tracked](/wiki/Double_track "Double track") and [electrified](/wiki/Electrified_railways "Electrified railways").
Rail transport in Malaysia comprises [heavy rail](/wiki/Heavy_rail "Heavy rail") ([KTM](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu "Keretapi Tanah Melayu")), [light rapid transit](/wiki/Light_rapid_transit "Light rapid transit") and [monorail](/wiki/Monorail "Monorail") ([Rapid Rail](/wiki/Rapid_Rail "Rapid Rail")), and a [funicular](/wiki/Funicular "Funicular") railway line ([Penang Hill Railway](/wiki/Penang_Hill_Railway "Penang Hill Railway")). Heavy rail is mostly used for intercity passenger and freight transport as well as some urban public transport, while LRTs are used for intra\-city urban public transport. There two [commuter rail](/wiki/Commuter_rail "Commuter rail") services linking [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") with the [Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport "Kuala Lumpur International Airport"). The sole [monorail](/wiki/Monorail "Monorail") line in the country is also used for public transport in Kuala Lumpur, while the only funicular railway line is in [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang"). A [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") project, the [KVMRT](/wiki/KVMRT "KVMRT"), is currently under construction to improve Kuala Lumpur's public transport system.
The railway network covers most of the 11 states in [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia "Peninsular Malaysia"). In East Malaysia, only the state of [Sabah](/wiki/Sabah "Sabah") has railways. The network is also connected to the [Thai railway](/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand "State Railway of Thailand") {{RailGauge\|1000mm}} network in the north. If the [Burma Railway](/wiki/Burma_Railway "Burma Railway") is rebuilt, services to Myanmar, India, and China could be initiated.
#### Air network
{{See also\|List of airports in Malaysia\|List of airlines of Malaysia\|List of the busiest airports in Malaysia}}
[thumb\|[Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport "Kuala Lumpur International Airport")](/wiki/File:KLIA_MTB%26Tower.jpg "KLIA MTB&Tower.jpg")
Malaysia has 118 airports, of which 38 are paved. The [national airline](/wiki/Flag_carrier "Flag carrier") is [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines "Malaysia Airlines"), providing international and domestic air services. Major international routes and domestic routes crossing between [West Malaysia](/wiki/West_Malaysia "West Malaysia") and [East Malaysia](/wiki/East_Malaysia "East Malaysia") are served by [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines "Malaysia Airlines"), [AirAsia](/wiki/AirAsia "AirAsia") and [Malindo Air](/wiki/Malindo_Air "Malindo Air") while smaller domestic routes are supplemented by smaller airlines like [MASwings](/wiki/MASwings "MASwings"), [Firefly](/wiki/Firefly_%28airline%29 "Firefly (airline)") and [Berjaya Air](/wiki/Berjaya_Air "Berjaya Air"). Major cargo airlines include [MASkargo](/wiki/MASkargo "MASkargo") and [Transmile Air Services](/wiki/Transmile_Air_Services "Transmile Air Services").
[Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport "Kuala Lumpur International Airport") is the main and busiest airport of Malaysia. In 2014, it was the world's [13th busiest airport by international passenger traffic](/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic "List of the world's busiest airports by international passenger traffic"), recording over 25\.4 million international passenger traffic. It was also the world's [20th busiest airport by passenger traffic](/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic "List of the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic"), recording over 48\.9 million passengers.
Other major airports include [Kota Kinabalu International Airport](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport "Kota Kinabalu International Airport"), which is also Malaysia's second busiest airport and busiest airport in [East Malaysia](/wiki/East_Malaysia "East Malaysia") with over 6\.9 million passengers in 2013, and [Penang International Airport](/wiki/Penang_International_Airport "Penang International Airport"), with over 5\.4 million passengers in 2013\.
#### Sea network
[thumb\|[Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang "Port Klang")](/wiki/File:Northport_Malaysia_Wharve.JPG "Northport Malaysia Wharve.JPG")
{{See also\|Transport in Malaysia\#Waterways}}
Malaysia is strategically located on the [Strait of Malacca](/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca"), one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.
Malaysia has two ports that are listed in the top 20 busiest ports in the world, [Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang "Port Klang") and [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas "Port of Tanjung Pelepas"), which are respectively the 2nd and 3rd busiest ports in Southeast Asia after the [Port of Singapore](/wiki/Port_of_Singapore "Port of Singapore").
[Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang "Port Klang") is Malaysia's busiest port, and the [13th busiest port in the world](/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports "List of world's busiest container ports") in 2013, handling over 10\.3 million [TEUs](/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit "Twenty-foot equivalent unit"). [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas "Port of Tanjung Pelepas") is Malaysia's second busiest port, and the [19th busiest port in the world](/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports "List of world's busiest container ports") in 2013, handling over 7\.6 million TEUs.
|
[
"Infrastructure\n--------------",
"The infrastructure of Malaysia is one of the most developed in Asia.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Malaysia's economy to grow by 4\\-5% this year, central bank says – GE63 \\|date\\=2 April 2023 \\|url\\=https://ge63\\.com/malaysia\\-economy\\-2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-02 \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402123418/https://ge63\\.com/malaysia\\-economy\\-2023 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mida.gov.my/env3/index.php?page\\=developed\\-infrastructure \\|title\\=Why Malaysia \\|publisher\\=Malaysia Industrial Development Authority \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 July 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723213941/http://www.mida.gov.my/env3/index.php?page\\=developed\\-infrastructure \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Its [telecommunications network](/wiki/Telecommunications_network \"Telecommunications network\") is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia, with 4\\.7 million fixed\\-line subscribers and more than 30 million cellular subscribers.(2011\\){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www1\\.american.edu/initeb/ym6974a/telecom.htm \\|title\\=Malaysian Telecommunications Overview \\|publisher\\=American University \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504165602/http://www1\\.american.edu/initeb/ym6974a/telecom.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2011 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the\\-world\\-factbook/rankorder/2151rank.html?countryName\\=Malaysia\\&countryCode\\=my\\®ionCode\\=eas\\&rank\\=31\\#my \\|title\\=Telephones – mobile cellular \\|work\\=The World Factbook \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116085719/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the\\-world\\-factbook/rankorder/2151rank.html?countryName\\=Malaysia\\&countryCode\\=my\\®ionCode\\=eas\\&rank\\=31\\#my \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The country has seven international ports, the major one being the [Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang \"Port Klang\"). There are 200 [industrial parks](/wiki/Industrial_park \"Industrial park\") along with specialised parks such as [Technology Park Malaysia](/wiki/Technology_Park_Malaysia \"Technology Park Malaysia\") and [Kulim Hi\\-Tech Park](/wiki/Kulim_Hi-tech_Park \"Kulim Hi-tech Park\"). Fresh water is available to over 95 per cent of the population. During the colonial period, development was mainly concentrated in economically powerful cities and in areas forming security concerns. Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as those in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cirdap.org.sg/Paper3\\_KKLWDoc.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133723/http://www.cirdap.org.sg/Paper3\\_KKLWDoc.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2011 \\|title\\=Infrastructure and Rural Development in Malaysia \\|publisher\\=Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The telecommunication network, although strong in urban areas, is less available to the rural population.",
"### Energy",
"[thumb\\|[Bakun Dam](/wiki/Bakun_Dam \"Bakun Dam\") under construction in 2009](/wiki/File:BakunDam.jpg \"BakunDam.jpg\")\n{{See also\\|Energy policy of Malaysia\\|Tenaga Nasional\\|List of power stations in Malaysia\\|National Grid (Malaysia)}}\nMalaysia's energy infrastructure sector is largely dominated by [Tenaga Nasional](/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional \"Tenaga Nasional\"), the largest [electric utility](/wiki/Electric_utility \"Electric utility\") company in [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"), with over RM99\\.03 billion of assets. Customers are connected to electricity through the [National Grid](/wiki/National_Grid_%28Malaysia%29 \"National Grid (Malaysia)\"), with more than 420 [transmission substations](/wiki/Electrical_substation%23Transmission_substation \"Electrical substation#Transmission substation\") in the Peninsular linked together by approximately 11,000 km{{cite web\\|title\\=Tenaga Nasional Berhad 500kV Transmission System, Phase 1 \\|url\\=http://www.ranhill.com.my/tenaganasional.asp \\|publisher\\=Ranhill Berhad \\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227183633/http://www.ranhill.com.my/tenaganasional.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2009 }} of transmission lines operating at 132, 275 and 500 [kilovolts](/wiki/Kilovolts \"Kilovolts\").",
"In 2013, Malaysia's total power generation capacity was over 29,728 [megawatts](/wiki/Megawatts \"Megawatts\"). Total electricity generation was 140,985\\.01 [GWh](/wiki/GWh \"GWh\") and total electricity consumption was 116,087\\.51 GWh.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.st.gov.my/index.php/industry/statistics\\-reports.html \\| title\\=Energy Commission \\| access\\-date\\=11 April 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509023944/http://www.st.gov.my/index.php/industry/statistics\\-reports.html \\| archive\\-date\\=9 May 2015 \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"Energy production in Malaysia is largely based on oil and natural gas, owing to Malaysia's oil reserves and natural gas reserves, which is the fourth largest in [Asia\\-Pacific](/wiki/Asia-Pacific \"Asia-Pacific\") after China, India and [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ppkas.unimap.edu.my/index.php/news/articles/29\\-renewable\\-energy\\-and\\-kyoto\\-protocol\\-adoption\\-in\\-malaysia \\|title\\=Renewable Energy and Kyoto Protocol: Adoption in Malaysia \\|author1\\=Selamat, Salsuwanda \\|author2\\=Abidin, Che Zulzikrami Azner \\|publisher\\=Universiti Malaysia Perlis \\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904032630/http://ppkas.unimap.edu.my/index.php/news/articles/29\\-renewable\\-energy\\-and\\-kyoto\\-protocol\\-adoption\\-in\\-malaysia \\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2013 }}",
"Malaysia has also significant renewable energy resources and has high potential for the development of large\\-scale solar power and it has one of the most advanced legal frameworks in the ASEAN region for promoting renewables.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Vakulchuk \\|first1\\=Roman \\|last2\\=Kresnawan \\|first2\\=Muhammad Rizki \\|last3\\=Merdekawati \\|first3\\=Monika \\|last4\\=Overland \\|first4\\=Indra \\|last5\\=Sagbakken \\|first5\\=Haakon Fossum \\|last6\\=Suryadi \\|first6\\=Beni \\|last7\\=Yurnaidi \\|first7\\=Zulfikar \\|title\\=Malaysia: How to Scale Up Investment in Renewable Energy \\|date\\=2020 \\|doi\\=10\\.13140/RG.2\\.2\\.32870\\.45124 \\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793894 \\|publisher\\=ASEAN Centre for Energy}} The country set a 20% target of renewable energy in its energy mix by 2025 and to achieve this the government will need to improve its renewable energy governance, investment policy and market entry for foreign investors as well to develop a framework for easier grid connection and use. As of 2021, Malaysia is one of the major producers of solar panels for the international market, but paradoxically it has yet to fully capitalize on this for domestic electricity generation.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Overland \\|first1\\=Indra \\|last2\\=Sagbakken \\|first2\\=Haakon Fossum \\|last3\\=Chan \\|first3\\=Hoy\\-Yen \\|last4\\=Merdekawati \\|first4\\=Monika \\|last5\\=Suryadi \\|first5\\=Beni \\|last6\\=Utama \\|first6\\=Nuki Agya \\|last7\\=Vakulchuk \\|first7\\=Roman \\|title\\=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox \\|journal\\=Energy and Climate Change \\|date\\=December 2021 \\|volume\\=2 \\|pages\\=100019 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.egycc.2020\\.100019 \\|hdl\\=11250/2734506 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}",
"### Transport network",
"{{See also\\|Transport in Malaysia}}",
"#### Road network",
"[thumb\\|The [North–South Expressway](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_%28Malaysia%29 \"North–South Expressway (Malaysia)\"), the longest highway in Malaysia](/wiki/File:NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg \"NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg\")\nMalaysia's road network is one of the most comprehensive in Asia and covers a total of {{convert\\|144403\\|km\\|mi\\|0}}.",
"The main national road network is the [Malaysian Federal Roads System](/wiki/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_System \"Malaysian Federal Roads System\"), which span over {{convert\\|49935\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}. Most of the federal roads in Malaysia are 2\\-lane roads. In town areas, federal roads may become 4\\-lane roads to increase traffic capacity. Nearly all federal roads are paved with [tarmac](/wiki/Tarmacadam \"Tarmacadam\") except parts of the [Skudai–Pontian Highway](/wiki/Skudai%E2%80%93Pontian_Highway \"Skudai–Pontian Highway\") which is paved with [concrete](/wiki/Concrete \"Concrete\"), while parts of the [Federal Highway](/wiki/Federal_Highway%2C_Malaysia \"Federal Highway, Malaysia\") linking Klang to Kuala Lumpur, is paved with [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete \"Asphalt concrete\").",
"Malaysia has over {{convert\\|1798\\|km\\|mi\\|0}} of highways and the longest highway, the [North–South Expressway](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_%28Malaysia%29 \"North–South Expressway (Malaysia)\"), extends over {{convert\\|800\\|km\\|mi\\|0}} on the West Coast of [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia \"Peninsular Malaysia\"), connecting major urban centres like [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") and [Johor Bahru](/wiki/Johor_Bahru \"Johor Bahru\"). In 2015, the government announced a RM27 billion (US$8\\.23 billion) [Pan\\-Borneo Highway](/wiki/Pan-Borneo_Highway \"Pan-Borneo Highway\") project to upgrade all [trunk roads](/wiki/Trunk_road \"Trunk road\") to [dual carriage expressways](/wiki/Dual_carriageway \"Dual carriageway\"), bringing the standard of [East Malaysian](/wiki/East_Malaysia \"East Malaysia\") highways to the same level of quality of Peninsular highways.{{Cite book\\|last \\= Mody\\|first \\= Ashoka\\|title \\= Infrastructure strategies in East Asia: the untold story\\|publisher \\= The World Bank\\|year \\= 1997\\|page \\= 35\\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jSVNQi3UZKgC\\|isbn \\= 0\\-8213\\-4027\\-1}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/10/17/fadillah\\-says\\-pan\\-borneo\\-highway\\-to\\-be\\-built\\-under\\-ukas\\-initiative/\\|title\\=Fadillah says Pan Borneo Highway to be built under Ukas initiative\\|author\\=Pim, Lim How\\|work\\=Borneo Post\\|date\\=17 October 2014\\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019124934/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/10/17/fadillah\\-says\\-pan\\-borneo\\-highway\\-to\\-be\\-built\\-under\\-ukas\\-initiative/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Rail network",
"{{See also\\|Rail transport in Malaysia}}\nThere are currently {{convert\\|1833\\|km\\|mi}} of railways in Malaysia, {{convert\\|767\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} are [double tracked](/wiki/Double_track \"Double track\") and [electrified](/wiki/Electrified_railways \"Electrified railways\").",
"Rail transport in Malaysia comprises [heavy rail](/wiki/Heavy_rail \"Heavy rail\") ([KTM](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu \"Keretapi Tanah Melayu\")), [light rapid transit](/wiki/Light_rapid_transit \"Light rapid transit\") and [monorail](/wiki/Monorail \"Monorail\") ([Rapid Rail](/wiki/Rapid_Rail \"Rapid Rail\")), and a [funicular](/wiki/Funicular \"Funicular\") railway line ([Penang Hill Railway](/wiki/Penang_Hill_Railway \"Penang Hill Railway\")). Heavy rail is mostly used for intercity passenger and freight transport as well as some urban public transport, while LRTs are used for intra\\-city urban public transport. There two [commuter rail](/wiki/Commuter_rail \"Commuter rail\") services linking [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") with the [Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport \"Kuala Lumpur International Airport\"). The sole [monorail](/wiki/Monorail \"Monorail\") line in the country is also used for public transport in Kuala Lumpur, while the only funicular railway line is in [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\"). A [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") project, the [KVMRT](/wiki/KVMRT \"KVMRT\"), is currently under construction to improve Kuala Lumpur's public transport system.",
"The railway network covers most of the 11 states in [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia \"Peninsular Malaysia\"). In East Malaysia, only the state of [Sabah](/wiki/Sabah \"Sabah\") has railways. The network is also connected to the [Thai railway](/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand \"State Railway of Thailand\") {{RailGauge\\|1000mm}} network in the north. If the [Burma Railway](/wiki/Burma_Railway \"Burma Railway\") is rebuilt, services to Myanmar, India, and China could be initiated.",
"#### Air network",
"{{See also\\|List of airports in Malaysia\\|List of airlines of Malaysia\\|List of the busiest airports in Malaysia}}\n[thumb\\|[Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport \"Kuala Lumpur International Airport\")](/wiki/File:KLIA_MTB%26Tower.jpg \"KLIA MTB&Tower.jpg\")\nMalaysia has 118 airports, of which 38 are paved. The [national airline](/wiki/Flag_carrier \"Flag carrier\") is [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines \"Malaysia Airlines\"), providing international and domestic air services. Major international routes and domestic routes crossing between [West Malaysia](/wiki/West_Malaysia \"West Malaysia\") and [East Malaysia](/wiki/East_Malaysia \"East Malaysia\") are served by [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines \"Malaysia Airlines\"), [AirAsia](/wiki/AirAsia \"AirAsia\") and [Malindo Air](/wiki/Malindo_Air \"Malindo Air\") while smaller domestic routes are supplemented by smaller airlines like [MASwings](/wiki/MASwings \"MASwings\"), [Firefly](/wiki/Firefly_%28airline%29 \"Firefly (airline)\") and [Berjaya Air](/wiki/Berjaya_Air \"Berjaya Air\"). Major cargo airlines include [MASkargo](/wiki/MASkargo \"MASkargo\") and [Transmile Air Services](/wiki/Transmile_Air_Services \"Transmile Air Services\").",
"[Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport \"Kuala Lumpur International Airport\") is the main and busiest airport of Malaysia. In 2014, it was the world's [13th busiest airport by international passenger traffic](/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic \"List of the world's busiest airports by international passenger traffic\"), recording over 25\\.4 million international passenger traffic. It was also the world's [20th busiest airport by passenger traffic](/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic \"List of the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic\"), recording over 48\\.9 million passengers.",
"Other major airports include [Kota Kinabalu International Airport](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport \"Kota Kinabalu International Airport\"), which is also Malaysia's second busiest airport and busiest airport in [East Malaysia](/wiki/East_Malaysia \"East Malaysia\") with over 6\\.9 million passengers in 2013, and [Penang International Airport](/wiki/Penang_International_Airport \"Penang International Airport\"), with over 5\\.4 million passengers in 2013\\.",
"#### Sea network",
"[thumb\\|[Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang \"Port Klang\")](/wiki/File:Northport_Malaysia_Wharve.JPG \"Northport Malaysia Wharve.JPG\")\n{{See also\\|Transport in Malaysia\\#Waterways}}\nMalaysia is strategically located on the [Strait of Malacca](/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca \"Strait of Malacca\"), one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.",
"Malaysia has two ports that are listed in the top 20 busiest ports in the world, [Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang \"Port Klang\") and [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas \"Port of Tanjung Pelepas\"), which are respectively the 2nd and 3rd busiest ports in Southeast Asia after the [Port of Singapore](/wiki/Port_of_Singapore \"Port of Singapore\").",
"[Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang \"Port Klang\") is Malaysia's busiest port, and the [13th busiest port in the world](/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports \"List of world's busiest container ports\") in 2013, handling over 10\\.3 million [TEUs](/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit \"Twenty-foot equivalent unit\"). [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas \"Port of Tanjung Pelepas\") is Malaysia's second busiest port, and the [19th busiest port in the world](/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports \"List of world's busiest container ports\") in 2013, handling over 7\\.6 million TEUs.",
""
] |
### Transport network
{{See also\|Transport in Malaysia}}
#### Road network
[thumb\|The [North–South Expressway](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_%28Malaysia%29 "North–South Expressway (Malaysia)"), the longest highway in Malaysia](/wiki/File:NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg "NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg")
Malaysia's road network is one of the most comprehensive in Asia and covers a total of {{convert\|144403\|km\|mi\|0}}.
The main national road network is the [Malaysian Federal Roads System](/wiki/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_System "Malaysian Federal Roads System"), which span over {{convert\|49935\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}. Most of the federal roads in Malaysia are 2\-lane roads. In town areas, federal roads may become 4\-lane roads to increase traffic capacity. Nearly all federal roads are paved with [tarmac](/wiki/Tarmacadam "Tarmacadam") except parts of the [Skudai–Pontian Highway](/wiki/Skudai%E2%80%93Pontian_Highway "Skudai–Pontian Highway") which is paved with [concrete](/wiki/Concrete "Concrete"), while parts of the [Federal Highway](/wiki/Federal_Highway%2C_Malaysia "Federal Highway, Malaysia") linking Klang to Kuala Lumpur, is paved with [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete "Asphalt concrete").
Malaysia has over {{convert\|1798\|km\|mi\|0}} of highways and the longest highway, the [North–South Expressway](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_%28Malaysia%29 "North–South Expressway (Malaysia)"), extends over {{convert\|800\|km\|mi\|0}} on the West Coast of [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia "Peninsular Malaysia"), connecting major urban centres like [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") and [Johor Bahru](/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru"). In 2015, the government announced a RM27 billion (US$8\.23 billion) [Pan\-Borneo Highway](/wiki/Pan-Borneo_Highway "Pan-Borneo Highway") project to upgrade all [trunk roads](/wiki/Trunk_road "Trunk road") to [dual carriage expressways](/wiki/Dual_carriageway "Dual carriageway"), bringing the standard of [East Malaysian](/wiki/East_Malaysia "East Malaysia") highways to the same level of quality of Peninsular highways.{{Cite book\|last \= Mody\|first \= Ashoka\|title \= Infrastructure strategies in East Asia: the untold story\|publisher \= The World Bank\|year \= 1997\|page \= 35\|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=jSVNQi3UZKgC\|isbn \= 0\-8213\-4027\-1}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/10/17/fadillah\-says\-pan\-borneo\-highway\-to\-be\-built\-under\-ukas\-initiative/\|title\=Fadillah says Pan Borneo Highway to be built under Ukas initiative\|author\=Pim, Lim How\|work\=Borneo Post\|date\=17 October 2014\|access\-date\=19 October 2014\|archive\-date\=19 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019124934/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/10/17/fadillah\-says\-pan\-borneo\-highway\-to\-be\-built\-under\-ukas\-initiative/\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Rail network
{{See also\|Rail transport in Malaysia}}
There are currently {{convert\|1833\|km\|mi}} of railways in Malaysia, {{convert\|767\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} are [double tracked](/wiki/Double_track "Double track") and [electrified](/wiki/Electrified_railways "Electrified railways").
Rail transport in Malaysia comprises [heavy rail](/wiki/Heavy_rail "Heavy rail") ([KTM](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu "Keretapi Tanah Melayu")), [light rapid transit](/wiki/Light_rapid_transit "Light rapid transit") and [monorail](/wiki/Monorail "Monorail") ([Rapid Rail](/wiki/Rapid_Rail "Rapid Rail")), and a [funicular](/wiki/Funicular "Funicular") railway line ([Penang Hill Railway](/wiki/Penang_Hill_Railway "Penang Hill Railway")). Heavy rail is mostly used for intercity passenger and freight transport as well as some urban public transport, while LRTs are used for intra\-city urban public transport. There two [commuter rail](/wiki/Commuter_rail "Commuter rail") services linking [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") with the [Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport "Kuala Lumpur International Airport"). The sole [monorail](/wiki/Monorail "Monorail") line in the country is also used for public transport in Kuala Lumpur, while the only funicular railway line is in [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang"). A [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") project, the [KVMRT](/wiki/KVMRT "KVMRT"), is currently under construction to improve Kuala Lumpur's public transport system.
The railway network covers most of the 11 states in [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia "Peninsular Malaysia"). In East Malaysia, only the state of [Sabah](/wiki/Sabah "Sabah") has railways. The network is also connected to the [Thai railway](/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand "State Railway of Thailand") {{RailGauge\|1000mm}} network in the north. If the [Burma Railway](/wiki/Burma_Railway "Burma Railway") is rebuilt, services to Myanmar, India, and China could be initiated.
#### Air network
{{See also\|List of airports in Malaysia\|List of airlines of Malaysia\|List of the busiest airports in Malaysia}}
[thumb\|[Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport "Kuala Lumpur International Airport")](/wiki/File:KLIA_MTB%26Tower.jpg "KLIA MTB&Tower.jpg")
Malaysia has 118 airports, of which 38 are paved. The [national airline](/wiki/Flag_carrier "Flag carrier") is [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines "Malaysia Airlines"), providing international and domestic air services. Major international routes and domestic routes crossing between [West Malaysia](/wiki/West_Malaysia "West Malaysia") and [East Malaysia](/wiki/East_Malaysia "East Malaysia") are served by [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines "Malaysia Airlines"), [AirAsia](/wiki/AirAsia "AirAsia") and [Malindo Air](/wiki/Malindo_Air "Malindo Air") while smaller domestic routes are supplemented by smaller airlines like [MASwings](/wiki/MASwings "MASwings"), [Firefly](/wiki/Firefly_%28airline%29 "Firefly (airline)") and [Berjaya Air](/wiki/Berjaya_Air "Berjaya Air"). Major cargo airlines include [MASkargo](/wiki/MASkargo "MASkargo") and [Transmile Air Services](/wiki/Transmile_Air_Services "Transmile Air Services").
[Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport "Kuala Lumpur International Airport") is the main and busiest airport of Malaysia. In 2014, it was the world's [13th busiest airport by international passenger traffic](/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic "List of the world's busiest airports by international passenger traffic"), recording over 25\.4 million international passenger traffic. It was also the world's [20th busiest airport by passenger traffic](/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic "List of the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic"), recording over 48\.9 million passengers.
Other major airports include [Kota Kinabalu International Airport](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport "Kota Kinabalu International Airport"), which is also Malaysia's second busiest airport and busiest airport in [East Malaysia](/wiki/East_Malaysia "East Malaysia") with over 6\.9 million passengers in 2013, and [Penang International Airport](/wiki/Penang_International_Airport "Penang International Airport"), with over 5\.4 million passengers in 2013\.
#### Sea network
[thumb\|[Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang "Port Klang")](/wiki/File:Northport_Malaysia_Wharve.JPG "Northport Malaysia Wharve.JPG")
{{See also\|Transport in Malaysia\#Waterways}}
Malaysia is strategically located on the [Strait of Malacca](/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca "Strait of Malacca"), one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.
Malaysia has two ports that are listed in the top 20 busiest ports in the world, [Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang "Port Klang") and [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas "Port of Tanjung Pelepas"), which are respectively the 2nd and 3rd busiest ports in Southeast Asia after the [Port of Singapore](/wiki/Port_of_Singapore "Port of Singapore").
[Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang "Port Klang") is Malaysia's busiest port, and the [13th busiest port in the world](/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports "List of world's busiest container ports") in 2013, handling over 10\.3 million [TEUs](/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit "Twenty-foot equivalent unit"). [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas "Port of Tanjung Pelepas") is Malaysia's second busiest port, and the [19th busiest port in the world](/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports "List of world's busiest container ports") in 2013, handling over 7\.6 million TEUs.
|
[
"### Transport network",
"{{See also\\|Transport in Malaysia}}",
"#### Road network",
"[thumb\\|The [North–South Expressway](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_%28Malaysia%29 \"North–South Expressway (Malaysia)\"), the longest highway in Malaysia](/wiki/File:NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg \"NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg\")\nMalaysia's road network is one of the most comprehensive in Asia and covers a total of {{convert\\|144403\\|km\\|mi\\|0}}.",
"The main national road network is the [Malaysian Federal Roads System](/wiki/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_System \"Malaysian Federal Roads System\"), which span over {{convert\\|49935\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}. Most of the federal roads in Malaysia are 2\\-lane roads. In town areas, federal roads may become 4\\-lane roads to increase traffic capacity. Nearly all federal roads are paved with [tarmac](/wiki/Tarmacadam \"Tarmacadam\") except parts of the [Skudai–Pontian Highway](/wiki/Skudai%E2%80%93Pontian_Highway \"Skudai–Pontian Highway\") which is paved with [concrete](/wiki/Concrete \"Concrete\"), while parts of the [Federal Highway](/wiki/Federal_Highway%2C_Malaysia \"Federal Highway, Malaysia\") linking Klang to Kuala Lumpur, is paved with [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete \"Asphalt concrete\").",
"Malaysia has over {{convert\\|1798\\|km\\|mi\\|0}} of highways and the longest highway, the [North–South Expressway](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_%28Malaysia%29 \"North–South Expressway (Malaysia)\"), extends over {{convert\\|800\\|km\\|mi\\|0}} on the West Coast of [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia \"Peninsular Malaysia\"), connecting major urban centres like [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") and [Johor Bahru](/wiki/Johor_Bahru \"Johor Bahru\"). In 2015, the government announced a RM27 billion (US$8\\.23 billion) [Pan\\-Borneo Highway](/wiki/Pan-Borneo_Highway \"Pan-Borneo Highway\") project to upgrade all [trunk roads](/wiki/Trunk_road \"Trunk road\") to [dual carriage expressways](/wiki/Dual_carriageway \"Dual carriageway\"), bringing the standard of [East Malaysian](/wiki/East_Malaysia \"East Malaysia\") highways to the same level of quality of Peninsular highways.{{Cite book\\|last \\= Mody\\|first \\= Ashoka\\|title \\= Infrastructure strategies in East Asia: the untold story\\|publisher \\= The World Bank\\|year \\= 1997\\|page \\= 35\\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jSVNQi3UZKgC\\|isbn \\= 0\\-8213\\-4027\\-1}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/10/17/fadillah\\-says\\-pan\\-borneo\\-highway\\-to\\-be\\-built\\-under\\-ukas\\-initiative/\\|title\\=Fadillah says Pan Borneo Highway to be built under Ukas initiative\\|author\\=Pim, Lim How\\|work\\=Borneo Post\\|date\\=17 October 2014\\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019124934/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/10/17/fadillah\\-says\\-pan\\-borneo\\-highway\\-to\\-be\\-built\\-under\\-ukas\\-initiative/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Rail network",
"{{See also\\|Rail transport in Malaysia}}\nThere are currently {{convert\\|1833\\|km\\|mi}} of railways in Malaysia, {{convert\\|767\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} are [double tracked](/wiki/Double_track \"Double track\") and [electrified](/wiki/Electrified_railways \"Electrified railways\").",
"Rail transport in Malaysia comprises [heavy rail](/wiki/Heavy_rail \"Heavy rail\") ([KTM](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu \"Keretapi Tanah Melayu\")), [light rapid transit](/wiki/Light_rapid_transit \"Light rapid transit\") and [monorail](/wiki/Monorail \"Monorail\") ([Rapid Rail](/wiki/Rapid_Rail \"Rapid Rail\")), and a [funicular](/wiki/Funicular \"Funicular\") railway line ([Penang Hill Railway](/wiki/Penang_Hill_Railway \"Penang Hill Railway\")). Heavy rail is mostly used for intercity passenger and freight transport as well as some urban public transport, while LRTs are used for intra\\-city urban public transport. There two [commuter rail](/wiki/Commuter_rail \"Commuter rail\") services linking [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") with the [Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport \"Kuala Lumpur International Airport\"). The sole [monorail](/wiki/Monorail \"Monorail\") line in the country is also used for public transport in Kuala Lumpur, while the only funicular railway line is in [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\"). A [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") project, the [KVMRT](/wiki/KVMRT \"KVMRT\"), is currently under construction to improve Kuala Lumpur's public transport system.",
"The railway network covers most of the 11 states in [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia \"Peninsular Malaysia\"). In East Malaysia, only the state of [Sabah](/wiki/Sabah \"Sabah\") has railways. The network is also connected to the [Thai railway](/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand \"State Railway of Thailand\") {{RailGauge\\|1000mm}} network in the north. If the [Burma Railway](/wiki/Burma_Railway \"Burma Railway\") is rebuilt, services to Myanmar, India, and China could be initiated.",
"#### Air network",
"{{See also\\|List of airports in Malaysia\\|List of airlines of Malaysia\\|List of the busiest airports in Malaysia}}\n[thumb\\|[Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport \"Kuala Lumpur International Airport\")](/wiki/File:KLIA_MTB%26Tower.jpg \"KLIA MTB&Tower.jpg\")\nMalaysia has 118 airports, of which 38 are paved. The [national airline](/wiki/Flag_carrier \"Flag carrier\") is [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines \"Malaysia Airlines\"), providing international and domestic air services. Major international routes and domestic routes crossing between [West Malaysia](/wiki/West_Malaysia \"West Malaysia\") and [East Malaysia](/wiki/East_Malaysia \"East Malaysia\") are served by [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines \"Malaysia Airlines\"), [AirAsia](/wiki/AirAsia \"AirAsia\") and [Malindo Air](/wiki/Malindo_Air \"Malindo Air\") while smaller domestic routes are supplemented by smaller airlines like [MASwings](/wiki/MASwings \"MASwings\"), [Firefly](/wiki/Firefly_%28airline%29 \"Firefly (airline)\") and [Berjaya Air](/wiki/Berjaya_Air \"Berjaya Air\"). Major cargo airlines include [MASkargo](/wiki/MASkargo \"MASkargo\") and [Transmile Air Services](/wiki/Transmile_Air_Services \"Transmile Air Services\").",
"[Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport \"Kuala Lumpur International Airport\") is the main and busiest airport of Malaysia. In 2014, it was the world's [13th busiest airport by international passenger traffic](/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic \"List of the world's busiest airports by international passenger traffic\"), recording over 25\\.4 million international passenger traffic. It was also the world's [20th busiest airport by passenger traffic](/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic \"List of the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic\"), recording over 48\\.9 million passengers.",
"Other major airports include [Kota Kinabalu International Airport](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport \"Kota Kinabalu International Airport\"), which is also Malaysia's second busiest airport and busiest airport in [East Malaysia](/wiki/East_Malaysia \"East Malaysia\") with over 6\\.9 million passengers in 2013, and [Penang International Airport](/wiki/Penang_International_Airport \"Penang International Airport\"), with over 5\\.4 million passengers in 2013\\.",
"#### Sea network",
"[thumb\\|[Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang \"Port Klang\")](/wiki/File:Northport_Malaysia_Wharve.JPG \"Northport Malaysia Wharve.JPG\")\n{{See also\\|Transport in Malaysia\\#Waterways}}\nMalaysia is strategically located on the [Strait of Malacca](/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca \"Strait of Malacca\"), one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.",
"Malaysia has two ports that are listed in the top 20 busiest ports in the world, [Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang \"Port Klang\") and [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas \"Port of Tanjung Pelepas\"), which are respectively the 2nd and 3rd busiest ports in Southeast Asia after the [Port of Singapore](/wiki/Port_of_Singapore \"Port of Singapore\").",
"[Port Klang](/wiki/Port_Klang \"Port Klang\") is Malaysia's busiest port, and the [13th busiest port in the world](/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports \"List of world's busiest container ports\") in 2013, handling over 10\\.3 million [TEUs](/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit \"Twenty-foot equivalent unit\"). [Port of Tanjung Pelepas](/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas \"Port of Tanjung Pelepas\") is Malaysia's second busiest port, and the [19th busiest port in the world](/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports \"List of world's busiest container ports\") in 2013, handling over 7\\.6 million TEUs.",
""
] |
Research at the Michigan Agricultural College
---------------------------------------------
{{multiple image
\| align \= left
\| direction \= vertical
\| width \= 250
\| header \= Comparison of corns
\| image1 \= Image from page 70 of "Inheritance in maize" (1911\).jpg
\| alt1 \= 8 rowed corn
\| caption1 \= 8 rowed corn
\| image2 \= Image from page 56 of "1895 annual catalogue of celebrated seeds" (1895\).jpg
\| alt2 \= 16\-24 rowed corn
\| caption2 \= 16\-24 rowed corn
}}
After briefly serving as professor of botany at the University of Chicago in 1868\-70, Beal went on to Michigan Agricultural College (MAC, now [Michigan State University](/wiki/Michigan_State_University "Michigan State University")), where he was a professor of botany (1871\-1910\), and curator of the museum (1882\-1903\). While at MAC, he arranged for [Liberty Hyde Bailey](/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey "Liberty Hyde Bailey") to work as an assistant to [Asa Gray](/wiki/Asa_Gray "Asa Gray") at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") for two years during 1883\-1884\.{{cite book\|last\=Dupree\|first\=A. Hunter\|year\=1988\|title\=Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin\|publisher\=Johns Hopkins University Press\|location\=Baltimore, MD\|isbn\=978\-0\-801\-83741\-8\|pages\=384–385, 388}} He also served as director of the state Forestry Commission (1889\-1892\). He was a key leader of the experimental movement of agricultural botany at the college.
His research at the MAC involved using cross\-fertilization to increase the yield from 8 rowed Indian corn to 24 rowed hybrid corn. His contributions planted him as “one of the pioneers in the development of hybrid corn” in the late 19th century.{{Cite book\|title\=The Story of Corn\|url\=https://archive.org/details/storyofcorn0000fuss\_t0a9\|url\-access\=registration\|last\=Fussell\|first\=Betty\|publisher\=Alfred A. Knopf Inc.\|year\=1992\|isbn\=9780394578057}} Using his techniques, Beal was able to produce crops that bloomed earlier, were hardier, had more vigor, and had “better qualities” than traditionally grown varieties.{{Cite journal\|last\=Beal\|first\=William J.\|date\=Summer 2017\|title\=Horticulture at the Agricultural College\|journal\=Horticultural\|via\=Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections}} He began conducting these experiments in 1878\. He also conducted the first turfgrass experiments at the college in 1880\.
Beal first visited the Michigan Agricultural College in 1870\. He was to teach a botany class during the summer. At that time, Lansing had a population of 1,541 residents and the addition of a new hall on campus allowed the college to accept 150 students, up from the previous 82 student accommodation. He described the college as “young, poor, and small”. Due to a lack of faculty, Beal taught a wide range of subjects. In addition to teaching his passion of botany, he also taught English, history, and civil engineering.{{Cite journal\|last\=Beal\|first\=William J.\|date\=Summer 2017\|title\=Notes for Beal's History of M.A.C.\|journal\=William J. Beal Papers\|via\=Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections}} His successor at the Michigan Agricultural College, P.G. Holden, is quoted as praising Beal’s work by saying “From his original experiment has come to the Twentieth Century Miracle \- hybrid corn.”
Beal founded MSU's [W. J. Beal Botanical Garden](/wiki/W._J._Beal_Botanical_Garden "W. J. Beal Botanical Garden") in 1877, making it the oldest continuously operated botanical garden in the United States.
Beal's work was inspired by many influential scientists of the late 19th century. He arrived at Harvard to complete an undergraduate degree 3 years after Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. Emerson, Lowell, and Holmes were writing and lecturing, and Thoreau was still alive. Beal heard them all as a young student from Michigan. Groundbreaking research by Darwin and the writings of Emerson, Lowell, Holmes, and Thoreau were probably inspirations to a young Beal as he transitioned from studying at Harvard to conducting his research at the Michigan Agricultural College. Darwin’s research on inheritance especially seems to have influenced Beal’s development of hybrid corn.
In 1887, he and Professor [Rolla C. Carpenter](/wiki/Rolla_C._Carpenter "Rolla C. Carpenter") created "Collegeville", the first neighborhood in what later became [East Lansing](/wiki/East_Lansing%2C_Michigan "East Lansing, Michigan").
|
[
"Research at the Michigan Agricultural College\n---------------------------------------------",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= left\n \\| direction \\= vertical\n \\| width \\= 250\n \\| header \\= Comparison of corns\n \\| image1 \\= Image from page 70 of \"Inheritance in maize\" (1911\\).jpg\n \\| alt1 \\= 8 rowed corn\n \\| caption1 \\= 8 rowed corn\n \\| image2 \\= Image from page 56 of \"1895 annual catalogue of celebrated seeds\" (1895\\).jpg\n \\| alt2 \\= 16\\-24 rowed corn\n \\| caption2 \\= 16\\-24 rowed corn\n}}",
"After briefly serving as professor of botany at the University of Chicago in 1868\\-70, Beal went on to Michigan Agricultural College (MAC, now [Michigan State University](/wiki/Michigan_State_University \"Michigan State University\")), where he was a professor of botany (1871\\-1910\\), and curator of the museum (1882\\-1903\\). While at MAC, he arranged for [Liberty Hyde Bailey](/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey \"Liberty Hyde Bailey\") to work as an assistant to [Asa Gray](/wiki/Asa_Gray \"Asa Gray\") at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") for two years during 1883\\-1884\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Dupree\\|first\\=A. Hunter\\|year\\=1988\\|title\\=Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin\\|publisher\\=Johns Hopkins University Press\\|location\\=Baltimore, MD\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-801\\-83741\\-8\\|pages\\=384–385, 388}} He also served as director of the state Forestry Commission (1889\\-1892\\). He was a key leader of the experimental movement of agricultural botany at the college.",
"His research at the MAC involved using cross\\-fertilization to increase the yield from 8 rowed Indian corn to 24 rowed hybrid corn. His contributions planted him as “one of the pioneers in the development of hybrid corn” in the late 19th century.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Story of Corn\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/storyofcorn0000fuss\\_t0a9\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|last\\=Fussell\\|first\\=Betty\\|publisher\\=Alfred A. Knopf Inc.\\|year\\=1992\\|isbn\\=9780394578057}} Using his techniques, Beal was able to produce crops that bloomed earlier, were hardier, had more vigor, and had “better qualities” than traditionally grown varieties.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Beal\\|first\\=William J.\\|date\\=Summer 2017\\|title\\=Horticulture at the Agricultural College\\|journal\\=Horticultural\\|via\\=Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections}} He began conducting these experiments in 1878\\. He also conducted the first turfgrass experiments at the college in 1880\\.",
"Beal first visited the Michigan Agricultural College in 1870\\. He was to teach a botany class during the summer. At that time, Lansing had a population of 1,541 residents and the addition of a new hall on campus allowed the college to accept 150 students, up from the previous 82 student accommodation. He described the college as “young, poor, and small”. Due to a lack of faculty, Beal taught a wide range of subjects. In addition to teaching his passion of botany, he also taught English, history, and civil engineering.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Beal\\|first\\=William J.\\|date\\=Summer 2017\\|title\\=Notes for Beal's History of M.A.C.\\|journal\\=William J. Beal Papers\\|via\\=Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections}} His successor at the Michigan Agricultural College, P.G. Holden, is quoted as praising Beal’s work by saying “From his original experiment has come to the Twentieth Century Miracle \\- hybrid corn.”",
"Beal founded MSU's [W. J. Beal Botanical Garden](/wiki/W._J._Beal_Botanical_Garden \"W. J. Beal Botanical Garden\") in 1877, making it the oldest continuously operated botanical garden in the United States.",
"Beal's work was inspired by many influential scientists of the late 19th century. He arrived at Harvard to complete an undergraduate degree 3 years after Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. Emerson, Lowell, and Holmes were writing and lecturing, and Thoreau was still alive. Beal heard them all as a young student from Michigan. Groundbreaking research by Darwin and the writings of Emerson, Lowell, Holmes, and Thoreau were probably inspirations to a young Beal as he transitioned from studying at Harvard to conducting his research at the Michigan Agricultural College. Darwin’s research on inheritance especially seems to have influenced Beal’s development of hybrid corn.",
"In 1887, he and Professor [Rolla C. Carpenter](/wiki/Rolla_C._Carpenter \"Rolla C. Carpenter\") created \"Collegeville\", the first neighborhood in what later became [East Lansing](/wiki/East_Lansing%2C_Michigan \"East Lansing, Michigan\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Tinnion was born in [Stanley, County Durham](/wiki/Stanley%2C_County_Durham "Stanley, County Durham") and was recruited by [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") as an apprentice after scouts had spotted his useful left foot, he went on to be a member of the [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup "FA Youth Cup") winning side of 1985 that included the likes of [Paul Gascoigne](/wiki/Paul_Gascoigne "Paul Gascoigne"). Tinnion signed as a professional before a first\-team home game on the pitch of [St James' Park](/wiki/St_James%27_Park "St James' Park") a few days after his eighteenth birthday in 1986\. In the 1987–88 season, he started 30 league games for the Magpies in the left\-back slot. He earned a call\-up to the England Under\-21 squad in May 1988 for a tour of [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon") but unfortunately had to pull out injured. He was sold to [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. "Bradford City A.F.C.") for £150,000 in 1989\. He scored the last\-gasp penalty that pinched a point at Elland Road on Grand National Day 1990 in a heated local derby against Leeds United.
It was while at Bradford that Tinnion expressed himself when pushed forward onto the left side of a three\-man midfield in the early 1990s, the Bantam soon had the reputation of having the most creative left foot of the lower leagues. Tinnion found himself top\-goalscorer in all competitions across all four divisions by Christmas 1991 with 13 goals (most of which spectacular), but he picked up a career\-threatening injury at Hartlepool on Boxing Day 1991; in front of a host of top\-flight scouts so it was thought. His injury was overcome in time to start the 1992–93 season in the Bantams starting line\-up, but before the season was out, in March 1993, he failed to agree a new contract and moved on to Bristol City for a tribunal\-set fee of around £180,000\. His first goal for his new club came against bitter rivals Bristol Rovers with a last\-gasp penalty. Then in January 1994 he scored the winning goal in City's giant\-killing FA Cup win over Liverpool at Anfield.
He went on to become one of City's dominant players of the 1990s. He switched from wide on the left flank into the centre of a three\-man midfield under new manager [Danny Wilson](/wiki/Danny_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 "Danny Wilson (footballer, born 1960)") in 2000 and the role often gave him time and space to execute through balls, such was his form in that role that he was voted as the best player in his division. He became player\-coach in 2000 (and had helped coach the club's youth teams since the mid\-90s) and succeeded [Danny Wilson](/wiki/Danny_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 "Danny Wilson (footballer, born 1960)") as manager in 2004\. He was also part of the side that won the [2003 Football League Trophy final](/wiki/2003_Football_League_Trophy_final "2003 Football League Trophy final").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/2898425\.stm \|title\=Bristol City sink Carlisle \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=6 April 2003 \|access\-date\=25 April 2020}}
Tinnion's first season in charge saw Bristol City fail to make the play\-offs and the 2005–06 season started inconsistently, leaving the City fans unconvinced about his ability to make his move into management successful. City's league results failed to improve in 2005/6, and capitulating in a 7–1 thrashing by [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. "Swansea City A.F.C.") on 10 September 2005 was the final straw; facing a wave of discontent among the supporters, Tinnion stepped down as manager the following day.
After his departure from Bristol City, Tinnion trained with [Cheltenham Town](/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C. "Cheltenham Town F.C."), turning out for them in a reserve match,{{cite web\|title\=Tinnion training with Cheltenham\|url\=http://www.redimps.com/archive3/index.mv?cat\=players\&drop\=playerdetsdrop\&play\=buck03\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=14 August 2011\|date\=20 October 2005\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165439/http://www.redimps.com/archive3/index.mv?cat\=players\&drop\=playerdetsdrop\&play\=buck03\|archive\-date\=15 July 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} and then joined [Conference](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 "National League (division)") side [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C. "Aldershot Town F.C.").
He subsequently played for [Conference South](/wiki/National_League_South "National League South") side [Weston\-super\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare_A.F.C. "Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.") and in January 2007 joined [TeamBath](/wiki/Team_Bath_F.C. "Team Bath F.C.").{{usurped\|1\=\[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014826/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?\&newsmode\=FULL\&nid\=39562 Tinnion Coup For Team Bath]}} From www.NonLeagueDaily.com, Posted 8 January 2007\.
Tinnion has since retired from playing in the summer of 2007{{usurped\|1\=\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927110653/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode\=FULL\&nid\=43252 Tinnion Calls It A Day]}} From www.NonLeagueDaily.com, Posted 29 June 2007\. and now coaches youth football, running soccer schools both in Southern Spain and at The Imperial Ground in Bristol. In addition to this, he now works in the [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City "Bristol City") youth setup, managing the loan moves of young players. In October 2021, Tinnion was promoted to the role of Academy Director. {{cite web\|url\=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/tinnion\-appointed\-academy\-director/\|title\=Tinnion appointed Academy Director\|website\=www.bcfc.co.uk\|date\=15 October 2021}}
In November 2022, Tinnion was appointed as Technical Director.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Tinnion was born in [Stanley, County Durham](/wiki/Stanley%2C_County_Durham \"Stanley, County Durham\") and was recruited by [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") as an apprentice after scouts had spotted his useful left foot, he went on to be a member of the [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup \"FA Youth Cup\") winning side of 1985 that included the likes of [Paul Gascoigne](/wiki/Paul_Gascoigne \"Paul Gascoigne\"). Tinnion signed as a professional before a first\\-team home game on the pitch of [St James' Park](/wiki/St_James%27_Park \"St James' Park\") a few days after his eighteenth birthday in 1986\\. In the 1987–88 season, he started 30 league games for the Magpies in the left\\-back slot. He earned a call\\-up to the England Under\\-21 squad in May 1988 for a tour of [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\") but unfortunately had to pull out injured. He was sold to [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. \"Bradford City A.F.C.\") for £150,000 in 1989\\. He scored the last\\-gasp penalty that pinched a point at Elland Road on Grand National Day 1990 in a heated local derby against Leeds United.",
"It was while at Bradford that Tinnion expressed himself when pushed forward onto the left side of a three\\-man midfield in the early 1990s, the Bantam soon had the reputation of having the most creative left foot of the lower leagues. Tinnion found himself top\\-goalscorer in all competitions across all four divisions by Christmas 1991 with 13 goals (most of which spectacular), but he picked up a career\\-threatening injury at Hartlepool on Boxing Day 1991; in front of a host of top\\-flight scouts so it was thought. His injury was overcome in time to start the 1992–93 season in the Bantams starting line\\-up, but before the season was out, in March 1993, he failed to agree a new contract and moved on to Bristol City for a tribunal\\-set fee of around £180,000\\. His first goal for his new club came against bitter rivals Bristol Rovers with a last\\-gasp penalty. Then in January 1994 he scored the winning goal in City's giant\\-killing FA Cup win over Liverpool at Anfield.",
"He went on to become one of City's dominant players of the 1990s. He switched from wide on the left flank into the centre of a three\\-man midfield under new manager [Danny Wilson](/wiki/Danny_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 \"Danny Wilson (footballer, born 1960)\") in 2000 and the role often gave him time and space to execute through balls, such was his form in that role that he was voted as the best player in his division. He became player\\-coach in 2000 (and had helped coach the club's youth teams since the mid\\-90s) and succeeded [Danny Wilson](/wiki/Danny_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 \"Danny Wilson (footballer, born 1960)\") as manager in 2004\\. He was also part of the side that won the [2003 Football League Trophy final](/wiki/2003_Football_League_Trophy_final \"2003 Football League Trophy final\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/2898425\\.stm \\|title\\=Bristol City sink Carlisle \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=6 April 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2020}}",
"Tinnion's first season in charge saw Bristol City fail to make the play\\-offs and the 2005–06 season started inconsistently, leaving the City fans unconvinced about his ability to make his move into management successful. City's league results failed to improve in 2005/6, and capitulating in a 7–1 thrashing by [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. \"Swansea City A.F.C.\") on 10 September 2005 was the final straw; facing a wave of discontent among the supporters, Tinnion stepped down as manager the following day.",
"After his departure from Bristol City, Tinnion trained with [Cheltenham Town](/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C. \"Cheltenham Town F.C.\"), turning out for them in a reserve match,{{cite web\\|title\\=Tinnion training with Cheltenham\\|url\\=http://www.redimps.com/archive3/index.mv?cat\\=players\\&drop\\=playerdetsdrop\\&play\\=buck03\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=14 August 2011\\|date\\=20 October 2005\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165439/http://www.redimps.com/archive3/index.mv?cat\\=players\\&drop\\=playerdetsdrop\\&play\\=buck03\\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and then joined [Conference](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 \"National League (division)\") side [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C. \"Aldershot Town F.C.\").",
"He subsequently played for [Conference South](/wiki/National_League_South \"National League South\") side [Weston\\-super\\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare_A.F.C. \"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.\") and in January 2007 joined [TeamBath](/wiki/Team_Bath_F.C. \"Team Bath F.C.\").{{usurped\\|1\\=\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014826/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?\\&newsmode\\=FULL\\&nid\\=39562 Tinnion Coup For Team Bath]}} From www.NonLeagueDaily.com, Posted 8 January 2007\\.",
"Tinnion has since retired from playing in the summer of 2007{{usurped\\|1\\=\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927110653/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode\\=FULL\\&nid\\=43252 Tinnion Calls It A Day]}} From www.NonLeagueDaily.com, Posted 29 June 2007\\. and now coaches youth football, running soccer schools both in Southern Spain and at The Imperial Ground in Bristol. In addition to this, he now works in the [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City \"Bristol City\") youth setup, managing the loan moves of young players. In October 2021, Tinnion was promoted to the role of Academy Director. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/tinnion\\-appointed\\-academy\\-director/\\|title\\=Tinnion appointed Academy Director\\|website\\=www.bcfc.co.uk\\|date\\=15 October 2021}}",
"In November 2022, Tinnion was appointed as Technical Director.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Foundation and Middle Ages
The first known mention of Wedel in a text is in a 1212 document naming the "brothers from Wedel" as witnesses. However, the mention is not definitive and it remains unclear whether a place of this name already existed elsewhere. Artifacts of pre\- and early historical periods found here bear witness to early settlement at the site.
The name means "bank of water", identifying a place where a body of water must be crossed, in this case the "Wedeler Aue", a small brook which formed an obstacle on an important local trade route. The first clear and definitive reference to Wedel is in documents of the Count of Schauenburg, a member of the [Lower Saxon](/wiki/Lower_Saxony "Lower Saxony") aristocracy that ruled the area well into the 17th century. The castle of the [Schauenburgs](/wiki/Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein "Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein"), built in 1311 and known as the *Hatzburg*, was located in [Holm](/wiki/Holm%2C_Pinneberg "Holm, Pinneberg") which is today a small village close to Wedel. That same year [Adolf VI, Count of Schauenburg and](/wiki/Adolph_VI%2C_Count_of_Holstein-Schauenburg "Adolph VI, Count of Holstein-Schauenburg") [Holstein\-Pinneberg](/wiki/Holstein-Pinneberg "Holstein-Pinneberg") signed a peace treaty in which he promised the rulers of the city of [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") that there would be no harm coming from the Hatzburg. As the years went by the importance of the castle decreased and it fell into decay. The Schauenburgs moved later that century to the nearby city of [Pinneberg](/wiki/Pinneberg "Pinneberg"). The castle itself stood until the beginning of the 18th century. Documents available from the first half of the 14th century make mention of a mill and church in Wedel.
### Ox trade
[thumb\|left\|upright\|[Roland statue](/wiki/Roland_%28statue%29 "Roland (statue)")](/wiki/File:Roland_in_Wedel.JPG "Roland in Wedel.JPG")
The ox market in Wedel developed into one of the most important marketplaces for cattle in northern Germany. Cattle dealers drove large trucks from all over [Jutland](/wiki/Jutland "Jutland") to sell their livestock (especially [oxen](/wiki/Oxen "Oxen")) here and their trade route became known as the [Oxen Way](/wiki/H%C3%A6rvejen "Hærvejen"). Early armies took advantage of the easy route carved by the merchants, and so it came to also be known as the Army Way.
The [Roland statue](/wiki/Roland_%28statue%29 "Roland (statue)") of Wedel is a well known local monument which stands in the town marketplace. The figure of Roland became popular in many parts of Germany as a symbol of the growing independence of cities from the nobility. In Wedel, Roland symbolized justice in the market and it was traditional to hold sales negotiations or settle disputes under his watchful eye. The first Roland erected here around 1450 was probably a simple wooden statue. The Roland standing in the town today is believed to have been raised in 1558 after being commissioned by Count [Otto IV of Schauenburg and Holstein\-Pinneberg](/wiki/Otto_IV_of_Schaumburg "Otto IV of Schaumburg") and is made of [Bückeburg](/wiki/B%C3%BCckeburg "Bückeburg") sandstone.
The principal trading area of the ox market was located just before the crossing of the [River Elbe](/wiki/River_Elbe "River Elbe"). The livestock were sold to buyers arriving from the west, as well as to dealers from [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders"). Up to 30,000 head of cattle would be traded in a springtime market that lasted several weeks. Wedel saw considerable conflict throughout the 17th century and the decline of the oxen trade began with the outbreak of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War") (1618–1648\). The region was devastated by war and life was made difficult for the inhabitants of the region due to constant assault from outside. Detailed descriptions of the wartorn period are found in the writings of the poet, clergyman, and theologian [Johann von Rist](/wiki/Johann_von_Rist "Johann von Rist") who was born in 1607 in [Ottensen](/wiki/Ottensen "Ottensen"), today a suburb of Hamburg.
The well\-educated [theologian](/wiki/Theology "Theology") became pastor of the local church in 1635\. In Wedel he found a place to resume his studies and to continue his contacts with prominent poets and scholars of the time. He wrote numerous works on common and religious themes, including poetry, plays, sermons, and essays about society and literature. Many of these were critical works that opposed the wars. Working with other prominent German poets of the time he helped create the *{{lang\|de\|\[\[Elbschwanenorden]]}}*, a group that worked to maintain the integrity of the German language. On his passing in 1667 he left a significant literary legacy.
### From Danish rule to Germany
The last Schauenburger, Count Ernst, died in 1622 leaving rule of the region to the [Danish](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") [King Christian IV](/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark "Christian IV of Denmark"). The 17th and 18th centuries here were marked by epidemics, devastating fires, and warfare. The [plague](/wiki/Plague_%28disease%29 "Plague (disease)") struck the area several times and Wedel was razed by fire more than once.
In 1848, the large German population of [Schleswig\-Holstein](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein "Schleswig-Holstein"), including Wedel, [rebelled](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states "Revolutions of 1848 in the German states") against Danish rule with the objective of joining the emerging German federation. In 1864, [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") and [Austrian](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire") troops invaded the region ending over two centuries of Danish rule.
The community flourished seeing the selection of a mayor, the establishment of schools, industrialization and the renewal of trade. The Johann Diedrich Moeller Company optics company (today Möller\-Wedel International) was formed in 1864 and developed a specialization in [ophthalmology](/wiki/Ophthalmology "Ophthalmology") and surgical [microscopes](/wiki/Microscopes "Microscopes"). Trade in beer and Branntwein (distillates of wine) also flourished, and a tree nursery was established. In 1875, the town council requested the status of city for Wedel, which had a population of 1,669\.
Industrialization continued in the region with the construction of a short\-lived gunpowder factory in neighboring Schulau in 1877 that exploded and burned a year later. The construction of a [rail link](/wiki/Railway "Railway") in 1883 contributed to the development of a sugar processing factory and the German Vacuum Company. The population grew steadily and a community of immigrant workers, primarily from [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"), developed. The young city grew culturally as well with the establishment of a public library and museum after the turn of the century.
### Into the 20th century
By 1909 Wedel and Schulau had grown into one another and Schulau was amalgamated into Wedel. Development continued with the construction of a power plant and in 1930 a hospital was built. Like the rest of the country, the city was hard hit by the [Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"). Several large firms collapsed: the sugar processor let go nearly 400 workers and overall unemployment was high with over 20 percent of the population living on public support.
This impacted the political life in Wedel. From 1929 the number of political meetings rose significantly. With public marches and mass meetings in particular the extreme parties determined the political scenery in the town. It came often to violent incidents.
Then the Nazis took power in Wedel as they did over the entire Germany. Important administrative posts were occupied by the Nazis. The labor parties SPD and the KPD in Wedel, quite strongly represented before the Nazis came, were forbidden and went temporarily into the resistance. Many of their members were arrested and spent years in concentration camps.
In the 1930s the most important structural change of the townscape was the new building of the city hall in the Bahnhofstrasse, the housing developments at the Vosshagen, the Nordschleswig settlement and the Milich Settlement.
In 1939 Wedel honored its third honorary citizen. After the first honorary citizen, a mayor of many years and the second one a publicly engaged physician for the poor this honor was given to Rudolf Hoeckner a painter well known even outside the realms of Wedel.
At the same time people of Wedel wanted to attach a plaque to the birth house of another famous Wedel Burger. But to honor Ernst Barlach was not desired at this time because of the Nazi regime.
### World War II
In March 1943 a [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") bomber attack nearly reduced the town to ruins as nearly 70% of homes in Wedel were damaged or destroyed.
[thumb\|Memorial at the site of the local subcamp of the [Neuengamme concentration camp](/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp "Neuengamme concentration camp")](/wiki/File:KZ-Wedel.jpg "KZ-Wedel.jpg")
A subcamp of the [Neuengamme concentration camp](/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp "Neuengamme concentration camp") (No. 1541 Wedel) was located near the town.{{in lang\|de}} [Official German list](http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716014031/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv\_6/anlage\_6\.html \|date\=16 July 2006 }} Between 13 September 1944 and 27 September 1944, five hundred [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_people "Hungarian people") and [Czech](/wiki/Czechs "Czechs") Jewish women were held there and forced to clear land and farm work. The women were later deported to the Hamburg\-Eidelstedt camp. A few weeks later, on 17 October 1944, the subcamp of Neuengamme was reopened and 500 men, mostly Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners were used to dig anti\-tank obstacles. This group included men from the town of [Putten](/wiki/Putten "Putten"), Netherlands. On 20 November 1944, the SS closed the camp and deported the men to the camp at [Meppen\-Versen](/wiki/Meppen%2C_Germany "Meppen, Germany"). During 5 weeks in this camp, 27 men died, including 10 of those from Putten.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.kz\-gedenkstaette\-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite\-camps/satellite\-camps/wedel\-men/\|title\=Wedel (Men)\|website\=KZ\-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme\|access\-date\=8 November 2023}}
### Post War
A severe housing shortage developed as refugees streamed west out of former German territories following the war, adding to the problem caused by the bombing. A 1947 census showed that Wedel had 7,902 native inhabitants and more than 6,500 refugees.
Large\-scale housing construction programs were undertaken by the city, including the construction of barrack settlements, to help integrate the refugees and other homeless. Under the plan each person was allowed {{convert\|4\.9\|m2\|ft2\|abbr\=on}} of living space.
In 1954 the largest and most ambitious reconstruction project in the country was started. The building of the garden city of Elbhochufer on a {{convert\|40\|ha\|acre}} area. By 1962 almost 1,200 rental flats and apartmentst and over 500 row homes were created. The city grew quickly and began to attract new business.
The well known attraction in Wedel is the Wedel\-Schulau [Willkomm\-Höft](/wiki/Willkomm-H%C3%B6ft "Willkomm-Höft") or Welcome Point, established in 1952 to greet incoming ships.[Welcome\-point.de](http://www.welcome-point.de) The Hamburg Yachting Club was established in the city in 1960–61 .
In 1962 and again in 1976, large [tidal bores](/wiki/Tidal_bore "Tidal bore") reached Wedel. As protection, [dikes](/wiki/Dike_%28construction%29 "Dike (construction)") were built in 1978 that turned the surrounding marshes into beautiful hiking paths.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Foundation and Middle Ages",
"The first known mention of Wedel in a text is in a 1212 document naming the \"brothers from Wedel\" as witnesses. However, the mention is not definitive and it remains unclear whether a place of this name already existed elsewhere. Artifacts of pre\\- and early historical periods found here bear witness to early settlement at the site.",
"The name means \"bank of water\", identifying a place where a body of water must be crossed, in this case the \"Wedeler Aue\", a small brook which formed an obstacle on an important local trade route. The first clear and definitive reference to Wedel is in documents of the Count of Schauenburg, a member of the [Lower Saxon](/wiki/Lower_Saxony \"Lower Saxony\") aristocracy that ruled the area well into the 17th century. The castle of the [Schauenburgs](/wiki/Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein \"Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein\"), built in 1311 and known as the *Hatzburg*, was located in [Holm](/wiki/Holm%2C_Pinneberg \"Holm, Pinneberg\") which is today a small village close to Wedel. That same year [Adolf VI, Count of Schauenburg and](/wiki/Adolph_VI%2C_Count_of_Holstein-Schauenburg \"Adolph VI, Count of Holstein-Schauenburg\") [Holstein\\-Pinneberg](/wiki/Holstein-Pinneberg \"Holstein-Pinneberg\") signed a peace treaty in which he promised the rulers of the city of [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") that there would be no harm coming from the Hatzburg. As the years went by the importance of the castle decreased and it fell into decay. The Schauenburgs moved later that century to the nearby city of [Pinneberg](/wiki/Pinneberg \"Pinneberg\"). The castle itself stood until the beginning of the 18th century. Documents available from the first half of the 14th century make mention of a mill and church in Wedel.",
"### Ox trade",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Roland statue](/wiki/Roland_%28statue%29 \"Roland (statue)\")](/wiki/File:Roland_in_Wedel.JPG \"Roland in Wedel.JPG\")\nThe ox market in Wedel developed into one of the most important marketplaces for cattle in northern Germany. Cattle dealers drove large trucks from all over [Jutland](/wiki/Jutland \"Jutland\") to sell their livestock (especially [oxen](/wiki/Oxen \"Oxen\")) here and their trade route became known as the [Oxen Way](/wiki/H%C3%A6rvejen \"Hærvejen\"). Early armies took advantage of the easy route carved by the merchants, and so it came to also be known as the Army Way.",
"The [Roland statue](/wiki/Roland_%28statue%29 \"Roland (statue)\") of Wedel is a well known local monument which stands in the town marketplace. The figure of Roland became popular in many parts of Germany as a symbol of the growing independence of cities from the nobility. In Wedel, Roland symbolized justice in the market and it was traditional to hold sales negotiations or settle disputes under his watchful eye. The first Roland erected here around 1450 was probably a simple wooden statue. The Roland standing in the town today is believed to have been raised in 1558 after being commissioned by Count [Otto IV of Schauenburg and Holstein\\-Pinneberg](/wiki/Otto_IV_of_Schaumburg \"Otto IV of Schaumburg\") and is made of [Bückeburg](/wiki/B%C3%BCckeburg \"Bückeburg\") sandstone.",
"The principal trading area of the ox market was located just before the crossing of the [River Elbe](/wiki/River_Elbe \"River Elbe\"). The livestock were sold to buyers arriving from the west, as well as to dealers from [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\"). Up to 30,000 head of cattle would be traded in a springtime market that lasted several weeks. Wedel saw considerable conflict throughout the 17th century and the decline of the oxen trade began with the outbreak of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\") (1618–1648\\). The region was devastated by war and life was made difficult for the inhabitants of the region due to constant assault from outside. Detailed descriptions of the wartorn period are found in the writings of the poet, clergyman, and theologian [Johann von Rist](/wiki/Johann_von_Rist \"Johann von Rist\") who was born in 1607 in [Ottensen](/wiki/Ottensen \"Ottensen\"), today a suburb of Hamburg.",
"The well\\-educated [theologian](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\") became pastor of the local church in 1635\\. In Wedel he found a place to resume his studies and to continue his contacts with prominent poets and scholars of the time. He wrote numerous works on common and religious themes, including poetry, plays, sermons, and essays about society and literature. Many of these were critical works that opposed the wars. Working with other prominent German poets of the time he helped create the *{{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Elbschwanenorden]]}}*, a group that worked to maintain the integrity of the German language. On his passing in 1667 he left a significant literary legacy.",
"### From Danish rule to Germany",
"The last Schauenburger, Count Ernst, died in 1622 leaving rule of the region to the [Danish](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\") [King Christian IV](/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark \"Christian IV of Denmark\"). The 17th and 18th centuries here were marked by epidemics, devastating fires, and warfare. The [plague](/wiki/Plague_%28disease%29 \"Plague (disease)\") struck the area several times and Wedel was razed by fire more than once.",
"In 1848, the large German population of [Schleswig\\-Holstein](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein \"Schleswig-Holstein\"), including Wedel, [rebelled](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states \"Revolutions of 1848 in the German states\") against Danish rule with the objective of joining the emerging German federation. In 1864, [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") and [Austrian](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") troops invaded the region ending over two centuries of Danish rule.",
"The community flourished seeing the selection of a mayor, the establishment of schools, industrialization and the renewal of trade. The Johann Diedrich Moeller Company optics company (today Möller\\-Wedel International) was formed in 1864 and developed a specialization in [ophthalmology](/wiki/Ophthalmology \"Ophthalmology\") and surgical [microscopes](/wiki/Microscopes \"Microscopes\"). Trade in beer and Branntwein (distillates of wine) also flourished, and a tree nursery was established. In 1875, the town council requested the status of city for Wedel, which had a population of 1,669\\.",
"Industrialization continued in the region with the construction of a short\\-lived gunpowder factory in neighboring Schulau in 1877 that exploded and burned a year later. The construction of a [rail link](/wiki/Railway \"Railway\") in 1883 contributed to the development of a sugar processing factory and the German Vacuum Company. The population grew steadily and a community of immigrant workers, primarily from [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), developed. The young city grew culturally as well with the establishment of a public library and museum after the turn of the century.",
"### Into the 20th century",
"By 1909 Wedel and Schulau had grown into one another and Schulau was amalgamated into Wedel. Development continued with the construction of a power plant and in 1930 a hospital was built. Like the rest of the country, the city was hard hit by the [Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"). Several large firms collapsed: the sugar processor let go nearly 400 workers and overall unemployment was high with over 20 percent of the population living on public support.",
"This impacted the political life in Wedel. From 1929 the number of political meetings rose significantly. With public marches and mass meetings in particular the extreme parties determined the political scenery in the town. It came often to violent incidents.\nThen the Nazis took power in Wedel as they did over the entire Germany. Important administrative posts were occupied by the Nazis. The labor parties SPD and the KPD in Wedel, quite strongly represented before the Nazis came, were forbidden and went temporarily into the resistance. Many of their members were arrested and spent years in concentration camps.",
"In the 1930s the most important structural change of the townscape was the new building of the city hall in the Bahnhofstrasse, the housing developments at the Vosshagen, the Nordschleswig settlement and the Milich Settlement.",
"In 1939 Wedel honored its third honorary citizen. After the first honorary citizen, a mayor of many years and the second one a publicly engaged physician for the poor this honor was given to Rudolf Hoeckner a painter well known even outside the realms of Wedel.",
"At the same time people of Wedel wanted to attach a plaque to the birth house of another famous Wedel Burger. But to honor Ernst Barlach was not desired at this time because of the Nazi regime.",
"### World War II",
"In March 1943 a [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") bomber attack nearly reduced the town to ruins as nearly 70% of homes in Wedel were damaged or destroyed.",
"[thumb\\|Memorial at the site of the local subcamp of the [Neuengamme concentration camp](/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp \"Neuengamme concentration camp\")](/wiki/File:KZ-Wedel.jpg \"KZ-Wedel.jpg\")\nA subcamp of the [Neuengamme concentration camp](/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp \"Neuengamme concentration camp\") (No. 1541 Wedel) was located near the town.{{in lang\\|de}} [Official German list](http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716014031/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv\\_6/anlage\\_6\\.html \\|date\\=16 July 2006 }} Between 13 September 1944 and 27 September 1944, five hundred [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_people \"Hungarian people\") and [Czech](/wiki/Czechs \"Czechs\") Jewish women were held there and forced to clear land and farm work. The women were later deported to the Hamburg\\-Eidelstedt camp. A few weeks later, on 17 October 1944, the subcamp of Neuengamme was reopened and 500 men, mostly Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners were used to dig anti\\-tank obstacles. This group included men from the town of [Putten](/wiki/Putten \"Putten\"), Netherlands. On 20 November 1944, the SS closed the camp and deported the men to the camp at [Meppen\\-Versen](/wiki/Meppen%2C_Germany \"Meppen, Germany\"). During 5 weeks in this camp, 27 men died, including 10 of those from Putten.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.kz\\-gedenkstaette\\-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite\\-camps/satellite\\-camps/wedel\\-men/\\|title\\=Wedel (Men)\\|website\\=KZ\\-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme\\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2023}}",
"### Post War",
"A severe housing shortage developed as refugees streamed west out of former German territories following the war, adding to the problem caused by the bombing. A 1947 census showed that Wedel had 7,902 native inhabitants and more than 6,500 refugees.",
"Large\\-scale housing construction programs were undertaken by the city, including the construction of barrack settlements, to help integrate the refugees and other homeless. Under the plan each person was allowed {{convert\\|4\\.9\\|m2\\|ft2\\|abbr\\=on}} of living space.",
"In 1954 the largest and most ambitious reconstruction project in the country was started. The building of the garden city of Elbhochufer on a {{convert\\|40\\|ha\\|acre}} area. By 1962 almost 1,200 rental flats and apartmentst and over 500 row homes were created. The city grew quickly and began to attract new business.",
"The well known attraction in Wedel is the Wedel\\-Schulau [Willkomm\\-Höft](/wiki/Willkomm-H%C3%B6ft \"Willkomm-Höft\") or Welcome Point, established in 1952 to greet incoming ships.[Welcome\\-point.de](http://www.welcome-point.de) The Hamburg Yachting Club was established in the city in 1960–61 .",
"In 1962 and again in 1976, large [tidal bores](/wiki/Tidal_bore \"Tidal bore\") reached Wedel. As protection, [dikes](/wiki/Dike_%28construction%29 \"Dike (construction)\") were built in 1978 that turned the surrounding marshes into beautiful hiking paths.",
""
] |
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